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diff --git a/old/53647-0.txt b/old/53647-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1d284c9..0000000 --- a/old/53647-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7044 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Texas Flowers in Natural Colors, by Eula Whitehouse - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Texas Flowers in Natural Colors - -Author: Eula Whitehouse - -Release Date: December 2, 2016 [EBook #53647] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXAS FLOWERS IN NATURAL COLORS *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - [Illustration: TEXAS BLUEBONNET - THE STATE FLOWER] - - - - - TEXAS FLOWERS - IN - NATURAL COLORS - - - BY - EULA WHITEHOUSE - - - Illustrations by the Author - - - Published by - EULA WHITEHOUSE - Dallas, Texas - - Copyright 1936 and 1948, by - - Eula Whitehouse - Box 739, Southern Methodist University - Dallas 5, Texas - - Printed and bound in the United States of America - - First Edition 1936 - Second Edition 1948 - - - - - TEXAS WILDFLOWERS - - - From the pine woods to the prairies, - From the Panhandle to the sea, - You’ll find the Texas wildflowers - In marvelous carpetry. - - Such magic tints of colors, - Pale pinks and dainty blues, - No artist’s palette can match them - In all their radiant hues. - - The Texas sun has kissed them; - To Heaven they lift their eyes; - Beauty and Peace it brings them, - And Freedom under Texas skies. - - —Gertrude Whitehouse - - - - - PREFACE - - -For more than a century the wild flowers of Texas have been a source of -study and pleasure to scientists and flower lovers. The state can boast -of a varied and interesting flora which has attracted numerous plant -collectors since the first specimens were collected in the Texas -Panhandle by Dr. Edwin James, naturalist accompanying the Long -Expedition in 1820. Dr. Louis Berlandier, a French botanist, endured the -hardships of the Teran Expedition for the exploration of the boundary -region between Texas and Mexico between 1826 and 1834 in order to -collect plants in Texas. - -Berlandier’s first collection was instrumental, a few years later, in -arousing the interest of Thomas Drummond, a Scotch botanist and -collector. In 1833-34 Drummond visited Southeast Texas and collected 700 -species of plants. In 1836, Ferdinand Lindheimer, a German botanist, -moved to Texas and began his noteworthy study and collection of Texas -plants. Charles Wright, a Yale graduate, came to Texas in 1837, first -collecting plants in East Texas and later making important additions in -Southwest Texas. Since the work of these early pioneers, many scientists -have visited nearly all parts of the state and have added many new names -to the list of native plants. - -Today nearly five thousand species of flowering plants have been -reported from the state. About half of these have showy, conspicuous -flowers, and many of them are very limited in their distribution in -Texas. If the reader will keep these figures in mind, perhaps he will -not be disappointed at not finding some of his favorite flowers in the -following pages. As such a limited number could be included, it was -thought best to use those widely distributed throughout the state, -omitting some of the well-known plants which have been frequently -illustrated in previous publications. - -The present manual is not intended as a guide to the flora of the state, -but it is hoped that it will prove helpful in identifying some of the -common flowers. A few rare and beautiful flowers have been included so -that they may be recognized and protected. In order to include -representatives of the more important plant families, it was impossible -because of lack of space to add many widely distributed members of other -families represented. For example, the pea family, which has about 300 -showy members in Texas, had to be limited to ten representatives. - -The water color paintings on which the manual is based were made by the -author. In nearly all cases they were made from fresh specimens -carefully checked with verified material in the University of Texas -Herbarium; a few which could not be painted at the time of collecting -were later drawn from pressed specimens and colored from notes and -memory. - -The flowers of Texas have been so very abundant that only recently has -it been considered necessary to protect them. The Legislature of 1933 -passed a law forbidding the picking of flowers and injury to trees and -shrubs along highways. Even this protection is not sufficient for some -plants. A few years ago the writer happened to visit the shop of a -cactus fancier just after he had returned from a collecting trip and saw -with amazement the large tow-sacks filled with rare and highly prized -cacti. Wagon loads of the large and vivid-blooming ribbed cacti have -been observed as they were brought in for market. The bluebell, or -purple gentian, is in need of protection since florists have been buying -them up in such large quantities. The picturesque bunches of sotol are -being rapidly destroyed, as ranchmen are stripping them of their -saw-toothed leaves and feeding the stalks to their cattle. Yaupon and -American holly, both slow-growing plants, are being destroyed to supply -the market with Christmas greens. - -A few flower sanctuaries have been established in recent years, but many -others are needed. The decrease in our native flowers is primarily due -to increase in population with the accompanying increases in homesteads -and acres in cultivation, over-grazing, and improved facilities of -travel. The limestone hill region was formerly a flower paradise but has -been so heavily over-grazed by sheep in recent years that now the only -flowers to be found are the unattractive rabbit-tobacco, horehound, and -queen’s delight, or goatweed, so called because sheep and goats will not -eat it. - -Grateful acknowledgment is made to the many friends who have assisted me -in the preparation of this volume. I deeply regret that it has been -necessary to increase the list price of this edition. The first edition -of three thousand copies did not pay for the cost of publication. That -deficit, added to the increased costs of printing and paper, have made -an increase imperative. - -_September 1, 1948_ - Eula Whitehouse - - - - - CONTENTS - - - PAGE - _Texas Wildflowers_ v - Preface vii - Reference Books on Texas Flowers xi - Plant Parts and Plant Names xiii - Plant Distribution xvi - Description of Plants 2 - Finding Lists 194 - Index 204 - - - - - REFERENCE BOOKS ON TEXAS FLOWERS - - -For more detailed descriptions, description of other plants, flower -uses, and flower legends and history, the following books will prove -helpful: - - Bailey, L. H., _The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture_. - Benson, L. and Darrow, R. A., _A Manual of Southwestern Desert Trees - and Shrubs_. - Britton, N. L. and Brown, H. A., _An Illustrated Flora of the Northern - United States, Canada and the British Possessions_. - Cory, V. L. and Parks, H. B., _Catalogue of the Flora of Texas_. - Coulter, John M., _Cop. Botany of Western Texas_ (_U. S. Nat. Herb. - Contr._, 1892, out of print). - Dorman, Caroline E., _Wild Flowers of Louisiana_. - Fassett, N. C., _A Manual of Aquatic Plants_. - Geiser, S. W., _Naturalists of the Frontier_. Southwest Press, Dallas. - Jaeger, E. C., _Desert Wild Flowers_. - Kearney, T. H. and Peebles, R. H., _Flowering Plants and Ferns of - Arizona_. - Parks, H. B., _Valuable Plants Native to Texas_. - Preston, R. J., _Rocky Mountain Trees_. - Quillan, Ellen Schulz, _Texas Wild Flowers_. - Ranson, Nancy R., _Texas Wild Flower Legends_. - Reeves, R. G., and Bain, D. C., _Flora of South-Central Texas_. - Rydberg, P. A., _Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central N. A._ - (out of print). - Silveus, W. A., _Texas Grasses_. - Slater, Elsie M., _A Hundred Flowers of the Mexican Border at El - Paso_. - Small, John K., _Flora of the Southeastern United States_, out of - print; _Manual of the Southeastern Flora_. - Standley, P. C., _Trees and Shrubs of Mexico_ (U. S. Nat Herb. Contr., - 19—, out of print). - Stemen, T. B. and Myers, W. S., _Oklahoma Flora_. - Wooton, E. O. and Standley, P. C., _Flora of New Mexico_ (U. S. Nat. - Herb. Contr. Vol. 19, out of print). - - [Illustration: PLANT PARTS] - - COROLLA LOBES SEPARATE - STIGMA - STAMEN - PETAL - SEPAL - FLOWER-STALK (PEDUNCLE) - COROLLA LOBES UNITED - COROLLA LOBE - STAMEN - ANTHER (POLLEN-SAC) - FILAMENT - SEPAL - PISTIL - STIGMA - STYLE - OVARY - CALYX-TUBE - SEED - STIGMA - STAMEN - SEPAL - CALYX-TUBE - CAPSULE - BELL-SHAPE - CALYX-TUBE - TUBULAR - FUNNEL FORM - COMPOSITE FLOWER HEADS - INVOLUCRE - STIGMA - STYLE - STAMEN TUBE - DISK COROLLA - RAY COROLLA - DISK - FRUIT - BRACT (FLORAL LEAF) - FLORAL LEAF (BRACT) - LEAF BLADE - MIDRIB - LEAF-STALK (PETIOLE) - IRREGULAR LOBES - FRUIT OF COMPOSITE (ACHENE) - BRISTLES (PAPPUS) - SEED - SIMPLE LEAVES - LINEAR - LANCE-SHAPE - OBLONG - LANCE-OBLONG - OVATE - COMPOUND LEAVES - ONCE-DIVIDED - PALMATE or DIGITATE - SHARPLY TOOTHED - LEAFLETS - LEAF-STALK (PETIOLE) - STEM - PINNATE - TWICE-DIVIDED - LEAFLET - LEAF-STALK - - - - - PLANT PARTS AND PLANT NAMES - - -The diagram on the opposite page carries illustrations of most of the -terms used in the following descriptions of plants. As it was intended -that this manual should serve as a means of plant identification from -illustrations, the descriptions have been made very brief. If the reader -is interested in a more detailed description, technical books should be -consulted. Some botanical terms are rather loosely used in the effort to -avoid technical expressions; for example, the fruit of a daisy flower is -known popularly as a seed but is an achene, a seed closely covered by -the wall of the ovary. - -The conspicuous parts of the flower commonly make up the corolla, each -part being known as a petal; however, in some flowers the showy part is -actually the calyx, as the outer whorl of parts around the stamens and -pistil is always called. The divisions of the calyx are known as sepals. -The stamens are made up of two parts—the anthers or small sacs which -bear the pollen grains, a necessary part to fertilization, and the -filaments or stalks which elevate the anthers so that the pollen grains -can be scattered. The ovules which develop into seeds after -fertilization are borne in the ovary, a part of the pistil. The pollen -is deposited on the stigma and carried down the style to the ovule. -Showy flower parts, nectar, and other devices attract insect visitors -which aid in the transfer of pollen from one flower to another. - -In order that botanists everywhere may make use of plant names and -descriptions, these are written in Latin. The Latin name of the -bluebonnet is _Lupinus texensis_, in which _texensis_ represents the -name of a species and _Lupinus_ is the name of a genus, which is a group -of closely related species. The plants making up the different species -in a genus are usually so much alike in flower, fruit, and leaf -characters that they can be recognized as belonging to the same group. -Similar genera (plural of genus) are grouped together in families; the -family name in Latin takes the ending -_aceae_. Thus while this book -illustrates only 257 Texas plants, it is hoped that the reader will -become familiar with many others which bear a close relationship. - -Much effort has been expended to use scientific terminology in -accordance with that preferred by experts on various plant groups, but -continuing research changes many well known names. In this list the name -used in the text is followed by the name now in good usage; the terms -are not always synonymous. The authorities for the names are not given -but can be checked in technical publications. - - Aesculaceae - Hippocastanaceae - Allionia grayana - Mirabilis grayana - Amphiachyris dracunculoides - Gutierrezia dracunculoides - Argemone rosea - Argemone sanguinea - Argemone delicatula - Argemone pinnatifida - Asclepiodora decumbens - Asclepias capricornu - Baptisia bracteata - Baptisia leucophaea - Batodendron arboreum - Vaccinium arboreum - Capnoides montanum - Corydalis aurea - Capnoides curvisiliquum - Corydalis curvisiliqua - Carduus austrinus - Cirsium sp. - Carduus undulatus - Cirsium undulatum megacephalum - Cassiaceae - Leguninosae - Cebatha carolina - Cocculus carolinus - Cercis reniormis - Cercis canadensis texensis - Cochranea anchusaefolia - Heliotropium amplexicaule - Conoclinium coelestinum - Eupatorium coelestinum - Delphinium albescens - Delphinium virescens - Dendropogon usneoides - Tillandsia usneoides - Dichondraceae - Convolvulaceae - Dracopis amplexicaulis - Rudbeckia amplexicaulis - Epilobiaceae - Onagraceae - Erythraea - Centaurium - Fabaceae - Leguminosae - Filago prolifera - Evax prolifera - Filago nivea - Evax multicaulis - Geoprumnon mexicanum - Astragalus caryocarpus pachycarpus - Greggia camporum - Nerisyrenia camporum - Hamosa nuttalliana - Astragalus Nuttallianus - Hartmannia tetraptera - Oenothera speciosa - Hypoxis erecta - Hypoxis hirsuta - Ibidium gracile - Spiranthes gracilis - Jussiaea diffusa - Jussiaea repens - Keerlia bellidiflora - Chaetopappa bellidifolia - Krameriaceae - Leguminosae - Laciniaria punctata - Liatris punctata - Lepidium alyssoides - Lepidium montanum alyssoides - Leptoglottis uncinata - Schrankia Nuttallii - Leucophyllum texanum - Leucophyllum frutescens - Limodorum tuberosum - Calopogon pulchellus - Lithospermum linearifolium - Lithospermum incisum - Lithospermum gmelinii - Lithospermum carolinense - Megapterium missouriense - Oenothera missouriensis - Meriolix spinulosa - Oenothera serrulata Drummondii - Mimosaceae - Leguminosae - Nemastylis acuta - Nemastylis geminiflora - Nama ovatum - Hydrolea ovata - Nemastylis texana - Nemastylis sp. - Neopieris mariana - Lyonia mariana - Nuphar advena - Nuphar advenum - Oxytropis lamberti - Astragalus Lambertii - Parosela aurea - Dalea aurea - Parosela pogonathera - Dalea pogonathera - Pentstemon - Penstemon - Persicaria longistyla - Polygonum longistylum - Persicaria punctata - Polygonum punctatum - Phlox drummondii (purple variety) - Phlox Goldsmithii (left, p. 107) - Phlox drummondii (purple variety) - Phlox McAllisteri (right, p. 107) - Phlox helleri - Phlox littoralis - Phytolacca decandra - Phytolacca americana - Pleiotaenia nuttallii - Polytaenia Nuttallii - Ptiloria pauciflora - Stephanomeria pauciflora - Quamasia hyacinthina - Camassia scilloides - Rosa woodsii - Rosa foliolosa - Sabbatia - Sabatia - Senecio filifolius - Senecio longilobus - Sisyrinchium thurowi - Sisyrinchium exile - Sitilias multicaulis - Pyrrhopappus sp. - Sophia pinnata - Descurainea pinnata - Stenorrhyncus cinnabarinus - Spiranthes cinnabarina - Thrysanthema nutans - Chaptalia nutans - Thymophylla polychaeta - Dyssodia polychaeta - Thymophylla pentachaeta - Dyssodia pentachaeta - Toxicoscordion nuttallii - Zygadenus Nuttallii - Tradescantia bracteata - Tradescantia ohiensis - Verbena plicata - Verbena Cloveri - Vicia texana - Vicia ludoviciana - Yucca radiosa - Yucca elata - Yucca glauca - Yucca campestris - - - - - PLANT DISTRIBUTION - - - [Illustration: TEXAS] - -The above map[1] gives the larger natural areas of the state. The -prairie regions afford the most profuse display of wild flowers. In the -wooded area of East Texas, the shortleaf pine is abundant in the -northern part, the loblolly in the southwestern part, and the longleaf -pine in the southeastern part of the area, while hardwoods are found in -the river bottoms. The chief trees in the post oak strip are post oak -and black jack oak. Among the mountain cedars, live oaks and Spanish -oaks, so common in the limestone hill region, may be found scattered -trees and shrubs of the chaparral. The chaparral region is often broken -by prairies but in some places is densely covered with shrubs and small -trees which are usually thorny. The mesquite is abundant in this region -and is more or less scattered throughout the prairie regions. - - - - - _TEXAS FLOWERS_ - - -Author’s Note: The family characteristics are placed immediately below -the illustrations at the beginning of each family group and set in -smaller type to distinguish them from the individual group descriptions. - - - - - DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES - - - - - WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY (Alismaceae) - - - [Illustration: SMALL ARROWHEAD LONG-LOBED ARROWHEAD] - -Marsh or water plants; leaves mostly basal; sepals 3; petals 3, white or -pink, tender; stamens 6 or more; pistils many, free; fruit a head of -achenes. - -Small Arrowhead (_Sagittaria papillosa_) is a common pond dweller in -Texas and Louisiana. Like other arrowheads the flowers are borne in -whorls, the upper having many stamens and the lower producing the seeds. -It may be distinguished from other narrow-leaved forms by the rough -(papillose) surface of the floral leaves. - -Plains or Long-Lobed Arrowhead (_Sagittaria longiloba_) is common in -shallow water