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diff --git a/old/53669-0.txt b/old/53669-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0f0e14f..0000000 --- a/old/53669-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5635 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of War Department Technical Manual TM 3-376 A,, by -War Department - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: War Department Technical Manual TM 3-376 A, - Portable Flame Thrower M2-2 - -Author: War Department - -Release Date: December 5, 2016 [EBook #53669] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PORTABLE FLAME THROWER *** - - - - -Produced by deaurider, Brian Wilcox and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - -The spelling, hyphenation and punctuation is as the original, with the -exception of apparent typographical errors. - - Italic text is denoted as _underscore_. - Bold text is denoted as =equals sign=. - Underlined text is also denoted as _underscore_, Generally used at - beginning of paragraphs. - - - - - _War Department Technical Manual_ - _TM 3-376A_ - - - PORTABLE - FLAME THROWER - M2-2 - -[Illustration: Printer’s mark] - - -_RESTRICTED_ - - DISSEMINATION OF RESTRICTED MATTER. The information contained in - restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restricted - material may be given to any person known to be in the service of - the United States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion - who are cooperating in Government work, but will not be communicated - to the public or to the press except by authorized military public - relations agencies. (See also par. 18b, AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1942.) - - -_War Department - 16 May 1944_ - -_Washington, D. C._ - - - - - WAR DEPARTMENT, - Washington, 25, D. C. 16 May 1944 - -TM 3-376A, Portable Flame Thrower M2-2 is published for the information -and guidance of all concerned. - -[A. G. 300.7 (21 March 44)] - -By order of the Secretary of War: - - G. C. MARSHALL, - _Chief of Staff_. - - Official: - J. A. ULIO, - _Major General_, - _The Adjutant General_. - - -Distribution: - - R & H (5); Bn 2, 7, 17 (2); C & H 3 (5); IC & H 5 (5); C 2, 7, 17 - (2); X. ID: T/O & E 72T, Light Div; 17, Armd Div; IR: T/O 5-192, Hq - & Hq Co, Engr Comb Gr; 5-171, Engr Comb Regt; IBn: T/O 5-15, Engr - Comb Bn; 5-35, Engr Bn Sep; 5-175, Engr Bn, Comb Regt; 5-215, Armd - Engr Bn; 5-475T, Engr Bn, Light Div; IC: T/O 5-16, Hq & Hq & Sv Co, - Engr Combat Bn; 5-17, Engr Comb Co; 5-192, Hq & Hq Co, Engr Comb Gr; - 5-36, Hq & Hq & Sv Co, Engr Bn (Sep); 5-37, Co, Engr Bn (Sep); 5-176, - Hq & Hq Det, Engr Bn, Engr Comb Regt; 5-216, Hq & Hq Co, Armd Engr - Bn; 5-217, Co, Armd Engr Bn; 5-476T, Hq & Hq Co, Engr Bn, Light Div; - 5477-T, Co, Engr Bn, Light Div. - -(For explanation of symbols see Par 26, FM 21-6) - - - - -TECHNICAL MANUAL - -PORTABLE FLAME THROWER M2-2 - - WAR DEPARTMENT - WASHINGTON, 25, D. C., 16 May 1945 - - - CHANGES} - No. 1 } - - - TM 3-376A, 16 May 1944, is changed as follows: - - -=10. ITEMS WITH EACH FLAME THROWER.= - - * * * * * - - _b. Kit, spare parts, for portable flame thrower M2-2, assembly - B81-6-=190=._ - - * * * * * - - _g._ (Added). Army Service Forces Catalog CW 7-440114, Organizational - Spare Parts and Equipment: 1st and 2d Echelons: for Flame Thrower, - Portable, M2-2. - - Fig. 8. Contents of tool kit: - - * * * * * - - B. 1 Wrench, hex, * * * set screws, H22-49-12. - - =2 Wrench, hex, 5/32-inch across flats for 5/16-inch socket-head - set screws, H22-49-140.= - - * * * * * - - Fig 9. Contents of spare parts kit: - - F. (Added). 3 Tubes, deflector, A81-1-501. (See fig. 39.) - - G. (Added). 3 Locknuts, pipe, hex, 1/8-inch, H98-5-382 (for use - with deflector tube). (See fig. 39.) - - H. (Added). 1 Support, diaphragm, A81-1-428. (See fig. 47.) - - -=12. NEW EQUIPMENT.= - - * * * * * - -_m._ (Added). New gun may be received with valve spring removed from -barrel and valve assembly. Spring comes tied to barrel. This is done to -prevent strain on valve diaphragm assembly caused by pressure of spring -in gun during storage and shipment. When weapon is being prepared for -operation, spring must be untied from barrel and installed in gun, as -described in paragraph 75. - -_n._ (Added). Pressure regulator may be shipped at zero adjustment -to prevent possibility of strain on diaphragm during shipment and -storage. A regulator shipped in this condition has a tag (tied to the -tank coupling) stating that the regulator is not set. When weapon -is received in this condition, it must be adjusted as described in -paragraph 67 before it can be operated. - - - Footnote: - - =*These changes supersede TB 3-376A-1, 19 October 1944.= - - -=15. TRAINING.= - - * * * * * - -_b. Use of water in training._ Water may be used (instead of fuel) -for elementary practice firing. Ignition cylinders are * * * piece, -and lubricated (Par. 49). =Use of water, however, should always be -supplemented by firing ignited fuel because water does not give a -correct impression of stream and flame characteristics.= - - * * * * * - - -=17. CONNECTING TANK GROUP AND GUN GROUP.= - - * * * * * - -_a._ Place the new * * * to 2 minutes. =Slight pressure sometimes -builds up in the fuel tanks, even though the pressure-tank valve has -not been opened, and causes some overflow of fuel when the coupling -plug is removed. This pressure may be relieved by—= - - =(1) Standing the tank group upright.= - - =(2) Slightly opening filling plug on top of fuel tanks to - bleed the pressure.= - - =(3) Closing the opening at filling plug and tightening it - with wrench.= - - * * * * * - - -=18. LOADING WITH IGNITION CYLINDER.= - - * * * * * - - _b. Precautions._ Care must be * * * front of gun. =Do not ignite - the ignition cartridge until the weapon is to be fired at the - target.= - - * * * * * - - -=30. AFTER FIRING.= - - When the firer * * * mission, he should: - -_a._ =First=, remove and discard the ignition cylinder, =as the -ignition cylinder should never be present when blowing out fuel or -after blowing out fuel except when preparing for a new mission. To -remove cylinder, proceed= as follows: - - * * * * * - -_b._ Close the pressure-tank valve by turning valve handle clockwise -(to conserve remaining pressure in pressure tank) =only if additional -shots are to be fired before refilling and recharging=. - -_c._ =If no additional shots are to be fired before refilling -and recharging, open pressure-tank valve by turning handle -counterclockwise.= Point the gun away from personnel and blow out the -remaining fuel =and pressure=, if any, from the fuel tanks by squeezing -the valve lever and grip safety until there is no further discharge. -The trigger should not be used during this operation. =Then close the -pressure-tank valve to prevent entrance of foreign matter into the -pressure system.= - -_d._ (Superseded). Carefully remove tank group from the back. This may -be done most easily by sitting or squatting with back to a tree stump, -flat rock, packing box, or other object. Release the body and shoulder -straps and ease tank group off the back. Avoid dropping equipment on -the ground as this may damage it. - - * * * * * - - -=31. IGNITION CYLINDER.= - - * * * * * - -_c. Packing._ Ignition cylinders are * * * each flame thrower. Fifty -cans (100 ignition cylinders) are contained in each =ignition cylinder= -packing box. =Wooden packing box with contents weighs approximately 50 -to 55 pounds. Outside dimensions of the box are approximately 16-1/4 -inches by 14-3/4 inches by 10-1/4 inches. Cubage is 1-3/12 cubic feet.= - - * * * * * - - -=32. CHARGING PRESSURE TANK.= - - * * * * * - -_b. Charging from air compressor._ Compressor, air, gasoline * * * -cylinders as well. Instructions for use of the compressor will be found -in =TM 3-377=. - - * * * * * - - =Figure 23.= Charging two pressure tanks, using charging and filling - lines, and cylinders of compressed air or nitrogen. =As many as four - pressure tank and valve assemblies, on or off tank groups, can be - charged at one time from cylinders coupled as shown in figure 24.= - - -=33. PRECAUTIONS WHEN PRESSURE-CHARGING.= - - * * * * * - -_m._ (Added). Inspect carefully to be certain that no traces of grease, -flame thrower fuel, oil, dirt, or other foreign matter are present in -flame thrower pressure tanks, outlets of air compressor, connections, -hose, or cylinders containing compressed air. - -_n._ (Added). Hands and tools must be free of oil or grease when -charging or servicing flame thrower pressure systems. - -_o._ (Added). Discharge any remaining compressed air in flame thrower -pressure tanks before recharging. - -_p._ (Added). If compressed air is to be used, and if any grease, oil, -or flame thrower fuel is detected by sense of smell or sight within -pressure tank and valve assemblies or cylinders, return tanks or -cylinders for cleaning to the appropriate third-echelon maintenance -agency of Chemical Warfare Service. - - -=35.1 PEPTIZED FUELS= (Added). - -_a. Characteristics._ - -(1) Pour more readily than usual thickened fuels. - -(2) Give a larger diameter flame than thickened fuels. - -(3) Give longer effective ranges than liquid fuels. - -(4) Prepared more quickly in cool temperatures than thickened fuels. - -_b. Preparation._ - -(1) Open 5-1/4-pound can or cans of thickener. - -(2) Add 2 mess kit spoonfuls of water to each can of thickener. Stir -until the water disappears in the thickener. It is not necessary to mix -the water uniformly with all of the thickener. - -(3) Proceed at once as directed in paragraph 35. Avoid accidental -addition of any water to the thickener or fuel other than that stated -in (2) above. - -(4) Peptized fuels set a little more quickly than the usual thickened -fuels, but their general appearance after setting is the same. After -standing, however, peptized fuels spontaneously become thinner and -may be poured without use of pressure. The time it takes for thinning -to occur depends on the temperature of the fuel. At 75° Fahrenheit or -higher, thinning occurs in approximately 1 to 2 hours. At temperatures -below 60° Fahrenheit, thinning occurs several days after preparation of -the peptized fuel. - -(5) If water has accidentally gotten into fuel before addition of -the thickener, peptizing action takes place, but the results are -unpredictable because the quantity of water added is not controlled. - - -=36. PREPARATION OF LIQUID FUELS.= - -_a. Choice of ingredients._ Thin fuels are * * * reaching the target. -For this reason, liquid fuels should contain the lowest proportion of -gasoline and the highest proportion of heavier fuels that permit easy -ignition. In hot climates, * * * of great importance. =The gasoline -used can be any U. S. grade of motor fuel or aviation gasoline.= -Suitable blends are as follows: - - * * * * * - -(3) (Added). By volume, 20 to 25 percent gasoline and 75 to 80 percent -light fuel oil. - - * * * * * - - -=40.1 USE OF PACKBOARDS= (Added). - -Detachable pressure tank and valve assemblies (par. 66.1) make possible -the use of packboards for transporting pressure tanks, 5-gallon -cans of fuel, wrenches, and additional ignition cylinders close to the -front line of combat to troops using flame throwers. As packboards -are not manufactured specifically for servicing flame throwers, standard -quartermaster-issue packboards are used. Packboard transportation -is practicable only with pourable fuel. (Pourable fuels include -some thickened fuels and all liquid fuels.) - -_a._ The following is a suggested procedure for packboard -transportation: - -(1) Lash all necessary filling and charging supplies for one flame -thrower to packboard, using lashing rope and straps. - -(2) Tie one pressure tank and valve assembly to top of one flat 5-gallon -fuel can so that flexible shaft and handle hang down parallel to -one side of the fuel can. - -(3) Carry wrench with large enough opening to unscrew filling -plugs from tops of fuel tanks and to tighten plugs after filling. - -(4) Carry extra ignition cylinders. - -_b._ Return empty pressure tank and valve assembly along with empty -fuel can and wrench on packboard to flame thrower servicing point. - -_c._ If a supply of flame thrower tank groups is available, they may -be preferred to the packboard method of transportation. Tank -groups are easy to carry, and a filled and charged tank group can -replace an emptied one as quickly as packboard method can be used to -service flame thrower. - - * * * * * - - -=48. SERVICE KIT.= - - * * * * * - -_a. Tools._ - - * * * * * - - 1 Screw driver, common, * * * blade diameter, H22-50-6. (Fig. 8.) - - =2 Wrenches, hex, 5/32 inch across flats (for 5/16-inch socket-head - set screws), H22-49-140. (See B, fig. 8.)= - - 2 Wrenches, hex, * * * set screws), H22-49-91. - - * * * * * - -_b. Accessories and spare parts._ - - * * * * * - -1 Tank and valve, pressure, assembly =(less valve shaft assembly, -B81-1-883) B81-1-879. (See fig. 35.2.)= - -1 Shaft, valve, assembly =B-81-1-883. (See fig. 35.2.)= - -2 Case, spring, assemblies B81-1-444. (Fig. 9.) - - * * * * * - -1 Regulator, pressure, assembly =(Grove type) B81-1-778. (Fig. -35.2.)= - -1 Compound, anti-seize, white * * * 1/4-pound can, H99-3-12. - -2 Gages, pressure * * * assembly B81-6-90. (Fig. 32.) - -=6 Tubes, deflector, A81-1-501. (See fig. 39.)= - -=6 Locknuts, pipe, hex, 1/8-inch, H98-5-382. (See fig. 39.)= - -=2 Supports, diaphragm, A81-1-428. (See fig. 47.)= - -=6 Springs, R81-1-922 (for socket). (See fig. 35.8.)= - -=6 Washers, backing, R81-1-924 (brass washer for socket). -(See fig. 35.8.)= - -=12 Washers, B81-1-923 (synthetic rubber washer for -socket). (See fig. 35.8.)= - -=6 Caps, plug, B81-1-926 (with chain) (dust cap for plug). -(See fig. 35.3.)= - -=12 Nuts, wing, A81-1-877. (See fig. 35.4.)= - -=2 Army Service Forces Catalogs CW 6-445115, Sets of Tools, -Equipment, and Similar Material: Kit, service, for Portable -Flame Thrower, M2-2.= - -=2 Army Service Forces Catalogs CW 7-440114, Organizational -Spare Parts and Equipment: 1st and 2d Echelons: -for Flame Thrower, Portable, M2-2.= - -=2 War Department Technical Manuals 3-376A, Portable -Flame Thrower M2-2.= - - -=49. LUBRICATION.= - -_a. Gun group._ - - * * * * * - -(2) _Frequency of lubrication._ The surfaces of * * * lubricated -before reassembly. =Do not soak or wash the spring case -assembly in solvent because this may remove the grease -which is factory packed in the spring case assembly. This -grease cannot be replaced. To clean spring case assembly, -wide outside surfaces with cloth saturated with solvent.= - - * * * * * - - -=53. SERVICE WHEN FILLING AND CHARGING.= - - * * * * * - -_d. Testing for leaks in pressure system._ After charging and -* * * to test pressure. (Fig. 32.) To install gage, unscrew -check-valve cap, =moisten end of check valve with water or saliva=, -and screw gage in check-valve body. =Use of water or saliva as -lubricant prevents cutting of the rubber washer by the check -valve.= If pressure has * * * and then retested. - - -=66. PRESSURE TANK AND VALVE ASSEMBLY.= - -_a. Description and functioning._ The pressure tank * * * assembly -(Fig. 33) includes: - -(1) _Pressure tank._ The pressure tank * * * the fuel tanks. =The -pressure-tank clamp may be adjusted to different outside diameters of -pressure tanks by means of a nut and screw tightening device (fig. -35.1) or by means of a stepped ring at end of clamp.= - -[Illustration: FIGURE 35.1. (Added.) Adjustable pressure tank clamp, -showing use of nut and screw tightening device.] - - * * * * * - -_b. Removal._ (Fig. 33.) - - * * * * * - -(2) _Removal procedure._ - - * * * * * - -(_h_) (Added). To remove check valve, unscrew check valve cap and -check valve body, using wrenches. - -_c. Installation._ (Figs. 33 and 39.) - - * * * * * - -(7) (Added). To install check valve, apply thread compound lightly to -threads of cheek valve body and screw into opening in pressure-tank -valve. Tighten check valve body in position, using wrench. Screw check -valve cap on check valve body and tighten with wrench. - - * * * * * - - -=66.1 DETACHABLE PRESSURE TANK AND VALVE ASSEMBLIES= (Added). - -Newly developed detachable pressure tank and valve assemblies provide -an improved and speedier method of servicing M2-2 portable flame -throwers in forward combat zones. - -_a. Description and functioning._ - -(1) Detachable pressure tank and valve assemblies (figs. 35.2 and -35.3) are used in modified flame throwers. They make it unnecessary to -replace empty complete tank groups with filled and charged complete -tank groups. - -(2) Replacement of complete tank group, however, may be preferred when -an extra supply of tank groups is available, or if thickened fuel is -too stringy and viscous to pour. - -(3) Detachable pressure tank and valve assemblies can be attached only -to flame throwers which include sockets (figs. 35.2 and 35.3) and -shortened regulator tubes. Flame throwers produced recently include -this design modification. - -(4) A plug and cap (fig. 35.3) on detachable pressure tank and valve -assembly replace tube elbow (fig. 33) used on nondetachable pressure -tank and valve assembly. - -_b. Removal._ Care must be taken to prevent damage to connections -during removal and installation. The procedure for removal of pressure -tank and valve assembly is as follows: - -(1) Close pressure-tank valve. Press valve lever and safety grip on gun -to release all pressure from fuel system and gun. - -(2) Unscrew wing nut from valve flexible shaft. (See fig. 35.4.) Be -careful not to misplace wing nut. - -(3) Pull clamp and shaft from stud which is welded on fuel tank. - -(4) With one hand under pressure tank, unclamp but do not fully open -pressure-tank clamp. - -(5) Supporting pressure tank valve with top of right hand, push knurled -socket in and away from pressure tank valve. Left hand may be placed -at back of regulator tube so that tube does not bend away from socket. -(See fig. 35.5.) Pull out pressure tank and valve assembly. - -[Illustration: FIGURE 35.2. (Added.) Pressure system disassembled, -showing removable pressure tank and valve assembly, nomenclature, and -Chemical Warfare Service stock numbers.] - -[Illustration: FIGURE 35.3. (Added.) Detachable pressure tank and valve -assembly, connected to modified regulator tube assembly.] - -[Illustration: FIGURE 35.4. (Added.) Removing wing nut to free valve -flexible shaft.] - -[Illustration: FIGURE 35.5. (Added.) Pushing knurled socket away from -pressure tank, permitting pressure tank and valve assembly to be -removed from tank group.] - -(6) Put cap as far as it will go over opening of the plug. (See fig. -35.6.) This prevents dust and other foreign matter from entering empty -pressure tank. - -(7) Flame thrower is now ready to receive a charged pressure tank and -valve assembly. (See fig. 35.7.) - -_c. Installation._ To install a charged or replacement detachable -pressure tank and valve assembly, proceed as follows: - -(1) Remove dust cap from plug of charged pressure tank and valve -assembly. (Never open pressure-tank valve with cap on plug.) - -[Illustration: FIGURE 35.6. (Added.) Pressure tank and valve assembly -with dust cap over plug opening.] - -(2) Support socket and tube with left hand and insert plug in socket -with right hand. If tube is not supported, it is difficult to lock the -plug in the socket and it is possible that tube may become bent. Press -bottom of tank until plug snaps into socket. Test by attempting to pull -tank and plug from socket. Plug must not pull out; if it does, insert -again and press bottom of tank. Grasp knurled collar of socket and test -for end play. If collar slides freely back and forth on socket, the -connection is not tight and plug should be pressed in farther. - -[Illustration: FIGURE 35.7. (Added.) Tank group, ready to receive a -charged pressure tank and valve assembly.] - -(3) Replace small clamp (valve-stem clamp) over stud projecting from -fuel tank, and screw wing nut on stud to secure valve flexible shaft in -place. Do not use wrench on wing nut. - -_d. Maintenance._ Follow maintenance instructions given in paragraph -66. In addition, if leaks occur and signs of wear are visible, carry -out the following procedures: - -(1) _Worn washer._ Replace synthetic rubber washer by disassembling -socket (fig. 35.8), prying out washer, placing new washer in position, -and reassembling socket. - -[Illustration: FIGURE 35.8. (Added.) Cutaway view of socket -and plug. Disassembly is permitted only as directed in paragraph 66.1.] - -(2) _Damaged plug._ Repair damaged or nicked end of plug by filing plug -end square and smooth. File off as little as possible. Test for leakage -at socket by installing pressure tank and valve assembly, as in c -above, and then opening pressure-tank valve. If leak persists at joint -between socket and plug, replace plug by unscrewing old plug, screwing -new plug in position, and tightening with wrench. Replace entire plug. -Do not attempt to unscrew the cylindrical portion from the square -portion. - - -=67. PRESSURE REGULATOR.= - - * * * * * - -_e. Maintenance_ (Added). - -(1) _Spring type (Hoke) pressure regulator._ Except for adjustment to -increase or decrease pressure, do not attempt to maintain or repair the -spring type (Hoke) pressure regulator. If damaged or defective, it must -be replaced by a dome type (Grove) pressure regulator. - -(2) _Dome type (Grove) pressure regulator (B81-1-778)._ Replacement -parts for maintaining the dome type (Grove) regulator are available for -use by chemical maintenance companies, as shown in Army Service Forces -Catalog CW 9-440114, List of All Service Parts and Higher Echelon Spare -Parts for Flame Thrower, Portable, M2-2 (25 November 1944). - - -=74. VALVE GRIP.= - - * * * * * - -_c. Installing valve grip._ - -(1) Place grip safety * * * right valve grip. (Fig. 48.) =Do not -accidentally place the lower forward extension of the grip safety -over the lower rear extension of the valve lever. If this overlapping -occurs, the small projection at the bottom of the grip safety may be -broken off.= Be sure the * * * of grip safety. - - * * * * * - - -=77. SHIPMENT AND STORAGE.= - - * * * * * - -_c. Class of supply_ (Added). The portable flame thrower is a class IV -supply item. - - -=78. REFERENCES.= - -Reference pertaining to * * * flame throwers include: - - * * * * * - - TM 9-850 Cleaning, Preserving, Lubricating * * * the Ordnance - Department - - =TM 3-377, Compressor, Air, Gasoline Engine-driven, 7CFM, M1 (For - Charging Flame Throwers and Cylinders)= - - =TB CW 18, Kit, Fuel Filling, Flame Thrower, E6 (for filling - mechanized and portable flame throwers)[A]= - - =TB CW 20, Cleaning Interiors of Compressed Gas Cylinders, Tanks, and - Accessories[A]= - - =TB ENG 39, Safe Handling of Compressed Gases[A]= - - =ASF Catalog CW 7-440114, Organizational Spare Parts and Equipment: - 1st and 2d Echelons: for Flame Thrower, Portable, M2-2 (25 November - 1944)= - - =ASF Catalog CW 9-440114, List of all Service Parts and Higher - Echelon Spare Parts for Flame Thrower, Portable, M2-2= - - =ASF Catalog CW 6-445115, Sets of Tools, Equipment, and Similar - Material: Kit, Service, for Portable Flame Thrower, M2-2= - - =ASF Catalog CW 9-445115, List of all Parts and Higher Echelon Spare - Parts for Kit, Service, for Portable Flame Thrower, M2-2= - - =FS 3-33, Portable Flame Thrower M2-2, Part 1, Nomenclature and - Operation.