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<body>
<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 53670 ***</div>
<div class="front">
<div class="div1 cover"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e116width"><img src="images/new-cover.jpg" alt=
"Newly Designed Front Cover." width="480" height="720"></div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div1 frontispiece"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first"></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e124width" id="frontispiece"><img src=
"images/frontispiece.jpg" alt="GARROW WARRIOR." width="461" height=
"720">
<p class="figureHead">GARROW WARRIOR.</p>
<p class="par first"><i>London Smith Elder & C<sup>o</sup>. 65
Cornhill.</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div1 titlepage"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e137width"><img src="images/titlepage.jpg" alt=
"Original Title Page." width="450" height="720"></div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="titlePage">
<div class="docTitle">
<div class="mainTitle">A<br>
SKETCH OF ASSAM:</div>
<div class="subTitle">WITH<br>
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE<br>
HILL TRIBES.</div>
</div>
<div class="byline">BY AN OFFICER<br>
IN THE HON. EAST INDIA COMPANY’S BENGAL NATIVE INFANTRY IN CIVIL
EMPLOY.<br>
With Illustrations from Sketches by the Author.</div>
<div class="docImprint">LONDON:<br>
SMITH, ELDER AND CO., 65, CORNHILL.<br>
<span class="docDate">1847.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="div1 imprint"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first xd24e169">London.<br>
Printed by <span class="sc">Stewart</span> and <span class=
"sc">Murray</span>, Old Bailey. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd24e179"
href="#xd24e179" name="xd24e179">v</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div1 preface"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">PREFACE.</h2>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">To those accustomed only to the comforts of
civilized life, or to the traveller who is indifferent to the beauties
of scenery, the monotony, silence, and loneliness of the vast forests
of Assam, will present few features of attraction; but as the country
offers a wide field of discovery, and so many interesting enquiries
remain to be prosecuted in regard to the numerous wild tribes by which
it is inhabited, it is hoped that the present brief outline of the
condition of the people will not prove altogether uninteresting.</p>
<p class="par">The chief object of the following pages is to make Assam
better known, to remove some prejudices which exist against it, and
preserve the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd24e187" href="#xd24e187"
name="xd24e187">vi</a>]</span>memory of many remarkable scenes. The
narrative of the principal events has been compiled from official
documents, with the knowledge of Government; but the Author has
expressed his own unbiassed opinions on many interesting subjects with
which he became acquainted during a residence of some years in the
Province. Much more might have been described, but the few
authenticated facts now put forth will probably suffice, from their
novelty and interest, to amuse the reader until greater leisure and
further experience enable the Author to present a more comprehensive
work.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div1 dedication"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first xd24e191">TO</p>
<p class="par xd24e193">MY FATHER,</p>
<p class="par xd24e191">WHOSE EARLY TUITION, URBANITY, LEARNING, AND
EXAMPLE, ENCOURAGED ME AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF LIFE TO RELY ON MY OWN
EXERTIONS,</p>
<p class="par xd24e191">THESE WANDERINGS AND REFLECTIONS IN A WILD,
UNCIVILIZED, FOREIGN LAND,</p>
<p class="par xd24e193">Are Dedicated</p>
<p class="par xd24e191">WITH THE GREATEST VENERATION,</p>
<p class="par xd24e191">BY HIS</p>
<p class="par xd24e193">AFFECTIONATE SON. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"xd24e207" href="#xd24e207" name="xd24e207">iii</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div1 contents"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
<table class="tocList">
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#frontispiece">Garrow
warrior</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum"><i>to face Title</i>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#map">Map of
Assam</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum"><i>to face page</i> 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p005">View of
Gowahatty</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p006">Omanund
Island</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p014">Queen silkworm,
&c.</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">14</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p018">Vampire, or fox
bat, &c.</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">18</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p019">Leaf
insects</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">19</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p026">Assamese
plough</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">26</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p027">Buffalo
heads</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum"><i>to face page</i> 27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p028">Buffalo
shooting</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">28</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p037">Assamese
harrow</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">37</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p059">Singphoo bow and
arrows, and helmet</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum"><i>to face page</i> 59</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p112">Abor cane
helmets</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">112</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p117">Mishmee dog-skin
caps</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">117</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p134">Assamese gentleman,
and Meree woman</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum"><i>to face page</i> 134</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p149">Nagas</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">149</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p159">Angamee Naga
warrior</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">159</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p163">Naga mode of
disposing of the dead</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">163</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p189">Booteah
servant</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">189</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p195">Booteah
Rajahs</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">195</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p207">Kuppah Choor
Akhas</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">207</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p213">Dufflahs</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">213</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd24e376" href="#xd24e376" name=
"xd24e376">v</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="toc" class="div1 contents"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">CONTENTS.</h2>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first tocChapter"><a href="#ch1" id="xd24e381" name=
"xd24e381">CHAPTER I.</a></p>
<p class="par tocArgument">Appointed second in command of the Assam
Light Infantry—Journey to Assam, Goalparah, and
Gowahatty—Trip to Seebsaugur in a canoe—Boats and
dangers<a id="xd24e386" name="xd24e386"></a>—Seebsaugur and
Saikwah described—The tribes—An Assam
cottage—Unwelcome intruder—Climate of Assam
<span class="tocPageNum">page
1</span></p>
<p class="par tocChapter"><a href="#ch2" id="xd24e392" name=
"xd24e392">CHAPTER II.</a></p>
<p class="par tocArgument">Travels and residence in North-Western
Assam—Description of Burpetah in the rains—Vampire, or fox
bats—Leaf insect—Seclusion of villages in the
jungles—Country abounds with wild animals—Number of deaths,
and damage done to crops—Native mode of killing a
tiger—Conflagrations of jungles—Danger therefrom to
travellers—Cultivation of high and low lands—Number of
crops—Primitive mode of husbandry—Irrigation by
cacharies—Country inundated—Population and condition of the
people—Law on slavery
<span class="tocPageNum">16</span></p>
<p class="par tocChapter"><a href="#ch3" id="xd24e401" name=
"xd24e401">CHAPTER III.</a></p>
<p class="par tocArgument">Forests and grass jungle—Tigers,
elephants, buffaloes, rhinosceroses, pigs and deer—Field sports
by Europeans—Native practice of destroying animals with poisoned
arrows—Effects of poison—Wild elephants caught with a noose
in Assam—Secured in a Kheddah or enclosure at
Chittagong—Net revenue of
Assam—Disbursements—Industry—Opium—Slavery—Conclusion
<span class="tocPageNum">27</span>
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd24e409" href="#xd24e409" name=
"xd24e409">vi</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par tocChapter"><a href="#account" id="xd24e411" name=
"xd24e411">ACCOUNT OF ASSAMESE TRIBES.</a></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#khamtees" id=
"xd24e416" name="xd24e416">The Khamtees</a></span>: their subjection of
Suddeah and Saikwah—Their defeat and
expulsion—Re-establishment of their authority at Suddeah and
Saikwah—Intrigues and disaffection to the British Government in
1820—Captain Charlton placed in charge of the Khamtee chiefs at
Suddeah and Saikwah, 1834–35—Attempts of the Khamtees in
1837–38 to subvert British authority—Their insurrection in
1839, and attack on the post at Suddeah and repulse—Death of
Lieutenant White—Expulsion of the Khamtees from Assam—Their
submission and pardon—Character and habits of the Khamtees
<span class=
"tocPageNum">39</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#singphoos" id=
"xd24e424" name="xd24e424">The Singphoos</a></span>: their country,
population, chiefs and clans—Their dislike of British
powers—Their subjection in 1826—Terms of treaty—Feud
between two rival chieftains—Submission and subsequent flight of
the Duffa Gaum—Disaffection of Tengapanee Singphoos—Tour of
the political agent—Fresh disturbances—Character of the
country and people—Their religion, customs, and
condition—Capabilities for commerce—Government experiment
in the woollen trade—Boundary of Assamese and Burmese territories
<span class=
"tocPageNum">59</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#muttucks" id=
"xd24e432" name="xd24e432">Muttucks</a></span>: their origin and
religion—Severely persecuted by Seba Sing—Revolt under
Luckme Sing—Get possession of the capital, and make Luckme Sing
and all his court prisoners—Ramakant Bor Deka ascends the
throne—Re-action in favour of Luckme Sing, who is
restored—Barbarous punishment inflicted on Ramakant Bor Deka, his
brother, and father—General massacre of the Muttuck chiefs and
their followers—Rebellion of the Moa Mareyas—Expulsion of
Rajah Goureenath, who solicits the assistance of the British
Government—Captain Welsh sent with one or two
battalions—Replaces Goureenath on the throne—Rajah
Kumalepur invades Muttuck, but unable to obtain permanent
possession—British Government annexes the whole of Muttuck to the
district of Luckimpoor—Husbandry the chief occupation of the
Muttucks—Tea plant indigenous—Exertions of Major Jenkins in
promoting its cultivation
<span class="tocPageNum">91</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"xd24e438" href="#xd24e438" name="xd24e438">vii</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#borabors" id=
"xd24e442" name="xd24e442">The Bor Abors, Abors, and Merees</a></span>:
their localities and origin—Ornaments of the women—Martial
spirit of the Abors—Destitute of beards—Ignorant of reading
or writing—Void of delicacy and cleanliness in their
habits—Little known of the Abor country—Failure of
Lieutenant Wilcox to ascend the Dehong river
<span class=
"tocPageNum">110</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#mishmees" id=
"xd24e450" name="xd24e450">The Mishmees</a></span>: divided into
distinct clans—Their characteristics—Attire and ornaments
of the women—Mishmees unrestricted in the number of
wives—Inordinately fond of smoking—Very
superstitious—Mode of settling disputes—Cane
bridges—Feud between the Tain and Mezhoo Mishmees—Trade
between the Lamas and Mishmees—Articles of barter and of
produce—Names and number of followers of the chiefs
<span class=
"tocPageNum">115</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#dooaneahs" id=
"xd24e458" name="xd24e458">The Dooaneahs</a></span>: their
origin—Nature of the country—Expert pioneers, but not of
martial spirit—Strongly addicted to the use of opium
<span class=
"tocPageNum">126</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#assamese" id=
"xd24e466" name="xd24e466">The Assamese</a></span>: conquered and
subjected to vassalage by the Ahooms—Mode of <span class="corr"
id="xd24e469" title="Source: goverment">government</span>—System
of collecting the revenue—Conquered by the British in
1825—New system of taxation introduced—Abundance of
gold—Gold washing—Natural products—Diet, clothing,
&c.—Dwellings—Marriage—Betrothment—Marriage
feast and presents—Breach of promise—Servitude for
wives—Divorce—Slavery—Distribution of
salt—Slavery—Ahoom dynasty—List of the last kings of
Assam—Cruel punishments
<span class="tocPageNum">127</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#nagas" id=
"xd24e477" name="xd24e477">The Nagas</a></span>: their general features
and characteristics—Missionary efforts by the American
Baptists—Naga Government—Treatment of
strangers—Omens—Husbandry—Salt wells—Mode of
warfare—Ceremony of tattooing—Mode of revenge—Naga
customs—Funeral ceremonies—List of the Naga tribe
<span class=
"tocPageNum">149</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#garrows" id=
"xd24e485" name="xd24e485">The Garrows</a></span>: the tallest and most
powerful of all the hill tribes—Savage custom on the death of
their relatives—Description of the Garrow women—Culture of
cotton—climate <span class=
"tocPageNum">179</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#cosseahs" id=
"xd24e493" name="xd24e493">The Cosseahs</a></span>: <span class="corr"
id="xd24e496" title="Source: An">an</span> athletic race, but
indolent—Murder of Lieuts. Beddingfield and Burlton—Chief
product, potatoes <span class=
"tocPageNum">182</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd24e502" href=
"#xd24e502" name="xd24e502">viii</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#booteahs" id=
"xd24e505" name="xd24e505">The Booteahs</a></span>: <span class="corr"
id="xd24e508" title="Source: —"></span>extent of the Bootan
hills—Population—Captain Pemberton’s description of
the Booteahs—Exactions and mal-practices of the Bootan
rulers—Weapons <span class=
"tocPageNum">185</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#sathbooteah" id=
"xd24e516" name="xd24e516">The Sath Booteah Rajahs of Kooreahparah
Dooar in Durrung</a></span>: the mountains where located—Kalling
and Booree Goorma Dooars—Tyranny of the Booteahs towards the
Dooars—Kalling Dooar annexed to Assam—Kooreahparah
Dooar—Exactions of the Sath Rajahs—Advantages of British
Government <span class=
"tocPageNum">191</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#chardooar" id=
"xd24e524" name="xd24e524">The Char Dooar, or Sheergawn and Rooprae
Booteah Sath Rajahs</a></span>: names of the principal
chiefs—Yearly amount of black mail levied by them—Murder of
Moodhoo Sykeah <span class=
"tocPageNum">199</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#thebingeah" id=
"xd24e532" name="xd24e532">The Thebingeah Booteahs</a></span>: quarrel
between them and the Rooprae Booteahs of Char Dooar—At the
present day not numerous, but peaceable and inoffensive—Sum
allowed them by the British Government in lieu of black mail
<span class=
"tocPageNum">202</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#huzaree" id=
"xd24e541" name="xd24e541">The Huzaree Khawa Akhas</a></span>: reside
in the mountains north of Burgong—Formerly very powerful, but now
acknowledge the supremacy of Taggee, a Kuppah Choor Akha Chief
<span class=
"tocPageNum">204</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#kuppah" id=
"xd24e549" name="xd24e549">The Kuppah Choor Akhas</a></span>: always
looked upon by their neighbours as a ferocious band of
banditti—Depredations by Rajah Taggee—His incarceration by
the British, and subsequent liberation—Resorts to his former
lawless practices—Massacre of the Goorkha Sipahees—Taggee,
in 1842, voluntarily surrenders to the British, who again liberate him
on his swearing allegiance—He is pensioned with four other chiefs
<span class=
"tocPageNum">206</span></p>
<p class="par tocArgument"><span class="sc"><a href="#dufflahs" id=
"xd24e557" name="xd24e557">The Dufflahs</a></span>: <span class="corr"
id="xd24e560" title="Source: Divided">divided</span> into innumerable
clans—Very uncivilized, and formerly very troublesome—In
1836–37, consent to forego their depredations on receiving a
fixed sum from the British Government—List of Dufflah chiefs, and
the amount of pension paid to them
<span class="tocPageNum">212</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"xd24e566" href="#xd24e566" name="xd24e566">ix</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div1 map"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e569width" id="map"><a href=
"images/maph.jpg"><img src="images/map.jpg" alt="General MAP OF ASSAM."
width="720" height="434"></a>
<p class="figureHead">General MAP <span class="sc">OF</span> ASSAM.</p>
<p class="par first"><i>SCALE 16 MILES TO 1 INCH.</i></p>
<p class="par"><i>Smith, Elder & C<sup>o</sup>., Litho: 65,
Cornhill, London.</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb1" href="#pb1" name=
"pb1">1</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="body">
<div id="ch1" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e381">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="super">A<br>
SKETCH OF ASSAM.</h2>
<h2 class="main">CHAPTER I.</h2>
<div class="argument">
<p class="par first">Appointed second in command of the Assam Light
Infantry.—Journey to Assam, Goalparah, and Gowahatty.—Trip
to Seebsaugur in a Canoe.—Boats and Dangers.—Seebsaugur and
Saikwah described.—The Tribes.—An Assam
Cottage.—Unwelcome Intruder.—Climate of Assam.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">In November, 1840, being then on duty at Mynpooree
in Upper India, with my regiment, in which I filled the office of
Interpreter and Quarter-Master, I had the honour of receiving from the
Governor-General of India the appointment of second in command to the
Assam Light Infantry. Regimental duty amongst our earliest military
companions has its charms, but there is not an officer in the East
India Company’s service, be his attachment to his comrades and
the sepoys under him ever so strong, who does not hail with joy the day
that gives him comparative <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb2" href=
"#pb2" name="pb2">2</a>]</span>freedom, especially when that freedom is
accompanied by the proud emotions ever attendant upon the possession of
higher command. Accordingly I was much elated at the distinction that
had been conferred on me; nor were my pleasurable sensations diminished
by the circumstance of the future scenes of my service lying in a
country that I had already once visited, and regarding which I felt an
uncommon degree of interest. Bidding my friends farewell, therefore, I
quitted Mynpooree, marched to Futtyghur, and thence embarking in a
native boat upon the Ganges, proceeded to Dacca by the ordinary route,
reaching the station in the latter end of December 1840. At Dacca,
engaging new and more commodious boats, I again set out on my journey
to Assam, and entered the Burrampooter river near the military station
of Jumalpore, and arrived at Goalparah, the entrance to Assam, in
nineteen days.</p>
<p class="par">The military station of Goalparah is situated on the
left bank of the Burrampooter, on the summit of an oblong hill three
hundred feet high, commanding one of the most magnificent views of the
Bootan and Himalaya Mountains, partially covered with snow, that can
well be imagined. There are (or were at the time of which I write)
three bungalows <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb3" href="#pb3" name=
"pb3">3</a>]</span>(ground floor cottages) on the small space of table
land on the hill, occupied by the officers attached to the district.
From its elevation, many are disposed to claim for the hill the
enviable title of “the Sanitarium of Assam,” but however
just its pretension to salubrity may be, the same degree of credit
cannot be extended beyond this isolated spot. Many parts of the
division are so inimical to life, that the mortality both of Europeans
and natives, equals, if it does not exceed, that in any district in
Assam. The noxious exhalations from the Garrow hills and woods seem
more deadly than the climate of the Northern Dooars, of which few
persons resident there can long resist the depressing effects. Unless
endowed with great stamina, life is here frequently extinguished by
jungle fever in the course of a few days.</p>
<p class="par">The town of Goalparah, consisting of about seven
thousand inhabitants, is built wholly of mats, grass, bamboos, and
reeds, at the foot of the hills, and as the adjoining country is a low,
swampy level, interspersed with slight elevations, it is subject to
annual inundations. The chief traders are Kyahs, merchants from the
western parts of India; and at no place in Assam is there a more
extensive and lucrative trade carried on in cloths of English and
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb4" href="#pb4" name=
"pb4">4</a>]</span>Indian manufacture; rice, mustard-seed, cotton from
the Garrow hills, manjeet, and other articles.</p>
<p class="par">A three months’ residence at the station of
Goalparah in 1837, rendered a prolonged stay unnecessary on the present
visit. An absence of three years had produced few changes in the
condition of the people or the appearance of the buildings, excepting
in the house I formerly occupied, which had been suffered to become a
heap of ruins. One vestige of the <i>débris</i>, however,
gratified my self-love. A little glass window-frame, made with my own
hands, still survived the destruction of time and the elements, and
vividly recalled to memory the difficulty I had overcome in
endeavouring to admit light into my little dwelling. Such a luxury as
window glass being unknown at the remote station, I had purchased some
of the small looking-glasses which always abound in the Indian bazaars,
and, removing the quicksilver, converted them into window panes.</p>
<p class="par">Leaving Goalparah, six days were occupied in reaching
Gowahatty by water. In Gowahatty, the metropolis of Assam, I perceived
a vast change; many buildings of brick had been erected and the
foundation of a church laid; numerous native shops evinced increasing
prosperity, and much had been accomplished towards rendering the
station more <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb5" href="#pb5" name=
"pb5">5</a>]</span>salubrious by the removal of jungle and the
construction of many beautiful roads. The best and largest bungalows at
Gowahatty are all on the banks of the Burrampooter, and the view of the
river, the islands, temples, and verdant foliage of the trees forms
perhaps one of the most picturesque scenes to be met with in India.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e620width" id="p005"><img src="images/p005.jpg"
alt="GOWAHATTY." width="720" height="473">
<p class="figureHead">GOWAHATTY.</p>
<p class="par first"><i>London, Smith Elder & C<sup>o</sup>. 65,
Cornhill</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">The native town of Gowahatty is built entirely of
bamboos, reeds, and grass. To the south an extensive marsh almost
surrounds the whole station, and the contiguity of many old tanks,
choked with jungle, coupled with the vicinity of the hills on every
quarter except the north, renders this town, in spite of the
improvements already alluded to, one of the most insalubrious in Assam.
In the cold season, from the 1st of November to the 1st of February,
the fogs at Gowahatty are extremely dense and heavy, and last
frequently until ten or eleven o’clock in the day; but it is
generally admitted that this state of the atmosphere is by no means
unfavourable to health. The rainy months of June, July, August, and
September, are here always trying to Europeans, as the moist heat has a
much more depressing influence than the rains of the Western Provinces
of India.</p>
<p class="par">Nearly two months having been passed in boats
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb6" href="#pb6" name=
"pb6">6</a>]</span>on the river, from Futtyghur to Gowahatty, I became
anxious to reach the end of my journey by a more expeditious mode than
that of tracking up against the stream a few miles every day. I
accordingly quitted my budgerow and embarked in a canoe formed of a
single tree hollowed out. It was forty-eight feet long, and three feet
wide, ten feet of the length being covered in with a small mat roof, as
an apology for a cabin. In this I felt by no means uncomfortable,
though I had only a little more room than served to enable me to lie
down at full length.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e638width" id="p006"><img src="images/p006.jpg"
alt="OMANUND ISLAND OPPOSITE GOWAHATTY" width="720" height="448">
<p class="figureHead">OMANUND ISLAND OPPOSITE GOWAHATTY</p>
<p class="par first"><i>London, Smith Elder & C<sup>o</sup>. 65,
Cornhill</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">The solitariness of my position, only enlivened by the
song of eighteen merry paddlers, pulling from morning till night, at
the rate of forty or fifty miles a day, against a rapid stream, was
perhaps the worst part of the story. The scenery, if not positively
devoid of picturesque beauty, wearied me from its monotonous character.
Sand-banks, woods, and hills, unvaried by the residence of man, or the
slightest token of civilization, constituted its leading features.
Occasionally a boat might be encountered, but, excepting from the rude
salutation of the wild crew, the screaming of wild fowl, and the loud
crash of falling banks, prostrating lofty trees in the bosom of the
river, not a sound was heard to relieve the <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb7" href="#pb7" name="pb7">7</a>]</span>pervading
solitude. But, altogether, the velocity of the trip, with the
<i>désagrément</i> of limited accommodation, was a good
exchange for the comforts of a budgerow, and the tediousness of its
pace.</p>
<p class="par">Passing the healthy and pretty stations of Tezpore and
Bishnath, I arrived at the mouth of the little stream Dikhoo, in nine
days, and, mounting an elephant, rode through a dense tree and grass
jungle to Seebsaugur, distant twelve miles from the Burrampooter. It
was a bitterly raw, cold, wet day; but a blazing fire on the floor in
the snug reed and grass cottage of an acquaintance, soon erased from my
memory the inconvenience of the previous ten days’ exposure.</p>
<p class="par">In the rains, the Burrampooter river resembles a sea,
extending for many miles over the country. In the dry season it will be
found in many places more than a mile wide. The current in Upper Assam,
above Dibroo Ghur, is much more rapid than the Ganges river, and far
more dangerous; from the river being strewed with immense trees, which
are whirled down the stream with awful impetuosity, threatening instant
destruction to the boat so unfortunate as to come in contact with them.
For this reason, the canoes of the country being more manageable, and
even if filled with water, too <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb8" href=
"#pb8" name="pb8">8</a>]</span>buoyant to sink, much less risk is
incurred by travelling in them than in the comfortable budgerow, or
large native boat of Western India, roofed with straw. The canoe has
also another advantage, in case of a storm, as it can in a few minutes
be dragged on shore and remain in perfect safety till the <i>toofan</i>
has passed over. The confinement, however, and constant reclining
posture are almost unbearable in the hot weather; and there is a
painful sense of insecurity from the streams and rivers in many parts
of Assam swarming with crocodiles. Natives, when bathing, are not
unfrequently seized by crocodiles, and I have heard that one of these
amphibious monsters has been known to seize a paddler unsuspiciously
sleeping in the front part of the boat: which is not improbable, as the
sides of a canoe are only six inches or a foot above the water. Such
occurrences, however, are too rare to justify the fears that are
entertained; but their rarity, considering the great numbers of
crocodiles on the banks, is nevertheless a marvel. In the Chawlkhawa
river, opposite Burpetah, I have seen basking in the sun on the sand
banks, as many as ten crocodiles at a time; and upon one occasion, a
heap of one hundred crocodile’s eggs, each about the size of a
turkey’s egg, were discovered on a sand bank, and <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb9" href="#pb9" name="pb9">9</a>]</span>brought to
me; I found on blowing them, that they all contained a perfectly formed
crocodile, about two inches long, which would have crept forth after a
few days’ farther exposure to the sun.</p>
<p class="par">The flesh of the crocodile is like that of fish,
emitting the same odour, and partaking of the flavour of the coarsest
of the finny tribe. After skinning a small crocodile caught by a
fisherman in his net, one of my native servants made a curry of the
flesh, which is consumed by some low caste men in Assam, as well as in
Western India. The eggs of crocodiles and river turtle are esteemed
delicacies. Upon the merits of the flesh of the turtle I need not
expatiate. I have frequently endeavoured to shoot the crocodile, but if
they be not almost invulnerable, they contrive to elude capture; for
when wounded they manage to get into the river, and either escape to
recover, or die out of sight. It never was my fortune to kill and
secure more than one, which was upwards of twelve feet in length. He
was mortally stricken with one ball.</p>
<p class="par">The station of Seebsaugur merits little notice. It is a
low, flat country, subject to inundations. There are several large
artificial tanks, and one or two fine old Hindoo temples, in and about
the station. The fort of Rungpore, built of brick on <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb10" href="#pb10" name="pb10">10</a>]</span>the
opposite side of the Dikhoo stream, is quite in ruins; and of the old
city of Rungpore, not a hut is now in existence: all the inhabitants
being now apparently located at Seebsaugur, which, from having become
the residence of the civil officers in charge of the district, will in
a few years, in all probability, be a populous, thriving town. After a
few days’ residence at Seebsaugur, I again set out in a small
boat on the Burrampooter; passing the new station of Dibroo Ghur, the
residence of the Political Agent of Upper Assam, and other gentlemen
connected with the manufacture of tea, I ascended the dangerous rapid
formed by a ridge of stones extending almost across the river, a little
below the junction of the two rivers, Dihong and Dibong, with the
Burrampooter, and in seven days from Seebsaugur, arrived at the end of
my journey, Saikwah. Here I assumed the command of three hundred men,
and two six-pounders.</p>
<p class="par">The site of Saikwah, the north-eastern frontier military
post in Upper Assam, is on the south bank of the Burrampooter; on low
ground, intersected by numerous streams and surrounded with dense high
tree-jungle, having the Bisnacorie and the Saikwah streams on the west
and east, and the Burrampooter on the north. For the comfort of
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb11" href="#pb11" name=
"pb11">11</a>]</span>the troops, a space of about one thousand square
yards has been cleared of jungle. In the vicinity of, or a few miles
distant from Saikwah, there are some small villages inhabited by tribes
denominated Dooaneahs, Moolooks, Kesungs, Jillys, Mishmees, and Meerees
who, from their wild habits, prefer the jungles to the plains. They
grow a scanty supply of rice, kullie (a species of vetch) and Indian
corn; the whole of which is generally consumed in a few months, leaving
them to depend for the remainder of the year on leaves of the forest
kutchoos (a kind of arrow-root) and wild yams. Saikwah was selected as
a military post in 1839, immediately after the station of Suddeah on
the opposite or north bank had been surprised and burnt by the
neighbouring tribes. It is eighty miles distant from the Patkoe
mountains, separating Assam from Burmah; but it is by no means so
desirable a station for the health of the troops as the deserted post
of Suddeah, in an open plain of six miles in extent. The object,
however, of the change of locality, was to enable the Light Infantry to
afford protection to the tea-gardens in Muttuck from the sudden
aggressions of the numerous wild, fierce, border tribes. In this
respect it has answered; hitherto, few depredations having been
committed, though insurrections have been frequent. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb12" href="#pb12" name="pb12">12</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">The trade of Saikwah consists of ivory, wax, and a
little cotton; the amount of ivory sold in the bazaar, the shopkeepers
informed me, averaged annually about six hundred pounds. A more
desolate place than Saikwah can scarcely be imagined. It is surrounded
by fierce and treacherous tribes, who occupy a most impenetrable tree
and grass jungle, and whose endeavours are perpetually directed to the
annihilation of the troops. At first, the hourly patrol’s grand
rounds and alarms allowed me little rest or ease, but the alertness of
the troops in getting under arms at night to repel any meditated
attack, soon obliterated from my mind all apprehension of surprise. The
Assam Light Infantry wish for nothing better than an opportunity of
contending with the Singphoos, or indeed with any of their treacherous
neighbours (whom they hold in the utmost contempt) in a fair battle in
the open country; but in the jungles they find it almost impossible to
come in contact with their foes.</p>
<p class="par">A few days after my arrival at Saikwah sufficed to
plaster my mat-and-grass cottage with mud, and with the assistance of
the Sipahees, a chimney for a fire-place was soon constructed, with
bricks and mortar obtained from old buildings at Suddeah; then putting
in a glass window, I was enabled, in comfort <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb13" href="#pb13" name="pb13">13</a>]</span>and
solitariness, to pursue my usual vocations in all weathers. In this
secluded retreat, every incident, however trifling in itself, acquired
an importance which induced me to note it in my tablets. On one
occasion, about eight o’clock at night, sitting by a snug
fireside, my attention was arrested by the approach of an unwelcome
visitor making his way in at the door. Taking up a candle to ascertain
who or what was forcing ingress to my dwelling, I beheld a python, or
boa-constrictor, about six feet long, steadily advancing towards me. In
my defenceless position it may be imagined that safety depended on
immediate flight; and the monster thus speedily gained entire
possession of my habitation. It was, however, for a few minutes only,
that he was permitted to remain the undisturbed occupant of the abode;
for my servants quickly despatched the intruder with a few blows
inflicted with long poles. An apothecary, who had long been attached to
the Assam Light Infantry, assured me that pythons, or boa-constrictors,
were very numerous in our vicinity, and of an immense size, some not
being less than fifteen or eighteen feet in length. I had evidence of
the truth of the statement; a skin, fifteen feet long, being
subsequently brought me by the natives. I caused it to be tanned
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb14" href="#pb14" name=
"pb14">14</a>]</span>and sent to England. Small serpents were often met
with. On one occasion the apothecary brought me two boa-constrictors of
about four feet long, which he had found on a table curled up amongst
some bottles in the same room where his children were sleeping. In all
probability the lives of the infants were saved by the musquitto
curtains preventing access to the bed. Boa-constrictors are exceedingly
fond of rats, and on this occasion they had evidently been in search of
their prey.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e689width" id="p014"><img src="images/p014.jpg"
alt=
"1. MANGOE FLY. 2. QUEEN (OR ARRINDY) SILKWORM OF ASSAM. 3. LONG HORNED BEETLE."
width="482" height="720">
<p class="figureHead">1. MANGOE FLY.<br>
2. QUEEN (OR ARRINDY) SILKWORM OF ASSAM.<br>
3. LONG HORNED BEETLE.</p>
<p class="par first"><i>London, Smith Elder & C<sup>o</sup>. 65,
Cornhill</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">As my cottage had not the usual white cloth ceiling
suspended, insects, snakes, and vermin frequently descended from the
roof into the rooms; but by keeping the house free of baggage and well
swept, contact with them was avoided. The reader will suppose an Assam
mat-hut to be a dreary kind of residence; but I can assure him, the
logwood fire on a hearth one foot high, in the centre of the room, with
a small window cut high in the wall for the escape of the smoke, is by
no means devoid of cheerfulness.</p>
<div class="par">The general characteristic of the climate of Upper
Assam is excessive moisture. Rains fall heavily and frequently in
March, April, and May, and continue to the middle of October; and from
this time till February the atmosphere is cool and <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb15" href="#pb15" name=
"pb15">15</a>]</span>pleasant. As the bordering hills of Assam, both on
the north and south, are peopled by a variety of tribes differing from
one another in aspect, language, and customs, I have, in later pages,
briefly depicted each class; mingling personal description with a
narrative of as much of their respective histories as circumstances
have put it in my power to offer.
<div class="blockquote">
<p class="par first">TABLE.</p>
<p class="par">Showing the number of days required for a Budgerow to
proceed from Calcutta to Suddeah, or Saikwah in Upper Assam, from
October till 1st June:—</p>
<div class="par">
<div class="table">
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">No. of
days.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">From Calcutta to Dacca</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">12</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>From</td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
Dacca to Goalparah</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">19</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>From</td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
Goalparah to Gowahatty</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>From</td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
Gowahatty to Tezpore</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>From</td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
Tezpore to Bishnath</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>From</td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
Bishnath to the mouth of the Dikho river, 12 miles distant from
Seebsaugur</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>From</td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
Dikhoo Mookh river to Dibroolghur</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>From</td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
Dibroolghur to Suddeah or Saikwah</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e780 cellLeft cellBottom">Total days</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight cellBottom"><span class=
"sum">65</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par">Excepting with a westerly wind during the rains, the
navigation of the Burrampooter river is tedious, uncertain, and
dangerous, from falling banks, floating trees, a rapid current, and no
tracking ground: the jungle extending to the edge of the river. In
Assam a canoe is the safest and most speedy mode of travelling.</p>
</div>
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb16" href="#pb16" name=
"pb16">16</a>]</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ch2" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e392">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">CHAPTER II.</h2>
<div class="argument">
<p class="par first">Travels and Residence in North-Western
Assam.—Description of Burpetah in the Rains.—Vampire, or
Fox Bats.—Leaf Insect.—Seclusion of Villages in the
Jungles.—Country abounds with Wild Animals.—Number of
Deaths, and Damage done to Crops.—Native mode of killing a
Tiger.—Conflagrations of Jungles.—Danger therefrom to
Travellers.—Cultivation of high and low lands.—Number of
Crops.—Primitive Mode of Husbandry.—Irrigation by
Cacharies.—Country Inundated.—Population and Condition of
the People.—Law on Slavery.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">For the more speedy and effective administration
of justice among the people residing in the north-west quarter of the
district of Kamroop, and for the promotion of trade, the
Governor-General’s Agent directed the establishment of an
out-post for an assistant at Burpetah, on the Chawl Khawa river, and I
was selected to proceed for eight months upon this duty.</p>
<p class="par">The population of Burpetah is estimated at about three
thousand souls; their huts are built without any regularity on high
artificial mounds of earth, in the centre of gardens of betel nut and
plantain <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb17" href="#pb17" name=
"pb17">17</a>]</span>trees, clumps of bamboos, cane and grass jungle,
mango and other large trees, under the shade of which, impervious to
the sun, roads or channels intersect the town in every direction. In
the rainy season, these channels, owing to the inundation of the
country, are filled with water many feet in depth. Every house,
consequently, is provided with one or more canoes, in which the
inhabitants visit each other’s isolated positions; and the cattle
are brought upon the little eminences at night, and housed oftentimes
under the same roof with the family, if not in the same room. Daily may
the cattle be seen swimming across these street-streams in search of a
dry spot of land on which to graze. In this manner, for four months of
each year—June, July, August, and September—are the people
surrounded by floods; but, as if endowed with amphibious natures, they
seem equally happy in or out of the water, and pass their time on board
their boats in trading with other villages throughout Assam. When at
home, they amuse themselves during the rainy season in collecting the
wood which floats down the rivers, from the destruction of their banks
alluded to in the foregoing chapter; and in the sport of catching wild
buffaloes, deer, and pigs, which are now seen in great numbers swimming
across the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb18" href="#pb18" name=
"pb18">18</a>]</span>rivers from the low inundated grounds to reach
more elevated spots on which to subsist: the animals in their passage,
being overtaken by canoes, are captured with the aid of ropes and
spears, with little difficulty.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e804width" id="p018"><img src="images/p018.jpg"
alt=
"1. VAMPIRE OR FOX BAT. 2. TIGER BEETLE OF ASSAM. 3. HERCULES BEETLE OF Do."
width="720" height="440">
<p class="figureHead">1. VAMPIRE OR FOX BAT.<br>
2. TIGER BEETLE OF ASSAM.<br>
3. HERCULES BEETLE OF D<sup>o</sup>.</p>
<p class="par first"><i>W. Wing del<sup>t</sup>.</i></p>
<p class="par"><i>London, Smith Elder & C<sup>o</sup>. 65,
Cornhill</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">At Burpetah there is a very long building supported by
wooden posts carved with emblems of Hindoo Deities, with a grass roof
and mat walls. It is called a shuster, alias temple; and is a religious
endowment, where the vedas or holy books of the Hindoos are chanted,
and offerings in kind and cash received. A grant of rent-free land,
given by the Assam king Sebsunker, in 1657 <span class="sc">A.S.</span>
or 1735 <span class="sc">A.D.</span> is attached to the temple, and a
number of disciples, with two chief priests or pontiffs, manage the
affairs of the establishment.</p>
<p class="par">On the trees at Burpetah, great numbers of the Vampire
or Fox-bats are to be seen hanging by their claws with their heads
downwards. They are offensive looking objects, having a body eleven
inches long, and each wing twenty-two inches in length. I have never
heard a native assert that they suck the blood of cattle when sleeping,
and if it were the case, such a circumstance would certainly be quickly
verified; it may therefore justly be inferred, that this is a popular
error. It is said that the food of the fox-bat consists entirely of
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb19" href="#pb19" name=
"pb19">19</a>]</span>jungle fruits; their flesh is esteemed a delicacy
by many natives, and I have frequently shot them to gratify the
appetites of my own servants. There is a strange superstition amongst
the natives, that the bones of the fox-bat, worn as an amulet or charm,
will cure any limb or part of the body affected with pain.</p>
<p class="par">One of the most curious members of the animal (query,
vegetable?) world in Assam is the Leaf insect—so called from its
very close resemblance in form, colour, and general structure (even to
the fibre), to the leaf of the tree which it inhabits. In fact, until
the insect moves, it is difficult to distinguish it from the leaf
itself. The annexed drawing will convey an idea of this singular freak
of nature; many attempts at transmitting a perfect specimen to Europe
have been frustrated by the perishable character of the insect. Spirits
are entirely inefficacious as preservatives, and camphor destroys the
colour of the animal.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e843width" id="p019"><img src="images/p019.jpg"
alt=
"1 & 2. LEAF INSECT OF ASSAM (MALE & FEMALE). 3. SAIKNAH CATERPILLAR (BUTTERFLY)."
width="446" height="720">
<p class="figureHead">1 & 2. LEAF INSECT OF ASSAM (MALE &
FEMALE).<br>
3. SAIKNAH CATERPILLAR (BUTTERFLY).</p>
<p class="par first"><i>London, Smith Elder & C<sup>o</sup>. 65,
Cornhill</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">In perambulating the district, I was particularly struck
with the immense extent of high grass jungle between the Burrampooter
river and the foot of the Bootan mountains. I frequently traversed a
distance of eight and ten miles through a dense grass jungle twenty
feet high, without meeting with a solitary hut or any cultivation; but
suddenly, a village <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb20" href="#pb20"
name="pb20">20</a>]</span>and an open cultivated space of a few hundred
acres would burst upon the view and vary the monotony of the scene.
This would be followed by a dreary waste extending to the next village,
often five or six miles distant; while a solitary foot-path, forming
the only communication between the small communities thus isolated,
clearly showed that for many months in the year little intercourse,
except by water, is kept up between them.</p>
<p class="par">The country is infested with wild animals, and the
footpaths are dangerous at all times. Some slight idea may be formed of
the danger to human life from the denizens of the jungle, when I state
that in the western quarter of the district of Kamroop alone, in the
short period of six months, the police reports included twenty men
killed by wild elephants and buffaloes. The damage done to the rice
crops yearly by wild elephants and buffaloes is very considerable; and
although Government bestows a reward of two rupees eight annas, or five
shillings, for every buffalo destroyed, and five rupees or ten
shillings for every tiger’s head, such is the apathy and
indifference of the natives to their own interests and preservation,
that they seldom exert themselves to earn the gratuity, until repeated
aggressions become unbearable. When wild elephants pull down
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb21" href="#pb21" name=
"pb21">21</a>]</span>their huts, or a tiger, from previous success,
becomes emboldened to enter their little dwellings and carry off their
cattle, then the village community will turn out in a body; surrounding
with nets the tiger’s lair,—a small patch of jungle in the
vicinity of the village,—and shouting and yelling, they drive the
intruder into the nets, where he falls an easy victim to the spears and
bludgeons of the enraged and injured populace.</p>
<p class="par">In January, February, March, and April, the whole
country adjoining Burpetah presents a spectacle seldom seen elsewhere:
the natives set fire to the jungle to clear the land for cultivation,
and to open the thoroughfares between the different villages, and the
awful roar and rapidity with which the flames spread cannot be
conceived. A space of many miles of grass jungle, twenty feet high, is
cleared in a few hours; and the black ashes scattered over the face of
the earth after such recent verdure, form one of the most gloomy and
desolate landscapes that can well be imagined. But so rapid is
vegetation in Assam, that a few days suffice to alter the scene: the
jungle speedily shoots up with greater strength than ever, and at the
approach of the heavy rains in June, it again attains a height of many
feet. On more occasions than one, though mounted <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb22" href="#pb22" name="pb22">22</a>]</span>on an
elephant, I have had the greatest difficulty to out-flank a fierce
roaring fire, rapidly moving with the wind, in a long line over the
country. The elephant, of all animals, is the most fearful of fire; and
on hearing the approach of the element he instantly takes to flight;
but the rapidity with which the flames spread renders escape most
hazardous, especially if the wind is high and <i>right aft</i>. The
best plan to adopt if a fire breaks out to windward, is to circle round
the nearest flank with all expedition, gaining the space burnt by the
advancing flames. On foot, escape would be almost impossible; the
jungle being impenetrable except by a narrow footpath, and this being
frequently overgrown with grass, if no open spot be near at hand,
inevitable destruction must be the fate of any unfortunate traveller to
leeward of a fire.</p>
<p class="par">In Assam, excepting the fields close to the villages,
the best land is never manured. One crop of planted winter
<i>d’han</i> or rice is cut in November or December, every year,
from generation to generation. This land is never allowed to lie
fallow; abundant rain being all that is requisite to ensure plentiful
crops: the richness of the soil seems inexhaustible.</p>
<p class="par">The low lands liable to inundation are never manured;
the jungle is burnt down, and for three <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb23" href="#pb23" name="pb23">23</a>]</span>successive years two
crops are annually realized from it. In February, mustard seed is
gathered in: a source of great profit to the cultivator; and in June
the spring rice, sown broad-cast, is reaped. After the land has been
thus impoverished, it is allowed to remain fallow for three years; and
fresh jungle land is burnt and prepared in the same primitive way, and
with the most simple implements of husbandry. In other parts of Assam
extensive tracts of land are beautifully cultivated, and pretty
villages are numerously studded over the country; but, although lakes
and streams are everywhere to be met with, no attempt is made by the
Assamese tribes, excepting the Cacharries, to irrigate the land, and
thus render the crops more certain and productive.</p>
<p class="par">The Cacharries who reside at the foot of the hills are
the most useful and industrious, as well as the most athletic men in
Assam, and allowed to be the best cultivators. They irrigate their
lands to a great extent from hill streams, and consequently raise far
better crops than their neighbours. During the months of June, July,
August, and September, a great portion of Assam is inundated, and boats
leaving the innumerable streams and large rivers, paddle over the
country in every direction; indeed, in many places, particularly at
Burpetah, boats form <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb24" href="#pb24"
name="pb24">24</a>]</span>the only means by which any communication can
be kept up. To facilitate intercourse during the dry season, roads have
been constructed, and bullock-carts introduced, similar to the hackerys
in use in the Western Provinces of India, for the conveyance of the
produce of the lands to the best markets; but the Assamese are so
wedded to their old customs, and attached to the use of slaves and
bondsmen in every capacity—as servants, porters, and cultivators,
that it has been found no easy matter to induce them to adopt a new
system, however obvious its advantages.</p>
<p class="par">A new era, however, is approaching: a law has been
promulgated, abolishing slavery in India, and as the people become more
enlightened by education and intercourse with Europeans, they will
relax their adherence to old and absurd usages and prejudices. In the
district of Kamroop above twenty thousand slaves and bondsmen may
obtain manumission by simply asking for it; and as there is no doubt
they will do so, we may anticipate, from the acquisition of freedom, a
total alteration of the habits and feelings of the Assamese. Large
wastes of land will be brought under cultivation, and thousands of
families made independent and comfortable. Assam has now been subjected
to British rule for a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb25" href="#pb25"
name="pb25">25</a>]</span>period of nearly twenty years, and the people
have enjoyed the fruits of their labours in peace and security: a
condition of things to which they were strangers under their own
chieftains.</p>
<p class="par">The population of Assam is assumed to be about 800,000
souls; but as no correct census has been taken, the accuracy of the
estimate cannot be determined. It may be presumed, however, that the
population does not increase to any great extent, for a state of
slavery and bondage has never been favourable to the due multiplication
of the human species.</p>
<p class="par">The proprietors of slaves and bondsmen consist of the
most respectable men in Assam, and of course are strenuous supporters
of the continuation of the lucrative and nefarious traffic in their
fellow-creatures. To deprive them of their proprietary right to their
slaves it has been urged would be unjust, and offensive to their
usages; and, following the example of the West India proprietors, they
contend that the slaves being their lawful property as much as houses,
grain, or cattle, compensation should be made by Government for the
release of every man from bondage. The Indian Government, however, has
adopted a different course. It has published a regulation that forbids
the officers of all courts from <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb26"
href="#pb26" name="pb26">26</a>]</span>allowing forcible possession of
the person or services of a slave, or his property. In future,
therefore, slave-holders will not be able to compel their slaves to
obey their orders, and as this law becomes gradually enforced, slavery
will be practically abolished; a new order of men will arise,
stimulated to more vigorous exertions by the conviction that they will
reap the benefit of their labours, and extended cultivation and a freer
exchange of commodities will infallibly ensue.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e895width" id="p026"><img src="images/p026.jpg"
alt="Assamese Plough and Implement for Levelling Ploughed Land." width=
"501" height="522">
<p class="figureHead">Assamese Plough and Implement for Levelling
Ploughed Land.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb27" href="#pb27" name=
"pb27">27</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ch3" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e401">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">CHAPTER III.</h2>
<div class="argument">
<p class="par first">Forests and Grass Jungle—Tigers, Elephants,
Buffaloes, Rhinosceroses, Pigs and Deer—Field Sports by
Europeans—Native practice of destroying animals with poisoned
arrows—Effects of poison—Wild Elephants caught with a noose
in Assam—Secured in a Kheddah or Enclosure at
Chittagong—Net Revenue of
Assam—Disbursements—Industry—Opium—Slavery—Conclusion.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The enormous extent of forest, and high, dense
grass jungle in Assam, exceeds perhaps that of any other country of the
same area; and, as a consequence, the herds of wild elephants,
buffaloes, deer, rhinosceroses, and tigers, are innumerable. Almost
every military officer in civil employ in Assam, having constantly to
roam about the country, becomes, if not from choice, at least in
self-defence, a keen and skilful sportsman. Herds of one hundred
buffaloes each are frequently met with; and though I have known twenty
buffaloes shot in one day’s diversion, they are so prolific, and
the season of four months for sport is so short, that no actual
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb28" href="#pb28" name=
"pb28">28</a>]</span>progress appears to be made in the diminution of
their numbers. On some occasions, when a buffalo is wounded and unable
to escape into high jungle, he furiously charges the elephant on which
the sportsman is mounted in a howdah, and often gores the elephant, or
injures the feet or legs of the driver seated on the animal’s
neck, before he can be stopped in his career; for it frequently takes
ten or twelve balls to destroy a buffalo, unless an early shot inflicts
a vital wound. The elephant, if well trained, on being charged by a
buffalo, merely turns round and presents his stern to the repeated
blows of the infuriated monster: screaming out, however, in the utmost
fright until the buffalo is shot or scared off by the firing; but a
timid or badly trained elephant, on being charged instantly seeks
safety in flight, to the imminent peril of the sportsman, should any
trees happen to come in contact with the howdah. Buffaloes, however,
that have been long undisturbed, generally stand still, and with fierce
looks and raised horns receive the first few shots in utter
astonishment, and then seek shelter in the high jungles with the utmost
speed. Rhinosceroses are very numerous in many parts of Assam, and are
to be found in very high grass jungle, near inaccessible miry swamps,
which preclude <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb29" href="#pb29" name=
"pb29">29</a>]</span>pursuit, and having thick skins, they are not
easily shot. Elephants dread the charge of a rhinosceros as much as
that of a tiger, and the grunting noise of the former animal not
unfrequently scares even a well-trained elephant from the field. If the
rhinosceros succeeds in overtaking the elephant, he bites large pieces
of flesh from the elephant’s sides or legs, and with the horn on
the nose not unfrequently inflicts fearful wounds. Rhinosceroses are
tamed in a few months, and may be seen at Gowahatty grazing on the
plains as harmless as cows, attended by a single man. When tamed in
Assam they may be bought of the natives for 100 or 150 rupees
(10<i>l.</i> or 15<i>l.</i>); many have been sent to Calcutta, and sold
for 500 rupees, or 50<i>l.</i>; but the expense of boat hire to the
metropolis, provender, and servants’ wages, with the risk
attendant on the journey to so distant a market, renders the
speculation anything but profitable.</p>
<p class="par">Deer shooting is a fine, healthy, exhilarating exercise
for those who are not partial to the dangerous and exciting scenes
common to tiger, rhinosceros, and buffalo shooting. It is a mistake,
however, to suppose it tame, easy sport. Deer shooting requires much
practice: a steady foot and arm in a howdah, and a quick sight are
indispensable, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb30" href="#pb30" name=
"pb30">30</a>]</span>if you would shoot either pigs or deer while
bounding rapidly over the plain.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e926width" id="p027"><img src="images/p027.jpg"
alt="BUFFALO HEADS IN ASSAM." width="720" height="512">
<p class="figureHead">BUFFALO HEADS IN ASSAM.</p>
<p class="par first"><i>W. Wing lith.</i></p>
<p class="par"><i>AAAA. Round the outside of the Horns & across the
forehead 12 F.<sup>t</sup> 2 Inches. B to B In direct line 6
F.<sup>t</sup> 8½ Inches. C to C. 2 Feet 4 Inches.</i></p>
<p class="par"><i>D to D Circumference of Right Horn. 1 Foot 8½
Inches. E to E. Circumference of Left Horn: 1 Foot 8 Inches. Across the
Forehead 11 Inches.</i></p>
<p class="par"><i>The Horns do not correspond in length &
shape.</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">A most deadly poison is extracted from a kind of root
denominated Mishmee Bih (or poison) brought from the Mishmee country,
on the north-east quarter of Assam. With this the natives in Upper
Assam generally cover the tips of their arrows, and destroy elephants
for the sake of the ivory tusks. So powerful, so deadly is the effect
of the poison, that the slightest scratch or puncture of an arrow
smeared with it proves fatal: if not instantaneously, at all events in
a few hours after an elephant has been stricken. Deer and buffaloes are
also killed in the same manner. Immediately the animal falls, the
wounded part is cut out, and the flesh is then eaten by the natives,
without apprehension of any ill effects arising from the inoculation of
the body by the poison: at least I have never heard of a single
instance of a person losing his life from having eaten of the flesh of
animals killed by poisoned arrows, common as is the practice of
partaking of such food. Safety appears to be secured by excising the
wounded part.</p>
<p class="par">Of all field sports in Assam, that of catching wild
elephants with the noose is the most exciting and dangerous. On a herd
of wild elephants being <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb31" href=
"#pb31" name="pb31">31</a>]</span>discovered, four tame elephants,
called <i>Koonkies</i>, with two men on each elephant—one sitting
on the neck, and called a <i>Phundaet</i>, from having to throw the
noose, and the other seated on the back, with a club, to urge the
elephant into full speed—proceed to join the herd; which
generally at first sight of the tame elephants, takes to immediate
flight. A good sized wild elephant, however, being quickly selected
from the herd by the riders, by common consent, is pursued till fairly
run down, when the <i>Phundaet</i> throws over the wild
elephant’s head a large rope noose, one end of which is attached
to the body of the tame elephant on which he is mounted, and the wild
animal is instantly pulled up and rendered helpless. The other three
tame elephants now joining, another noose is thrown over the wild
elephant’s head on the other side; the ropes on both sides being
extended to a distance of ten paces. The entangled brute is then
triumphantly led off between the two tame elephants to a place of
security, where, his legs being bound with ropes to a large post in
front and rear, he is kept on low diet until he becomes
tractable,—a state to which he submits himself in an incredibly
short space of time. The female elephants may, in two months, be driven
alone anywhere; but the male elephants take four, <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href="#pb32" name="pb32">32</a>]</span>six, and
sometimes twelve months before they can be trusted to walk alone,
unhampered with ropes. When a male elephant, with tusks, becomes
entangled with the noose round his neck—which noose, by the way,
has a knot to prevent strangulation—the animal frequently rushes
down with the utmost ferocity on the tame elephants, and with his tusks
gores them in a most frightful manner. In such a case it becomes
necessary to quickly bind his legs with large ropes, and no further
resistance is then of any avail. The individuals who throw the noose
over the wild elephant’s head are oftentimes in the most imminent
danger, but their agility in shifting their position to any part of the
body of the tame elephant, enables them to elude injury. The
tractability and sagacity of the tame elephant in making every effort
to secure the wild elephant by putting the ropes round his legs, is
very remarkable. Indeed, so cunning are the tame elephants,—so
intuitive is their apprehension of their duty—that there is
little difficulty in capturing the wild elephant.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e969width" id="p028"><img src="images/p028.jpg"
alt="BUFALO SHOOTING IN ASSAM." width="720" height="495">
<p class="figureHead">BUFALO SHOOTING IN ASSAM.</p>
<p class="par first"><i>London, Smith Elder & C<sup>o</sup>. 65,
Cornhill</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">It is calculated that not less than five hundred
elephants are yearly caught in Assam and sent to Western India for
sale. At Chittagong, in the south-eastern quarter of Bengal, the mode
of catching <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb33" href="#pb33" name=
"pb33">33</a>]</span>wild elephants is very different from that adopted
in Assam. Herds of fifty elephants are there surrounded by two or three
hundred men, the jungle is filled, and a regular barricade of trees,
with a trench, formed; the elephants are thus unable to break loose;
tame elephants are then sent into the enclosure, which is called a
Keddah, and the wild elephants are quickly secured with ropes.</p>
<p class="par">The formation of these enclosures is a work of great
labour and considerable expense; but the Government are amply repaid by
the sale of about one hundred elephants annually, caught in this
manner. Chittagong elephants are considered very superior to those
caught in Assam, the former being stout, strong, short-legged beasts,
and the latter lanky and weak; but whether the prejudice be just, may
be doubted, as there are many noble elephants in Assam that would prove
most serviceable in any part of India, and the prices they would fetch
amply repay any charge incurred by Government for an elephant-hunting
establishment in Assam.</p>
<p class="par">The annual sum expended for the support of civil and
military establishments in Assam cannot, I suspect (for I have no
documents to refer to), be less than 700,000 rupees, 70,000<i>l.</i>
And the net revenue derived from six districts exhibited in the
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb34" href="#pb34" name=
"pb34">34</a>]</span>following table<a class="noteref" id="xd24e992src"
href="#xd24e992" name="xd24e992src">1</a> is rupees 611,268 9 7,
showing that the disbursements exceed the receipts. This is to be
regretted, for disinterested individuals conclude that Assam might be
made a source of profit instead of expense to the Government, without
the smallest possible risk of the peace of the north-eastern frontier
of India not being maintained in security. But were it otherwise, the
sum yearly expended in excess of the net revenue for the management of
Assam, it must be borne in mind, is not thrown away, for Assam forms
the best frontier protection for Bengal that could be desired; and if
troops were not located in that province, a force would be required on
the north eastern frontier, involving much heavier expense than the
Local Corps of Assam. Every endeavour, therefore, to promote the
advancement and civilization of the people of Assam must be hailed as a
favourable omen of future prosperity.</p>
<p class="par">The utter want of an industrious, enterprising spirit,
and the general degeneracy of the Assamese people, are greatly promoted
by the prevalent use of opium; they would rather consent to be deprived
of food than their accustomed dose of this deleterious drug, and so
emaciated and weakened have <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb35" href=
"#pb35" name="pb35">35</a>]</span>many become from indulging in its
use, that they are unequal to any great exertion, either mental or
bodily, until the usual stimulating dose has been imbibed. Government
have established no regulations against the growth of opium in Assam,
neither do they derive any greater revenue from its cultivation than is
yielded them by other lands. It cannot be doubted that, if a heavy tax
were levied on every acre of land producing opium, and a high duty
imposed on its sale, it would be beyond the means of the people to
purchase and consume such quantities of the drug, as is now the
practice of men, women, and even children. The consequence would be
that in a few years many would be weaned from their predilection for
the pernicious opiate, which at present is esteemed a sovereign remedy
for every evil in life. Notwithstanding the degraded state of the
Assamese population, we may yet regard Assam as a rising country; the
price of all commodities, as well as the wages of labour, having been
greatly enhanced under the British rule.</p>
<p class="par">In concluding these brief notes on Assam, justice,
gratitude, and esteem, require that the personage holding the exalted
dignity of the Governor-General’s agent in Assam, Major Francis
Jenkins, should be presented to the notice of the reader. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb36" href="#pb36" name="pb36">36</a>]</span>It is to
him the English public are largely indebted for forming the grand
scheme of supplying his native country with tea from Assam. It is to
his able and persevering exertions, during a ten years’ sojourn,
that the affairs of Assam, both in a political and financial view, have
been retrieved from almost inextricable disorder. Before Major Jenkins
arrived, very few officers were allowed to conduct the political duties
of the province; and these gentlemen being, moreover, overwhelmed with
other business, improvements could not be contemplated: the current
routine of fiscal and criminal duties was all that two or three
individuals could be expected to superintend. This state of affairs was
remedied by Major Jenkins, who pointed out to Government the
indisputable advantages that would accrue from a more liberal policy
being pursued in aiding him with a greater number of European
assistants. His representations were acceded to; the revenue has
consequently increased, and the people, as far as their vices will
permit, have thriven in peace, security, and comfort. The British
Government has relieved Assam from the barbarous mutilations, cruel
impalements, and other outrages against humanity which its inhabitants
were subject to under their ancient rulers; and distress, anarchy, or
discontent <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb37" href="#pb37" name=
"pb37">37</a>]</span>amongst our own subjects in Assam is unknown. A
few petty aggressions of savage hill tribes occasionally occur,
demanding constant vigilance and prompt suppression, but with this
exception, peace and plenty prevail throughout the valley; and when the
day arrives for Major Jenkins’s departure from Assam to his
native land, that liberal, benevolent, and highly-gifted man will be
much regretted by his European assistants, and by the native population
of the province, all of whom look up to him as a protector and
friend.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e1010width" id="p037"><img src="images/p037.jpg"
alt="Harrow for thinning and cleaning Paddy." width="507" height="240">
<p class="figureHead">Harrow for thinning and cleaning Paddy.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb38" href="#pb38" name=
"pb38">38</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">STATISTICS OF ASSAM.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table" id="assamstatistics">
<table class="verticalBorderInside xd24e1018">
<thead>
<tr class="label">
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop">No. of
Districts.</td>
<td colspan="2" class="xd24e1033 cellHeadTop">Names of Districts in
Assam.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadTop">Governor General’s
Agent North East Frontier. Military Officer.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadTop">Deputy Commr. of Assam.