on the plains from Nebraska to Mexico from April to -October. The shape of the leaf of this and other species has given the -common names of arrowhead and arrowleaf to this group. Like the -water-plantain and bur-head the flowers have 3 tender white petals. The -wapato duck potato (_S. latifolia_) may be found in East Texas. Growing -in great abundance along the coast, the water potato or scythe-fruited -arrowhead (_S. falcata_) is a showy plant 2-4 feet high with large -lance-shaped leaves. The tubers and young shoots of both of these are -considered excellent foods for ducks. Indians also valued the starchy -tubers for food, and it was the duty of the women to grub in the mud for -them. - - - - - PINEAPPLE FAMILY (Bromeliaceae) - - - [Illustration: SPANISH MOSS BALL MOSS] - -Chiefly air-plants, some rigid-leaved land plants; floral leaves often -conspicuous; 3 sepals; 3 petals; stamens 3-6; pistil 3-celled. - -Spanish Moss (_Dendropogon usneoides_) has long zig-zag stems hanging in -gray masses from the branches of many trees, especially live oaks, from -the Coastal Plain of the United States to South America. Sometimes -called Florida-moss, wool crape, crape-moss, and long moss, it has long -been renowned in literature and industry. Indians and pioneers found -many uses for it, and it is still used for padding, fodder for cattle, -decoration, and the making of mattresses. The short leaves are scattered -on the slender stem, which may be 1-6 yards long. The fragrant flowers -are small and inconspicuous, being about ¼ inch long, blooming in early -summer. The name means “tree-beard.” - -Ball Moss. Bunch Moss (_Tillandsia recurvata_) has small and -inconspicuous purple flowers which appear in the summer. Like the -Spanish moss, it gets its nourishment from the air but may injure trees -by crowding out the leaves. Both mosses bear no relation to the true -mosses but belong to the same family as the pineapple. The ball moss is -found on trees, wires, rocks, and other places. Bailey’s bunch moss is a -large-flowered form growing in the lower Rio Grande Valley. - - - - - SPIDERWORT FAMILY (Commelinaceae) - - - [Illustration: GIANT SPIDERWORT PRAIRIE SPIDERWORT] - -Mostly succulent herbs with tuberous or fibrous roots; flowers arising -from a cluster of leaf-like bracts; sepals 3; petals 3; stamens 6; ovary -3-celled; fruit capsular. - -Giant Spiderwort (_Tradescantia gigantea_) grows in clumps of stout -stems 2-3 feet high. The numerous flowers on short slender stalks hang -out of a cluster of 2-3 upper leaves which have sac-like bases, velvety -with soft hairs. The 3-petaled flowers vary in color from purplish-blue -to rose or white and close at noon. The 6 stamens are adorned with -lovely violet hairs. It is found in Central Texas in April and May. - -The spiderwort group was named for Tradescant, gardener to Charles I. It -is well represented in Texas, all of the many different species being -easy to transplant and making attractive garden plants. The wandering -jew, a well-known spiderwort in cultivation, is a native of South -America. - -Prairie Spiderwort (_T. bracteata_) is a smaller plant with bluer -flowers. Ranging from Minnesota to Texas, it has its blooming season in -Texas in April and May. - - [Illustration: TEXAS DAYFLOWER WIDOW’S TEARS] - -Curly-Leaved Dayflower. Widow’s Tears (_Commelina crispa_) has two large -blue petals and a third, minute, white, and inconspicuous. The upper -three stamens are 4-lobed and sterile, quite different from the 3 lower -pollen-producing stamens, one of which is larger than the others. The -petals are very tender and last only one morning. This dayflower may be -distinguished from several others in the state by its crisped -leaf-margins. It is very common on the South Central Plains from May to -September. The name is given in honor of early Dutch botanists by the -name of Commelyn. - -Texas Dayflower (_Commelinantia anomala_) has two large petals like the -dayflowers, but may be distinguished from them by their lavender color -and by having the leaf around the flower-cluster more like the lower -leaves in shape. The three upper stamens are bearded with violet hairs -like those of spiderworts. It grows in rich moist soil in the limestone -hills of the southern part of the state and the adjoining part of -Mexico. - - - - - PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY (Pontederiaceae) - - - [Illustration: WATER HYACINTH] - -Aquatic plants; leaves alternate, often basal; sepals 3, petal-like; -petals 3, sepals and petals partly united; ovary 3-celled. - -Water Hyacinth (_Eichhornia crassipes_) is also called wampee, river -raft, and water orchid. It grows so thick in places that water channels -may be blocked, and island-like masses may serve as rafts. With its -large spikes of lavender flowers and its broad shining leaves with their -curious bulbous floats, it is the queen of our water plants. Many -streams, lakes, and canals along the coastal highway offer living -pictures which will not soon fade from the memory. The plants float by -means of the bulbous enlargement of the leaf stalk. The flowers are -somewhat 2-lipped, the 3 sepals and 3 petals somewhat alike but with a -yellow spot on the upper petal. - -Pickerel Weed (_Pontedaria cordata_) may be found growing in the mud of -inland waters along the coast. It is a taller plant than the water -hyacinth, the spikes are narrower, the flowers are a deeper purple, and -the leaves are narrower and have no float. - - - - - LILY FAMILY (Liliaceae) - - - [Illustration: NUTTALL’S DEATH CAMASS WILD HYACINTH] - -Aquatic plants; leaves alternate, often basal; sepals 3, petal-like; -petals 3, sepals and petals partly united; ovary 3-celled. - -Nuttall’s Death Camass (_Toxicoscordion nuttallii_) is a common prairie -bunch-flower from Texas to Tennessee and Kansas. The leaves, which are -mainly basal, long, narrow, and curved, and the stout stems 1-2 feet -high arise from a large black-coated bulb which is poisonous. Many -cream-colored flowers are borne in a round-topped cluster. The 3 sepals -and 3 petals are alike, and the 6 stamens have large yellow anthers. The -3-beaked capsules have numerous seeds. The flowers bloom in April and -May. The poisonous bulb is responsible for the name, which is derived -from the Greek meaning “poison-onion.” - -Wild Hyacinth (_Quamasia hyacinthina_) is also called indigo-squill or -meadow hyacinth. Growing from a deep-rooted edible bulb, a slender stalk -1-2 ft. high bears a spike-like cluster of hyacinth-blue flowers at the -top. The flowers are about ½ inch broad and have a most delightful -fragrance. It is widespread from Pennsylvania to Texas, common in Texas -along railroads in April. - - [Illustration: PRAIRIE ONION CROW POISON] - -Prairie Onion (_Allium nuttallii_) has short flower stalks 4-6 inches -high growing from a very small bulb which has a brown, finely-woven -outer coat. The flowers are nearly half an inch broad and vary from pale -pink to a deep rose. _Allium_ is the Latin for “garlic,” and both the -cultivated garlic and onion are members of this group. There are nearly -twenty different wild onions in the state, many of which make lovely -garden plants. _Allium mutabile_, a taller onion with very numerous -white flowers, blooms in May. The prairie onion is the same as Heller’s -onion (_Allium helleri_) and blooms in April. - -Crow Poison. False Garlic (_Nothoscordum bivalve_) is one of the first -flowers to appear in the spring on lawns, meadows, and roadsides -throughout the Southern States and may bloom again in the autumn. It -looks very much like the onions, but has fewer, larger flowers on long -stalks and does not have the onion odor. It grows from an onion-like -bulb. The name is from the Greek meaning “false garlic.” - - [Illustration: FINE-LEAVED TREE-YUCCA SOAPWEED] - -Beargrass. Fine-Leaved Tree-Yucca (_Yucca elata_) belongs to a group -widely represented in Texas by many different forms, those with thin -thready leaves being known as beargrass, soapweed, “palmillo,” and -Adam’s needle and those with thick, stiff, sharp-pointed leaves as -Spanish bayonet or dagger. All have creamy or greenish-white bell-shaped -drooping flowers borne in dense clusters on a long stalk growing out of -a rosette of leaves. The fine-leaved tree-yucca sometimes grows 20 ft. -high and is very abundant west of the Pecos River to Arizona. The -budding flower stalk is quite tender and palatable and was often used as -a food by early settlers. It is an excellent food for cattle, and they -keep the