= - - - Footnote: - - [A] Technical Bulletins are to be superseded by appropriate War - Department manuals or changes to manuals. - -[AG 300.7 (11 Apr 45)] - -BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR: - -OFFICIAL: - - G. C. MARSHALL - _Chief of Staff_ - - J. A. ULIO - _Major General_ - _The Adjutant General_ - - -DISTRIBUTION: - - AAF (Cml O) (10); AGF (Cml O) (10); ASF (2); T of Opn (Cml O) (10); - Arm & Sv Bds (1); Def Comd (2); S Div ASF (1); Tech Sv (2) except - CWS (45); SvC (Cml O) (4); PE (Attn: Cml O) (2); Sub-PE (Cml O) (2); - PG (2); Ars 3 (2); ASF Dep (CW Sec) (2); ASF Dep (2); Dep 3 (2); Pro - Dist 3 (2); Tech Sv C (2); USMA (20); Tng C (2); A (2); CHQ (5); B - (1); R (5); Bn 2 (2), 3 (5), 7, 17 (2); C 2 (2), 3 (5), 7, 17 (2); - AF (2); W (Cml O) (1); Five (5) copies to each of the following: T/O - & E 5-15; 5-16; 5-17; 5-35; 5-36; 5-37; 5-171; 5-175; 5-176; 5-192; - 5-215; 5-216; 5-217; 5-235; 5-236; 5-238; 5-475T; 5-476T; 5-477T. - -Refer to FM 21-6 for explanation of distribution formula. - - - - -TABLE OF CONTENTS - - -PART ONE - -INTRODUCTION - - - _Paragraph_ _Page_ - - SECTION I. GENERAL - Scope 1 1 - Records 2 1 - - - SECTION II. DESCRIPTION AND DATA - Uses of flame throwers 3 1 - Characteristics and employment 4 4 - Description and functioning 5 6 - Identification information 6 9 - Differences in models 7 9 - Interchanging parts with M1 or M1A1 flame thrower 8 9 - Data 9 9 - - - SECTION III. TOOLS, PARTS, AND ACCESSORIES - Items with each flame thrower 10 11 - - -PART TWO - -OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS - - - SECTION IV. GENERAL - Scope 11 14 - - - SECTION V. SERVICE UPON RECEIPT OF EQUIPMENT - New equipment 12 14 - Used equipment 13 15 - - - SECTION VI. CONTROLS - Controls 14 15 - - - SECTION VII. OPERATION UNDER USUAL CONDITIONS - Training 15 16 - Charging, filling, and servicing 16 16 - Connecting tank group and gun group 17 16 - Loading with ignition cylinder 18 17 - Carrying the tank group 19 21 - Carrying the gun 20 21 - Opening pressure-tank valve 21 22 - Ranges 22 22 - Wind deflection 23 22 - Firing positions 24 23 - Aiming 25 23 - Firing 26 23 - Ceasing or interrupting fire 27 26 - Additional bursts 28 26 - Soaking the target 29 26 - After firing 30 26 - - - SECTION VIII. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT - Ignition cylinder 31 27 - Charging pressure tank 32 28 - Precautions when pressure-charging 33 32 - Characteristics of fuels 34 33 - Preparation of thickened fuels 35 34 - Preparation of liquid fuels 36 38 - Filling by pouring 37 39 - Filling by force pump 38 40 - Filling by blowing 39 40 - Precautions with fuels 40 43 - - - SECTION IX. OPERATION UNDER UNUSUAL CONDITIONS - Wet conditions 41 44 - Dust and mud 42 44 - Heat 43 44 - Cold 44 45 - Wind 45 45 - - - SECTION X. DEMOLITION TO PREVENT ENEMY USE - Destruction procedure 46 45 - - -PART THREE - -MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS - - - SECTION XI. GENERAL - Scope 47 46 - - - SECTION XII. SPECIAL ORGANIZATIONAL TOOLS - AND EQUIPMENT - Service kit 48 46 - - - SECTION XIII. LUBRICATION - Lubrication 49 49 - - - SECTION XIV. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SERVICES - General 50 49 - Before-operation service of tank group 51 50 - Before-operation service of gun group 52 50 - Service when filling and charging 53 52 - Service when firing 54 53 - Service after firing 55 53 - Service after six firing missions 56 54 - - - SECTION XV. TROUBLE SHOOTING - Precautions 57 55 - Fuel leaks 58 55 - Safety head “blows” (breaks) 59 56 - Carrier uncomfortable 60 56 - Short range 61 56 - Fuel-valve failure 62 57 - Failure of ignition cylinder to ignite 63 57 - Failure of fuel to ignite 64 58 - - - SECTION XVI. TANK GROUP - General 65 58 - Pressure tank and valve assembly 66 59 - Pressure regulator 67 63 - Fuel-tank assembly 68 65 - Filling and safety-head plug assemblies 69 67 - Tank coupling 70 69 - Carrier 71 71 - - - SECTION XVII. GUN GROUP - General 72 74 - Fuel-hose assembly 73 74 - Valve grip 74 75 - Barrel and valve-body assembly 75 77 - Ignition head 76 82 - - -APPENDIX - - - SECTION XVIII. SHIPMENT AND STORAGE - Shipment and storage 77 86 - - - SECTION XIX. LIST OF REFERENCES - References 78 87 - - -INDEX - - -[Illustration: Fig 1. Portable flame thrower M2-2.] - - - - -PART ONE - -INTRODUCTION - - - - -Section I GENERAL - - -1. SCOPE. - -_a. Arrangement._ This manual is published to guide and inform -personnel using and maintaining flame thrower, portable, M2-2. Part One -contains general information; Part Two is a guide to operation; Part -Three gives maintenance procedures. The Appendix discusses shipment and -storage procedures, and applicable publications. - -_b. References._ References are listed in the Appendix. The -list includes field manuals, technical manuals, and Army Regulations. - - -2. RECORDS. - -Although no standard maintenance forms and records are furnished, -an improvised list should be kept of the number of times each flame -thrower has been fired. The list indicates when it is necessary to -provide the after-six-missions preventive maintenance and lubrication. -It should be tacked or glued to the inside surface of the packing-chest -lid and each flame thrower should always be returned to its own chest. - - - - -Section II DESCRIPTION AND DATA - - -3. USES OF FLAME THROWERS. - -Flame throwers can: - -_a. Penetrate openings_, such as embrasures -and gun ports, and fill the fortifications with flame and -smoke. - -_b. Burn, asphyxiate, and blind enemy personnel_, causing casualties, -shock, panic, and abandonment of a fortified position. - -_c. Ignite combustible parts of shelters and materiel_ and start -detonation of sensitive ammunition and explosives. - -[Illustration: Fig 2. Firing with liquid fuel.] - -[Illustration: Fig 3. Firing with thickened fuel. Thickened fuel -has longer range than liquid fuel and burns on target for several -minutes.] - -_d._ “_Shoot around corners_,” when fuel is fired from dead or -blind angles. This is made possible by the billowing and swirling -movements of flaming gases. Blazing thickened fuels also -ricochet from wall to wall in fortifications. - -_e. Cause the enemy to close ports_, temporarily putting the emplacement -out of action and thus protecting the demolition party. - -_f. Mop up_ dug-in personnel. - -_g. Eliminate enemy nests_ in street or jungle fighting. - - -4. CHARACTERISTICS AND EMPLOYMENT. - -_a. Action._ Fuel is propelled into the target by a charge of -highly compressed air or nitrogen. As fuel leaves the gun of the -M2-2 portable flame thrower (Fig 1), it is ignited by contact with -flame from charges of incendiary mix held in an expendable ignition -cylinder. - -_b. Bursts._ A continuous stream or separate bursts may be -fired for approximately 8 to 9 seconds, not including time between -the bursts. The five incendiary charges in the ignition cylinder -are controlled by the trigger and can ignite several bursts. - -_c. Range._ Portable flame throwers are fired at extremely -close or point-blank range for best results. (Par 22) Effective -range for liquid fuels (Fig 2) is as far as 20 yards, and for thickened -fuels (Fig 3), 40 yards, but underbrush and adverse winds -can reduce the distances. - -_d. Weight._ To keep the weight as light as possible and still -provide strength to withstand very high pressures, most parts -are made of aluminum or sheet steel. - -_e. Tactics._ Two or more flame throwers are generally used -on a mission with other weapons of the assault squad. (See FM -31-50, “Attack on a Fortified Position and Combat in Towns.”) - -_f. Firers and assistants._ One man carries and fires each -flame thrower. Well-armed assistants accompany firers to give -close protection and to serve as emergency replacements. -Whereas the M1A1 portable flame thrower may require the help -of an assistant to open the pressure-tank valve, the M2-2 flame -thrower pressure-tank valve is located within reach of the firer -and is operated by him without assistance. Firers and assistants -should be thoroughly trained in operation of the weapon. - -[Illustration: Fig 4. Tank group.] - -_g. Charging and filling._ In order to replace pressure tanks -(cylinders) of earlier types of flame throwers, it is necessary to -unscrew and screw threaded connections. Experience has shown that this -frequently resulted in damage to threads, leakage, loss of pressure, -and loss of range. It is also necessary to use tools to replace -each pressure tank (cylinder). The design of the M2-2 flame thrower -eliminates these difficulties. The tank group (Fig 4) may be charged -and filled as a unit with or without gun and hose. The quick-connecting -tank coupling permits rapid interchanging of empty and full tank groups -by the firers or assistants. This is done without tools, takes very -little time, and cannot cause leakage, loss of pressure, and loss of -range due to damaged threads. - - -5. DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTIONING. - -The flame thrower consists of two major groups: tank group and -gun group. Detailed descriptions of assemblies and parts are -included in Paragraphs 66 through 76. - -_a. Tank group._ (Figs 4 and 5) Carried upon the firer’s back, -the tank group holds fuel and pressure. The tank group may be -identified as tank, fuel, portable flame thrower, M2, assembly -D81-1-482. It consists principally of: - -(1) _Two fuel tanks_, holding a total of 4 gallons of fuel, and -joined by a tank connector to form a single fuel reservoir. - -(2) _Pressure tank_, charged with highly compressed air or -nitrogen used to propel fuel from the fuel tanks through the gun -to the target. The tank is large in capacity to assure ample pressure -and uniformly long range throughout the firing. - -(3) _Pressure-tank valve_, which releases air or nitrogen -through the pressure regulator to the fuel tanks. The valve can -be opened by the firer without the assistance required in the case -of the M1A1 flame thrower. - -(4) _Pressure regulator_, which automatically assures delivery -of air or nitrogen to the fuel tanks at the proper pressure. The -regulator is located in a position where it cannot easily be damaged. - -(5) _Carrier_, which supports the tank group on the firer’s back -and shoulders and secures it to his body. It includes body and -shoulder straps and quick-releasing fasteners. - -_b. Gun group._ (Fig 6) Carried, aimed, and operated by the -hands of the firer, the gun group ignites the fuel and directs the -flame into the target. It includes: - -(1) _Fuel hose_, which conveys fuel from the tank group to the -gun. The fuel hose may be requisitioned as hose, fuel, portable -flame thrower, M1, assembly B81-1-498. - -(2) _Gun_, which ignites the fuel and directs it to the target. -The gun may be identified as gun, portable flame thrower, -M2, assembly D81-1-405. It consists of: - -(_a_) _Fuel valve_, which discharges fuel through the barrel. -The valve is operated by squeezing the valve lever and the grip -safety, which are on opposite sides of the valve grip. The valve -also includes a barrel from which the fuel is ejected. The ignition -head is supported on the front of the barrel. - -(_b_) _Ignition head_, which ignites the fuel as it passes -from the nozzle of the barrel. With each pull of the trigger on the -front grip, one of five charges of incendiary mix in an ignition -cylinder is ignited. This pilot flame ignites the fuel as it is -propelled from the gun. - -[Illustration: Fig 5. Tank group with carrier folded back to show -construction.] - -[Illustration: Fig 6. Gun group of portable flame thrower M2-2.] - - -6. IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION. - -The words “Chemical Warfare Service,” model numbers, serial -numbers, lot numbers, weight, cubage, manufacturers’ names, -contract number, and date of packing are indicated on the packing -chest or the equipment. The numbers and letters shown on the -equipment should be referred to when repairs are required. The -tank group and the gun (without the fuel hose) may each be marked -“M2” and the fuel hose may be marked “M1,” although all of -these are components of the M2-2 portable flame thrower. - - -7. DIFFERENCES IN MODELS. - -_a. M2-2 and E3 portable flame throwers._ Portable flame -thrower M2-2 is identical in all important respects with portable -flame thrower E3. (The E3 flame thrower, when standardized -with some modifications, became the M2-2.) Operation and maintenance -of the M2-2 and E3 are in general the same, and the parts -are interchangeable. - -_b. M2-2, M1, and M1A1 portable flame throwers._ Portable -flame thrower M2-2 has the same fuel capacity but differs in -construction from portable flame throwers M1 and M1A1. Parts -are not interchangeable except as stated in Paragraph 8. - - -8. INTERCHANGING PARTS WITH M1 OR M1A1 FLAME THROWER. - -To use an M2-2 gun with tank group (fuel unit) of an M1 or M1A1 -portable flame thrower: - -_a._ Remove fuel hose from M2-2 gun. - -_b._ Screw a 3/4-inch by 1/2-inch pipe bushing into the side -opening of the fuel-valve body. This bushing is furnished in the -spare parts kit of each M2-2 portable flame thrower. (Par 10) - -_c._ Screw the fuel-hose assembly of the M1 or M1A1 flame -thrower into the 1/2-inch opening of the bushing, using a wrench -to make a tight connection. - - -9. DATA. - -All data are approximate. - -_a. Range._ See Paragraph 22. - -_b. Duration of fire._ - -(1) _Fuel_. - -(_a_) Continuous discharge of approximately 8 to 9 seconds, -or - -(_b_) Several short bursts totalling approximately 8 to 9 seconds -(not including time between bursts). - -(2) _Ignition cylinder._ Five charges in each cylinder, 8 to 12 -seconds per charge. - -_c. Weights._ - - _Pounds_ - Portable flame thrower M2-2, empty, in shipping - chest (including the chest and all contents) 110 - Portable flame thrower M2-2, empty 43 - Portable flame thrower M2-2, filled with fuel 68 to 72 - Tank group, empty 35 - Tank group, filled with fuel 60 to 64 - Gun group 8 - -_d. Dimensions._ - - _Inches_ - Gun, length 30 - Fuel hose, length 37 - Tank group, height 27 - Tank group, width 20 - Tank group, breadth 11 - Packing chest 34 x 23 x 19 - (Cube of packing chest: 8-1/2 cubic feet) - -_e. Capacity of weapon._ - - Ignition cylinder (M1 or E1) 1 (which includes 5 incendiary - charges) - Fuel 4 gallons plus void for air or - nitrogen - -_f. Pressures._ - - _Pounds per sq. in._ - Pressure tank 1,700 to 2,100 - Fuel tanks 350 - -_g. Ratio of expended supplies._ For every 100 complete fillings -of the flame thrower, the following supplies are normally expended: - - (1) Nitrogen contained in fifteen 220-cubic-foot cylinders or an - equivalent volume of compressed air. (Eleven cylinders are expended - if the four-place arrangement described in Paragraph 32 is used.) - - (2) 450 gallons of fuel (400 gallons plus 50 gallons for spillage, - spoilage, and evaporation). - - (3) 100 ignition cylinders. - - (4) If thickened fuel is used, 135 pounds (in cans of 5-1/4 pounds - each) of U. S. Army fuel thickener. - - - - -Section III TOOLS, PARTS, AND ACCESSORIES - - -10. ITEMS WITH EACH FLAME THROWER. - -The items listed below or their equivalents (Fig 7) are included -in each M2-2 flame-thrower packing chest, in addition to the flame -thrower. Numbers listed with items are Chemical Warfare Service stock -numbers. - -_a. Kit, tool, for portable flame thrower M2-2, assembly B81-6-50._ - -_b. Kit, spare parts, for portable flame thrower M2-2, assembly -B81-6-52._ - -_c. Cylinder, ignition, portable flame thrower M1._ (6 cylinders, in 3 -cans containing 2 each) - -_d. Technical Manual 3-376A, “Portable Flame Thrower M2-2._” - -_e. Gun mounting board._ (Fig 10) - -_f. Plug, coupling, E81-1-514_ (for use in tank coupling when filling -tank group with gun detached). - -[Illustration: Fig 7. Items packed in chest with each flame thrower: -A—Spare parts kit; B—Packing list; C—Three cans of ignition cylinders; -D—Tool kit; E—Coupling plug; F—TM 3-376A, “Portable Flame Thrower -M2-2.”] - -[Illustration: Fig 8. Contents of tool kit: - - - A. 1 Screw driver, cabinet, 4-1/2-inch blade length, 3/16-inch blade - diameter, H22-50-13. - B. 1 Wrench, hex, 1/8-inch across flats for 1/4-inch socket-head set - screws, H22-49-12. - C. 1 Wrench, engineers’, double head, 3/4-inch and 7/8-inch openings, - 9 inches approx length, H22-49-115. - D. 1 Screw driver, common, 6-inch blade length, 5/16-inch blade - diameter, H22-50-6. - E. 1 Wrench, valve-adjusting, assembly, A81-6-48. - F. 1 Wrench, heavy “S”, 1-3/8-inch and 1-1/2-inch openings, 12 inches - approx length, H22-49-113. - G. 1 Wrench, engineers’, single head, 1-1/8 inch opening, 10-1/2 - inches approx length, H22-49-31. - H. 1 Wrench, adjustable, single end, 6 inches approx length (crescent - type), H22-49-67. - I. 1 Wrench, heavy “S”, 1-3/8-inch and 1-3/4-inch openings, 12 inches - approx length, A81-6-49.] - -[Illustration: Fig 9. Contents of spare parts kit: - - A. 1 Diaphragm, valve, assembly, A81-1-416. - B. 1 Case, spring, assembly, B81-1-444. - C. 1 Bushing, pipe, head, 3/4-inch by 1/2-inch (galvanized iron), - H98-5-93. - D. 2 Washers, coupling, A81-1-513. - E. 3 Heads, safety, R81-1-561.] - -[Illustration: Fig 10. Packing chest open, with gun on mounting board. -Tool kit, spare parts kit, and cans of ignition cylinders in boxes at -right.] - - - - -PART TWO - -OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS - - - - -Section IV GENERAL - - -11. SCOPE. - -Part Two of this manual is for the guidance of operating personnel. It -includes information on the controls and on operation. - - - - -Section V SERVICE UPON RECEIPT OF EQUIPMENT - - -12. NEW EQUIPMENT. - -Upon receipt of a new flame thrower, the following procedure should be -carried out: - -_a._ Cut packing-chest steel straps and seals with pliers. - -_b._ Remove the screws, if present, from top of chest. - -_c._ Open two latches at front of chest. - -_d._ Lift lid backward and connect chain from inside of chest to inside -of lid. - -_e._ Remove moistureproof paper. - -_f._ Remove gun from carton. After removing waterproofing tape from -ends of hose, connect hose and gun. (Par 17) - -_g._ Remove mounting board and place gun with hose on the board as -shown in Figure 10. - -[Illustration: Fig 11. Screwing deflector tube in safety head on left -fuel tank.] - -[Illustration: Fig 12. Controls for operation of portable flame thrower -M2-2.] - -_h._ Remove spare parts kit, tool kit, cans of ignition cylinders, and -other items from packing chest. - -_i._ Compare contents with packing list found in or on packing chest. -Inspect all contents carefully for completeness, correct adjustment, -and good condition. - -_j._ Insert deflector tube in safety head on left fuel tank. (Fig 11) -Outlet should face to rear and at a 45-degree angle to operator’s left -shoulder. (Fig 18) Screw in deflector tube by hand; do not use wrench -on deflector tube. Tighten lock nut with wrench. - -_k._ Before use on a mission, test-fire the weapon. (Par 56 _b_) - -_l._ Save the packing chest for storage of the equipment when flame -thrower is not being carried on a firing mission or serviced. - - -13. USED EQUIPMENT. - -When they apply, the same steps should be taken as in Paragraph 12. Any -worn or damaged parts should be replaced. Areas where paint has worn -off should be touched up with fresh paint. - - - - -Section VI CONTROLS - - -14. CONTROLS. - -The firer uses the pressure-tank valve handle, the trigger, and the -valve lever and grip safety (Fig 12) in succession as follows: - -_a. Valve handle._ The pressure-tank valve is operated by turning -a handle on the valve flexible shaft within reach of the firer. -Counterclockwise operation of handle releases pressure to the -fuel tanks. Clockwise turning closes the valve. - -_b. Trigger._ The trigger is at the front grip of the gun. Pulling -the trigger vigorously ignites an incendiary charge in the ignition -cylinder. This in turn ignites the fuel as it leaves the gun. The -trigger action also causes the ignition cylinder to revolve one-fifth -of a turn, presenting another charge for firing. Each of the -five charges may thus be used in rapid succession, if necessary, -by pulling the trigger vigorously as many as five times. - -_c. Valve lever and grip safety._ The valve lever and grip safety -are mounted on opposite sides of the valve grip of the gun. When -both controls are compressed, fuel is propelled from the gun. If -either the valve lever or the grip safety is not compressed, the -fuel valve remains closed and the fuel remains in the weapon. - - - - -Section VII OPERATION UNDER USUAL CONDITIONS - - -15. TRAINING. - -Effective use of the M2-2 portable flame thrower can be achieved only -by diligent practice with the weapon. Untrained firers or assistants -should never be sent on a mission. - -_a. Practice._ Firers should practice under varying conditions of -wind, range, elevation, depression, and traverse. The shortness of the -total firing time (approximately 8 to 9 seconds) demands split-second -judgment and coordination. - -_b. Use of water in training._ Water may be used (instead of fuel) for -elementary practice firing. Ignition cylinders are not used with water. -The water under pressure may cause serious injuries to personnel at 10 -yards. After practice with water, the gun should be disassembled (Pars -73 through 76), cleaned and dried piece by piece, and lubricated. (Par -49) - -_c. Use of fuel in training._ When using fuel in training, select or -prepare a practice field of fire which provides at least 125 yards for -range and 30 yards for spread. If the field contains dry grass, brush, -or other flammable material, a fire-fighting squad should be available -with equipment and source of water. Assistants and observers should -stay well behind the firer because of danger from wind shifts. See -Paragraph 40 for additional precautions. - - -16. CHARGING, FILLING, AND SERVICING. - -Before use on missions or for training, flame throwers must be charged, -filled, and serviced. Charging with compressed air or compressed -nitrogen is described in Paragraphs 32 and 33; filling with fuel in -Paragraphs 34 through 40; and servicing in Paragraphs 50 through 56. -Test for pressure. (Par 53 _d_) - - -17. CONNECTING TANK GROUP AND GUN GROUP. - -If a charged and filled tank group has been brought up