Military Officer.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadTop">Principal Assistants to the
Governor General’s Agent. Military Officers.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadTop">Junior Assistants to the
Governor General’s Agent. Military Officers.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadTop">Sub-Assistants to the
Governor General’s Agent. Uncovenanted <span class="corr" id=
"xd24e1048" title="Source: Offi.">Officers.</span></td>
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadTop">Native Sudder Ameens or
Judges to try cases not exceeding 1000 rupees.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadTop">Native Moonsiffs or Judges
to try cases under 300 rs.</td>
<td colspan="3" class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop">
Net Revenue of each District in Assam.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td colspan="2" class="cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadBottom">Co’s. Rupees.</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellHeadBottom">Ans.</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom">Pice.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">1</td>
<td colspan="2">Kamroop</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">6</td>
<td class="xd24e718">252991</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">3</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">2</td>
<td colspan="2">Durrung</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">3</td>
<td class="xd24e718">142299</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">1</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">3</td>
<td colspan="2">Nowgong</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">103925</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">2</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">4</td>
<td colspan="2">Seebsaugur</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718">70135</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">10</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" class="xd24e1180 xd24e718 cellLeft">5</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="xd24e1182"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt=""
width="12" height="40"></td>
<td class="xd24e1184 xd24e718">Luckimpoor</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">14131</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">12</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e1184 xd24e718">Muttuck</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e718">16950</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">0</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e1230 xd24e718 cellLeft">6</td>
<td colspan="2" class="xd24e1230">Goalparah</td>
<td class="xd24e1230 xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e1230 xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e1230 xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e1230 xd24e718">...</td>
<td class="xd24e1230 xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e1230 xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e1230 xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e1230 xd24e718">10835</td>
<td class="xd24e1230 xd24e1031">12</td>
<td class="xd24e1230 xd24e1031 cellRight">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft cellBottom">6</td>
<td colspan="2" class="cellBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">6</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">3</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">8</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">6</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">14</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">611268</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellBottom">9</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight cellBottom">7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb39" href="#pb39" name=
"pb39">39</a>]</span></p>
</div>
<div class="footnotes">
<hr class="fnsep">
<div class="footnote-body">
<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
"xd24e992" href="#xd24e992src" name="xd24e992">1</a></span> Page
<a href="#assamstatistics" class="pageref">38</a>. <a class=
"fnarrow" href="#xd24e992src">↑</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="account" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e411">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">SOME ACCOUNT<br>
OF<br>
THE ASSAMESE TRIBES.</h2>
<div class="argument">
<p class="par first">Observations on the Khamtees—Surprise and
Conflagration of the Station of Suddeah by the Khamtees, in January
1839—Singphoos—Muttucks—State of Assam Tea
Company—Bor Abors—Abors and
Merees—Mishmees—Dooaneahs—Assamese—Nagas—American
Baptist Missionaries in Assam—Garrows—Their present and
eventual condition—Cosseahs—Traits of the people of
Bootan—Attachment of the Bootan Dooars in Assam by the British
Government—Defeat of the Booteahs, in 1836—Sath Booteah
Rajahs of Kooreahparah Dooar, in Durrung—Thebingeah Booteah
Rajahs—Sath Rajahs of Char Dooar—Hazaree Khawa
Akhas—Kuppah Choor Akhas—Meechees, and Dufflahs of Now
Dooar.</p>
</div>
<div id="khamtees" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e416">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">KHAMTEES.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">In the reign of Rajeswur Sing, Rajah of Assam,
about 1751 <span class="sc">A.D.</span>, on the north-eastern frontier
of Assam, the Khamtees, it is traditionally reported, emigrated from a
range of mountains bordering on the sources of the Irawaddy river to
the valley of Assam, and settled a small colony of <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb40" href="#pb40" name="pb40">40</a>]</span>fifteen
houses in the vicinity of the Tengapanee river. But between the years
1780 and 1794 <span class="sc">A.D.</span>, Goureenath Sing, the
reigning Rajah of Assam, was compelled to abandon Upper Assam after
repeated battles with the rebellious Moamareahs of Muttuck, and in the
anarchy that prevailed throughout the country, the Khamtees were
emboldened to take up a more advanced position. For that purpose, being
joined by another band of 400 Khamtees with some few muskets, they
fearlessly located themselves at Suddeah; and, though nominally
subordinate to the Assam Government, they arrogantly exercised
considerable power over the people of the Suddeah and Saikwah
districts: which were exceedingly populous at that period, and had been
placed under the direct authority of an Assamese nobleman, styled
Suddeah Khawa, an Ahoom by birth. Not content with this usurpation,
they proceeded to reduce the whole of the Assamese population to the
utmost verge of degradation; considering them as slaves, only worthy to
be spared so long as they continued obedient to the will, and were
useful to their masters in cultivating the land, and contributing to
their comforts. In the height of their success, promoted by the
weakness of the Assam Government, the Khamtees commenced kidnapping the
Merees, and other inhabitants <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb41" href=
"#pb41" name="pb41">41</a>]</span>settled in the neighbourhood of the
Dehong and Debong rivers, whom the Abors looked on as their dependants
and slaves, entitled to their special protection. This treatment being
less endurable than that of the Abors, towards whom a friendly feeling
had been created by long intercourse, the Merees were induced to
implore the protection of the latter to save them from being cruelly
taken away from their homes to serve as slaves amongst a strange tribe.
The Abors, on their side, perceiving that they were about to lose the
greater portion of their slaves by the aggressions of a formidable foe,
lost no time in preparing for war; and descending from their mountain
fastnesses to the plains bordering on the Dehong river, a furious
battle was fought between them, and, it is said, two or three hundred
Khamtees. The contest terminated in the Khamtees being defeated and
dispersed with great slaughter, upwards of one hundred men being left
on the field of battle. This trial of strength and courage with their
warlike neighbours, rendered the Khamtees ever afterwards more
circumspect in their demeanour towards the Abors, and the people
subject to them.</p>
<p class="par">During the reign of Kumleswur Sing Rajah, from 1794 to
1809, frequent battles were fought <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb42"
href="#pb42" name="pb42">42</a>]</span>between the royal troops and
Khamtees, and generally to the discomfiture of the latter. In fact so
disastrous to the Khamtees were the results, that the whole tribe was
dispersed; many were detained prisoners, and the remainder were
compelled to quit Suddeah and return to the country whence they had
issued. In 1810, Chunderkant Rajah ascended the throne, and in the
commencement of his reign the Khamtees endeavoured to regain their lost
position. Joining the Singphoos at Suddeah, they attacked one of the
forts situated at the foot of the northern hills above Suddeah,
commanded by Bihitea Burrah and Kooch Burrah, and were successful in a
night assault, having destroyed the fortress by fire and massacred 150
soldiers. They were, however, speedily repulsed by the Assam troops,
and the whole clan was thenceforth expelled the province.</p>
<p class="par">In 1816–17, Chunderkant Rajah was treacherously
invited by the Borax Gohain to visit Jorehath, where he was formally
deposed, and ignominiously treated: having one of his ears slit, which
disqualified him for regal dignities; and Poorunder Sing, the great
grandson of Rajeswur Sing Rajah, was duly installed in his seat. This
arrangement, however, was of short duration, for in 1818 a Burmese army
of 30,000 men invaded Assam and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb43"
href="#pb43" name="pb43">43</a>]</span>replaced Chunderkant on his
throne. The ex-Rajah, Poorunder Sing, on this sudden and unlooked for
change of affairs, prudently retired to Chilmary, in Bengal,</p>
<p class="par">Under the Burmese Government, the Assamese at Suddeah
were placed under a Khamtee Gohain, or chief; and when the province was
conquered in 1824–25, Captain Neufville sanctioned the
innovation, bestowing on a Khamtee chief the title of Suddeah Khawa.
But the rights of the Assam <i>régime</i> had devolved on the
British Government, with whom it rested to revert to the former rule
wherever it might be deemed expedient: and that without any injustice
to the Khamtees, as they had no claim whatever to the title in
question. The assumption of the title of Suddeah Khawah, by the
Khamtees is variously described. It is currently believed that
Chunderkant Rajah—feeling himself insecure on the throne whilst
he had to contend with the Boora Gohain and the ex-Rajah Poorunder
Sing—invited the Khamtees to return to Suddeah, and bestowed on
one of the Khamtee chiefs the title of Suddeah Khawa; in order, by this
arrangement, to secure, through their means, a retreat for himself, if
unfortunate at a future day. But in 1820 <span class="sc">A.D.</span>,
the Burphokun having been murdered, with the connivance, <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb44" href="#pb44" name="pb44">44</a>]</span>it was
supposed, of Rajah Chunderkant, the Burmese became his enemies, and
returned and dethroned him, shortly afterwards, placing on the throne
Jugesur Sing, who was the last prince of the Assam dynasty. In this
interval of anarchy, the Khamtees had re-established their influence
and power to such an extent as to overawe almost the whole of the
tribes of the frontier; and their authority at Suddeah was paramount.
The Assamese, though greatly reduced in numbers by oppression and
deaths, and from being carried off and sold into slavery by the
Singphoos and Burmese, were all now permanently under the control of
the Khamtees; but on the submission of the latter to the British
Government, a settlement was made with them, leaving the internal
management of the tribes to their own chiefs, who were exempt from
taxation, but under the obligation of performing military service to
the state when required. Revenue, however, was to be paid for the
Assamese subjects under their management, and cases of murder,
wounding, arson, and petty thefts above fifty rupees were disposed of
by British officers.</p>
<p class="par">The military population of the Suddeah district, on the
north bank of the Burrampooter, was estimated at this period to
be—Assamese, 691, Khamtees, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb45"
href="#pb45" name="pb45">45</a>]</span>428, men capable of bearing
arms: multiply these numbers by three, for old men, women, and
children, we shall reach a census of 4476 souls. On the south bank, in
the district of Saikwah, according to the same calculation, there
were,—Assamese, 616, Khamtees, 248, which, with old men, women,
and children, amounted in all to 3456 persons; thus making the united
population on the north and south banks of the Burrampooter, in the
districts of Suddeah and Saikwah, 7,932 persons.</p>
<p class="par">In the year 1829, notwithstanding the Khamtees were
bound by treaty to pay allegiance to the British Government, such was
the intriguing character of the Khamtee Suddeah Khawa Gohain, that the
strongest ground existed for believing him to be engaged in a
traitorous combination against us. He was the first person who invited
the Burmese into the country, and having a relative residing at Ava, he
maintained not only with that court, but throughout the frontier, a
general correspondence. In the absence of a European military officer,
or Political Agent at Suddeah, a native manager or Suznatee, was
generally the channel of all communications between the chiefs and the
British Government. But in the years 1834–35, Captain Charlton
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href="#pb46" name=
"pb46">46</a>]</span>was placed in charge of the Khamtee chiefs, and
the Suddeah and Saikwah districts; and by the measures he adopted to
check the traffic in slaves, and protect the Assam population from the
oppressive exactions of the Khamtees, he created the utmost
dissatisfaction among the latter, and caused them to be highly
incensed. Moreover, in December 1834, instructions were issued
requiring a census of the population to be taken; with the view of
levying a capitation tax, to be renewed every five years, in lieu of
military service to the state. When this innovation was proposed, it
was urged that the state of society among these tribes was such, that
the materials for direct taxation were not available; that the
introduction of our rule would cause too violent a shock to the habits
and usages of the rude people; and that the result, in all probability,
would be a harassing rebellion, which would retard the progress of
improvement. Concurring in these views, the Government deemed it unsafe
fully to enforce the plan of assessment. The Assamese residing within
the Suddeah territory were taxed at the rate of one rupee per head; but
the Khamtee tribes were exempted from this imposition, on condition of
their performing military service as they <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb47" href="#pb47" name="pb47">47</a>]</span>had hitherto done under
the Assamese and British Governments.</p>
<p class="par">Notwithstanding this concession, however, an
insubordinate spirit was immediately manifested by the tribes, and it
thus became necessary to deprive them of the muskets given them by
Captain Neufville, and to depose the Khamtee Suddeah Khawa Gohain. The
loss of this title and usurped sovereignty over the Assamese was
grievously felt by the Khamtees, and from that period their
estrangement from the British Government may fairly be dated. About
this time, also, the Khamtee Suddeah Khawa Gohain was arraigned on a
charge of slave-dealing,—an unfortunate occurrence, which
rendered the Khamtee chiefs still more indisposed to our rule. Serious
apprehensions were thenceforth entertained of an open revolt, and
combination with our enemies. Nevertheless, not to appear distrustful
of their intentions, they were invited to accompany Lieut. Charlton, in
the rainy season of 1835, in the expedition against the Duffa
Gaum’s force at the stockade of Gackwah; in storming which place
the Runowa, the Tow Gohain of Derack (who was wounded in the neck), and
the Captain Gohain accompanied him, and were said to have behaved
bravely, and been present when Lieut. Charlton was wounded.
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb48" href="#pb48" name=
"pb48">48</a>]</span>It was confidently asserted, however, that though
these chiefs did accompany Lieut. Charlton when he took the advanced
stockade or guard-house, there were not more than five or six men in
it, who ran away immediately; and it is probable that the Khamtee
chiefs were aware of there being so few men, as they afterwards
completely abandoned Lieut. Charlton when he so gallantly attacked the
large stockade. Indeed, from the whole of their conduct subsequently,
there is every reason to conclude that they were in league with the
enemy, for they made no attempt to obstruct his retreat, and said
openly that they could not be expected to fight now that a census was
taking of their subjects for the purpose of assessing them; and that
they got no presents as was formerly the custom. In the cold season of
1835, the Political Agent led another expedition against the Duffa
Gaum, and accepted the voluntary offer of the Khamtee chiefs to
accompany him: not in a well-grounded belief in the sincerity of the
proposal, but as a matter of policy, with the view of rendering the
Duffa Gaum doubtful of their intentions; and thinking it safer to keep
an eye upon them, whilst close at hand, rather than to leave them in
the rear. In these operations, all previous suspicions of their
disaffection were completely confirmed, for in no <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb49" href="#pb49" name="pb49">49</a>]</span>one
instance did the principal chiefs afford any support, and they even
took care not to place their contingents within fire on the first day.
Subsequently, when placed on the line of the Duffa Gaum’s
retreat, they made no effort to obstruct it, otherwise the chief would
have been captured; and there is every reason to believe that the
<span class="corr" id="xd24e1344" title=
"Source: negociation">negotiation</span> was entirely defeated through
their efforts, in concert with others.</p>
<p class="par">The difficulty, however, of substantiating matters of
this kind in this frontier, amongst these wild tribes, is exceedingly
great, for a great deal of correspondence on such subjects is carried
on by symbols and tokens: such as pieces of buffalo flesh, short
swords, muskets, ball, powder, &c.; but at the very time the
Khamtees were posted to cut off the Duffa Gaum’s retreat, one of
their chiefs deserted to him, and doubtless gave the intelligence the
enemy stood in need of; and it is currently reported that they fired on
the British troops, with whom they were co-operating, more than on the
enemy. It is even believed that the Khamtees were aware of the Duffa
Gaum’s irruption from the first, and promoted it, with the view
of finding us occupation on the frontier, and thereby preventing the
realization of our plans for assessing them, as <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb50" href="#pb50" name="pb50">50</a>]</span>they
were firmly impressed with the belief that it was our intention to
reduce them to a level with the Assamese. It is true that they offered
to pay taxes at one rupee per head, on condition of being exempted from
military service, but that they were sincere in this offer was not
credited: had the measure been enforced, they would probably have
resisted it, or moved out of our territory.</p>
<p class="par">In the beginning of 1837, a marked spirit of
disaffection existed amongst the Khamtee chiefs, and it was generally
understood that they had combined with the Abors and Mishmees to
subvert our power; and they had probably encouraged the Abors to attack
us, in the hope of making themselves of consequence and thereby
recovering their former power over the Assamese. Or it might have been
with a view of preventing the extension of taxation to themselves,
which, notwithstanding our promises to the contrary, they expected
would be enforced when necessary or convenient. In the latter end of
1837, the Khamtees made an inroad on the Mishmees, averring that the
Mishmees had taken away their slaves some years ago; but there is no
record of the existence of any real pretext for violence. On the
contrary, it appears that the Khamtees sold the subjects of the British
Government <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb51" href="#pb51" name=
"pb51">51</a>]</span>to the Mishmees. The real motive for the incursion
is supposed to have been that the Runoah and Tawah Gohains intended
proceeding to a particular spot in the Mishmee hills, with the view of
expelling a portion of that tribe and of ultimately withdrawing
themselves from the authority of the British Government, to which they
had evinced no cordial feeling of attachment. In fact, both in 1835 and
1837 it was recommended to the Government that the Khamtees should be
located elsewhere than at Suddeah, in order that unpleasant collisions
might be avoided, and our peaceable Assamese subjects be induced more
cheerfully to submit to taxation.</p>
<p class="par">The only incident that transpired worthy of notice in
1838 was that, without any permission, the Khamtees commenced preparing
some lands for cultivation about a day’s journey from Suddeah;
alleging as their reason the scarcity of good land at Suddeah. This
plea was, however, untenable: the real cause was that the paucity of
the population at Suddeah had rendered it necessary for the Government
officers to make requisitions for coolies to work on the roads,
although considerably higher wages had been paid than in other parts of
the country, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb52" href="#pb52" name=
"pb52">52</a>]</span>and the dread of these requisitions had induced
the Khamtees to think of removing.</p>
<p class="par">Thus passed the years 1836, 37 and 38: rumours of an
insurrection being about to break out were occasionally prevalent, but
it was supposed that the Khamtees had too much good sense to league
with other lawless and disaffected tribes and hazard a rebellion,
unless supported by a large Burmese army. In the following year,
however, the deceitful calm was suddenly disturbed. About half past 2
o’clock on the morning of the 28th January, 1839, the clouds that
had long been gathering, burst on the doomed post of Suddeah. The
Khamtees, including a few Moolooks and Singphoos and others, in number
about six hundred fighting men, divided into four
parties—impressed with their own importance and strength, and
perhaps stimulated to greater daring by opium—insidiously set
fire to the houses of the officers and huts of the soldiers and camp
followers, at different points; at the same time furiously attacking
with short swords, spears, &c., the stockade and Assam Light
Infantry in their lines, and the quarters of the artillery.
Notwithstanding that the attack was totally unlooked for, and the
greatest confusion prevailed from the extensive conflagration and
uproar throughout the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href="#pb53"
name="pb53">53</a>]</span>station—the Sipahees being surrounded
by their wives and families, and knowing that the enemy cut up men,
women, and children, indiscriminately—the panic was of short
duration. Discipline soon came into play; a few men got together,
headed by their officers, and retook the stockade in fifteen minutes.
The enemy then confined their remaining exertions to cutting up a few
helpless individuals in the bazaar; but after a few rounds of grape and
round shot from a carronade and a six-pounder which had been fired, at
the commencement of the attack, they fled from the cantonment of
Suddeah in three bodies, leaving behind them twenty-one men killed on
the spot. The loss of killed and wounded on our side, including men,
women, and children, amounted to eighty persons. The political agent,
Lieutenant-Colonel White, who had only arrived at Suddeah a few days
before the attack, placing too much confidence in the illusive
permanence of Khamtee allegiance, did not deem it necessary to have for
his protection a guard of Sipahees at his house; and on this eventful
night he had left his bungalow on the first alarm, and was proceeding
by the nearest route to the lines, when he was met by a party of the
enemy, who instantly attacked him. He fell, pierced with nine spear
wounds. It is a matter <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54" href="#pb54"
name="pb54">54</a>]</span>of great regret that this officer should have
lost his life from the want of proper precaution, for, had a guard been
placed at his house, there is little doubt but that he would have
fought his way in safety to the troops in the lines, as other officers
did. Being a benevolent, brave, talented officer, his death was deeply
lamented by the corps; more particularly as he was the only European
who met an untimely end on this memorable morning.</p>
<p class="par">The Khamtees, it is reported, had long endeavoured to
persuade the Singphoos to join them in their intended outbreak and
massacre of our troops, and some had assented to share in the promised
plunder of the district; but whether they hesitated from fear of the
consequences, or that the Khamtees anticipated the day of attack from a
sanguine expectation of accomplishing their design through their own
prowess, unassisted by other tribes, we had no means of ascertaining:
further than that the Singphoos, excepting a few in the neighbourhood
of Suddeah, on this occasion showed their foresight and prudence in not
being implicated in the reckless rebellion. But as the Singphoos,
immediately after the Suddeah catastrophe, attacked and burnt several
villages in the Saikwah district, it is evident they were prepared to
take advantage of the surprise <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb55"
href="#pb55" name="pb55">55</a>]</span>of the post had our troops been
defeated or annihilated.</p>
<p class="par">The Moolooks engaged in this conspiracy were well
affected to the British Government, and at first refused to join the
Khamtees in attacking our troops; but the Moolook Gaum, or chief,
having been instantly barbarously murdered by the Khamtees for
declining to act against us, his little band was intimidated and
compelled reluctantly to follow the dreaded Khamtee leaders. A few
Mishmees, who were also at this time on a visit to Suddeah for trading
purposes, were unfortunately induced to join in the treacherous affray,
and many that were fighting for their lives were slain by the troops.
Some of the Suddeah Assamese population were likewise implicated, and
punished by the law with the severity their temerity and ingratitude
deserved: for they had received no provocation, neither had they any
grievances to resent or redress.</p>
<p class="par">In a few months the Khamtee tribe (excepting the
Khamtees of Palangpan, who were not implicated) were driven by the
Assam Light Infantry beyond the frontier; and the Assam valley was, for
the third time within a century, freed from the presence of this
inimical tribe. Shortly after the return of the troops from this
expedition, however, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb56" href="#pb56"
name="pb56">56</a>]</span>the Khamtees again located themselves at the
foot of the Mishmee hills, close to a pass leading into the Burkhamtee
country. In 1843, the Runoah Gohain and Tow Gohain, chief actors in the
dire disaster of 1839, being dead, their sons and many Khamtees, sent
in a petition for pardon, and for permission to return and place
themselves under the protection of the British Government. Their prayer
was generously acceded to, and a treaty was at once drawn up offering
them free pardon for the past rebellion: on condition of their coming
down with their wives and families and locating themselves at
Choonpoorah, a short distance above Suddeah, where they should be
permitted to cultivate the land rent free for five years. They were
further bound to abstain from the trafficking in slaves, and to arrange
all petty disputes amongst themselves; but all heinous offences,
murder, gang robbery, serious wounding and thefts, were to be settled
by the political agent. Finally, after ten years they were to abide by
any other arrangement the British Government might deem expedient.
Previous to this settlement, and shortly after the insurrection of
1839, a small body of Khamtees were sent down to the district of
Luckimpore, and by their own industry cleared and <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57" name="pb57">57</a>]</span>brought
into a beautiful state of cultivation a fine tract of country. They,
however, live most secludedly from their neighbours, retaining their
own habits and customs; and it is to be feared that a long period of
time will elapse before they amalgamate or assimilate themselves with
the Assamese population. Eventually, should the whole body of this
discontented, restless, intriguing tribe return to their allegiance
under the British Government, their past history would not warrant the
most sanguine mind to expect from them, permanently, either a cheerful
submission to our rule or a readiness to pay revenue, without an
exhibition of force. Neither can we confidently anticipate that they
will adopt peaceable, agricultural, industrious habits in the present
generation; being addicted to opium and habitual indolence, and
preferring the precarious gain derivable from bartering ivory, gold,
and impure silver, to the drudgery of regular industry. But it is
impossible to calculate on the benefits and changes that might be
effected in their feelings and character, could they be prevailed on to
have their children educated in our schools; and this scheme for their
amelioration has long been contemplated.</p>
<p class="par">In stature the Khamtees are middle sized, in countenance
resembling the Chinese more than any <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb58" href="#pb58" name="pb58">58</a>]</span>other tribe on the
frontier, and possessing the same kind of complexion: perhaps a shade
darker. They are an active, intelligent, shrewd, warlike looking race
of men, but there is a sinister expression, mixed with a peculiar
severity, pervading their countenances, that leaves anything but a
favourable impression of the benevolence of their dispositions.
Vindictive and cruel natures would infallibly be imputed to them by the
physiognomist, and experience has shown that this would prove a just
estimate of their general character. The chiefs of this tribe are fond
of mechanical employments, and with rude instruments most ingeniously
work up iron and silver into a variety of forms for arms, ornaments,
and pipes. With a little European instruction they would probably
become skilful workmen in this art. Their wearing apparel consists of a
simple dhotee or sheet folded round the waist and falling below the
knee; this, with a dyed blue cotton jacket extending below the waist
and well fitted to the body, gives them a smart, tidy appearance. Their
long hair is bound up in a high knot on the crown of the head, and
sometimes a white cotton cloth is used as a turban. The principal food
of the Khamtees consists of rice and vegetables; but meat, when
procurable, is never refused. They also enjoy <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb59" href="#pb59" name=
"pb59">59</a>]</span>spirituous liquors; and their creed, Boodhism,
seems to have imbued them with few prejudices debarring them from the
unrestrained indulgence of their natural inclinations.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="singphoos" class="div2 section"><span class=
"pagenum">[<a href="#xd24e424">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">SINGPHOOS.</h3>
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">“’Tis ours by craft and by surprise to
gain:—</p>
<p class="line">’Tis theirs to meet in arms and battle on the
plain.”</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first xd24e1392"><span class="sc">Prior.</span></p>
<p class="par">The Singphoo tribes occupy the country between the
twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth degrees of north latitude, bounded on
the north by the Burrampooter, on the east by the Mishmee mountains, on
the south by the Patkoe range, and on the west by the space from the
mouth of the Now Dehing river, debouching into the Burrampooter in a
direct line to Ningroo, terminating at the foot of the hills south of
the Boree Dehing river. Half of this tract, of about 1,400 square
miles, may be considered hilly, and the remainder undulating. The soil
is rich and fertile, and abundant crops of rice are easily raised both
on the high and low lands. Sugar-cane grows luxuriantly; <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href="#pb60" name="pb60">60</a>]</span>tea is
likewise found, and every part of the country is intersected by fine
clear streams. The most productive corn tracts are the valleys of the
Teerap, Namroop, Boree Dehing, Now Dehing, Mudhoopanee, Tengapanee, and
Kurempanee. Almost the whole of this country, at the present time, may
be said to be one immense forest, but about sixty years ago, or
previous to the arrival and settlement of the Singphoos within the
Assam frontier, it was considered, from the great extent of
cultivation, a fertile, salubrious region. The Singphoo population was
estimated in 1838 at about 6000 persons; but in the absence of a
regular census, we can form no accurate estimate of their real numbers.
At the present day their communities are very small: probably 6000
persons would not be found scattered over the whole frontier north of
the Patkoe range. In the vicinity of the Tengapanee, the following
Singphoo chiefs reside:—Niphoonnong, Tangsangtau, Jowbongsang,
Nidong, Koonkie, Phoop, Oompheedor, Luttora, Ong, Keemingdoo, Niyang,
Lajee, Mannong, Nakinchong, Nisah, Koomiyunglah, Ninayong, Jooloo,
Nisah Doboon, Jowna, Wakhut. On the Now Dehing; Komonjong, Wakhut,
Soanjang, Kamchowjow. On the Mudhoo and Jengloo-Panee; Luthaon-Jowbong,
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb61" href="#pb61" name=
"pb61">61</a>]</span>Simaen, Moolan, Jowken, Nisam, Phoinchee,
Seerolasein, Mokhoh, Nidhen Lekhala, Nizen Chowkhen. On the Boree
Dhing; Kinglong, Chamsong, Ningroola, Beesa, Lakhoom, Noobrong, Lajong,
Seong, Bathamgam, Moongong, Jowkeem.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e1403width" id="p059"><img src="images/p059.jpg"
alt="SINGPHOO HAT, HELMET, CROSS-BOW, QUIVER, AND ARROWS." width="454"
height="720">
<p class="figureHead">SINGPHOO HAT, HELMET, CROSS-BOW, QUIVER, AND
ARROWS.</p>
<p class="par first"><i>To face page 59.</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">Each of the different Singphoo tribes is governed by a
chief, designated a Gaum, whose authority over his clan is nearly
despotic, and entirely independent of the other chiefs. The general
body of clans seldom combine, except for purposes of plunder.
Occasionally, however, some chiefs, endowed with superior energy,
acquire influence over the rest; and this would appear to have been the
case with the Beesa Gaum, when the late Mr. Scott, agent to the
Governor-General, entered into a treaty with the Singphoo chiefs. At
that time the Beesa Gaum was the most intelligent and influential of
the chieftains, and was publicly recognised as the agent through whom
the sentiments of the British Government should be made known to the
different tribes. In other respects he had no controlling authority,
and was regarded by his brother chieftains as merely their equal. On
the invasion of Assam by the Burmese, the Singphoos joined the force,
and partook of their plunder; in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb62"
href="#pb62" name="pb62">62</a>]</span>fact, they had no alternative:
their only option was to plunder others or to be plundered.</p>
<p class="par">Prior to the conquest of Assam by the British power, the
Singphoo tribes had been accustomed to make annual incursions into the
province, for the purpose of obtaining slaves and plunder; but on the
establishment of a British force at Suddeah, this practice was
effectually restrained. From this circumstance arose their dislike to
our power, which readily disposes them to listen to any adventurer who
holds out to them the prospect of driving us out of the country; for
with the reckless and short-sighted policy of barbarians, they never
calculate the consequences of a revolt, but think that if the British
troops were defeated, and our influence annihilated, all their desires
would be accomplished.</p>
<p class="par">The Burmese having been driven from the province, in
1824–25, by our troops, and the Singphoos completely subdued, it
became necessary to adopt measures for the establishment of our future
intercourse with the latter; and for this purpose, on the 3rd of May,
1826, a treaty was entered into with them, granting them terms they had
no reason to expect. The following is a copy of the compact:</p>
<p class="par">“Whereas we, the Singphoo chiefs named Bam,
Komjoy, Meejong, Jow, Chowkhen, Jowrah, Chow, <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href="#pb63" name="pb63">63</a>]</span>Chumun,
Neenjun, Tangrang, Chowbal, Chumta, Chowrah, Chowdoo, Chowkam,
Koomring, &c., are under the subjection of the British Government.
We execute this agreement to Mr. David Scott, the agent to the Governor
General, and hereby engage to adhere to the following terms, viz: 1st.
Assam being under the sway of the British Government, we and our
dependent Singphoos, who were subjects of the Assam state, acknowledge
subjection to that Government. We agree not to side with the Burmese,
or any other king, nor to commit any aggressions whatever; but we will
obey the orders of the British Government.</p>
<p class="par">“2dly. Whenever a British force may march to
Assam, to protect it from foreign aggression, we will supply that force
with grain, &c.; make and repair roads for it, and execute any
order that may be issued to us; and we shall, on our doing so, be
protected by that force.</p>
<p class="par"><span class="corr" id="xd24e1425" title=
"Not in source">“</span>3rd. If we abide by the terms of this
agreement, no tribute shall be paid by us; but if any Assam Paicks, of
their own accord, reside in our villages, the tax on such Paicks shall
be paid to the British Government.</p>
<p class="par">“4th. We will set at large, or cause to be
liberated any Assam people whom we may have <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb64" href="#pb64" name="pb64">64</a>]</span>seized,
and they shall have the option to reside wherever they please.</p>
<p class="par">“5th. If any of the Singphoos rob any of the Assam
people residing in our country, we will apprehend the former, and
surrender him to the British Government; but if we fail to do so, we
will make good the loss thus sustained by the latter.</p>
<p class="par">“6th. We will govern and protect the Singphoos
under us, as heretofore, and adjust their differences; and if any
boundary dispute occur amongst us, we will not take up arms without the
knowledge of the British Government.</p>
<p class="par">“7th. We will adhere to the terms of this
agreement, and never depart from them. This agreement shall be binding
upon our brothers, sons, nephews and relatives in such way as the Agent
to the Governor-General may deem proper. We have executed this
agreement in the presence of many. Written at Suddeah, 5th May, 1826,
<span class="sc">A.D.</span>”</p>
<p class="par">The Singphoo country remained undisturbed until the year
1830, when the invasion of Wakim Koomjoon, from the province of
Hookong, on the Burmese side, took place, and was promptly repelled by
Captain Neufville. On this occasion, the Luttora and Tengapanee
Singphoos took part with the invader, and the Beesa Gaum with the
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb65" href="#pb65" name=
"pb65">65</a>]</span>British authorities. The assistance of the Beesa
Gaum does not appear to have been of a very active nature, but his
conduct was nevertheless approved by the Political Agent, and rewarded
by Government. He was, however, shortly afterwards dismissed from the
situation of Sunzatee, and Zalim Sing, a Soobadar of the Assam Light
Infantry, who had greatly distinguished himself under Captain
Neufville, was appointed to the office. Bijee Nath Sing, a Soobadar of
the Assam Light Infantry, succeeded him in 1839.</p>
<p class="par">In 1835, the attack of the Duffa Gaum upon the Beesa
took place. This compelled the British Government to interfere for his
protection, and to avenge the massacre of its subjects; but although
the attacking party came from Hookong, the contest was in reality
between the Khakoo Singphoos, under the Luttoora chief (who espoused
the Duffa’s cause), and the Now Dehing and Booree Dehing
Singphoos, on the side of the Beesa; for the Duffa only brought fifty
muskets with him and one hundred followers, the remainder of his force
being collected within the British boundary.</p>
<p class="par">The feud between the two rival chieftains, the Duffa and
the Beesa, arose in 1823 <span class="sc">A.D.</span>, two years before
the assumption of the sovereignty of Assam <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb66" href="#pb66" name="pb66">66</a>]</span>by the
British Government. A Singphoo chief of rank, named Likhee Khandoo, who
had lately come over from Hookong, had proposed to the Beesa Gaum that
the Singphoos, in conjunction, should attack the Bursenaputty, or chief
of the Muttucks. The Beesa chief replied that he would willingly join
provided the Duffa Gaum was of the party; the latter was applied to,
but refused to engage in the enterprise; nevertheless the attack was
made by the Singphoos, but was repulsed with severe loss to them, the
Muttucks having received secret information which enabled them to
prepare to receive the assailants. The prior intelligence of the attack
which the Bursenaputty had received, was ascribed, whether justly or
unjustly, to the Duffa chief’s agency. Accordingly, in a spirit
of revenge, the remaining Singphoos attacked his house, wounded his
wife (who died from the effects of her wounds), and killed some of his
people. It is not certain that the Beesa chief was present at this
outrage, but as the party went from his house, there can be little
doubt of his connivance at the transaction. After this the Duffa chief
withdrew into the district of Hookong, under Burmese control; and
although repeatedly invited by the British authorities to return and
resume his territory, he never could be prevailed on <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb67" href="#pb67" name="pb67">67</a>]</span>to do
so. Nor did he ever make application to obtain redress for the injuries
he had sustained from the Beesa chief prior to the conquest of Assam by
the British Government, and it was evidently never his intention to
apply. Indeed, it would have been incompatible with Singphoo notions of
honour that a chieftain should have obtained redress in this manner
without retaliating upon his enemy. With this latter view, ever since
his retreat from Assam, he had been gradually labouring to extend his
influence amongst the Singphoos, across both the Burmese and Assam
sides of the boundary line; and possessing the advantage of birth,
superior connections, and a reputation for liberality, he at length
succeeded in establishing an ascendancy paramount to that of the Beesa
chief: which had latterly declined, owing to his connection with the
British Government. The Beesa chief, and those dependent upon him, had
been compelled to give up the Assamese who returned from slavery in
Burmah—a measure extremely repugnant to the Singphoos, dependant
as they were upon the Assamese for the means of subsistence.</p>
<p class="par">Matters stood in this position up to July 1835, when the
Duffa Gaum, having obtained decided influence, planned an expedition
into the Beesa’s <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb68" href="#pb68"
name="pb68">68</a>]</span>territory, and appearing there unexpectedly,
surprised and plundered his village, murdered his wife, his son’s
wife, and ninety of his people: thus retaliating in a far greater
degree the injury he had sustained. On hearing of this outrage,
Lieutenant Charlton ordered out a company, and instructed the Soobadar
to inform the Duffa Gaum that he must forthwith quit the Assam
boundary, and that, on reaching the frontier, any complaint he had to
prefer against the Beesa chief would be promptly attended to. The Duffa
chief refusing to comply with the mandate, Lieutenant Charlton was
obliged to employ force against him; but the troops under Lieutenant
Charlton’s command being insufficient for the purpose, three
months afterwards (in November 1835) the political agent in person
moved to his assistance with two hundred and fifty men of the Assam
Light Infantry.</p>
<p class="par">The Duffa Gaum, anticipating an attack, had taken up a
strong position in the stockades on the Menaboom hills. Prior to
resorting to hostilities, every exertion was made to induce the chief
to come to terms, and a three days’ truce was granted for this
purpose. The Khamtee chiefs and the Bursenaputtee of Muttuck, who
accompanied the political agent as auxiliaries on this occasion, were
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb69" href="#pb69" name=
"pb69">69</a>]</span>required to escort the Duffa Gaum to the camp of
the Political Agent as a security that his person would be respected,
and that he would be permitted to return unmolested should no
satisfactory result follow the meeting. The Duffa Gaum, however, being
still apprehensive of treachery, could not be prevailed upon to attend
the conference, until the Political Agent consented to meet him at a
spot one hundred and fifty yards distant from his fort, with an escort
of only a havildar and twelve soldiers. The escort having been
scrupulously counted, the chief at last came out with a similar number
of armed followers. His demeanour was most abject: he and his whole
escort sunk down upon their knees, and taking a handful of the earth,
he kissed it and said that the Company was Lord and Master thereof. He
then proceeded to speak of the injuries he had sustained from the Beesa
Gaum. In reply, he was told that he had no reason to complain of the
British Government, as he had never represented the conduct of the
Beesa chief to any of the functionaries, and that it could not be
expected that the Government should take cognizance of acts which had
occurred in 1823, prior to its assumption of the sovereignty of Assam.
The injuries which the British Government had sustained from him were
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70" name=
"pb70">70</a>]</span>then recapitulated: the murder of its subjects,
the plunder of their property, and the Duffa Gaum’s stubborn
persistence in retaining his position in the face of repeated
injunctions that he should withdraw from the territory within the Assam
boundary. It was further brought to his recollection that the British
Government had repeatedly offered him repossession of his territory,
provided he came in a peaceable manner, but that it was incompatible
with its dignity to allow him to attempt to extort by force that which
had been given spontaneously. He was then required, First, to make
good, by an annual instalment in money, elephants’ teeth, or gold
dust, the loss of 8000 rupees that our merchants had sustained by his
treacherous attack on Beesa: furnishing security, or a hostage, for the
fulfilment of his engagement; and, Secondly, to dismiss the auxiliary
Singphoos whom he had brought from the Burmese territory: and as a
security for their not returning he was to give up their arms. The
Duffa Gaum agreed to both these propositions, apparently in the most
joyful manner, and promised faithfully to come in the following
morning; but the next day he sent a letter into camp referring entirely
to his ancient dispute with the Beesa chief, and making no allusion
whatever to the terms proposed to him. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb71" href="#pb71" name="pb71">71</a>]</span>Upon this, the British
force took up a position within five hundred yards of his stockade; but
the Duffa Gaum’s agent immediately came out and said, that if the
Political Agent would advance alone to a place within one hundred and
fifty yards of the fort, the chief would come out and accompany him to
camp. The Political Agent complied with the request, remained at the
appointed spot half an hour at considerable personal risk, and called
upon the Duffa Gaum to fulfil to his promise. The answer given was,
that the Duffa Gaum had no confidence in the sincerity of the Political
Agent, as Wakutchangnang had sent him a flint, powder and ball, the
evening before: which was equivalent to an intimation that his
intentions were warlike whilst proposing peace. The Agent urged in the
strongest manner that no such message had been sent; but finding the
Duffa Gaum immovable, hostilities were reluctantly resorted to. A
signal was given to the battery, and the fire commenced; the stockade
was carried, and the Duffa chief fled beyond the frontier.</p>
<p class="par">Not the slightest doubt was entertained of the
individual desire of the Duffa chief for peace; but the Khamtee chiefs,
being irritated by certain proposed innovations in 1834—such as
taking a census <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb72" href="#pb72" name=
"pb72">72</a>]</span>and taxing them—were the first, it is
believed, to call in the Duffa chief, with a view of exciting troubles
and obstructing the maturity of our plans; and thus was the negotiation
marred.</p>
<p class="par">In the year 1838 public tranquillity was again disturbed
by a feud between the Peshee and Let chiefs, which compelled the
British Government to interfere and punish the former: who, contrary to
his agreement, persisted in attacking the latter. The Luttora chief
likewise violated his compact, by giving aid to the Peshee chief, and
was driven from the Company’s territory.</p>
<p class="par">Though the Tengapanee Singphoos did not arrive in time
to join in a body with the Khamtee chiefs, in the attack made on the
post of Suddeah in January 1839, their disaffection was apparent in
their unprovoked attack upon, and plunder of, the villages in the
Saikwah district, when they carried off many Dooaneahs. In consequence
of this outrage, a detachment of troops visited in November 1839, the
principal villages of Inshaw, Dobom, Inban, Luttora, Koomkie, and Tang
Sang Tang; situated at the foot of the Mishmee hills, between the
Kerempanee north, and Mena Boom hills south, in the vicinity of the
Tengapanee, which takes its rise in the Mena Boom hills south. On this
occasion the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb73" href="#pb73" name=
"pb73">73</a>]</span>whole of the chiefs were assembled, and the
heinousness of their late conduct explained: fines were imposed in
proportion to their means, and their submission and pledges required to
an extent never before obtained, besides the restitution of most of the
Dooaneahs carried away from Saikwah. The confederacy between the
Singphoos and Kamtees was broken up, and the expulsion of the Deerack
Tawah Gohain effected, with the loss of his village and a quantity of
grain.</p>
<p class="par">In November 1841, considerable alarm pervaded the
north-east frontier, owing to a report that the Tippum Rajah, aided by
the Burmese and Singphoos from both sides of the border, meditated an
incursion into Assam. To remove this impression, a tour was made by the
Political Agent with a company of the Assam Light Infantry, a body of
Golundaz, and two three pounders carried on elephants, through the
greater portion of the Singphoo territory. The route pursued was from
Saikwah up the Burrampooter river to the Tengapanee; and on passing the
villages of Kinglong, Dohing Koomkee, the principal chiefs, Neesaka of
Jusha, Ong of Luttora, Labing of Dobom, Tang Sang Tang, Koomong of
Koomkee, and Samnong, son of the Wakhet chief, paid their respects.