stalks stripped of budding shoots, making the absence of seed -pods quite conspicuous on the cattle ranges. Indians used the leaf -fibers for making sandals. - -Soapweed (_Yucca glauca_), the common yucca of the Panhandle of Texas -and adjacent states, has an unbranched flower stalk. As in other yuccas, -the roots yield soap when the bark is removed and crushed in water. The -fruits of the stiff-leaved tree-yuccas are edible. - - - - - AMARYLLIS FAMILY (Amaryllidaceae) - - - [Illustration: SMALL RAIN LILY GIANT RAIN LILY] - -Plants with bulbs or fibrous roots; leaves basal; sepals 3, petal-like; -petals 3, sepals and petals united into a tube below; stamens 6; ovary -inferior, 3-celled. - -Small or Drummond’s Rain Lily (_Cooperia drummondii_) is known in -cultivation as evening star. It does not have a stalked seed pod like -the giant rain lily and has smaller flowers with much longer tube and -shorter and narrower leaves. It blooms in the late summer and fall. - -The cooperias were named in honor of Joseph Cooper, an English gardener. -Drummond’s rain lily honors Thomas Drummond, a Scottish plant collector -who visited the southeastern part of Texas in 1833-34. - -Giant Rain Lily (_Cooperia pedunculata_) has lovely fragrant white -flowers which last only a day or two. The tubular flowers appear -funnel-shaped for some hours after opening, but the six broad lobes -spread widely as the flowers mature. The leaves are all basal and grow -from a large black-coated bulb; they are about a foot long and nearly -half an inch wide. Shortly after heavy rains in spring and early summer, -lawns, meadows, and woods in Louisiana, Texas, and Mexico are covered -with the lovely blossoms. It is also called prairie lily, field lily, -crow poison, and fairy lily. - - [Illustration: COPPER LILY YELLOW STAR GRASS] - -Copper Lily. Texas Atamosco Lily. Stagger Grass (_Zephyranthes texana_) -is a copper-colored lily blooming in August and September in Central -Texas. The inner surface of the petals is yellow and shows a purple -veining. The flowers stalks are 6-12 inches long, growing from a cluster -of very slender leaves. The yellow atamosco (_Zephyranthes longifolia_) -has yellow flowers. It may be found in West Texas to Arizona and Mexico -in the late summer and fall. - -Yellow Star Grass (_Hypoxis erecta_) has yellow flowers about an inch -broad. It is one of the earliest and commonest spring flowers in the -eastern pine woods, blooming in Texas in March and April. - -The common century plant of the Big Bend is _Agave havardiana_. It is -not as large as the widely cultivated American century plant introduced -from Mexico. A candelabrum-like cluster of yellow flowers, which are -provided with a vast quantity of nectar, grows at the top of a stout -stalk, which is commonly 12-15 feet high. The stalk grows from a cluster -of broad gray leaves, 1-1½ feet long, bordered with recurved prickles -and ending in a sharp-pointed spine. Lecheguilla (_Agave lecheguilla_) -is a much smaller plant with narrow spikes of greenish-white flowers. - - [Illustration: TEXAS SPIDER LILY] - -Texas Spider Lily (_Hymenocallis galvestonensis_) grows in moist soil, -in ditches, or on the edges of ponds. It is particularly abundant on the -coastal prairie. A thick, fleshy flower stalk grows from a cluster of -strap-shaped leaves about an inch broad and bears 4—6 white flowers in a -cluster at the top of the stalk. The scientific name means “beautiful -membrane” and refers to the delicate white funnel-tube uniting the bases -of the 6 stamens. The 3 linear petals and the three similar sepals are -about 6 in. long, united at their lower half into a slender tube. The -upper half spreads, giving rise to the common name of spider lily. The -flowers bloom from March to May. It was long ago introduced into -cultivation and is considered quite hardy in the North. - -Western Spider Lily (_Hymenocallis occidentalis_) has similar flowers, -but blooms in the summer after the leaves die back. It is found in moist -soil and on shaded hillsides from Northeast Texas to Indiana and -Georgia. - - - - - IRIS FAMILY (Iridaceae) - - - [Illustration: PLEATED-LEAF IRIS PRAIRIE CELESTIAL WOODLAND - CELESTIAL] - -Perennial herbs with bulbs, corms, or rhizomes; leaves usually basal and -flattened at the sides; 3 sepals and 3 petals nearly equal; stamens 3; -ovary below the perianth; fruit a 3-celled capsule. - -Pleated-Leaf Iris (_Herbertia caerulea_) has pleated leaves like the -celestials, but the flowers are quite different, the 3 sky-blue sepals -being large and spreading and the 3 petals small and inconspicuous. The -bases are white with violet markings. It is very abundant on the Coastal -Plain of Louisiana and Texas in April and May. The name is in honor of -William Herbert, a distinguished English botanist. - -Prairie Celestial (_Nemastylis acuta_) has 6-parted sky-blue flowers -with the 3 sepals and 3 petals nearly equal, white at the base. The -2-branched thread-like styles, from which the name is derived, spread -horizontally between the 3 erect stamens. It grows on the prairies of -North Texas to Kansas and Tennessee. - -Woodland Celestial (_Nemastylis texana_) with its steel-blue flowers is -more abundant in the southern part of the state in open post oak woods. -Like the pleated-leaf iris, the flowers of the celestials open late in -the morning and remain open only a few hours. - - [Illustration: BLUE-EYED GRASSES - SWORD-LEAVED THUROW’S DWARF] - -Sword-Leaved Blue-Eyed Grass (_Sisyrinchium ensigerum_) is one of many -blue-eyed grasses in the state, most of which have purplish-blue -flowers, 6-parted and about half an inch broad, marked at the base with -yellow. The flower has 3 erect united stamens. The flowers hang on -thread-like stalks from two boat-shaped leaves about an inch long. The -stems are winged, sword-shaped or outcurved, and have very fine -saw-toothed edges. South-central to Northwestern Texas in April and May. -In East Texas the prairie blue-eyed grass (_Sisyrinchium campestre_) is -common. It has pale blue flowers, and the outer floral leaf is prolonged -to a slender point, being 1½-2 in. long. - -Dwarf Blue-Eyed Grass (_Sisyrinchium minus_) has small reddish-purple -flowers and an oblong seed capsule. Coastal Plain, Louisiana to Texas. -Spring. - -Thurow’s Blue-Eyed Grass (_Sisyrinchium thurowi_) is a very small plant -with small yellow flowers found in the southeastern part of the state in -damp places. Spring. - - [Illustration: GIANT IRIS] - -Giant Blue-Flag or Iris (_Iris giganticaerulea_) is a tall iris found in -swampy places in East Texas and Louisiana, blooming in late April and -May. The color of this iris is quite variable, ranging from dark violet -to lavender and white. The recurved spreading sepals are 3-4 inches -long, and the petals are shorter and erect. The capsules are 3-4 in. -long with 6 rounded ridges. - -Narrow Blue-Flag (_Iris virginica_) has been confused with the Carolina -iris, according to Dr. Small of the New York Botanical Garden, who has -recently described many new irises from Louisiana. The narrow blue-flag -is colored similarly to the giant iris, but has shorter 3-angled -capsules, very narrow leaves, and zig-zag stems. It is abundant on the -Coastal Plain in early spring. - -Red-Brown Flag (_Iris fulva_) is also found in the swamps in East Texas. - - - - - ORCHID FAMILY (Orchidaceae) - - - [Illustration: SLENDER LADIES’-TRESSES ROSE POGONIA] - -Air plants or tuberous-rooted; leaves alternate, undivided; sepals 3; -petals 3, the middle one, or “lip,” often complex in structure; stamens -2 or 1, united to pistil; ovary below the perianth. - -Slender Ladies’-Tresses (_Ibidium gracile_) is also called twisted-stalk -or corkscrew-plant because of the twisting of the flower-stalk. The -stems, which are 8 in. to 2 ft. high, grow from a cluster of tuberous -roots and have two broad leaves at the base. This flower ranges from -Texas to Nova Scotia. - -Rose Pogonia. Snake-Mouth (_Pogonia ophioglossoides_) grows in swampy -places from Texas to Newfoundland. Pogonia is from the Greek, meaning -“bearded” and refers to the bearded lip. - -Grass-Pink (_Limodorum tuberosum_) is a pink-flowered orchid of East -Texas and the Eastern States similar to the rose pogonia, but does not -have the short clasping leaf on the stem. - -The orchid family is a large group of more than 15,000 species. Some -orchids are air-plants, attaching themselves to tree-trunks, but none of -these are found among the 25 orchids growing in Texas. Perhaps the -handsomest orchid in the