to replace an -emptied one: - -_a._ Place the new tank group on the ground with the tank coupling on -top. If the filling is thickened fuel, allow the tank group to rest in -this position for from 1 to 2 minutes. - -_b._ Remove coupling plug from new tank group and disconnect gun group -from emptied tank group. Place unthreaded end of fuel hose in tank -coupling and lock in place. (Par 70) - -_c._ Lock the coupling plug in the emptied tank group. - - -18. LOADING WITH IGNITION CYLINDER. - -_a. General._ Just before the start of a mission, load an unused -ignition cylinder into the ignition head. (M1 and E1 ignition cylinders -are identical and may be used interchangeably.) Cylinders are packed -two to a can. Do not open cans until ready to load for a mission. The -second cylinder in the can should be used in another flame thrower on -the same mission or as soon as possible after opening the can. Partly -used cylinders may be employed in training. - -_b. Precautions._ Care must be taken, whenever cylinders are handled, -to avoid any blows or pressure against the metal match ends. (Fig 13) -Face, hands, and other parts of the body should never be exposed to -front of cylinder or front of gun. - -[Illustration: Fig 13. Ignition cylinder before use.] - -_c. Procedure._ Loading procedure is as follows: - -(1) Unscrew and remove ignition shield. (Fig 14) - -(2) Place ignition cylinder on end of barrel (Fig 15), being careful -not to grasp cylinder by its ends. - -(3) Raise nozzle end of gun so cylinder slides down against the spring -case of the ignition head. (Fig 16) If necessary, rotate cylinder so it -slips down all the way. Do not force cylinder into place as forcing may -prematurely ignite it. - -(4) Rotate spring case and ignition cylinder clockwise as far as they -turn freely. - -(5) Place ignition shield over cylinder. Engage the slot in the shield -on the spring-case pin. - -(6) Turn shield, screwing it onto ignition-head body. Make sure the -threads engage during the first turn of the shield. When the slot on -the shield engages the latch on the ignition head (Fig 17), the gun is -loaded. - -(7) If shield cannot be turned by hand tight enough to engage latch, -unscrew shield. Then turn shield backwards until threads engage and -repeat (6) above. - -[Illustration: Fig 14. Unscrewing ignition shield, with pressure on -latch.] - -[Illustration: Fig 15. Placing ignition cylinder on gun. Care must be -taken to avoid striking or pushing metal matches of cylinder.] - -[Illustration: Fig 16. Ignition cylinder in place on gun before -replacement of ignition shield.] - -[Illustration: Fig 17. Ignition head assembled for firing of gun.] - -[Illustration: Fig 18. Tank group adjusted on firer.] - - -19. CARRYING THE TANK GROUP. - -The tanks are supported on the firer’s back and secured to it by two -shoulder straps and two pairs of body straps. (Fig 18) The straps may -be adjusted by the buckles to fit the operator. The shoulder straps -pass over the shoulders and under the arm pits; the lower body straps -are clasped tightly in front of the body; and the upper body straps are -clasped across the chest to prevent the shoulder straps from slipping -and the tank group from rolling off the back. Adjustments to the -various straps should be made until the unit is carried with the bottom -of the fuel tanks at the small of the operator’s back. The tank group -should fit snugly so that it does not shift if the operator changes -position quickly. - - -20. CARRYING THE GUN. - -[Illustration: Fig 19. Carrying the gun, with hands in position to -fire.] - -The procedure for carrying the gun is as follows: - -_a._ Carry the gun with the hose at the right side. (Fig 19) - -_b._ Grasp the valve grip with the right hand and the front grip with -the left hand, being careful not to operate the controls until ready to -fire. - -_c._ Keep the gun pointed away from friendly personnel at all times. - -_d._ Do not face the front of the gun at any time. Even when no fuel -is being ejected, the incendiary charges of the ignition cylinder can -cause severe burns. - -_e._ Keep the gun dry and clean if possible. Avoid getting dirt or -foreign matter into the weapon. - -_f._ Avoid rough handling. - -_g._ Wear gloves if available. - -_h._ Carry any extra ignition cylinders only in metal containers. - - -21. OPENING PRESSURE-TANK VALVE. - -The release of pressure into the fuel tank causes a hissing sound. -Therefore, open the pressure-tank valve while still out of hearing -range of the enemy. Do not, however, open it prematurely because of -the possibility of pressure leaks. To prevent frothing of the fuel, -keep the tank group in as nearly an upright position as possible when -opening pressure-tank valve. Be sure to turn the valve handle all the -way in a counterclockwise direction. Stiffening of the fuel hose occurs -when the pressure-tank valve is opened. - - -22. RANGES. - -Firers and assistants should learn to judge ranges by frequent practice -under varying conditions. The firers should be trained to approach -as close as practicable to the target and to fire if possible at -point-blank range for the greatest results. - -_a. Point-blank range._ - -(1) _Effects._ At very close (point-blank) range almost all of the -burning fuel can be fired at great velocity directly through ports and -openings into the target. Maximum casualties and damage are caused in -the hostile position. - -(2) _Protection._ Common sense precautions are taken to prevent -casualties to friendly personnel from possible ricochet or rebounding -of flame. If the target includes a vertical wall at a right angle -to the firer or other friendly personnel, the weapon should not be -fired at closer than 7 to 10 yards. When the weapon is fired at small -openings in a bunker or pillbox, the firer and other members of the -assault squad should not approach closer than 7 to 10 yards from the -target. - -_b. Other effective ranges._ - -(1) _Open fields of fire._ When thickened gasoline is used, portable -flame throwers may fire with considerable effect as far as 40 yards -under normal conditions, depending on wind direction and wind speed. -Under the same conditions, liquid fuel maybe effective at 20 yards. -Results and accuracy are not as great as at point-blank range. - -(2) _Jungle or thick underbrush._ If the target is located in jungle or -thick underbrush without cleared fields of fire, the effective range of -the flame thrower is reduced by as much as one half, depending on the -nature and density of the vegetation. - -_c. Ineffective ranges._ Although the flame may reach considerably -farther than the ranges stated in _b_ (1) above it may be useless -because of the steep angle of descent and because much of the fuel is -burned before it reaches the target. - - -23. WIND DEFLECTION. - -Wind is an important factor because of the low velocity of the flaming -fuel. Wind can lengthen, shorten, or deflect the flame. - -_a. Head winds._ Head winds of more than 5 miles per hour tend to carry -heat or even flame back toward the firer. Liquid fuel should not be -fired into a head wind of more than 5 miles per hour. The range and -accuracy of thickened fuels is reduced. - -_b. Following winds or very light winds._ Best results are obtained -under these conditions. - -_c. Cross winds._ When firing at or near maximum range, cross winds -deflect, breakup, and disperse the flame. They also reduce the range. - - -24. FIRING POSITIONS. - -_a. Ease of aiming._ The flame thrower can be fired from any position -that permits sufficient freedom to aim the weapon, subject to the -conditions in _b_, _c_, and _d_, below. This includes standing, -kneeling, and prone. In some instances, flame throwers have been fired -with tank groups resting on the ground or on skids. If used in this -way, the tops of the fuel tanks must be propped up to conform to _b_, -below. - -_b. Angles of the tanks._ When firing, the bottoms of the fuel tanks -must always be substantially lower than the tops. The tops of both -tanks must also each be the same distance above the horizontal and -neither tank should be tilted to one side. Otherwise, only a small part -of the fuel may be blown from the tanks. - -_c. Recoil._ Stability must be sufficient to withstand the recoil from -the gun. If possible, the firer should hold the gun snugly against his -right side to support it and to absorb its recoil. - -_d. Protection._ Full advantage should be taken of cover and -concealment, such as shell craters and vegetation. - - -25. AIMING. - -_a. Sighting._ There are no sights on the gun because of the short -range from which it is fired, the variety of fuels used, and the marked -effects of wind. (Par 23) - -_b. Fortifications._ When firing at a fortified position, flame must be -directed _into openings_ (gun ports, firing slits, ventilation screens, -doorways). Flame inside gives the desired effects, but flame on the -outside has little effect on personnel within. - -_c. Thickened fuel._ (Figs 3 and 20) When firing at or near maximum -range, it may take several seconds for a burst of thickened fuel to -carry through the air to the target area. Short bursts may result in -misses at long range for this reason. Skill in aiming is particularly -important with thickened fuel. - -_d. Liquid fuel._ With liquid fuel, the greatest effect may be obtained -by placing the flame directly on the target. (Fig 21) - -[Illustration: Fig 20. Thickened fuel flame hitting and clinging to -target. Fuel burns for several minutes.] - -[Illustration: Fig 21. Flame (liquid fuel) hitting target.] - - -26. FIRING. - -With pressure-tank valve open: - -_a. Pull trigger._ Pull the trigger rapidly and vigorously. A flash -should appear at the front of the gun. This shows that an incendiary -charge of the ignition cylinder has been ignited. Release the trigger. -(If the flash does not appear, pull the trigger again, or as often -as necessary up to five times, until a flash appears.) - -_b. Squeeze fuel valve._ Immediately after pulling trigger, compress -the valve lever and grip safety vigorously with the right hand. Burning -fuel will be propelled from the gun. - -_c. Adjust fire._ Direct the flaming fuel at the target. Continue to -squeeze the valve lever and grip safety throughout the burst. When -thickened fuel is fired, follow the fuel with eyes to the side of the -stream in order to observe and correct aim. (If eyes are directly -behind the stream, the flame may obscure the target.) - - -27. CEASING OR INTERRUPTING FIRE. - -To cease or interrupt firing, release the controls. - - -28. ADDITIONAL BURSTS. - -To fire additional bursts, repeat procedure followed in Paragraphs -26 and 27, keeping in mind that there are five incendiary charges in -the ignition cylinder and that the total firing time, not including -time between bursts, is approximately 8 to 9 seconds. Each of the five -incendiary charges in the ignition cylinder burns for from 8 to 12 -seconds. - - -29. SOAKING THE TARGET. - -When liquid fuel is used, it may be desirable to soak the target with -fuel first and ignite it afterward. To do this, fire one or two short -bursts without pulling the trigger. Then follow with an ignited burst, -as in Paragraph 26. - - -30. AFTER FIRING. - -When the firer has returned from his mission, he should: - -_a._ Remove and discard the ignition cylinder, as follows: - -(1) Point gun at the ground. - -(2) Press latch. (Fig 14) - -(3) Unscrew the ignition shield and allow ignition cylinder to fall -out. (Be careful to keep the hands away from the front of the cylinder.) - -(4) Save the partly used cylinder for training use or destroy it by -firing from gun after fuel tanks have been emptied. For information on -care, handling, and storage of cylinders, see Paragraph 31. - -_b._ Close the pressure-tank valve by turning valve handle clockwise -(to conserve remaining pressure in pressure tank). - -_c._ Point the gun away from personnel and blow out the remaining -fuel, if any, from the fuel tanks by squeezing the valve -lever and grip safety until there is no further discharge. The -trigger should not be used during this operation. - -_d._ Take off tank group from the back. - -_e._ Inspect, clean, and maintain the flame thrower (Pars 55 and 56) -or, if experienced maintenance personnel is close at hand, turn the -weapon over to them for servicing. - -_f._ After servicing, place the weapon in the packing chest (Par 77) -for protected storage, or prepare it for the next mission. (Pars 50 -through 53) - - - - -Section VIII AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT - - -31. IGNITION CYLINDER. - -_a. Description and functioning._ (Figs 13 and 22) Either the M1 or -E1 ignition cylinder may be used. It fits over the fore part of the -barrel assembly and is revolved by the spring case. (Par 76) The five -incendiary charges in the cylinder are spaced sufficiently far apart -in the plastic body to prevent their igniting one another. Lead-foil -seals, plastic closure plates, and waterproof cement make the unit -comparatively waterproof. - -[Illustration: Fig 22. Cutaway view of ignition cylinder (M1 or E1).] - -_b. Action._ When the trigger rod is pushed forward, one of five metal -matches tipped with red phosphorus scratches an igniting mixture. The -ignition carries to a starter mix and to a few grains of black powder -on top of the incendiary charge. The black powder blows the foil seal -and closure plate clear of the flame thrower, and the incendiary -charge ignites the fuel as it is discharged from the nozzle. The -incendiary charge burns for from 8 to 12 seconds. - -_c. Packing._ Ignition cylinders are packed two per waterproof can. -Three cans are furnished with each flame thrower. Fifty cans (100 -ignition cylinders) are contained in each packing box of extra -cylinders. - -_d. Care, handling, and storage._ Ignition cylinders contain hazardous -incendiary material and must be handled with due care. The following -precautions should be observed. - -(1) _Opening cans._ Do not open cans containing cylinders until ready -to load for a mission. (Par 18) If an extra cylinder remains in an -opened can, use it as soon as possible. Any defective cylinders, such -as those with damaged closure plates, should be destroyed. (Pars 30 and -46) Moisture may affect the cylinders and all possible care should be -taken to avoid exposing them to dampness. - -(2) _Handling cylinders._ Pressure on any of the five metal matches -(Fig 13) may ignite an incendiary charge in the cylinder. Care must -be exercised to avoid putting pressure on the projecting ends of the -matches except when firing the weapon. Ignition cylinders and cylinder -containers should be protected against shock. Boxes and cans containing -cylinders must not be thrown or dropped. - -(3) _Storing containers._ Containers of ignition cylinders are best -stored in a dry, well-ventilated place, out of the direct rays of the -sun, well protected against excessive temperatures. Smoking is not -permitted and matches are not used where ignition cylinders are stored. - - -32. CHARGING PRESSURE TANK. - -_a. General._ The pressure tank of the flame thrower must be fully -charged with compressed air or compressed nitrogen before the start of -a mission. For the M2-2 flame thrower, a pressure of at least 1,700 -pounds per square inch is required. This may be provided either by the -use of an air compressor capable of producing a pressure of at least -1,700 pounds per square inch, or by the use of commercial cylinders. -The filling and charging lines from the service kit are used in -conjunction with the cylinders. Before and after charging, follow the -procedures described in Paragraphs 51 and 55. - -_b. Charging from air compressor._ Compressor, air, gasoline engine -driven, 7CFM, M1, is a self-contained, skid-mounted machine designed -for use with flame throwers. It is capable of charging pressure tanks -of flame throwers and large 200- or 220-cubic-foot commercial cylinders -as well. Instructions for use of the compressor will be found in the -manual accompanying it. - -_c. Charging from cylinders._ If an air compressor is not available, -it is necessary to use cylinders containing nitrogen or air. - -(1) _Volume and pressure._ Cylinders come charged with 200 to 220 cubic -feet of air or nitrogen. Since cylinders with 220 cubic feet of air or -nitrogen have a higher initial pressure, it is recommended that they -be procured, if obtainable. All cylinders used must have a pressure of -at least 600 pounds per square inch. One or more of the cylinders must -have a pressure of at least 1,800 pounds per square inch. Two or more -cylinders, preferably at least four, should be used, if available. - -(2) _Charging capacity._ Fully charged cylinders, if properly used in -rotation, have capacity for charging pressure tanks approximately as -follows: - - 1 cylinder (used alone) 2 pressure tanks - 2 cylinders (in combination) 6 pressure tanks - 4 cylinders (in combination) 24 pressure tanks - 5 cylinders (in combination) 36 pressure tanks - 6 cylinders (in combination) 48 pressure tanks - -(3) _Apparatus._ The apparatus for charging two pressure tanks by -the use of cylinders consists of a filling line, two charging lines, -and two cylinders. (Fig 23) The filling line and charging lines are -obtained from the service kit. (Par 48) Plugs are provided to close off -either half of the filling line when only one flame-thrower tank group -is to be charged. - -(4) _Warning._ Oxygen is sometimes shipped in cylinders having the same -threads as nitrogen cylinders. If oxygen not mixed with nitrogen, as in -air, is introduced into the fuel tanks of the portable flame thrower, -a violent explosion may result. Therefore, the greatest care must be -exercised to see that only air or nitrogen is used. _Before a cylinder -is connected, it should be tested to determine that it does not -contain straight oxygen or some combustible gas._ This may be done by -introducing a burning splint into a jet of the contents. Oxygen causes -the splint to burn quickly, whereas nitrogen extinguishes the flame. To -make the test: - -(_a_) Fasten a thin splint of wood to a wire at least a foot long. - -(_b_) Ignite the splint. - -(_c_) Stand aside and hold it before the cylinder outlet. - -(_d_) Crack the valve slightly to permit a small stream of gas to -emerge. - -(_e_) If the flame flares up, the gas is oxygen and _MUST NOT_ be used. - -(_f_) If the gas itself catches fire, it may be hydrogen, acetylene, or -some other combustible gas, which also must not be used. - -(5) _Attaching lines to cylinders._ (Fig 23) The procedure for charging -two flame thrower pressure tanks from two cylinders of nitrogen or -compressed air begins as follows: - -(_a_) Remove the valve-protection caps from the cylinders. - -[Illustration: Fig 23. Charging two pressure tanks, using charging and -filling lines, and cylinders of compressed air or nitrogen.] - -(_b_) Place the cylinders side by side with both outlets facing in the -same direction. (If the ground is not level enough for the cylinders to -stand up side by side, lay them horizontally with both outlets face up.) - -(_c_) Before attaching the filling line to the cylinders, blow out -dust. (Par 33) Then connect, using wrenches to make the joints pressure -tight. Do not kink or bend the flexible hose. Cylinders must be close -enough together to prevent strain on the flexible hose. - -(_d_) Attach a charging line to each of the two couplings on the -filling line. - -(6) _Attaching charging lines to pressure tanks._ - -(_a_) Close pressure-tank valves. - -(_b_) Unscrew caps from check valves. - -(_c_) Screw the charging-line fittings onto the check valves. - -(_d_) Close bleeders. - -(7) _Charging._ The operation of charging two pressure tanks from two -cylinders is as follows: - -(_a_) Close both filling-line valves. - -(_b_) Open cylinder valves. - -(_c_) Determine which cylinder has the lower pressure by the gages. -Open the filling-line valve at the gage showing the lower pressure and -fill the pressure tanks to the pressure shown by the gage. Close the -valve. Then open the other filling-line valve and fill the pressure -tanks until they reach pressures of at least 1,700 pounds per square -inch as shown by the gage. - -(_d_) When the pressure tanks have been filled, close the filling-line -valves. Open the bleeders on the charging lines and leave them open -until the pressure in the charging lines is released. Then close -bleeders. Remove the charging-line fittings from the check valves. -Screw the threaded caps on the check valves and tighten caps with a -wrench. - -(_e_) Repeat steps in (_a_) through (_d_) above for as many pairs of -empty flame-thrower tanks as require charging. - -(8) _To insure proper pressure._ Care should be taken to make certain -that the compression delivered to the flame-thrower pressure tank is a -full 1,700 pounds per square inch. - -(_a_) If a filling-line valve leaks, tighten the packing nut on the -valve with a wrench. - -(_b_) When the higher pressure shown on the filling-line gages is less -than 1,700 pounds per square inch, close the filling-line valve and the -cylinder valve on the cylinder having the lower pressure. Remove and -replace this cylinder with a fully charged cylinder. With chalk, mark -the pressure on the cylinder which has been withdrawn. - -(9) _After charging._ When charging has been completed: - -(_a_) Close the filling-line valves. Observe the pressure indicated on -each gage and mark the pressure on each cylinder using crayon, chalk, -or pencil. - -(_b_) Close the valves on the cylinders. - -(_c_) Remove the charging-line fittings from the check valves, replace -the threaded caps on the check valves, and tighten caps with a wrench. - -(_d_) Remove the filling lines from the cylinders. Use two wrenches and -take care not to twist or kink the flexible hose. Support the lines -during the operation so that their full weight does not hang on the -flexible hose during removal. - -[Illustration: Fig 24. Arrangement of cylinders and lines for charging -four flame throwers. Flexible hose (assembly E81-3-6) from service kit -is used to connect two filling lines.] - -(10) _Use of four-place lines._ (Fig 24) The filling and charging lines -found in two or more service kits may be combined for more efficient -charging of large numbers of pressure tanks. An additional flexible -hose is provided in each service kit for connecting two filling lines. -The procedure for charging is similar to that described above for -the two-place line. Air or nitrogen is taken first from the cylinder -with the lowest pressure and last from the cylinder with the highest -pressure. See _a_ (2) above. - - -33. PRECAUTIONS WHEN PRESSURE-CHARGING. - -Personnel will familiarize themselves with the following precautions: - -_a. Handling._ Handle all cylinders and flame throwers carefully; -never