From thence <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb74" href="#pb74" name=
"pb74">74</a>]</span>the party proceeded up the bed of the Tengapanee,
by the site of the former village of Luttora, on to Naing and
Meerappanee, and commenced the ascent over the Mena Boom hills: a most
trying undertaking for elephants, as they had to travel along a narrow
ridge in some places only a few paces wide, and entirely composed of
loose stones; the sides frequently presenting dangerous precipices. It
was in descending this ridge that the laden elephants encountered the
greatest difficulty; yet they managed to get down without the necessity
of dismounting the guns, and reached Beesa and Ningroo in perfect
safety. The Singphoos thus learned the folly of trusting to their
stockades in their fastnesses, when guns could be brought against them
by moderate exertion and ingenuity. It was hoped that this tour would
also tend to repress the feuds so constantly arising amongst
themselves; seeing that justice could be administered even in retreats
the most secluded and difficult of access. But this expectation was not
realized; for in the year 1842 the Tippum Rajah (brother of Jegessur
Sing, the last rajah of Assam, said to be now governor of Hookong and
Mogong) sent the Beesa chief six pounds of needles, half of which were
broken, to be distributed by him amongst the Singphoos: a <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb75" href="#pb75" name="pb75">75</a>]</span>token or
signal of alliance and preparation for war. This intimation was
followed up in January 1843 by an attack on a party consisting of one
Jemadar, one Havildar, one Naick, and twenty Sipahees located in a
small stockade at Beesa. Some previous altercation had occurred between
the Jemadar and the Beesa chief regarding the repair of the stockade,
which not having been effected, the Jemadar had contemptuously called
the Beesa chief an old cow, and in return vengeance was vowed in
intelligible terms. After holding out for some days, three Sipahees
being killed and three wounded in the defence, the Jemadar was
unfortunately induced to surrender himself and party prisoners of war;
the treacherous Singphoos having assured him that the posts of Ningroo
and Koojoo had fallen into their hands, and our troops been totally
defeated. Trusting to their mercy and honour, he caused his men to
cease firing; and oaths were freely taken in support of promises of
good and honourable treatment; but the instant the Singphoos gained
admittance into the stockade, the Jemadar and the whole party were
disarmed and bound. The next morning the Jemadar and Havildar were led
out by the Singphoos and tied up to a tree, and fired at; after this
they were hewn to pieces with a short sword, <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb76" href="#pb76" name="pb76">76</a>]</span>on the
same spot where one of the Singphoos had been shot by the Jemadar when
in possession of the stockade. Nine of the Sipahees were sold into
slavery, some to Hookong and Burkhamtee. Thus signally did the
Singphoos gratify their revenge, at the commencement of the irruption
or attempt to break through the line of outposts and lay waste the
whole country.</p>
<p class="par">Their second and third attacks on the Koojoo and Ningroo
stockades, defended by European officers, were completely frustrated.
The Koojoo stockade was besieged for some days, but a sally being made
on the enemy whilst the Singphoos were at dinner, they were defeated
and fled in the utmost consternation. The Ningroo stockade was likewise
at night suddenly attacked and taken by surprise, but after a short,
sharp struggle, in which several lives were lost, the Singphoos left
the stockade in greater haste than they entered it.</p>
<p class="par">The Tippum Rajah’s sister was married to the late
king of Ava, and she is supposed to be in favour with the present king.
It may be owing to her influence that the Tippum Rajah is reported to
be now Governor of Hookong, to take advantage of any opportunity to
invade Assam. Scarcely a year passes without some such reports being
spread <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb77" href="#pb77" name=
"pb77">77</a>]</span>throughout the province, and there is great reason
to believe that the Singphoo insurrection of 1843 was raised at the
suggestion, or at least through the connivance of the Rajah; as many
Burmese or Shans under his jurisdiction crossed the frontier and joined
the insurgents in the hope of plundering the province. Had success
attended their first attempts, it cannot be doubted but that many more
would have soon followed their example, in the speedy removal of slaves
and property from Assam. But the real origin of the insurrection was
the occupation of the Koojoo tea garden and other tea tracts. The
constant desertion of the Dooaneah slaves and dependants, who are the
people chiefly employed in cultivation under the Singphoos, besides the
advance of civilization consequent on the establishment of a
considerable village at Jeypore with European residents, was the source
of much heart-burning. The occupation of Muttuck, formerly under native
management, must also have proved distasteful to a savage people
possessing a wild country and delighting in extensive hunting-grounds.
These circumstances, aggravated by frequent quarrels with the Sipahees
at Ningroo, the unauthorized apprehension of two Let Singphoos by the
Jemadar, and a desire of revenge for the execution, <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb78" href="#pb78" name="pb78">78</a>]</span>many
years ago, of Ningroola Gaum’s kinsman, certainly contributed to
produce the insurrection of 1843.</p>
<p class="par">Viewing the nature of our connection with the Singphoos
generally, it must be acknowledged that the balance of advantage had
been decidedly in their favour; for while we have been called upon to
fight their battles, little or no assistance has, comparatively, been
afforded us by them. Being a rude, treacherous people, little faith can
be placed in them; neither can we expect they will be influenced or
bound by any treaties not in accordance with their own views: in fact
they have in no respect fulfilled their obligations to the British
Government.</p>
<p class="par">The Singphoo country is eminently unfavourable to the
operations of regular troops, owing to its mountainous character,
unrelieved by plains or table lands, the want of roads, the extreme
scarcity of provisions, the absence of local means of transport, and
above all the unhealthiness of the climate. The Government is likewise
put to a great expense without commensurate benefit, for in such a rude
and barbarous state of society revenue cannot be collected without the
employment of military force; and this is not always adequate to
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb79" href="#pb79" name=
"pb79">79</a>]</span>the success of hostile operations, because of its
paucity and the advantage afforded to the natives by the natural
defences of the country: of which they are not slow to avail
themselves.</p>
<p class="par">In reviewing the different tribes of Assam, it may not
be out of place to offer a brief sketch of one or two of the
chieftains.</p>
<p class="par">Wakut-chang-nang is the son of a Singphoo chief who
submitted to Captain Neufville in 1825, and received a present of a gun
and other articles from him, which he requited by firing upon the
captain a day or two afterwards. The ball missed Captain Neufville and
went through Lieutenant Kerr’s hat without doing him any injury.
Subsequent to this, Wakut-chang-nang absconded to Hookong within the
Burmese boundary, and only returned in 1835 to the Assam territory.
During his sojourn within the Hookong territory he is stated to have
committed several murders; and with the money accumulated by crime and
robbery, he has been enabled to marry the Beesa Gaum’s daughter.
From his having been the principal agent in breaking off the
negotiation with the Duffa chief, and consequently the cause of the
subsequent bloodshed, he was imprisoned during 1836–37 at
Bishnath. He is now residing at Beesa, and is considered, as
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb80" href="#pb80" name=
"pb80">80</a>]</span>heretofore, an intriguing, dangerous character.
The Beesa Gaum, having been implicated in the rebellion of 1843, is now
a state prisoner for life; he is nearly blind, and his career may be
said to have closed, as it is not probable he will survive many years.
He was supposed to be a man of good sense and to possess considerable
information regarding border politics, but of no enlarged capacity or
superior energy of character, and totally incapable of forming those
comprehensive designs which have been attributed to him. He is not of a
warlike character. Most of his battles have been fought by others: for
a Singphoo chief is not expected to head his troops in action.
Nevertheless his disposition is sanguinary, and it is said his career
has been marked by blood and treachery in a greater degree than usual,
even amongst the Singphoos.</p>
<p class="par">The Shan is the written character used by the Singphoos,
and their language is distinct from any of the neighbouring tribes:
they write on leaves and a peculiar kind of paper. As yet no European
has sufficiently studied the language to appreciate justly the Singphoo
literature, or to prepare elementary works for the guidance of others.
Nor are we aware of there being any written works in the language
either historical or theological. As <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb81" href="#pb81" name="pb81">81</a>]</span>civil members of society
they are anything but good subjects, from their excessive laziness,
immoderate addiction to opium, and general uncertainty of character.
They are so indolent and improvident, that notwithstanding they have
the most fertile soil in Assam, which yields fruit with little labour,
and might be made to produce an abundant crop—notwithstanding,
too, their freedom from taxation, grain is always so extravagantly
dear, that during several months in the year the people are reduced to
subsist on yams and other roots found in the jungles. Almost the whole
of the field work is performed by the women and slaves, while the men
delight in lounging about the villages, and basking in the sun, when
not engaged in hunting or war.</p>
<p class="par">The religion of the Singphoos appears to be a mixture of
all the various idolatries and superstitions of the natives with whom
they have intercourse. They seem to have no fixed principles common to
the whole tribe. Their ostensible worship is that of Guduma, whose
temples and priests are to be found in all their principal villages.
They are also in the habit of deifying any Singphoos who may chance to
be killed in action during a foray upon some other tribe or village,
and of sacrificing to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb82" href="#pb82"
name="pb82">82</a>]</span>them as to their penates. On emergencies,
such as famine, pestilence, or danger, they make offerings to the
“Ning Deota,” God of the Elements, called also
“Ningschees;” sacrificing buffaloes, hogs, and cocks. The
skulls of the buffaloes so offered are afterwards hung up in their
houses as mementos of their own piety.</p>
<p class="par">Their funeral ceremonies are simple. The poorer classes
burn or bury the body, according to the previously expressed wish of
the deceased, and invariably make to the deity an offering of a pig,
fowl, or fish, through their Deodhies or priests. On the death of a
chief, numerous ceremonies are performed: the body is detained until
all the friends of the deceased can be assembled, when buffaloes, pigs,
and deer are sacrificed, a grand feast is given, and spirituous liquor
distributed to the company. The corpse is then committed to the earth,
the priest chants a prayer for the deceased, a clay tomb is raised over
the remains, and the grave is encircled with a bamboo fence. Sacrifices
are always offered up on the death of every Singphoo, according to the
means of the surviving relatives; no matter whether death be caused by
accident or war, or in the course of nature.</p>
<p class="par">Polygamy, without restriction, prevails among the
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb83" href="#pb83" name=
"pb83">83</a>]</span>Singphoos, and they make no distinction between
the children born of Singphoo women and those born of foreign or
Assamese women. They reject with horror the idea of infanticide, under
any shape or pretext. Marriage is only forbidden with a mother or
sister: they may marry stepmothers, brothers’ widows, or any
other relative. In the marriage ceremony the bridegroom has to present
the parents of the bride with a Khamtee Dhao, or short sword, a velvet
jacket, a silk Dhota, and a slave; the rich give gold and silver,
buffaloes, and as many slaves as the wealth of the bridegroom will
permit. The bridegroom has also to furnish a marriage feast to the
friends and relations of the bride; and after the Deodhies or priests
have performed a certain religious ceremony, the bride is delivered
over to the bridegroom, and the jewels, &c., which are on her
person, are returned to her parents.</p>
<p class="par">If a man commits adultery, he is obliged to pay damages
according to the demand of the injured husband, in slaves, buffaloes,
dhoties, swords, money, or beads; and if he cannot pay the damages, he
pays the penalty of his crime in confinement. No damages are demanded
for the violation of an unmarried woman or virgin; <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb84" href="#pb84" name="pb84">84</a>]</span>but in
the event of her being found pregnant, the ravisher has to give the
parents three slaves and one buffalo, and the issue is claimed by the
man. It is optional with himself to marry his victim, or not. Theft is
punished by exacting from the thief double the value of the property
stolen.</p>
<p class="par">The Singphoos entertain strange ideas of honour and
revenge. Compatibly with their customs and rude notions of religion, a
Singphoo chief could not ever abandon, without dishonour, the
application of the <i>lex talionis</i> to one who had murdered his
relative; although, from circumstances of policy, or deficiency of
means, he might postpone the gratification of his vengeance to an
indefinite period. A mistaken feeling of religion, combined with
private affection for the deceased, fully accounts for this perverted
state of mind. The Singphoos imagine that the soul of the murdered
individual will torment them until his manes are appeased by the death
of one of his enemies; and further, that the anger of their deity would
be roused should an opportunity of retaliation be neglected. Nor is the
retribution to be limited to the actual perpetrator of the homicide. If
death be occasioned by violence committed, or supposed to be committed
by any one, the relations are never appeased until they have murdered
one <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85" name=
"pb85">85</a>]</span>of the family to which the murderer belonged. An
innocent person is thus often murdered, who is quite ignorant of the
injury committed by his tribe or family.</p>
<p class="par">The houses of the Singphoos are generally nothing but
long sheds, roofed in with grass or bamboo leaves, and the walls
composed of split bamboo. The floor of the dwelling part is raised
about four feet from the ground; and the entrance forms an extensive
porch, in which are congregated pigs, fowls, household and agricultural
implements, and where women may generally be seen pounding rice. These
buildings are sometimes one hundred feet long, and divided into
compartments allotted to several families. Occasionally immense houses
may be seen, which are occupied by powerful chiefs; the timbers of
these buildings being of such enormous size and length as to render it
a matter of surprise that they could have been erected by mere manual
labour. At the burning of the Ningrang chief’s house, when the
village was surprised by our troops in 1843, the officers remarked that
the posts were of prodigious diameter and length; and it was regretted
that war rendered it necessary to destroy such a magnificent residence.
The mansion was entered by a flight of several steps leading up to the
floor, and was divided into numerous rooms by partitions of split
bamboo. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb86" href="#pb86" name=
"pb86">86</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">The Singphoos have nothing approaching to what we call
government: each chief is independent, collecting no revenue, nor
directing in person any force, although he may influence the movements
of others. The Singphoos are of a tawny complexion, and a cunning
expression, with long bodies and short legs. They are implacable,
cruel, and treacherous; stealing upon and murdering with the short
sword at night those who have offended or injured them; and are ever
ready to coalesce for a foray, if there is a prospect of success.
Casualties that occur from the contentions of one tribe with another,
murders resulting from private jealousy, the difficulty of procuring
food, and exposure to the inclemency of the weather, help to keep the
population scanty all over the north-east frontier. In fact, the great
cause of the thinness of the population is the want of food, arising
from the absence of productive industry. The unsettled and lawless
state of society among the Burmese and Singphoos appears likewise to
operate in retarding the extension of trade; and this evil cannot be
rectified until these tribes are brought more completely under
subjection to the British Government. That once effected, a mart might
be formed at our extreme boundary; though the scantiness of the
population <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb87" href="#pb87" name=
"pb87">87</a>]</span>in these regions would probably for some time
prevent the establishment of a very brisk trade.</p>
<p class="par">Hookoom is distant from Suddeah about 200 miles; a
miserable, desolate, backward country intervening: in fact, almost an
entire jungle throughout. At Moonkoom there would be a larger field for
commerce, as water communication by the Irawaddy is facile. Broad
cloths, &c., could probably be conveyed thither cheaper, viâ
Rangoon, than from the Burrampooter. The same obstacles exist to
opening a trade between Assam and the provinces of Yunan, owing to the
greater proximity of Yunan to the Burmese empire. By all accounts a
considerable trade is carried on between the two countries, viâ
Bamow: a Burmese town within twenty miles of the confines of Yunan; and
from the facility of transport which the Irawaddy affords, we may infer
that British goods could be supplied at a cheaper rate, and with
greater safety, from Rangoon or from Moulmein through the Sangha, than
could be effected from Assam. The poverty of the people on this part of
our frontier is such that scarcely any one can afford to buy woollens,
excepting the chiefs, and even those persons generally receive them as
presents from the officers of Government. It would therefore be
desirable to send up articles of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb88"
href="#pb88" name="pb88">88</a>]</span>less value. The articles chiefly
in demand are salt, cloths, tobacco, opium, knives, needles, cups and
saucers, basons and plates.</p>
<p class="par">In 1828, by way of experiment, and to test the
possibility of reviving trade, a Government investment of woollen goods
to the amount of 4000 rupees, was sent up to Suddeah; but it actually
took eight years before the whole stock was sold off, and it would not
then, probably, have been disposed of, had not the price been reduced
thirty per cent. below prime cost. It was sold during the first and
second years of its appearance in the market, at prime cost; afterwards
at a reduction of ten, twenty, and thirty per cent. Since then, a
trade, such as it is, has been established at Suddeah by native
merchants, at considerable risk; for the Government will not undertake
to give compensation for any losses the traders may sustain, either
from sudden attacks, or in their transactions with these wild tribes.
Notwithstanding the apparently hopeless prospect of any immediate
commercial intercourse taking place between Assam and any portion of
western China, there can be no doubt that as civilization advances, the
intervening tracts will be traversed, and a lucrative trade may then
connect districts now separated by dense forests. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb89" href="#pb89" name="pb89">89</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">It remains only to mention that, some difference of
opinion existing as to the boundary line between Assam and the Burmese
territory, it was deemed expedient to define the limits of both
countries by a special mission to the disputed point; and for this
purpose, in 1837, Dr. Bayfield was deputed to proceed from Ava and join
the Burmese Governor of Mogaum, and in the presence of Major White,
Political Agent of Upper Assam, to settle the question. Major White,
accompanied by Dr. Griffiths, Captain Hannay, and Lieut. Bigge, and the
neighbouring native chiefs, with ninety followers, accordingly set out
from Namroop Pathar, on the 19th February; and on the 25th of the same
month they reached Yaoung Sang Nullah, on the north face of the Patkoe
boundary, or range, where the Burmese governor had agreed that the
conference should take place.</p>
<p class="par">In this dreary wilderness of hills and jungle, the
impossibility of obtaining an adequate supply of provisions for ninety
persons (the commissariat being carried from the plains of Assam)
presented an insuperable obstacle to the prolonged stay of the party
with Major White. Having therefore waited till the 5th March, daily
expecting the arrival of the Burmese Governor and Dr. Bayfield; and the
whole of their <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb90" href="#pb90" name=
"pb90">90</a>]</span>provisions being consumed, with the exception of a
bare sufficiency for the wants of the party on their return, the Major
was constrained to retrace his steps to Suddeah. Captain Hannay,
however, pushed on unencumbered, in company with Dr. Griffiths (deputed
for scientific purposes to Ava), hoping to meet the Burmese Governor
and accomplish the object of the mission: which he did.</p>
<p class="par">On the 9th March, Captain Hannay and Dr. Bayfield
pointed out to the Burmese Governor of Mogaum the boundary line on the
summit of the Patkoe Mountains, and read to him an extract of the
treaty between the Rajahs of Mogaum and Assam, establishing the
boundary in 1323, <span class="sc">A.S.</span>, or 1402, <span class=
"sc">A.D.</span> The purport of this extract was that, in the year
1145, <span class="sc">A.S.</span>, equivalent to 1224 of the Christian
era, Sookhapah, the founder of the Ahoom Dynasty, having taken his
departure from Moonkhoom, invaded Assam; and, taking possession of the
country on the other side of the Patkoe range, he established Khanjang,
or Nunyangpanee, as the boundary: appointing the Bor Gohain to the
government of the district, and directing that the customary tribute
should be remitted to him in Assam. This settlement continued until the
year 1323, equivalent to 1402, <span class="sc">A.D.</span>, during the
reign of Soodangpha, the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb91" href=
"#pb91" name="pb91">91</a>]</span>eighth Rajah of the Ahoon dynasty;
when a brother of his, named Towsoolie, having quarrelled with him,
went to Moonkhoom and instigated the Rajah to invade Assam. The attack
being, however, repulsed, an accommodation afterwards took place
between the two Rajahs, and the Patkoe range of hills was established
as the boundary. On this occasion a stone image was put up to indicate
the limits; and both the Rajahs, dipping their hands in the water,
vowed personal friendship, and swore reciprocally to respect each
other’s territory. This compact remained unviolated for a period
of 400 years up to the period when the Burmese invaded Assam.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="muttucks" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e432">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">MUTTUCKS.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The Muttucks were originally a rude tribe settled
in a district called Mooran or Muttuck, who prior to the Ahoom invasion
of 1224, <span class="sc">A.D.</span>, had learned the doctrines of the
Hindoo religion from two Gosains named respectively Madho Deo, and
Sunkur Deo. The Gosains were followers of Krishen, and their doctrine
particularly differed from that of the other <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb92" href="#pb92" name="pb92">92</a>]</span>Hindoos
of Assam, in their refusing to worship the images of Doorga. The
appellation of Moa Mureyas arose from its being the name of the place
where a Shuster was founded, and from which the doctrines of the
Muttucks emanated. They were allowed to exercise their religion
unmolested, until the reign of Seba Sing, between 1714 and 1744,
<span class="sc">A.D.</span>; when, animated by a spirit of sectarian
zeal, the Queen, Phoolsuree, inflicted a sore wound upon their
religious feelings by compelling them to worship the images of Doorga,
and to put the distinguishing marks of the followers of that deity on
their foreheads. But persecution, as usual, failed in checking this
sectarian spirit; and the numbers of the Muttucks having greatly
increased in the reign of Luckmi Sing, 1769, <span class=
"sc">A.D.</span>, they revolted from his authority. The immediate cause
of the first insurrection is attributable to two circumstances,—a
bigoted religious persecution, and a haughty, inconsiderate, oppressive
demeanour towards the Muttuck chiefs, and their adherents.</p>
<p class="par">Soon after the succession of Luckmi Sing to the throne
of his brother, Rajeswur Sing, Rajhan Mooran, a Muttuck chief, was
commissioned to procure a thousand elephants for Luckmi Sing, who was a
great admirer of these animals. The chief <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb93" href="#pb93" name="pb93">93</a>]</span>obeyed, and from time to
time he presented many elephants to the king. On one occasion, having
been unusually fortunate in capturing two hundred and fifty elephants,
he took them to the capital to show them to his Majesty; but as it was
customary to apprize the Bor Borowa of his intended visit, that the
circumstance might be previously announced to the King, he was
proceeding to the residence of that functionary, when he met the Bor
Borowa’s son going on business to the King. Unfortunately he was
persuaded to accompany the young man, unmindful of the indiscretion of
deviating from the established rules of respect and courtesy to the Bor
Borowa.</p>
<p class="par">On Rajhan’s arrival at the palace, the King
ordered his servants to prepare to attend him during the inspection of
the elephants. The Bor Borowa being obliged to be present on all such
occasions, and hearing that Rajhan Mooran had ventured to approach the
Rajah without the usual formality of an introduction, determined to
wreak his vengeance on the insolent Muttuck. Luckmi Sing inspected the
elephants, and was highly pleased with Rajhan Mooran’s
promptitude and assiduity in the execution of his orders. He warmly
expressed his royal approbation of the conduct of the chief, and,
handsomely rewarding him, retired to the palace. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb94" href="#pb94" name="pb94">94</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">The Bor Borowa now took the opportunity of sending for
Rajhan Mooran to learn his reasons for not having apprized him of his
arrival before he had sought an interview with the king. The excuse
pleaded by Rajhan Mooran was unheeded; the Bor Borowa was implacable,
and directed the infliction of a severe corporal punishment with the
cane. So strictly was this order executed, that Rajhan Mooran was cast
into the road in a lifeless state. Here he was recognised by his
countrymen, and conveyed away; and with good treatment, but not without
difficulty, he recovered.</p>
<p class="par">The undeserved insult and chastisement he had received
from the Bor Borowa, however, rankled deeply in his breast; and he lost
no time, when able to move, in proceeding to the Muttuck Gosain
Ushtobhoj,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1597src" href="#xd24e1597" name=
"xd24e1597src">1</a> to claim his intercession in obtaining redress for
the insufferable dishonour he had been subjected to. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb95" href="#pb95" name="pb95">95</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">The Moa Mureya Gosain Ushtobhoj, commiserating the
ill-treatment Rajhan Mooran had met with, resolved, a short time
afterwards, on visiting the Rajah to obtain reparation. He accordingly
set out with his Bhukuts, or religious disciples, and meeting the
Rajah’s fleet on the river, he paid his respects to the Rajah,
contrary to the wishes of the Bor Borowa Keerteerchund, Prime Minister.
This conduct greatly incensed the Bor Borowa, who immediately sent for
the Gosain and treated him with great harshness and abuse, for the
temerity he had evinced in presuming to visit the Rajah without being
announced by himself. The Bhukuts who had accompanied him to the
interview were likewise ill-treated<span class="corr" id="xd24e1603"
title="Not in source">.</span> This indignity highly offended the
Gosain, and he determined to take an early opportunity of retaliating
the outrage. With this view, he took measures for ascertaining the
number of disciples and adherents he might rely on, and found, to his
satisfaction, that the census returned one hundred thousand
persons.</p>
<p class="par">The feelings of the Muttucks being now exasperated to
the highest degree by the degradations and insults to which they were
subjected by the Assam nobles; the present appeared to them a fitting
opportunity to rise and avenge their wrongs. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb96" href="#pb96" name="pb96">96</a>]</span>The Bor
Deka, son of the Muttuck Gosain, having long entertained ambitious
views, encouraged Rajhan Mooran to assemble all the Muttuck chiefs and
followers willing to co-operate with them; expressing his belief that
with their united forces, success would attend their efforts. In the
mean time he remained quiet, the better to conceal his designs, and
commenced building a large mound near Jorehath, on which he intimated
his intention to found a Shuster, to be denominated the Bor Bhatee.
Each man who was willing to join in the insurrection was enjoined to
bring in one hand a lump of earth and in the other a reed. By this
device the Bor Deka’s designs passed unobserved, and a multitude
of followers were ascertained to be ripe for the approaching
contest.</p>
<p class="par">Mohun Bor Jona Gohain, eldest brother of Luckmi Sing,
being marked with the smallpox, and a slit in the ear, was, by the
Assamese customs, disqualified from ascending the throne.
Notwithstanding this, however, with a view of concealing their real
designs, the Muttucks proposed to the prince to join the
insurrectionary force; promising to place him on the throne in the
event of the success of the insurrection. Tempted by the promise, the
prince joined the rebels, who immediately marched <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb97" href="#pb97" name="pb97">97</a>]</span>towards
the capital at Rungpore, on the banks of the Dikho river. Luckme Sing
having been informed of the movement, ordered the Assam chiefs to
proceed and punish the insolent Muttucks, and bring him the ringleaders
of the insurrection. The rival forces met near the Thowra Dole Temple,
on the banks of the Dehing river, and after a slight skirmish, in which
their commander, the Doabyah Phokun, was killed, the Assamese were
defeated, and fled. Bhectorial Phokun then succeeded to the command,
and perceiving that Mohun Bor Jona Gohain, the elder brother of the
reigning king was at the head of the rebel force, not only refused to
oppose the prince and the invaders, but went and paid homage to the
Gosain. The Muttucks, thus meeting with no opposition, marched in and
took possession of the capital; and with such promptitude that Rajah
Luckme Sing and all his court were taken prisoners. Luckme Sing was
then incarcerated and harshly treated: food scarcely sufficient for his
subsistence being allowed him. The Bor Borowa Keerteerchund was seized
and put to death, with all his family, relations, and friends; and many
nobles also shared the same fate.</p>
<p class="par">Ramakant Bor Deka now took possession of the throne, and
Rajhan Mooran became Bor <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href=
"#pb98" name="pb98">98</a>]</span>Borowa; while the prince, Bor Jona
Gohain, who thus traitorously acted against his family and country, was
put off with the plea that he was incapacitated to reign as king by
reason of the personal mutilation already adverted to.</p>
<p class="par">A few months after this, a reaction took place. The
Assamese hearing of the indignities their king had suffered, and that
Chunder Deka, a younger brother of the Bor Deka, had actually struck
the king three blows with a cane for sitting in his presence when he
visited him in his confinement, they determined on expelling the
Muttucks from their country, either by force or stratagem. Numerous
chiefs and others readily entered into the spirit of the conspiracy. A
grand fete was to be given at the Bihoo festival in March 1769–70
<span class="sc">A.D.</span>; Rajhan Mooran and the Muttuck chiefs were
to be invited; and the Assamese were to attend with arms concealed
under their dress. Mogolee Jiekee Muneeporee,<a class="noteref" id=
"xd24e1623src" href="#xd24e1623" name="xd24e1623src">2</a> Queen both
of Rajeswar Sing and Luckme Sing, whom Rajhan Mooran had taken unto
himself, was to preside and be the principal agent <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb99" href="#pb99" name="pb99">99</a>]</span>in the
accomplishment of the project. She was to persuade Rajhan Mooran to
accompany her to the dance, and when there, she was, if possible by
some subterfuge, to obtain possession of his sword, which he constantly
wore; and if his attention could be attracted to the dance she was to
cut him down, which would be the signal for the Assamese to fall upon
and slaughter the Muttucks. This diabolical plot, from the unanimity
and secresy of the conspirators, was executed with the most perfect
success. The Queen, who had obtained considerable influence over Rajhan
Mooran, without difficulty induced him to place his sword in her hand,
that he might, as she said, more easily arrange his dress, which she
had artfully managed somewhat to displace. While in the act of stooping
down, the Queen dexterously stepped behind him, and with one blow on
the hinder part of the thigh completely disabled him. The conspirators,
anxiously expecting the signal, instantly came up and put an end to his
existence. The Assamese then fell on the remaining unarmed Muttucks,
and a dreadful massacre ensued.</p>
<p class="par">The conspirators, having successfully carried through
their plot against Rajhan Mooran and the principal Muttuck chief,
proceeded to the residence <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb100" href=
"#pb100" name="pb100">100</a>]</span>of the Bor Deka Ramakant, the
usurper; his father, brothers, women, and children, were, with all the
principal parties, captured; but Ramakant, on hearing of the death of
Rajhan Mooran, had made his escape from the capital. He was, however,
seized near Bet-barree and brought back to pay the forfeit of his
ambition and rebellion. Luckme Sing was immediately released from
imprisonment and again placed on his throne. The first order issued by
the king after his restoration, was for the extermination of the
Muttucks. The usurper Ramakant Bor Deka, and his brother Chunder Deka,
as well as the Muttuck Gosain their father, were tied to the legs of
fierce, newly caught elephants, and ignominiously dragged round the
city, assailed with mud and filth and every kind of indignity that an
infuriated, relentless mob, intoxicated with triumph, could inflict;
and to close the scene they suffered the cruel and disgraceful death of
impalement. The Muttuck chiefs and their followers were everywhere
hunted down like wild beasts, and put to death: neither men, women, nor
children were spared. In fact, such was the animosity of the Assamese
against the Muttucks, for the time, that they seemed bereft of all
feelings of mercy or compassion. Vast numbers of the Muttucks
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb101" href="#pb101" name=
"pb101">101</a>]</span>died of hunger in the jungles, and an
incalculable number perished by the sword of the insatiate
populace.</p>
<p class="par">Luckme Sing, being now under no farther apprehensions
for the safety of himself or throne, richly rewarded the actors in the
late tragedy with rank and wealth: and thus terminated the first
rebellion of the Muttucks.</p>
<p class="par">In 1784 the Moa Mareyas again rebelled, and having
expelled the Rajah Goureenath they proceeded to place two others upon
the Guddee, or throne, one named Bhurt Sing as Rajah of Rungpore or
Upper Assam, the other Surbamend (the father of Malebar Bursenaputtee,
who died in 1839) as Rajah of Mooran or Muttuck. Both these chiefs
marked their rule by establishing a mint, and some of their coins are
to be met with at the present day. Being driven from Upper Assam, the
Rajah Goureenath solicited the aid of the British Government; and his
request being acceded to, Captain Welsh was sent with one or two
battalions, in 1794, <span class="sc">A.D.</span> Having taken
Rungpore, Goureenath was replaced on the Guddee; but Captain Welsh did
not penetrate into the Muttuck country. The next Rajah, Kumalepur,
raised two corps of Hindoostanees, armed and disciplined in the English
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href="#pb102" name=
"pb102">102</a>]</span>fashion, and ordered them to undertake the
conquest of Muttuck; but although successful in some degree, they were
unable to obtain permanent possession, owing to the harassing mode of
warfare pursued by the Bursenaputtee, who retired to his fastnesses.
However, the struggle was at length terminated by his agreeing to pay
an annual tribute in the shape of elephants, Moongah silk, &c. It
is asserted by the Assamese at Rungpore and Jorehath that, at this
period, the Bursenaputtee agreed to pay a tribute of 10,000 rupees; but
that chief positively denied this to the Political Agent, and it is
believed there is no record in existence of such a sum, or even part of
it, being paid: though the acknowledgment of the Rajah of Assam is
undeniable. As regards the Muttucks, the statements of the people
connected with the late Court of Assam, and the followers of Doorga
throughout the province, ought to be received with a great deal of
caution; for both classes are animated by a bitter spirit of hatred,
occasioned by the twofold conquest and plunder of their capital; and
the temporary triumph of a rival sectarian party still rankles in their
minds.</p>
<p class="par">It is difficult to ascertain what was the precise status
of the Bursenaputtee in the distracted reigns <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb103" href="#pb103" name="pb103">103</a>]</span>of
Chunderkant and Poorunder Sing. It is said that the usual tribute was
paid, but this is denied by the other party; we presume, therefore,
that in these weak and divided times the Muttucks were nearly
independent. When the Burmese invaded the country, the Bursenaputtee,
at their requisition, afforded them supplies in labour and provisions,
but no aid in troops or money; and they, therefore, made no attempt to
seize his possessions. On the conquest of Assam by the British
Government, the Bursenaputtee acknowledged its supremacy, and bound
himself to obey its orders; he further engaged to supply three hundred
soldiers in time of war, no tribute having been demanded of him. The
interior management of his territory was left in his own hands,
excepting as regarded cases of murder and other capital offences, which
were to be made over for trial to the Agent of the Governor-General or
Political Agent in Upper Assam. This arrangement had evidently in view
the impressing a rude people with a greater regard for human life,
which the more rigid investigation and sanctity of British forms of
justice might be expected to create. This state of things subsisted
until January 1835, when, under the instructions of the Agent to the
Governor-General, the obligation to supply troops <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb104" href="#pb104" name="pb104">104</a>]</span>was
commuted into an annual payment of 1800 rupees. No census has been
taken of the population, but from the best information it is estimated
at sixty thousand or seventy thousand persons. It yields a revenue of
20,000 rupees per annum.</p>
<p class="par">In his personal manners the late Bursenaputtee Malebur
was plain and straightforward, and accustomed to think and act for
himself. In his political character, his fidelity was much doubted a
few years back, but he was always found ready to answer every call; as
evinced in the expedition against the Duffa Guam in 1835, and the
Singphoo Luttora chief in 1838, which proved that he was faithful to
his engagement. But his communications with British officers were not
always carried on in the smoothest manner. Accustomed to act as an
independent chief for forty or fifty years, and his territory being
unoccupied by troops, either Burmese or British, he was naturally
independent and blunt in his manners; which bearing, combining with the
testiness of age and dislike of innovation natural to that period of
life, occasionally gave rise to improprieties of expression and seeming
acts of disobedience. He departed this life in January 1839, leaving
ten sons, five daughters, and three widows; and, pending the final
orders of Government, Muttuck <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb105"
href="#pb105" name="pb105">105</a>]</span>was placed under Bhageerut
Majoo Gohain, the second son of the late chief: the Bor Gohain, or
eldest son, having waved his claim of birth in compliance with the
wishes of his father.</p>
<p class="par">On the 4th of August 1839, the Political Agent was
directed to confer on the Majoo Gohain the title of Bursenaputtee, and
the management of Lower Muttuck, on his agreeing to the conditions
offered for his acceptance. These were based on the settlement entered
into with his late father, but a new census was required to determine
the amount of tribute to be paid. These terms also withheld Upper
Muttuck, until an amicable understanding could be come to between the
chiefs of that part of the country; who, with their spiritual head, the
Tiphook Muhunt, were averse to the rule of the family of the late
chief. This party being only 1000, or 1500, out of a population of
60,000, it seemed hard to sever them from the jurisdiction of the
Bursenaputtee, without any specific acts of oppression having been
committed by the late chief or his family. The real objection rested on
religious grounds: they are the disciples of a Gosain or priest
professing different religious tenets from those of the
Bursenaputtee’s family; consequently they preferred a ruler of
their own persuasion, although they had not experienced <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb106" href="#pb106" name="pb106">106</a>]</span>any
persecution from the late Bursenaputtee.</p>
<p class="par">In November 1839, the Political Agent arrived at
Rungagora, the capital of Muttuck, and having assembled the principal
members of the late chief’s family, and head men of the district,
made known to them the resolution of Government. The Majoo Gohain
Bhagerut and his brothers, finding that Upper Muttuck was not at once
to be included in the settlement, peremptorily refused to accept of the
management of the country; the whole of Muttuck was therefore annexed
to the district of Luckimpoor, and pensions in money and land, to the
amount of 7637 rupees per annum, were granted for the support of the
members of the late chief’s family.</p>
<p class="par">Thus terminated the independence of the Muttucks, a
rude, fanatical, stiff-necked people. Accustomed to a very slight
assessment, tendered to their chief in the shape of presents for
settling their disputes, and exercising a considerable share in their
own government, it was feared they would not readily submit to the
heavier rate of taxation for the purposes of good government under
British rule; but these apprehensions, it seems, were unfounded, since,
for the last four years, no resort to force has been found necessary to
compel taxation, or to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb107" href=
"#pb107" name="pb107">107</a>]</span>further any other measures for
their general welfare.</p>
<p class="par">Husbandry is the chief occupation of the Muttucks; and
their district possessing a fine fertile soil and abounding in
extensive rice plains, intersected by large tracts of tree and grass
jungle, expectations are entertained that, in the course of time, this
country will prove a prosperous and valuable acquisition; if
improvements are not impeded by the inroads of border tribes. Two corps
of local Assam Light Infantry, and a company of local Artillery are
ever vigilantly occupied in promptly suppressing combinations or
insurrections raised with a view to the acquisition of plunder and
slaves from our subjects; and there is, therefore, little fear of any
organized obstruction to improvement.</p>
<p class="par">The tea plant is indigenous in Muttuck, and the Assam
Tea Company have cultivated many gardens, greatly to the benefit of
Upper Assam; and if the company steadily prosecute the speculation,
thousands of labourers will, in the course of time, resort thither for
employment, and become permanent settlers. Tea, it is believed, may be
grown in sufficient quantity to supply the English market, and afford a
handsome remuneration to the speculators. An inconsiderate expenditure
of capital placed the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href=
"#pb108" name="pb108">108</a>]</span>Assam Tea Company in great
jeopardy, and at one time it was feared the scheme would be abandoned.
The number of managers and assistants appointed by the Assam Company to
carry on their affairs, and superintend their tea gardens on large
salaries, was quite unnecessary: one or two experienced European
superintendents to direct the native establishment would have answered
every purpose. A vast number of Coolies (or labourers) were induced to
proceed to Upper Assam, on high wages, to cultivate the gardens; but
bad arrangements having been made to supply them with proper wholesome
food, many were seized with sickness. On their arrival at the
tea-plantations, in the midst of high and dense tree jungle, numbers
absconded, and others met an untimely end. The rice served out to the
Coolies from the Assam Tea Company’s store rooms, was so bad as
not to be fit to be given to elephants, much less to human beings. The
loss of these labourers, who had been conveyed to Upper Assam at a
great expense, deprived the company of the means of cultivating so
great an extent of country as would otherwise have been ensured; for
the scanty population of Upper Assam offered no means of replacing the
deficiency of hands. Another importation of labourers seems desirable,
to facilitate <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb109" href="#pb109" name=
"pb109">109</a>]</span>and accomplish an undertaking formed under most
auspicious circumstances. Nor was the improvidence of the Company in
respect to labourers the only instance of their mismanagement. Although
the Company must have known that they had no real use or necessity for
a steamer, a huge vessel was nevertheless purchased, and frequently
sent up and down the Burrampooter river from Calcutta; carrying little
else than a few thousand rupees for the payment of their establishment
in Upper Assam, which might have been transmitted through native
bankers, and have saved the Company a most lavish and unprofitable
expenditure of capital.</p>
<p class="par">It is generally understood that too little attention had
been paid to the advice of Major Jenkins, the Governor-General’s
Agent; or more vigilant supervision, better economy, and greater
success might not unreasonably have been expected. The
<i>cultivation</i> of tea in Assam, with a view of supplying the
English market, was, it must be admitted, first contemplated by Major
Jenkins; and for his exertions in having been the main cause of the
Assam plant being proved to be the genuine tea of China, the
Agricultural Society of Calcutta presented him with a gold medal; but
the Assam tea was first <i>discovered</i> by Mr. Bruce in 1826,
<span class="sc">A.D<span class="corr" id="xd24e1682" title=
"Not in source">.</span></span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb110"
href="#pb110" name="pb110">110</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">The tea of Assam is now becoming better known in the
English market, and its quality more generally appreciated; and as the
chief difficulties have been surmounted, every well-wisher of England
and India must hope the directors will, in future, pursue a more
scrutinizing and economical course: extending the cultivation of tea,
and thereby, while enhancing the profits derivable from the concern,
contribute to render England independent of China as far as tea is
concerned. If Assam tea can be grown equal to the produce of China,
there is little doubt but that, at the rate of one and sixpence the
pound, a remunerating profit will accrue to the Company: a handsome,
but not a too ample compensation for an enterprise involving such
highly important considerations.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="borabors" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e442">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">BOR ABORS, ABORS<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1692src"
href="#xd24e1692" name="xd24e1692src">3</a> AND MEREES.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The first of these three classes reside on the
loftiest and most remote mountains north of the valley of Assam. The
second class on a lower range, and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb111"
href="#pb111" name="pb111">111</a>]</span>the third at the foot of, or
on the plains immediately leading up to, the hills. Several parties of
Abors visited me frequently at Saikwah to barter a few fowls, eggs,
ginger, chillies, yams, &c., for salt, and other necessaries of
life. They appear to be descendants of the Tartar race; and are large,
uncouth, athletic, fierce-looking, dirty fellows. The hair of the women
is cut short, like that of the men: in a circle round the crown of the
head it is two inches long, but the hair in front and behind, below the
upper circle, is only about half an inch long. The ears of the men and
women are perforated, the aperture, one inch in diameter, being
distended by a piece of wood, worn as an ornament; and the necks of the
Abor women are loaded with innumerable glass bead necklaces of all
colours. Their arms are likewise adorned, from the wrist to the elbow
with brass rings; the legs are exposed from the knee downwards, the
calf of the leg being bandaged with cane rings to the ankle. The Abors
are feared and respected by all the neighbouring tribes for their
martial spirit; nevertheless they are in great dread of the highland or
Bor Abors, who are said to be as brave as they are savage. Like all the
hill tribes of Assam, the Abors are void of beards: invariably plucking
them, and leaving only scanty moustaches. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb112" href="#pb112" name="pb112">112</a>]</span>They can neither read
nor write, and their language sounds extremely harsh. The dress of the
Abor chiefs consists of Thibetian woollen cloaks, and a simple piece of
cotton cloth, about a foot square, which is passed between the legs and
suspended by a string round the waist: but not so effectually as to
screen their persons from exposure every time they sit down. Of
delicacy, however, the Abors are as void as they are of cleanliness.
They wear three kinds of helmets, one of plain cane, and others trimmed
with an edging of bear’s skin, or covered with a thick yellow
skin of a species of deer. A more formidable looking covering for the
head could scarcely be worn.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e1708width" id="p112"><img src="images/p112.jpg"
alt="Abor Cane Helmets." width="502" height="180">
<p class="figureHead">Abor Cane Helmets.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">In December, 1835, an Abor chief, with two hundred
followers, descended from the hills, and begged permission to locate on
the Dehing, within a day’s journey of Suddeah. The Political
Agent asked the chief whether he was aware that the land in that
quarter was within the Company’s jurisdiction, <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb113" href="#pb113" name="pb113">113</a>]</span>and
that settlers necessarily became subject to our police administration?
He replied he was aware of that, and would readily give up any of his
people guilty of criminal offences, but demurred to the introduction of
our police officers for the apprehension of offenders. He was then
asked whether he and his people would agree to pay taxes? His answer
was that they had never been accustomed to do so, and could not submit
to it.</p>
<p class="par">From various reports, the Abors are deemed a very rude,
barbarous people, but of open manners and warlike habits; their
bluntness of expression is more manly and pleasing than the base
servility and sycophancy of the Assamese. As they have been accustomed
to levy contributions from the inhabitants of Seesee, and other
districts in Assam, they would be dangerous neighbours, if located in
the immediate vicinity of the Suddeah people.</p>
<p class="par">Not acceding to the terms on which we were disposed to
acquiesce in their application, the Abors returned to their hills.
Scarcity of the means of subsistence was, it is supposed, the cause of
their visit; and they evidently meditated replacing the Merees, who
formerly laboured for the Abors on the Dehong quarter, but have since
emigrated to Upper and Lower Assam, to escape the exactions of that
tribe. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb114" href="#pb114" name=
"pb114">114</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">It appears that the Abors are not allowed to emigrate to
Assam; for in 1844 two young men having eloped with two damsels to
Saikwah, and the latter claiming protection from the British
authorities, an inquiry was made as to the cause of their deserting
their own country; when one freely confessed that her father had given
her in marriage to an old man, but preferring a young Abor, she had
determined on living with him in the Company’s territory and
disobeying her father’s commands. The other stated that she had
been given in marriage to a young man, who died, and she was retained
for his younger brother, a mere boy; but not being disposed to wait
until he had reached the age of puberty, she had fallen in love with an
Abor youth, and trusted they might be permitted to pass their days in
peace in the forests adjoining Saikwah. If their prayer was not
granted, the girls affirmed, in the most earnest manner, that they
should be tortured and sold to another tribe; while their young
husbands would be cast into the Dehong river with their hands bound, to
suffer death by drowning.</p>
<p class="par">To the present day, little is known of the Abor country,
Europeans never having been permitted to penetrate any very great
distance into the interior. The eminent astronomer and adventurous
traveller, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href="#pb115" name=
"pb115">115</a>]</span>Lieutenant Wilcox, in 1827, endeavoured to
ascend the Dehong river, with the view of proving that this stream was
the celebrated Sampoo river; but after a few days’ journey he met
with insuperable difficulties, from the rapidity of the current, the
closeness of the country, and the absolute prohibition of the Abors
against his proceeding farther. Since that period, no strenuous
endeavours have been made to acquire further information regarding
these rude barbarians. The Merees speak the Abor language, and a
friendly intercourse exists between the tribes; though the Merees have
ceased to bear the yoke of slavery or be subordinate to the Abors.