state is the red-flowered flame orchid -(_Stenorrhynchus cinnabarinus_) found in the mountains of the Big Bend. -All the Texas orchids are rare enough to need protection. - - - - - BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (Polygonaceae) - - - [Illustration: MANY-FLOWERED BUCKWHEAT] - -Leaves usually alternate; sepals 3-6, sometimes petal-like; petals -absent; stamens usually 6-9; ovary 1-celled. - -Many-Flowered Buckwheat (_Eriogonum multiflorum_) is also called -umbrella-plant because of its spreading clusters at the top of the stem. -It grows about 2 ft. high, being very abundant in sandy soil from -South-central Texas to Arkansas and Louisiana in the late summer and -fall. The name means “woolly knees,” referring to the jointed stems. - -Buckwheat flour is made from the seeds of _Fagopyrum esculentum_, a -closely related plant, similar in size, white-flowered, and with large -3-angled seeds. Queen’s crown or wreath (_Antigonon leptopus_), a lovely -pink-flowered vine widely cultivated in Texas, is a member of the -buckwheat family. - -Annual Buckwheat (_Eriogonum annuum_), similar to the many-flowered -buckwheat, but with leaves white-woolly on both sides and narrowed at -the base, is very abundant in the northwestern part into New Mexico and -Mexico. Acre after acre along the highways is often covered with it. -Many other white-, yellow-, and red-flowered buckwheats are found in the -mountains of West Texas. - - [Illustration: SOUTHERN SMARTWEED] - -Southern Smartweed (_Persicaria longistyla_), ranging from Mississippi -to New Mexico is also called gander-grass or knotweed. It grows in wet -places throughout the state and blooms in the late summer and fall. The -dense spikes of small pink flowers are very attractive, the flowers -having 5 pink sepals but no petals. The seeds are lens-shaped and -covered with a black shining coat. The seeds of many of the smartweeds -are considered good food for ducks. - -Dotted Smartweed (_Persicaria punctata_) has scattered greenish-white -flowers and 3-angled seeds. The leaves are much narrower than those of -the Southern smartweed. Many other smartweeds are found in the state. - -Curly-Leaved Dock (_Rumex crispus_), as well as several other docks, is -common in the state. The leaves of some of them are used for greens. -Canaigre is the dock of Western Texas and New Mexico, the roots of which -have furnished tannin for commercial purposes. - - - - - FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY (Nyctaginaceae) - - - [Illustration: SMALL-FLOWERED FOUR-O’CLOCK PINK FOUR-O’CLOCK] - -Leaves opposite or alternate; flowers often surrounded by colored -bracts; calyx tubular, often petal-like; petals absent; stamens 1 to -many; ovary 1-celled. - -Gray’s Umbrella-Wort. Pink Four-O’clock (_Allionia grayana_) has -delicate pink flowers which have no petals, but the 5 united sepals are -petal-like in appearance. The flowers are spreading or funnel-shaped and -open in the afternoon. Several flowers are borne together and are -surrounded at their bases by 5 short united floral leaves, forming a -pale green veiny involucre which is sometimes mistaken for the flower. -The clusters terminate the branches on a widely spreading plant about 2 -ft. high. - -Small-Flowered Four-O’clock (_Allionia incarnata_) is very abundant in -Southwestern Texas to Arizona and South America. It forms a low, -spreading plant, which is profusely covered with small pink blooms less -than half an inch broad. - -Narrow-Leaved Sand-Verbena (_Abronia angustifolia_) is a low plant with -a dense head of pink flowers which are so fragrant that one plant will -perfume the air for some distance. In favorable seasons the hills around -El Paso are pink with the lovely blooms. It is called sand-verbena -because of the verbena-like clusters. - - [Illustration: DEVIL’S BOUQUET ANGEL’S TRUMPET] - -Devil’s Bouquet (_Nyctaginia capitata_) is also called skunk flower -because of its heavy, disagreeable odor. The head-like clusters of -scarlet flowers are very showy, being 2-3 in. broad. The 5-lobed flowers -resemble those of the umbrella-worts and likewise open in the -afternoons. The plants are low and scattered, but are quite common from -Central and Southern Texas to Mexico and New Mexico from May to October. - -Angel’s Trumpet (_Acleisanthes longiflora_) grows from long spreading -stems with the long-tubed flowers sharply erect. The flowers are over an -inch broad with a tube 4-6 in. long. It is most abundant in the spring, -but may be found until October in the same range as the devil’s bouquet. -Jimson-weed (_Datura_) is also called angel’s trumpet. - -Bougainvillea is a member of this family frequently cultivated in the -southern part of the state. The common four-o’clock is often seen in -gardens and in some places has escaped cultivation. - - - - - POKEWEED FAMILY (Phytolaccaceae) - - - [Illustration: ROUGE PLANT] - -Leaves alternate, entire; sepals 4-5; petals absent; stamens 3 to many, -sometimes united at the base; ovary with 1 to many distinct or united -carpels. - -Rouge Plant. Small Pokeberry (_Rivina vernalis_) was named for A. Q. -Rivinus, a botanist of Leipzig. It was known as _Rivina humilis_, the -latter name meaning low. It has small flowers, about ¼ in. broad, with 4 -white or pink petal-like sepals and 4 stamens. The bright red berries -often occur on the stems while flowers are still present. The low -plants, a foot or more high, grow profusely in woods in Central Texas, -but may be found from Arkansas to the tropics. When vegetable dyes were -in common use, a red dye was obtained from the berries. - -Ink-Berry. Large Pokeberry (_Phytolacca americana_) is a leafy, stout, -branched plant 3-9 ft. high, with large leaves and spike-like clusters -of white flowers and purple berries. It is a perennial that grows from a -poisonous root. With special care in the picking and preparation, the -young shoots are sometimes used for greens. The shoe-button-like berries -were used for ink in pioneer days. Maine to Texas. Summer and fall. - - - - - PURSLANE FAMILY (Portulacaceae) - - - [Illustration: LANCE-LEAVED PORTULACA SMALL-FLOWERED TALINUM] - -Herbs or undershrubs, often succulent; sepals 2; petals 4-6, soon -falling; stamens few or many; ovary 1-celled; fruit a capsule opening by -valves or a transverse split. - -Lance-Leaved Portulaca (_Portulaca lanceolata_) is a weed found in sandy -soil from Central and Southern Texas to Arizona. The flowers are less -than half an inch broad with 5 pinkish-yellow petals and 7-27 stamens. -It may be distinguished from other portulacas by the crown-like rim -around the capsule. Hairy rose moss (_Portulaca pilosa_) is more -abundant and showy, with purplish-red flowers nearly an inch broad, -greatly resembling the large-flowered rose moss in cultivation. The -capsule of the portulacas opens by a cap. - -Small-Flowered Talinum (_Talinum parviflorum_) has small pink flowers -about ½ in. broad, which, like those of the portulacas, require bright -sunlight for opening. These dainty flowers grow on slender stalks from a -cluster of short, rounded leaves and may be found in rocky soil from -Minnesota to Texas during the summer months. - - - - - PINK FAMILY (Caryophyllaceae) - - - [Illustration: WESTERN CHICKWEED NUTTALL’S STARWORT] - -Stems usually swollen at the joints; leaves opposite; sepals 4-5; petals -4-5, or absent; stamens usually 8-10; ovary usually 1-celled. - -Western Chickweed (_Cerastium brachypodum_) is one of the early spring -flowers to be found throughout the state, ranging from Illinois to -Oregon and Mexico. The 5 small white petals are notched at the apex. The -name is derived from the Greek meaning “horny” and refers to the -horn-shaped capsule from which the seeds are scattered through the -opening at the top. Several other chickweeds are found in the state in -early spring. - -Nuttall’s Starwort or Chickweed (_Stellaria nuttallii_) is a lovely -white-flowered chickweed found on moist sandy prairies or in open woods -in Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana in March and April. The flowers are -about 1 in. broad, and the 5 broad petals are deeply notched at the -apex. - -The pink family is well represented in cultivation, including the -carnation, sweet William, garden pink, baby’s breath, and others. The -red-flowered catch-fly (_Silene laciniata_), found in the mountains of -West Texas to Mexico and California, is known in cultivation. - - - - - WATER-LILY FAMILY (Nymphaeaceae) - - - [Illustration: BLUE WATER-LILY] - -Aquatic herbs; leaves