drop them and never subject them to shocks or blows. Keep -valve-protection caps secured when cylinders are being handled, except -when such handling is incident to the use of the nitrogen or air. - -_b. Storage._ Keep all cylinders and charged flame throwers or tank -groups (Par 77) in open or closed storage. They must, however, be -protected from dampness and excessive rise in temperature caused by the -direct rays of the sun or other source of heat. Avoid storing them near -highly flammable substances, or in places where they may be struck by -moving objects. Segregate empty cylinders to avoid confusion. - -_c. Personnel._ Do not attempt to use compressed gases unless trained -in this work. Use gases only for the purposes for which they are -intended. - -_d. Cylinder valves._ Do not tamper with safety devices in cylinder -valves. If available, use the proper replacement parts for safety -devices which are in need of repair. If such parts are not available, -do not attempt to use makeshifts or nonstandard parts. - -_e. Opening of valves._ Open valves slowly and fully each time nitrogen -or compressed air is transferred from a cylinder. When a wrench is -used, be sure it is one that fits properly, and that it is kept ready -for instant use while the compressed gas is being released. - -_f. Threads._ See that threads match before making connections. Some -valves are provided with special threads which must be matched by the -threads in the equipment being connected. - -_g. Correct equipment._ Use gages, regulators, hose, pipe, and tubing -of the type manufactured or specified for the particular apparatus or -compressed gas. - -_h. Repair._ Never attempt to alter or repair a cylinder. - -_i. Flames and sparks._ Do not permit flames, sparks, or ignition from -the flame thrower or other source to touch hose. - -_j. Blowing out dust._ Immediately before coupling an attachment to the -pressure tank or cylinder valve, open it for an instant to blow out any -dust or dirt. Never stand where gas or dirt may be blown into the eyes -or face. If the valve is difficult to open, apply more force gradually. - -_k. Special devices._ Do not attempt to use any special connections or -equipment without the approval of a qualified expert. - -_l. Keeping valves closed._ Keep the valve of each cylinder closed when -its contents are not actually being released from or admitted to the -cylinder. This applies alike to all cylinders, whether they contain a -compressed gas or are empty. - - -34. CHARACTERISTICS OF FUELS. - -Thickened fuels give up to twice the range of liquid fuels. The stream -of thickened fuel is comparatively narrow. Most of the glue-like fuel -clings to and burns in or on the target for as long as 6 minutes. -Liquid fuels, on the other hand, are largely consumed in flight to the -target. If the location of small openings in the target is known, the -stream of thickened fuel can be spotted by accurate aiming so that -most of the fuel enters directly into the openings. While it does not -billow around corners as does liquid fuel, thickened fuel strikes the -target with force enough to ricochet inside. It clings to skin and -clothing while burning. It also has excellent incendiary effects. The -initial flame and smoke are less from thickened fuel than from liquid -fuel, but the lower visibility, greater range, and much longer burning -period of thickened fuel compensate for its smaller screening effect. -Liquid fuels are easier to pour when filling than are thickened fuels. - - -35. PREPARATION OF THICKENED FUELS. - -_a. Ingredients._ Thickened fuels consist of U.S. Army fuel thickener -mixed with fuel. - -(1) _Thickener._ U.S. Army thickener is supplied in airtight cans, each -containing 5-1/4 pounds of the material. - -(2) _Gasoline and fuel oil._ Gasoline alone is often used with -thickener, but mixtures of gasoline and light fuel oil may be used -satisfactorily. The light fuel oil can be either No. 1 fuel oil, No. -2 fuel oil, automotive diesel oil, or kerosene. These mixtures give -more heat and do not form crusts. Except in hot climates, 75 percent -or more of the mixture by weight or volume should be gasoline. (If too -much light fuel oil is included, the fuel tends to separate into two -layers.) In tropical theaters, a thickened blend of 50 percent gasoline -and 50 percent light fuel oil has been reported to give favorable -results. Storage qualities are not known, however. Another mixture -which has been well recommended in field reports is 15 gallons of -gasoline to 5 gallons of diesel fuel oil. Issue gasoline may be used, -but locally procured gasolines which contain alcohol are not suitable. - -_b. Proportion of thickener to fuel._ Less thickener is recommended -than formerly. A low ratio of thickener gives a thickened fuel with -many of the characteristics of liquid fuel. One can of thickener to 20 -U.S. gallons of gasoline, or gasoline and light fuel-oil mixture, gives -good results. This is a 4.2 percent by weight mixture. Except in hot -weather, a fuel mixture of less than 3 percent thickener requires such -long stirring that its preparation is impractical. - -_c. Equipment._ An open-head 55-gallon or 42-gallon drum and an -improvised wooden mixing paddle are used. Five-gallon cans may -be employed to transfer the ingredients. The paddle should be -approximately 5 feet long, 2 inches wide, and 1 inch thick. If a -standard 55-gallon, open-head drum with an internal diameter of 27-7/16 -inches is used, the improvised paddle should be marked to indicate -gallons as follows: - - _Gallons_ _Inches_ - 40 23-1/2 - 20 11-3/4 - -Do not use a metal paddle because of the danger of striking a spark -from the drum. Never use galvanized containers for mixing and storing -thickened fuels. These may cause the fuel to break down and become -excessively thin. An improvised funnel may be helpful in filling drums -with prepared fuel for aging or transporting. - -_d. Temperatures._ - -(1) _Below 50 degrees._ If the temperature is below 50 degrees -Fahrenheit, it is helpful to prepare thickened fuel indoors, in a -heated room. All precautions should be particularly observed. (Par 40) - -(2) _Above 90 degrees._ When the fuel is hotter than 90 degrees -Fahrenheit, the thickener reacts very rapidly. In this case, it is -easier to prepare batches of 20 gallons each, but any number of batches -may be prepared in succession. - -_e. Moisture._ - -(1) _Effect of moisture._ Water in thickened fuel breaks down or -reduces the viscosity of the gel and thereby reduces the range of the -flame thrower. This effect may not be noticeable at once, but the -stability of the fuel is affected. - -(2) _Dryness of thickener._ Dry thickener is extremely hygroscopic, -that is, it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere very rapidly. For this -reason, thickener is shipped in hermetically sealed tin cans containing -the exact quantity of powder required for mixing with 20 gallons -of fuel to prepare a 4.2 percent mixture. It is important that the -gasoline or fuel oil and gasoline be measured out before the thickener -container is opened. The powder then should be poured immediately into -the liquid. - -(3) _Dryness of containers._ It is important that all containers used -in mixing and handling the fuel be dry. - -(4) _Keeping water out of gasoline._ Gasoline, especially when it has -been stored in vented containers, frequently includes free water. -Therefore, when using gasoline from a bulk-storage tank or an open -drum, first place it in a clean, dry drum; allow it to stand quietly -for at least an hour; then carefully pour off the gasoline from the top -and discard the last gallon or two. - -_f. Pouring and stirring._ (Fig 25) The liquid fuel is poured into the -open drum; a pail or a paddle (Par 35 _c_) is used for measuring. One -man then stirs the fuel vigorously. Another takes a can of thickener, -splits it with a machete, bayonet, or ax, and pours it immediately -into the fuel. Any large lumps of powder are broken by hand before the -powder is added to the fuel. When mixing 40 gallons at a time, the -two cans of thickener should be opened and added to the fuel in rapid -succession. If the contents of the first can are permitted to gel -before adding the second can, it will be difficult to obtain a uniform -mix. Continue to stir. - - -[Illustration: Fig 25. Measuring fuel ingredient into mixing drum. -Paddle for measuring and stirring is improvised.] - -[Illustration: Fig 26. Transferring newly mixed thickened fuel from -mixing drum to storage or shipping container for aging.] - -_g. Examining fuel._ Lift the paddle quickly. If the mixture drops -or runs from the paddle, additional stirring is necessary. When the -paddle comes out clean, except for an adhering film, stirring should be -stopped, provided there is no further visible - -settling of particles of thickener. - -_h. Loading shipping drums._ When stirring is completed, the mix is -immediately bucketed (Fig 26) through a funnel into the shipping drum. -The second bung hole should be open, if possible, to provide a vent -to aid in pouring. Two men do the bucketing, each handling one pail -so that the funnel may be kept loaded with mix and the shipping drum -filled as rapidly as possible. Finally, the open-end drum should be -picked up and its contents poured into the funnel. Not more than 50 -gallons of thickened fuel should be loaded into a 55-gallon drum. The -funnel should then be removed and replaced by a plug. The vent opening -of the drum should also be closed. (See Paragraph 39 for pressure -method of filling storage drums.) - -_i. Unused thickener._ Any thickener remaining in opened cans should be -discarded. Since moisture in the air can quickly ruin its properties, -no attempt should be made to save it. - -_j. Aging and storing._ Newly mixed fuel has the appearance of tapioca -pudding. (Fig 27) It should preferably be stored overnight before -use. It may, however, be fired within 1 hour after mixing. To keep -fuel in good condition, drums for shipping and storing must be clean, -moistureproof, dry, strong, and unrusted, but not galvanized. They must -be kept tightly closed and should be laid on their sides so that rain -water will not collect around the bungs. - -_k. Testing fuel._ Before use on missions, all fuels should be tested -by being fired from a flame thrower. This is advisable because the -characteristics of the fuel ingredients often vary. - -[Illustration: Fig 27. Contrasting newly mixed thickened fuel (right) -with aged fuel (left).] - - -36. PREPARATION OF LIQUID FUELS. - -_a. Choice of ingredients._ Thin fuels are easy to ignite, but they -lack range and are largely burned in flight before reaching the target. -For this reason, liquid fuels should contain the lowest proportion -of gasoline and the highest proportion of heavier oils that permits -easy ignition. In hot climates, less gasoline is needed than in cold -climates. Exactness of proportion, however, is not of great importance. -Suitable blends are as follows: - -(1) Equal parts by weight or by volume of gasoline, light fuel oil, and -heavy (bunker) fuel oil. The light fuel oil can be either No. 1 fuel -oil, No. 2 fuel oil, automotive diesel oil, or kerosene. - -(2) One part gasoline to four parts of cleaned crankcase drainings. -(Par 36_e_) Unused motor lubricating oil can be employed in place -of crankcase drainings, but usually it will be unavailable for -flame-thrower use. - -_b. Preparation of ingredients._ Before mixing blends, the following -steps should be taken: - -(1) _Gasoline, diesel oils, and fuel oils._ These fuel materials should -be allowed to stand quietly for at least 30 minutes to permit any small -quantity of water present to settle to the bottom. When transferring -the fuel to another container, remove the fuel carefully so that no -water is remixed with it. - -(2) _Crankcase drainings._ If possible, crankcase drainings should -be allowed to stand quietly in a container for at least 1 day. When -pouring, take care to prevent the transfer of any of the sludge which -may have settled in the bottom of the container. - -_c. Equipment._ An open-head 55-gallon or 42-gallon drum and an -improvised wooden mixing paddle are used. The paddle should be -approximately 5 feet long, 2 inches wide, and 1 inch thick. A metal -paddle should not be provided because of the danger of striking a spark -from the drum. Five-gallon cans may also be furnished for measuring and -transferring ingredients. Clean, unrusted, steel storage drums should -be at hand. They should be at least 16-gage to have sufficient strength -to withstand the internal vapor pressure of the fuel. - -_d. Stirring._ All the ingredients should be stirred in the drum with -the paddle until they appear to form a uniform mixture. This should -require approximately 2 minutes. - -_e. Crankcase-draining blends._ If crankcase drainings are used as -an ingredient (Par 36_b_), it is preferable to allow the prepared -mixture to settle for 24 hours after stirring, because the gasoline in -the mixture may cause additional sludge to be deposited. Even after -this settling period, it is recommended that the mixture be poured -through cheesecloth or some similar fabric before the flame thrower -is filled. Crankcase-draining blends should be allowed to stay in the -flame thrower only long enough for completion of a mission, because -additional sludge which may form from standing will clog the weapon. - -_f. Transferring._ The mixture should be transferred either directly -into the flame-thrower fuel tanks (Pars 37 through 40) or into storage -drums. (Par 35_h_) - -_g. Emergency mixing in fuel tanks._ In an emergency, mixing can be -done in the flame-thrower fuel tanks by adding the ingredients in -correct proportions and then shaking or stirring. - -_h. Testing fuel._ Before fuel is used on a mission, it should be -tested, if possible, by being fired from a flame thrower. - -_i. Storage._ Fuels may be used immediately after preparation. If -the blend contains crankcase oils, the fuel should be fired as soon -as practicable after filling. Other liquid blends may be stored -indefinitely until required for use. For storage precautions see -Paragraph 40. The storage drums also should be kept tightly closed to -prevent loss of gasoline through evaporation and to prevent moisture -from entering the fuel. If stored in the open, the drums should be laid -on their sides so that rain water will not collect adjacent to the -bungs. An unrusted and undamaged 16-gage or 18-gage drum has sufficient -strength to withstand the internal vapor pressure of the fuel. - - -37. FILLING BY POURING. - -[Illustration: Fig 28. Filling fuel tanks by pouring. Any clean -container may be used. A funnel may be improvised.] - -(Fig 28) This method is the simplest and quickest for liquid fuel, -but it may be too slow for some thickened fuels. The procedure is as -follows: - -_a._ Stand the tank group on the ground or a platform. If the tank -group is not connected to the gun group, lock coupling plug in tank -coupling. (Par 70) - -_b._ Using a 1-3/4-inch wrench, unscrew the filling plug and the -safety-head plug. - -_c._ Inspect interior of tanks to see if clean and free from foreign -matter. If not clean, flush with gasoline. - -_d._ Using an improvised funnel, fill to within 2 inches of the top of -both plug openings. This allows sufficient void. The tanks will then -contain approximately 4 gallons of fuel. - -_e._ Wipe the fuel-tank plug seats and the plug threads with a clean, -dry cloth. (Fig 29) If plug has a tendency to freeze to seat, lubricate -(Par 49 _b_) before screwing in the filling and safety-head plug -assemblies. Tighten with wrench. - -[Illustration: Fig 29. Wiping plug seat.] - -_f._ Wipe any spilled fuel from weapon. - - -38. FILLING BY FORCE PUMP. - -A force pump, if available, may be installed with a short length of -pipe in the top opening of a drum of fuel for filling flame-thrower -fuel tanks. Keep working parts of pump clean. - - -39. FILLING BY BLOWING. - -Thickened fuel may be readily forced into the fuel tanks of flame -throwers by the use of extremely low pressures of compressed air or -nitrogen. Flame thrower fuel filling kit E6 or equivalent may be used. -When equipment is available, filling by blowing is more efficient for -filling large numbers of flame throwers with thickened fuel. Pouring -or pumping are more time-consuming, depending on the consistency of -the gel. The consistency may vary among batches even when the same -proportion of thickener is used. The amount of moisture in the fuel -seems to cause this variation. The precautions listed in Paragraph 40 -should be observed. - - -[Illustration: Fig 30. Blowing thickened fuel into fuel tanks by use of -cylinders of compressed air or nitrogen.] - -_a. Source of pressure._ When the pressure in cylinders of compressed -air or nitrogen has fallen too low to be of further use in filling -pressure tanks of flame throwers, the remaining pressure may be used -to blow fuel into fuel tanks if the regulator valve can reduce pressure -down to 20 pounds per square inch. For precautions, see Paragraph 33. -An air compressor or a hand air pump (tire pump) may be used in place -of a cylinder if the latter is not available. Pressure of _no more than -15 to 20 pounds_ per square inch should be used on the fuel drums. Only -a diaphragm-type regulator valve can be used safely. This valve must be -capable of regulating any pressure that may be applied to it. - -_b. Drums._ Clean, noncorroded, steel, 55-gallon drums should be used. -Drums of United States manufacture which meet requirements will be -stamped ICC-5 or ICC-5A, followed by three numbers in sequence, for -example, “14-55-44.” The number “14” indicates the gage of the metal; -“55” indicates the capacity in gallons; and “44” indicates the year -of manufacture. A steel drum of 14 gage, or heavier, is preferable, -but lighter drums (of 16 or 18 gage) may be used. Drums made of gages -lighter than 18 gage (20-or 22-gage) must not be used. Drums should -never be moved while under pressure. - -_c. Connections._ The source of pressure (see _a_ above), the drum -of fuel, the fuel-filling line, the air hose, and other parts, are -connected as shown in Figure 30. Threaded adapters are used, as -necessary, to fit lines to the drum. All threaded connections should -be made tight by the use of wrenches on the joints. The drum and the -pressure cylinder (if the latter is used) should be laid on their sides -on the ground or a platform. The opening of the drum connected to the -fuel-filling hose should be close to the ground or platform. If tank -group is filled without gun group, lock coupling plug (Par 70) in tank -coupling. - -_d. Procedure._ To fill fuel tanks: - -(1) Remove both the filling and safety-head plugs. - -(2) Inspect interior of tanks to see if clean and free from foreign -matter. If not clean, flush with gasoline. - -(3) Place end of fuel-filling hose in either one of the two fuel-tank -plug holes, using a nipple as a spout. - -(4) Start air compressor or pump, or open the valve on the cylinder of -compressed air or nitrogen. Open regulator valve on filling line by -turning handle _slowly_ until gage shows 15 to 20 pounds pressure, but -no more. _Caution_: “Cracking,” or opening a cylinder valve without -using the proper regulator valve (Par 39 _a_), may result in explosive -pressure in the drums. - -(5) Both tanks must be filled to within 2 inches of their tops. Close -valve on fuel-filling hose to halt flow at this level. - -(6) If no additional flame throwers are to be filled, close -pressure-cylinder valve, or stop compressor or pump. Then, using -wrench, slightly loosen the air line at the drum, allowing pressure -to bleed. When the pressure in the drum has fallen to that of the -atmosphere, close regulator valve. - -(7) Roll drum slightly and gently until fuel-filling hose is at top of -drum. - -(8) If there are valves on each end of the fuel-filling hose, use -wrench to slightly loosen hose, allowing gradual escape of pressure. -Stand away from, and at the side of, the connection. Keep hose pointed -away from other personnel. When all pressure has been released, -complete unscrewing of hose. - -(9) Wipe fuel-tank plug seats and the plug threads with a clean, dry -cloth. Then screw in filling plug and safety-head plug assemblies, -applying grease (Par 49 _b_) if plug tends to freeze to seat. Tighten -with wrench. Wipe any spilled fuel from weapon. - - -40. PRECAUTIONS WITH FUELS. - -_a. Flammability._ All fuels used in flame throwers obviously are -highly flammable and must be handled, stored, and used with extreme -care. Diesel oil, fuel oil, and kerosene require the same care as does -gasoline. - -_b. Indoor storage._ When it becomes necessary to handle gasoline in -a room or building, the windows and doors should be open and care -taken that no unprotected flame which might ignite the fumes is in the -vicinity. The doors and windows should remain open for a sufficient -length of time afterward to allow any vaporized gasoline to escape. - -_c. Flames and sparks._ The presence of open flames, heated stoves, -electrical tools and apparatus, and other equipment likely to cause -sparks must not be permitted. Even nails and metal cleats in shoes are -a potential hazard in the presence of combustible fumes. - -_d. Smoking._ “No Smoking” signs must be posted in prominent places -about the premises and the rule against smoking must be strictly -enforced. - -_e. Ventilation and cleaning._ The buildings in which fuel is stored -or used must be well ventilated and thoroughly cleaned every day. No -rubbish or other flammable material should be permitted to remain in or -near such buildings. - -_f. Spillage._ Care should be taken that fuel is not spilled. Any -spillage should be removed promptly. - -_g. Safety cans._ Safety cans should be used, if possible, for storing -small quantities of gasoline, as they have covers that must be forcibly -held open to remove or add gasoline. - -_h. Rags._ Metal receptacles with metal lids should be provided for -discarded, oily, or gasoline-soaked rags. These rags must be disposed -of daily. - -_i. Electrical apparatus._ Vaporproof incandescent electric lamps, -switches, and other appliances of approved type should be used. Open -switches, relays, and similar apparatus, or motors with commutators, -must not be used where gasoline fumes may be encountered. - -_j. Hose._ Flexible metal, rubber, and rubber-metal hose should be -inspected regularly (at least four times a year) and discarded when -noticeably deteriorated. - -_k. Toxic fumes._ Gasoline fumes are somewhat toxic and should not be -inhaled. - -_l. Leaks._ Leaks must never be neglected, and the fact that gasoline -is a dangerous liquid must always be kept in mind. Inspections for -leaks should be made frequently, particularly