Their chief occupation is husbandry, and they are generally considered
a quiet and tolerably industrious race.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="mishmees" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e450">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">MISHMEES.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The Mishmee tribe reside in the hills on the
north-east extremity of the valley of Assam. They are divided into
several distinct clans. The Dibong Mishmees are called Chool Kutta or
Crop-haired, and the others are known by the appellation of Tains and
Mezhoos. They are a very wild, roaming <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb116" href="#pb116" name="pb116">116</a>]</span>race of people,
constantly engaged in petty wars amongst themselves and their
neighbours, the Abors and Singphoos, when the most remorseless
reprisals and massacres are committed. They have no written language,
and appear to belong to the Tartar race. They are of diminutive
stature, but stout, active, and hardy; very dirty in their persons, and
little encumbered with clothing. The chiefs wear the coarse red
coloured woollens of Thibet, and the dress of the lower orders is
extremely scanty. The women, however, are more decently attired;
wearing a striped or coloured petticoat, or cloth folded round the
waist, extending to the knees, and a kind of jacket or bodice, with a
profusion of necklaces of several pounds weight, composed of porcelain,
glass, and pieces of cornelian. The hair is bound up in a knot on the
crown of the head, with a thin band of silver passing round the
forehead. The lobe of the ears is hideously distended to an inch in
diameter, to admit of the silver ear-ring being inserted: this
mutilation of the ear evidently having been gradually effected from
early youth. The Mishmees are not restricted in their number of wives;
each man taking as many as he can afford to support. A curious custom
is said to prevail as a preventive to the constant bickerings and
jealousies natural to this <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb117" href=
"#pb117" name="pb117">117</a>]</span>system; each wife either has a
separate house or store room, or she lives with her relations.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e1737width" id="p117"><img src="images/p117.jpg"
alt="Mishmee Dog-skin Caps." width="503" height="183">
<p class="figureHead">Mishmee Dog-skin Caps.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">The Mishmees, women and children, as well as men, are
inordinately fond of smoking; and use a roughly-made Singphoo bamboo
pipe, or a brass China-made bowl, with a bamboo tube. A bag made of
monkey’s skin is suspended from a belt for the express purpose of
carrying the tobacco pipe, flint and steel, with a leather case
containing tinder. The men wear a long, straight sword, of China
manufacture, ornamented with a tuft of coloured hair; and a lance,
manufactured by themselves, is constantly carried. They also use the
cross-bow and poisoned arrows. Their head dresses are composed of dog
skin, fastened under the chin by strings. Like all savages, they are
superstitious; invoking an unknown spirit supposed to reside in the
inaccessible mountains or dense forests; and on being afflicted
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118" name=
"pb118">118</a>]</span>by famine, sickness, or other misfortunes, they
invariably sacrifice fowls and pigs, that the evil may be removed, and
the wrath of the invisible spirit appeased by their offerings and
submission. We are led to believe that the authority of the chiefs,
though respected, is not absolute: they are obliged to abide by the
decisions of the people, duly assembled for the purpose of settling
disputes and arranging the amount of amercements to be imposed for
offences committed. For all heinous crimes remission is said to be
procurable by the liquidation of a fine; but adultery, if the husband
be not privy to the offence, is punished by death, which is inflicted
by the people purposely assembled for the trial.</p>
<p class="par">The Mishmees, like the Abors, are most skilful in the
construction of cane bridges; which they throw across rivers of eighty
yards breadth. Three large cane ropes are sufficient to pass a person
over in safety; but the transit, to any but a Mishmee, would be
impracticable: for few would hazard the risk of falling into a rapid
river below, or of being suspended midway on these ropes, unable to
retire or advance. Accidents, however, rarely occur, and the Mishmees
cross over their rivers in this manner without difficulty or
apprehension.</p>
<p class="par">In the year 1836, it was said that the Mezhoo
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb119" href="#pb119" name=
"pb119">119</a>]</span>and Tain, or Digaroo Mishmees had a serious
quarrel about a marriage: for though at enmity often times with each
other, and speaking a different dialect, they have not been debarred
from intermarrying. Blows having been exchanged, the Mezhoo chief
Rooling determined on speedily overcoming his enemies by an
overwhelming force, and for this purpose he invited the Lamas to come
to his assistance; which they did, and entered the Mishmee country with
a force of seventy men, armed with matchlocks. The Tain Mishmees were
totally defeated by the Lamas and Mezhoo Mishmees, and lost about
twenty men. After this success, the Lamas returned to their own country
about September 1836, and from that day we have had no similar invasion
of this portion of Assam in favour of the Mezhoo Mishmees. No precise
information is obtainable as to where these hostile operations
occurred; but the conflict evidently took place several days’
journey in advance of the villages visited by Lieutenant Wilcox in
1826–27, and by Dr. Griffiths in 1836–37. However, such was
the heart-burning or feud between the Tains and the Mezhoos in
1836–37, that the late Dr. Griffiths, in his visit to the Mishmee
country, could not by promises or bribes induce the Tains to furnish
him <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb120" href="#pb120" name=
"pb120">120</a>]</span>with guides, even to the nearest village of the
Mezhoos, or there can be little doubt that he would have succeeded in
making good his way into the Lama country. In justification of their
conduct, the Tains remarked, “If we give you guides, who is to
protect us from the vengeance of the Mezhoos when you are gone? and who
is to insure us from a second invasion of the Lamas?”</p>
<p class="par">The Mishmee tribes were formerly obedient to the Assam
Governors, the Suddeah Khawa Gohains: if they were not totally
dependent, they at least gave small presents as tokens of submission,
and attended to the orders of the Khamtees and Singphoos. In 1835, for
example, the Duffa Gaum received considerable assistance from gangs of
Mishmees sent down to erect his stockades. If under any pretence,
therefore, the Thibetians, being a branch of the Chinese empire, should
be permitted to establish their supremacy over the hill tribes in
allegiance to the British Government in this quarter of the valley, our
interests would be affected; but in the present rude state of society
in this region there is little to be apprehended on this score. An
immense, desolate, almost impassable tract, intervenes, so as to render
ingress or egress from Assam to Thibet impracticable, <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb121" href="#pb121" name=
"pb121">121</a>]</span>excepting at certain seasons of the year.
Traversing such a country, when the route follows the course of rivers,
must naturally be difficult in the extreme. The hills are invariably
characterized by excessive steepness, and as the greater portion of the
route winds round them at some height above their bases, marching is
excessively fatiguing, difficult, and dangerous. In many places a false
step would be attended with fatal consequences: precipices must be
crossed at a height of a hundred feet above the foaming bed of a river,
the only support of the traveller being derived from the roots and
stumps of trees and shrubs, and the angular character of the face of
the rock. The paths are of the very worst description; always
excessively narrow and overgrown by jungle in all directions. In very
steep places the descent is often assisted by hanging canes, which
afford good support, but no attempt is ever made to clear the paths of
any obstruction: in fact, the natives seem to think the more difficult
they are, the greater is their security against foreign invasions.</p>
<p class="par">Notwithstanding these impediments to a free intercourse,
some little trade, it is supposed, is carried on between the Mishmees
and Lamas; the Mishmees exchanging their Bih (poison), Gathewan (an
odoriferous <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb122" href="#pb122" name=
"pb122">122</a>]</span>root), Manjeet (madder), and Teetah (a bitter
root, greatly esteemed for its medicinal qualities) for Lama cattle,
brass pipes, gongs, and copper vessels; and if a friendly feeling of
confidence could be established between the people of the plains of
Assam and the Lamas, it is impossible to calculate to what extent the
commerce between the two nations might attain. Once every year in the
cold weather, that is between November and March, the Mishmees visit
Suddeah for the purpose of bartering the only export produce of their
country: namely, bih, teetah, manjeet, gathewan, gongs, brass pipes,
and copper vessels; in exchange for which they invariably take, in
preference to English merchandize, cows, buffaloes, and a quantity of
small, coloured beads. Their cultivation is scanty: apparently not
sufficient to supply their wants, and is, moreover, carried on in a
very rude way. The ground selected as most favourable for cultivation
lies on the slopes of hills, or on the more level patches occasionally
bordering rivers. Some villages produce a good sort of hill rice, but
their chief cultivation is ghoom dhan (or Indian corn), konee dhan, and
two or three other inferior grains. The villages situated at low
elevations produce excellent yams and aloos of several kinds. They are
not acquainted with wheat, barley, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb123"
href="#pb123" name="pb123">123</a>]</span>&c., nor have they taken
the trouble to grow potatoes, but that esculent is obtainable at
Suddeah in great abundance. Of opium, a small quantity is cultivated,
chiefly for sale to the Singphoos; though many of the natives are great
opium-eaters. A small quantity of inferior cotton is also cultivated
for the manufacture of their own clothing, and tobacco is in great
request among them; they are likewise very fond of spirituous
liquors.</p>
<p class="par">We have no authentic data whereby to judge of the amount
of the population, but from the following rough census of the followers
of a few chiefs, it would not appear to be extensive.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table class="borderOutside">
<thead>
<tr class="label">
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">No. of
Chiefs.</td>
<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Names of the different
Chiefs.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">No. of
followers.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">1</td>
<td>Jengsha</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">2</td>
<td>Japan</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">80</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">3</td>
<td>Deeling and Yeu</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">80</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">4</td>
<td>Galooms</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">80</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">5</td>
<td>Khoshas</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft cellBottom">6</td>
<td class="cellBottom">Primsong</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight cellBottom">70</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb124" href="#pb124" name=
"pb124">124</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">The number of villages among which the above population
is distributed, is seven; but there are two other villages, Muresas and
Roolings, close to Khoshas. By far the greater number of villages
appear to be located near the banks of the Lohit; one only has been
observed on the Lung. The villages of Jengsha, Japan, Deeling, and Yeu,
consist of several houses each; neither, however, exceeding ten in
number. Ghalooms, Khoshas, and Primsong, consist each of a single
house, capable of containing from eighty to one hundred and sixty
persons. These comprehensive residences are divided by bamboo
partitions into twenty or more rooms, all opening into a passage, in
which the skulls of animals killed during the possessors’
lifetime are duly arranged. The houses are all built on raised
platforms, and the roofs are formed of the leaf of the arrow-root
plant, or the leaves of cane, which are found in great abundance in all
the forests. Khosha’s house is one hundred and sixty feet in
length; each room possessing a fire hearth; but as there are no
chimneys, or any outlet for the smoke, excepting the door, a Mishmee
dwelling is scarcely endurable.</p>
<p class="par">Of Mishmee habits and customs little is known; feuds and
misunderstandings having hitherto obstructed a freedom of intercourse
indispensable to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb125" href="#pb125"
name="pb125">125</a>]</span>the acquirement of correct information.
Several European officers have visited the Mishmee country for a few
days, and have been desirous of proceeding by this route over the
mountains north into the Lama country, or Thibet; to ascertain whether
the celebrated Sampoo river flows into the Burrampooter from this
quarter, or debouches into the Dehong, below Suddeah, or takes its
course, as has been surmised, through China. This interesting inquiry,
however, has not yet been solved; though little or no doubt appears to
exist that the Sampoo joins the Burrampooter at one of these points.
The British Government have hitherto, from prudential motives,
abstained from giving offence to or exciting the jealousy of the
Chinese, by permitting any of our officers to attempt to enter Thibet
from the extreme north-eastern quarter of the valley of Assam. This is
a sacrifice of geographical knowledge to policy; for there can be no
question that a scientific traveller would obtain much information
respecting the character of the country, and bring us acquainted with a
people at present unknown to the civilized world. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb126" href="#pb126" name="pb126">126</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="dooaneahs" class="div2 section"><span class=
"pagenum">[<a href="#xd24e458">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">DOOANEAHS.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The Dooaneahs are descendants of Burmese or
Singphoo fathers, from Assamese women, captured in predatory irruptions
and kept as slaves. Assamese males, also carried off into slavery, are,
from the loss of caste by their connection with the Singphoos, and the
adoption of Singphoo habits, denominated Dooaneahs. They are a very
hardy race, and inhabit the densest jungles; cultivating scarcely
sufficient rice and opium for their maintenance, and subsisting, when
their stock of grain is expended, on yams, kutchoos, and other roots of
the forests. Without the aid of the Dooaneahs, no military detachment
could move to many parts of the frontier, for none are so expert as
pioneers. With the Dhao, or Singphoo short sword, they will cut a
footpath through the densest jungles in the most expeditious manner,
thus enabling our troops to move almost in any direction. They are not
endowed with a martial spirit, and it is said they will not stand the
fire of musketry; but if properly trained and disciplined, their fears
might be surmounted. Their addiction, however, to opium is so great,
that no permanent reliance could ever be placed <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb127" href="#pb127" name="pb127">127</a>]</span>in
them as soldiers, in any emergency; and being utterly despised by their
former masters, the Singphoos (from whose thraldom they have only
lately escaped) it would seem inexpedient to place them in situations
of trust, where the possibility of betrayal or defeat could be
anticipated. The loss of their services as slaves, in cultivating the
land, is deeply felt by the Singphoos; but these latter have not yet
known the full extent of their inconvenience. In course of time few
Dooaneah slaves will remain attached to the Singphoos; who must
consequently either resort to manual labour themselves, or starve, or
leave the province: which, by the way, would be the greatest boon we
could desire, for the safety and improvement of our peaceable
subjects.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="assamese" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e466">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">ASSAMESE.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The province of Assam was invaded about 1224
<span class="sc">A.D.</span>, by a band of Ahoom or Shan adventurers;
who conquered the country, parcelled out its territory, and subjected
the population to a vassalage approximating to that in force under the
feudal system of Europe. By this arrangement the whole body of
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb128" href="#pb128" name=
"pb128">128</a>]</span>cultivators were divided into different
portions, called Khels, varying from one thousand to five thousand
cultivators each. They were governed by officers of various grades:
those called Borahs, possessing authority over twenty ghoots or sixty
paicks; Sykeahs, over one hundred ghoots or three hundred paicks; and
Huzarees, over one thousand; with one superior officer denominated a
Kheldar, who was generally a nobleman, or person connected with the
royal family. But in recent times this arrangement has been modified,
and Borahs, Sykeahs, and Hazarees have exercised authority over a much
smaller number of persons. The Kheldars collected the revenue and
exercised jurisdiction in petty criminal offences. Owing to the
backward state of society in Assam, and its almost utter destitution of
commerce and manufactures, the revenue was seldom paid in money, but
mostly in personal labour: all public buildings, roads, bridges,
&c., were constructed out of the funds of labour at the command of
the Government; and the services of all public functionaries, clerical,
medical, military, and judicial, were paid in the same manner. To
facilitate this arrangement, the community were divided into threes,
(or in some parts of Assam fours) each division being called a ghote;
and if one of the three served the state throughout the year,
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb129" href="#pb129" name=
"pb129">129</a>]</span>the other two were excused the payment of money,
revenue, or produce. From <span class="corr" id="xd24e1848" title=
"Source: artizans">artisans</span> and manufacturers, who were
subjected to a higher taxation than other classes, money was taken
occasionally; but more frequently the tax was levied in produce.</p>
<p class="par">Under the Ahoom Government the monopoly of office was at
first confined to the Ahooms, or original conquerors of the soil; but
in the reign of Rodroo Sing, 1695, <span class="sc">A.D.</span>, when
the Assamese natives of the soil had become proselytes to the Hindoo
religion, they were admitted to a share in the public employ. When the
British Government conquered the country in 1825, this system of
revenue, founded upon personal labour, was still in existence; but a
money rate of taxation under the form of a poll-tax was introduced as
far as circumstances would allow, the rates being fixed with reference
to the customs of the ancient government. The two poorahs of land
allowed to each cultivator were deemed equivalent to two English acres:
the land could not be taken from him as long as he paid his revenue,
but it was nevertheless considered the property of the state and could
not be disposed of by the tenant. Almost the whole of the land in Assam
is now taxed according to its quality, at so much per poorah or acre,
but in some places any <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb130" href=
"#pb130" name="pb130">130</a>]</span>quantity of land may be cultivated
by paying a certain sum per plough. The poll tax is likewise collected
where the population is unsettled and scanty.</p>
<p class="par">The religious wants of the people were provided for by
the Assam rulers apportioning a certain number of paicks or cultivators
to each Shuster or temple, for the support of which one-half of their
revenue was assigned: the other half was appropriated by Government.
Independently of this, grants of land were made to various religious
persons, under the title of Debootur (service of the Gods), Dhurmooter
(religious purposes), and Bramooter, for the support of the Brahmins
(or priests); and a remission of half the usual rate of taxation was
allowed when the claims of the parties were fairly established.</p>
<p class="par">Assam is noted for the abundance of gold found in many
of its rivers; and as the manner of acquiring it by washing the sands
may not be generally known, and is a subject of considerable
importance, a description may not be uninteresting to the reader. In
the first place, the gold washer, taught by experience, chooses a
favourable site; a wooden trough, six feet long by one and a half broad
and two inches and a half deep, is then placed on pegs driven into the
sand: one end of the trough being raised to <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href="#pb131" name=
"pb131">131</a>]</span>throw it into an inclined or sloping position.
This effected, a shifting bamboo sieve, made to fit the trough, is
placed upon it; two men with baskets then strew a plentiful coat of
sand and gravel from the river on the sieve, through which the gold
washer quickly washes the sand by pouring water on it, and shaking the
sieve to hasten the descent of the water into the trough. By this means
the heavier particles sink and the lighter are carried off by the
stream, that continues to flow from the square or upper end of the
trough to the circular end, from which it escapes by an aperture
purposely bored. The coarse gravel on the sieve is frequently removed,
and a fresh supply is continually heaped up, until the sand in the
bottom of the trough containing the gold is about an inch thick. The
sieve is then removed, and placed at one end of the trough, and a
quantity of water being poured through the sieve, it falls on the sand
like a shower of rain, till all the light particles are carried off by
the stream flowing down the trough. By this process the heavier
particles only remain, and these are gold dust and iron. The gold dust
being now distinctly visible, is subjected to a further washing, and
then dexterously floated on to leaves; after which it is transferred to
a glazed <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb132" href="#pb132" name=
"pb132">132</a>]</span>earthen vessel, and again washed with the hand.
The gold washer now daubs his hands with lime, and having applied some
quicksilver and water, again washes the sand with his hands, which
causes a scum to rise on the surface; this being cleared off, after
repeated washings, the gold is found adhering to the quicksilver, when
it is taken from shell to shell till every particle of sand is removed.
The quicksilver and gold dust are then placed in a shell on a charcoal
fire, and with the aid of a bamboo blow-pipe the ore is speedily
melted; a little water being then applied, the gold is separated and
forms a ball at the bottom of the shell. It is considered a good return
if three persons at one trough can obtain four annas weight of gold
(worth three rupees) in twelve days: giving the labourer one anna four
pice per diem. At one time there was a numerous body of gold washers
employed in collecting gold from many of the rivers in Upper and
Central Assam; and the rivers were, in some instances, let by
Government to persons wishing to enjoy the sole monopoly of bringing
gold into the market. The profit on the gold dust must have been very
considerable, seeing that it realized from twelve to fifteen rupees per
tolah, and was produced in large quantities. But, like many other
monopolies, this <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb133" href="#pb133"
name="pb133">133</a>]</span>was found open to abuse: the people were
oppressed for the benefit of the manufacturers, and the Government
deemed it expedient to discontinue it as a source of revenue; thus
leaving one of the most valuable products of the province neglected.
Gold, in consequence, is becoming scarce; and we hope, therefore, that
the evil will work its own cure, by stimulating the gold washers to
resume their ancient lucrative vocation.</p>
<p class="par">In many parts of the province, coal of a good quality,
is found; and indeed the soil of Assam generally may be considered
extremely rich: it abounds in valuable products, such as rice,
sugar-cane, moongah silk, pepper, mustard-seed, and cotton. But the
bounty of nature is marred by the indolence and apathy of man: the
cultivator seldom looks beyond his immediate wants, and makes no
attempt to improve his condition. In fact, in agricultural, commercial,
and manufacturing industry, this country may be considered at least a
century behind Bengal; and there seems little prospect of improvement,
excepting by the introduction of a more active and industrious people,
who might stimulate the natives to increased exertions. An inveterate
indulgence in the use of opium by the population at large, is the curse
of the country: <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb134" href="#pb134"
name="pb134">134</a>]</span>depressing the industry and withering the
physical energies of the people, by limiting their desires to the
gratification of the wants of the day.</p>
<p class="par">The greater portion of the Assamese are Hindoos; but
they are very lax in their observance of the rites of the Hindoo
religion, and in the few ceremonies which they do perform, deviate
considerably from the strict tenets enjoined by that creed. In their
domestic habits they are simple in the extreme; their poverty and
ignorance limiting their desires within the narrowest compass. A slight
cotton covering thrown over the shoulders, and a dhoti or sheet tied
round the waist, reaching to the knees, forms the chief clothing of the
poor: shoes are never worn. A little oil, rice, vegetables (such as
greens and chillies), seasoned with the smallest quantity of salt, and
sometimes a few small fish, compose the humble fare of the poor
peasant. These necessaries are procurable for about three shillings per
mensem, and as the wages of a day labourer or coolie are from one and a
half to two annas per diem, or about two rupees per mensem, he has
still one shilling to spare<span class="corr" id="xd24e1874" title=
"Source: ..">.</span></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e1878width" id="p134"><img src="images/p134.jpg"
alt="AN ASSAMESE GENTLEMAN. A MEREE WOMAN." width="443" height="720">
<p class="figureHead">AN ASSAMESE GENTLEMAN. A MEREE WOMAN.</p>
<p class="par first"><i>London, Smith Elder & C<sup>o</sup>. 65,
Cornhill</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">This spare diet has, of course, its influence upon the
stature and bulk of the Assamese; who are, consequently, slender,
effeminate, and indolent. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb135" href=
"#pb135" name="pb135">135</a>]</span>Their complexion is not uniform;
numbers being very fair, and as many excessively dark. Their morals are
exceedingly depraved, and their manners servile and contemptible. Nor
are the women one whit superior to the men; and although they are far
from possessing attractive persons, they are utter slaves to the worst
licentiousness.</p>
<p class="par">The dwellings of the Assamese are of the meanest
description imaginable: there are no stone or brick houses<a class=
"noteref" id="xd24e1894src" href="#xd24e1894" name="xd24e1894src">4</a>
in the country; a simple hut, ten feet by twenty, divided into a couple
of rooms for sleeping and sitting in, or not uncommonly one solitary
room, form the only accommodation a man, wife, and family possess. The
hut is about ten feet high, with a grass roof, and the walls are made
of reeds plastered outside, and sometimes inside also, with mud and
cow-dung. A small platform of bamboos, two feet high, serves as a
bedstead; and a seetulpattee, or grass mat, constitutes the amount of
bedding, without any other covering than the clothes that are worn
during the day. Many Assamese, however, prefer the bare ground, with a
simple mat as a bed. The earth floor is daily plastered with
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb136" href="#pb136" name=
"pb136">136</a>]</span>mud and cow-dung: the cow being held sacred
amongst the Hindoos, its ordure has, it is considered, the peculiar
property of not only cleansing, but purifying their habitations. Its
use certainly gives their huts a tidy appearance, and worms and insects
are not so troublesome as they would otherwise be.</p>
<p class="par">These frail buildings require yearly repairs, but the
peasants are put to no expense for them, except in bringing posts,
reeds, and grass from the jungle. Assamese families of respectability
and wealth live in larger houses of the same character of architecture;
but instead of one hut, they erect several close together, in the form
of a square, each hut opening into the quadrangular court-yard, which
is entered by a portico or receiving room for visitors.</p>
<p class="par">In the estimation of the Assamese, marriage is one of
the most important duties of life; not only for the additional comfort,
assistance, and respectability it confers on the man, but because he
considers he has not fulfilled the divine will if he has failed to take
unto himself a wife—and sometimes a plurality of wives. Polygamy
is prevalent throughout the province, and is only limited in extent by
the means of each man to provide for the support of his wives. If a man
marries only one or two <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb137" href=
"#pb137" name="pb137">137</a>]</span>wives, he probably has on his
establishment three or four concubines; and his life is therefore
embittered and harassed by perpetual family quarrels. It is the custom
in Assam for parents to make early arrangements for the marriage of
their sons; and having selected the daughter of any particular family
of the same caste, a regular agreement is entered into for the amount
of the dower to be paid to the parents of the girl, even when she is
but a mere child. The first ceremony of betrothing the girl is called
Tamul pankatta, or partaking of the betel nut and leaf of the betel
vine; which takes place when the damsel may be about four years of age.
The parents of the youth proceed to the house of the family with whom
they wish to form a matrimonial alliance, make their proposal, and
produce a present of the following articles:—</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table class="xd24e1907">
<thead>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Ans.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">
Pice.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Betel nut and betel leaf</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Two bhars (or baskets) of milk</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">8</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Fish</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Treacle</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Plantains</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Chura (parched rice)</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e780 cellLeft cellBottom">Total rupees</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">2</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">8</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight cellBottom"><span class=
"sum">0</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb138" href="#pb138" name=
"pb138">138</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">If the above present be accepted, then, to all intents
and purposes, the agreement is ratified between the parties, and is
considered as solemnly and legally binding as are the parchment
instruments which regulate these contracts in England. The next
ceremony performed in furtherance of the union of the young people is
called Nowae toolun (or attaining the period of puberty), when the girl
being about ten or eleven years of age, the youth’s parents
proceed to her house again with another present composed of the
following articles:—</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table class="xd24e1907">
<thead>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">R.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Ans.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">
Pice.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Oil</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Red vermilion, for the distinguishing mark of the
tutelary deity on the forehead</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Betel nut and betel leaf</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Pitter goorie (rice flour)</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Akho rice parched in the husk, (dhan)</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e780 cellLeft cellBottom">Total rupees</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">1</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">14</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight cellBottom"><span class=
"sum">0</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">About six months or a year after this offering, the
third ceremony takes place, and is called “Kharoo munee
puredheen” (or putting the bracelets and <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb139" href="#pb139" name=
"pb139">139</a>]</span>necklaces on the bride). The expense incurred on
these occasions corresponds with the means of the bridegroom and his
parents. To show the nature of the presents made, we subjoin the
following list:—</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table class="xd24e1907">
<thead>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Ans.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">
Pice.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Bracelets</td>
<td class="xd24e718">20</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Ear-rings</td>
<td class="xd24e718">12</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Necklaces of several strings, of various sizes and
colours</td>
<td class="xd24e718">5</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Madulee, a silver charm ornament suspended from
the neck</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">8</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Four silver finger-rings, 4 annas each</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">One piece of Mongah silk cloth, five cubits
long</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">8</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Betel nut and betel leaf</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Twelve bhars (or baskets) of treacle, rice, curds,
pittagoorie kutcha (ground rice) chandagoorie puckah (baked rice
flour): each basket valued at four annas each</td>
<td class="xd24e718">3</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e780 cellLeft cellBottom">Total rupees</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">46</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">0</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight cellBottom"><span class=
"sum">0</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">The fourth and last ceremony is Shadee (or marriage),
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb140" href="#pb140" name=
"pb140">140</a>]</span>when a great feast is given at the
damsel’s house by her parents to the friends of both families.
The presents consist of:—</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table class="xd24e1907">
<thead>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Ans.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">
Pice.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Fish, rice, diel, oil, salt, greens, and
chillies</td>
<td class="xd24e718">3</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Betel nut and betel leaf</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">One piece of Moongah silk</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">8</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">One Burkopper cotton cloth, for the girl’s
father or brother</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Gao dhun, dower or price of the girl, paid to her
parents in ready cash</td>
<td class="xd24e718">9</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e780 cellLeft cellBottom">Total rupees</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">15</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">8</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight cellBottom"><span class=
"sum">0</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">The bridegroom is kept awake all night by feasting,
dancing, and singing; and in the morning, all having broken their fast,
the bridegroom accompanies his bride to his own dwelling in a regular
procession. Drums, cymbals, and gongs take the lead; the bride follows
either in a palkee, or mounted on a pony; or, if very poor, she walks
in the midst of her female acquaintances, covered from head to foot
with a white cotton cloth or veil thrown loosely over her; and the
bridegroom and his friends bring up the rear. On arrival at the
bridegroom’s house, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb141" href=
"#pb141" name="pb141">141</a>]</span>his friends partake of a repast,
and return to their homes in the course of the afternoon. The young
couple then take up their abode, generally in a newly erected house
adjoining their parents’ dwelling. The whole expense of the
marriage conducted on this scale amounts to sixty-five rupees fourteen
annas; but only the better orders disburse such a sum. If the parties
are in very affluent circumstances, however, many hundreds of rupees
are expended. The poorer class, from inability to incur further outlay,
are not unfrequently married at the second ceremony of Nowae toolun for
four or five rupees, including every expense.</p>
<p class="par">Should the parents of the girl, contrary to the marriage
contract or betrothment, give their daughter to another person, it is
incumbent on them to refund the value of the presents they may have
received on different occasions for a number of years previously. Yet
in few countries, probably, will the number of violated contracts or
promises of marriages be found to exceed those of Assam. The litigation
and ill-will consequent on these ill-advised agreements is
incalculable, and the complaints under this head in the civil courts
are innumerable.</p>
<p class="par">There is a remarkable similarity between one of the
customs in Assam and that practised by <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb142" href="#pb142" name="pb142">142</a>]</span>the Patriarchs of
old. Jacob served Laban as a servant or bondsman many years to obtain
in marriage Leah and Rachel, who were sisters; and he was not allowed
to marry the younger before the elder. So in Assam a man may marry two
sisters, but he must marry the elder before the younger. It is not
uncommon, when a man is poverty stricken, to engage to live and work
for several years for the father of the girl he wishes to marry. He is
then called a Chapunea, a kind of bondsman, and is entitled to receive
bhat kupper, food and clothing, but no wages; and at the expiration of
the period of servitude, if the girl does not dislike him, the marriage
takes place. The man is looked on in the family as a khanu damad (or
son-in-law), and is treated kindly. If the girl’s father be very
wealthy, and he has no sons, he will sometimes select, from some
equally respectable family, a husband for his daughter, and bring him
up in his own house. The youth so selected is likewise called a
Chapunea, and inherits the whole of his father-in-law’s property.
If a woman’s husband dies, though she may be only eighteen or
twenty years of age, she can never marry again. She is considered a
Baree, or widow for life; but very few women—if any—so
circumstanced lead a life of celibacy: they prefer submitting
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb143" href="#pb143" name=
"pb143">143</a>]</span>to be selected as companions, and are then
contemptuously designated batuloo (refuse or offal). And this condition
of existence among the lower orders is almost as common as marriage;
for the becoming a man’s Dhemuna stree (alias mistress or
companion) involves no expense for bhar bhete (marriage present) or
gaodhun (dower), and is therefore more convenient. The offspring of
this connection inherit all the rights of legitimate issue, and are not
the less respected in society; there is, therefore, no bar to the loose
and immoral habits so prevalent among the poorer classes in Assam. The
indulgence of these is further facilitated by the ease with which the
marriage-tie may be dissevered. No reference is necessary to either the
temporal or ecclesiastical courts: dissolution is simply effected by
the husband, if displeased with his wife or doubtful of her fidelity.
On these occasions he merely assembles his friends, and in their
presence addresses his wife in these words:—“Henceforth I
look on you as my mother and sister;” and tearing a betel leaf
into two pieces the marriage is dissolved, and the man and woman are
free to select fresh partners. The divorce is equally complete if the
husband distributes a little salt to each member of the assembly of
friends, making the same speech to the <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb144" href="#pb144" name="pb144">144</a>]</span>wife. The Cacharies,
a simple-minded, honest, and industrious tribe of Assamese, cut off a
branch of the kuddum tree before a select body of friends, when the
husband declares he has divorced his wife, and the ceremony is
completed.</p>
<p class="par">The funeral obsequies of the Assamese are performed
agreeably to Hindoo usages. The body is burnt as soon as possible after
death. Jogees, Weavers, and Cacharies bury their dead in the same
manner as Moossulmans. A curious practice prevails amongst the Assamese
of giving salt to their friends assembled to bear witness to many of
the common occurrences of life. If a man adopts a son, he distributes
salt to his friends in token of a person having been appointed to
succeed to his property. If he buys a piece of land or purchases a
slave, or if a dispute is settled by arbitrators, salt is in like
manner distributed amongst a few friends who testify to the fairness of
the transaction; and amongst themselves these agreements or settlements
are as binding as laws could make them.</p>
<p class="par">When an Assamese has been excommunicated by the priests
for any civil offence, the expiation of his crime and his restoration
to society are effected by the payment of a fine, called chundrayen,
amounting to four rupees: dhurmdund (twelve annas), <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb145" href="#pb145" name=
"pb145">145</a>]</span>feeding the Punchayet or jury, (one rupee) at
most about six rupees. If the offender be very poor, one rupee ten
annas will suffice to pay for “purachit” (absolution);
which is granted by the priest.</p>
<p class="par">By the ancient Assam laws, slavery existed in a variety
of forms. All born of a free slave by a free father, as well as those
of pure slave parentage, were considered slaves. Free women married to
slaves became, with their offspring, slaves. The king had the power to
grant to his nobles and spiritual advisers portions of the free
population as slaves, which the owner could dispose of in any manner he
thought proper: they were designated Bohoteahs. Prisoners of war were
often granted to individuals as slaves; and criminals who had a
sentence of death passed upon them had it commuted to slavery, and were
assigned to certain masters. The free people were at liberty to
mortgage themselves for debts; remaining in bondage for a number of
years or until the sum borrowed was paid off; and as the debtor was
seldom in a situation to liquidate his obligation, he continued a slave
to his creditor for the remainder of his life. In each district the
value of slaves varied considerably. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb146" href="#pb146" name="pb146">146</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table class="borderOutside">
<thead>
<tr class="label">
<td class="xd24e1033 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop">Name of District.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadTop">Value of Men.</td>
<td colspan="3" class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadTop">Value of
Boys.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadTop">Value of Women.</td>
<td colspan="3" class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop">
Value of Girls.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e2265 cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e2265 cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Kamroop</td>
<td class="xd24e718">40</td>
<td class="xd24e718">15</td>
<td class="xd24e2265">to</td>
<td class="xd24e718">20</td>
<td class="xd24e718">20</td>
<td class="xd24e718">12</td>
<td class="xd24e2265">to</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">20</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Durrung</td>
<td class="xd24e718">20</td>
<td class="xd24e718">10</td>
<td class="xd24e2265">to</td>
<td class="xd24e718">15</td>
<td class="xd24e718">15</td>
<td class="xd24e718">8</td>
<td class="xd24e2265">to</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">12</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Nowgong</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">20</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">10</td>
<td class="xd24e2265 cellBottom">to</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">15</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">15</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">8</td>
<td class="xd24e2265 cellBottom">to</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight cellBottom">12</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">The above is the estimated value of good castes, such as
Kuletahs, Kewuts, Kooches. The price of the lower castes, denominated
Joges, Doomes, Cachares, Boreahs, and Burahees, was one-third less.</p>
<p class="par">In the present brief review of Assam it would be foreign
to our object to attempt to describe the events of each reign; we
confine ourselves, therefore, to a short list of the last kings of
Assam. (See opposite page.)</p>
<p class="par">The downfall of the Ahoom kings of Assam may be
attributed to their becoming proselytes to the Hindoo religion in the
reign of Jeydhoj Singh, A.D. 1654; to the religious persecutions of the
Muttucks in the reign of Seeb Singh; to family dissensions and
disputes, and the cruel treatment of Mohun Burjona Gohain. Rodur Singh
left five sons, Seb Singh, Prumutta Singh, Mohun Burjona Gohain,
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb147" href="#pb147" name=
"pb147">147</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par xd24e191">LIST OF THE LAST KINGS OF ASSAM.</p>
<div class="par">
<div class="table">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellTop">1681,</td>
<td class="cellTop"><span class="sc">A.D.</span>,</td>
<td class="cellTop">Gudhadhur Singh.</td>
<td rowspan="14" class="cellRight cellTop cellBottom"><img src=
"images/p147.png" alt="" width="630" height="428"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1695,</td>
<td>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td><span class="sc">A.D.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>,</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>Bodur Singh.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1714,</td>
<td>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td><span class="sc">A.D.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>,</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>Seeb Singh.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1744,</td>
<td>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td><span class="sc">A.D.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>,</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>Prumutta Singh.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1751,</td>
<td>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td><span class="sc">A.D.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>,</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>Rajeswur Singh.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1769,</td>
<td>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td><span class="sc">A.D.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>,</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>Luckme Singh.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1780,</td>
<td>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td><span class="sc">A.D.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>,</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>Gowree Nath Singh.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1795,</td>
<td>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td><span class="sc">A.D.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>,</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>Kumuleswur Singh.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1810,</td>
<td>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td><span class="sc">A.D.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>,</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>Chunderkant Singh.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1817,</td>
<td>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td><span class="sc">A.D.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>,</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>Poorunder Singh.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1818,</td>
<td>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td><span class="sc">A.D.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>,</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>Chunderkant Singh reinstated on the throne by the Burmese.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1821,</td>
<td>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td><span class="sc">A.D.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>,</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>Jogessur Singh placed on the throne by the Burmese.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1824–25</td>
<td>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td><span class="sc">A.D.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>,</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>Assam conquered by the British troops, and the Burmese army
expelled the province.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1833</td>
<td class="cellBottom">
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td><span class="sc">A.D.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="d">
<td>,,</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="ditto">
<tr class="s">
<td>,</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td class="cellBottom">Poorunder Singh made Rajah of Upper Assam, April
12th, 1833, and deposed by the British Government, Aug. 1835,
<span class="sc">A.D.</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb148" href="#pb148" name=
"pb148">148</a>]</span></div>
<p class="par">Rajeswur Singh, and Luckme Singh. The third son, Mohun
Burjona Gohain, being marked with the small-pox, was incapacitated to
reign; and his younger brother, Rajeswur Singh, superseded him. By the
evil machinations of the Bor Borowa, Rajeswur Singh was led to believe
his brother, Mohun Burjona Gohain, was plotting against his government;
and for the effectual suppression of this conspiracy, his brother was
expelled the capital in the most ignominious manner, his ears having
been slit and one of his eyes plucked out. It was, doubtless, as we
have already remarked, from this severity that the prince Mohun Burjona
Gohain, in the succeeding reign of his younger brother, Luckme Singh,
was induced to rebel against his sovereign, and to join the Muttucks,
hoping thereby to avenge his wrongs and gain the throne; but though
temporary success attended the Muttuck insurrection, the Prince failed
in realizing his ambitious projects, and hastened the extinction of the
power of the Ahoom dynasty.</p>
<p class="par">In no part of the world, perhaps, have such sanguinary
customs and laws prevailed as in Assam, under the Ahoom kings. Many of
their punishments were revolting to humanity. Criminals were whipped,
put in the pillory, impaled; their limbs <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb149" href="#pb149" name="pb149">149</a>]</span>amputated, the nose,
ears, and lips mutilated; the hair was torn out by the roots, eyes were
plucked out of the sockets, and sometimes offenders were ground between
wooden rollers, sawn asunder, or tortured with red-hot irons. A variety
of other cruelties were practised with a relentlessness that but too
vividly marked the barbarity of the rulers of those days, and rendered
it a matter of sincere congratulation that a merciful providence
shortened the period of their sovereignty, and placed the country in
the hands of the British Government, in 1824–25.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="nagas" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e477">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">NAGAS.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The south-eastern hills of Assam are the abode of
many tribes of Nagas. They are a very uncivilized race, with dark
complexions, athletic sinewy frames, hideously wild and ugly visages:
their faces and bodies being <span class="corr" id="xd24e2541" title=
"Source: tattoed">tattooed</span> in a most frightful manner by
pricking the juice of the bela nut into the skin in a variety of
fantastic figures. They are reckless of human life; treacherously
murdering their neighbours often without provocation, or at best for a
trivial <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb150" href="#pb150" name=
"pb150">150</a>]</span>cause of offence. The greater number of the
Nagas are supposed to be in a very destitute state, living almost
without clothing of any kind. Their poverty renders them remarkably
free from any prejudices in respect of diet: they will eat cows, dogs,
cats, vermin, and even reptiles, and are very fond of intoxicating
liquors.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e2547width" id="p149"><img src="images/p149.jpg"
alt="NAGAS." width="464" height="720">
<p class="figureHead">NAGAS.</p>
<p class="par first"><i>London, Smith Elder & C<sup>o</sup>. 65,
Cornhill</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">Amongst a people so thoroughly primitive, and so
independent of religious prepossessions, we might reasonably expect
missionary zeal would be most successful; for the last eight years,
however, two or three American Baptist missionaries have in vain
endeavoured to awake in them a sense of the saving virtues of
Christianity. For a considerable period the residence of the
missionaries was at Suddeah; where their labours, I believe, were
unattended by any conversions either of Assamese or Singphoos. On the
station being deserted by the troops for Saikwah, in 1839, the
missionaries turned their attention more particularly towards the
Nagas; they took up their residence on the Boree Dehing river, at
Jeypore, established a school, and were indefatigable in endeavouring
to gain some correct knowledge of the savage tribes in their vicinity.
A few years’ experience here proved the futility of their plans.
Instead of wandering amongst the savage tribes <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb151" href="#pb151" name=
"pb151">151</a>]</span>scattered over an immense extent of country, in
unhealthy, dense jungles, it would have been prudent and politic to
have afforded instruction in the first instance to the populous
villages in the plains. One or more natives have been baptized at
Jeypore, agreeably to the rites of the Baptist persuasion, by immersion
in the Boree Dehing river, and this is the sum total of the missionary
success. This has, it is understood, induced them to change their abode
to Seebsauger and Nowgong, where they seem to think there is a greater
chance of their succeeding. The missionaries have a printing press, and
many elementary books of instruction in Assamese and English have been
printed by them for the use of the natives. Their exemplary conduct and
exertions merit the utmost commendation, and it is to be deplored that
their well-intentioned labours should not be crowned by felicitous
results.</p>
<p class="par">To this day little is known either of the country
inhabited by the Nagas, or of their habits and customs. Several
officers have penetrated a considerable distance into the hills
occupied by the Nagas; but always with marked and necessary caution,
attended by a military guard. Greater intercourse between the highland
Nagas and the people of the plains were much to be wished; but it is
doubtful if any <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb152" href="#pb152"
name="pb152">152</a>]</span>advantage would accrue to the British
Government from extending its sway southward, over immense tracts of
unprofitable wastes or dense jungles thinly inhabited.</p>
<div class="div3 section">
<div class="divHead">
<h4 class="main"><span class="sc">Naga Government.</span></h4>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Under the ancient Assam Government some of the
tribes may have been more dependent upon the Government than they are
now, but the Naga territory was never considered an integral portion of
the sovereignty of Assam. It is customary with the Naga tribe to offer
trifling presents to the British authorities, as a mark of submission,
and something is given in return, in token of amicable feeling; but the
Nagas have never been considered subject to our regular jurisdiction,
and nothing in the shape of an assessment has ever been imposed upon
them.</p>
<p class="par">It is very difficult to arrive at anything like a
correct understanding of the nature of the feuds between neighbouring
tribes; for the Nagas have no written language, and their dialects vary
considerably in different parts of the country. No general government
exists over the whole tribe: they are divided into innumerable clans,
independent of each other, and possessing no power beyond the limits of
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb153" href="#pb153" name=
"pb153">153</a>]</span>their respective territories. Each tribe seems
ever jealous of its neighbour; and cruel hostilities, ending in the
most tragical manner—even to the extermination of a tribe and the
total destruction of its cattle, stores, and property—are often
the result of their mutual animosity. The form of the Naga government
is democratical; each clan seems to be ruled by a president and two
subordinates or deputies, who form the executive. The president is
called Khonbao, and the deputies Sundekae and Khonsae: the one prime
minister, and the latter a chief over twenty houses. The chief
magistrate or arbitrator, the Khonbao, decides all disputes of a civil
or criminal nature, and it is optional with him either to direct or
enforce his orders with his own sword; but in all this he is merely the
organ or agent of the people, for the decisions are the results of the
consultations of the whole Raj, or populace, who discuss all matters of
importance in the open Moorung, or hall of justice, to be found in
every Naga village. The Khonbao, Sundekae, and Khonsae, on these
occasions, summon all the community to attend and assist with their
counsel in disposing of any affairs of moment: such as a war to be
undertaken against a foe, or in furtherance of revenge; or the
punishment of crimes committed by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb154"
href="#pb154" name="pb154">154</a>]</span>any of the members of the
tribe in opposition to their established polity.</p>
<p class="par">The dignity of Khonbao is hereditary: the eldest son of
the incumbent invariably succeeding to the title and authority. No
junior brother can assume the rank, under any pretensions founded on
greater ability, personal appearance, or reputation of valour. In the
event of the Khonbao leaving no progeny, his wife succeeds to his title
and authority; and the deputy Khonbao, Sundekae and Khonsae in council
enforce her commands, and report everything to her connected with the
welfare of the community.</p>
<p class="par">No hospitality is shown to a stranger visiting the Naga
country, unless he visits the Khonbao in the first instance: he is
unable, even under the greatest distress, to obtain shelter or
provision elsewhere. On the arrival of an embassy it is conducted to
the residence of the Khonbao, who gives audience immediately, and
returns a reply by the messengers on his own responsibility, if the
object of the visit is of no great importance. But, on the other hand,
should the embassy be for the purpose of obtaining redress of wrongs
committed by the clan of the Khonbao, the embassy is retained and
entertained hospitably till the Sundekae, Khonsae, and principal
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb155" href="#pb155" name=
"pb155">155</a>]</span>elders of the people can be assembled in the
moorung; when the grievance is stated and inquiries made, each member
stating openly and candidly his opinion on the matter at issue. The
Khonbao propounds what is, in his opinion, expedient and best for the
public good; but if there appears any irregularity, the people express
their disapprobation to the Khonbao, and he is constrained to abide by
the will of the community, to give orders to the embassy, and allow its
departure to the place whence it came. In this manner all affairs and
discussions are regulated amongst the Nagas. Any attempt to travel
through their country, unaccompanied by a person acquainted with the
roads, villages, and Naga language, would be the height of folly; as
the traveller would not be supplied with water, food, or fire, neither
would any shelter be afforded him, and his life would be in imminent
danger.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div3 section">
<div class="divHead">
<h4 class="main"><span class="sc">Omens.</span></h4>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The superstition of the Nagas is strikingly
exhibited in the great attention paid by them to all signs of good and
evil, before they attempt the execution of any project: whether it be
to prepare the land to receive the seed, to proceed on hunting or
fishing excursions, or to enter upon any war <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb156" href="#pb156" name=
"pb156">156</a>]</span>expedition. On these occasions the Khonbao,
Sundekae, and Khonsae, assemble the people, and a grand consultation is
held between the chief ruler and the elders of the village, in order to
divine the most auspicious moment, and to ascertain whether the affair
under consideration will turn out favourably or otherwise. To aid the
deliberation, new-laid eggs are procured, which they address in these
terms:—“Oh eggs, you are enjoined to speak the truth and
not to mislead us by false representations.” The eggs are then
perforated and roasted on a fire, and the yolk is minutely examined: if
it appears entire, the omen is considered good; if broken, the reverse,
and auspicious for their enemies. In this conclusion the senate are
likewise confirmed by a peculiar appearance of the white of the egg.
Another simple mode of divining the propriety or expediency of carrying
out certain plans is by burning the Bujjal bamboo. Should it crackle
and fall out of the fire on the left side, it is a good omen; should it
fly out on the right, the event is accepted as a warning of failure and
disaster. By these simple and strange proceedings are the acts of these
people guided. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb157" href="#pb157" name=
"pb157">157</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div3 section">
<div class="divHead">
<h4 class="main"><span class="sc">Husbandry.</span></h4>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">In their agricultural operations, the implements
of the Nagas are simple and rude in the extreme; but bullocks and
buffaloes are used as in Assam. At the commencement of the season, the
Khonbao having assembled the people after the usual ceremonies of
consulting the omens, the land is apportioned out to each clan, the
jungle is cleared, and sowing commences. Konee dhan, a small grain, and
Indian corn, or goom dhan, is sown in January and gathered in about
June, when the Behoo is celebrated with great festivities; resembling
the old English custom of harvest-home. After the goom dhan and konee
dhan is cut, ahoo dhan is sown; and after this crop, kuchoos, a kind of
root resembling the arrow root, are planted; so that in the course of
the year three crops are raised from the same land. This is done for
three successive years; when, the land being impoverished, new land is
broken up for the same period, until the usual time of fallow admits of
the old land being again resumed. Yet, with all the means of avoiding
famine, blessed with a fertile soil and a wonderful rapidity of
vegetation, so improvident <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb158" href=
"#pb158" name="pb158">158</a>]</span>are these savages, that in a few
months the whole produce of the land is consumed, and they are
compelled to subsist on roots and leaves of the forests till the return
of harvest.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div3 section">
<div class="divHead">
<h4 class="main"><span class="sc">Salt Wells.</span></h4>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">In different parts of the Naga territory many salt
wells exist, and being worked by some of the tribes an immense quantity
of salt is produced. This is sold or bartered to the people of Assam
for rice, and by this means, doubtless, the miseries attendant on a
scanty supply of food are greatly lessened. We have no means of judging
of the extent of the salt trade between the Assamese and Nagas, but the
commerce might doubtless be increased by greater vigilance, to the
mutual advantage of both parties.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div3 section">
<div class="divHead">
<h4 class="main"><span class="sc">Preparations for War.</span></h4>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">When the Nagas purpose taking vengeance on a
neighbouring tribe, the Khonbao assembles the elders of the village;
and, in accordance with established customs, the omens being consulted
and proving propitious, a plan to cut up their enemies by surprise is
decided on. Each man provides himself with a spear, sword, bamboo
choong, a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb159" href="#pb159" name=
"pb159">159</a>]</span>hollow joint of the bamboo filled with water,
and a small basket of rice; and, the party being formed, set out in the
day towards the frontier of the enemy who is to be attacked. At night
they cross over and occupy a favourable position in ambush, surrounding
the enemy’s village. There they take their repast, and when the
cock first crows on the following morning, they rush, with great
shouting, into the village, and cut up every body they meet with;
sparing neither old infirm men, nor helpless women, nor children: even
the cows, pigs, and poultry of the foe are slaughtered. Sometimes the
victors remain on the spot two or three days, but generally return to
their own village on the same day; taking with them the heads, hands,
and feet of those they have massacred: these they parade about from
house to house, accompanied with drums and gongs, throwing liquor and
rice on the heads, and uttering all manner of incantations: saying,
“Call your father, mother, and relations to come here and join
you in eating rice and drinking spirits, when we will kill them with
the same sword.” They then sing, dance, and perform all manner of
anticks; pierce and mangle the heads of their enemies, and again with
curses enjoin them to summon their whole race to suffer the same
ignominious treatment. In the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb160"
href="#pb160" name="pb160">160</a>]</span>massacre, one of the Nagas
may have, perhaps, particularly distinguished himself by evincing great
ferocity in cutting off more heads than any of his party; which
circumstance he fails not to bring to the notice of his assembled
friends. Stalking out before them he challenges them to mark his deeds,
and with many songs of boisterous mirth and audacious boasting, he
drags the heads of his enemies about in the most contemptuous manner,
proclaiming his own triumph somewhat after this fashion:—</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e2617width" id="p159"><img src="images/p159.jpg"
alt="ANGAMEE NAGA WARRIOR." width="459" height="720">
<p class="figureHead">ANGAMEE NAGA WARRIOR.</p>
<p class="par first"><i>London Smith Elder & C<sup>o</sup> 65,
Cornhill.</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">“In the world I am the most powerful and
courageous; there is none equal to me. I am the greatest of all men. No
one” (pointing to the skulls of his enemies) “can perform
such deeds. Like to the clouds that thunder and hurl down fire-balls
into the water to the destruction of the fish,—like to the tiger
who leaps out to seize the deer,—like to the hawk who pounces
down on the chickens and carries them off, do I cut up every one, and
carry off their heads; and with these weapons” (dashing them
together, to produce a clashing noise) “I have killed such and
such persons: yes, I have killed them. You know my name. The greatest
beast of the forest, the elephant, I first destroy, and after that all
other animals too insignificant <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb161"
href="#pb161" name="pb161">161</a>]</span>to mention. Such a hero am I,
there is no one equal to me,” &c. &c.</p>
<p class="par">The same scene is enacted for three or four successive
days; when the heads being hacked and sufficiently danced about to
satiate Naga revenge, they are suspended from the branches of Nahor
trees. After this, the ceremony of tattooing the body is performed, and
a most severe operation it is. The burnt ashes of a pot are pricked
into the skin with the thorns of the cane: a great quantity of blood
exudes, and the body swells to a great size. Being previously thrown
into a state of stupid intoxication, the patient is left to welter in
the dirt and blood for three days, unconscious of his condition. After
this operation, the young sprouts of the Bhat-teeta tree being well
pounded, are smeared over the wounds, and in the course of twenty-five
days the patient is able to resume his avocations; upon which a number
of pigs and fowls are killed, and a great feast is given; the heads of
the enemies being brought down from the trees and strewed out upon a
platform before the populace in the court, or Raj Moorung. For a whole
month from the day of the massacre, the Nagas daily sing the war song
quoted above, and dance and manifest the greatest excitement and
delight. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb162" href="#pb162" name=
"pb162">162</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">All villages are not entitled to the honour of retaining
the heads of their enemies; they must be kept in the village of the
Khonbao.</p>
<p class="par">In some Naga villages it is the custom, for a man who
has committed murder in cutting off the head of a foreigner, to be
joined by ten or a dozen Nagas in submitting to the operation of
tattooing; which in such cases is an indispensable ceremony. The
tattooing is pricked round the calves of the legs in ten or twelve
rings or circles interspersed with dots; the thighs, the breast, the
neck, the fingers, the back of the hand, the arms, the forehead, and
nose, the vicinity of the eyes and the ears being similarly decorated.