long-stalked, often floating; flowers solitary, -large; sepals 3-6; petals numerous; stamens numerous; carpels 8 or more. - -Blue Water-Lily (_Nymphaea elegans_) is a common water-lily along the -coast of Texas and Mexico, particularly in the vicinity of Corpus -Christi. The flowers vary from nearly white to a purplish-blue or lilac -and are 3-6 in. broad. The floating leaves, about 7 in. broad, are dark -purple below and nearly round; sometimes they have a few scattered teeth -on the margins. The blooms last 3 days, opening about 8 o’clock in the -morning and closing shortly after noon. - -Yellow Water-Lily (_Nymphaea flava_) is a yellow-flowered water-lily -found on the Texas and Florida coasts. The sweet-scented white -water-lily is abundant in the southeastern part of the state. - -Spatter Dock. Yellow Pond Lily (_Nuphar advena_), with yellow cup-shaped -flowers 2-3 in. broad, is the common water-lily of slow streams and -ponds throughout the state and ranges to Labrador, Florida, and Utah. - -The water-lilies form an important food and cover for fish; ducks and -muskrats feed upon the many seeds produced. - - - - - CROWFOOT FAMILY (Ranunculaceae) - - - [Illustration: SOUTHERN ANEMONE] - -Perennials, annuals, or climbing soft-wooded plants; sepals 3 to many; -petals few to many; stamens and carpels usually many. - -Southern Anemone or Windflower (_Anemone decapetala_) has 10-20 sepals -which resemble petals, varying from a greenish white and pink to the -common pale purplish-blue. The plants are commonly low, about 6 in. high -in flower, with a few leaves growing from a tuberous root. The leaves -are 3-parted, the segments lobed and toothed. The anemone is the Texas -harbinger of spring, appearing in late January, February, or March on -plains and prairies, and in the chaparral. It ranges from the Southern -United States to South America. The Carolina anemone, with bluer flowers -and more finely-divided leaves, is abundant in the woods of East Texas. - -The crowfoot or real buttercup family (the yellow evening primrose is -also called buttercup) is considered by most botanists as the plant -family from which other plants have been derived. In many the fruits -look very much like the fruit head of the arrowleaf. The columbine is a -member of this family frequently cultivated in the gardens of the state, -but the few native ones are not very abundant. - - [Illustration: WHITE LARKSPUR CAROLINA LARKSPUR] - -White Larkspur (_Delphinium albescens_) is the common larkspur of -prairies and plains of Texas and ranges to Southern Canada. In Texas it -blooms most abundantly in May. The white flowers resemble rabbit faces -and are tinged with green and purple. It is the bane of ranchmen, for it -is poisonous to cattle. - -Carolina Larkspur (_Delphinium carolinianum_) commonly has lovely deep -blue flowers, though white forms may be found. It is very abundant in -East Texas in March and April, growing 1½-2 ft. high. The plants have -few leaves, and these are 3-5 parted, each part being divided into -narrow linear lobes. It is very much like the Texas larkspur -(_Delphinium vimineum_), which has blue or white flowers, grows taller, -and is more leafy than the Carolina larkspur. - -“Delphinium” is derived from the Latin meaning “dolphin,” so-called -because of the resemblance of the spurred flowers to a dolphin. The -common garden larkspur is native to Southern Europe. Some of the -larkspurs furnish drugs. - - [Illustration: LARGE BUTTERCUP] - -Large Buttercup (_Ranunculus macranthus_) has handsome, golden-yellow -flowers about 2 in. broad. There are 10-15 broad yellow petals which are -longer than the sepals and have a nectar pit at their base. The leaves -are mainly basal, long-stalked, and divided into wedge-shaped lobes. It -ranges from Central to Southwestern Texas and is most abundant in April. -It is a plant which does well in cultivation but requires plenty of -water; it blooms in the shade better than most garden plants. - -Many of the buttercups grow in marshy places, a fact which is -responsible for the old Latin name meaning “little frog.” Many different -kinds are found along roadside ditches and in marshy places in East -Texas. Some members of the crowfoot family, including the wood-anemone -and the marsh marigold, common in the Northern States but not native to -Texas, yield poisonous honey. - - [Illustration: OLD MAN’S BEARD] - -Drummond’s Virgin’s Bower. Old Man’s Beard (_Clematis drummondii_) is a -vine growing in great profusion, covering shrubs and fences from Central -Texas to Arizona and Mexico. The 4 petal-like sepals are pale -greenish-yellow, almost white, narrow and thin with margins somewhat -crinkled, about ½ in. long. The flowers bloom in the summer, being -inconspicuous among the branching leafy stems. The stamen-bearing -flowers are on a separate vine from the seed-producing flowers. The -seeds mature in a few weeks, and soon the vine is covered with -iridescent masses of silky, feathery plumes, 2-4 in. long, which grow -out from the seed cover. These plumes are elongated, persistent styles -and are responsible for many common names given to the vine, including -grandfather’s beard, gray beard, goat’s beard, and love-in-the-mist. - -Western Virgin’s Bower (_Clematis ligusticifolia_), with white flowers -and leaves with 5-7 leaflets, has been reported from the mountains of -West Texas. - - [Illustration: SCARLET CLEMATIS PURPLE LEATHER FLOWER] - -Texas Leather Flower. Scarlet Clematis (_Clematis texensis_) has maroon -or scarlet bell-shaped flowers about 1 in. long. It is a climbing vine -found along streams in Central Texas, growing 6-10 or more feet high. -The leaves are thickened, entire or lobed, ovate to rounded. This -clematis is a hardy climber, well known in cultivation, giving rise to -many hybrids when crossed with the marsh leather flower (_Clematis -crispa_), which is a low climber, 3-4 ft. high, with lavender -bell-shaped flowers. The leather flowers have no petals, the showy bells -being made up of 4 thickened sepals. The flattened fruits grow in -head-like clusters about an inch thick and have plumose tails 1-2 in. -long. - -Purple Leather Flower (_Clematis pitcheri_), together with the marsh -leather flower, is often called blue bell. Except in color, the flower -is very much like the scarlet clematis. The leaflets are more frequently -3-lobed, and the tails on the fruits are silky but not plumose. It grows -in damp woods from Indiana to Mexico, beginning to bloom in Texas in -April and continuing into the summer. - - - - - BARBERRY FAMILY (Berberidaceae) - - - [Illustration: AGARITA] - -Herbs or shrubs; leaves simple or compound; sepals 6, similar to petals; -petals 6; stamens 6, irritable, opening by valves; ovary 1-celled; fruit -a berry. - -Agarita. Texas Barberry (_Berberis trifoliolata_), known also as agrito -(meaning “little sour”), chaparral berry, and wild currant, is an -evergreen shrub forming an important part of the chaparral in the -central and southwestern parts of the state and adjacent Mexico. The -thick gray-green leaves are divided into three leaflets which have 3-7 -lobes ending in sharp spines. The stiff spreading branches form a -compact shrub 4-5 feet high. - -The clusters of fragrant flowers are among the first spring blossoms to -appear in late February and March. With 6 spreading yellow sepals and 6 -yellow petals forming a cup around the stamens and pistil, the small -flowers are somewhat like those of the narcissus. The acid berries ripen -in May and June, being used for jellies and wines; the flowers are an -important source of nectar; and the wood and roots furnish a yellow dye -which was used by Indians and pioneers. - -May Apple. Mandrake (_Podophyllum peltatum_) is abundant in moist woods -in East Texas. The white flower growing in the fork of the stem is -overtopped by the two umbrella-shaped leaves. - - - - - MOONSEED FAMILY (Menispermaceae) - - - [Illustration: MOONSEED VINE] - -Usually twining shrubs or small trees; flowers small, unisexual and -perfect; sepals 6; petals 6, or absent; stamens 6-12; carpels 3-6; fruit -berry-like, 1-seeded. - -Moonseed Vine (_Cebatha Carolina_) is a vine with clusters of small red -berries. It is very abundant throughout the state in woods and on -fences, ranging north to Kansas and Virginia. It is also called -coral-bead, margil, coral-vine, and red-berried moonseed. “Cebatha,” -from the Greek, alludes to its climbing habit, while “moonseed” refers -to the curved seed of the fleshy red berries which ripen in the fall and -remain