at pipe and hose joints. - -_m. Fire extinguishers._ Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, or -foam-type fire extinguishers should be provided and located where they -will be accessible in the event of fire. Sand, not water, should be -thrown on burning fuel if suitable extinguishers are not available. - -_n. Leaded gasoline._ Gasoline often contains a poisonous lead -compound. Such gasoline, or fuel containing leaded gasoline, should not -be allowed to touch the body, especially the lips, eyes, open cuts, and -sores. - - - - -Section IX OPERATION UNDER UNUSUAL CONDITIONS - - -41. WET CONDITIONS. - -The M2-2 flame thrower may be carried and fired successfully in the -rain or even after short immersion in water. After use when wet, it -should be dried to prevent rusting, cleaned, and lubricated. (Pars 49 -and 55) Areas where paint has worn off should be touched up with fresh -paint. The weapon should be stored in a dry place. Moisture must not be -allowed to enter fuel, ingredients of fuel, or containers of ignition -cylinders. - - -42. DUST AND MUD. - -Keep all possible dust, earth, and mud out of the flame thrower; -particles may interfere with the operation of spring case, valves, -bearings, and pressure regulator. Store weapons and auxiliary equipment -in closed chests and boxes when not in use. (Par 77) Clean before use. -(Pars 51 and 52) - - -43. HEAT. - -A hot climate or exposure to the sun makes the fuel thinner when in -containers. Thin fuel has shorter range; it is largely consumed in the -air before it reaches usual effective ranges. Where the climate is -torrid, less gasoline or other thinning agents should be used in a fuel -blend than normally. (Pars 34 through 36) - - -44. COLD. - -Cold weather reduces total heat produced at target but seldom enough -to seriously lower value of a firing mission. Incendiary effects may -be decreased because materiel is less flammable when cold. The weapon -may be used at temperatures as low as minus 20 degrees Fahrenheit. To -improve ignition, use more gasoline in fuel than normally. (Pars 34 -through 36) - - -45. WIND. - -Flame throwers should not be fired into strong head winds or across -strong side winds. (Par 23) - - - - -Section X DEMOLITION TO PREVENT ENEMY USE - - -46. DESTRUCTION PROCEDURE. - -If circumstances should force abandonment of chemical warfare materiel -in the field, it is destroyed or rendered useless to prevent its use or -study by the enemy. The following methods are recommended: - -_a. Flame thrower._ One or more small-arms bullets through the fuel -tanks will prevent any immediate use of the flame thrower. Additional -rounds may be put through the pressure tank. If the pressure tank is -charged, the pressure-tank valve should be opened for a few seconds, -thus permitting the contents to dissipate. This is necessary if rounds -are to be fired point-blank. The gun may be rendered useless by bending -it over a hard object. A sledge or ax will demolish valves and tubes. A -fragmentation grenade will also achieve demolition. - -_b. Filling and charging apparatus._ The flexible tubing, gages, and -valves may be destroyed by blows with an ax, sledge, or other heavy -instrument. The large pressure cylinders are rendered useless by -releasing the contents and then destroying the valves by blows with an -ax or sledge. Cylinders can be stacked like cordwood in groups of five -and demolished by the detonation of four 1/2-pound blocks (2 pounds) of -TNT in their midst. The air compressor may be destroyed by a similar -procedure. - -_c. Fuel._ Burn. - -_d. Mixing apparatus._ Containers and filling lines may be rendered -useless by ax or sledge blows, or by small-arms fire. - -_e. Thickener._ Cans of thickener should be broken open. Contents -should be thrown into a fire or into a body of water. - -_f. Ignition cylinders._ Burn to destroy. Personnel should stay -several yards from the fire because the cylinders ignite with a slight -detonation. - - - - -PART THREE - -MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS - - - - -Section XI GENERAL - - -47. SCOPE. - -Part Three contains information for the guidance of the personnel of -the using organizations responsible for the maintenance (1st and 2nd -echelon) of this equipment. It contains information needed for the -performance of the scheduled lubrication and preventive maintenance -services as well as descriptions of the major systems and units and -their functions in relation to other components of the equipment. - - - - -Section XII SPECIAL ORGANIZATIONAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT - - -48. SERVICE KIT. - -One service kit for portable flame thrower M2-2 will be furnished -for each six M2-2 portable flame throwers. The kit includes tools, -equipment, and spare parts for second echelon maintenance and for -pressure-tank charging. Adjustable wrenches may be included in place of -the plain-end wrenches listed. Numbers listed with items are Chemical -Warfare Service stock numbers. Approximate contents are as follows: - -_a. Tools._ - - 1 Screwdriver, cabinet, 4-1/2-inch blade length, 3/16-inch blade - diameter, H22-50-13. (Fig 8) - - 1 Screw driver, common, 6-inch blade length, 5/16-inch blade - diameter, H22-50-6. (Fig 8) - - 2 Wrenches, hex, 3/16 inch across flats (for 3/8-inch socket-head set - screws), H22-49-91. - - 2 Wrenches, hex, 1/8 inch across flats (for 1/4-inch socket-head set - screws), H22-49-12. (Fig 8) - - 1 Wrench, valve-adjusting, assembly A81-6-48. (Fig 8) - - 1 Wrench, heavy “S”, 1-3/8-inch and 1-1/2-inch openings, 12 inches - approx length, H22-49-113. (Fig 8) - - 1 Wrench, engineers’, double head, 3/4-inch and 7/8-inch openings, 9 - inches approx length, H22-49-115. (Fig 8) - - 1 Wrench, heavy “S”, 1-3/8-inch and 1-3/4-inch openings, 12 inches - approx length, A81-6-49. (Fig 8) - - 1 Wrench, engineers’, single head, 1-1/8-inch opening, 10-1/2 inches - approx length, H22-49-31. (Fig 8) - - 1 Wrench, adjustable, single end, 6 inches approx length - (crescent-type), H22-49-67. (Fig 8) - -_b. Accessories and spare parts._ - - 1 Line, filling, pressure cylinder, assembly C81-3-4. (Fig 23) - - 1 Hose, flexible, assembly E81-3-6. (Fig 24) - - 2 Lines, charging, pressure cylinder, assembly B81-3-29. (Fig 23) - - 1 Tank and valve, pressure, assembly (less shaft and handle) - B81-1-374. (Fig 33) - - 1 Shaft, flexible, valve, assembly E81-1-470. (Fig 33) - - 1 Handle, valve, A81-1-473. (Fig 33) - - 1 Nut, machine-screw, hex, 5/16-inch, 24NF-2, H22-93-55. (Fig 33) - - 2 Case, spring, assemblies B81-1-444. (Fig 9) - - 2 Diaphragm, valve, assemblies A81-1-416. (Fig 9) - - 1 Hose, fuel, flame thrower, M1, assembly B81-1-498. (Fig 48) - - 2 Plugs, coupling, E81-1-514. (Fig 7) - - 6 Heads, safety, R81-1-561. (Fig 39) - - 1 Gage, fuel tank testing, assembly E81-6-57. (This assembly includes - a plug drilled, tapped, and fitted with a 0-500-pound pressure gage.) - - 3 Washers, coupling, A81-1-513. (Fig 9) - - 2 Cord, cotton, seine, No. 4 hard braided, mildewproof, O.D., - (1/8-inch diameter by 25-feet skeins), H100-4-5. - - 6 Bushings, pipe, head, 3/4 inch by 1/2 inch, (galvanized iron), - H98-5-93. (Fig 9) - - 1 Regulator, pressure, assembly B81-1-438. (Figs 33 and 37) - - 1 Compound, anti-seize, white lead base, (for threaded fittings) - 1/4-pound can, H99-3-12. - - 2 Gages, pressure cylinder testing, assembly B81-6-90. (Fig 32) - - 1 Catalog CW7-440114, Army Service Forces, “Portable Flame Thrower - M2-2.” - - 1 Technical Manual 3-376A, “Portable Flame Thrower M2-2.” - -[Illustration: Fig 31. Lubrication order. - - To requisition a replacement Lubrication Order address Office of the - Chief, Chemical Warfare Service, Washington 25, D. C. - - NOT TO BE REPRODUCED - in whole or in part without permission of the Office of the Chief, - Chemical Warfare Service. - -NO. 4001 - - ----------- KEY ----------- - - +-------------------------+-------------------------+ - | LUBRICANTS | INTERVALS | - +-------------------------+-------------------------+ - | | | - | CG-GREASE, | 1-AFTER EACH MISSION | - | GENERAL PURPOSE | 6-AFTER SIX MISSIONS | - | NO. 1 (ABOVE + 32°F) | OR MORE OFTEN | - | NO. O (BELOW + 32°F) | | - | | | - +-------------------------+-------------------------+ - - THIS ORDER IS TO BE FASTENED TO INSIDE LID OF FLAME THROWER - PACKING CHEST. - - Copy of this Lubrication Order will remain with the equipment at all - times; instructions contained therein are mandatory and supersede all - conflicting lubrication Instructions dated prior to =5 MAY 1944= - - By order of the Secretary of War: - - G. C. Marshall, Chief of Staff. - - Official: - - J. A. Ulio, - Major General, - The Adjutant General.] - - - - -Section XIII LUBRICATION - - -49. LUBRICATION. - -_a. Gun group._ War Department Lubrication Order No. 4001 (Fig 31) -shows the parts which require lubrication, the lubricants, and the -intervals. - -(1) _Lubricants._ Grease, general purpose, No. 1 is used, except for -temperatures below freezing, when grease, general purpose. No. 0 is -used. The bearing surfaces should be lightly coated with the grease. - -(2) _Frequency of lubrication._ The surfaces of the ignition-head body -which touch the spring case should be lubricated after each use of -the weapon. Other parts are lubricated after six firing missions, six -training sessions, or oftener. All should be thoroughly cleaned (Pars -52, 55, and 56) with gasoline, dry cleaning solvent, or other solvent, -then dried before lubrication. If the gun is disassembled for any other -reason, it should be lubricated before reassembly. - -(3) _Records._ To ascertain when six missions have been fired, a record -of firing (Par 2) should be kept with each flame thrower. - -_b. Tank group._ The tank group ordinarily requires no lubrication. -However, it may under the following exceptional circumstances: - -(1) If the tank group has been immersed in water for several hours, -the flexible shaft of the pressure valve may have lost its lubricant. -If so, remove the shaft (Par 66 _b_) and inspect. If lubricant is not -present, as indicated by difficulty of movement after removal, dip -the shaft in solvent to clean and then dip in warmed grease, general -purpose, No. 1. Replace shaft in valve. - -(2) If filling or safety-head plugs (Figs 39 and 40) tend to stick -to fuel tanks, apply grease, general purpose, No. 1 (No. 0 if below -freezing temperatures) before replacing plugs. - - - - -Section XIV PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SERVICES - - -50. GENERAL - -Preventive maintenance services, as prescribed by Army Regulations, -are a function of using organization echelons of maintenance. These -services consist of: - -_a._ Before, during, and after operation services performed by the -firers and assistants. - -_b._ Scheduled services performed by organizational maintenance -personnel (service when filling and charging, and service after six -firing missions). - - -51. BEFORE-OPERATION SERVICE OF TANK GROUP. - -The following services are to be performed before filling, charging, -and loading the flame thrower with pressure, fuel, and ignition -cylinder: - -_a. Pressure-tank valve._ Open and close pressure-tank valve to test -for ease of operation. - -_b. Threaded connections._ Check all threaded connections for -tightness, using appropriate wrenches. - -_c. Tank coupling._ Examine coupling for cleanliness and ease of -movement of lock and cams. (Par 70) Clean if necessary. If washer is -broken, replace, using screw driver to pry out. - -_d. Plugs._ Check filling plug and safety-head plug for completeness -of parts (Par 69 _a_) and cleanliness of threads and seats. Clean, if -necessary, with cloth. If rod or rod and chain have broken off and -fallen in tank, turn tank upside down and remove. Remove deflector -tube from head (using hand, not wrench). Inspect to see if diaphragm -is intact. If diaphragm is ruptured, replace the safety head with an -unbroken head. (Par 69 b, c) Reassemble plug, head, and deflector tube -in left fuel tank. (Fig 11) Tube should face to rear and at a 45-degree -angle to operator’s left shoulder. (Fig 18) Screw in deflector tube by -hand; do not use wrench on deflector tube. Tighten lock nut with wrench. - -_e. Pressure-tank clamp._ The clamp should hold the pressure tank -tightly in place. If tank is loose, a wooden splint or wedge under the -clamp may be used as a temporary expedient. - -_f. Carrier-frame bolts._ Check tightness. Use wrench. - -_g. Carrier._ (Par 71) Examine all canvas, webbing, and cord for signs -of mildew, rot, or wear. Replace defective parts. Move flame thrower to -dryer storage if mildew occurs. - -_h. Cord (lashing)._ Check for tightness. If necessary, make tighter -and use secure, slip-proof knots. When the tank group is filled with -fuel and adjusted on the firer, its weight should be carried chiefly by -the canvas and webbing, not by the metal frame. - -_i. Shoulder and body straps._ Adjust straps to fit firer. (Pars 19 and -71) A loose tank group can cause discomfort or injury when the wearer -changes positions while on a mission. Check presence and condition of -the two pins and two cotter pins which hold shoulder straps to steel -support. Check fasteners. - - -52. BEFORE-OPERATION SERVICE OF GUN GROUP. - -The following services are to be performed before filling, charging, -and loading with pressure, fuel, and ignition cylinder: - -_a. Hose nipple, tank end._ Examine to be sure nipple is clean and -not badly nicked. If badly nicked, the nipple may not make a tight -seal at the tank coupling. A leak and loss of pressure may result. See -Paragraph 73 _d_ for repair of the nipple. - -_b. Fuel hose._ Examine surface of hose for cracks or other signs of -deterioration. Special attention should be paid to portions adjacent to -the gun and tank coupling, which are subjected to severe flexing. If -hose is defective, replace. (Par 73 _b_, _c_) Do not patch. - -_c. Hose nipple, gun end._ Check tightness of threaded connection -between hose and fuel-valve body, using hand or very light wrench -pressure. - -_d. Shield._ Remove ignition shield. Check cleanliness of threads -on shield and on ignition-head body. If not clean, use cloth. When -reassembling (Par 18 _c_), shield should turn freely until it locks in -correct position. - -_e. Valve lever and needle._ - -(1) There should be some play in the valve lever. To test, remove -ignition shield. Compress grip safety and valve lever slowly, -observing the motion of the valve needle. The valve lever should move -approximately 1/16 inch before the needle begins to move. - -(2) Valve needle should be seated firmly in the barrel nozzle. After -the valve lever is pulled back and released, no play should occur in -the needle. For adjustment of needle, see Paragraph 75 _d_. - -_f. Screws._ Use screw driver to test tightness of all screws. - -_g. Spring retainer and plug._ Check tightness of spring retainer and -plug (Fig 47) by using hand or very light wrench pressure. - -_h. Ignition head._ All exposed surfaces of the shield, nozzle, needle, -and other parts of the ignition head, or adjacent to it, should be -clean. If not, use cloth. - -_i. Atomizer hole._ With the fuel valve held fully open, insert a -fine wire in the atomizer hole of the nozzle to clean the hole. Then -use cloth-wrapped splint to remove from the inside of the nozzle any -foreign matter pushed through the atomizer hole. If such matter is not -removed, it may interfere with the closing of the fuel valve needle at -the nozzle. Repeat procedure in _e_ (2) above. - -_j. Spring case._ Spring case should turn freely on ignition head. If -it does not, clean any grease or dirt from, surfaces with cloth and -relubricate. (Par 49) - -_k. Trigger._ Pull trigger once or twice to find whether it operates -easily and whether it returns to position. If not, clean and lubricate -trigger. (Par 49) Check condition of trigger spring. - -_l. Trigger rod._ Check position of the trigger rod when trigger -is pulled back all the way as when firing. The rod should extend -approximately 1/16 inch beyond the end of the lug in the ignition head. -If it does not, bend the rod slightly, reverse position of bearing, or -replace worn parts. - - -53. SERVICE WHEN FILLING AND CHARGING. - -_a. Inspection of fuel tanks._ Just before filling and charging, remove -plugs (Par 69 _b_) and examine interior of fuel tanks to see whether -they are clean and free from foreign matter. If not clean, flush with -gasoline until clean. - -_b. Fuel level._ When filling (Pars 37 through 40), see that fuel -reaches the same level in both tanks. If leveling does not occur, -the tank connector may be clogged with foreign matter. If so, clean, -as in _a_, above. After filling, wipe plug seats with a cloth before -replacing plugs. Wipe any spilled fuel from weapon. - -_c. Pressure-tank valve._ Before charging the tank group with air or -nitrogen, open and close the pressure-tank valve several times by hand -to be sure it operates freely. If it does not, adjust as described in -Paragraph 66 _d_. - -[Illustration: Fig 32. Testing pressure tank and valve, using -0-3,000-pound testing gage from service kit.] - -_d. Testing for leaks in pressure system._ After charging, and as few -hours as possible before a mission, use an 0-3,000-pound gage furnished -in service kit to test pressure. (Fig 32) To install gage, unscrew -check-valve cap and screw gage in check-valve body. If pressure has -fallen below that to which the tank was charged (Par 32), a leak is -indicated. Remove gage, replace check-valve cap, and check for leaks -at joints between pressure tank and valve and between tank valve and -check valve. (A wrench should be used to tighten cap on check-valve -body so as to avoid producing an additional leak.) Large leaks can -be felt or heard. Small leaks can be detected by coating joints with -soap-and-water solution. Bubbles indicate leaks. If a leak is revealed -between pressure tank and pressure-tank valve, or between check valve -and pressure-tank valve, replace all three as a unit. If tests do not -show up the leak the tank may have been improperly charged. It should -be recharged and then retested. - - -54. SERVICE WHEN FIRING. - -_a. Failure to ignite._ Pull trigger repeatedly. If ignition cylinder -still fails to ignite, dirt may be wedged in ignition head. Unscrew -shield one-half turn. Screw it back, rapping shield with the hand while -turning. This should dislodge foreign matter. Pull trigger again. -Repeat procedure, if necessary. - -_b. Safety head “blows” (breaks)._ If safety head breaks, firing -mission cannot be carried out. On return, have head replaced. (Par 69) -Follow test procedure. (Par 56 _b_) - - -55. SERVICE AFTER FIRING. - -_a. Unloading._ Remove ignition cylinder (Par 30), close pressure-tank -valve, and blow out remaining fuel and pressure. (Par 30) - -_b. Removal of equipment._ Release the body straps, then the shoulder -straps. If prone, lie on side and allow tank group to roll off onto -ground. If standing or kneeling, take care that tank group does not -drop on feet or legs. - -_c. Correcting or reporting._ Correct any failures or difficulties or -report them as soon as possible to service or maintenance personnel. - -_d. Gun._ Remove shield (Par 18) and clean interior of shield with -cloth. Clean holes in shield with wire or wooden splint. Clean external -surfaces of barrel, nozzle, needle, and other parts. Check cleanliness -and adjustment of needle. (Par 75 _d_) Check trigger for operation. -Lubricate. (Par 49) - -_e. Fuel tanks and passages._ Remove plugs (Par 69 _b_). Drain -any remaining fuel. Use gasoline to remove residues of thickened -fuels before they have a chance to harden and obstruct passages. If -necessary, fill tanks with gasoline and allow to stand for several -hours, shaking occasionally. Drain and repeat if necessary. - -_f. Safety head._ Check head to see if it is ruptured; if it is, -replace. (Par 69) Follow test procedure. (Par 56 _b_) - -_g. Pressure-tank valve._ If weapon is to be stored, open pressure-tank -valve and leave it open until next charging. - -_h. Carrier._ Scrub, if necessary, with soap and water, or gasoline. - -_i. Exterior metal surfaces._ Scrub exterior metal surfaces clean of -fuel to prevent fire hazard. Allow to dry before using again. - -_j. General inspection._ Carefully examine all other parts, adjust as -necessary, and replace any which are damaged. - - -56. SERVICE AFTER SIX FIRING MISSIONS. - -After the flame thrower has been used on six firing missions or the -equivalent in training work, experienced personnel should follow these -directions: - -_a. Before-operation and after-operation service._ Follow the same -procedures as in Paragraphs 52, 53, and 55. - -_b. Test firing (or simulated firing)._ - -(1) If tactical conditions permit test firing at a suitable test range -(Par 15), fill the fuel tanks with fuel. (Pars 37 through 40) - -(2) If test firing with fuel is impracticable, fill fuel tanks with -clean water. (Be sure to dry all parts after test.) - -(3) _Remove filling-plug assembly._ (Par 69) Fish out the retainer rod -and chain by means of a bent wire. - -(4) Do not unscrew the safety-head plug. - -(5) Insert the testing plug with 0-to 500-pound pressure gage (plug and -gage are from service kit) in the filling-plug opening. Tighten testing -plug in seat with wrench. - -(6) Fully charge pressure tank. (Par 32) - -(7) If test firing with fuel, load ignition cylinder. (Par 18) - -(8) Open pressure-tank valve and simultaneously observe pressure in -fuel tanks by reading gage. The gage indicates the pressure in both -tanks. It should be between 350 and 390 pounds per square inch. - -(9) Read the gage at the expiration of not less than 5 minutes. The -tanks should have a pressure reading of not more than 390 pounds. If -the pressure continues to increase beyond 390 pounds and the safety -head blows, replace the safety head and the pressure regulator. - -(10) Fire by operating controls (or simulate firing if tanks are filled -with water). The burst should last 3 seconds, during which time the -pressure should not drop below 260 pounds. - -(11) If the pressure does not conform to the requirements stated in -(8), (9), and (10), adjust the pressure regulator upward or downward. -(Par 67 _d_) - -(12) While the above test firing is proceeding, check for leaks at all -joints and connections on the tank group. The pressure system should -be checked by painting the joints with soap-and-water solution and by -looking for bubbles which indicate leaks. For replacement of parts -where pressure leaks, see Paragraph 66. Fuel leaks may be seen without -soap and water. For repair of fuel leaks, see Paragraph 75 _e_. The -nozzle should be observed by removing the ignition shield. Nozzle -leaks are corrected by cleaning, adjusting needle (Par 75 _d_), or by -regrinding. (Par 75 _e_) If this is not successful, replace