The poorest Naga peasant deems it an honour to have his body thus
embellished with stripes, figures, and dots; and the omission of the
ceremony would entail on him eternal disgrace and censure. Indeed, the
tattooing determines the character and consequence of the individual;
for by certain marks on one arm it is apparent that he has killed a
man; when both arms and body are scarred he is known to have murdered
two individuals; and when the face and eye-sockets are indelibly
impressed with the tattoo, he stands proclaimed the assassin of three
of his fellow-creatures, and is thenceforth esteemed a valiant warrior.
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb163" href="#pb163" name=
"pb163">163</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">On the question being once put to the Nagas whether they
would like to become the subjects of the Company, they promptly
replied,—“No: we could not then cut off the heads of men
and attain renown as warriors, bearing the honourable marks of our
valour on our bodies and faces.”</p>
<p class="par">If a Naga happens to be suddenly surprised, and cut off
by the inhabitants of a neighbouring village, his corpse is quickly
taken up by his friends and placed on a platform in the jungles near
the road. At the expiration of three or four days they perform some
ceremonies, and wait till a favourable opportunity occurs for avenging
his death. The purpose is never relinquished, though its execution may
unavoidably be tardy: by day and night they lie in ambush in the
jungle, or on the plains near the roads, till they can pounce upon some
unwary individual of the enemy. His murder is then communicated to his
friends in a singular way. Forty or fifty Nagas, armed with wooden
clubs, strike a large hollow piece of wood called a tomkhong, from
which a loud, terrific sound proceeds, which gives token to the enemy
that one of their tribe has died in acquittance of the debt of revenge.
To such an extent does this vindictive spirit prevail, that the Nagas
will wait for two or three generations devising <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb164" href="#pb164" name=
"pb164">164</a>]</span>plans for decapitating a member of a tribe who
has murdered one of their clan; and when the opportunity of vengeance
offers, they are sure to take advantage of it, regardless of the
personal innocence of the man whom they select as the victim of their
fury. The death of the victim is hailed with dance and song, and the
liveliest demonstrations of joy: even the old men, women, and children
seem in raptures at the announcement of the joyful tidings that their
tribe has succeeded in taking revenge.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div3 section">
<div class="divHead">
<h4 class="main"><span class="sc">Naga Customs from Childhood until
Marriage.</span></h4>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Ten days after the birth of a child the hair of
the infant is shorn off, and the parents perform several ceremonies,
inviting all their friends to a grand feast, on which occasion the
child is named. On proceeding to field work the mother ties the child
to her back, and whilst at work the infant is placed on the ground.
When the child is about a year old it is left at home in the village,
and the parents pursue their avocations unattended by their little
charge. At the age of five or six years, some of the Nagas wear a
lungtee (a small piece of cloth) round the waist. On attaining the age
of nine or ten years the boy is called a Moorungea, and from
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb165" href="#pb165" name=
"pb165">165</a>]</span>that time no longer resides with his parents,
but, with all the youths of the village, takes up his abode at the
Moorung, a large building set apart for this especial purpose. The
parents, however, still continue to provide him with food, and he is
obedient to their will, assisting them in cultivating their fields. He
carries a sword and spear, and wears the Naga habiliments. At fifteen
or sixteen years of age he begins to be dissatisfied with his existence
in the Moorung, and makes arrangements for taking a wife; generally
selecting a cousin, the daughter of his mother’s brother. On
these occasions the parents collect as much rice and liquor, and as
many cows and buffaloes, as their means will admit. The girls all live
together, like the boys, in a separate Moorung or house allotted for
them; sometimes they reside in a house in which a corpse is kept,
probably from the greater sanctity such an inmate would confer on their
habitation. The youth is not restricted from visiting the damsel of his
choice, and he adopts a well understood stratagem to ascertain her
sentiments regarding himself. Whilst he is talking to her companion, he
carelessly puts down his pipe, and narrowly watches her actions. If the
damsel entertains any regard for him she instantly takes up his pipe
and smokes it; from that moment the <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb166" href="#pb166" name="pb166">166</a>]</span>youth is satisfied of
his conquest, and hastens to communicate the result to his parents, who
arrange matters with the girl’s relatives. Presents of ornaments
are sent for the girl, which she immediately wears; and an offering of
liquor and tumbool pan (or betel nut leaf) to chew, being accepted by
her parents, the marriage is decided on. After this, cows, buffaloes,
rice, and liquor are forwarded to the house of the intended bride, and
all her relations and friends are invited to a grand feast. An old
Deodhunee (or priestess) accompanies the youth to the party with a
basket of ginger, and the youth then addresses the chosen damsel,
thus:—“This day I take you to be my wife. I will not desert
you, neither will I take another; eat this ginger in pledge
thereof—henceforth we are husband and wife.” The woman on
this eats a bit of the ginger, and then the youth sits down; whereupon
the girl, in the same strain, taking up a piece of ginger,
says—“I am your wife, and you are my husband, and I will
obey you as such. I will not take another husband, for we are husband
and wife; in token of which you will eat this ginger.” The
marriage ceremony being thus concluded, the youth, after partaking of
the feast, returns home to his parents, and in the evening his wife
joins him with <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb167" href="#pb167" name=
"pb167">167</a>]</span>baskets of food for her husband’s parents
and his brothers’ wives. She thenceforth resides with her
husband. From that day the husband ceases to abide at the Moorung, and
after the lapse of two or three days, according to the village roll,
takes his tour of guard duty at the Moorung. From the day of his
marriage he commences the preparation of a separate house, upon the
completion of which, in a few months, he quits the parental roof. Some
Nagas will, however, continue to cultivate the land, and share the
produce of their labour with those of their parents; but on the birth
of a child the families separate.</p>
<p class="par">Amongst the Nagas, marriage is contracted with near
relatives, such as cousins, in preference to other women. A widow,
having no children, cannot marry a stranger, but must marry her late
husband’s brother; and if he happens to be a mere boy, she will
still live with him as his wife; nor can the boy take another damsel:
he <i>must</i> marry his brother’s widow. The custom is one of
great antiquity, and apparently cannot be infringed. If the widow has
one or two children she cannot marry again, but must remain in her own
house. No Naga marries more than one wife, and if she dies he is at
liberty to marry again.</p>
<p class="par">The crimes of adultery and seduction are treated
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb168" href="#pb168" name=
"pb168">168</a>]</span>with the utmost severity: the offenders are
brought before the Khonbao and the people assembled to investigate the
offence; on proof of which, the Khonbao, or his Ticklah, decapitates
the man in a conspicuous part of the road, between two or three
villages; or he is tied with cane cords to a tree and there crucified.
In some clans it is the practice to deprive both the seducer and
seduced of their lives; in others, the former is placed in a basket,
his hands and feet tied together, and he is rolled many times from the
summit of a hill until life be extinct.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div3 section">
<div class="divHead">
<h4 class="main"><span class="sc">Funeral Ceremonies.</span></h4>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The Nagas consider sudden death as particularly
unfortunate: even if a person dies after one or two months’
sickness, the period is still deemed too short to be lucky; and his
corpse is instantly removed and placed in the jungles on a platform
four or five feet high, where it is left to decay. For three or four
days after a death, the relatives do not leave the village; neither do
other villagers resort to the village in which death has occurred
during the same period. If a person dies who has been afflicted with a
long illness, a platform is raised within his house, and the corpse
being folded in clothes is placed thereon. By night and day the corpse
is watched with great care, and as soon as it begins to decompose,
large <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb169" href="#pb169" name=
"pb169">169</a>]</span>quantities of spirituous liquor are thrown over
it; and whatever the deceased was in the habit of eating and drinking
in his lifetime (such as rice, vegetables, and liquor) is placed once a
month on the ground before the body. The virtues of the deceased are
frequently rehearsed; the heirs and relatives throw themselves on the
earth, and make great lamentations for many months after the death has
occurred. At the expiration of the period of mourning, a great feast of
liquor, rice, buffaloes’ and cows’ flesh is prepared by the
survivors; and an immense number of people, armed with their swords and
spears, and dressed in the most fantastical garb, as if preparing for a
war expedition, are assembled to partake of it. They commence the
festival by repeating the name of the deceased, singing many kinds of
songs, dancing and cursing the deity or spirit in these words:
“If to-day we could see you, we would with these swords and
spears kill you. Yes, we would eat your flesh! yes, we would drink your
blood! yes, we would burn your bones in the fire! You have slain our
relative. Where have you fled to? Why did you kill our friend? Show
yourself now, and we shall see what your strength is. Come
quickly,—to-day, and we shall see you with our eyes, and with our
swords cut you in pieces, and eat you raw. Let us see <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb170" href="#pb170" name="pb170">170</a>]</span>how
sharp your sword is, and with it we will kill you. Look at our spears,
see how sharp they are: with them we will spear you. Whither now art
thou fled? Than thou, spirit, who destroyest our friends in our
absence, we have no greater enemy. Where are you now?—whither
hast thou fled?”</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e2678width" id="p163"><img src="images/p163.jpg"
alt="NAGA MODE OF DISPOSING OF THE DEAD ON A BIER OR PLATFORM." width=
"720" height="467">
<p class="figureHead">NAGA MODE OF DISPOSING OF THE DEAD ON A BIER OR
PLATFORM.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">With these and similar speeches and songs, they clash
their swords and weapons together, dance, and eat and drink throughout
the night. On the following day the corpse is folded up in a cloth and
placed on a new platform four or five feet high; and the whole of his
weapons, swords, spears, panjees choonga (hollow bamboo joint, for
holding water), rice-dish,—in fact everything used by the
deceased in his lifetime, is now arranged round his bier, which is held
sacred: no one would dare to touch a single thing thus consecrated.
After this ceremony is concluded, the whole of the party disperse to
their respective homes.</p>
<p class="par">On the death of the Namsungea Khonbao, who, it is said,
was one hundred and twenty years of age, his corpse was removed in
December 1843, and according to an ancient custom, a tusk elephant was
purchased from the Muttuck Bur Gohain, and killed, with three hundred
buffaloes and pigs; when the Nagas enjoyed a magnificent feast. The
usual <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb171" href="#pb171" name=
"pb171">171</a>]</span>practice of reviling the deity, while singing
and dancing, was kept up with uncommon fervor, and the bacchanalian
scene has perhaps seldom been exceeded. The heads of the slaughtered
animals were suspended round the platform within a large enclosure, and
the corpse was strewed over with an abundant supply of all kinds of
forest flowers.</p>
<p class="par">Theft is held in great abhorrence amongst the Nagas, and
is consequently so rare that they leave everything exposed in the open
fields. If any person is detected in committing the offence no mercy is
shown: the Khonbao pronounces sentence of decapitation without a
moment’s hesitation. The Nagas are remarkable for simplicity,
candour, and integrity; even the comparatively small vice of lying, to
which the natives of British India are so seriously and universally
addicted, is unknown among them, and will probably continue so until
they have been corrupted by their more enlightened neighbours, the
Assamese, or by the advance of civilization, refined arts, and manners.
The Nagas have no names for the days of the week, and know not their
own ages. Summer and winter are the only divisions of the year they
recognise, distinguishing them as dry and wet seasons of six
months’ each. Time is counted by the moon, or by the <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb172" href="#pb172" name=
"pb172">172</a>]</span>number of crops they can recollect reaping. They
believe in a God or Spirit called Rungkuttuck Rung, who created the
earth and all things, but they have no hope of future rewards, nor any
fear of punishment hereafter; neither do they believe in a future state
of existence.</p>
<p class="par">For the above information we are indebted to Bhog Chund,
who is the son of a West Countryman of the Khetree caste, by an
Assamese mother, and having lived many years amongst the Nagas, is
thoroughly acquainted with them. He is now a resident and industrious
cultivator in the plains. He reads and writes Assamese, and is a most
straightforward character. He would be an invaluable companion and
guide in travelling through the Naga territory.</p>
<p class="par">I do not vouch for the correctness of the list of the
Naga tribe inserted in a later page, but in the absence of more
authentic details, it may be deemed worthy of consideration. The
present account of the tribes is confined to the Nagas of Upper Assam;
but it is supposed that very similar customs and habits prevail amongst
those of central Assam. The Nagas bordering immediately on the plains
are, for the most part, amicably disposed towards the British
Government; and those on the Patkoe range have shown <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb173" href="#pb173" name="pb173">173</a>]</span>a
desire for our protection against the marauding Singphoos. The Nagas
residing on the hills most remote from the valley are said to be fine,
stout, athletic men, of fair complexions; and unencumbered with the
smallest strip of covering in the shape of clothing for any part of the
body.</p>
<p class="par">In 1842–43, the Namsangea, Bordoareah, and
Borkhoormah Nagas invited a party of the Khetree to visit them as
friends, but when they got them into their power they treacherously
massacred twenty-four persons. Thageng, one of the Khetree party, being
only wounded, fled and communicated the catastrophe to his tribe, who
at the sight of his wounds prepared for revenge; and in a short time
they were successful against the Nagas. The Khetrees, being ignorant of
the Assamese language, were unable to pass through the territory of
their enemies to report their grievances to the British authorities at
Jeypoor. They accordingly went to Tomkhoomana, and lying in ambush,
surprised and cut off the heads of twelve men of the Borkhoormah tribe,
in revenge for the murdered of their own tribe. Upon this the civil
authorities proceeded to the village of the Khetrees to endeavour to
put a stop to these atrocious assassinations, but unfortunately the
Namsangea and Bordoareah Nagas, contrary to strict <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb174" href="#pb174" name=
"pb174">174</a>]</span>injunctions, persisted in following in the wake
of the British embassy of peace. The Khetrees perceiving the advance of
their enemies, placed in the road a small basket of ginger kuchoos and
a spear, as a token of submission to the British Government, but loudly
protested from the summit of their hills against a visit being made to
their village; dreading, as they did, the vengeance of the Namsangea
and Bordoareah Nagas. The interpreter, Bhog Chund, who accompanied the
party, entreated the Khetrees to remain quiet in their village, and to
listen to terms of peace; but they indignantly rejected the offer, and
threw down stones, and discharged a volley of spears, upon the
advancing embassy. This being returned by a few rounds of musketry in
self-defence, the Khetrees fled from their village to the neighbouring
inaccessible hill fastnesses. The Namsangea and Bordoareah Nagas
perceiving this, instantly rushed into the deserted village,
slaughtered all the cows, pigs, and fowls, and burnt every house to the
ground. After this untoward event a retreat was necessary, for the
Khetrees came upon the party, throwing down stones and spears from
their hills. A Sepahee having loitered in the rear, was speared to
death, and his head and hands cut off and triumphantly stuck up on
bamboos: the head in the village of Najoo, and the hands in Khoekting.
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb175" href="#pb175" name=
"pb175">175</a>]</span>After some difficulty the little detachment was
extricated from its perilous position, and retreated in safety. Shortly
after this lamentable affair, a larger military detachment was sent
out; but to the present time an amicable settlement has been
impracticable. Almost immediately after the last expedition, the
Khetrees cut off the heads of eight men of the village of Bulatin; from
which we may infer that their animosity continues unappeased, and that
there is little hope of these savages being speedily brought to a sense
of the advantages attending a reconciliation. Our intercession might be
effectual for a time; but it is more than probable that it would be
incompatible with a Naga’s sense of honour to forego his greatest
delight—revenge.</p>
<p class="par">From the figured statement obtained from native
authority, it would appear that there are one hundred and four Naga
villages in Upper Assam, containing eleven thousand and ninety-five
houses, with a population of forty-eight thousand five hundred and
eighty-eight persons; but this estimate is probably erroneous. We shall
perhaps be nearer the truth, if, assuming the number of houses to be
correctly stated, we allow three persons for every dwelling: this gives
a census of thirty-three thousand two hundred and eighty-five
souls—a closer approximation to the apparent population.
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb176" href="#pb176" name=
"pb176">176</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">LIST OF THE NAGA TRIBE.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table class="verticalBorderInside xd24e1018">
<thead>
<tr class="label">
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">
No. of Villages.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Names of
Villages.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">No. of
Houses.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">No. of
Persons.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">
Remarks.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">1</td>
<td>Bur Dovar</td>
<td class="xd24e718">250</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1000</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">2</td>
<td>Namsang</td>
<td class="xd24e718">160</td>
<td class="xd24e718">520</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">3</td>
<td>Kea Mae</td>
<td class="xd24e718">140</td>
<td class="xd24e718">500</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">4</td>
<td>Poolung</td>
<td class="xd24e718">120</td>
<td class="xd24e718">420</td>
<td class="cellRight">Three villages of</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">5</td>
<td>Panee Dooar</td>
<td class="xd24e718">160</td>
<td class="xd24e718">520</td>
<td class="cellRight">this name</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">6</td>
<td>Choongpon</td>
<td class="xd24e718">140</td>
<td class="xd24e718">500</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">7</td>
<td>Khamgin</td>
<td class="xd24e718">120</td>
<td class="xd24e718">420</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">8</td>
<td>Kokil</td>
<td class="xd24e718">100</td>
<td class="xd24e718">400</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">9</td>
<td>Gophcha</td>
<td class="xd24e718">70</td>
<td class="xd24e718">280</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">10</td>
<td>Topee</td>
<td class="xd24e718">50</td>
<td class="xd24e718">200</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">11</td>
<td>Hungkal</td>
<td class="xd24e718">80</td>
<td class="xd24e718">320</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">12</td>
<td>Dadum</td>
<td class="xd24e718">250</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1000</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">13</td>
<td>Nerung</td>
<td class="xd24e718">200</td>
<td class="xd24e718">800</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">14</td>
<td>Bako</td>
<td class="xd24e718">300</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1200</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">15</td>
<td>Kekhyah</td>
<td class="xd24e718">200</td>
<td class="xd24e718">800</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">16</td>
<td>Nahoah</td>
<td class="xd24e718">180</td>
<td class="xd24e718">720</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">17</td>
<td>Nahoo</td>
<td class="xd24e718">220</td>
<td class="xd24e718">880</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">18</td>
<td>Khoncha</td>
<td class="xd24e718">50</td>
<td class="xd24e718">200</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">19</td>
<td>Lootong</td>
<td class="xd24e718">50</td>
<td class="xd24e718">200</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">20</td>
<td>Kotong</td>
<td class="xd24e718">70</td>
<td class="xd24e718">280</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">21</td>
<td>Nokphan</td>
<td class="xd24e718">80</td>
<td class="xd24e718">167</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">22</td>
<td>Choupcha</td>
<td class="xd24e718">120</td>
<td class="xd24e718">480</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">23</td>
<td>Choupnon</td>
<td class="xd24e718">180</td>
<td class="xd24e718">567</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">24</td>
<td>Runow</td>
<td class="xd24e718">200</td>
<td class="xd24e718">800</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">25</td>
<td>Rucha</td>
<td class="xd24e718">60</td>
<td class="xd24e718">140</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">26</td>
<td>Changnee</td>
<td class="xd24e718">220</td>
<td class="xd24e718">880</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">27</td>
<td>Changeha</td>
<td class="xd24e718">160</td>
<td class="xd24e718">567</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">28</td>
<td>Pokum</td>
<td class="xd24e718">80</td>
<td class="xd24e718">167</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">29</td>
<td>Loknean</td>
<td class="xd24e718">80</td>
<td class="xd24e718">167</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">30</td>
<td>Changnoege</td>
<td class="xd24e718">360</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1340</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">31</td>
<td>Changcha</td>
<td class="xd24e718">120</td>
<td class="xd24e718">480</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">32</td>
<td>Mangnoe</td>
<td class="xd24e718">120</td>
<td class="xd24e718">480</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">33</td>
<td>Mangcha</td>
<td class="xd24e718">60</td>
<td class="xd24e718">167</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">34</td>
<td>Picktoo</td>
<td class="xd24e718">80</td>
<td class="xd24e718">320</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">35</td>
<td>Pickta</td>
<td class="xd24e718">55</td>
<td class="xd24e718">220</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">36</td>
<td>Nakma</td>
<td class="xd24e718">70</td>
<td class="xd24e718">200</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">37</td>
<td>Moolong</td>
<td class="xd24e718">90</td>
<td class="xd24e718">263</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">38</td>
<td>Bhetur Namsang</td>
<td class="xd24e718">120</td>
<td class="xd24e718">480</td>
<td class="cellRight">Entirely naked</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">39</td>
<td>Now Gawn</td>
<td class="xd24e718">160</td>
<td class="xd24e718">540</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">40</td>
<td>Kangchang</td>
<td class="xd24e718">100</td>
<td class="xd24e718">415</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">41</td>
<td>Dekahnoe Moong</td>
<td class="xd24e718">140</td>
<td class="xd24e718">520</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">42</td>
<td>Borachaemoong</td>
<td class="xd24e718">150</td>
<td class="xd24e718">540</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">43</td>
<td>Chamcha</td>
<td class="xd24e718">60</td>
<td class="xd24e718">180</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">44</td>
<td>Achuringea</td>
<td class="xd24e718">70</td>
<td class="xd24e718">220</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">45</td>
<td>Toormoong</td>
<td class="xd24e718">120</td>
<td class="xd24e718">480</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">46</td>
<td>Jamee</td>
<td class="xd24e718">100</td>
<td class="xd24e718">400</td>
<td class="cellRight"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb177" href=
"#pb177" name="pb177">177</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">47</td>
<td>Moloo Thopea</td>
<td class="xd24e718">500</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4000</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">48</td>
<td>Akhoea</td>
<td class="xd24e718">270</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2020</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">49</td>
<td>Pocho</td>
<td class="xd24e718">120</td>
<td class="xd24e718">480</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">50</td>
<td>Bor Langee</td>
<td class="xd24e718">150</td>
<td class="xd24e718">550</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">51</td>
<td>Soro Langee</td>
<td class="xd24e718">100</td>
<td class="xd24e718">400</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">52</td>
<td>Bhuga Langee</td>
<td class="xd24e718">120</td>
<td class="xd24e718">480</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">53</td>
<td>Chenajow</td>
<td class="xd24e718">150</td>
<td class="xd24e718">560</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">54</td>
<td>Boora Gaea</td>
<td class="xd24e718">150</td>
<td class="xd24e718">550</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">55</td>
<td>Bur Dorea</td>
<td class="xd24e718">150</td>
<td class="xd24e718">540</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">56</td>
<td>Kula Barea</td>
<td class="xd24e718">200</td>
<td class="xd24e718">800</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft cellBottom">57</td>
<td class="cellBottom">Soroo Durea1</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">20</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">470</td>
<td class="cellRight cellBottom"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"><span class="sc">Nagas east of the Namsang River subject
to the Political Agent, Upper Assam.</span></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table class="verticalBorderInside xd24e1018">
<thead>
<tr class="label">
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">
No. of Villages.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Names of
Villages.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">No. of
Houses.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">No. of
Persons.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">
Remarks.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">1</td>
<td>Khetree Gawn</td>
<td class="xd24e718">110</td>
<td class="xd24e718">440</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">2</td>
<td>Khena</td>
<td class="xd24e718">80</td>
<td class="xd24e718">180</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">3</td>
<td>Bottin</td>
<td class="xd24e718">60</td>
<td class="xd24e718">120</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">4</td>
<td>Namcha</td>
<td class="xd24e718">70</td>
<td class="xd24e718">140</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">5</td>
<td>Mooktong</td>
<td class="xd24e718">90</td>
<td class="xd24e718">240</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">6</td>
<td>Hakhoom</td>
<td class="xd24e718">80</td>
<td class="xd24e718">280</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">7</td>
<td>Konagaun</td>
<td class="xd24e718">150</td>
<td class="xd24e718">550</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">8</td>
<td>Khatung</td>
<td class="xd24e718">40</td>
<td class="xd24e718">190</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">9</td>
<td>Jankung</td>
<td class="xd24e718">60</td>
<td class="xd24e718">420</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">10</td>
<td>Ken Noean</td>
<td class="xd24e718">50</td>
<td class="xd24e718">200</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">11</td>
<td>Naktung</td>
<td class="xd24e718">60</td>
<td class="xd24e718">240</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">12</td>
<td>Lalrung</td>
<td class="xd24e718">60</td>
<td class="xd24e718">240</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">13</td>
<td>Koonum</td>
<td class="xd24e718">80</td>
<td class="xd24e718">330</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">14</td>
<td>Kootung</td>
<td class="xd24e718">70</td>
<td class="xd24e718">340</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">15</td>
<td>Mooaloo</td>
<td class="xd24e718">120</td>
<td class="xd24e718">480</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">16</td>
<td>Moacha</td>
<td class="xd24e718">80</td>
<td class="xd24e718">320</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">17</td>
<td>Tejhon</td>
<td class="xd24e718">80</td>
<td class="xd24e718">280</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">18</td>
<td>Chomjoo</td>
<td class="xd24e718">90</td>
<td class="xd24e718">320</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">19</td>
<td>Somcha</td>
<td class="xd24e718">60</td>
<td class="xd24e718">240</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">20</td>
<td>Kambao</td>
<td class="xd24e718">100</td>
<td class="xd24e718">400</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">21</td>
<td>Langchang</td>
<td class="xd24e718">100</td>
<td class="xd24e718">400</td>
<td class="cellRight"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb178" href=
"#pb178" name="pb178">178</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">22</td>
<td>Sooroomungchang</td>
<td class="xd24e718">60</td>
<td class="xd24e718">240</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">23</td>
<td>Noanangchang</td>
<td class="xd24e718">50</td>
<td class="xd24e718">200</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">24</td>
<td>Tikhak</td>
<td class="xd24e718">50</td>
<td class="xd24e718">200</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">25</td>
<td>Gudie</td>
<td class="xd24e718">60</td>
<td class="xd24e718">240</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">26</td>
<td>Manbao</td>
<td class="xd24e718">110</td>
<td class="xd24e718">440</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">27</td>
<td>Eahung</td>
<td class="xd24e718">110</td>
<td class="xd24e718">400</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">28</td>
<td>Mookkhoop</td>
<td class="xd24e718">110</td>
<td class="xd24e718">400</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">29</td>
<td>Mookpe</td>
<td class="xd24e718">120</td>
<td class="xd24e718">480</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">30</td>
<td>Mookcha</td>
<td class="xd24e718">90</td>
<td class="xd24e718">360</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">31</td>
<td>Loongke</td>
<td class="xd24e718">100</td>
<td class="xd24e718">400</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">32</td>
<td>Namnie</td>
<td class="xd24e718">220</td>
<td class="xd24e718">880</td>
<td class="cellRight">On or near the</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">33</td>
<td>Namcha</td>
<td class="xd24e718">130</td>
<td class="xd24e718">520</td>
<td class="cellRight">Patkoe range.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">34</td>
<td>Keme, No. 1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">120</td>
<td class="xd24e718">440</td>
<td class="cellRight">ditto.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">35</td>
<td>Keme, No. 2</td>
<td class="xd24e718">120</td>
<td class="xd24e718">480</td>
<td class="cellRight">ditto.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">36</td>
<td>Kintoonie</td>
<td class="xd24e718">100</td>
<td class="xd24e718">400</td>
<td class="cellRight">ditto.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">37</td>
<td>Mookrung</td>
<td class="xd24e718">120</td>
<td class="xd24e718">480</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">38</td>
<td>Joopee</td>
<td class="xd24e718">50</td>
<td class="xd24e718">200</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">39</td>
<td>Doedam</td>
<td class="xd24e718">70</td>
<td class="xd24e718">280</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">40</td>
<td>Noakhoorma</td>
<td class="xd24e718">50</td>
<td class="xd24e718">200</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">41</td>
<td>Chobang</td>
<td class="xd24e718">50</td>
<td class="xd24e718">200</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">42</td>
<td>Chilim</td>
<td class="xd24e718">40</td>
<td class="xd24e718">160</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">43</td>
<td>Bachowuk</td>
<td class="xd24e718">50</td>
<td class="xd24e718">200</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">44</td>
<td>Moung</td>
<td class="xd24e718">60</td>
<td class="xd24e718">240</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">45</td>
<td>Hadoot</td>
<td class="xd24e718">80</td>
<td class="xd24e718">260</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">46</td>
<td>Kaeah</td>
<td class="xd24e718">90</td>
<td class="xd24e718">300</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e718 cellLeft">47</td>
<td>Kaejou</td>
<td class="xd24e718">110</td>
<td class="xd24e718">440</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="xd24e718 cellLeft">Total</td>
<td class="xd24e718"><span class="sum">3,000</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718"><span class="sum">15,398</span></td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="xd24e718 cellLeft">Total of Statement No. 1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">8,095</td>
<td class="xd24e718">33,190</td>
<td class="cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="xd24e718 cellLeft cellBottom">Grand Total</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">11,095</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">48,588</span></td>
<td class="cellRight cellBottom"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb179" href="#pb179" name=
"pb179">179</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="garrows" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e485">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">GARROWS.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Of all the hill tribes bordering on the Assam
valley, north or south, the Garrows near Goalparah, though not lofty in
stature, are endowed with the most powerful herculean frames. The
expression of their countenances is savage, and their complexion
exceedingly black. In conversation they are loud, and remarkable for
asperity. Passing through Lookee Dooar to the Jeypore stockade, at the
foot of the Garrow hills, I met with many Garrows who reside on the low
hills bordering Assam, and learned that they were frequently in great
danger from the highland Garrows; who, feeling secure in their mountain
fastnesses, made occasional incursions into the territory of the
former, and committed acts of violence upon the British subjects
located in the plains.</p>
<p class="par">A savage custom exists amongst the Garrows, of
commemorating the death of their relatives by massacring our
inoffensive subjects whenever they can do so with impunity; whether in
open day, in ambush, or by a sudden night attack in overwhelming
numbers. In this respect they resemble other tribes of which we have
already treated. At their festive meetings it is said the Garrows are
guilty of great <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb180" href="#pb180"
name="pb180">180</a>]</span>excesses in imbibing spirituous liquors. A
dried excavated gourd, which does duty for a bottle, and holds about
one quart and a half, is filled with an intoxicating liquor distilled
from rice: this, at their jovial parties, is presented to each person,
whose nose being seized, the gourd is applied to the mouth till the
individual is perfectly satiated, or falls prostrate in a fit of
intoxication. After this, the toper is immersed in a pool of water, or
the river, that the temperature of the body may be cooled. In the
choice of food few things come amiss to a Garrow palate. For example, a
dog fed with rice and then roasted alive, is esteemed one of the most
exquisite dainties. Every description of meat is consumed, even when
perfectly putrid. Singularly enough, however, milk is considered
unwholesome, and is never drank.</p>
<p class="par">The Garrow women are remarkably coarse and ugly, with
very dark complexions. They wear scarcely any articles of cloth
covering, but, in common with most savages, they are particularly fond
of showy ornaments. Their necks are adorned with a profusion of
coloured glass beads; and if the lobe of the ear can only be distended
to the shoulders by the weight of ear-rings, they consider that they
have succeeded in rendering themselves peculiarly attractive.
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb181" href="#pb181" name=
"pb181">181</a>]</span>The Garrows to this day are independent of our
rule, and are, therefore, free from any tax on their cultivation.</p>
<p class="par">An immense quantity of cotton is grown on their hills.
This, until 1843, was subject to a tax paid by the purchaser to
Government, at the market, where the Garrows bring down their cotton
for sale; but, owing to the mal-practices of the native collectors
appointed to receive the customs, little profit accrued to Government
after the expenses of the establishment had been paid. For the
encouragement of trade and a freer intercourse with our people, the
customs have lately been entirely abolished; but it is supposed that a
plan for the assessment of the whole of the Garrow cultivation will, if
possible, shortly be adopted. The climate of the Garrow hills, however,
offers a serious obstacle to this measure; for, according to our
present information, no European constitution could endure a lengthened
residence amongst them; and without the constant presence of a British
officer, armed with authority to arrange their affairs, neither the
advancement of civilization, nor the realization of a revenue
sufficient to defray the expense of retaining and settling the country,
could be accomplished. It is supposed that a lac of rupees, or ten
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb182" href="#pb182" name=
"pb182">182</a>]</span>thousand pounds sterling, might annually be
raised from the land; but our knowledge of the country and the
resources of the people is so limited, that this estimate cannot be
relied on. Moreover, from the known aversion of the Garrows to any sort
of taxation, the undertaking can only be rendered successful by the
presence of a large body of British troops; to whom the sword, spear,
and poisoned arrows of the savages could offer but little effectual
resistance.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e3855width"><img src="images/p182.jpg" alt=
"Garrow Bow and Arrows." width="513" height="189">
<p class="figureHead">Garrow Bow and Arrows.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="cosseahs" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e493">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">COSSEAHS.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">This tribe, although near neighbours of the
Garrows, are unlike them in personal appearance. They are an athletic
race, but by no means fond of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb183"
href="#pb183" name="pb183">183</a>]</span>more occupation than will
suffice to give them a bare subsistence. This gained, their lives are
passed in fishing, bird catching, and hunting, merely by way of
pastime. Like all savages, they are untrustworthy.</p>
<p class="par">In the year 1829 at Nuncklow, Lieutenants Beddingfield
and Burlton were, by the Cosseah Rajah’s order, barbarously
massacred. A regular war ensued; consequent on which Rajah Teeruth
Singh was deprived of the district of Bur Dooar, and the Rajah of
Pantam having joined the Cosseahs, his district was also sequestrated.
At this period, no protecting force being at hand, the Garrows joined
the Cosseahs and invaded the districts of Bur Dooar and Pantam,
accompanied by the people, who were compelled to join the insurrection.
The movement, however, was quickly suppressed by military detachments.
Since then the Cosseahs have been vigilantly watched by the Sylhet
Light Infantry, stationed at Chirrapoonjie.</p>
<p class="par">In the Cosseah hills a large supply of potatoes is
annually raised and sold in the Gowahatty market, realizing to the
Cosseahs no inconsiderable profit. The effect of this traffic being to
promote a more frequent intercourse with the people of the plains,
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb184" href="#pb184" name=
"pb184">184</a>]</span>it is hoped that in course of time the Cosseahs
may learn the value of peaceable commercial pursuits, and become a
prosperous and civilized race.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e3874width"><img src="images/p184.jpg" alt=
"Singphoo, Cosseah, and Garrow swords." width="575" height="501">
<p class="figureHead">Singphoo, Cosseah, and Garrow swords.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb185" href="#pb185" name=
"pb185">185</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="booteahs" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e505">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">BOOTEAHS.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The hills of Bootan, about two hundred and twenty
miles long by ninety broad, form the northern boundary of Assam. The
population of the country, including the Dooars, is assumed at 145,200
souls, the Bootan hills 79,200, and the Dooars or low lands at 66,000;
but this calculation, made by the late Captain Pemberton, has been
proved to be greatly in excess of the truth, as regards the population
of the Dooars. In 1842 a census was taken of five Dooars: namely,
Ghurkola, Banska, Chapagorie, Chapakhamar, and Bijnee, in the Kamroop
district; when it appeared there were about 10,000 inhabitants, and the
net revenue of the tracts amounted to 17,544 rupees 7 ans. 4 pice, or
1,754<i>l.</i> 8<i>s.</i> 11<i>d.</i> It may, therefore, justly be
inferred that the population of the whole of the Dooars would not
exceed 40,000 souls. Captain Pemberton, the British Envoy deputed to
Bootan in 1838, describes the Booteah to be “in disposition
naturally excellent; he possesses an equanimity of temper almost
bordering on apathy, and he is seldom sufficiently roused to give vent
to his feelings in any exclamations of pleasure or surprise; on the
other hand, they are indolent to an extreme degree, totally
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb186" href="#pb186" name=
"pb186">186</a>]</span>wanting in energy, illiterate, immoral, and
victims of the most unqualified superstition. The punishment of the
most heinous offences may be evaded by the payment of a fine, which for
murder varies from eighty to two hundred Deba rupees, or 40 to 100
Company’s rupees, or from 4<i>l.</i> to 10<i>l.</i>”</p>
<p class="par">Polyandry, or plurality of husbands, prevails throughout
Thibet and the northern parts of Bootan; and on the death of the head
of a family his property becomes escheated to the Deba or Dhurma
Rajahs, without the slightest reference to the distress entailed on the
afflicted survivors. “The highest officers of state in Bootan are
shameless beggars, liars of the first magnitude, whose most solemnly
pledged words are violated without the slightest hesitation; who enter
into engagements which they have not the most distant intention of
fulfilling; who play the bully and sycophant with equal readiness, and
are apparently totally void of gratitude, exhibiting in their conduct a
rare compound of official pride and presumption with the low cunning of
needy mediocrity; and yet preserving, at the same time, a mild
deportment, and speaking generally in a remarkably low tone of
voice.”</p>
<p class="par">Amongst the officers of the Deba or Dhurma Rajahs of
Bootan, not one appears to have been <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb187" href="#pb187" name="pb187">187</a>]</span>entitled to the
confidence of the Envoy. The habits of all classes are most
disgustingly filthy, and in the mode of preparing their food little
attention is paid to cleanliness, and still less to the quality of the
meat they consume. On festive occasions they imbibe large draughts of
the liquor called chong, which is procured by fermentation from rice.
“The diet of the great body of the people is restricted to the
refuse of wretched crops of unripe wheat and barley, and their food
consists generally of cakes made from these grains very imperfectly
ground; but the food of the Government officers and priests consists of
the flesh of goats, swine, cattle, and rice, imported from the
Dooars.” The Dooars are large tracts of country leading up to the
passes into the Bootan mountains. In January, 1842, they were all
appropriated by our Government as a permanent measure; in consequence
of the non-payment of tribute by the Booteahs, their “repeated
acts of aggression in the murder and seizure of British subjects, and
likewise for assisting to organize bands of robbers and sharing in the
profits of their plunder.” Whether the Bootan hills will furnish
a sufficient support for their scanty population seems problematical;
and if pressed by hunger it is not improbable the Booteahs will rush
down and ravage the fertile plains of Assam. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb188" href="#pb188" name="pb188">188</a>]</span>The
measure was, however, indispensably necessary to prevent the frequent
recurrence of oppression and systematic plunder of the people located
at the foot of the Bootan mountains. The extensive territory
denominated Dooars has always belonged to the Assam kings, and the
Booteahs invariably paid tribute for the same. Their exactions and
malpractices having imposed on the Government the necessity of
depriving the Booteahs of a charge they were unworthy of retaining,
this cannot be viewed as a harsh proceeding: it was most reluctantly
adopted, and only when it became evident that the finest land in Assam
had been converted into a desolate waste, overgrown with jungle and
nearly depopulated, owing to the arbitrary severity of the Bootan
rulers.</p>
<p class="par">In December, 1842, a friendly meeting took place at
Banska Dooar between the highest officers of the Bootan Government and
the Governor-General’s Agent. The Booteahs were attended by about
two hundred followers; and during their few days’ stay their
complaints were fully entertained, and will probably be satisfied by
the grant of a small annual sum as compensation for the loss they have
sustained in the annexation of the Dooars to Assam.</p>
<p class="par">During the interview the Booteahs were plentifully
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb189" href="#pb189" name=
"pb189">189</a>]</span>supplied with swine, the most acceptable gifts
that can be offered to a Booteah; and an officer who was present on the
occasion assured me that the incessant squeaking of the pigs, when
roasting alive by these heartless barbarians, was most distressing, and
the sight of the culinary process excessively disgusting. As soon as
the animals had been partially roasted they were cut up, and, without
any further preparation, re-toasted and speedily consumed.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e3917width" id="p189"><img src="images/p189.jpg"
alt="A BOOTEAH SERVANT." width="508" height="720">
<p class="figureHead">A BOOTEAH SERVANT.</p>
<p class="par first"><i>London Smith Elder & C<sup>o</sup> 65,
Cornhill<span class="corr" id="xd24e3926" title=
"Not in source">.</span></i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">The Booteah is a large, athletic man, of a dark
complexion, with an unpleasant, heavy, but cunning countenance.
Compared with other hill tribes in their neighbourhood, they are
deficient in spirit and bravery. For example, in March 1836,
<span class="sc">A.D.</span>, a party of seventy-five Assam Sebundy
Sipahees proceeded against six hundred Booteahs, who were posted in
five masses, with a few men extended between each, at Soobunkatta, in
Banska Dooar. When the Dewangerie Rajah was requested to retire with
his troops; they answered the requisition with shouts of defiance and a
simultaneous advance. Lieut. Matthews, perceiving the critical
situation in which his little band was placed, instantly advanced to
the contest, and, firing a volley and then gallantly charging with the
bayonet, caused the immediate dispersion of the whole force, leaving on
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb190" href="#pb190" name=
"pb190">190</a>]</span>the field twenty-five killed and fifty wounded.
The Dewangerie Rajah himself was closely pursued, and only escaped
through the swiftness of the elephant on which he was mounted; his
tent, baggage, robes of state, and standards, fell into the hands of
the victorious Sebundies.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e3937width"><img src="images/p190.jpg" alt=
"Booteah Weapons." width="518" height="458">
<p class="figureHead">Booteah Weapons.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">This trial of strength with our disciplined troops has
taught the Booteahs to pay more respect to our power; and they are not
likely to have recourse to arms again, unless greatly distressed for
provisions, or urged by vain arrogance to imagine that a show of
resistance may conduce to our resigning the Dooars to their
rule<span class="corr" id="xd24e3943" title="Not in source">.</span>
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb191" href="#pb191" name=
"pb191">191</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="sathbooteah" class="div2 section"><span class=
"pagenum">[<a href="#xd24e516">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">SATH BOOTEAH RAJAHS OF KOOREAHPARAH DOOAH, IN
DURRUNG.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Having given a brief outline of the Booteahs of
Banska Dooar in Kamroop, we propose now to detail a few authenticated
facts and incidents connected with the remaining tribes noted above;
who are located in the northern mountains between the Bur Nuddee west
and the Kochoojan east, bordering on the Luckimpore district, north of
the Burrampooter river.</p>
<p class="par">And first commencing from the Bur Nuddee west, we find
the Kalling and Booree Goorma Dooars belonged, for eight months in the
year, to the Booteahs subject to the Tongso Pilo, under the Deba and
Dhurma Rajahs of Bootan; during which time they levied upon the people
contributions, or black mail, in the shape of rice, Erea cloths, and
cattle. During the remaining portion of the year, from the 15th of June
to the 15th of October, the people of the Dooars reverted to the
jurisdiction of the British Government; and for the protection granted
to them they paid an annual revenue, at a certain rate per plough. A
hearth tax was likewise realized. But this double rule was attended
with the most disastrous results. No man under the tyrannical
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb192" href="#pb192" name=
"pb192">192</a>]</span>Booteah Government dared evince signs of
affluence, or even of comfort: the people were compelled, for their
self-preservation, to dress in the miserable garb of the lowest Hindoo
peasantry; for the mere suspicion of a person being possessed of any
wealth, entailed on him the strictest espionage, and not unfrequently
the seizure of the whole of his property. Not satisfied with this, if
the slightest idea were entertained that there was money or other
valuable property concealed (for it is the custom of the Assamese to
bury their wealth underground), torture was resorted to without the
slightest compunction, until the unfortunate sufferer confessed to
having a hoard, and surrendered the little savings of a whole life to
his merciless persecutors.</p>
<p class="par">Such was the condition of the inhabitants of the Dooars
till 1838: hundreds annually retreated to the Pergunnahs (districts) of
Assam under British rule, to enjoy the fruit of their labours in peace
and safety. The beautiful, fertile Dooars were then rapidly reverting
to a barren wilderness: fearful exactions and cruel oppressions
rendering the existence of the few remaining communities precarious and
unendurable; until an unlooked for incident occurred to deliver the
people from the thraldom of their demi-savage rulers. Gumbhur
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb193" href="#pb193" name=
"pb193">193</a>]</span>Wuzeer having long been suspected by the
Booteahs of disaffection towards them, and of possessing great wealth,
the Tongso Pilo of Bootan, through the Soobah Rajah, gave orders for
his destruction; and in December, 1838, he was barbarously murdered.
The whole of his property, amounting to 50,000 rupees, was confiscated,
and his wives, children, and adherents, in all twelve persons, were
carried away into the hills.</p>
<p class="par">This outrage justly aroused the British Government to
redress the grievances of a long oppressed people. The Dooar was
immediately attached to Assam; and the Booteahs have never, to this
day, sought pecuniary compensation for the loss of their territory. The
son of the late Gumbheer Wuzeer was permitted to return to Assam in
1844, and resume the fiscal charge of his father’s villages; and
ere long, probably, the Booteahs of this tract will see the folly of
their past conduct, and be glad to accept such compensation as the
Government may be disposed to make them for the privation of their
power to levy black mail from the people. The annual tribute realized
from Kalling Dooar previous to its annexation, amounted to 390 rupees,
and was collected in the following articles:— <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb194" href="#pb194" name="pb194">194</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">
Rupees.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">5 ponies valued at 60 rupees each</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">300</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">5 tolas weight of gold, at 12 rupees per tola</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">60</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">4 pods of musk, at 3 rupees each</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">12</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">4 cows’ tails, at 1 rupee</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">4 blankets at 3 rupees each</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">12</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">4 daggers, at 8 annas each</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e780 cellLeft cellBottom">Total rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight cellBottom"><span class=
"sum">390</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">From Booree Gooma Dooar the tribute of 232 rs. 10 ans. 8
pice was also paid in kind, viz:—</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">
Rupees.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">3 ponies, at 6 rupees each</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">180</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">3 tolas of gold</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">36</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">2 pods of musk</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">2 cows’ tails</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">2 blankets</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">2 daggers</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Bags</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight cellBottom">1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">At the present day the net revenue of Kalling Dooar
amounts to 2080 rs. 0 ans. 4 pice, with a population of 1634 persons.
Booree Gooma Dooar is estimated to contain 7785 souls, with a net
revenue of 5348 rs. 5 ans. 3 pice.</p>
<p class="par">Proceeding eastwards from Booree Gooma Dooar, the next
Dooar, called Kooreahparah, is under the <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb195" href="#pb195" name="pb195">195</a>]</span>Sath Booteah Rajahs
of Naregooma, subject to the Towung Rajah, who is a tributary of the
Deba and Dhurma Rajahs of Lassah.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e4062width" id="p195"><img src="images/p195.jpg"
alt="" width="513" height="720">
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="table">
<table class="xd24e4064">
<tr>
<td class="xd24e2265 cellLeft cellTop">CHERINGTANJING.</td>
<td class="xd24e2265 cellRight cellTop">GELAE.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e2265 cellLeft cellBottom">Booteah Rajah.</td>
<td class="xd24e2265 cellRight cellBottom">Booteah Rajah.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"><i>London: Smith, Elder & C<sup>o</sup>. 65,
Cornhill<span class="corr" id="xd24e4084" title=
"Not in source">.</span></i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">The country of Towung being in Kumpa or Thibet, quite
distinct from Bootan, south of the Sampoo river, it appears that a
portion of the Thibet territory, or more properly the Chinese and
British frontiers, are actually in immediate contact in the
Kooreahparah Dooar, about twenty miles from the Burrampooter river.