on the vines long after the leaves have fallen. The small white -flowers bloom during the summer and fall. The leaves are quite variable, -sometimes entire and sometimes distinctly 3-lobed and rarely 5-lobed, -being smooth above and downy beneath. - -The berries of the Indian moonseed contain an acrid poison which is used -by the Chinese in catching fish, as it will temporarily stun or -intoxicate the fish. - - - - - POPPY FAMILY (Papaveraceae) - - - [Illustration: ROSE PRICKLY POPPY] - -Annuals or perennials with colored juice; sepals 2-3; petals 4-6, rarely -more or wanting; stamens numerous; carpels 2 or more united; capsules -opening by valves or pores. - -Rose Prickly Poppy (_Argemone rosea_) is one of the loveliest flowers of -South Texas. It is very abundant along the Rio Grande, extending into -Mexico and northward almost to San Antonio. The large flowers vary in -color from pale pink to rose and purple-rose and are more cup-shaped -than the white-flowered species. It has gray-green leaves conspicuously -blotched with white along the midribs, the slightly wavy margins being -armed with sharp spines. Like other prickly poppies, the flowers have 6 -petals, the 3 outer a little different in shape from the 3 inner, and an -orange-colored sap. Long considered a variety of the western prickly -poppy (_Argemone platyceras_), which has very spiny leaves and stems and -white flowers, it may readily be separated because of its seed-pods, -which are about 2 in. long and decidedly broader above the middle. - -_Argemone_ is from the Greek meaning an eye disease, supposedly cured by -the plant. The opium poppy (_Papaver somniferum_) has been widely -planted in gardens, and has escaped in places in the state. - - [Illustration: ROUGH-STEMMED PRICKLY POPPY] - -Rough-Stemmed or White Prickly Poppy (_Argemone hispida_) is a bushy, -leafy-stemmed plant growing about 2-3 ft. high. It is distinguished from -several other very abundant white-flowered poppies by the fact that it -has rough hairs as well as spines on the stem. The flowers as a rule are -larger, often being 4-6 inches broad. The unusual sepals of the prickly -poppies should be noted, as they sometimes cause the flower buds to be -confused with the fruits. There are usually 3 sepals, which are horned -or hooded, armed with spines, and snugly overlapping each other by a -narrow margin. In the rough-stemmed prickly poppy the horns are large -and triangular in shape. It ranges from Texas to Kansas and California. - -Texas Prickly Poppy (_Argemone delicatula_) is not so branched or leafy -and has flowers somewhat smaller, 2½-3 in. broad. The stigmas are purple -instead of red, and the capsules are less than an inch long. This poppy -grows in dry soil in Central Texas. The prickly poppies bloom most -profusely in April, but scattered blooms appear throughout the summer -and fall. - - [Illustration: YELLOW PRICKLY POPPY] - -Yellow Prickly Poppy. Mexican Poppy (_Argemone mexicana_) is a common -weed in tropical America, extending into Southwest Texas in the vicinity -of Laredo and Del Rio, and has been introduced into many other -countries. It is also called bird-in-the-bush, devil’s fig, flowering or -Jamaica thistle, and Mexican thorn poppy. It has smaller flowers than -the white and rose prickly poppies. It blooms in Texas in March and -April and throughout the summer if the stems are cut. For cut flowers, -the stems should be burned immediately upon gathering; otherwise the -flowers soon wither. - -The seeds of the Mexican poppy are valued for the painter’s oil obtained -from them. The oil from the seeds is also said to act as a mild -cathartic, the plant otherwise possessing emetic, anodyne, and narcotic -properties. - - - - - FUMITORY FAMILY (Fumariaceae) - - - [Illustration: GOLDEN CORYDALIS TEXAS CORYDALIS] - -Leaves usually much divided; sepals 2; petals 4 in 2 series, outer -usually spurred, the 2 inner usually crested and united; stamens 4 or 6; -seeds shining. - -Golden Corydalis. Plains Scrambled-Eggs (_Capnoides montanum_) is a -common plant throughout the central and western parts of the state, -ranging to Arizona and Montana, and blooming in Texas with the earlier -spring flowers in March and April. By some botanists it is placed in the -_Corydalis_ group, which was named because of the resemblance of the -flower spur to that of a lark. The pods are about an inch long, and the -seeds are black, smooth, and shining. The short-podded scrambled-eggs -(_Capnoides crystallinum_) comes into the northern part of the state -from Kansas and Missouri. The pods are over half an inch long, about ¼ -in. broad, and covered with blisters. - -Texas Corydalis or Scrambled-Eggs (_Capnoides curvisiliquum_) grows in -the sandy regions of the state. It is usually a more bushy plant than -the preceding ones, with longer 4-angled pods. - -Dutchman’s breeches (_Dicentra cucullaria_), so called because of the -shape of the flower, does not come into the state. The plant in Texas -which is called Dutchman’s breeches from the shape of the seed case is -_Thamnosma texana_, a member of the rue family. - - - - - MUSTARD FAMILY (Cruciferae) - - - [Illustration: WHITLOW-GRASS PEPPERGRASS] - -Annual or perennial herbs; sepals 4; petals 4, standing opposite each -other in a square cross; stamens, 4 long and 2 short; fruit a special -pod called a silique. - -Wedge-Leaved Whitlow-Grass (_Draba cuneifolia_) is so small that it -might be overlooked if it bloomed at any other time than early spring. -Growing from a cluster of basal leaves, the stems are topped by the -cluster of small, alyssum-like flowers. It grows throughout the Southern -United States and Mexico. - -Alyssum-Flowered Peppergrass (_Lepidium alyssoides_) is a low bushy -perennial plant with numerous clusters of small white flowers. It grows -in the western part of the state, ranging to Arizona and Colorado. Many -other peppergrasses are found in the state, some with inconspicuous -flowers, but all having the small, flat, roundish seed-pod which is -usually notched above. The foliage and pods have an aromatic-peppery -flavor. In some species the leaves are used for salad and the seeds for -bird food, but the seeds from some native species have been fed to -canaries with fatal results. - -The mustard family is a large group well represented in Texas among the -early spring flowers and includes many of our vegetables, such as -mustard, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, and water-cress. - - [Illustration: TANSY MUSTARD SLENDER BLADDER-POD] - -Tansy Mustard (_Sophia pinnata_) grows in dry soil across the continent, -blooming in Texas in March and April. The narrow pods are about half an -inch long, erect or ascending. The flowers are small, the petals yellow. -In the southern part of the state it is very abundant and grows 2-3 ft. -high. The name was given because of medicinal properties accredited to -the plant. - -Slender Bladder-Pod. Cloth-of-Gold (_Lesquerella gracilis_) can be -recognized by its bladder-like pods, which are responsible for its -common name of pop-weed. The yellow petals are narrowed at the base and -streaked with orange. The first flush of yellow on plains and prairies -is usually due to the bladder-pods. There are more than 20 species in -the state, most of them being very abundant. The scientific name is in -honor of Leo Lesquereux, a Swiss and American botanist. - -The western wall-flower (_Erysimum asperum_), which grows in sandy areas -in West Texas, is one of the showiest yellow mustards in the state. -Several large-flowered purple mustards are common, including -_Streptanthus bracteatus_. - - [Illustration: GREGGIA SPECTACLE-POD] - -Greggia (_Greggia camporum_) is a white-flowered mustard which looks -like the yellow western wall-flower. The flowers are about half an inch -broad and sometimes tinged with purple. The stems are about a foot high -and almost concealed by the broad gray-green leaves. The woolly pods are -narrow, flattened, and about half an inch long. It is one of the -commonest flowers in Southwestern Texas, blooming in April, May, and -June. - -Spectacle-Pod (_Dithyraea wislizeni_) is a common plant on sandhills and -gravelly mesas in Western Texas and ranges to Utah and Mexico. Any one -seeing the seed pods will think that the common name is most -appropriate. The plants grow 1-2 ft. high and are topped by the showy -clusters of white flowers. The leaves and flowers are very much like -those of greggia, but the fruits easily distinguish them. It was first -collected by Wislizenus in