both needle -and barrel as a unit. - -_c. Fuel valve._ Discharge all pressure from the gun by operating the -fuel valve. Carefully remove the valve grip and grip support. (Par -74) Look for signs of leakage at the valve diaphragm. If a leak is -present, replace valve-diaphragm assembly. (Pars 75 _b_ and 75 _c_) - -_d. Valve grip._ Disassemble the valve grip (Par 74) and lubricate. -(Par 49) - -_e. Carrier._ Tighten the carrier cord. - -_f. Gun interior._ If thickened fuel has been fired, disassemble the -gun. All parts should be cleaned of accumulations of dried fuel. -Lubricate (Par 49) and reassemble. If liquid fuel has been fired, -flush gun with clean gasoline. Disassemble only enough to lubricate. -Reassemble. - - - - -Section XV TROUBLE SHOOTING - - -57. PRECAUTIONS. - -First, remove the ignition cylinder. Then, before disassembling, -servicing, or repairing parts which may be under pressure, be sure to -release the pressure. Remove fuel, when necessary. - - -58. FUEL LEAKS. - - _Trouble_ _Remedy_ - _a._ Defective or damaged If leak is observed in valve grip, - valve-diaphragm assembly. disassemble. (Par 74) If diaphragm - is torn, or damaged in - any other way, remove and replace. - (Par 75) - - _b._ Defective threaded Disconnect, using wrenches. If - connections on fuel lines. thread is stripped or badly damaged, - replace the threaded part. - If threads appear to be sound, - clean them and reconnect. If - leak is between tank coupling and - tank connector or between hose - and fuel-valve body, apply anti-seize - compound before rescrewing. - Tighten joint with wrenches. - - _c._ Dirt or foreign matter Clean parts carefully with cloth before - on seats or threads. reassembling. - - _d._ Leak at nozzle. Adjust needle. (Par 75 _d_) If leak - persists, either replace needle - and barrel as a unit or use lapping - compound on parts. Turn - needle in seat until parts make a - tight connection when seated. - Remove lapping compound and - reassemble. - - _e._ Worn body of hose. Replace fuel-hose assembly. (Par 73) - - _f._ Leak at tank coupling. Remove and replace coupling washer - if damaged. (Par 70) If hose - nipple, tank end, is damaged, repair - nipple (Par 73 _d_) or replace - fuel-hose assembly. - - -59. SAFETY HEAD “BLOWS” (BREAKS). - - _Trouble_ _Remedy_ - _a._ Defective safety head. Replace with new safety head. - (Par 69 _b_) - - _b._ Defective pressure If replacement safety head also - regulator. breaks, follow test procedure in - Paragraph 56 _b_ to determine - whether pressure regulator - needs adjustment or is defective. - - -60. CARRIER UNCOMFORTABLE. - - _Trouble_ _Remedy_ - _a._ Cord becomes loose Use only hard-braided seine cord - or breaks. furnished in service kit for - replacements. Lace tightly as - shown in Figure 46, using slip-proof - knots at ends. - - _b._ Straps not adjusted to Adjust straps to fit each new wearer. - fit wearer. Tank group must be high - on back and snug on body. (Pars - 19 and 71) - - _c._ Carrier frame Cord is too loose. Tighten cord. - presses on wearer’s back. Use slip-proof knots at ends. - - -61. SHORT RANGE. - - _Trouble_ _Remedy_ - _a._ Stream of burning fuel Fuel valve is not fully open because - issues at an angle or in a of: - very broad spray. (1) Faulty operation. Be sure to - compress controls all the way - when firing. (Par 26) - - (2) Improper adjustment or assembly - of valve. To correct, - see Paragraphs 74 and 75. - - _b._ Rapid drop of range Pressure-tank valve is not fully - during a burst. open. Open all the way. If this - is not effective, test pressure - regulator. (Par 67 _d_) - - _c._ Shorter range in each Pressure tank is not fully charged. - successive burst. (1) Before firing be sure tank is - - charged to at least 1,700 pounds - per square inch. (Par 32) - - (2) Check for leaks to make sure - pressure has not decreased - since charging. (Par 53 _d_) - - _d._ Short range with Dried fuel or other foreign matter - longer time of discharge is in fuel lines. Disassemble and - than 8 to 9 seconds. clean. - - -62. FUEL-VALVE FAILURE. - - _Trouble_ _Remedy_ - Valve fails to close when (1) Work the grip safety to trip - controls are released. the valve lever. - - (2) Foreign matter may be in barrel, - or barrel may be dented. - If dented, replace barrel and - needle as a unit. If not dented, - disassemble and clean. (Pars - 74 and 75) - - -63. FAILURE OF IGNITION CYLINDER TO IGNITE. - - _Trouble_ _Remedy_ - _a._ Match in cylinder Pull trigger repeatedly. If cylinder - moves but incendiary does not ignite, remove cylinder - charge does not ignite. (Par 30) and examine. - - (1) If matches have been pushed - flush with inner surface of cylinder - body, the cylinder is - defective. Destroy. (Par 30) - Replace. - - (2) If matches project 1/16 inch - or more from cylinder, ignition - head is defective. Disassemble - ignition head (Par 76 _b_) and - examine. Replace parts as - necessary. (Par 76 _c_) - - _b._ Cylinder does not (1) Spring case is not free to rotate - rotate to bring new charge because of dirt. Clean and lubricate. - into position. (Par 49) - - (2) Cylinder is improperly loaded. - (Par 18) - - (3) Ignition cylinder binds on barrel - because of dirt or excessive - warping of ignition cylinders - from heat of firing. Remove - and destroy (Par 30) ignition - cylinder. Reload. - - (4) Spring case is defective. Replace - as a unit. (Par 76 _b_, _c_) - - _c._ Trigger does not (1) When on a mission, use fingers - return to normal position on trigger to pull back to normal - (with ignition cylinder in position. - place). (2) If time permits, remove trigger - rod. (Par 76 _b_) Clean rod - and hole in which rod slides. - Lubricate. (Par 49) Reassemble. - (Par 76 _c_) - - _d._ Lack of spring tension Trigger spring is off hook of trigger, - at trigger. off spring screw, or broken. - Replace where necessary. - - -64. FAILURE OF FUEL TO IGNITE. - - _Trouble_ _Remedy_ - _a._ Atomizer hole clogged. Clean with fine wire. (Par 52 _i_) - - _b._ Fuel troubles at low (1) At temperatures below minus - temperature. 20 degrees Fahrenheit, ignition - of any standard fuel is uncertain. - Operation at these temperatures - should be avoided unless tests - of fuels by firing with flame - throwers are first made. - - (2) At temperatures above minus - 20 degrees Fahrenheit, no difficulty - should be experienced with - thickened gasoline. When - blended fuels are used, the - ratio of gasoline content should - be increased as temperature - decreases. - - _c._ Failure of ignition See Paragraph 63. - cylinder. - - - - -Section XVI TANK GROUP - - -65. GENERAL. - -The tank group stores fuel and pressure. The fuel is placed under -pressure when the pressure-tank valve is opened. The tank group is -supported upon the firer’s back and shoulders by the carrier. - - -66. PRESSURE TANK AND VALVE ASSEMBLY. - -_a. Description and functioning._ The pressure tank and valve assembly -(Fig 33) includes: - -(1) _Pressure tank._ The pressure tank is a lightweight, airplane-type -cylinder, able to withstand the great pressure which it contains. The -tank is charged with air or nitrogen at 1,700 to 2,100 pounds per -square inch pressure by use of auxiliary equipment as described in -Paragraphs 31 and 32. This pressure stays in the pressure tank until -the weapon is ready to be fired. Opening of the pressure-tank valve -releases air or nitrogen through the pressure regulator to the fuel -tanks. Oxygen or combustible gases are never used in the tank because a -violent explosion may result. The tank is large in capacity to assure -ample pressure, and hence full range, for the entire load of fuel. -The pressure-tank clamp (Fig 39), a steel-strap device with hinge and -toggle-type latch, holds the pressure tank in place on the fuel tanks. - -(2) _Pressure-tank valve._ (Figs 33 and 34) This valve is screwed -into the bottom of the pressure tank. The valve stem slides into the -valve end of the valve flexible shaft. When opened by means of the -valve handle and valve flexible shaft, the valve permits passage of -compressed air or nitrogen through tubes and the pressure regulator to -the fuel tanks. The valve is of the quick-opening, packless, diaphragm -type. - -(3) _Pressure-valve handle and valve flexible shaft._ (Figs 33 and 34) -The pressure-valve handle is held by a small nut on the end of the -valve flexible shaft, which in turn is connected to the pressure-tank -valve by means of the valve stem and a large hex nut. The handle and -shaft extend to the right of the tank group, enabling the firer to open -and close the valve without assistance when carrying the weapon. The -handle slips over the end of the shaft and is held to it by a nut. The -shaft is held to one of the fuel tanks by a clamp, nut, and bolt welded -to the tank. - -(4) _Check valve._ (Figs 33 through 35) The check valve has the same -function as the valve on a vehicular tire tube, but it is much heavier -in construction and different in design because the pressure in the -flame thrower is 50 times greater than that in an automobile tire tube. -Connected by threads to the pressure valve, the check valve permits -compressed air or nitrogen to enter the pressure tank during charging -(Pars 31 and 32) but prevents its escape when the outside source of -pressure is removed. The cap is removed from the check valve only for -charging or testing. - -_b. Removal._ (Fig 33) To prevent damage to threads, leaks, and loss of -pressure and range, remove pressure tank and valve assembly only when -necessary. - - -[Illustration: Fig 33. Pressure system disassembled, showing -nomenclature and Chemical Warfare Service stock numbers for -requisitioning spare parts.] - -(1) _Release of pressure._ Be sure all pressure has been released -from the pressure system before disassembling or removing any part or -assembly of the pressure system. To release pressure, operate fuel -valve (Par 26) and hold open until pressure is exhausted. As an -added precaution, personnel should avoid facing the connections when -disconnecting parts or assemblies. - -(2) _Removal procedure._ After release of all pressure: - - (_a_) Loosen the clamp from the valve flexible shaft. - - (_b_) Using wrench, unscrew the large hex nut which holds the - flexible shaft on the pressure-tank valve. - - (_c_) Pull the valve flexible shaft and handle free of the valve. - - (_d_) Using wrench, unscrew the flared tube nut on the regulator tube - adjacent to the pressure-tank valve. - - (_e_) Open pressure-tank clamp (Fig 39) and swing clamp strap outward. - - (_f_) Remove the pressure tank together with the pressure-tank valve - and check valve. - - (_g_) To remove valve handle, use the adjustable-end wrench to loosen - and remove nut from threaded outer end of valve flexible shaft. Slide - out the valve handle. - -[Illustration: Fig 34. Lower portion of pressure system, assembled.] - -[Illustration: Fig 35. Check valve (cross section).] - -_c. Installation._ (Figs 33 and 39) To install: - - (1) Insert pressure tank (with pressure-tank valve and check valve - mounted on the tank) through the pressure-tank clamp. Be sure to - aline the regulator tube, elbow, and pressure-tank valve threads - carefully so that they cannot be damaged when connecting. - - (2) Close the pressure-tank clamp. - - (3) Start the threaded connections by hand to be sure they are well - alined. Do not force. Use wrench for final tightening, but do not - apply great torque to the wrench. - - (4) Insert the valve flexible shaft through small clamp into the - pressure-tank valve. Using wrench, tighten the large hex nut located - between shaft and valve. - - (5) Tighten the clamp on the valve flexible shaft. - - (6) Place pressure-valve handle on threaded end of the shaft. Place - nut on threaded end and tighten with adjustable-end wrench. - -_d. Adjustment._ If valve handle cannot be turned by hand: - - (1) Remove flexible shaft and handle. Never apply a wrench to these - parts. - - (2) Turn end of pressure-valve stem with wrench to open valve. - - (3) If stem will not turn, replace the tank and valve. - - (4) If stem turns, work it back and forth with wrench. - - (5) Reconnect flexible shaft and handle. - - (6) If handle does not turn easily, repeat the process until handle - turns, or replace tank and valve. - - (7) Close valve before charging tank. - -_e. Maintenance._ - - (1) If either pressure tank, pressure-tank valve, or check valve - are damaged or defective, all three must be replaced as a unit. - No attempt may be made to repair any of these parts or their - connections. If makeshift repairs or improvised parts are devised, - serious accidents can result because of the extremely high pressures - to which the equipment is subjected. - - (2) Keep all threaded connections tightened. If a leak is suspected - at any threaded connection, follow procedure in Paragraph 53 _d_. - - -67. PRESSURE REGULATOR. - -_a. Description and functioning._ The regulator automatically reduces -the variable pressure of air or nitrogen in the pressure tank to a -constant operating pressure of approximately 350 pounds per square inch -in the fuel tanks. The regulator is located at a protected position -in the tank group of the M2-2 portable flame thrower, where it is not -readily subject to tampering or damage from the outside. The regulator -tube with fittings connects the pressure-tank valve and pressure -regulator. (Fig 33) Its outlet is connected to the fuel tanks by the -diffusion-pipe assembly. (Par 68 _a_) Either of two interchangeable -types of regulators is furnished: the spring type (Figs 33, 36, and -37), and the dome type (Fig 38). - -[Illustration: Fig 36. Rear of tank group, with carrier removed to show -pressure regulator (spring-type) and connections.] - -_b. Removal of pressure regulator._ After release of all pressure: - - (1) Remove carrier (Par 71 _b_), if necessary. - - (2) Using wrench, unscrew the flared tube nuts and other fittings. - - (3) Lift out the pressure regulator. - -_c. Installation of pressure regulator._ Line up pressure regulator, -regulator tube, diffusion-pipe assembly, and fittings carefully so they -will not be damaged when threads are tightened. Start threads with the -hands. Apply only moderate wrench pressure to complete tightening. -Replace carrier or carrier pack if either has been removed. - -_d. Adjustment of pressure regulator._ The pressure regulator -ordinarily requires no attention other than checking and tightening -connections with the regulator tube and the diffusion-pipe assembly. -If a defect in the regulator is indicated by falling off of the range -of the weapon or by frequent breakage of the safety-head diaphragm (Par -56 _b_), the following procedure should be carried out. (When using -wrenches, do not apply excessive force.) - - (1) Remove the filling plug (Par 69 _b_) and ignition cylinder. (Par - 30 _a_) - - (2) Fill the fuel tanks with 4 gallons of water (or fuel). - - (3) Connect the 0-to 500-pound fuel-tank testing gage, found in the - service kit, to the filling-plug hole. Tighten plug of gage with - wrench. - - (4) Charge the pressure tank to a pressure of 1,800 pounds per square - inch. (Pars 32 and 33) - - (5) Open the pressure-tank valve. - - (6) Read the pressure on the gage. If 350 to 390 pounds is indicated, - omit steps (7) through (10). - - (7) _To increase the pressure of a spring-type regulator_: - - (_a_) Pry off the protective cap. - - (_b_) Turn a set-screw wrench clockwise in the adjusting screw and - read pressure on gage. - - (8) _To decrease the pressure of a spring-type regulator_: - - (_a_) Turn the set-screw wrench counterclockwise more than is - considered sufficient to effect the desired reduction. - - (_b_) Turn the pressure-tank valve off. - - (_c_) Relieve pressure in the fuel tanks by compressing the fuel - valve until the pressure is below that desired. - - (_d_) Release the fuel valve. - - (_e_) Open the pressure-tank valve and allow the system to reach a - state of equilibrium, which occurs when the hissing sound ceases. - - (_f_) Repeat the steps described above in (6) and (7). - - (9) _To increase the pressure of a dome-type regulator_: - - (_a_) Open needle valve No. 1 one full turn. (Fig 38) - - (_b_) Open needle valve No. 2 one full turn. (There will be slight - leakage around the needle-valve thread.) - - (_c_) Open needle valve No. 3 very slowly, watching pressure gage - closely. (As pressure builds up in fuel tanks there will be slight - leakage through needle valve No. 1.) - - (_d_) When the pressure gage indicates 350 pounds, close needle - valve No. 3 tight. - - (_e_) Close needle valve No. 2 tight. - - (_f_) Close pressure-tank valve. - - (_g_) When gage indicates zero, close needle valve No. 1 tight. - - (10) _To decrease the pressure of a dome-type regulator_: - - (_a_) Open needle valve No. 1 one full turn. (Fig 38) - - (_b_) Open needle valve No. 3 very slightly, which will lower the - pressure. - - (_c_) When 350 pounds is reached, close valve No. 3 tight. - -[Illustration: Fig 37. Pressure regulator, spring-type.] - -[Illustration: Fig 38. Pressure regulator, dome-type, showing needle -valves and wrenches.] - - (_d_) Close pressure-tank valve. - - (_e_) When gage indicates zero, close needle valve No. 1 tight. - - (11) Open pressure-tank valve and press the fuel valve to observe the - pressure with the weapon operating. - - (12) After final adjustment: - - (_a_) Close the pressure-tank valve. - - (_b_) Open the fuel valve and release the pressure from the fuel - tanks. - - (_c_) Remove the pressure gage and plug from the fuel tank. - - (_d_) Install filling plug. - - (_e_) Tighten filling plug with wrench. - - (_f_) If regulator is spring-type, replace its protective cap. - - -68. FUEL-TANK ASSEMBLY. - -_a. Description and functioning._ (Figs 4, 5, and 39) The fuel-tank -assembly includes: - - (1) _Fuel tanks._ Two alloy steel fuel tanks hold the fuel before it - is propelled to the target. They have a combined capacity, including - void, of 4-1/2 gallons. A void of approximately 1/2 gallon is left - in tanks when filling to allow for expansion and to permit entry of - the compressed nitrogen or air. To speed filling and cleaning of - the tanks, two openings are provided on top of the fuel tanks. The - openings are threaded to receive the filling-plug assembly and the - safety-head plug assembly, which are interchangeable in the openings. - Filling operations involve the use of auxiliary equipment and are - described in Paragraphs 34 through 40. The carrier and the pressure - system are supported on the fuel tanks. - -[Illustration: Fig 39. Fuel system of tank group and related parts -disassembled, showing nomenclature and Chemical Warfare Service stock -numbers for requisitioning spare parts.] - - (2) _Tank connector._ This open passageway between the fuel tanks - makes them, in effect, a single container. The location of the - tank connector and its large diameter permit easy flow of fuel and - pressure between the two tanks. - - (3) _Hose connector._ The hose connector is the outlet for fuel - from the fuel tanks. It is located so that nearly all the fuel is - propelled from the weapon if firing positions are correct. (Par 24) - One end is welded to an opening in the tank connector. The other end - is threaded into the tank coupling. - - (4) _Frame clamp._ This small metal clamp, with bolt, nut, and - washer, holds the hose connector to the carrier frame. - - (5) _Diffusion-pipe assembly._ This T-shaped tubing carries - compressed air or nitrogen from the pressure regulator to each of the - fuel tanks. A flared tube connection and elbow connect the stem of - the T to the pressure regulator. The horizontal tubes of the T extend - into the fuel tanks and are welded to the fuel tank walls. Within the - fuel tanks these tubes are perforated with holes which permit ready - escape of the compressed nitrogen or air into the fuel tanks when the - pressure-tank valve is open. - -_b. Removal and installation._ The tank connector, hose connector, -diffusion-pipe assembly, and the two fuel tanks are welded together and -cannot be disassembled from each other. No attempt should be made to -remove any of these parts or assemblies. - -_c. Maintenance._ Other than cleaning (Pars 51 _d_ and 55 _e_), -repainting, and tightening of threaded joints, no repairs will be -attempted by the first or second echelon on the fuel tanks, tank and -hose connectors, or diffusion-pipe assembly. Emergency repairs may be -made only by the third or fourth echelon. No attempt should be made to -weld or patch any part of the fuel tanks. - - -69. FILLING AND SAFETY-HEAD PLUG ASSEMBLIES. - -_a. Description and functioning._ - - (1) _Filling-plug assembly._ (Fig 39) This assembly fits into the - 1-3/8-inch threaded opening at the top of either one of the fuel - tanks. It permits filling and cleaning of the tanks, and seals the - opening when the tank is not being filled or cleaned. The assembly - includes the filling plug proper and a plug-retainer assembly. The - latter is a metal rod which hangs from the plug on a metal chain. The - rod and chain prevent accidental loss of the plug. - - (2) _Safety-head plug assembly._ (Figs 39 and 40) This assembly is - screwed into the threaded opening on top of either fuel tank. It - serves the same functions as the filling-plug assembly and moreover - protects the firer and other personnel. It includes: - - (_a_) _Safety-head plug._ This plug is similar to the filling plug - except for the threaded hole which receives the safety head. - - (_b_) _Safety head._ This metal head screws into the safety-head - plug. It includes a soft metal diaphragm which bursts when the - pressure in the fuel tanks exceeds 500 pounds per square inch. It - prevents the building up of dangerous pressures in the fuel tanks. - -[Illustration: Fig 40. Safety-head plug assembly (cross section).] - -[Illustration: Fig 41. Unscrewing safety head from safety-head plug, -using wrench.] - - (_c_) _Deflector tube._ This short, curved piece of 1/8-inch pipe - deflects fuel and pressure away from the firer if the safety head - bursts. A lock nut holds the tube in position. (Par 12 _j_) - - (_d_) _Plug-retainer assembly._ This assembly consists of a metal - rod and chain which hang from the plug and prevent accidental loss - of the plug when filling or inspecting. - -_b. Removal of plugs._ - - (1) Before removing the filling plug, the safety-head plug, or an - unbroken safety head, operate the fuel valve until any pressure which - may have accumulated in the fuel tanks is eliminated. If the coupling - plug is in the tank coupling, very slightly loosen the threads of - either the filling plug or the safety-head plug, using the 1-3/4-inch - wrench, to eliminate pressure in the fuel tanks. Keep face and eyes - away from the threads. - - (2) The plug-retainer assemblies should not be lifted completely out - of the tanks