This Dooar, as we have said, was governed by these chiefs eight months
in every year. During this period, the seven Rajahs paid periodical
visits to the Dooar, and let loose many hundreds of their followers to
range throughout the Dooars, and quarter themselves gratuitously upon
the people: changing from house to house until they had consumed all
the food the poor Ryots had to give them. The Sath Rajahs had usually a
caravan of large herds of ponies, mules, &c., as far as Umerathal,
one march from Oodalgorie. On their arrival there, the inhabitants of
the Dooar were compelled to take care of the cattle, and be in constant
attendance on the Rajahs, furnishing them with supplies of rice,
cloths, spirits, pigs, &c.; and at the approach of the hot months,
the ponies, mules, and donkeys were laden with the whole of the
collections <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb196" href="#pb196" name=
"pb196">196</a>]</span>levied from the people of the Dooar, and the
chiefs retreated to the mountains at Nareegooma.</p>
<p class="par">Such was the annual visitation to which the people were
subjected the moment the four months of British rule expired. A gradual
decrease of the population of the Dooar was the natural result of this
tyranny; but the grasping oppression of the Booteahs underwent no
diminution. They made no remission on account of the decay of the
population: the same amount of collections was still drawn from the
remaining Ryots. The country became overgrown with jungle, and the
malaria of these plains was so injurious to the constitutions of
Bengalees or Europeans, that the tract could not be visited with
impunity for above a few weeks in the year. The fevers were most fatal,
and life was frequently extinguished in four or five days. Thieves,
highway robbers, and murderers here sought and found a safe asylum
under the shadow of Booteah rule, by administering to the rapacity of
the chiefs. They surrendered a portion of their ill-gotten wealth in
the shape of fines for the protection given them, in opposition to
treaties and the laws of civilized nations.</p>
<p class="par">Such was the state of affairs, when, to the unspeakable
delight of the inhabitants, the Dooar was <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb197" href="#pb197" name="pb197">197</a>]</span>attached by the
British Government in 1839. A police thannah was established at
Oodalgorie, British law was enforced, marauders and disturbers of
society were quickly suppressed, and at the present day a prosperous
population has again sprung up; only too thankful that they can enjoy
the produce of the land in peace and safety, under a powerful
Government capable of protecting them from the aggressions and
exactions of the wild mountaineers. The contributions taken in kind
from each house by the Booteahs consisted of five pieces of Moonjah
silk, sar cloth, one piece of Erea cloth, one gumcha or handkerchief,
Moonjah thread, and metal bracelets, worth altogether about one rupee
and a half. Such, at least, was the estimate made by the late Mr. David
Scott, the Agent to the Governor-General. But there can be no doubt
that the Booteahs were in the habit of exacting as much as possible
from the most wealthy in the Dooar, though from the poorest peasant
they might have collected their black mail upon some settled principle.
In this manner the sum annually collected would vary; but we have
reason to believe that 5,499 rs. 15 ans. was the average sum levied on
the Ryots in the shape of contributions in kind, and 411 rs. 13 ans. in
black mail or ready cash. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb198" href=
"#pb198" name="pb198">198</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">The Booteahs, it is affirmed, yearly brought down
presents of various articles, such as salt, blankets, &c., which
they gave to the Ryots. These presents were valued at 966 rs. 15 ans.,
which being deducted from the supposed amount of the value of the
contributions above noticed, the Sath Rajahs, it would appear, received
4944 rs. 13 ans. Upon this data, in 1844, a permanent settlement was
made with these chiefs. They agreed to resign all claim or title to
collect black mail in the said Dooar for the future, on condition of
receiving 5000 rs. from the British Government as compensation for the
sacrifice they made. The tribute paid in kind from this Dooar, previous
to its attachment in 1839, amounted to <span class="corr" id=
"xd24e4101" title="Source: 397rs.">397 rs.</span> 8 ans.,
namely:—</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Ans.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">4 ponies at 60 rs. each</td>
<td class="xd24e718">240</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">5 pucka tolahs of gold</td>
<td class="xd24e718">60</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">4 kucha tolahs</td>
<td class="xd24e718">40</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">3 pods of musk</td>
<td class="xd24e718">9</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Cows’ tails</td>
<td class="xd24e718">3</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">9 blankets</td>
<td class="xd24e718">27</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Bags</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">3 red striped Erea cloths</td>
<td class="xd24e718">3</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Honey</td>
<td class="xd24e718">3</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">12</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Contingencies for the care of the
ponies</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">7</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight cellBottom">8</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb199" href="#pb199" name=
"pb199">199</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">The principal persons who subscribed to the treaty of
February, 1844, at Tezpore, were Sanjiee, chief of the Sath Rajahs,
Sering, Tangjing, Changdundoo, and two Bramee agents from the Towung
Rajah. The latter had no credentials empowering them to execute any
deed or to agree to any particular terms; but, as the Towung Rajah had
never deigned to reply to the communications hitherto made to him, the
apparent informality was deemed of no consequence; and, from the very
liberal terms proposed, no difficulty was experienced in effecting so
desirable a settlement.</p>
<p class="par">The population of the Dooar is estimated to be 22,577
persons, and the net revenue 12,455 rs. 7 ans.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="chardooar" class="div2 section"><span class=
"pagenum">[<a href="#xd24e524">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">CHAR DOOAR, OR SHEERGAWN AND ROOPRAE BOOTEAH SATH
RAJAHS.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The appellation of Sath Rajahs, or Seven Chiefs,
appears to be commonly in vogue amongst the Booteahs; but we have yet
to learn the origin of its adoption, as the number of chiefs, both in
the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb200" href="#pb200" name=
"pb200">200</a>]</span>Kooreahparah and Char Dooars, is by no means
confined to seven. The Sath Rajahs of the Char Dooar levied black mail
from the people precisely in the same manner as their brethren in the
Kooreahparah Dooar. The principal chiefs are the Durjee Rajah Tangpoor,
Jyphoo, Dakpah, Sankandoo Sangjaa of Roopre, Chang Wangdundoo, son of
the late Rajah Tangjung of Sheergawn. They reside at Sheergawn and
Rooprae, about three days’ journey from Dymara pass, by which
they descend into Char Dooar. They are quite distinct from the Booteahs
of Kooreahparah Dooar, and do not admit that they are subordinate to
the Towung Rajah.</p>
<p class="par">These chiefs, until 1839, yearly realised 2526 rs. 7
ans. black mail, exclusive of 416 rs. 8 ans. which was deducted for
collecting the contributions from the Ryots in the shape of food,
clothing, &c.; but in April, 1839, Moodhoo Sykeah, the Patyhery of
Ooorung, having been barbarously murdered by some Booteahs of the
above-named clan, they were from that date a proscribed tribe, and
prevented from deriving any benefit from the Dooar in collecting black
mail. Refusing to give up the murderers, all access to the Dooars was
strictly denied them, and they were justly regarded as unworthy of any
consideration. They frequently denied having any <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb201" href="#pb201" name=
"pb201">201</a>]</span>authority over the murderers, pleaded the
hardship of the whole body being made to suffer for the faults of a few
individuals, and expressed their extreme regret at having incurred the
displeasure of the British Government.</p>
<p class="par">Moodhoo Sykeah’s fate is supposed to have arisen
from his attachment to the British Government, and the energy displayed
by him in causing the land to be measured, to effect a regular
assessment thereof, in lieu of a plough and capitation tax. Such an
arrangement was particularly repugnant to the Booteahs, as they
imagined it would interfere with the Ryots paying them their black
mail; they therefore took vengeance on the promoters of this measure,
and Moodhoo Sykeah was cruelly cut to pieces in his own house by
Booteahs partaking of his hospitality. Gumbheer Wuzeer had been
similarly treated the year before, under suspicion of too great an
attachment to the British Government, and a desire to carry out their
views. In 1844 the chiefs were permitted to visit Tezpore, and in
consideration of the contrition evinced by them, and the uncertainty as
to whether the murderers were still in existence, and really belonged
to that tribe, Government was pleased to overlook the past, and again
to receive them into favour. In lieu of all right or <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb202" href="#pb202" name=
"pb202">202</a>]</span>title to collect black mail, compensation to the
amount of 1740 rupees per annum was settled upon them.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="thebingeah" class="div2 section"><span class=
"pagenum">[<a href="#xd24e532">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">THEBINGEAH BOOTEAHS.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Of all the tribes of Booteahs inhabiting the
interior or most northern mountains, the Thebingeahs appear to be the
most easterly. About forty years ago a quarrel arose between them and
the Rooprae Booteahs of Char Dooar, regarding the right to collect
contributions or black mail from certain Bohoteahs, or slaves. Being
defeated, the Thebingeahs were for eleven years denied all access to
the plains by their unrelenting foes. Previous to this feud, the former
had the right to collect the whole of the Booteah dues from Majbat; but
after this, their black mail was appropriated by their opponents.</p>
<p class="par">Having, about twenty-nine years ago, partially made up
matters with their enemies, the Rooprae Booteahs, the Thebingeahs again
visited Assam, and have since that time made collections in Majbat in
conjunction with them. Formerly, as they aver, they were the
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb203" href="#pb203" name=
"pb203">203</a>]</span>channel through which the Char Dooar Booteahs
sent tribute to Towung. Before the quarrel, their route to Assam lay
through the Char Dooar Booteahs’ country; but since then it has
been abandoned, and they now enter by that of Kooreahparah Dooar. At
the present day their numbers are very small, and they appear to be a
peaceable, inoffensive race.</p>
<p class="par">The town of Tibbung is stated to be sixteen days’
journey from the plains of Assam. For the first twelve days the route
lies through the country belonging to the Kooreahparah Booteahs. The
next march brings the Thebingeah Booteahs to their own frontier village
of Sangtie. The Thebingeahs are tributary to the Towung Rajah, who is
subordinate to the Deba and Dhurma Rajahs of Lassah. In speaking of
Lassah, they make the distance from their country much greater than
there is reason to believe it to be. They aver that in going to Lassah
they cross a great river (probably the Sampoo) which is the Lohit or
Burrampooter, that traverses the whole valley of Assam. Towung is said
to be twenty days’ journey from Tibbung, in a westerly direction.
From the little information we have hitherto been able to gather, it is
evident the Thebingeah Booteahs were once a powerful tribe; but feuds
and exterminating wars with other neighbouring <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb204" href="#pb204" name=
"pb204">204</a>]</span>tribes have reduced them to an insignificant
state. The British Government generously bestows on this clan 141 rs.
13 ans. 6 pice per annum, in lieu of the black mail they formerly
extorted from the Ryots of the village of Majbat in Char Dooar.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="huzaree" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e541">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">HUZAREE KHAWA AKHAS.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">These tribes reside eastward of the Rooprae and
Sheergawn Booteahs, in the mountains north of Burgong, called the
Jumara Guyah hills, distant from Burgong, viâ the Dymarahhat or
market, about six difficult marches. The whole of the Akha tribe is
reported to consist of two hundred families; the Kuppah Choor Akhas, of
sixty or seventy families; and the Meeches (who are also, like the
Kuppah Choor Akhas, a tribe of Akhas residing far in the interior,
north of the whole) are estimated at three or four hundred families.
The whole are armed with bows and arrows, and long swords, but they
have no fire-arms of any kind. The Huzaree Khawa Akhas were formerly
the most formidable of the two clans, but through the energy and daring
of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb205" href="#pb205" name=
"pb205">205</a>]</span>Kuppah Choor Akha chief, Taggee, they have been
obliged to acknowledge him supreme. His will at the present day may be
said to be paramount; for though his contemporary chiefs profess to
look on him as their friend and equal they fear to incur his
resentment, and submit to his dictation with concealed feelings of
dissatisfaction.</p>
<p class="par">Previous to the massacre of a detachment of the 1st
Assam Light Infantry at Baleeparah, the Huzaree Khawa Akhas had always
collected Pocha or black mail to the yearly amount of 175 rupees; but
after the above catastrophe they were looked on as outlaws, and were
denied all intercourse with the people of the plains. In February,
1844, however, the following chiefs of this tribe were summoned to
Tezpore, and an annual sum of 148 rupees was settled upon them; on the
condition of their abstaining from committing further depredations on
our subjects or joining with other disaffected tribes:—</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Nizam Rajah</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">60</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Changja</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">32</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Changtoang</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">32</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Kebelon</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">24</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e780 cellLeft cellBottom">Rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight cellBottom"><span class=
"sum">148</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb206" href="#pb206" name=
"pb206">206</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="kuppah" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e549">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">KUPPAH CHOOR AKHAS.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">From all the information obtainable regarding this
tribe, they appear to have been always looked upon by their neighbours,
the Booteahs and Dufflahs, as a ferocious band of Dacoits or banditti,
living entirely upon plunder, and never scrupling to shed blood for the
successful prosecution of any unprovoked aggressions, whether on the
Booteahs, Dufflahs, or British subjects. In this light the late Mr.
David Scott, Agent to the Governor-General, on his first visit to the
Char Dooar, regarded this clan. Considering that they had no right or
title to collect pocha, or black mail, he verbally directed that they
should be treated as enemies, and not allowed to enter the British
territory: if they attempted it, the guards were to fire upon them.
This was absolutely necessary; as the Taggee Rajah, just prior to our
conquest of Assam, and during the Burmese government, had frequently
committed serious depredations on the people; and on one occasion he
ransacked several villages, and attacked the estate of Pond Borowa of
Char Dooar, who was barbarously murdered with twenty-five of his
followers. In 1829, the Taggee Rajah and his <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb207" href="#pb207" name=
"pb207">207</a>]</span>Kuppah Choor Akhas had a quarrel with the Akhas
of Somgsong Rajah. Many lives were lost in the prosecution of this
feud, and the Taggee Rajah was at last obliged to take refuge at
Burgong, in Char Dooar. Brijnath Hazaree had the courage instantly to
apprehend him at Gorahgong; and, putting him in irons, sent him down to
Mr. D. Scott, then at Gowahatty. Here he was incarcerated in the common
gaol for four years; at the expiration of which period (in
1832–33) Mr. Robertson, the then Agent to the Governor-General,
directed his release and allowed him to return to his native hills, in
the hope that this act of clemency would secure his future fidelity and
attachment to the British Government. But Mr. Robertson was deceived.
No sooner did this child of the forest and the mountain find himself
again at liberty, than, regardless of his engagements, he immediately
collected together a few of his old followers, and, by the mere
influence of his savage character, he soon rendered himself independent
of the Towung Rajah, and took tribute from the Rooprae and Sheergawn
Booteahs. He then resorted to his former lawless practices of rapine
and destruction; declaring that, now he was released from the Gowahatty
gaol, he would not rest until he had sacrificed every man who had aided
in apprehending <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb208" href="#pb208"
name="pb208">208</a>]</span>him. Such was the terror his name inspired,
that the slightest report of his approach alarmed the inhabitants of
the plains, and they deserted their villages in the utmost
consternation. It was well known that no quarter was given or mercy
shown by the freebooter: men, women, and children were indiscriminately
butchered; neither life nor property was respected; and safety was only
attainable by timely flight.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e4276width" id="p207"><img src="images/p207.jpg"
alt="" width="516" height="720">
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="table">
<table class="xd24e4064">
<tr>
<td class="xd24e2265 cellLeft cellTop">CHEEGEE KUPPACHOR AKHA.</td>
<td class="xd24e2265 cellRight cellTop">KUPPACHOR AKHA.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e2265 cellLeft cellBottom">Brother of the Tagee
Rajah.</td>
<td class="xd24e2265 cellRight cellBottom">Tagee Rajah<span class=
"corr" id="xd24e4291" title="Not in source">.</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"><i>London: Smith, Elder & C<sup>o</sup>. 65,
Cornhill.</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">At one time it was the practice in Assam to locate small
bodies of troops in stockades along the frontier, north and south of
the valley at the foot of the hills; or in the immediate vicinity of
hostile tribes, so as to overawe them and prevent predatory incursions
into our plains for the capture of slaves and plunder. These posts,
being far distant from the support of the head quarters of the
respective regiments, and away from the immediate control of European
officers, discipline and vigilance were perhaps too little regarded;
and the consequence was, that detachments were not unfrequently
surprised and massacred in the most savage manner. In 1835, there was a
stockade at Baleeparah in Char Dooar, garrisoned by one havildar, one
naick, and six sipahees of the 1st Assam Light Infantry. About 10
o’clock <span class="sc">A.M.</span> of the 3rd of <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb209" href="#pb209" name=
"pb209">209</a>]</span>February of the same year, the Kuppah Choor and
Akha chiefs, Taggee, Nizam, and Somgsong, accompanied by a few daring
followers, proceeded to the stockade: the havildar, unsuspicious of any
treachery, went outside to converse with the Taggee Rajah, and told him
that he must not enter the stockade. After a short conversation the
Taggee Rajah—as a signal understood by the Akhas, drew his sword
and inflicted a wound on the havildar’s left leg. Nazim Rajah
then cut down the Naick with his own hand, and the whole of the Akhas
instantly rushed on the havildar, entered the stockade, and murdered
every person they could seize; slaughtering in all sixteen persons: the
havildar, naick and four sipahees, and the wives and families of the
Goorkha sipahees. Two sipahees of the guard happened to be bathing in a
tank close by at the time of the attack, and saved their lives by
running into the jungles. After the massacre, the Taggee Rajah set fire
to all the houses inside the stockade, and retired with his followers
to the fastnesses in the neighbouring hills.</p>
<p class="par">Intelligence of this disaster reaching the civil
authorities, a proclamation was immediately issued, offering a reward
of five hundred rupees to any person who would bring the Taggee Rajah,
dead or <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb210" href="#pb210" name=
"pb210">210</a>]</span>alive, and two hundred rupees for any
information that would lead to his apprehension. This proclamation,
however, was in 1837–38 modified by the express order of the
Honourable Court of Directors, who intimated that the proceeding was
most exceptionable, and that rewards should only be given for the
apprehension of offenders, and not for slaying them. From that day
until 1842, the whole tribe of Akhas and Kuppah Choor Akhas were
treated as outlaws. Our outposts were strengthened, and all British
subjects prohibited from furnishing them with grain or any other
necessaries of life.</p>
<p class="par">In 1842, the Taggee Rajah, of his own free will, came
down from the hills and surrendered himself to the British Government.
The excuse pleaded by him for the massacre of the guard was the tyranny
and insolence of the sipahees towards his tribe; but it does not appear
that the sipahees had any quarrel with the Akhas or Kuppah Choor Akhas,
and it is therefore reasonable to conclude that the latter destroyed
the guard because they were posted there to prevent depredations on the
plains. Notwithstanding the crimes committed by the Taggee Rajah,
Government directed his release, on his swearing future allegiance on
his own behalf <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb211" href="#pb211" name=
"pb211">211</a>]</span>and that of his tribe. This was a matter of
necessity: there were no means at hand of summarily punishing the
outrage that had been committed, and the influence of the Rajah was
requisite to curb the future irregularities of his people. As an
inducement to him to restrain a rapacious banditti from future
aggressions, a pension of twenty rupees per mensem was bestowed upon
him for life. The Taggee Rajah, it might have been supposed, returned
to his native hills somewhat appeased and gratified; but here again the
British authorities were erroneous in their calculations. Incapable of
comprehending our motives, and distrustful of our purposes, the Rajah,
for two years, never resorted to the station of Tezpore to receive his
pension. In 1844, however, an interview with himself and other chiefs
took place, and an amicable and satisfactory arrangement was made. The
Taggee Rajah received his pension of 240 rupees per annum granted in
1842; Nechoo received 24 rupees; Sankhandoo, 32 rupees; Seerkoolee, 32
rupees; Sorsoo, 32 rupees: in all five chiefs, their pensions amounting
to 360 rupees per annum.</p>
<p class="par">Thus terminated a desultory, harassing war of twenty
years with one of the most restless tribes on the frontier. The manner
in which the forbearance <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb212" href=
"#pb212" name="pb212">212</a>]</span>of these savages has been
purchased will, we are persuaded, not be misconstrued into fear or
weakness, but be productive of future peace and security and a freer
intercourse with the people of the plains.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="dufflahs" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#xd24e557">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">DUFFLAHS.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The Dufflah tribes are divided into innumerable
petty clans, and reside in Char Dooar, Now Dooar, and Chuh Dooar. They
are a very uncivilized race of beings, and formerly were extremely
troublesome: committing atrocities, attacking and kidnapping the people
of the plains, and extorting a large amount of black mail in kind
annually. To enumerate the several petty robberies, disturbances, and
murders committed at different times by these wild mountaineers, would,
at the present day, be neither interesting nor profitable: it will
suffice to remark that the people are all disunited, living under
independent chiefs with separate interests, and have never leagued
together in large bodies to ravage the plains for plunder or the
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb213" href="#pb213" name=
"pb213">213</a>]</span>capture of slaves. No union seems to prevail
amongst them as with the Singphoos, Abors, and Khamtees; their
irruptions and depredations, therefore, are always on a small scale.
Almost every clan seems suspicious of its neighbour, and the sanguinary
feuds amongst themselves are frequent. Of their religion, manners,
customs, and habits, we regret to say little is known, and that little
of a character not to be relied on: the same may be said of our
information respecting the Akha tribes.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd24e4328width" id="p213"><img src="images/p213.jpg"
alt="" width="720" height="448">
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="table">
<table class="xd24e4064">
<tr>
<td class="xd24e2265 cellLeft cellTop cellBottom">A DUFFLAH.</td>
<td class="xd24e2265 cellTop cellBottom">A DUFFLAH CHIEF’S
WIDOW.</td>
<td class="xd24e2265 cellRight cellTop cellBottom">A DUFFLAH
CHIEF.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"><i>London: Smith, Elder & C<sup>o</sup>. 65,
Cornhill.</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">In 1836–37, an agreement was entered into with the
Dufflahs to forego their extortions on receiving from the British
Government a fixed sum in lieu of all demands. Unlike the Booteahs, who
cannot live in the plains, the Dufflahs seem disposed to adopt
agricultural habits; and considerable numbers have deserted their hills
and located themselves in the plains, paying revenue for the land they
cultivate at the same rate as our Ryots. From these symptoms of
industry, we are led to hope that in the course of time others will
follow their example, and descend from their hills to enjoy the
protection of the British Government; when their condition will be
greatly ameliorated.</p>
<p class="par">In Char Dooar there are no less than one hundred and
eighty Dufflah chiefs, belonging to twelve distinct <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb214" href="#pb214" name=
"pb214">214</a>]</span>clans, who receive 1,020 rupees per annum in
lieu of the black mail formerly extorted from the Ryots. In the Now
Dooar, there are nine dooars (passes or tracts of country leading into
the northern hills) occupied by fifty-eight Dufflah chiefs, who receive
compensation or a pension from Government of 1,523 rupees 9 ans.
annually in lieu of black mail; making a grand total for both Dooars of
2,543 rupees 9 ans. 8 pice. It remains only to notice the amount
supposed to have been collected as black mail by the Dufflahs from the
people in Now Dooar previous to the year 1836–37, when a
pecuniary compensation was given to the Dufflahs in lieu of this
objectionable exaction. The contributions levied as black mail were
nearly all given in kind. On the arrival of the Dufflahs once a year,
from their mountains in the Now Dooar, it was their custom to take from
the Sahoorea Ryots Government free pykes (or men), from each
house:—</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Ans.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">
Pice.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 seer of salt, valued at</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">5 seers of rice</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Ready cash</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">0</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">6</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight cellBottom"><span class=
"sum">0</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">and if the ready money of one anna was not paid, a
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb215" href="#pb215" name=
"pb215">215</a>]</span>Moonga, or Erea Gumcha, or handkerchief valued
at three annas was taken instead. On their return to the hills, another
cess or contribution, amounting to 7 rs. 10 ans. was levied from each
village or community, fixed originally at twenty houses; and whether
they had decreased or increased in numbers the Dufflahs neither reduced
nor augmented their demand. The articles taken from each village
consisted on this occasion generally of—</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Ans.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">
Pice.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 Erea cloth, valued at</td>
<td class="xd24e718">3</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 Moonga Gumcha handkerchief</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 cow</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718">8</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Cash, as a present</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Rice, 1 bhar</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 duck</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 seer of salt</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 seer of oil</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">7</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">10</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight cellBottom"><span class=
"sum">0</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">Besides the Sahoorea, or free population, there were
four villages (Baghmarra, Bihalle, Sakomata, Bakola) wholly inhabited
by Cacharees, who were denominated Bohoteahs, or slaves; being free men
bestowed originally by the Assam kings for a particular purpose or
service. This caste or tribe the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb216"
href="#pb216" name="pb216">216</a>]</span>Dufflahs especially
considered as their slaves, from whom they claimed the right to collect
two-thirds of the produce of their labours. Each Bohoteah received from
the British Government two poorahs of land, and one rupee only was
taken from him as revenue, or capitation tax; being two rupees less
than that paid by the Government Pykes. The remission of two rupees
granted in his favour, was to enable him to meet the demands of the
Dufflahs against him, in addition to the following amount of black
mail, viz:—</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Ans.</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">
Pice.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 Erea small cloth</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 Moonga gumcha</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 chunam (or lime box)</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">8</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 kuttaree, or knife</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 jappee hat or umbrella</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 bhar of rice</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 duck</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 seer of salt</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">1 seer of oil</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">3</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">0</span></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight cellBottom"><span class=
"sum">0</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">From this it would appear that the Bohoteahs paid to the
Dufflahs five rupees each in produce; while the free population was
assessed at the rate of about <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb217"
href="#pb217" name="pb217">217</a>]</span>eight rupees per village of
twenty houses, which would average about six annas four pice per house.
From the free and slave population united, as far as we have means for
determining, the sum realized in kind from the inhabitants of the whole
Dooar, amounted to 2,503 rs. 10 ans. 6 pice; so that in reality the
Dufflahs have gained by the money substituted for black mail.</p>
<p class="par">In the palmy days of the Ahoom Government it is not
certain that this system existed; but on the Ahoom Rajahs becoming
proselytes to the Hindoo creed, they and their followers degenerated;
and being unable to check by force of arms, the inroads of the numerous
hill tribes both on the north and south frontiers of the valley—a
space of 400 miles, accessible by innumerable passes—they readily
permitted the tribes to levy black mail once a year on certain portions
of land called Dooars. Thus were continual hostilities averted, and the
Ahoom Rajahs had leisure to pay attention to their own affairs.
Intestine commotion, however, worked the destruction which foreign
aggression was restrained from accomplishing. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb218" href="#pb218" name="pb218">218</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">CHAR DOOAR DUFFLAHS.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table class="verticalBorderInside xd24e1018">
<thead>
<tr class="label">
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e4632 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop">No. of Chiefs
in each Khel or Clan.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e4632 cellHeadTop">No. of Khels or Clans.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 cellHeadTop">Name of Khel or Clan.</td>
<td colspan="3" class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop">
Amount of Pension.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="xd24e4632 cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellHeadBottom">Ans.</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom">Pice.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">23</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">1</td>
<td>Phering Ooela</td>
<td class="xd24e718">97</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">8</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">20</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">2</td>
<td>Oopur Takoolea</td>
<td class="xd24e718">108</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">5</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">21</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">3</td>
<td>Nam Takoolea</td>
<td class="xd24e718">196</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">14</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">21</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">4</td>
<td>Rapo Oolea</td>
<td class="xd24e718">76</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">11</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">46</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">5</td>
<td>Paee Olea</td>
<td class="xd24e718">234</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">12</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">7</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">6</td>
<td>Oopur Taolea</td>
<td class="xd24e718">17</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">1</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">2</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">7</td>
<td>Nam Taolea</td>
<td class="xd24e718">3</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">10</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">3</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">8</td>
<td>Chana Oolea</td>
<td class="xd24e718">23</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">6</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">37</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">9</td>
<td>Oopur Tabungolea</td>
<td class="xd24e718">106</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">2</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft"></td>
<td class="xd24e4632">10</td>
<td>Purbutea village, Mekla Gaum, Deka and Bur Gaum extinct</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">8</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft"></td>
<td class="xd24e4632">11</td>
<td>Jeynath Hya Babang Gaum, of Kuchla Barru, extinct</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">8</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft"></td>
<td class="xd24e4632">12</td>
<td>Names of chiefs unknown, extinct</td>
<td class="xd24e718">150</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">0</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft cellBottom"><span class=
"sum">180</span></td>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e780 cellBottom">Total</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">1020</span></td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellBottom"><span class="sum">0</span></td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight cellBottom"><span class=
"sum">0</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">DUFFLAHS OF NOW DOOAR.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table class="verticalBorderInside xd24e1018">
<thead>
<tr class="label">
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e4632 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop">No. of
Dooars.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 cellHeadTop">Name of Dooars.</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 xd24e4632 cellHeadTop">No. of Chiefs</td>
<td class="xd24e1033 cellHeadTop">Name of Chiefs</td>
<td colspan="3" class="xd24e1033 xd24e718 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop">
Amount of Pension</td>
</tr>
<tr class="unit">
<td class="xd24e4632 cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="cellHeadBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellHeadBottom">Rs.</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellHeadBottom">Ans.</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom">Pice.</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="8" class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">1</td>
<td rowspan="8">Bihalee Dooar.</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">1</td>
<td>Tamoo Gaum</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="7" class="xd24e718 cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">2</td>
<td>Tetae</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">3</td>
<td>Ruma</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">4</td>
<td>Nerbow</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">5</td>
<td>Tumes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">6</td>
<td>Emakolee Gaumnee</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">7</td>
<td>Hollee Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">8</td>
<td>Hathemorea Huraporah</td>
<td class="xd24e718">58</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">9</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">7 <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb219"
href="#pb219" name="pb219">219</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7" class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">2</td>
<td rowspan="7">Gong Dooar.</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">1</td>
<td>Bhoot Gaum</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="6" class="xd24e718 cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">2</td>
<td>Ruma and Gamoo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">3</td>
<td>Akho Chalee Gaumnee</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">4</td>
<td>Changdur Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">5</td>
<td>Rao</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">6</td>
<td>Nizboo and Burkmal</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">7</td>
<td>Rungoa and his son Byragee</td>
<td class="xd24e718">82</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">2</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="8" class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">3</td>
<td rowspan="8">Bagmara Dooar<span class="corr" id="xd24e4973" title=
"Not in source">.</span></td>
<td class="xd24e4632">1</td>
<td>Gopee Gaum</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="7" class="xd24e718 cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">2</td>
<td>Papoong and Kadoo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">3</td>
<td>Sedae Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">4</td>
<td>Teeta Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">5</td>
<td>Lalloo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">6</td>
<td>Kowa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">7</td>
<td>Baboo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">8</td>
<td>Madoo and Paree</td>
<td class="xd24e718">29</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">5</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">4</td>
<td rowspan="3">Sakhoo Mata Dooar.</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">1</td>
<td>Deka Gaum, Bogle, and Rumgka</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="xd24e718 cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">2</td>
<td>Chale Gaema, Gotoa Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">3</td>
<td>Kena Gaum</td>
<td class="xd24e718">262</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">8</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="13" class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">5</td>
<td rowspan="13">Chooteah Dooar.</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">1</td>
<td>Babung Gaum</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="12" class="xd24e718 cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">2</td>
<td>Bengala Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">3</td>
<td>Bengakoe Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">4</td>
<td>Chengolee Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">5</td>
<td>Hanoo Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">6</td>
<td>Tadung Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">7</td>
<td>Hanoo Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">8</td>
<td>Peroo Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">9</td>
<td>Durpur Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">10</td>
<td>Taggee for Talee</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">11</td>
<td>Teloa Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">12</td>
<td>Tamar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">13</td>
<td>Durrung</td>
<td class="xd24e718">234</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">0</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5" class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">6</td>
<td rowspan="5">Kuchlahbaree Dooar.</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">1</td>
<td>Phedula, Bhedo Jey, Nizae Bulae Jey Gaums</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="4" class="xd24e718 cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">2</td>
<td>Ladoom<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb220" href="#pb220" name=
"pb220">220</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">3</td>
<td>Onee</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">4</td>
<td>Rungoma</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">5</td>
<td>Tajur</td>
<td class="xd24e718">66</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">1</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4" class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">7</td>
<td rowspan="4">Chandhur Dooar.</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">1</td>
<td>Jeyram Gaum</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="3" class="xd24e718 cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">2</td>
<td>Ketula Haree</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">3</td>
<td>Bogee Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">4</td>
<td>Hetoo Gaumnee</td>
<td class="xd24e718">137</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">12</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">8</td>
<td rowspan="2">Gurea Dooar<span class="corr" id="xd24e5200" title=
"Not in source">.</span></td>
<td class="xd24e4632">1</td>
<td>Beroo Gaum, Seram Nirboo Keah Gaum</td>
<td colspan="3" class="xd24e718 cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">2</td>
<td>Dhunae Darkeh</td>
<td class="xd24e718">46</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">11</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="8" class="xd24e4632 cellLeft">9</td>
<td rowspan="8">Bakula Dooar.</td>
<td class="xd24e4632">1</td>
<td>Neema Gaum</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="7" class="xd24e718 cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">2</td>
<td>Gobind Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">3</td>
<td>Peroo Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">4</td>
<td>Tama, Jagura, Nerum Lekejoo Luchoo, Begora, Oozeer, and others</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">5</td>
<td>Chengalee and others</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">6</td>
<td>Khakung Gaum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">7</td>
<td>Halee</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632">8</td>
<td>Chedar</td>
<td class="xd24e718">606</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">5</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft"></td>
<td></td>
<td class="xd24e4632"></td>
<td>Total paid to Now Dooar, Dufflah Chiefs</td>
<td class="xd24e718"><span class="sum">1523</span></td>
<td class="xd24e1031"><span class="sum">9</span></td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight"><span class="sum">8</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft"></td>
<td></td>
<td class="xd24e4632"></td>
<td>Total paid to Char Dooar Dufflah Chiefs</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1020</td>
<td class="xd24e1031">0</td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellLeft cellBottom"></td>
<td class="cellBottom"></td>
<td class="xd24e4632 cellBottom">58</td>
<td class="xd24e780 cellBottom">Total</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom"><span class="sum">2543</span></td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellBottom"><span class="sum">9</span></td>
<td class="xd24e1031 cellRight cellBottom"><span class=
"sum">8</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par xd24e5317">London: Printed by <i>Stewart</i> and
<i>Murray</i>, Old Bailey.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footnotes">
<hr class="fnsep">
<div class="footnote-body">
<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
"xd24e1597" href="#xd24e1597src" name="xd24e1597">1</a></span> The name
of the Moa Mareya Muttuck Gosain is Nahor; he is called Ushtobhoj, the
eight handed priest, or an incarnation of the Deity: a title which he
assumed in order to receive greater adoration from the people. He
established his claim to the title by a device or deception. Making
three men stand behind him, from under a covering they presented their
hands in front of his body, and these, with his own, made his credulous
disciples believe he really had eight hands. Having also some defect in
his legs, he was known by the appellation of the Lame Moa Mareya Priest
Nahor. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1597src">↑</a></p>
<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
"xd24e1623" href="#xd24e1623src" name="xd24e1623">2</a></span> This
princess was the daughter of the Munepore Rajah; she was first married
to Rajeswur Sing, and afterwards to his brother, Luckme Sing. The
Muneepories are called Mogolies, and a tank, temple and an estate is to
this day called the Mogolie Princess’s Pokhuree and Khat. In the
Assam annals, she is called Koorung Neyune. <a class="fnarrow"
href="#xd24e1623src">↑</a></p>
<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
"xd24e1692" href="#xd24e1692src" name="xd24e1692">3</a></span> Abor is
derived from the Assamese word <i>boree</i>, friendly; <i>aboree</i>,
unfriendly. Thus we understand the term Abor Nagas, Abor Dufflahs,
independent or hostile tribes; and this designation seems common to all
rude tribes in Assam. <a class="fnarrow" href=
"#xd24e1692src">↑</a></p>
<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
"xd24e1894" href="#xd24e1894src" name="xd24e1894">4</a></span> In many
parts of Assam there are many fine temples and old forts built of stone
and bricks; but, the art of making such firm and durable bricks as were
used in former days seems now to be entirely lost. <a class=
"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1894src">↑</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="back">
<div class="div1 ads"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first xd24e5328">A</p>
<p class="par xd24e5330">CATALOGUE</p>
<p class="par xd24e5328">OF</p>
<p class="par xd24e5330">Books,</p>
<p class="par xd24e193">IN</p>
<p class="par xd24e193">VARIOUS BRANCHES OF LITERATURE;</p>
<p class="par xd24e193">IN THE PRESS, OR RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY</p>
<p class="par xd24e5328">SMITH, ELDER AND CO.,</p>
<p class="par xd24e193">65, CORNHILL, LONDON.</p>
<p class="par xd24e191">AGENTS: CUMMING & FERGUSON, <span class=
"sc">Dublin</span>; BELL & BRADFUTE, <span class=
"sc">Edinburgh</span>; D. ROBERTSON, <span class="sc">Glasgow</span>;
W. GRAPEL, <span class="sc">Liverpool</span>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div1 ads"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">CONTENTS.</h2>
<table class="tocList">
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#adinpress">WORKS IN THE
PRESS</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#adjustpublished">WORKS
JUST PUBLISHED</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#adjames">MR.
JAMES’S WORKS</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href=
"#admiscellaneous">MISCELLANEOUS</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#adscientific">SCIENTIFIC
WORKS ILLUSTRATED</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">13</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#addavy">SIR HUMPHRY
DAVY’S WORKS</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">17</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#adbrown">WORKS BY CAPTAIN
THOMAS BROWN</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">18</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#adoriental">ORIENTAL AND
COLONIAL</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">19</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#adreligious">RELIGIOUS
AND EDUCATIONAL</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">22</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#adtayler">WORKS BY THE
REV. C. B. TAYLER</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">24</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#adpoetry">POETRY</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">28</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href=
"#adembellished">EMBELLISHED WORKS AND PRINTS</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">30</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#adforblind">BOOKS FOR THE
BLIND</a></td>
<td class="tocPageNum">32</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div1 ads"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first xd24e1392"><i>January, 1847.</i></p>
<p class="par xd24e5328">CATALOGUE</p>
<p class="par xd24e193">OF</p>
<p class="par xd24e5328">SMITH, ELDER AND CO.’S PUBLICATIONS.</p>
<div id="adinpress" class="div2 section"><span class=
"pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">WORKS IN THE PRESS.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first adAuthor">THE REV. DR. CROLY.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE PATRIARCHS—THE PROPHETS—THE
APOSTLES.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Their characters and influence on the ages
in which they lived, considered in connection with the Christian
dispensation. To form a series of three separate and independent
volumes. The first, treating of the <span class="sc">Patriarchs</span>,
is in preparation.</p>
<p class="par adAuthor">NEW WORK BY THE AUTHOR OF “THE
NOVITIATE.”</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE JESUIT IN THE FAMILY.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By <span class="sc">Andrew
Steinmetz</span>, Author of “The Novitiate; or, a Year among the
English Jesuits,” 1 vol. post 8vo.</p>
<p class="par adAvailability">(<i>nearly ready.</i>)</p>
<p class="par adAuthor">AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A NEGRO SLAVE.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF ZAMBA,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">An African Negro Chief. Written by
himself. 1 vol. post 8vo.</p>
<p class="par adAvailability">(<i>nearly ready.</i>)</p>
<p class="par adAuthor">MR. G. P. R. JAMES.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE CASTLE OF EHRENSTEIN,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">A Romance, by <span class="sc">G. P. R.
James</span>, Esq., 3 vols. post 8vo.</p>
<p class="par adAvailability">(<i>just ready</i>.)</p>
<p class="par adAuthor">MR. LEIGH HUNT.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">MEN, WOMEN, AND BOOKS:</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">A Collection of
Essays</span>, by <span class="sc">Leigh Hunt</span>, 2 vols. post
8vo.</p>
<p class="par adAvailability">(<i>very shortly.</i>)</p>
<p class="par adAuthor">NEW NOVEL.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">A WHIM AND ITS CONSEQUENCES,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">3 vols. post 8vo.</p>
<p class="par adAvailability">(<i>just ready.</i>)</p>
<p class="par adAuthor">SIR JOHN HERSCHEL’S</p>
<p class="par adTitle">OBSERVATIONS IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Made during a recent residence at the
<span class="sc">Cape of Good Hope</span>. In one volume, royal 4to.
Illustrated by numerous Plates. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb224"
href="#pb224" name="pb224">1</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="adjustpublished" class="div2 section"><span class=
"pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first adTitle">SAVAGE LIFE AND SCENES IN AUSTRALIA AND
NEW ZEALAND.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Being an Artist’s impressions of
Countries and People at the Antipodes. By <span class="sc">George
French Angas</span>, Esq. In two vols. post 8vo., with numerous
Illustrations.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“These are two volumes of good artistical
description, with much of finer staple than the title-page promises.
Mr. Angas observed nature in the Southern hemisphere with a
painter’s eye, and has thrown much poetical feeling into his
impressions of it.”—<i>Morning Chronicle.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“He has not the bias or coarseness of
many who have gone out to the antipodes; he has a better taste, in some
sense a more cultivated mind, and is lifted above the atmosphere of
Colonial partizanship.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“Already favourably known to the public,
both as an artist and an author, Mr. Angas has fully confirmed every
expectancy by his new publication. Generally speaking, we might say it
was artistical and descriptive, picturesque and poetical, did we not
fear that these epithets might mislead the reader into an impression
that it was not at the same time <i>curious in actual observation and
faithful in details</i>.”—<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“Mr. Angas has produced a very
interesting work, and illustrated it with sketches which do much credit
to his ability in his profession.”—<i>The
Britannia.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“After a careful reading of these two
volumes, we pronounce them, without any hesitation, to afford on the
whole the most faithful pictures of savage life in Australia and New
Zealand yet published.”—<i>Weekly Chronicle.</i></p>
<p class="par adAuthor">LEIGH HUNT’S SELECTIONS FROM THE ENGLISH
POETS,</p>
<p class="par">EXEMPLIFYING</p>
<p class="par adTitle">I. IMAGINATION AND FANCY.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">II. WIT AND HUMOUR.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Each volume is complete in itself, and
preceded by an Essay illustrative of the qualities respectively
exemplified in the selections; the best passages are marked and
commented upon by Mr. <span class="sc">Leigh Hunt</span>, who also
characterizes each author. Bound in cloth, with gilt edges, price 10s.
6d. each.</p>
<p class="par"><i>Opinions of the Press, on</i> <span class="sc">Wit
and Humour</span>.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“The design of this delightful series
extends beyond a collection of elegant extracts, while it combines the
best features of such collections. The two volumes already published
are precisely the books one would wish to carry for companionship on a
journey, or to have at hand when tired of work, or at a loss what to do
for want of it. They are selections of some of the best things some of
our best authors have said, accompanied with short but delicate
expositions and enforcements of their beauties. They are truly most
genial, agreeable, and social books.”—<i>Examiner.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“This is really a delightful volume,
forming a proper complement and companion to its predecessor on
‘Imagination and Fancy.’ Each of them gives us the best
passages of the best writers, in their respective kinds, illustrated by
one who will himself leave no mean remembrance to posterity, in the
spirit of genial criticism, informed by a delicate faculty of
discrimination. What more could literary epicures
desire?”—<i>Morning Chronicle.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“If we were to choose the subject and the
author of a fireside book for the long winter evenings, we should
certainly call some such volume as this into existence. The reader will
look for exquisite things in this book, and he will find a great deal
more than he looks for in the prodigal resources opened up in its
pages. It is the very essence of the sunniest qualities from English
poets.”—<i>Atlas.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“There is something genial in the very
title of this volume; and it does not belie its title. ‘Wit and
Humour,’ forms a pendant to ‘Imagination and Fancy,’
by the same author. A like design is embodied in both works. The book
is at once exhilarating and suggestive: it may charm frivolous minds
into wisdom, and austere ones into
mirth.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">A NARRATIVE OF THE RECOVERY OF H. M. S.
GORGON.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">(<span class="sc">Charles Hotham</span>,
Esq., Captain), Stranded in the Bay of Monte Video, May 10, 1844. By
<span class="sc">Astley Cooper Key</span>, Commander, R.N., (late
Lieut, of H. M. S. Gorgon). 1 vol. 8vo. with numerous Plates. Price
7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb225" href=
"#pb225" name="pb225">1*</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">“MODERN PAINTERS.”</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">Volume the First.</span>
By <span class="sc">A Graduate of Oxford</span>. A New Edition, revised
by the Author, being the <span class="sc">Third</span>. In imperial
8vo., uniform with Vol. II.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">SECOND VOLUME OF “MODERN
PAINTERS.”</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Treating of the <span class=
"sc">Imaginative</span> and <span class="sc">Theoretic
Faculties</span>. By a <span class="sc">Graduate of Oxford</span>. In
one volume, imperial 8vo., price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“We are prepared emphatically to declare,
that this work is the most valuable contribution towards a proper view
of painting, its purpose and means, that has come within our
knowledge.”—<i>Foreign Quarterly Review.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“A work distinguished by an enlightened
style of criticism, new to English readers, and by the profound
observation of nature displayed by the author.”—<i>Dublin
University Magazine.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“This is the production of a highly
gifted mind, one who has evidently bestowed time and labour to obtain a
practical knowledge of the fine arts, and who writes eloquently,
feelingly, and fearlessly.”—<i>Polytechnic Review.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“It has seldom been our lot to take up a
work more admirably conceived and written than this beautiful and
elaborate essay. To a perfect idea of the scope of the inquiry, and a
mastery of all the technicalities required for its due treatment, the
Graduate unites considerable metaphysical power, extent of
philosophical and scientific knowledge, a clear and manly style of
expression, and no inconsiderable command of humour and
satire.”—<i>Atlas.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“The Oxford Graduate is a bold
revolutionist in art.... A very Luther in art-criticism.... He has
asserted and established the claims of Landscape painting to a much
higher rank than it hitherto enjoyed.... The second volume of this
remarkable work rises above the first. Indeed, we question if any but a
high order of mind will embrace the full grandeur of its design, or
follow the masterly analysis by which its propositions are
elucidated.”—<i>English Gentleman.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“The author now comes forward with
additional force, and, we must hope, with still higher effect, on the
public taste.... He directs his attention in the present volume from
the individual artists to the art
itself.”—<i>Britannia.</i></p>
<p class="par adAuthor">MR. JAMES’S NEW ROMANCE.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">HEIDELBERG:</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">A Romance.</span> By
<span class="sc">G. P. R. James</span>, Esq. 3 vols. post 8vo.,
1<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
<p class="par adAuthor">NEW VOLUMES OF MR JAMES’S WORKS
ILLUSTRATED.</p>
<p class="par">Vol. 11, containing</p>
<p class="par adTitle"><b>THE KING’S HIGHWAY</b>, Medium 8vo.
price 8<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par">Was published on the 12th instant.</p>
<p class="par">Vol. 12,</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE GENTLEMAN OF THE OLD SCHOOL,</p>
<p class="par">Will appear on the 1st April.</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><b>CLINICAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE DISEASES
OF INDIA:</b> As Exhibited in the <span class="sc">Medical History of a
body of European Soldiers</span>, for a Series of Years from their
Arrival in that Country. By <span class="sc">William Geddes</span>,
M.D., Member of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh, and the Medical
and Physical Society of Calcutta, and late Surgeon of the Madras
European Regiment. In one vol., 8vo. Price 16<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“A more elaborate display of medical
statistics has rarely been given to the public. As a vast amount of
facts the book is really, we believe,
unrivalled.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“It is hardly possible to conceive a more
complete medical history than the one furnished by Dr. Geddes. He has
conferred an inestimable benefit upon medical science; and no
practitioner who regards either his interest or his duty can be without
the book.”—<i>Indian News.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“To the medical officers in India, and
especially to those about to proceed thither, this will be found a
valuable book of reference, and well merits to be included in the list
of works with which officers are required to provide themselves on
joining the service.”—<i>British and Foreign Medical
Review.</i> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb226" href="#pb226" name=
"pb226">2*</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">ENGLAND’S COLONIAL EMPIRE.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">An <span class="sc">Historical,
Political</span>, and <span class="sc">Statistical Account</span> of
the <span class="sc">British Empire</span>, its <span class=
"sc">Colonies</span> and <span class="sc">Dependencies</span>. By
<span class="sc">Charles Pridham</span>, Esq., B.A., Member of the
Royal Geographical Society, &c.</p>
<p class="par"><span class="sc">Volume I.</span>—Comprising</p>
<p class="par">THE MAURITIUS AND ITS DEPENDENCIES.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“The first volume of a work intended to
completely exhibit England’s Colonial Empire. The author is Mr.
Pridham, who, in a modest preface, apologizes for having at so early an
age undertaken so gigantic a task. The first volume, however, shows no
lack of either ability, research, or knowledge. It is occupied with an
excellent account of the Mauritius, divided into four parts: the first
part gives its history from its discovery by the Portuguese to the
present time; the second describes its inhabitants, and their
institutions and states; the third its physical features and natural
productions; and the fourth its industry, commerce, and government.
Ample information is given on all these heads, and regarding the extent
of the author’s design, and the evidence he gives of the
requisite qualification to carry it out satisfactorily, we make no
doubt that his work will be a valuable addition to the history and
geography of our colonial empire. The present volume is complete in
itself.”—<i>Britannia.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“This is the first volume of what
promises to be an important national work. The instalment now before us
is brimful of valuable and interesting information, making up by far
the most complete account of Mauritius which has yet been given to the
world. The author has the qualifications necessary to the due
fulfilment of the task which he has set himself. He is patient and
painstaking, accurate and impartial.<span class="corr" id="xd24e5820"
title="Not in source">”</span>—<i>Atlas.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“This is the first volume of a series,
which we hope to see completed in the spirit with which the task has
been undertaken. As a whole, we are bound to say that the book is a
standard one, and that ‘England’s Colonial Empire’
has met with a chronicler of zeal, industry, and
ability.”—<i>Colonial Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“There is no other such description of
the Mauritius extant. The author has not only consulted the best, and
perhaps all the authorities, but he has added information of his own,
apparently gathered on the spot.”—<i>Economist.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE INDIAN MEAL BOOK:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Comprising the beat American Receipts for
the various Preparations of that excellent Article. By <span class=
"sc">Eliza Leslie</span>, of Philadelphia; Author of “American
Domestic Cookery;” “The House Book;”
“Seventy-five Receipts;” “French Cookery,”
&c. &c. Second edition. Foolscap 8vo. sewed in a wrapper, price
4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“Next to the corn itself, we cannot
conceive a more acceptable present to the poor of any neighbourhood,
either individually or in parochial libraries, than Miss Leslie’s
work. It is very simple, and embraces recipes for every purpose to
which maize is put in the United Slates, and therefore cannot but add
to the comfort of the too limited table of the labouring
man.”—<i>Indian News.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“As the Indian Meal is probably destined
to take its place among our standard ‘Bread Stuffs.’ Miss
Leslie’s book will be welcomed as a necessary supplement to the
usual English instructors in the everywhere important mystery of
Cookery.”—<i>Colonial Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“This little volume contains about sixty
receipts for different preparations of Indian Meal, and all of which
may be found useful in the threatened dearth. Maize, or Indian Corn, is
now admitted to be the best and <i>most available</i> substitute for
the potato.”—<i>Economist.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE HISTORY OF CHARLEMAGNE,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">With a <span class="sc">Sketch of the
State and History of France</span>, from the Fall of the Roman Empire
to the Rise of the Carlovingian Dynasty. By <span class="sc">G. P. R.
James</span>, Esq. A new edition, in demy 8vo., price 12<i>s.</i>
cloth. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb227" href="#pb227" name=
"pb227">3</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE CHURCH AND DISSENT.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">GLENDEARG COTTAGE.</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">A Tale Concerning Church
Principles.</span> By <span class="sc">Miss Christmas</span>. With a
Preface by the Rev. <span class="sc">Henry Christmas</span>, M.A.,
F.R.S., F.S.A. One vol. fcap. 8vo., price 3<i>s.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“A tale as pleasing in its unstudied
simplicity as in the correct views which it displays of the principles
of the Church.”—<i>British Churchman.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">REV. H. MACKENZIE’S COMMENTARY.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">COMMENTARY ON THE HOLY GOSPELS,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Arranged according to the <span class=
"sc">Table of Lessons for Daily Service</span>; designed for Family
Reading. By the Rev. <span class="sc">Henry Mackenzie</span>, M.A., of
Pembroke College, Oxford; Incumbent of Great Yarmouth. To be completed
in Four Quarterly Parts, price 1<i>s.</i> 3<i>d.</i> each. Part I.
appeared on April 1st. Part II. on 1st July.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">LIFE IN NORTH WALES.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">LLEWELYN’S HEIR;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Or, <span class="sc">North Wales</span>;
its <span class="sc">Manners</span>, <span class="sc">Customs</span>,
and <span class="sc">Superstitions</span> during the last Century,
illustrated by a Story founded on Facts. In 3 vols. post 8vo., price
1<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“It is a real work, with more material
and original knowledge than half the manufactured novels that appear in
these days.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“We can most cordially recommend it as a
series of Sketches of North Wales well worthy of perusal; so various
and so curious as to be as welcome to the library of the antiquary and
portfolio of the artist as to the leisure hour of the novel
reader.”—<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">SCOTTISH LYRICS.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">THE STRATHMORE MELODIST:</p>
<p class="par">Being a <span class="sc">Collection of Original Poems
and Songs</span>. By <span class="sc">John Niven</span>. Fcap. 8vo.,
price 3<i>s.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">MANAGEMENT OF RAILWAYS.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">THE RATIONALE OF RAILWAY
ADMINISTRATION.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">With a view to the greatest possible
amount of <span class="sc">Accommodation</span>, <span class=
"sc">Cheapness</span>, and <span class="sc">Safety</span>. By
<span class="sc">Thornton Hunt</span>. In 8vo., price 2<i>s.</i>
6<i>d.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“This is the best pamphlet on Railways
that we have seen for a long time: informing but not heavy;
business-like, suggestive; logical in the analysis; neat in the
arrangement; tersely, yet pleasantly
written.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">RAILWAY SPECULATION.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">THE LIABILITIES INCURRED BY THE
PROJECTORS, MANAGERS, & SHAREHOLDERS OF RAILWAY</p>
<p class="par adDescription">And other <span class="sc">Joint Stock
Companies Considered</span>; and also the Rights and Liabilities
arising upon Transfers of Shares. Written expressly for
Non-Professional use. By <span class="sc">George Henry Lewis</span>, of
the Middle Temple, Esq. Third Edition, in post 8vo., price 1<i>s.</i>
6<i>d.</i> sewed.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“Projectors, and provisional and managing
committee-men will find matter of startling interest in Mr.
Lewis’s sensible little tract. It contains also some curious
intimation of the responsibility incurred by the sale of Letters of
Allotment, and Banker’s receipts before the issue of scrip, and
of scrip itself before the company is completely registered. It is, in
short, a very useful and timely
publication.”—<i>Examiner.</i> <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb228" href="#pb228" name="pb228">4</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE JESUITS IN ENGLAND.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">THE NOVITIATE:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Or, <span class="sc">A Year among the
English Jesuits</span>: a Personal Narrative. With an Essay on the
Constitutions, the Confessional Morality, and History of the Jesuits.
By <span class="sc">Andrew Steinmetz</span>. In one vol. post 8vo.
price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> bound in cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“This is a remarkable book—a
revealer of secrets, and full of materials for thought.... It is
written with every appearance of strict and honourable truthfulness. It
describes, with a welcome minuteness, the daily, nightly, hourly
occupations of the Jesuit Novitiates at Stonyhurst, their religious
exercises and manners, in private and together; and depicts, with
considerable acuteness and power, the conflicts of an intelligent,
susceptible, honest-purposed spirit, while passing through such a
process. If our readers should be disposed to possess themselves of
this volume, it will be their own fault if the reading of it be
profitless.”—<i>British Quarterly Review.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“This is as singular a book of its kind
as has appeared since Blanco White’s ‘Letters of
Doblado,’ with the advantage of dealing with the Jesuits in
England instead of Popery in Spain. * * * It will be found a very
curious work.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“If it be desirable to know what is that
mode of training by which the Jesuit system prepares its novices for
their duties, this is the book to inform us, for it is a chronicle of
actual experience.... The work of Mr. Steinmetz is throughout marked by
great fairness, ... he neither conceals nor exaggerates: a spirit of
candour pervades the whole narrative.... Could we know the experience
of other novices, we should find that all have undergone, with more or
less of intensity, the process so vividly described in this volume....
It is written in an extremely animated style. The author’s
thoughts are original, and the passages relating to his personal
history and feelings are agreeably introduced, and add to the interest
of his narrative. It is a sufficient proof of his accuracy that, though
the Jesuits have many pens in this country, not one has been hardy
enough to impugn a sentence of his
statements.”—<i>Britannia.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“Mr. Steinmetz writes a most singular and
interesting account of the Jesuit seminary, and his way of life
there.... He seems to be a perfectly honest and credible informer, and
his testimony may serve to enlighten many a young devotional aspirant
who is meditating ‘submission’ to Rome, and the chain and
scourge systems. There is nothing in the least resembling invective in
the volume.”—<i>Morning Chronicle<span class="corr" id=
"xd24e6068" title="Not in source">.</span></i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“At a time when Jesuitism seems to be
rising once more, any work on this subject comes very opportunely. How
the writer became a member of this mysterious body gives a key to the
character of the man himself and the spirit of his book.... This
narrative is well written, and as interesting as we
expected.”—<i>Weekly Chronicle.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“An unvarnished account of the
Jesuits’ College at Stonyhurst, its discipline and routine of
observances and customs,—of these we have the most minute
details, and the whole is a faithful picture of a remarkable condition
of life.... From this curious book you may form some idea of the
Jesuits and their course of proceeding.”—<i>Literary
Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“This is a curious volume, of no little
interest and eloquence, written by a scholar and an
enthusiast.”—<i>Atlas.</i></p>
<p class="par">“There is internal evidence that this is a genuine
narrative, and a very singular one it is; full of very curious and
striking matter.... The ‘Essay on the Constitutions, Confessional
Morality, and History of the Jesuits,’ will amply reward the task
of perusal.”—<i>Globe.</i></p>
<p class="par">“The work has all the interest of a romance, and
yet we do not believe that any portion of it is fictitious.... The
author writes well, and evinces a strong and disciplined mind. The
picture he draws of Jesuitism is a fearful one. The reader will find
abundant matter for grave consideration in this most singular and
striking volume.”—<i>John Bull.</i></p>
<p class="par">“A more remarkable work it has seldom been our
fortune to peruse. We hear and read much of the Quietism and Passive
obedience inculcated amongst the Jesuit body; but here we become
personal spectators of these principles in action.... Mr. Steinmetz
appears to be a most remarkable character. He may be received as an
unbiassed witness.... We repeat it, Mr. Steinmetz’s book is most
valuable; earnest and truthful in its tone, and extremely interesting
in its detail.”—<i>New Quarterly Review.</i></p>
<p class="par">“The volume presents a true and valuable picture
of Jesuit education in England, and on that ground every Protestant
will find the volume worthy of an attentive
perusal.”—<i>British Churchman.</i> <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb229" href="#pb229" name="pb229">6</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">FIRST SERIES OF TALES OF THE COLONIES.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">TALES OF THE COLONIES; OR, THE ADVENTURES
OF AN EMIGRANT.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By <span class="sc">Charles
Rowcroft</span>, Esq., a late Colonial Magistrate. The Fourth Edition.
In foolscap 8vo., price 6<i>s.</i> cloth.—This work was
originally published in 3 vols. post 8vo. at 1<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i>
6<i>d.</i>, in which size two large editions have been sold.</p>
<p class="par">“‘Tales of the Colonies’ is an able
and interesting book. The author has the first great requisite in
fiction—a knowledge of the life he undertakes to describe; and
his matter is solid and real.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p>
<p class="par">“This is a <i>book</i>, as distinguished from one
of the bundles of waste paper in three divisions, calling themselves
‘novels.’”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p>
<p class="par">“The narration has a deep and exciting interest.
No mere romance, no mere fiction, however skilfully imagined or
powerfully executed, can surpass it. The work to which it bears the
nearest similitude is Robinson Crusoe, and it is scarcely, if at all
inferior to that extraordinary history.”—<i>John
Bull.</i></p>
<p class="par">“Since the time of Robinson Crusoe, literature has
produced nothing like these ‘Tales of the
Colonies.’”—<i>Metropolitan Magazine.</i></p>
<p class="par">”... Romantic literature does not supply instances
of wonderful escape more marvellous.... The book is manifestly a
mixture of fact and fiction, yet it gives, we have every reason to
believe, a true picture of a settler’s life in that country; and
is thickly interspersed with genuine and useful
information.”—<i>Chambers’s Edinburgh
Journal.</i></p>
<p class="par">“The contents of the first volume surpass in
interest many of the novels of Sir Walter
Scott.”—<i>Westminster Review.</i></p>
<p class="par">“An exceedingly lively and interesting narrative,
which affords a more striking view of the habits of emigrant colonial
life than all the regular treatises, statistical returns, and even
exploratory tours which we have read.... It combines the fidelity of
truth with the spirit of a romance, and has altogether so much of De
Foe in its character and composition, that whilst we run we learn, and,
led along by the variety of the incidents, become real ideal settlers
in Van Diemen’s Land.”—<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">SECOND SERIES OF TALES OF THE COLONIES.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">THE BUSHRANGER OF VAN DIEMEN’S
LAND.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By <span class="sc">C. Rowcroft</span>,
Esq., Author of “Tales of the Colonies.” In 3 vols. post
8vo. price 1<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
<p class="par">“These volumes have the same qualities that gained
so much popularity for the Author’s previous work ‘Tales of
the Colonies.’ No one has depicted colonial life, as manifested
in the settlements of Australia, with so much vigour and truth as Mr
Rowcroft. He rather seems to be a narrator of actual occurrences than
an inventor of imaginary ones. His characters, his manners, and his
scenes are all real. He has been compared to De Foe, and the comparison
is just.”—<i>Britannia.</i></p>
<p class="par">“These volumes form a second series of
‘Tales of the Colonies,’ and the pages are marked by the
same vigorous and graphic pen which procured such celebrity for the
first series. The interest, generally well sustained throughout, is
occasionally of the most absorbing and thrilling kind. Altogether,
there is a freshness about these volumes which brings them out in
strong contrast to the vapid productions with which the press is
teeming.”—<i>Globe.</i></p>
<p class="par">“The story contains all the merits of the
‘Tales or the Colonies’ as regards style; being simple and
<i>Crusoite</i>, if we might use the term, in its narrative. Mr.
Rowcroft possesses invention to an extraordinary degree, in the manner
in which he manages the escapes of the bushranger,—and he
produces, by the simplest incidents, most interesting
scenes;—pictures of nature and of a society totally different
from anything to be found elsewhere.”—<i>Weekly
Chronicle.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">FANNY THE LITTLE MILLINER; OR, THE RICH AND THE
POOR.</p>
<p class="par">By <span class="sc">Charles Rowcroft</span>, Esq. In one
vol. 8vo., handsomely bound in cloth gilt, with Plates, price
14<i>s.</i>—The twelve parts may be had separately, price
1<i>s.</i> each, sewed. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb230" href=
"#pb230" name="pb230">6</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="adjames" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first adTitle">MR. JAMES’S RECENT NOVELS.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">THE STEP-MOTHER.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By <span class="sc">G. P. R. James</span>,
Esq. In 3 vols. post 8vo., price 1<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i>
6<i>d.</i>—<i>Just published.</i></p>
<p class="par"><i>Lately published by the same Author</i>,</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><b>ARRAH NEIL; OR, TIMES OF OLD.</b> Three
vols. post 8vo., price 1<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
<p class="par adDescription"><b>THE SMUGGLER</b>, a Novel. Three vols.,
price 1<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">NEW & ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF MR.
JAMES’S WORKS.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">THE WORKS OF G. P. R. JAMES, ESQ.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Now publishing in Quarterly Volumes,
medium 8vo. cloth, with engraved Frontispieces, each volume containing
a complete novel, price 8<i>s.</i></p>
<p class="par adDescription">This handsome series of Mr. James’s
Works has been carefully revised by the Author; and is “got up in
that superior style, and agreeable size of type, which renders it fit
for every age and every library.”</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Contents:</td>
<td class="cellTop">—Vol.</td>
<td class="cellTop">1.</td>
<td class="cellRight cellTop"><span class="sc">The Gipsy.</span></td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="cellLeft"></td>
<td>—</td>
<td>5.</td>
<td class="cellRight"><span class="sc">Philip Augustus.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft"></td>
<td>—</td>
<td>2.</td>
<td class="cellRight"><span class="sc">Mary of Burgundy.</span></td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="cellLeft"></td>
<td>—</td>
<td>6.</td>
<td class="cellRight"><span class="sc">Henry of Guise.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft"></td>
<td>—</td>
<td>3.</td>
<td class="cellRight"><span class="sc">The Huguenots.</span></td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="cellLeft"></td>
<td>—</td>
<td>7.</td>
<td class="cellRight"><span class="sc">Morley Ernstein.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft"></td>
<td>—</td>
<td>4.</td>
<td class="cellRight"><span class="sc">One in a Thousand.</span></td>
<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td>
<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"></td>
<td class="cellBottom">—</td>
<td class="cellBottom">8.</td>
<td class="cellRight cellBottom"><span class="sc">The
Robber.</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par adDescription">Vol. 9, containing <span class=
"sc">Darnley</span>; or, <span class="sc">The Field of Cloth of
Gold</span>, on the 1st of July.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Vol. 10, containing <span class="sc">Corse
de Leon</span>, on the 1st of October.</p>
<p class="par">“Messrs. Smith, Elder and Co., of Cornhill, have
just published the first volume of a New Edition of the Works of this
gentleman, which has the advantage of the latest revisions and
corrections of the author. The writings of James are so well known to
the readers of fiction, that it is unnecessary to call their attention
to them, or to say anything which previous criticism may have left
unsaid. The present edition is well got up, the type is clear, sharp,
and legible, and the size of the volume convenient for the reader, and
appropriate for the shelves of a bookcase. The book, as it is, will
form a pleasing addition to the collections of readers of modern
literature, of the class to which it
belongs.”—<i>Times.</i></p>
<p class="par">“We are glad to see our prognostication respecting
the New Edition of Mr. James’s Works, more than fulfilled by the
rapid absorption of a very large first edition, and a second in the
course of speedy disappearance. This is as it should be, with a writer
whose vraisemblance is always so perfect; and even what he invents so
like truth, that we can never fancy we are reading fiction: nor,
indeed, are we, in the historical portions of his
publications,—and these form the far greater
division,—which are all drawn from diligent research, deep study,
and elaborate comparison.”—<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par">“Mr. James is a pure and pleasing writer, and we
are glad to see that his Works are now to be thrown into a handy,
handsome, and accessible shape.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p>
<p class="par">“This is a most admirable edition of the Works of
this popular author, convenient in size, and handsome in appearance.
It, moreover, possesses the advantage of being revised and corrected by
the author,—no small recommendations, since, the generality of
Mr. James’s Works being connected with history, a careful perusal
of his productions increases their value, and renders them a source of
amusement, through the medium of
instruction.”—<i>Atlas.</i></p>
<p class="par">“We are glad to perceive that such volumes are
being published at a price which will place them within the reach of
the middle classes, and we shall find, as the result of this movement,
that tradesmen and others will furnish their book-shelves with good and
select works, instead of subscribing to circulating libraries. We learn
it is the publishers’ intention to continue the volumes until all
the author’s works are republished in this
style.”—<i>Plymouth Herald.</i> <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb231" href="#pb231" name="pb231">7</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">LEIGH HUNT’S SELECTIONS OF POETRY.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">IMAGINATION AND FANCY;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Or, <span class="sc">Selections</span>
from the <span class="sc">English Poets</span>, illustrative of those
First Requisites of their Art, with Markings of the best Passages,
Critical Notices of the Writers, and an Essay in Answer to the
Question, “<span class="sc">What is Poetry?</span>” By
<span class="sc">Leigh Hunt</span>. Third Edition. In post 8vo. price
10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> handsomely bound in a new kind of cloth, gilt;
or 9<i>s.</i> boards.</p>
<p class="par">“This volume is handsomely printed, and
beautifully bound in a new style of exquisite delicacy and richness. In
external beauty ‘Imagination and Fancy’ equals any
gift-books that have appeared; and it will form a more enduring
memorial than any other volume that might he selected as a gift for the
coming season.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p>
<p class="par">“This is a Christmas gift, worth half a dozen of
the Annuals put together, and at half the cost of one of them. We have
often wished for such a book, and in our aspiration, the name of Leigh
Hunt has ever presented itself as that of the man above all others
qualified to do justice to so charming a
subject.”—<i>Morning Chronicle.</i></p>
<p class="par">“The volume is, we trust, the precursor of many
more, which will complete and do justice to the plan. The series so
completed would be the best ‘elegant extracts’ in the
language.”—<i>Examiner.</i></p>
<p class="par">“This is a charming volume, both externally and
internally it is most attractive.”—<i>Atlas.</i></p>
<p class="par">“It is a book that every one who has a taste must
have, and every one who has not <i>should</i> have in order to acquire
one.”—<i>Jerrold’s Magazine.</i></p>
<p class="par">“This book is tastefully got up, and we should
think better of the house where we saw a well read copy of it lying
about.”—<i>Tait’s Magazine.</i></p>
<p class="par">“These illustrations of ‘Imagination and
Fancy’ are distinguished by great critical sagacity, and a
remarkable appreciation of those
qualities.”—<i>Herald.</i></p>
<p class="par">“This elegant volume contains the most exquisite
passages of the best English Poets, selected and commented upon by
Leigh Hunt, and for this task there is, in our opinion, no author
living so well qualified.”—<i>Indian News.</i></p>
<p class="par adDescription">⁂ The Second Volume of this series,
“<b>WIT AND HUMOUR</b>,” is in the press, uniform with
“Imagination and Fancy.”</p>
<p class="par adTitle">MRS. ELLIS’S MORAL FICTIONS.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">PICTURES OF PRIVATE LIFE.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By <span class="sc">Mrs. Ellis</span>,
Author of the “Women of England,” &c. &c. &c.
Each Volume is complete in itself, and may be purchased separately. In
3 vols, fcap. 8vo. beautifully illustrated, price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
each, in a handsome and uniform cloth binding, or 10<i>s.</i>
6<i>d.</i> morocco. Contents:—</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Vol. I. “<span class=
"sc">Observations on Fictitious Narrative</span>,”
“<span class="sc">The Hall and the Cottage</span>,”
“<span class="sc">Ellen Eskdale</span>,”
“<span class="sc">The Curate’s Widow</span>,” and
“<span class="sc">Marriage as it May Be</span>.”</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Vol. II. “<span class=
"sc">Misanthropy</span>,” and “<span class="sc">The Pains
of Pleasing</span>.”</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Vol. III. “<span class=
"sc">Pretension</span>; or, the <span class="sc">Fallacies of Female
Education</span>.”</p>
<p class="par">“I could give abundant evidence, gratuitously
offered to the writer, that these simple stories were not sent forth to
the world without some degree of adaptation to its wants and its
condition.”—<i>Author’s Introduction.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">WAR WITH THE SIKHS.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">THE PUNJAUB:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Being a brief account of the Country of
the Sikhs, its Extent, History, Commerce, productions, Government,
Manufactures, Laws, Religion, &c. By <span class="sc">Lieut-Col.
Steinbach</span>, late of the Lahore Service. A new edition, revised,
with additions, including an account of the recent events in the
Punjaub. In post 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i> cloth, with Map. The Map may be
had separately, price 1<i>s.</i> coloured, and 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> in
case.</p>
<p class="par">“There is much in formation in this volume,
condensed into brief space, about a people to whom late occurrences
have given a common interest.”—<i>Examiner.</i>
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb232" href="#pb232" name=
"pb232">8</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE HAND-BOOK OF USEFUL AND ORNAMENTAL
AMUSEMENTS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Including Artificial Flower-Making,
Engraving, Etching, Painting in all its styles, Modelling, Carving in
Wood, Ivory, and Shell; also Fancy Work of every Description. By a
<span class="sc">Lady</span>. In one vol. post 8vo., handsomely bound
in cloth gilt, with Plates, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
<p class="par">“A prettier and more useful present could scarcely
be selected for an ingenious young lady.”—<i>Atlas.</i></p>
<p class="par">“Any lady desirous of filling up her leisure hours
by following the occupations described will be able to do so without
the aid of any other instruction.”—<i>Weekly
Chronicle.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE DUTIES OF JUDGE ADVOCATES,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Compiled from <span class="sc">Her
Majesty’s</span> and the <span class="sc">Hon. East India
Company’s Military Regulations</span>, and from the Works of
various Writers on Military Law. By Captain <span class="sc">R. M.
Hughes</span>, 12th Regiment Bombay Army; Deputy Judge-Advocate
General, Scinde Field Force. In one vol. post 8vo., price 7<i>s.</i>
cloth.</p>
<p class="par">“Captain Hughes’s little volume on this
important subject will well supply the absence of that full and
particular information which officers suddenly appointed to act as
‘Deputy Judge Advocates’ must have felt the want of, even
though tolerably well versed in military
law.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p>
<p class="par">“A professional <i>vade-mecum</i>, relating to
most important duties, and executed in the ablest manner. We consider
this, the only complete separate treatise on the subject, to be one of
great value, and deserving the study of every British
officer.”—<i>Lit. Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par">“This book is a digest as well as a compilation,
and may be emphatically called ‘The Hand-Book of Military
Justice.’”—<i>Atlas.</i></p>
<p class="par">“We recommend the work to every British
officer.”—<i>Army and Navy Register.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE NOTE-BOOK OF A NATURALIST.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By <span class="sc">E. P. Thompson</span>.
Post 8vo., price 9<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par">“The author of this modestly-styled
‘Note-Book’ not only possesses and communicates scientific
intelligence, but he has travelled far and near, and from very infancy
been devoted to natural history.... We rely on the quotations to
support our opinion of the very agreeable and various character of this
volume.”—<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par">“In all that relates to original observation the
‘Note-Book of a Naturalist’ is agreeable, interesting, and
fresh.... The more original and numerous passages may vie with the
observations of Jesse. In fact, there is a considerable resemblance
between the two authors. Anecdote is substantially the character of the
better part.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">FINANCE AND COLONIES.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By <span class="sc">Publius</span>. In
royal 8vo., price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">PRYINGS OF A POSTMAN.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">In one vol. post 8vo., price 7<i>s.</i>
6<i>d.</i> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb233" href="#pb233" name=
"pb233">9</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE LIGHT OF MENTAL SCIENCE;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Being an <span class="sc">Essay</span> on
<span class="sc">Moral Training</span>. By Mrs. <span class=
"sc">Loudon</span>, Authoress of “First Love,”
“Dilemmas of Pride,” &c. &c. In one vol. fcap.
8vo., price 3<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par">“One of the most philosophical books we have seen
for a long time.”—<i>Observer.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">SCENES IN THE LIFE OF A SOLDIER OF FORTUNE.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By a <span class="sc">Member of the
Imperial Guards</span>. In 12mo., price 5<i>s.</i></p>
<p class="par">“This tale has a strange <i>personal</i> history.
It purports to be the autobiography of an Italian soldier, who fought
under the banners of the French Republic; and who, later in life, when
become a teacher, told his story to an English traveller, his pupil,
who has here set it down.”—<i>Tait’s
Magazine.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">COMMENTARY ON THE HINDU SYSTEM OF MEDICINE.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By <span class="sc">T. A. Wise</span>,
M.D., Member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and of the Royal Medical
and Chirurgical Society, Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society
of London, and of the Philomathic Society of Paris; Bengal Medical
Service. In one vol. 8vo., price 12<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="admiscellaneous" class="div2 section"><span class=
"pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">MISCELLANEOUS.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first adTitle">A NEW SPIRIT OF THE AGE.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Containing Critical Essays, and
Biographical Sketches of Literary and other Eminent Characters of the
Present Time. Edited by <span class="sc">R. H. Horne</span>, Esq.,
Author of “Orion,” “Gregory the Seventh,”
&c. &c. These volumes are illustrated with Engravings on steel,
from new and original Portraits of <span class="sc">Dickens</span>,
<span class="sc">Tennyson</span>, <span class="sc">Carlyle</span>,
<span class="sc">Wordsworth</span>, <span class="sc">Talfourd</span>,
<span class="sc">Browning</span>, <span class="sc">Southwood
Smith</span>, and Miss <span class="sc">Martineau</span>. Second
Edition, Revised by the Editor, with “Introductory
Comments.” In 2 vols. post 8vo., price 24<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par">“In the biographical sketches, the Editor has
carefully excluded all disagreeable personalities and all unwarrantable
anecdotes. The criticisms are entirely upon abstract grounds. He may be
often wrong, but it is with a clear
conscience.”—<i>Editor’s Preface.</i></p>
<p class="par">“We have two volumes of clever and subtile
dissertation on the merits of almost every living writer of any
pretension, written in a very animated and pleasant style. The author
will at least gain the praise of versatility of talent, and of a quick
and generous appreciation of contemporary merit, as well as (what his
publisher will think quite as much to the purpose) have the
satisfaction of having produced a book that people will be inclined, as
the phrase is, ‘to run after.’”—<i>Morning
Herald</i>, March 25, 1844.</p>
<p class="par">“As we have said before, Mr. Horne’s
admirations appear to us to be well placed and his sympathies generous
and noble.”—<i>Morning Chronicle.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">OUR ACTRESSES;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Or, GLANCES AT STAGE FAVOURITES,
<span class="sc">Past</span> and <span class="sc">Present</span>. By
Mrs. <span class="sc">C. Baron Wilson</span>, Authoress of the
“Life of the Duchess of St. Albans,” “Memoirs of Monk
Lewis,” &c. &c. In 2 vols. post 8vo., illustrated with
numerous Engravings on Steel, from new and original Portraits, price
24<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par">“Handsome volumes, adorned with several portraits,
and the biographies are full of amusing
anecdotes.”—<i>Atlas.</i></p>
<p class="par">“So attractive are the stage and its denizens that
considerable amusement will derived from the perusal of these
pages.”—<i>Literary Gazette.</i> <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb234" href="#pb234" name="pb234">10</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">CHRISTMAS FESTIVITIES: TALES, SKETCHES, AND
CHARACTERS.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">With <span class="sc">Beauties of the
Modern Drama</span>, in Four Specimens. By <span class="sc">John
Poole</span>, Esq., Author of “Paul Pry,” &c. &c.
In one vol. post 8vo. price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth, with a
Portrait of the Author.</p>
<p class="par">“A capital book for the
season.”—<i>Britannia.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">CROSBY PLACE,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Described in a <span class=
"sc">Lecture</span> on its <span class="sc">Antiquities</span> and
<span class="sc">Reminiscences</span>, delivered in the Great Hall, on
the Evening of Friday, August 5th, 1842. By the Rev. <span class=
"sc">Charles Mackenzie</span>, A.M., Vicar of St. Helen’s,
Bishopsgate, and Head Master of Queen Elizabeth’s Grammar School,
St. Olave’s, Southwark. Price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> bound in
cloth.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE HOME BOOK; OR, YOUNG HOUSEKEEPER’S
ASSISTANT.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Forming a Complete System of <span class=
"sc">Domestic Economy</span>, and Household Accounts. With Estimates of
Expenditure, &c. &c., in every Department of Housekeeping.
Founded on Forty-five years personal experience. By a <span class=
"sc">Lady</span>. 12mo., price 5<i>s.</i> boards.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE HOME ACCOUNT-BOOK; OR, HOUSEKEEPER’S
REGISTER OF FAMILY EXPENSES.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Arranged upon the improved system
recommended in “The Home Book;” and exhibiting the Weekly,
Monthly, Quarterly, and Annual Expenditure for every article of
Domestic consumption. For the use of either large or small Families. By
the <span class="sc">Author</span> of “<span class="sc">The Home
Book</span>.” Post 4to., half bound, price 4<i>s.</i>
6<i>d.</i></p>
<p class="par">“These two useful little volumes form the most
complete system of Domestic Management for the guidance of the young
Housekeeper that has ever appeared. Of the Home Book we cannot speak
too highly.”—<i>Gentleman’s Magazine.</i></p>
<p class="par">“Incomparably the best arranged work of its class
that we have seen.”—<i>La Belle Assemblée.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE WINE-MERCHANT’S MANUAL.</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">A Treatise</span> on the
<span class="sc">Fining</span>, <span class="sc">Preparation</span> of
<span class="sc">Fining</span>, and <span class="sc">General
Management</span> of <span class="sc">Wines</span>, being the result of
Forty years’ Practical Experience in the treatment of the
different wines consumed in this country. By <span class="sc">T.
Smeed</span>. Foolscap 8vo., price 4<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par">“The very useful production of a long-experienced
and practical man; well worth the attention of the wine-merchant and
cooper.”—<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF THE WOOLLEN
TRADE.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">From the earliest Records to the present
Period, comprising the Woollen and Worsted Manufactures, and the
Natural and Commercial History of Sheep, with the various Breeds and
Modes of Management in different Countries. By <span class="sc">James
Bischoff</span>, Esq. In two large volumes, 8vo., illustrated with
Plates, price 1<i>l.</i> 6<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par">“Mr. Bischoff’s work will be found valuable
to all persons interested in the
subject.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p>
<p class="par">“Mr. Bischoff has in these volumes collected a
vast mass of curious and valuable information, acceptable to readers of
varied tastes, even though quite unconnected with manufactures and
trade. We recommend every reader to peruse attentively this meritorious
compilation.—We finally recommend these volumes of Mr.
Bischoff’s to the careful consideration of all those interested
in the subjects of which they treat.”—<i>Times.</i>
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb235" href="#pb235" name=
"pb235">11</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF THE IRON TRADE</p>
<p class="par adDescription">THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, from the earliest
Records to the present Time. With an Appendix, containing Official
Tables, and other public Documents. By <span class="sc">Harry
Scrivenor</span>, Esq., Blaenavon. In one vol. demy 8vo., price
15<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par">“Mr. Scrivenor’s History is written with
elaborate research and anxious care, and goes into and exhausts the
entire subject; it contains numerous facts full of interest to common
readers.”—<i>Tait’s Magazine.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE BRITISH MERCHANT’S ASSISTANT.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Containing:—Part I. Tables of Simple
Interest at 3, 3–1/2, 4, 4–1/2, and 5 per cent.—Part
II. Tables showing the Interest on Exchequer Bills at
1–1/2<i>d.</i>, 1–3/4<i>d.</i>, 2<i>d.</i>,
2–1/4<i>d.</i>, 2–1/2<i>d.</i>, 3<i>d.</i>,
3–1/4<i>d.</i>, and 3–1/2<i>d.</i> per cent. per
diem.—Part III. Tables for Ascertaining the Value of every
description of English and Foreign Stock. Also the Amount of Brokerage,
Commission, Freight, Marine, and other Insurance, at every rate per
cent., &c. &c. &c. By <span class="sc">G. Green</span>.
Royal 8vo., price 1<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth. Each of the
above Three Parts is sold separately.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">ASSURANCES UPON LIVES,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">A Familiar Explanation of the <span class=
"sc">Nature</span>, <span class="sc">Advantages</span>, and
<span class="sc">Importance</span> arising therefrom, and the various
Purposes to which they may be usefully applied: including also a
particular Account of the routine required for Effecting a Policy; and
of the different systems of Life Assurance now in use, the Principles,
Terms, and Tables of Seventy London Assurance Offices, &c. By
<span class="sc">Lewis Pocock</span>, F.S.A. In post 8vo., price
7<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par">“There are no technicalities in Mr. Pocock’s
work to prevent its being useful to all; and those, therefore, who are
likely to have recourse to Life Insurance will do wisely in consulting
this familiar explanation of its nature and
advantages.”—<i>Globe.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">AN INQUIRY INTO THE CAUSES AND MODES OF THE
WEALTH OF INDIVIDUALS;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Or, <span class="sc">The Principles of
Trade and Speculation Explained.</span> By <span class="sc">Thomas
Corbet</span>, Esq. Post 8vo., price 6<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par">“Mr. Corbet deserves our best thanks for laying
down so clearly and methodically his ideas on a subject of such vast
importance.”—<i>New Monthly Magazine.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">OUTLINES OF NAVAL ROUTINE;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Being a Concise and Complete Manual in
Fitting, Re-fitting, Quartering, Stationing, Making and Shortening
Sail, Heaving down, Rigging Shears, and, in short, performing all the
ordinary duties of a Man-of-War, according to the best practice. By
Lieutenant <span class="sc">Alexander D. Fordyce</span>, R.N. In royal
8vo., price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> boards.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">ESSAY ON THE LIFE AND INSTITUTIONS OF OFFA, KING
OF MERCIA,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">A. D. 755–794. By the Rev.
<span class="sc">Henry Mackenzie</span>, M.A. In 8vo., price 3<i>s.</i>
6<i>d.</i> in cloth, gilt leaves.</p>
<p class="par">“A very scholarly composition, displaying much
research and information respecting the Anglo-Saxon
institutions.”—<i>Spectator.</i> <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb236" href="#pb236" name="pb236">12</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE OBLIGATIONS OF LITERATURE TO THE MOTHERS OF
ENGLAND.</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">Prize Essay</span>, 1840.
By <span class="sc">Caroline A. Halsted</span>. In one vol. post 8vo.,
price 5<i>s.</i> neatly bound in cloth.</p>
<p class="par">“The object of the writer has been to show the
services rendered by the mothers of England to religion and the state,
and to science and learning generally; and the examples adduced display
considerable knowledge and research, and are always happily selected
and placed in the most attractive point of
view.”—<i>Britannia.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE LIFE OF MARGARET BEAUFORT,</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">Countess of Richmond and
Derby</span>, and Mother of King Henry the Seventh, Foundress of
Christ’s and of St. John’s College, Oxford; Being the
Historical Memoir for which the Honorary Premium was awarded by the
Directors of the Gresham Commemoration, Crosby Hall. By <span class=
"sc">Caroline A. Halsted</span>, Author of “Investigation,”
&c. In one vol. demy 8vo., with a Portrait, price 12<i>s.</i></p>
<p class="par">“This work cannot fail of success. The subject is
deeply interesting, and has been hitherto almost unexplored. The style
is chaste and correct, and it has high claims to popularity wide and
permanent. On many topics the authoress has accumulated some valuable
historical details from sources which have not hitherto been consulted,
and has thus compiled a work which, if not entitled to rank amongst the
‘curiosities of literature,’ is at least one of the most
interesting and instructive books of the
season.”—<i>Atlas.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE LAST OF THE PLANTAGENETS:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">An Historical Narrative, illustrating some
of the Public Events and Domestic and Ecclesiastical Manners of the
Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Third Edition. In one vol. fcap.
8vo., price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth boards.</p>
<p class="par">“This is a work that must make its way into a
permanent place in our literature. The quaintness of its language, the
touching simplicity of its descriptions and dialogues, and the
reverential spirit of love which breathes through it, will insure it a
welcome reception amongst all readers of refined taste and
discernment.”—<i>Atlas.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">ANGLO-SAXON LITERATURE.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">ANALECTA ANGLO-SAXONICA.</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">A Selection</span>, in
<span class="sc">Prose</span> and <span class="sc">Verse</span> from
<span class="sc">Anglo-Saxon Authors</span> of various Ages; with a
<span class="sc">Glossary</span>. By <span class="sc">Benjamin
Thorpe</span>, F.S.A. A New Edition, corrected and revised. Post 8vo.,
price 12<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE ANGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE STORY OF
APPOLLONIUS OF TYRE,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Upon which is founded the Play of
“<span class="sc">Pericles</span>,” attributed to
Shakspeare; from a MS. in the Library of Christ Church College,
Cambridge. With a Literal Translation, &c. By <span class=
"sc">Benjamin Thorpe</span>, F.S.A. Post 8vo., price 6<i>s.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">A GRAMMAR OF THE ANGLO-SAXON TONGUE,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">With a <span class="sc">Praxis</span>. By
<span class="sc">Erasmus Rask</span>, Professor of Literary History in,
and Librarian to, the University of Copenhagen, &c. &c. A New
Edition, enlarged and improved by the Author. Translated from the
Danish, by <span class="sc">B. Thorpe</span>, Honorary Member of the
Icelandic Literary Society of Copenhagen. 8vo., price 12<i>s.</i>
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb237" href="#pb237" name=
"pb237">13</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="adscientific" class="div2 section"><span class=
"pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">Scientific Works Illustrated.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">UNDER THE AUSPICES OF H. M. GOVERNMENT, AND OF THE
HON. THE COURT OF DIRECTORS OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS,</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">The Fossil Zoology of the
Sewalik Hills</span>, in the North of India. By <span class="sc">Hugh
Falconer</span>, M.D., F.R<span class="corr" id="xd24e7203" title=
"Source: ">.</span>S., F.L.S., F.G.S., Member of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, and of the Royal Asiatic Society of the Bengal Medical Service,
and late Superintendent of the H.E.I.C. Botanic Garden at Saharunpoor:
and <span class="sc">Proby T. Cautley</span>, F.G.S., Major in the
Bengal Artillery, Member of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, &c.
Edited by <span class="sc">Hugh Falconer</span>.</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><i>Plan of Publication.</i>—The work
will appear in about Twelve Parts, to be published at intervals of four
months; each Part containing from Twelve to Fifteen folio Plates. The
descriptive Letterpress will be printed in royal octavo. Price of each
Part, one Guinea.—Part I. contains <span class=
"sc">Proboscidea</span>.—Parts II. and III., containing the
continuation of <span class="sc">Proboscidea</span>, will be published
shortly. Prospectuses of the Work may be obtained of the
Publishers.</p>
<p class="par">“A work of immense labour and research.... Nothing
has ever appeared in lithography in this country at all comparable to
these plates; and as regards the representations of minute osseous
texture, by Mr. Ford, they are perhaps the most perfect that have yet
been produced in any country.... The work has commenced with the
Elephant group, in which the authors say ‘is most signally
displayed the numerical richness of forms which characterises the
Fossil Fauna of India;’ and the first chapter relates to the
Proboscidea—Elephant and Mastodon. The authors have not
restricted themselves to a description of the Sewalik Fossil forms, but
they propose to trace the affinities, and institute an arrangement of
all the well-determined species in the family. They give a brief
historical sketch of the leading opinions which have been entertained
by palæontologists respecting the relations of the Mastodon and
Elephant to each other, and of the successive steps in the discovery of
new forms which have led to the modifications of these opinions. They
state that the results to which they themselves have been conducted,
lead them to differ on certain points from the opinions most commonly
entertained at the present day, respecting the fossil species of
Elephant and Mastodon.”—<i>Address of the President of the
Geological Society of London</i>, 20th Feb. 1846.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">RESEARCHES, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL.</p>
<p class="par">By <span class="sc">John Davy</span>, M.D., F.R.SS., L.
& E., &c. The principal subjects treated of are—Animal
Electricity—Animal Heat—the Temperature of different
Animals—Pneumothorax in connexion with the Absorption of Gases by
Serous and Mucous Membranes—the properties of the Blood in Health
and disease—the Properties of different Animal Textures—the
Putrefactive Process—the Preservation of Anatomical
Preparations—the Effects of the Poison of certain
Serpents—the Structure of the Heart of Batrachian Animals,
&c. &c. In 2 vols. 8vo., price 30<i>s.</i> bound in cloth,
illustrated by numerous Engravings.</p>
<p class="par">“The subjects treated by the author are extremely
numerous and interesting; several new facts in the physiology of
animals are brought forward, and some curious and instructive
experiments are explained and illustrated with remarkable
felicity.”—<i>Monthly Chronicle.</i></p>
<p class="par">“This work is written with a clearness and
simplicity which renders its scientific details readily
comprehensible.”—<i>Herald.</i> <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb238" href="#pb238" name="pb238">14</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par"><span class="sc">Works recently Published and in
progress under this authority of the Lords Commissioners of the
Admiralty.</span></p>
<p class="par">⁂ <i>In order to secure to science the full
advantage of Discoveries in Natural History, the Lords Commissioners of
Her Majesty’s Treasury have been pleased to make a liberal grant
of money towards defraying part of the expenses of the following
important publications. They have, in consequence, been undertaken on a
scale worthy of the high patronage thus received, and are offered to
the public at a much lower price than would otherwise have been
possible.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">I.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SULPHUR,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Under the Command of Captain <span class=
"sc">Sir Edward Belcher</span>, R.N., C.B., F.R.G.S., &c. Edited
and Superintended by <span class="sc">Richard Brinsley Hinds</span>,
Esq., Surgeon R.N., attached to the Expedition.—The extensive and
protracted voyage of Her Majesty’s Ship “Sulphur,”
having been productive of many new and valuable additions to Natural
History, a number of which are of considerable scientific interest, it
has been determined to publish them in a collected form, with
illustrations of such as are hitherto new or unfigured. The collection
has been assembled from a variety of countries, embraced within the
limits of a voyage prosecuted along the shores of North and South
America, among the islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and in the
circumnavigation of the globe. In many of these, no doubt, the industry
and research of previous navigators may have left no very prominent
objects unobserved, yet in others there will for some time remain
abundant scope for the Naturalist. Among the countries visited by the
“Sulphur,” and which in the present state of science are
invested with more particular interest, may be mentioned the
Californias, Columbia River, the North-west coast of America, the
Feejee Group (a portion of the Friendly Islands), New Zealand, New
Ireland, New Guinea, China, and Madagascar. Published in Royal Quarto
Parts, price 10<i>s.</i> each, with beautifully coloured Plates.</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">This Work is now
Complete</span>, and may be had in sewed Parts, price 5<i>l.</i>, or in
half-russia, or cloth binding, at a small addition to the
price.—Parts I. and II. contain <span class="sc">Mammalia</span>,
by <span class="sc">J. E. Gray</span>, Esq., F.R.S.—Parts III.
and IV. <span class="sc">Birds</span>, by <span class="sc">J.
Gould</span>, Esq., F.L.S.—Parts V., IX., and X. <span class=
"sc">Fish</span>, by <span class="sc">J. Richardson</span>, M.D.,
F.R.S.—Parts VI., VII., and VIII. <span class="sc">Shells</span>,
by <span class="sc">R. B. Hinds</span>, Esq.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">II.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE BOTANY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SULPHUR,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Under the Command of Captain Sir
<span class="sc">Edward Belcher</span>, R.N., C.B., F.R.G.S., &c,
during the years 1836–42. Edited and Superintended by
<span class="sc">Richard Brinsley Hinds</span>, Esq., Surgeon, R.N.,
attached to the Expedition. The Botanical Descriptions by <span class=
"sc">George Bentham</span>, Esq.</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">This Work is now
Complete</span>, and may be had in six sewed Parts, price 3<i>l.</i>,
or in half-russia, or cloth binding, at a small addition to the price.
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb239" href="#pb239" name=
"pb239">17</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="addavy" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">THE ONLY COMPLETE AND UNIFORM EDITION OF THE WORKS
OF SIR HUMPHRY DAVY.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE LIFE AND COLLECTED WORKS OF SIR HUMPHRY
DAVY, BART.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Foreign Associate of the Institute of
France, &c. Edited by his Brother, <span class="sc">John
Davy</span>, M.D., F.R.S. Now complete in 9 vols. post 8vo., price
10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each, in cloth binding. Each volume is complete
in itself, and is sold separately.</p>
<p class="par">CONTENTS:</p>
<p class="par">Vol. I.—The Life of Sir H. Davy, with a
Portrait.</p>
<p class="par">“This biography is admirably written—correct
details, full of instruction, and amusing
throughout.”—<i>London Review.</i></p>
<p class="par">Vol. II.—The Whole of Sir H. Davy’s Early
Miscellaneous Papers,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">From 1799 to 1805; with an <span class=
"sc">Introductory Lecture</span>, and Outlines of <span class=
"sc">Lectures on Chemistry</span> delivered in 1802 and 1804.</p>
<p class="par">Vol. III.—Researches on Nitrous Oxide,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">And the <span class=
"sc">Combination</span> of <span class="sc">Oxygen</span> and
<span class="sc">Azote</span>; and on the <span class=
"sc">Respiration</span> of <span class="sc">Nitrous Oxide</span> and
other Gases.</p>
<p class="par">Vol. IV.—Elements of Chemical Philosophy.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">With twelve Plates of Chemical
Apparatus.</p>
<p class="par">Vols. V. & VI.—Bakerian Lectures.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">And other Papers in <span class=
"sc">Philosophical Transactions</span>, and <span class=
"sc">Journal</span> of the <span class="sc">Royal Institution</span>.
With numerous engravings.</p>
<p class="par">Vols. VII. & VIII.—Elements of Agricultural
Chemistry.</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">Discourses</span>
delivered before the <span class="sc">Royal Society</span>,
<span class="sc">Miscellaneous Lectures</span>, and Extracts from
Lectures. With many Plates.</p>
<p class="par">Vol. IX.—Salmonia, and Consolation in Travel.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">⁂ This new and uniform edition of
the <span class="sc">Writings</span> of <span class="sc">Sir Humphry
Davy</span> embraces the <span class="sc">whole of his Works</span>
during the space of thirty years (1799 to 1829), a period memorable in
the History of Chemistry, and made so, in no small degree, by his own
discoveries. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb240" href="#pb240" name=
"pb240">18</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="adbrown" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">ILLUSTRATED WORKS ON NATURAL HISTORY BY CAPTAIN
THOMAS BROWN.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE RECENT CONCHOLOGY OF GREAT
BRITAIN AND IRELAND.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">With the Description and Localities of all
the Species,—Marine, Land, and Fresh Water. Drawn and Coloured
from Nature, by Captain <span class="sc">Thomas Brown</span>, F.L.S.,
M.W.S., M.K.S., Member of the Manchester Geological Society. In one
vol. royal 4to., illustrated with fifty-nine beautifully coloured
Plates, price 63<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE FOSSIL CONCHOLOGY OF GREAT
BRITAIN AND IRELAND.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By Captain <span class="sc">Thomas
Brown</span>, F.L.S. To be completed in about Thirty Numbers, each
containing four Plates. Royal 4to<span class="corr" id="xd24e7446"
title="Not in source">.</span>, price 3<i>s.</i> coloured, and
2<i>s.</i> plain. Twenty-eight Numbers have appeared, and the work will
soon be completed.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE GENERA OF BIRDS.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Embracing their Generic Characters, with
Sketches of their Habits. By Captain <span class="sc">Thomas
Brown</span>, F.L.S. Now publishing in Numbers, royal 4to., each
containing four Plates, price 3<i>s.</i> coloured.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE ELEMENTS OF FOSSIL CONCHOLOGY;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">According to the Arrangement of Lamark;
with the newly-established Genera of other Authors. By Captain
<span class="sc">Thomas Brown</span>, F.L.S. With twelve Plates, fcap.
8vo., price 5<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE SHELLS OF GREAT BRITAIN
AND IRELAND;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Embracing the Nomenclature of <span class=
"sc">Lamarck</span>, <span class="sc">Gray</span>, <span class=
"sc">Turton</span>, and <span class="sc">Brown</span>, for the purpose
of effecting exchanges and naming collections. On a sheet, price
1<i>s.</i> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb241" href="#pb241" name=
"pb241">19</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="adoriental" class="div2 section"><span class=
"pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">Oriental and Colonial.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first adTitle">NEW ZEALAND AND ITS ABORIGINES:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Being an Account of the Aborigines, Trade,
and Resources of the Colony; and the advantages it now presents as a
field for Emigration and the investment of Capital. By <span class=
"sc">William Brown</span>, lately a member of the Legislative Council
of New Zealand. Post 8vo., price 8<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“A very intelligent and useful
book.”—<i>Times.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">AN ACCOUNT OF THE SETTLEMENTS OF THE NEW ZEALAND
COMPANY,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">From Personal Observations during a
residence there. By the Hon. <span class="sc">Henry William
Petre</span>. In demy 8vo., with a Map and Plates. Fifth Edition. Price
3<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“This is a valuable contribution to our
sources of information respecting New Zealand, and the best proof of
the Author’s very favourable opinion of the country, is his
making immediate arrangements to return there as a Colonist.”</p>
<p class="par adTitle">NEW ZEALAND, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, AND NEW SOUTH
WALES.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">A Record of recent Travels in these
Colonies, with especial reference to Emigration, and the advantageous
employment of Labour and Capital. By <span class="sc">R. G.