unless required. - - (3) If either the rod or the rod and chain breaks from one of the - plugs and falls into the tank, upend the tank group to permit removal - of the parts. - - (4) To replace burst safety head, unscrew lock nut and deflector - tube. (Fig 11) Using wrench (Fig 41), unscrew safety head. Never - disassemble the safety head. - -_c. Installation of plugs._ The filling plug, safety-head plug, and -safety head are screwed in by hand and then tightened with wrenches. No -substitution will be made for the safety head, which is manufactured -to burst at the safe limit of pressure. The plug threads and seats -should be cleaned with a cloth (Fig 29) before installing plugs. Screw -in deflector tube, using hand pressure. The tube outlet should face to -the rear and at a 45-degree angle to operator’s left shoulder. (Fig 18) -Replace lock nut and tighten with wrench. (Use wrench on lock nut, not -on deflector tube.) - -_d. Maintenance of plugs._ Replace safety head if damaged or blown. -Never repair safety head or use an improvised head. - - -70. TANK COUPLING. - -_a. Description and functioning._ This quick-connecting coupling (Fig -42) connects and locks the fuel hose or the coupling plug to the tank -group. The coupling cams, lock, and washer provide a secure and tight -joint. The tank coupling makes possible rapid replacement of emptied -tank groups with filled and charged tank groups in the field. No tools -are needed for this operation. - -[Illustration: Fig 42. Tank coupling and end of fuel-hose assembly.] - -_b. Removal._ - - (1) To remove the tank coupling from the hose connector, apply a - wrench and unscrew. - -[Illustration: Fig 43. Closing cams of tank coupling to connect gun and -tank group. This is done before locking. (See below.)] - -[Illustration: Fig 44. Closing lock of tank coupling to secure gun to -tank group. This also provides a fuel-tight seal.] - - (2) To disconnect the tank coupling from the fuel hose or the - coupling plug: - - (_a_) Release pressure from fuel tanks by operating the fuel valve - or by opening very slightly the filling plug. - - (_b_) Using hands, pivot the coupling lock back on the coupling - body. - - (_c_) Using hands, pivot the two coupling cams back on the coupling. - - (_d_) Slide out the fuel hose or the tank coupling. - - (_e_) If coupling washer is to be removed, pry out with a screw - driver. - -_c. Installation of tank coupling._ Proceed as follows: - - (1) If coupling washer has been removed, replace. - - (2) Insert coupling plug or hose nipple, tank end, in the coupling as - far as it will reach. Close the two cams. (Fig 43) - -[Illustration: Fig 45. Coupling plug in place in tank coupling. This -arrangement is used when fuel tanks are brought back for filling with -gun detached.] - - (3) Close the coupling lock (Fig 44), being sure to push it all the - way, until it covers the ends of both cams. (Figure 45 shows coupling - lock correctly locked on coupling plug.) - - (4) If the tank coupling has been removed from the hose connector, - screw it on hand tight. Anti-seize compound should be applied lightly - to the threads to assure a tight joint. Use wrench to tighten the - coupling until it is in the position shown in Figure 34. - -_d. Maintenance of tank coupling._ The coupling washer, made of -synthetic rubber, should be inspected frequently. If it is damaged or -swollen, remove it and replace. If the coupling leaks, inspect, and if -necessary, remove and replace the washer. - - -71. CARRIER. - -_a. Description and functioning._ (Fig 46) The tank group is securely -carried on the firer’s back and chest by the carrier, which includes -the metal carrier frame, the canvas carrier pack, webbing straps, and -cord, all of which are parts of the tank group. - - (1) _Carrier frame._ This lightweight, tubular-metal frame is bolted - to two pairs of brackets (upper and lower) on the fuel tanks. It is - also bolted to the hose connector by the frame clamp, which helps - support the connector. The frame is pierced by two parallel series of - holes, through which the cord (lashing) of the carrier is laced. - - (2) _Carrier pack._ This is a sheet of heavy canvas, reinforced on - the tank side with strips of webbing. The smooth side of the carrier - pack rests against the firer’s back and cushions the back from - contact with the metal tanks. A series of eyelets is located on each - side of the pack. - - (3) _Seine cord (lashing)._ The carrier pack is fastened to the - carrier frame by means of hard-braided cord which is laced through - the eyelets in the pack and the holes in the frame. The cord that - comes on the flame thrower stretches very little under load. - - (4) _Straps._ The straps, made of wide cotton webbing, are - adjustable to fit the wearer. (Fig 18) They are provided with snap - release, hook-and-eye, and snap fasteners. The shoulder straps have - quick-release fasteners for rapid removal, if necessary, of the tank - group from the firer. The upper ends (steel loops) of the shoulder - straps are secured by pins to the steel support which connects the - two fuel tanks. Each of the pins is held in position by a split - cotter pin, which is inserted through a hole in the pin and is - then spread. The lower ends of the shoulder straps snap onto metal - loops at the bottom of the carrier frame. The upper body straps are - attached to metal loops on each side of the carrier frame. The lower - body straps are fastened to one of the lower two pairs of eyelets of - the carrier pack. - -_b. Removal of carrier._ - - (1) To remove carrier or carrier frame, use screw driver and - adjustable-end wrench to take off frame clamp, bolt, nut, and lock - washer. (Fig 34) Then remove two pairs of bolts, nuts, and lock - washers which hold the carrier frame to bottom and top of the fuel - tanks. Lift off the carrier. - - (2) To remove body straps, unsnap ends and lift out of holes. To - remove shoulder straps, unsnap lower ends and remove from holes. Pull - out cotter pins, then pins, from upper ends of shoulder straps, and - lift out straps. - - (3) To remove carrier pack, unknot and unlace cord. - -_c. Installation of carrier._ - - (1) To install carrier frame (or a complete carrier) place frame in - position adjacent to fuel tanks (Fig 46), insert bolts in holes, - place lock washers and nuts on bolts, and tighten with screw driver - and wrench. Replace frame clamp on fuel connector and frame. Insert - bolt in holes, place lock washer and nut on bolt. Tighten with screw - driver and wrench. - - (2) If carrier pack has been removed, use cord to relash. Lace tight - and use slip-proof knots. (Fig 46) - - (3) To install straps, snap ends of body straps and lower ends of - shoulder straps into positions shown in Figure 46. Place upper ends - (steel loops) of shoulder straps in steel support between fuel tanks. - Insert two pins through any two of the holes in the support and - through the shoulder strap loops. Insert cotter pins in holes in pins - and spread cotter pins to lock pins in place. - -_d. Adjustment of carrier._ Carrier must be carefully adjusted to fit -the individual firer so the load will not shift during sudden, rapid -changes of firer’s position. Adjustments are as follows: - - (1) _Cord and carrier pack._ Cord must be tight at all times. The - cord furnished with the equipment has very little tendency to - stretch. However, pull cord tight when lacing and use slip-proof - knots at ends. Tighten cord periodically. - -[Illustration: Fig 46. Carrier assembled on tank group.] - - (2) _Straps._ Adjust straps to fit each firer, moving slides on - straps as necessary. Straps must fit snugly to prevent shifting of - load and to keep tank group high on firer’s back. Lower body straps - may be fastened in second pair from the bottom of carrier eyelets to - conform to firer’s physique. Pins, which hold top ends of shoulder - straps to steel support between the fuel tanks, may be moved to any - two of the three holes so as to provide the best balance in the load. - -_e. Maintenance of carrier._ Keep carrier dry and clean. If flame -thrower becomes wet or muddy, clean and dry carrier thoroughly. Store -in a dry place. If rotted, mildewed, or damaged, replace affected -parts. If cord frays or breaks, use special seine cord from service kit -as replacement. - - - - -Section XVII GUN GROUP - - -72. GENERAL - -The gun group consists of the fuel-hose assembly and the gun. The gun -includes the fuel valve, which controls the ejection of fuel, and the -ignition head, which ignites the fuel. - - -73. FUEL-HOSE ASSEMBLY. - -_a. Description and functioning._ (Fig 47) Hose, fuel, flame thrower, -M1, assembly, provides a flexible connection between the fuel tanks and -the gun. - - (1) _Hose._ Made of synthetic rubber and reinforced with a cover of - metal wire and cotton braid, the hose resists the action of gasoline - and oil, and withstands a pressure of approximately 1,000 pounds per - square inch. Its inside diameter is 7/8 inch; its outside diameter is - approximately 1-1/4 inches. - - (2) _Nipples._ The hose nipple, tank end, connects the hose to - the tank coupling on the tank group. The hose nipple, gun end, is - a threaded connector between the other end of the hose and the - fuel-valve body. - -_b. Removal of fuel-hose assembly._ Remove the hose from the gun only -when necessary for maintenance. The threads in the fuel-valve body will -be damaged by frequent screwing and unscrewing of the hose because the -body is a lightweight aluminum casting. Fuel hose is replaced as a unit -and is not disassembled in the second echelon. To disconnect from tank -group, see Paragraph 70 _b_. - -_c. Installation of fuel-hose assembly._ - - (1) To install in tank group, see Paragraph 70 _c_. - - (2) To install in gun, apply anti-seize compound (from service kit) - lightly to threads and screw hose in fuel-valve body by hand. Use - wrench only enough to make a secure connection. - -_d. Maintenance of fuel-hose assembly._ If the hose nipple, tank end, -is badly nicked and does not provide a tight connection with a new -coupling washer (Par 70): - - (1) File the end surface, being careful to keep the surface at a - right angle to the sides of the nipple. - - (2) Couple hose nipple, tank end, to tank coupling. If coupling - closes very easily, indicating washer is not being compressed, - replace the washer and recouple. If coupling still closes too freely, - the nipple has been filed too short, and the fuel-hose assembly - should be replaced as a unit. - - -74. VALVE GRIP. - -_a. Description and functioning._ (Fig 47) The valve grip is part of -the fuel valve. It includes the controls and is held by the firer in -his right hand to support the gun group. Parts of the valve grip are: - - (1) _Left and right valve grips._ A pistol-type grip is formed by two - aluminum housings designated as the left valve grip and the right - valve grip. The two parts are held together by four screws and four - lock washers. - - (2) _Grip support._ This aluminum housing is mounted above the left - and right valve grips and connected to them by two screws and lock - washers. - - (3) _Valve lever._ This control is made to fit the fingers and is - mounted in front of and between the two parts of the valve grip. A - pin at the top of the lever fits into holes in left and right valve - grips and serves as a pivot, governing the movement of the lever. - When the lever and the grip safety are compressed simultaneously by - the operator, the valve is thereby opened and fuel is ejected from - the gun. - - (4) _Grip safety._ This control is grasped by the hand simultaneously - with the valve lever. It is mounted back of and between left and - right valve grips. A pin at the base of the safety fits into holes - in the left and right valve grips and serves as a pivot in a manner - similar to the pin on the valve lever. The fuel cannot be discharged - unless both the valve lever and the grip safety are compressed - simultaneously. - - (5) _Rocker arm._ The rocker arm, a boat-shaped metal part, is - mounted near its center on a pin. It is held in contact with the - valve lever by means of a valve-grip spring and spring pin. At its - top end, the rocker arm touches the yoke shaft of the valve-diaphragm - assembly. When the valve lever and the grip safety are compressed, - the rocker arm pushes the valve diaphragm assembly forward. - - (6) _Valve-grip spring._ When the firer’s hand releases the valve - grip, the valve-grip spring forces the valve lever, the grip safety, - and the rocker arm back to their normal, nonoperating positions. - -_b. Removal of valve grip._ - - (1) Unscrew the four screws and lock washers that hold the grip - support to the valve body. Remove the valve grip as a unit. - -[Illustration: Fig 47. Fuel valve (disassembled) and fuel hose, -showing nomenclature and Chemical Warfare Service stock numbers for -requisitioning spare parts.] - -[Illustration: Fig 48. Location of parts in right valve grip before -covering them with left valve grip.] - -[Illustration: Fig 49. Using screw driver to push long end of -valve-grip spring into groove in grip safety.] - - (2) To disassemble valve grip, remove screws and lock washers from - the grip. Lift off the left valve grip, exposing contents of grip. - Lift out the following parts: valve-grip spring, rocker arm, grip - safety, and valve lever. - -_c. Installing valve grip._ - - (1) Place grip safety, valve lever, and rocker arm in position in - right valve grip. (Fig 48) Be sure the shorter end of rocker arm is - at the top. Place grip spring over spring pin. Slip short end of grip - spring in groove of rocker arm. Place long end of grip spring on - outside of grip safety. - - (2) Put left valve grip in place and insert the two lower lock - washers and screws. Tighten the two screws enough to hold parts in - place and still leave space for moving long end of spring into the - groove in grip safety. Push spring into groove with a screw driver. - (Fig 49) - - (3) With spring in place, fully tighten the two screws with screw - driver. - - (4) Place grip support in position, and insert the two upper lock - washers and screws. Tighten screws, using screw driver. - - (5) Attach valve grip to valve body, using the four lock washers and - inserting the four screws through the grip support. Make sure that - the yoke shaft of the valve-diaphragm assembly is in front of rocker - arm. - -_d. Maintenance of valve grip._ No maintenance is required for the -valve grip other than replacement of worn or damaged parts, tightening -of screws, cleaning, and lubrication. (Par 49) - - -75. BARREL AND VALVE-BODY ASSEMBLY. - -_a. Description and functioning._ (Fig 47) This assembly is part of the -fuel valve. It includes the barrel, valve body, and operating parts -contained in the barrel and valve body. The assembly consists of: - - (1) _Valve body_, an aluminum housing, located at the rear of the - gun and mounted on the grip support by means of four screws and lock - washers. The valve body has four large threaded openings. The lower - opening leads into the valve grip. The side opening, which forms a - Y with the main portion of the body, is connected to the fuel-hose - assembly. The front opening is screwed on the barrel. The rear - opening is closed by the spring retainer and plug. - - (2) _Valve-diaphragm assembly_, which transmits and reverses the - movement imparted to it by the rocker arm of the valve grip. (Par 74 - _a_) It also serves as a seal, keeping fuel from entering the valve - grip. The valve-diaphragm assembly includes: - - (_a_) _Yoke shaft_, on which the rocker arm bears at the lower end - of the shaft. - - (_b_) _Yoke_, a Y-shaped metal part which fits on the upper end of - the yoke shaft and is held to it by a steel pin. The yoke transmits - motion from the shaft to the yoke block, and is located within the - valve body when the valve is assembled. - - (_c_) _Diaphragm_, a synthetic-rubber diaphragm held in a steel - sleeve, which fits snugly in the lower opening of the valve body. - The yoke shaft passes through the diaphragm. - - (3) _Diaphragm support, washer, and cap_, which hold the - valve-diaphragm assembly in place in the valve body. - - (4) _Spring retainer_, a brass, hollow bushing which screws into the - rear opening of the valve body, and which is threaded internally - to receive the plug. The retainer has a hexagonal head to take a - 1-3/8-inch wrench. As its name implies, the retainer holds the valve - spring in position. - - (5) _Plug_, a brass part, resembling a cap screw, which fits into - the spring retainer, closing off the rear end of the gun. It permits - adjustment of the needle (see _d_ below) without removing the valve - spring and spring retainer. - - (6) _Valve spring_, a coil spring located in the valve body between - the spring retainer and the yoke block. The spring keeps the needle - seated in the nozzle until compression of the grip safety and valve - lever forces back the yoke block, spring, and needle. - - (7) _Yoke block_, a steel piece, 1 inch long, which fits into the - arms of the yoke Y. It is secured by an internal thread to the valve - needle. Movement of the yoke in turn moves the yoke block and the - valve needle. - - (8) _Lock nut_, on the valve-needle thread at the rear of the yoke - block, which locks the block on the needle. - - (9) _Valve-needle_, a pointed rod, which extends through the inside - of the barrel from the yoke block to the nozzle. The valve needle is - seated in the nozzle except when firing. It controls the ejection - of fuel from the nozzle. Two sets of three fins each, known as - needle guides, are mounted on the front and rear of the needle, - respectively. These guides keep the needle centered in the barrel. - The rear end of the valve needle is threaded to hold the yoke block - and permit adjustment of the needle by means of the lock nut which - screws on the threads. (See _d_ below.) - - (10) _Barrel_ (Figs 47 and 54), which carries the fuel to the - ignition head. It also supports or contains other components of the - gun. The barrel assembly is replaced as a unit with the needle. It - consists of a tube, made of thin metal, with a threaded fitting at - the back end, and a nozzle brazed into the front end of the tube. The - nozzle ejects the fuel from the barrel through the ignition head. The - fuel emerges from two holes in the nozzle: - - (_a_) _Atomizer hole_, a small opening which sprays a fine, readily - ignited mist of fuel. This helps ignite the main stream of fuel. - - (_b_) _Main hole_, which is tapered inside, and which conveys the - main stream of fuel from the barrel. When the gun is not being - fired, the valve needle is seated in the main hole of the nozzle. - When the gun is being fired, the needle is withdrawn from the - nozzle seat, permitting the fuel to be forced from the gun. - -_b. Removal of barrel and valve-body assembly._ If gun group and -tank group are connected, release any pressure in the fuel tanks by -compressing the valve lever and the grip safety. Then disassemble as -follows: - - (1) Unscrew the fuel-hose assembly from the fuel-valve body only if - this is necessary for maintenance. - - (2) Remove spring retainer and plug from end of fuel-valve body and - remove valve spring. - -[Illustration: Fig 50. Valve needle, yoke block, and lock nut ready for -installation in fuel-valve body.] - - (3) Unscrew diaphragm cap and pull out washer, support, and - valve-diaphragm assembly. To prevent loss of valve-needle adjustment - (Fig 54), do not disturb position of yoke block by turning the needle. - -[Illustration: Fig 51. Placing diaphragm assembly in position in -fuel-valve body.] - -[Illustration: Fig 52. Installing parts in fuel-valve body.] - - (4) Slide the valve needle out of barrel; the yoke block and the lock - nut may then be unscrewed from the valve needle, but adjustment (see - _d_ below) will be necessary when reinstalling. - -_c. Installation of barrel and valve-body assembly._ - - (1) To install valve needle, screw the yoke block and lock nut on the - needle (Fig 50). Insert needle in valve body and barrel. - - (2) Insert valve-diaphragm assembly into valve body (Fig 51), making - sure that the yoke slips into the flat notches of yoke block. - -[Illustration: Fig 53. Installing spring retainer in fuel-valve body.] - - (3) Slip the diaphragm support, washer, and cap over the yoke shaft. - (Fig 52) Screw on the diaphragm cap by hand. Do not use a wrench. - Install valve grip. (Par 74 _c_) - - (4) Place valve spring over end of needle and install spring - retainer. (Fig 53) Apply wrench very lightly to tighten spring - retainer. - - (5) Adjust needle (see _d_ below), and screw plug into the spring - retainer. - - (6) If hose has been removed, apply anti-seize compound lightly - to the threads. Screw hose into fuel-valve body. Wrench should be - applied very lightly to tighten. - -_d. Adjustment of valve needle._ Needle is adjusted after installation -of parts in barrel and valve assembly. Use care when resetting needle, -as smooth operation of the weapon depends on accurate adjustment. - - (1) Remove ignition shield (Par 18) and plug from gun. - - (2) Use the valve-adjusting wrench (Fig 8) to hold the lock nut and - apply a cabinet (narrow-bladed) screw driver (Fig 8) in the end of - the needle. Turn needle until it makes a snug fit in the nozzle - opening. - - (3) Compress the valve lever and grip safety. The needle should draw - back into the nozzle with the tip of the needle at the smallest - diameter opening in the nozzle. (Fig 54) - - (4) When the needle has been correctly adjusted, as in (3) above, - tighten the lock nut with the valve-adjusting wrench, keeping the - needle from turning with the screw driver. This will lock the - adjustment. Screw plug into the spring retainer. - - (5) Replace ignition shield. (Par 18) - -_e. Maintenance of barrel and valve body._ - -[Illustration: Fig 54. Valve-needle adjustment. Solid lines show needle -in correct open position with point at smallest diameter of nozzle. -Broken lines show needle in closed position.] - - (1) _Damaged parts._ Replace worn or damaged parts. If the diaphragm - shows evidence of tears or separation, or if leaks occur at the - diaphragm, replace the valve-diaphragm assembly. - - (2) _Valve spring._ If valve spring has lost resiliency, grasp it by - the ends and stretch slightly, or replace. - - (3) _Nozzle leaks._ If valve leaks at nozzle, and cleaning (Par 55 - _d_) does not remedy the leak, adjust needle (see _d_ above). If - leak persists, either replace barrel and needle, or lap seat. To - lap, place lapping compound on seat (in nozzle) and on needle point. - Turn needle in seat until parts make a tight connection when seated. - Remove lapping compound, reassemble, adjust needle, and test fire. - - (4) _Atomizer hole._ If atomizer hole is clogged, clean with fine - wire. (Par 52 _i_) - - -76. IGNITION HEAD. - -_a. Description and functioning._ (Fig 55) The ignition head ignites -the fuel when the flame thrower is fired. It is mounted on the fore -part of the barrel. It consists of: - - (1) _Ignition-head body_, which includes half of the front grip. - Three set screws serve to tighten the ignition-head body to the - barrel. The ignition-head body is made of aluminum. - - (2) _Trigger and trigger bearing_, held between the ignition-head - body and the coverplate by the trigger screw. - - (3) _Trigger rod_, one end of which is held in the trigger bearing, - the other extending through the ignition-head body. Pulling the - trigger shoves the trigger rod forward, causing it to push a match in - the ignition cylinder. The match ignites an incendiary charge in the - ignition cylinder. - - (4) _Trigger spring_, which hooks over a projection of the trigger - and is held at its lower end by a screw, which is held in the - ignition-head body. This spring pulls the trigger rod back from the - firing position after the firer releases the trigger. - - (5) _Latch_, located in the ignition-head body, in front of and above - the trigger guard. The latch, set on a pin, engages the notch of the - ignition shield, locking it in place. A latch spring holds latch in - position. - - (6) _Coverplate_, an aluminum casting which constitutes the left - section of the front grip and covers the working parts seated in the - ignition head body. The coverplate and body are held together by four - screws and four lock washers. - - (7) _Spring case_, which turns the ignition cylinder when the trigger - is pulled. - - (_a_) Four projections on the inner spring case are bent over the - outer spring case to hold the two parts together. - - (_b_) The inner-case pin (Fig 56) engages a stop on the inside of - the ignition cylinder. The five projecting metal matches on the - inside of the ignition cylinder are each in turn stopped by the lug - on the forward-facing surface of the ignition-head body. - -[Illustration: Fig 55. Ignition head disassembled, showing nomenclature -and Chemical Warfare Service stock numbers for requisitioning spare -parts.] - - When the trigger is pulled, the trigger rod pushes a match forward, - causing an incendiary charge in the ignition cylinder to ignite. - The spring in the case rotates the ignition cylinder until another - match is stopped by the lug. - -[Illustration: Fig 56. Parts of ignition head and ignition cylinder.] - - (_c_) The outer-case pin (on the outside surface of the outer - spring case) fits into the notch in the ignition shield and holds - the spring case as the shield is screwed into position. This action - winds the spring in the case. - - (_d_) A snap ring holds the spring case on the ignition-head body. - - (8) _Ignition shield_, a cylindrical, thin-metal tube with a conical - front end. The shield guides the flame and protects the firer. Eight - holes around the base of the cone provide an air intake for burning - the fuel. The base of the shield is threaded, and it screws onto - the ignition-head body. A notch (Fig 56) in the base of the shield - receives the latch and the outer-case pin of the spring case. - -_b. Removal of ignition head._ To remove the ignition head, proceed as -follows: - - (1) Remove shield by lifting latch and unscrewing shield - counterclockwise. (Fig 14) Keep hands and face away from front of - barrel. - - (2) If ignition cylinder has not been removed, remove it or allow it - to fall off barrel. - - (3) Pry off snap ring which holds spring case in position, using - screw driver. (Fig 57) Be careful not to damage or break the - ignition-head body by applying too much leverage. - - (4) Remove the four screws and lock washers which hold ignition-head - body and coverplate together. Lift off coverplate. - - (5) Trigger, trigger spring, trigger rod, latch, and latch spring may - be removed. - - (6) Using a hex wrench, loosen set screws (Fig 58) and withdraw - barrel from ignition head. - -_c. Installation of ignition head._ To install ignition head, proceed -as follows: - - (1) Insert barrel in ignition-head body, pushing it as far forward as - the shoulder on the barrel permits. - - (2) Aline front grip and valve grip. - - (3) Using hex wrench, tighten set screws on barrel enough to hold but - not so tight that barrel is dented. - - (4) Place latch, latch spring, trigger and bearing, trigger rod, and - trigger spring in position. - - (5) Put coverplate on ignition-head body and replace the four lock - washers and screws. - - (6) Slip spring case over barrel, and lock by forcing snap ring into - the groove. - - (7) When weapon is to be used on a mission, fit ignition cylinder - and ignition shield in place on nozzle end of barrel as described in - Paragraph 18. - -_d. Maintenance of ignition head._ - - (1) _Servicing._ The ignition head should be cleaned and lubricated - each time it is disassembled. (Par 49) - - (2) _Spring-case assembly._ If outer case rotates and inner case does - not, and no spring action occurs, spring is broken and spring case - should be replaced as a unit. Do not disassemble or repair this part. - - (3) _Trigger rod and lug._ When trigger is pulled all the way, end - of trigger rod should extend 1/16 inch beyond lug on forward-facing - surface of ignition-head body. If end of trigger rod is worn, replace - rod. Lug on the ignition-head body should be approximately 7/32 inch - high. If lug is worn or broken, replace ignition head body. - -[Illustration: Fig 57. Prying snap ring from ignition head to remove -spring case.] - -[Illustration: Fig 58. Loosening set screws with wrench so ignition -head may be lifted off barrel.] - - - - -APPENDIX - - - - -Section XVIII SHIPMENT -AND STORAGE - - -77. SHIPMENT AND STORAGE. - -The flame thrower is shipped and stored in a wooden packing case (Fig -59), which measures approximately 34 inches by 23 inches by 19 inches. -Cubage of the case is approximately 8-1/2 cubic feet. - -[Illustration: Fig 59. Opened packing chest showing flame thrower and -other contents as received.] - -_a. Storage procedure._ After use and servicing (Pars 55 and 56), if -the weapon is not to be promptly reused on another mission, it should -be returned to the packing case. Before disconnecting the gun group -from the tank group and storing the weapon, the ignition cylinder -should be removed, the fuel discharged, and the pressure released. -Operate fuel valve to release any residual pressure in the fuel tanks. -The deflector tube must be removed from the safety head (Fig 11) to -permit the tank group to fit into the chest. The deflector tube should -be kept in the spare parts kit or tool kit until the next use of the -weapon. The spare parts kit, the tool kit, the extra cans of cylinders, -TM 3-376A, and the coupling plug (Fig 7) should remain in the chest -except when they are being used. Wooden fittings hold the tank group in -place, with the pressure tank up. The gun group is disconnected from -the tank group and is kept with fuel hose connected to the gun on the -gun mounting board in the chest. (Fig 10) - -_b. Rust prevention._ If the flame thrower, parts, and tools are to be -stored for a considerable length of time, especially in a damp climate, -all exposed metal surfaces should be covered with a rust-preventive -compound. Store in a dry place. - - - - -Section XIX LIST OF REFERENCES - - -78. REFERENCES. - -References pertaining to the care and use of flame throwers include: - - AR 850-20 Precautions in Handling Gasoline - - AR 850-60 Compressed Gas Cylinders; Safe Handling, - Storing, Shipping, Using - - FM 31-50 Attack on a Fortified Position and Combat in - Towns - - FM 100-5 Operations - - TM 3-220 Decontamination - - TM 9-850 Cleaning, Preserving, Lubricating, and Welding - Materials and Similar Items Issued by - the Ordnance Department - - - - -INDEX - - - _Paragraphs_ - -- A - - - Adjustable-end wrench, 10_a_, 48_a_ - - Adjustment of fire, 25, 26_c_ - - After firing, 30, 55, 56 - - After six missions, 56 - - Aging of fuel, 35_j_ - - Aiming, 25, 26_c_, 34 - - Air compressor, 32_a_, 32_b_, 39_a_ - - Alcohol, 35_a_ - - Angles of tanks when firing, 24_b_ - - Anti-seize compound - source of, 48_b_ - use of, 58_b_, 70_c_, 73_c_ - - Assistants, 4_f_, 15 - - Atomizer hole - cleaning, 52_i_ - description, 75_a_ - - -- B - - - Barrel - adjustment, 52_e_, 75_d_ - cleaning, 55_d_, 55_i_ - damage to, 62, 75_e_ - description, 75_a_ - maintenance, 62, 75_e_ - - Barrel and valve-body assembly, 75 - - Bleeders, 32_c_ - - Burning time of fuels, 34 - - Bursts, 4_b_, 9_b_, 25_c_, 28, 29 - - Bushing, pipe, 3/4 inch by 1/2 inch, 8, 10_b_, 48_b_ - - -- C - - - Cap, diaphragm, 75 - - Capacity, fuel, 9_e_, 68_a_ - - Carrier - adjustment, 19, 56_e_, 60, 71 - description, 5_a_, 71_a_ - installation, 71_c_ - maintenance, 71_e_ - preventive maintenance, 51, 55_h_ - removal, 71_b_ - - Carrier frame, 71 - - Carrier pack, 71 - - Carrying the flame thrower, 19, 20, 55_b_, 56_e_, 60, 71 - - Catalog, 48_b_ - - Charging of pressure tank, 4_g_, 32, 33, 61_c_, 66_a_ - - Check valve - description, 66_a_ - installation, 66_b_ - operation, 31, 32, 53_d_ - removal, 66_b_ - replacement, 66_e_ - - Cleaning - gun, 49_a_, 55, 56_f_, 58_c_, 74_d_, 75_e_, 76_d_ - tank group, 55, 58_c_, 68_c_, 71_e_ - - Cold weather, 34-36, 44, 49, 64 - - Compound, anti-seize - source of, 48_b_ - use of, 58_b_, 70_c_, 73_c_ - - Compound, pipe thread (anti-seize), 48_b_, 58_b_, 70_c_, 73_c_ - - Compressed air - charging apparatus, 32, 33, 46, 48_b_ - leaks, 56_b_, 61_c_ - release of, 66_b_ - volume required, 9_g_, 32_c_ - - Compressor, air, 32_a_, 32_b_ - - Controls, 14, 21, 26, 61, 74, 76 - - Cord - description, 71_a_ - installation, 71_c_ - replacement, 48_b_, 60, 71_e_ - tightening, 51_h_, 60, 71_d_ - - Cotter pins, 71 - - Coupling plug, 10_f_, 17, 39_c_, 48_b_, 70 - - Coupling washer, 10_b_, 48_b_, 58_f_, 70, 73_d_ - - Coverplate, 76 - - Cubage, 9_d_ - - Crankcase drainings, 36 - - Cylinders - destruction, 46 - number required, 9_g_, 32_b_ - use of, in charging, 32, 33 - use of, in filling, 39 - -- D - - - Dampness - effect on fuel, 35_e_ - effect on ignition cylinder, 31, 41 - effect on thickener, 35_e_ - effect on weapon, 41, 51_g_, 71_e_, 77_b_ - - Deflector tube, 12_j_, 69, 77_a_ - - Description of flame thrower, 5, 65-76 - - Destruction - accessories, 46_b_, _d_ - flame thrower, 46_a_ - fuel, 46_c_ - ignition cylinders, 30_a_, 46_f_ - thickener, 46_e_ - - Diaphragm, 75 - - Diaphragm cap, 75 - - Diaphragm support, 75 - - Diaphragm, valve, assembly, 10_b_, 48_b_, 56_e_, 58_a_, 74, 75 - - Diaphragm washer, 75 - - Diesel oil, 35, 36, 40 - - Differences in models, 7 - - Diffusion-pipe assembly, 67, 68 - - Dimensions, 9_d_ - - Discharge time, 9_b_ - - Dome-type regulator, 67_d_ - - Drums, 35-40 - - Duration of fire, 9_b_, 34 - - Dust - blowing out, 33_j_ - effect on operation, 42 - - -- E - - - E1 ignition cylinders, 18_a_, 31 - - E3 portable flame thrower, 7_a_ - - Engineers’ wrenches, 10_a_, 48_a_ - - -- F - - - Filling fuel tanks - by blowing, 39 - by force pump, 38 - by pouring, 37 - service when filling, 53 - - Filling plug, 37, 39, 49, 51_d_, 56_b_, 69 - - Filling with fuel, 4_g_, 34-40 - - Fire precautions, 15_c_, 40, 55 - - Firers, 4_f_, 15 - - Firing technique, 26-30, 54, 56_b_ - - Flexible shaft, valve - adjustment, 66_d_ - description, 66_a_ - installation, 66_c_ - lubrication, 49 - removal, 66_b_ - - Frame clamp, 68_a_, 71 - - Fuel - capacity, 9_e_, 68_a_ - characteristics, 34 - destruction, 46_c_ - left in tanks, 24_b_ - per 100 fillings, 9_g_ - precautions, 35-40, 41 - preparation, 35, 40 - ranges, 22 - weight, 9_c_ - - Fuel-filling hose, 39 - - Fuel-filling line, 39, 46_b_ - - Fuel hose - description, 70_a_ - installation, 70_c_, 73_c_, 75 - length, 9_d_ - maintenance, 40_j_, 52, 73_d_ - removal, 40_j_, 70_b_, 73_b_, 75 - replacement, 5_b_, 48_b_, 58, 70, 73 - stiffening of, 21 - - Fuel oils, 35, 36, 40 - - Fuel tanks - angle when firing, 24_b_ - cleaning, 53_a_, 53_b_ - description, 5_a_, 68_a_ - fuel level, 53_b_, 68_a_ - inspection, 53_a_ - installation, 68_b_ - maintenance, 68_c_ - removal, 68_b_ - - Fuel valve - adjustment, 61_a_ - cleaning, 56_f_, 61_d_ - description, 5_b_, 74_a_, 75_a_ - effects of dirt, 42 - failure to close, 62 - installation, 61_a_, 74_c_, 75_c_ - leaks, 56, 58 - lubrication, 49 - operation, 14_c_, 26_b_, 61_a_, 74_a_, 75_a_ - removal, 74_b_, 75_b_ - testing, 56_c_ - - Funnel, 35-37 - - -- G - - - Gage, fuel-tank testing, 48_b_, 56_b_, 67_d_ - - Gage, pressure testing, 48_b_, 53_d_, 56_b_, 67_d_ - - Gasoline, in fuels, 34-40, 43, 44 - - Gloves, 20_g_ - - Grease, 49 - - Grip safety, 14_c_, 49, 56_d_, 62, 74 - - Grip support, 74 - - Gun - assembling, 74-76 - carrying, 25 - cleaning, 55_d_, 55_i_, 56_f_, 74_d_, 75_e_, 76_d_ - description, 5_b_, 14, 72, 74-76 - disassembling, 74-76 - length, 9_d_ - lubrication, 49 - mounting board, 10_e_ - preventive maintenance, 50, 52, 54-56 - requisitioning, 5_b_ - storage, 12_g_ - - Gun group - assembling, 72-76 - connecting to tank group, 17, 70, 73 - description, 5_b_, 14, 72-76 - disassembly, 72-76 - lubrication, 49 - maintenance, 72-76 - preventive maintenance, 50, 52, 54-56 - storage, 12_g_ - weight, 9_c_ - - -- H - - - Heat, effect on fuel, 34-36, 40, 43 - - Hex wrenches, 10_a_, 48_a_, 67_d_, 76_b_, 76_c_ - - Hose connector, 68_a_ - - Hose, fuel - description, 73_a_ - installation, 70_c_, 73_c_, 75 - length, 9_d_ - maintenance, 40_j_, 73_d_ - removal, 40_j_, 70_c_, 73_b_, 75 - replacement, 5_b_, 48_b_, 58, 70, 73 - stiffening of, 21 - - -- I - - - Identification, 6 - - Ignition action, 14_b_, 44, 76_a_ - - Ignition cylinders - action, 14_b_, 31, 76_a_ - description, 31, 76_a_ - destruction, 30_a_, 46_f_ - discarding, 30_a_ - duration of fire, 9_b_ - failure, 54_a_, 63, 64 - loading of gun, 18, 76_a_ - packing, 10_c_, 31 - precautions, 18, 20, 31 - storing, 31, 41 - use in training, 15_b_, 18_a_, 30_a_ - - Ignition failure, 18, 26, 31, 44, 54_a_, 63, 64, 76_d_ - - Ignition head - assembling, 76_c_ - cleaning, 49, 52, 54_a_, 76_d_ - description, 5_b_, 76_a_ - disassembling, 18, 76_b_ - effects of dirt, 42, 52 - failure, 54_a_, 63, 64, 76_d_ - installation, 76_c_ - loading, 18, 76_a_ - lubrication, 49, 76_d_ - maintenance, 76_d_ - removal, 76_b_ - - Ignition-head body, 76 - - Ignition shield, 18, 52_d_, 54_a_, 55_d_, 76 - - Immersion, effects of, 41 - - Incendiary effects, 3, 34, 44 - - Interchanging with E3, 7_a_ - - Interchanging with M1 or M1A1, 7_b_, 8 - - -- J - - - Jungle ranges, 22 - - -- K - - - Kerosene, 35_a_, 36_a_, 40 - - Kit - tool, 10, 77_a_ - spare parts, 10, 77_a_ - service, 48 - - -- L - - - Lapping needle and nozzle, 75_e_ - - Latch, 76 - - Leaded gasoline, 40_n_ - - Leaks - fuel, 56, 58, 66_b_, 68-70, 73-75 - pressure, 21, 51_b_, 53_d_, 56_b_, 61_c_, 66_b_ - - Left valve grip, 74 - - Line, fuel-filling, 39 - - Lines, charging and filling - destruction, 46 - source, 48_b_ - use, 32, 33 - - Liquid fuels - aiming, 25 - characteristics, 34 - filling, 37, 38 - precautions, 36-40 - preparation, 35, 40 - ranges, 22, 34 - - Loading ignition cylinder, 18, 76_a_ - - Lubrication, 49 - - -- M - - - Marking, 6, 18_a_ - - M1 and M1A1 portable flame throwers, 7_b_, 8 - - Moisture - effect on fuel, 35_e_ - effect on ignition cylinder, 31, 41 - effect on thickener, 35_e_ - effect on weapon, 41, 51_g_, 71_e_, 77_b_ - - Mounting board, 12_g_ - - -- N - - - Needle - adjustment, 52_e_, 75_d_ - cleaning, 52, 55_d_ - description, 75_a_ - installation, 75_c_ - leaks, 58 - removal, 75_b_ - - Nitrogen - charging apparatus, 32, 33, 46, 48_b_ - leaks, 56_b_, 61_c_ - release of, 66_b_ - volume required, 9_g_, 32_c_ - - Nozzle - adjustment, 52_e_, 56_b_, 75_d_ - cleaning, 52, 55_d_ - description, 75_a_ - leaks, 56_b_, 58, 75_e_ - - -- O - - - Oxygen, hazard from use, 32_c_ - - -- P - - - Packing chest - cubage, 9_d_ - dimensions, 9_d_ - opening, 12 - use of, 12, 30 - weight, 9_c_ - - Paddle, 35, 36 - - Painting, 13, 41, 68_c_ - - Pins, (carrier) 71 - - Plug, coupling, 10_f_, 17, 39_c_, 48_b_, 70 - - Plug, filling, 37, 39, 49, 51_d_, 56_b_, 69 - - Plug-retainer assembly, 69 - - Plug, safety-head, 37, 39, 49, 51_d_, 69 - - Plug, testing, 56_b_, 67_d_ - - Point-blank range, 22 - - Positions, firing, 24 - - Precautions - in training, 15 - when charging, 33 - when filling with fuel, 37-40 - when firing, 22_a_, 24_d_ - when preparing fuel, 35, 36, 40 - when servicing, 57 - with cylinder, 18, 31, 57 - with gun, 20 - - Pressure - charging, 32, 33 - charging apparatus, 32, 33, 46, 48_b_ - lack of, 56_b_, 61 - leaks, 56_b_, 61_c_ - pounds of, 9_f_, 32, 56_b_ - release of, 66_b_ - testing for, 53_d_, 56_b_ - - Pressure regulator - adjustment, 56_b_, 59, 67_d_ - description, 5_a_, 67_a_ - effects of dirt, 42 - installation, 66_c_, 67_c_ - removal, 67_b_ - replacement, 48_b_, 56_b_, 59, 67 - testing, 56_b_, 61_b_, 67_d_ - - Pressure tank - charging, 32, 33 - description, 5_a_, 66_a_ - installation, 66_c_ - removal, 66_b_ - replacement, 4_g_, 48_b_ - - Pressure tank and valve assembly - adjustment, 66_d_ - description, 5_a_, 66_a_ - installation, 66_c_ - maintenance, 66_e_ - removal, 66_b_ - testing for leaks, 53_d_ - - Pressure-tank clamp - description, 66_a_ - installation, 66_c_ - removal, 66_b_ - repair, 51_e_ - - Pressure-tank valve - description, 5_a_, 66_a_ - effects of dirt, 42 - installation, 66_c_ - operation, 14_a_, 21, 55_g_, 61_b_ - removal, 66_b_ - replacement, 48_b_, 66_e_ - testing, 51_a_, 53_c_ - - Pressure-tank valve handle, 14_a_, 21, 48_b_, 66 - - Preventive maintenance services, 50-56 - - Pump - force, 38 - air, 39_a_ - - -- R - - - Rain, effect on firing, 41, 77_b_ - - Ranges, 4_c_, 15_b_, 15_c_, 22, 61, 67_d_ - - Recoil, 24_c_ - - Records, 2, 49_a_ - - References, 1_b_, 78 - - Regulator tube, 66, 67 - - Removal of tank group, 55_b_, 66-71 - - Right valve grip, 74 - - Rocker arm, 49, 74, 75_a_ - - -- S - - - Safety, grip, 14_c_, 62, 74 - - Safety-head plug, 37, 39, 51_d_, 69 - - Safety head, replacement, 51_d_, 54_b_, 55_f_, 56_b_, 59, 69 - - Screening effect, 3, 34 - - Screw drivers, 10_a_, 48_a_, 52_f_, 74_c_, 75_d_, 76_b_ - - Seine cord - description, 71_a_ - installation, 71_c_ - replacement, 48_b_, 60, 71_e_ - tightening, 51_h_, 60, 71_d_ - - Service kit, 48 - - Service, on receipt of equipment, 12, 13 - - Set-screw wrenches, 10_a_, 48_a_, 67_d_, 76_b_, 76_c_ - - Shield, ignition, 18, 52_d_, 54_a_, 55_d_, 76 - - Shipment, 77 - - Short range, causes of, 61 - - Sighting, 25 - - Skids, use of, 24 - - Smoke, 3, 34 - - Smoking, 15, 40_d_ - - Snap ring, 76 - - Soaking the target, 29 - - Spare parts in service kit, 48, 77_a_ - - Spare parts kit, 10_b_ - - Spray of fuel, 61_a_ - - Spring case - cleaning, 52_j_, 76_d_ - description, 76 - effects of dust, 42, 52_j_ - general, 10_b_, 18, 31, 76 - lubrication at, 49, 52_j_, 76_d_ - maintenance, 76_d_ - replacement, 48_b_, 63_b_, 76_d_ - - Spring retainer and plug, 52_g_, 75 - - Spring, trigger, 63_d_, 76 - - Spring-type regulator, 67_d_ - - Spring, valve, 75 - - Spring, valve-grip, 74 - - Stem, pressure valve, 66_d_ - - Storage - charging lines, 42 - cylinders, 33, 77_a_ - filling lines, 42 - flame thrower, 12, 30_f_, 41, 42, 77 - fuel, 35_j_, 36_i_, 40 - ignition cylinders, 31 - - Straps, adjustment, 19, 51_i_, 60_b_, 71_d_ - - Sun, exposure of flame thrower to, 40, 43 - - Support, diaphragm, 75 - - -- T - - - Tactics, 3, 4_e_ - - Tank connector, 68_a_ - - Tank coupling - cleaning, 70_d_ - description, 70_a_ - installation, 70_c_ - leaks, 58, 70_d_ - maintenance, 51_c_, 70_c_, 70_d_, 73_d_ - operation, 17, 70, 73_a_ - removal, 70_b_ - testing, 51_c_ - - Tank group - adjustment, 66-71 - carrying, 19, 24, 55_b_, 71 - connecting to gun, 4_g_, 17, 70 - description, 5_a_, 65-71 - dimensions, 9_d_ - interchanging, 4_g_, 17, 70 - installation, 66-71 - maintenance, 66-71 - preventive maintenance, 50, 51, 53-56 - removal, 55_b_, 66-71 - requisitioning, 5_a_ - weight, 9_c_ - - Targets, 3, 25 - - Temperature, effects of, 34-36, 40, 43, 44, 49, 64 - - Test firing, 12_k_, 35_k_, 36_h_, 56_b_ - - Thickened fuel - aiming, 25_c_, 26_c_ - characteristics, 34 - filling, 37-39 - precautions, 35, 39, 40 - preparation, 35, 40 - ranges, 22, 34 - - Thickener - destruction, 46_e_ - quantity, 9_g_, 35 - storage, 35 - use, 35 - - Time of discharge, 9_b_ - - Tool kit, 10_a_, 77_a_ - - Training, 15, 30_a_ - - Trigger, 14_b_, 26_a_, 49, 52, 63, 76 - - Trigger rod - description, 76_a_ - lubrication, 49 - maintenance, 52_l_, 76_d_ - - Trigger screw, 76 - - Trigger spring, 52_k_, 63_d_, 76 - - -- U - - - Underbrush, 22_b_ - - Uses of flame throwers, 3 - - -- V - - - Valve-adjusting wrench - source, 48_a_ - use, 75_d_ - - Valve, pressure-tank, 75 - - Valve-diaphragm assembly, 10, 48_b_, 56_c_, 58_a_, 74, 75 - - Valve flexible shaft - adjustment, 66_d_ - description, 66_a_ - installation, 66_c_ - lubrication, 49 - removal, 66_b_ - - Valve grip - action, 14_c_, 74_a_ - description, 74_a_ - effects of dirt, 42 - installation, 74_c_ - leaks, 58_a_ - lubrication, 49, 56_d_, 74_d_ - maintenance, 74_d_ - removal, 74_b_ - - Valve-grip spring, 74 - - Valve lever - description, 74_a_ - installation, 74_c_ - lubrication, 49 - operation, 14_c_, 62, 74_a_ - play, 52_e_ - removal, 74_b_ - - Valve needle - adjustment, 52_e_, 75_d_ - cleaning, 52, 55_d_ - description, 75_a_ - installation, 75_c_ - leaks, 58 - removal, 75_b_, 75_e_ - - Valve, fuel - adjustment, 61_a_ - cleaning, 56_f_, 61_d_ - description, 5_b_, 74_a_, 75_a_ - effects of dirt, 42 - failure to close, 62 - installation, 61_a_, 74_c_, 75_c_ - leaks, 56_c_, 58 - lubrication, 49 - operation, 14_c_, 26_b_, 61_a_, 74_a_, 75_a_ - removal, 74_c_, 75_c_ - testing, 56_c_ - - Valve pressure-tank - description, 5_a_, 66_a_ - effects of dirt, 42 - installation, 66_c_ - operation, 14_a_, 21, 55_g_, 61_b_ - removal, 66_b_ - replacement, 48_b_, 66_e_ - testing, 51_a_, 53_c_ - - Valve spring, 75 - - Void in fuel tanks, 53_b_, 68_a_ - - -- W - - - Washer, coupling, 10_b_, 48_b_, 70, 73_d_ - - Washer, diaphragm, 75 - - Water - and ignition cylinder, 31, 41 - effect on fuel, 35_e_ - effect on thickener, 35_e_ - effect on weapon, 41, 51_g_, 71_e_ - use in testing, 56_b_, 67_d_ - use in training, 15 - - Weights, 4_d_, 9_c_ - - Wind, effects of, 23, 45 - - Wrenches, 10_a_, 48_a_, 67_d_ - - -- Y - - - Yoke, 75 - - Yoke block, 75 - - Yoke shaft, 75 - - - - -_NOTES_ - - - - - REPRODUCTION PLANT - CHEMICAL WARFARE SCHOOL - EDGEWOOD ARSENAL MD - 1944 - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of War Department Technical Manual TM -3-376 A,, by War Department - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PORTABLE FLAME THROWER *** - -***** This file should be named 53669-0.txt or 53669-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/6/6/53669/ - -Produced by deaurider, Brian Wilcox and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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