Jameson</span>, Esq. Post 8vo., price 8<i>s.</i> cloth, with Maps and
Plates.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“Mr. Jameson is an intelligent and
unprejudiced observer, and has made good use of his
faculties.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">SYDNEY AND MELBOURNE;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">With Remarks on the Present State and
Future Prospects of New South Wales, and Practical Advice to Emigrants
of various classes; to which is added a Summary of the Route home, by
India, Egypt, &c. By <span class="sc">Charles John Baker</span>,
Esq. Post 8vo., price 8<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">CALIFORNIA: A HISTORY OF UPPER AND LOWER
CALIFORNIA,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">From their first Discovery to the present
Time; comprising an Account of the Climate, Soil, Natural Productions,
Agriculture, Commerce, &c. A full view of the Missionary
Establishments, and Condition of the Free and domesticated Indians.
With an Appendix, relating to Steam Navigation in the Pacific.
Illustrated with a new Map, Plans of the Harbours, and numerous
Engravings. By <span class="sc">Alexander Forbes</span>, Esq. 8vo.,
price 14<i>s.</i> cloth. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb242" href=
"#pb242" name="pb242">20</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">A SKETCH OF NEW SOUTH WALES.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By <span class="sc">J. O. Balfour</span>,
Esq., for Six Years a Settler in the Bathurst District. Post 8vo.,
price 6<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“To emigrants to the quarter of which it
treats it must be a valuable guide.”—<i>Literary
Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">SUGGESTIONS FOR A GENERAL PLAN OF RAPID
COMMUNICATION BY STEAM NAVIGATION AND RAILWAYS,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">And Applying it to the Shortening the Time
of Communication between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. By
<span class="sc">Edward McGeachy</span>, Esq., Crown Surveyor, Jamaica.
With 2 maps, 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> bds.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">CHINA OPENED;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Or, a Display of the Topography, History,
Customs, Manners, Arts, Manufactures, Commerce, Literature, Religion,
Jurisprudence, &c., of the <span class="sc">Chinese Empire</span>.
By the Rev. <span class="sc">Charles Gutzlaff</span>. Revised by the
Rev. <span class="sc">Andrew Reed</span>, D.D. In 2 vols., post 8vo.,
price 24<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“We obtain from these volumes more
information of a practical kind than from any other publication; a
closer view of the Domestic life of the Chinese—of the public
institutions—the manufactures—natural resources—and
literature. The work in fact is full of information, gathered with
diligence, and fairly leaves the English reader without any excuse for
ignorance on the subject.”—<i>Atlas.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“This is by far the most interesting,
complete, and valuable account of the Chinese Empire that has yet been
published.”—<i>Sun.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">A HISTORY OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE, ANCIENT AND
MODERN.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Comprising a Retrospect of the Foreign
Intercourse and Trade with China. Illustrated by a new and Corrected
Map of the Empire. By the Rev. <span class="sc">Charles
Gutzlaff</span>. In 2 vols. demy 8vo. bds., price 28<i>s.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“We cordially recommend this exceedingly
interesting account of this very interesting
country.”—<i>London Review.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“Mr. Gutzlaff has evidently combined
industry with talent in producing this work, which far exceeds in
information, research, and apparent veracity, anything we have before
seen concerning this curious and singular
nation.”—<i>London News.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">HAND-BOOK FOR INDIA AND EGYPT:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Comprising Travels from Calcutta, through
India, to the Himalaya Mountains, and a Voyage down the Sutlege and
Indus Rivers; a Visit to the City of Hyderabad, in Scinde; and a
Journey to England by the Red Sea and Mediterranean: with Descriptions
of the Three Presidencies of India; and the fullest details for parties
proceeding to any part of India, either by the Overland Route, or by
the way of the Cape of Good Hope. By <span class="sc">George
Parbury</span>, Esq., M.R.A.S. Second Edition, one vol. post 8vo., with
an entirely new Map, price 12<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">⁂ The press, both of Great Britain and
India, have combined in eulogizing the value of this work, but it may
only here be needful to quote the following remarks from the editorial
columns of the <i>Standard</i> of the 10th of April,
1843:—“We have elsewhere copied from Mr. Parbury’s
Hand-Book to India and Egypt, an interesting account of the City of
Hyderabad. Let us, in acknowledgment of the means afforded to us to
inform and gratify our readers, say of Mr. Parbury’s work, as we
may with truth, that it is the best Topographical Guide to the
countries to which it refers we have ever seen, a most interesting
book, independently of its topographical utility, and an almost
indispensable key to the late transactions in Central Asia.”
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb243" href="#pb243" name=
"pb243">21</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE MODERN HISTORY AND CONDITION OF EGYPT.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Its <span class="sc">Climate</span>,
<span class="sc">Diseases</span>, and <span class=
"sc">Capabilities</span>; exhibited in a Personal Narrative of Travels
in that Country, with an Account of the Proceedings of Mahommed Ali
Pascha, from 1801 to 1843, interspersed with Illustrations of Scripture
History, the Fulfilment of Prophecy, and the Progress of Civilization
in the East. By <span class="sc">W. Holt Yates</span>, M.D., &c. In
two thick volumes, demy 8vo., with numerous Illustrations, price
34<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“He fulfils his historic vocation by an
ample resume of the more prominent incidents which have distinguished
the fortunes of the Pascha, upon whose policy of general monopoly his
strictures are severe enough, and acquits himself creditably from his
spirited and highly coloured sketches of the abundant objects to which
he draws attention.”—<i>Morning Herald.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE INVALID’S GUIDE TO MADEIRA.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">With a Description of Teneriffe, Lisbon,
Cintra, and Mafra; and a Vocabulary of the Portuguese and English
Languages. By <span class="sc">William White Cooper</span>, M.R.C.S.,
Surgeon to the Hon. Artillery Company. In one vol. fcap. 8vo., price
4<i>s.</i> cloth gilt.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“There has recently been published a
small work by Mr. Cooper, which may be consulted with
advantage.”—<span class="sc">Sir James Clark</span> <i>on
Climate.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ON THE IONIAN ISLANDS AND
MALTA;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">With some <span class="sc">Remarks</span>
on <span class="sc">Constantinople</span> and <span class=
"sc">Turkey</span>; and on the system of Quarantine, as at present
conducted. By <span class="sc">John Davy</span>, M.D., F.R.SS., L.
& E., Inspector-General of Army Hospitals, L. R. In 2 vols. demy
8vo., price 32<i>s.</i> cloth, with a large Map by Arrowsmith, and
illustrated with Plates.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“Dr. Davy’s work deserves to be
bought as well as perused, so carefully, completely and expensively has
it been got up. We hope that the consciousness of having discharged
such an important duty will not be the only result of his long labour,
but that the work will prove as remunerative as it ought to
be.”—<i>Westminster Review.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“There probably is not another work in
our language in which so ample and substantially useful an account is
given of the Ionian Islands as is here to be found. There can be little
doubt that to these volumes will be assigned an honourable place
amongst the recognised master-works of the class to which they
belong.”—<i>Morning Herald.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE SUGAR CANE;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">With Practical Directions for the
Improvement of its Culture, and the Manufacture of its Products. To
which is added an additional Chapter on the <span class=
"sc">Manufacture of Sugar from Beet-root</span>. By <span class=
"sc">George Richardson Porter</span>, F.R.S., Corresponding Member of
the Institute of France. New Edition, demy 8vo., price 12<i>s.</i>
cloth, revised throughout, with many additions and corrections by the
Author, and illustrated with Plates.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">HISTORICAL RECORDS OF THE HON. E. I. C. FIRST
MADRAS EUROPEAN REGIMENT.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Containing an Account of the Establishment
of Independent Companies in 1645, their formation into a Regiment in
1748, and its subsequent Services to 1842. By <span class="sc">A Staff
Officer</span>. In one vol. demy 8vo., with illustrations, price
18<i>s.</i> cloth. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb244" href="#pb244"
name="pb244">22</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE ANGLO-INDIAN AND COLONIAL ALMANACK.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">And <span class="sc">Civil</span>,
<span class="sc">Military</span>, and <span class="sc">Commercial
Directory</span> for 1846. In post 8vo., price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> in
ornamental wrapper.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">The <span class="sc">Home
Department</span> of the Almanack comprises—I. <span class=
"sc">Civil</span> and <span class="sc">Ecclesiastical</span>; including
the Government offices and the India House; together with the forms of
procedure, and educational studies, requisite for obtaining Civil
Appointments, and all matters connected with those appointments, from
the commencing salary to the retiring allowance.—II. <span class=
"sc">Military</span> and <span class="sc">Marine</span>; including
information of a similar kind respecting these services, and the Home
Establishment of the East India Company.—III. <span class=
"sc">Commercial</span>; containing Lists of Merchants, Agents,
Associations, &c, throughout the United Kingdom; likewise, the
trades connected with India and the Colonies; and Tariff of Indian and
Colonial produce.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">The <span class="sc">East Indian and
Colonial Department</span> embraces—I. <span class=
"sc">Civil</span>. The Government Lists of Bengal, Madras, Bombay,
Ceylon, Hong Kong, Australia, New Zealand, Mauritius, and the Cape of
Good Hope; Lists of Civil Servants and their appointments, and of
Judicial Establishments, with a detailed account of the Benefit
Funds.—II. <span class="sc">Military</span>. Staff and Field
Officers; Distribution of the Army, including the Royal troops;
Ecclesiastical Establishment; and all Benefit Funds.—III.
<span class="sc">Commercial</span>. List of Mercantile Firms, Banks,
Insurance Companies, Public Institutions, &c., in India and the
Colonies; with the respective Tariffs, and Tables of Money, Weights,
Measures, &c., and other miscellaneous information.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="adreligious" class="div2 section"><span class=
"pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">Religious and Educational.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first adTitle">THE PARENT’S CABINET OF AMUSEMENT
AND INSTRUCTION.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">A valuable and instructive Present for the
Young. Each volume of this useful and instructive little work comprises
a variety of information on different subjects:—Natural History,
Biography, Travels, &c.; Tales, original and selected; and animated
Conversations on the objects that daily surround young people. The
various tales and subjects are illustrated with Woodcuts. Each volume
is complete in itself, and may be purchased separately. In six neatly
bound vols., price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“Every parent at all interested in his
children must have felt the difficulty of providing suitable reading
for them in their hours of amusement. This little work presents these
advantages in a considerable degree, as it contains just that
description of reading which will be beneficial to young
children.”—<i>Quarterly Journal of Education.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">LITTLE STORIES FROM THE PARLOUR
PRINTING-PRESS.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By the Author of “<span class=
"sc">The Parent’s Cabinet</span>.” Royal 18mo., price
2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> neatly bound in cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“A very nice little book for children.
The author has evidently been familiar with children, and brought
himself to understand their feelings. No child’s book that we
have ever seen has been so admirably levelled at their capacities as
this admirably written little book.”—<i>Weekly
Chronicle.</i> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb245" href="#pb245" name=
"pb245">23</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">INVESTIGATION; OR, TRAVELS IN THE BOUDOIR.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By <span class="sc">Caroline A.
Halsted</span>, Author of “The Life of Margaret Beaufort,”
&c. &c. Fcap. 8vo., with highly-finished Plates, 4<i>s.</i>
6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“This is an elegantly-written and highly
instructive work for young people, in which a general knowledge of
various interesting topics, connected with every-day life, is presented
to the youthful mind in an attractive and amusing form.”</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE PROGRESS OF CREATION,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Considered with reference to the
<span class="sc">Present Condition of the Earth</span>. An interesting
and useful work for young people. By <span class="sc">Mary
Roberts</span>, Author of “Annals of My Village,” &c.
&c. In fcap. 8vo., beautifully illustrated, price 4<i>s.</i>
6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“We have seldom met with a work, in which
instruction and entertainment are more happily
blended.”—<i>Times.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“This beautiful volume forms an
instructive collection of striking facts, interspersed with amiable
reflections.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE JUVENILE MISCELLANY OF AMUSEMENT AND
INSTRUCTION.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Illustrated by numerous Plates and
Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo., price 6<i>s.</i> neatly bound in cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“Filled with amusement and instruction as
its title indicates.”—<i>Court Journal.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">TRAVELS OF MINNA AND GODFREY IN MANY LANDS.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">From the Journals of the
Author.—<span class="sc">Holland</span>, one vol. fcap., with
Plates, price 7<i>s.</i> cloth.—The <span class=
"sc">Rhine</span>, <span class="sc">Nassau</span>, and <span class=
"sc">Baden</span>, with Plates, price 7<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">LETTERS FROM A MOTHER TO HER DAUGHTER,</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">At</span>, or
<span class="sc">Going to School</span>. Pointing out her Duties
towards her Maker, her Governess, her Schoolfellows, and herself. By
Mrs. <span class="sc">J. A. Sargant</span>. Sixth Edition, royal 18mo.,
price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> handsomely bound in cloth.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE CHRISTIAN’S SUNDAY COMPANION.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Being Reflections, in Prose and Verse, on
the Collect, Epistle, and Gospel; and Proper Lessons for each Sunday;
with a view to the immediate connexion. By Mrs. <span class="sc">J. A.
Sargant</span>. In one vol. post 8vo., price 8<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“We cordially recommend this volume as an
acceptable present to be made to the heads of families, and also an
admirable school book to be read on Sunday morning to scholars before
proceeding to the Temple of God.”—<i>Church and State
Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“The whole production is eminently fitted
to elevate the tone of religious feeling, to strengthen in the minds
not only of the rising generation, but also of the older friends to our
venerable ecclesiastical institution, sentiments of firm and fervent
attachment to the pure faith and reformed worship established in this
Protestant country, and for these reasons especially we recommend it to
the perusal of our readers.”—<i>Norfolk Chronicle.</i>
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb246" href="#pb246" name=
"pb246">23</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="adtayler" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">WORKS BY THE REV. CHARLES B. TAYLER, M.A.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Author of “<span class="sc">May you Like
It</span>,” &c. &c.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">I.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">RECORDS OF A GOOD MAN’S LIFE.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Seventh Edition, in one vol. small 8vo.,
price 7<i>s.</i> neatly bound in cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“We most earnestly recommend this work to
the perusal of all those who desire instruction blended with amusement.
A spirit of true piety breathes through every page; and whilst the
innocent recreation of the reader is amply consulted, his motives to
virtue and morality receive an additional
stimulus.”—<i>Monthly Review.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">II.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">MONTAGUE; OR, IS THIS RELIGION?</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">A Page from the Book of
the World.</span> New Edition, in fcap. 8vo., Illustrated, price
6<i>s.</i> cloth, and 9<i>s.</i> morocco extra.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“To Christian parents we recommend the
work, as admirably adapted to remind them of their important duties,
and their awful responsibility; and to our young readers, as affording
them much excellent advice and example, and displaying in the most
lively colours the high rewards of filial
obedience.”—<i>Christian Monitor.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">III.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">A VOLUME OF SERMONS</p>
<p class="par adDescription">On the <span class="sc">Doctrines</span>
and <span class="sc">Duties</span> of <span class=
"sc">Christianity</span>. Second Edition demy 12mo., price 5<i>s.</i>
boards.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“Well meriting a high rank among the
pious labours of the ministry, is this simple but admirable volume;
directed to instruct and improve even the most ignorant; while it
reflects lustre on the Christian motives of its amiable author, it at
the same time does honour to his talents.”—<i>Literary
Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">IV.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">LEGENDS AND RECORDS, CHIEFLY HISTORICAL.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Contents:—Lucy—Lorenzo; or, a
Vision of Conscience—The Lady Lisle—Fulgentius and
Meta—Anne of Cleves; or, Katharine Howard—George the
Third—The Lady Russell—Guyon of Marseilles—The Earl
of Strafford—Donna Francesca—Joan of Kent—The Lady
Anne Carr—The Son and Heir—Leonora. In post 8vo.,
beautifully Illustrated, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> elegantly
bound.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“A more fitting present for Christmas
could not well be thought of; the costliness of its attire sinks into
nothing when compared with the internal elevation of its
purpose.”—<i>Morning Herald.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">V.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE CHILD OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Price 2<i>s.</i> neatly half bound.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“These are truly Christian Parents’
Books, and happy would it be for the rising generation if their
instructors and tutors would put these admirable works of Mr. Tayler
into the hands of the young, while their tender minds are yet open to
receive the good impressions which they are also calculated to
convey.”—<i>Christian Monitor.</i> <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb247" href="#pb247" name="pb247">25</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">SOCIAL EVILS AND THEIR REMEDY.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">A Series of Narratives. The First Number,
entitled “<span class="sc">The Mechanic</span>,” was
pronounced to be “One of the most useful and interesting
publications that had issued from the press.”</p>
<p class="par adDescription">The following are the Contents of the
different Numbers, price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each:—II.
“The Lady and the Lady’s Maid.”—III. “The
Pastor of Dronfells.”—IV. “The Labourer and his
Wife.”—V. “The Country Town.”—VI.
“Live and Let Live; or, the Manchester Weavers.”—VII.
“The Soldier.”—VIII. “The Leaside Farm.”
Every two consecutive Numbers form a Volume, which may be procured,
neatly bound, price 4<i>s.</i> each.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“The design of Mr. Taylor is
praiseworthy; his object being to counteract, by a series of tales
illustrative of the power and necessity of religion in the daily and
hourly concerns of life, ‘the confusion of error with truth in
<span class="sc">Miss Martineau’s Entertaining
Stories</span>.’”—<i>Christian Remembrancer.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE RECTORY OF VALEHEAD;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Or, <span class="sc">The Edifice of a Holy
Home</span>. By the Rev. <span class="sc">Robert Wilson Evans</span>,
B.D., Vicar of Heversham. Twelfth Edition, with an illustrative Plate,
price 6<i>s.</i> neatly bound in cloth; or 9<i>s.</i> elegantly bound
in morocco.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“Universally and cordially do we
recommend this delightful volume. We believe no person could read this
work and not be the better for its pious and touching lessons. It is a
page taken from the book of life, and eloquent with all the instruction
of an excellent pattern: it is a commentary on the affectionate
warning, ‘Remember thy Creator in the days of thy youth.’
We have not for some time seen a work we could so deservedly praise, or
so conscientiously recommend.”—<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE LIFE-BOOK OF A LABOURER.</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">Practical Lessons for
Instruction and Guidance.</span> By <span class="sc">A Working
Clergyman</span>, Author of the “Bishop’s Daughter,”
&c. &c. In one vol. 8vo., price 7<i>s.</i> neatly bound.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“We never in all our experience met with
a more interesting work, and one breathing more fully and firmly the
very essence of Christian philanthropy and national patriotism, and
that too in the most simple and unambitious language, as if the writer
were not aware of his power of influencing all the better feelings of
the human heart.”—<i>Literary Chronicle.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“This volume reminds us forcibly of that
most delightful of all biographies, ‘The Doctor,’ to which
indeed it is little if at all
inferior.”—<i>Britannia.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“It is the pious offering of one who
maybe deemed a proper follower in the footsteps of that good man, Legh
Richmond.”—<i>Argus.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF MAN;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">In which <span class="sc">Religion</span>
and <span class="sc">Superstition</span> are traced from their
source.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By <span class="sc">D. Morison</span>. The
Second Edition, enlarged, fcap. 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“The intention of this book is not less
admirable than the manner in which it is written. It is most
instructive, and the tone of its contents is in the highest degree
pious, without the least tinge of puritanism. The information it gives
on the most difficult points of biblical reading render it a valuable
book to all who desire true knowledge.”—<i>Age.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“Curious, industrious, and learned, and
well worthy the attention of the public.”—<i>Literary
Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“The plan of this book was both extensive
and important—embracing an inquiry into the nature of Revelation,
and its influence on the opinions and customs of mankind;” * * *
“the writer uses <i>Scripture</i> as an interpreter,” and
“sticks to the literal text of the six
days.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE FAMILY SANCTUARY;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">A Form of Domestic Devotion for every
Sabbath in the Year: containing the Collect of the Day; a Portion of
Scripture; an Original Prayer or Sermon; and the Benediction. Second
Edition. One vol. 8vo., price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> half bound in
cloth. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb248" href="#pb248" name=
"pb248">26</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">MORTAL LIFE; AND THE STATE OF THE SOUL AFTER
DEATH;</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">Conformable to Divine
Revelation.</span> By <span class="sc">Alexander Copland</span>, Esq.,
Author of “The Existence of Other Worlds,” &c. In one
thick vol. 8vo., price 15<i>s.</i> bound.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“The work will afford in perusal, to all
sorrowing relations, the consolation and diversion of mind of the most
congenial kind. It neither leads the thoughts to dwell painfully on one
idea—that of loss—nor does it altogether withdraw the mind
from its contemplation: an effort still more painful. The study of a
work like this, on the contrary, while it gradually weans grief from
its melancholy occupation, supplies it with the sweetest and most
cheerful of all balm—the happy certainly of re-union, not after
the lapse of vast ages of time, but of the instant term of mortal
existence.”—Theological Review.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">SCRIPTURAL STUDIES:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Comprising—The <span class=
"sc">Creation</span>—The <span class="sc">Christian
Scheme</span>—The <span class="sc">Inner Sense</span>. By the
Rev. <span class="sc">William Hill Tucker</span>, M.A., Fellow of
King’s College, Cambridge. In one thick vol. demy 8vo., price
10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> neatly bound in cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“This is not a work for ordinary readers.
The author thinks for himself; and so writes that his readers must
think too, or they will not be able to understand him.—To the
sacred volume, as a revelation from God, he pays uniform and entire
deference—and the thoughtful and prayerful reader will soon find
that he has not the thinkings of a commonplace mind before
him.”—<i>Methodist Magazine.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">A HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF CHRIST.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">In a Course of Lectures. By the Rev.
<span class="sc">Charles Mackenzie</span>, A.M., Vicar of St.
Helen’s, Bishopsgate, and Head Master of Queen Elizabeth’s
Grammar School, St. Olave’s, Southwark. In one vol. post 8vo.,
price 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> neatly bound in cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“Although the author is able and earnest,
he is not bigoted or intolerant.”—<i>Literary
Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“It is but an octavo, yet within its
conveniently compendious pages it contains a review carefully taken of
the progress of the Church of Christ, through all the perils of
persecution, dissent, and heresy, by which it has been tried as in a
furnace, up to its confirmed establishment in this country at the epoch
of 1688.”—<i>Herald.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE CHURCH AND DISSENT,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Considered in their Practical Influence on
Individuals, Society, the Nation, and Religion. By <span class=
"sc">Edward Osler</span>, Esq. In fcap. 8vo., price 6<i>s.</i>
bound.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“It would be impossible to find, in the
whole range of our literature, a work so admirably suited to the
present times as this invaluable little volume. The searching test to
which the respective systems have been submitted is so complete and
convincing, that the work ought to be studied by every Dissenter and
Churchman in the Kingdom, particularly at the present religious
crisis.”—<i>Christian Review.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">CHURCH AND KING:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Comprising—I. <span class="sc">The
Church and Dissent, considered in their Practical Influence</span>;
showing the Connexion of Constitutional Monarchy with the Church, and
the identity of the Voluntary Principle with Democracy.—II.
<span class="sc">The Church Established on the Bible</span>; or, the
Doctrines and Discipline of the Church shown in the Order and Connexion
of the Yearly Services appointed from the Scriptures.—III.
<span class="sc">The Catechism Explained and Illustrated.</span> In
Connexion with these appointed Services.—IV. <span class=
"sc">Psalms and Hymns on the Services and Rites of the Church.</span>
By <span class="sc">Edward Osler</span>, Esq. In one vol. royal 8vo.,
price 4<i>s.</i> cloth boards. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb249"
href="#pb249" name="pb249">27</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A DISSENTING MINISTER.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">The Sixth Edition. Price 4<i>s.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“Our own observation has shown us the
truth of the statement put forth in this well-written exposure of the
tyranny to which the greater portion of Dissenting Ministers are
compelled to submit, and the evils which the destruction of the
Established Church would bring upon religion.”—<i>Court
Journal.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“We warmly recommend this most excellent
work to public notice.”—<i>British Mag.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“This volume is one which strikes us as
being likely to make a considerable stir in the religious, high-church,
and dissenting world.”—<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“Their mode of education at the
<i>Dissenting Colleges</i>, as they are pompously styled, is admirably
shown up.”—<i>Edinburgh Evening Post.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE IDEAL OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">A Sketch. By the Rev. <span class="sc">R.
Montgomery</span>, M.A., Author of “Luther,” “The
Gospel before the Age,” &c. &c. 8vo., price 2<i>s.</i>
6<i>d.</i> sewed.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">CAPITAL PUNISHMENTS UNSANCTIONED BY THE
GOSPEL,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">And <span class="sc">Unnecessary in a
Christian State</span>. A Letter to the Rev. Sir <span class="sc">John
Page Wood</span>, Bart., B.C.L. By the Rev. <span class="sc">Henry
Christmas</span>, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., late of St. John’s
College. 8vo., price 1<i>s.</i> stitched.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE ENGLISH MASTER;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Or, <span class="sc">Student’s Guide
to Reasoning and Composition</span>. Exhibiting an Analytical View of
the English Language, of the Human Mind, and of the Principles of fine
Writing. By <span class="sc">William Banks</span>, Private Teacher of
Composition, Intellectual Philosophy, &c. Second Edition, post
8vo., price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> boards.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“We have examined with care and pleasure
this valuable treatise of Mr. Banks, and strenuously recommend the
volume as one of all others most fit to put into the hands of every
English student.”—<i>Weekly Review.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">A NEW SPELLING-BOOK OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Containing all the Monosyllables; a
copious Selection of Polysyllables, carefully arranged and accented;
Progressive Lessons, chiefly from the Holy Scriptures; a List of Words
of various Meanings; a short Bible Catechism; Questions on Scripture
History; and School Prayers. By <span class="sc">J. S. Moore</span>,
Master of the Brewers’ Company’s School. 12mo., price
1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> bound.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">ARITHMETIC UNVEILED:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Being a Series of Tables and Rules,
whereby most of the calculations in business may be either mentally
performed, or so abridged as to save half the time usually employed. To
which are annexed a Multiplication Table extending to 200 times 200,
and Tables of Interest on an improved plan. The whole adapted to the
use of both the first merchant and the most humble trader. By
<span class="sc">James McDowall</span>, Accountant. In demy 12mo.,
price 5<i>s.</i> bound in cloth. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb250"
href="#pb250" name="pb250">28</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE GRAMMARIAN;</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Or, <span class="sc">The English Writer
and Speaker’s Assistant</span>: comprising <span class=
"sc">Shall</span> and <span class="sc">Will</span> made easy to
Foreigners, with instances of their Misuse on the Part of the Natives
of England. Also <span class="sc">Scotticisms</span>, designed to
correct Improprieties of Speech and Writing. By <span class="sc">James
Beattie</span>, LL.D. 24mo., price 2<i>s.</i> cloth boards.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">A SYSTEM OF ARITHMETIC,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">With the <span class="sc">Principles of
Logarithms</span>. Compiled for Merchant Taylors’ School. By
<span class="sc">Richard Frederick Clarke</span>, Teacher. Third
Edition, demy 12mo., price 3<i>s.</i> bound.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“The great object attained in this
excellent work is a most judicious abridgment of the labour of teaching
and learning every branch of Arithmetic, by rendering the Rules and
Explanations so very simple and intelligible, that the study becomes a
pleasure, instead of a task, to the youthful pupil.”</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="adpoetry" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">Poetry.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first adTitle">RHYMES AND RECOLLECTIONS OF A HAND-LOOM
WEAVER.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By <span class="sc">William Thom</span>,
of Invernry, Aberdeenshire. The Second Edition, with Additions. In post
8vo., price 5<i>s.</i> with a Portrait.</p>
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">“An’ syne whan nichts grew cauld and
lang</p>
<p class="line">Ae while he sicht—ae while he
sang.”—<i>Old Ballad.</i></p>
</div>
<p class="par first adReview">“The Rhymes are to be read with
interest, and not without admiration.”—<i>Examiner.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“Let every good man and woman think of
the author: from this book he looks for some consolation, and we trust
it will bring him still more effectual protection from other
sources.”—<i>Literary Gazette.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE COTTAR’S SUNDAY, AND OTHER POEMS,</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect. By
<span class="sc">Peter Still</span>. In fcap. 8vo., price 3<i>s.</i>
cloth.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE PALACE OF FANTASY; OR, THE BARD’S
IMAGERY.</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">With other Poems.</span>
By <span class="sc">J. S. Hardy</span>, Author of “Hours of
Thought; or, Poetic Musings.” In fcap. 8vo., price 3<i>s.</i>
6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“There is much of the pure gold of poetry
in this handsome little volume.”—<i>Macclesfield
Chronicle.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“The principal poem in this little
volume, written in the Spenserian Stanza and diction, contains many
pleasing passages.... Much talent is evinced by the
author.”—<i>Oxford Herald.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“This poem contains many passages which
one would read again after the first perusal—a remark which
cannot be made of much of the poetry which is published. Some of the
miscellaneous poems are very sweet, reminding one of Cowper’s
smaller poems.”—<i>Herts County Press.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“The ‘Palace of Fantasy’ is
of a higher character than the generality of poems: the spirit of
poetry is perceptible throughout, and the work has a healthy tone and
purpose.”—<i>Cheltenham Journal.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“This little volume is one of
considerable merit. The principal poem contains many beautiful
passages, original and striking, which cannot fail to
please.”—<i>Plymouth Herald.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“Mr. Hardy has produced a poem which, had
it appeared during the last century, would have secured for him a sure
place among the British Poets.”—<i>Derbyshire Chron.</i>
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb251" href="#pb251" name=
"pb251">29</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">A METRICAL VERSION OF THE SONG OF SOLOMON,</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">And Other Poems</span>.
By a <span class="sc">Late Graduate of Oxford</span>. In fcap. 8vo.,
price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">KING RENE’S DAUGHTER.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">A Lyrical Drama. From the Danish of
<span class="sc">Henrik Hertz</span>. By <span class="sc">Jane Francis
Chapman</span>, Translator of “Waldemar,” and “King
Eric and the Outlaw.” In fcap. 8vo., price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
cloth.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">LAYS OF THE SEA, AND OTHER POEMS.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By <span class="sc">Personne</span>. In
fcap. 8vo., price 6<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">ISLAFORD, AND OTHER POEMS.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">A Book for Winter Evenings and Summer
Moods. By <span class="sc">George Murray</span>. In fcap. 8vo., price
4<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">GRISELDA:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">A Dramatic Poem. Translated from the
German of <span class="sc">Frederick Halm</span>. By Q. E. D. Royal
18mo., price 4<i>s.</i> cloth gilt.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“An elegant translation of an elegant
German poem.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“In conclusion we would strongly
recommend ‘Griselda’ to our readers; assuring them that, in
our opinion, they will not easily meet with anything so deserving of
popularity, either from the purity of the style, the interest of the
story, the fidelity of the translation, the easy flow of the rhyme, or
the elegance of the language.”—<i>Foreign and Colonial
Quarterly Review.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE COLUMBIAD:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Comprising Geographical Sketches, and a
Narrative of Nautical Adventures in the Eastern Seas, including the
perils of a storm, and providential escape from shipwreck: with
Meditations on a Future State. By <span class="sc">Archibald Tucker
Ritchie</span>, Esq. In demy 8vo., price 10<i>s.</i> handsomely bound
in cloth.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“Under this title the author has given a
poetical narrative of his voyage in the Indian Ocean, somewhat in the
manner of ‘Falconer’s Shipwreck.’ ... The most
remarkable passage is that where he announces a new attempt to explain
the phenomena of Geology in connexion with the first chapter of
Genesis.... We would recommend the perusal of this poem, which contains
some pretty passages both to interest and instruct the
reader.”—<i>Edinburgh Weekly Journal.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“This is an interesting poem.... In so
far as it is descriptive, it is a painting from Nature, and a narrative
of real life. The author can say, ‘All which I saw, and part of
which I was.’ If to landsmen the poem is interesting, it must be
peculiarly so to those ‘whose march is on the deep.’ ...
The author is evidently a person of right principles, of a kind and
pious heart, and of a generous and polished mind.... He has a higher
object than merely giving pleasure; he seeks to benefit his
readers.”—<i>Scottish Guardian.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">DAYS IN THE EAST:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">A Poem in Two Cantos. Descriptive of
Scenery in India, the Departure from Home, the Voyage and subsequent
Career of an Officer in the East India Company’s Army. By
<span class="sc">James Henry Burke</span>, Esq., of Marble Hill,
Lieutenant Bombay Engineers, Member of the Bombay Branch of Royal
Asiatic Society. In demy 8vo., price 6<i>s.</i> bound.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“The Stanzas of Mr. Burke bespeak at once
high feeling, a vigorous cultivated intelligence, and a delicate poetic
taste.”—<i>Morning Herald.</i></p>
<p class="par adReview">“The execution is even, finished, and
good.”—<i>Weekly Chronicle.</i> <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb252" href="#pb252" name="pb252">30</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="adembellished" class="div2 section"><span class=
"pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">Embellished Works and Prints.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first adTitle">ILLUSTRATIONS TO “ADVENTURE IN NEW
ZEALAND.”</p>
<p class="par adDescription">By <span class="sc">Edward Jerningham
Wakefield</span>, Esq. Lithographed from Original Drawings taken on the
spot, by Mrs. <span class="sc">Wicksteed</span>, Miss <span class=
"sc">King</span>, Mrs. <span class="sc">Fox</span>, Mr. <span class=
"sc">John Saxton</span>, Mr. <span class="sc">Charles Heaphy</span>,
Mr. <span class="sc">S. C. Brees</span>, and Captain <span class=
"sc">W. Mein Smith</span>, R. N. One volume folio, with fifteen Plates,
including Views of Port Nicholson, Wellington, Nelson, Petre, New
Plymouth, and other Settlements; with Portraits of Native Chiefs, and
their Dwellings; and Drawings of Trees and Plants. Price 3<i>l.</i>
3<i>s.</i> plain; 4<i>l.</i> 14<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> coloured.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“Drawn with great skill, and exceedingly
well lithographed; their great value consists in their giving correct
representations of the scenes and objects they
depict.”—<i>Atlas.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">A GENERAL VIEW OF THE FALLS OF NIAGARA.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Etched in the best manner, on Copper. By
<span class="sc">F. C. Lewis</span>, Esq., Engraver to the Queen. From
a Drawing made on the spot, by Captain <span class="sc">James
Graham</span>, of H. M. 70th Regiment. On an extended scale of
forty-three by nineteen inches. Price, India Proofs, 2<i>l.</i>
2<i>s.</i>; Plain Prints, 15<i>s.</i>; beautifully coloured as
Drawings, 21<i>s.</i></p>
<p class="par adDescription">The view embraces the two Falls, including
Goat Island and the country on both banks of the river; and presents a
faithful and complete picture of this majestic scene.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE ORIENTAL PORTFOLIO:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">A Series of splendid Illustrations of the
Scenery, Antiquities, Architecture, Manners, Costumes, &c. of the
East. From original Sketches in the collections of Lord William
Bentinck, K.C.B., Captain R. M. Grindlay, Lady Wilmot Horton, Sir Henry
Willock, K.L.S., Thomas Bacon, Esq., James Baillie Fraser, Esq., and
other travellers. The Literary Department of the Work by <span class=
"sc">Horace H. Wilson</span>, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., &c. &c. The
series is now completed, comprising eleven beautifully finished Plates,
tinted in imitation of Drawings. Price 2<i>l.</i> 2<i>s.</i> elegantly
bound in large folio.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">The object of this undertaking is to
supply what has long been felt to be a desideratum; namely, Graphic
Illustrations of the Scenery, Antiquities, Architecture, Manners,
Costumes, &c. of the East, which, as the theatre of so many
brilliant military achievements, and such extensive commercial
enterprise, is daily increasing in interest with the British public.
The Drawings for the work are made by the first Artists in the Kingdom,
from the Original Sketches taken on the spot.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">THE BYRON GALLERY:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">A Series of thirty-six Historical
Embellishments, illustrating the Poetical Works of <span class=
"sc">Lord Byron</span>; beautifully engraved from Original Drawings and
Paintings by Sir Thomas Lawrence, P.R.A., H. Howard, R.A., A. E.
Chalon, R.A., J. Stothard, R.A., R. Westall, R.A., and other eminent
Artists: adapted, by their size and excellence, to bind up with and
embellish every edition published in England of <span class="sc">Lord
Byron’s Works</span>, and also the various sizes and editions
published in France, Germany, and America. Price 21<i>s.</i> elegantly
bound, forming a splendid ornament for the drawing-room table.</p>
<p class="par adReview">“Adequately to describe the delicate
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of language. There is not an admirer of the works of the departed noble
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unless the ‘Byron Gallery’ be attached to it. There is no
instance in which excellence in poetry and the arts are so admirably
combined.”—<i>Imperial Magazine.</i> <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb253" href="#pb253" name="pb253">31</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par adTitle">STANFIELD’S COAST SCENERY:</p>
<p class="par adDescription">A Series of Picturesque Views in the
British Channel and on the Coast of France. From Original Drawings,
taken expressly for the work, by <span class="sc">Clarkson
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line, in the most finished style, with descriptive letterpress. One
volume 8vo., handsomely bound in cloth, gilt edges. Price
21<i>s.</i></p>
<p class="par adDescription"><b>ARIEL.</b> Designed by <span class=
"sc">E. T. Parris</span>, finely engraved in line by <span class=
"sc">F. Bacon</span>. Proofs 15<i>s.</i>, prints 10<i>s.</i></p>
<p class="par adDescription"><b>THE SMUGGLER’S ESCAPE.</b>
Painted by <span class="sc">H. W. Harvey.</span> Engraved by
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10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
<p class="par adDescription">A Marine picture, representing the chase
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James’s Novel “The Smuggler.”</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><b>VIEW OF MELBOURNE, PORT PHILLIP.</b>
Painted by <span class="sc">W. F. Liardet</span>. Engraved by
<span class="sc">J. W. Lowry</span>. With Index-plate, price
10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
<p class="par adDescription">In this View every public and private
building of importance is represented with minute accuracy, and
referred to by name in the Index-plate; the foreground being animated
by characteristic groups of natives, &c. The plate is published
under the auspices of the Superintendent and principal residents of
Melbourne.</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><b>VIEWS IN CALCUTTA.</b> By <span class=
"sc">James B. Fraser</span>, Esq. Engraved in Aquatint, and beautifully
coloured from nature. Price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
<p class="par adDescription">These Views embrace the principal edifices
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<p class="par adTitle">VIEWS OF SETTLEMENTS IN NEW ZEALAND:—</p>
<p class="par">VIEW OF WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND. Plain 3<i>s.</i>,
coloured 5<i>s.</i></p>
<p class="par">VIEW OF LAMBTON HARBOUR, NEW ZEALAND. Plain 3<i>s.</i>,
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coloured 5<i>s.</i></p>
<p class="par adDescription">These Views are faithful representations
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the appearance of the country under the influence of colonization;
showing the first habitations of the settlers, and the dawnings of
commerce and civilization on a savage state. They are executed in
tinted Lithography by Mr. Allom.</p>
<p class="par">VIEWS OF ALL THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN SCOTLAND. Each,
coloured, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
<p class="par adTitle">PORTRAITS OF EMINENT AUTHORS AND ACTRESSES.</p>
<p class="par adDescription"><span class="sc">Portraits</span> of the
following eminent <span class="sc">Authors</span> and <span class=
"sc">Actresses</span>, engraved in line from Original Drawings, of a
size suitable for Illustration, may be had at 1<i>s.</i> each, prints;
and 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each, India proofs.</p>
<table class="splitlisttable">
<tr>
<td>
<ul>
<li><span class="sc">Thomas Carlyle</span>, Esq.</li>
<li><span class="sc">Charles Dickens</span>, Esq.</li>
<li><span class="sc">William Wordsworth</span>, Esq.</li>
<li><span class="sc">Alfred Tennyson</span>, Esq.</li>
<li><span class="sc">Robert Browning</span>, Esq.</li>
<li><span class="sc">Miss Harriet Martineau.</span></li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li><span class="sc">Miss O’Neil.</span></li>
<li><span class="sc">Miss Brunton.</span></li>
<li><span class="sc">Miss Foote.</span></li>
<li><span class="sc">Madame Vestris.</span></li>
<li><span class="sc">Miss Ellen Tree.</span></li>
<li><span class="sc">Miss Helen Faucit.</span></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par adTitle">ILLUSTRATIONS OF FRIENDSHIP’S
OFFERING.</p>
<p class="par">A few Proof Impressions of the varied and beautiful
designs illustrative of the several volumes of this elegant Annual,
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separately.</p>
<p class="par adDescription">Price, India proofs, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
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"pb254" href="#pb254" name="pb254">32</a>]</span></p>
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coloured, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; in case, coloured, 2<i>s.</i>
6<i>d.</i></p>
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<span class="sc">Charles Heaphy</span>, Esq. Price 8<i>s.</i></p>
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</div>
</div>
<div id="adforblind" class="div2 section"><span class=
"pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">BOOKS FOR THE USE OF THE BLIND.</h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Printed with a very distinct Raised Roman Letter,
adapted to their Touch.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table class="xd24e9021">
<tr>
<td colspan="6" class="cellLeft cellRight cellTop">The <span class=
"sc">Holy Bible</span>, in 15 vols. 4to. bound.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="6" class="cellLeft cellRight">Any volume
separately:—</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft"></td>
<td class="xd24e718">£</td>
<td class="xd24e718"><i>s.</i></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight"><i>d.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">Vol.</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1.</td>
<td>Genesis</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">9</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">—</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2.</td>
<td>Exodus and Leviticus</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">13</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">—</td>
<td class="xd24e718">3.</td>
<td>Numbers</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">9</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">—</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4.</td>
<td>Deuteronomy</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">7</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">—</td>
<td class="xd24e718">5.</td>
<td>Joshua, Judges, and Ruth</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">10</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">—</td>
<td class="xd24e718">6.</td>
<td>Samuel</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">11</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">—</td>
<td class="xd24e718">7.</td>
<td>Kings</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">11</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">—</td>
<td class="xd24e718">8.</td>
<td>Chronicles</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">11</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">—</td>
<td class="xd24e718">9.</td>
<td>Job, Ezra, and Nehemiah</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">9</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">—</td>
<td class="xd24e718">10.</td>
<td>Psalms</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">13</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">—</td>
<td class="xd24e718">11.</td>
<td>Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon and Esther</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">8</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">—</td>
<td class="xd24e718">12.</td>
<td>Isaiah</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">10</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">—</td>
<td class="xd24e718">13.</td>
<td>Jeremiah and Lamentations</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">11</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">—</td>
<td class="xd24e718">14.</td>
<td>Ezekiel</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">10</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">—</td>
<td class="xd24e718">15.</td>
<td>Daniel, to the end</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">11</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">The <span class="sc">New
Testament</span>, complete, 4 vols. bound</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">The Four Gospels,
separately:—</td>
<td class="xd24e718"></td>
<td class="xd24e718"></td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">Matthew</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">5</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">Mark</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">Luke</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">5</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">John</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">The Acts of the Apostles</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">5</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">The Epistles to the Ephesians and
Galatians</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">3</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">The Church of England Catechism</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">Church of Scotland Shorter
Catechism</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">Selections from Eminent Authors</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">Selections of Sacred Poetry, with
Tunes</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">Arithmetical Boards</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">10</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">Map of England and Wales</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">Ruth and James</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">Report and Statement of Education</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">Specimens of Printing Type</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">First and Second Book of Lessons</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">A Selection of Æsop’s
Fables, with Woodcuts</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">Lessons on Natural Religion</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">1</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">The Psalms and Paraphrases, 2
vols.</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">16</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">The Morning and Evening Services</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">The History of the Bible</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">Musical Catechism, with Tunes</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">3</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">English Grammar</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">5</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">Tod’s Lectures, vols. 1 and 2,
each</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">2</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft">Description of London, by
Chambers</td>
<td class="xd24e718">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718">3</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" class="cellLeft cellBottom">Meditations on the
Sacrament</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">0</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellBottom">4</td>
<td class="xd24e718 cellRight cellBottom">0</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par xd24e9503">Printed by <span class="sc">Stewart</span> and
<span class="sc">Murray</span>, Old Bailey.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first adTitle">THE CALCUTTA REVIEW.</p>
<p class="par adTitle">(PUBLISHED QUARTERLY, AND RECEIVED REGULARLY BY
THE OVERLAND MAIL.)</p>
<p class="par"><i>Nos. I. to X., Price 6s. each.</i></p>
<p class="par">Containing, among other valuable papers, articles on the
following subjects:—in <span class="sc">Biography</span>, Lord
Teignmouth, Lord William Bentinck, Sir W. H. Macnaghten, Sir Philip
Francis, Rammohun Roy, &c.; in <span class="sc">Contemporary
History</span>, the War in China, the Ameers of Sindh, the Recent
History of the Punjab, the Administration of Lord Ellenborough, the
Kingdom of Oude, the Recent Operations in the Kolapore country,
&c.; in <span class="sc">Philology</span>, Sanskrit Literature, the
Urdu Language and Literature, &c.; in <span class="sc">Eastern
Ethnography</span>, the Kulin Brahmins, the Khonds, the Sikhs, &c.;
in <span class="sc">Social History</span>, <span class=
"sc">Manners</span> and <span class="sc">Customs</span>, &c., the
English in India, Society Past and Present, the Social Morality of the
English in India, Romance and Reality of Indian Life, Englishwomen in
Hindustan, Married Life in India, &c.; in <span class=
"sc">Education</span>, Addiscombe, Haileybury, the College of Fort
William, Indigenous Education in Bengal and Behar, Early Educational
efforts of Government, &c.; in <span class="sc">Topography</span>,
<span class="sc">Statistics</span>, &c., the Punjab Kashmir, the
Himalayas, Rohilcund, the Cape of Good Hope, the Right and Left Banks
of the River Hooghly, &c.; in <span class="sc">Science</span>, the
Algebra of the Hindus, the Astronomy of the Hindus, the Great
Trigonometrical Survey, Indian Railways, &c.; in <span class=
"sc">Missionary History</span>, <span class="sc">Economy</span>,
&c., the Earliest Protestant Mission, the Jesuits in India,
Literary Fruits of Missionary Labours, Missionary efforts of Indian
Chaplains, the Mahomedan Controversy, &c.; with a large number of
articles relating to various other Oriental subjects.</p>
<p class="par">These articles, written by gentlemen long resident in
India, connected with the Civil and Military services, the Missionary
establishments, the Bar, the Church, Commerce, the Press, &c.,
contain, in a condensed form, an immense mass of information relating
to the subjects of which they treat—information which has
hitherto been scattered over an extensive surface, and therefore,
beyond the reach of the majority of readers, whilst, at the same time,
a large body of original intelligence of the most authentic character
has been added to these various compendia of existing information. The
Review, which is the organ of no party, and no sect, and supported by
men of all shades of opinion, aims at the collection and production in
a popular form of all that is important in the history, the politics,
the topography, the statistics, the philology, the manners and customs,
the political and domestic economy, &c. &c., of the countries
and people of the East. The form of publication, and the general
design, is similar to that of the leading European reviews, excepting
that it is in no wise a party publication, and is devoted exclusively
to Oriental subjects.</p>
<p class="par xd24e9503">LONDON: SMITH, ELDER & CO., 65,
CORNHILL.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="transcribernote">
<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2>
<h3 class="main">Availability</h3>
<p class="par first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no
cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give
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title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/license" rel=
"license">Project Gutenberg License</a> included with this eBook or
online at <a class="seclink xd24e43" title="External link" href=
"https://www.gutenberg.org/" rel="home">www.gutenberg.org</a>.</p>
<p class="par">This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at <a class="exlink xd24e43" title="External link"
href="http://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>.</p>
<p class="par">Prepared from scans made available by the
Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (Copy <a class="exlink xd24e43" title=
"External link" href=
"http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB000003ED00000000">1</a>).</p>
<h3 class="main">Metadata</h3>
<table class="colophonMetadata">
<tr>
<td><b>Title:</b></td>
<td>A Sketch of Assam: With Some Account of the Hill Tribes</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Author:</b></td>
<td>John Butler</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Language:</b></td>
<td>English</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Original publisher:</b></td>
<td>Smith, Elder and Co.</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Original publication place:</b></td>
<td>London</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Original publication date:</b></td>
<td>1847</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Keywords:</b></td>
<td>Assam</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>Assam (India)</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>Ethnology</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>India</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>Social life and customs</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3>Catalog entries</h3>
<table class="catalogEntries">
<tr>
<td>Related Library of Congress catalog page:</td>
<td><a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001561850" class=
"seclink">2001561850</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Related Open Library catalog page (for source):</td>
<td><a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3549800M" class=
"seclink">OL3549800M</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Related Open Library catalog page (for work):</td>
<td><a href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5949620W" class=
"seclink">OL5949620W</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 class="main">Encoding</h3>
<p class="par first">Not all illustrations were placed correctly in the
copy digitized. They have been moved closer to their position according
to the List of Illustrations in this book. The illustrations have been
digitally cleaned-up. Binding artifacts and stains have been
removed.</p>
<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3>
<ul>
<li>2016-04-17 Started.</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="main">External References</h3>
<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These
links may not work for you.</p>
<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3>
<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p>
<table class="correctiontable" summary=
"Overview of corrections applied to the text.">
<tr>
<th>Page</th>
<th>Source</th>
<th>Correction</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e386">v</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">.</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e469">vii</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">goverment</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">government</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e496">vii</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">An</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">an</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e508">viii</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">—</td>
<td class="width40 bottom"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e560">viii</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Divided</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">divided</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1048">38</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Offi.</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Officers.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1344">49</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">negociation</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">negotiation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1425">63</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">“</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1603">95</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1682">109</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
"#xd24e3926">189</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd24e3943">190</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd24e4084">195</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
"#xd24e4291">208</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd24e4973">219</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd24e5200">220</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
"#xd24e6068">4</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd24e7446">18</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1848">129</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">artizans</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">artisans</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1874">134</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">..</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e2541">149</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">tattoed</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">tattooed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e4101">198</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">397rs.</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">397 rs.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e5820">2*</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">”</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e7203">13</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom"></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
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