New Mexico in 1846. - - - - - PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY (Sarraceniaceae) - - - [Illustration: YELLOW PITCHER-PLANT] - -Herbs with tubular leaves; flowers nodding; sepals 4-5; petals 5, or -absent; stamens numerous; style often umbrella-like; ovary 3-5-celled. - -Yellow Pitcher-Plant. Trumpet-Leaf (_Sarracenia sledgei_) is also called -trumpets, water-cup, watches, and biscuits. The last two names are -suggestive of the broad, umbrella-shaped structure bearing the stigmas -and occupying the center of the flower. The other names refer to the -tubular, ribbed, trumpet-shaped leaves. The flowers are drooping at -maturity, with 5 fiddle-shaped yellow petals and 5 shorter yellow sepals -tinged with brown or red. It grows in swamps from East Texas to Alabama -and is quite similar to the eastern _Sarracenia flava_. April-May. - -The pitcher-plant is a most efficient collector of insects. The upper -part of the leaf bends over, forming a lid whose inner surface is -covered with minute honey-glands attractive to insects. The upper part -of the tube is smooth, affording little foothold and causing the insect -to fall into and drown in the sticky fluid given off in the lower part -of the tube. Downwardly directed hairs prevent his escape. After a time -his body is dissolved and absorbed by the plant. An overdose of animal -food causes the browning and decay of the leaves. - - - - - ORPINE FAMILY (Crassulaceae) - - - [Illustration: PRAIRIE STONECROP] - -Usually succulent herbs; leaves opposite or alternate; sepals 4-5; -petals 4-5; stamens 5 or 10; carpels 4-5, free. - -Prairie or Nuttall’s Stonecrop (_Sedum nuttallianum_) is an annual with -forking branches covered with small yellow star-like flowers. The -succulent leaves are short and rounded. The sedums are characterized by -4-5 sepals and petals, 8-10 stamens, and 4-5 small spreading seedcases. -The prairie stonecrop grows in dry, open places from Missouri to Texas -and blooms from April to June. It makes an excellent carpeting plant -when used in sunny places. - -The stonecrop belongs to a large group of plants, including live-forever -and many other cultivated favorites, most of which are used for -rockeries. Wright’s stonecrop (_Sedum wrightii_) is a white-flowered -plant, very much like the prairie stonecrop, found in the mountains in -the western part of the state, New Mexico, and Mexico. Sedum is from the -Latin meaning “to sit” and refers to the low growth habit. In the same -family are included the house-leeks, some of which are known as -hen-and-chickens, or old-man-and-woman, because of the detached -offshoots which form new plants. - - - - - ROSE FAMILY (Rosaceae) - - - [Illustration: WHITE PRAIRIE ROSE] - -Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves simple or compound, stipules present; -sepals 5; petals 5; stamens numerous; carpels 1 or more; sepals and -petals borne on rim of calyx-tube. - -White Prairie Rose or Woods’ Rose (_Rosa woodsii_) at first glance may -be confused with the dewberry because of the low, bushy creeping stems -and similar white flowers. The stems are 1-3 ft. high and are armed with -straight prickles, usually in pairs; the leaves have 5-9 oval leaflets -½-1½ in. long. The flowers bloom in late May and early June, the dark -red globe-shaped hips maturing in the late summer and fall. It may be -found from Texas to Minnesota and Colorado. The white flowers are -commonly two inches broad and very much like those of the McCartney -rose, but it is more closely related to the cinnamon rose. - -The McCartney rose (_Rosa bracteata_), early introduced from China into -the Southern States and planted for windbreaks, is still very abundant -on the coastal prairie, often forming great mounds about 10 ft. high. -The thick evergreen leaves are divided into 5-9 oval leaflets, which are -bright green and shining above. The sepals and the broadened portion of -the stem below the white flower are densely silky. - - [Illustration: PINK PRAIRIE ROSE] - -Pink Prairie Rose or Climbing Rose (_Rosa setigera_) has climbing -branches 6-15 ft. long with straight scattered prickles. The leaves are -divided into 3-5 leaflets which are sharply pointed and 1-3 in. long. -The showy pink flowers, 2 in. broad, grow in terminal clusters. This -plant is considered one of the finest foods and covers for quail, -grouse, and other birds. Native from Ontario to Texas and Florida, it is -a hardy climber which has been widely introduced into other places, -Baltimore Belle being one of the early cultivated forms. It is -particularly abundant in Texas in the vicinity of Tyler, blooming in -late May and June. - -The wild roses are fairly rare in the state, but many cultivated roses -are grown. Tyler has recently become a center of rose-growing, and -carloads of rose plants are shipped throughout the United States. The -scientific name retains the ancient Latin name. - - [Illustration: SOUTHERN DEWBERRY] - -Southern Dewberry (_Rubus trivialis_) has large white flowers very much -like those of the wild rose, but the petals are narrower, particularly -at the base. The fruit is a head of small, fleshy-seeded fruits, -purplish-black when ripe. The flowers bloom in March and early April, -the sweet and palatable berries ripening in the latter part of April. -The plant is an evergreen shrub with trailing or low climbing stems, -10-15 ft. long, heavily armed with prickles. Fences along the roadside -are often covered with dense masses of the stems. - -Bush Blackberry (_Rubus argutus_) grows in moist woods in East Texas and -on through the Gulf States to New Jersey. The stems are 3-4 ft. high, -the branches erect. The flowers are white and grow in thick clusters. -The berries are somewhat dry, oblong, and edible, but not very -palatable. - - - - - MIMOSA FAMILY (Mimosaceae) - - - [Illustration: HUISACHE (Pronounced _wee satch_)] - -Usually trees or shrubs; leaves mostly twice pinnate; flowers small, in -heads or spikes; sepals 5, calyx tubular; petals 5; stamens 5 or more; -ovary 1-celled; fruit a pod. - -Huisache (_Acacia farnesiana_), also known as opoponax, popinac, cassie, -and sweet acacia, is a tropical shrub or small tree native to the -Americas but widely introduced in other countries. The wide-spreading, -graceful trees are almost evergreen, as the leaves are not shed before -new ones appear unless affected by the cold. The slender, sharp spines -occur in pairs at the base of the fern-like leaves, which are dark green -and have 2-5 pairs of divisions with 10-25 pairs of narrow leaflets -about ¼ in. long. The ball-like clusters of deep-yellow fragrant flowers -usually appear before the leaves. The clusters are over half an inch -broad, the many tubular flowers bearing numerous stamens, which give a -feathery appearance to the clusters. - -Various products from the trees are in use in many countries—forage from -leaves, honey and perfume from the flowers, tannin from the bark and -fruit, ink from the fruit, and medicinal products from nearly every -part. In Southern Texas it is highly valued as a honey crop, the flowers -blooming from February to April as a rule, but occasionally as early as -December. - - [Illustration: MESQUITE] - -Mesquite (_Prosopis juliflora glandulosa_) is found on prairies -throughout the state but grows luxuriantly in the southwestern part. In -moister regions it is a graceful tree with lacy yellow-green leaves and -is armed with stout, vicious spines over an inch long, but in the drier -regions it is a spreading shrub with large underground roots which -Mexicans dig up for fuel. Spikes of greenish-white or cream flowers -appear at intervals during the warm months. Long beans, 4-8 in. long, -soon turning pale yellow, mature in a few weeks. The leaves have 2 or 4 -widely spreading divisions and commonly bear 6-15 pairs of leaflets -about 1 in. long. - -Like the huisache, the mesquite has many uses. The beans are edible, the -pulp containing 25-30 per cent grape sugar. The Indians used the beans -for a food, first grinding them into meal in holes in the rocks. They -form a valuable stock food in Hawaii, where the trees have been -introduced. The wood is hard and takes an excellent polish, but is -chiefly used for fence-posts, railroad ties, fuel, and paving blocks. -The honey produced from the flowers is not so good as huisache honey nor -is so much produced. - - [Illustration: PINK SENSITIVE BRIAR] - -Pink Sensitive Briar (_Leptoglottis uncinata_) is also called pink -mimosa and shame-vine, the latter name being given because of the leaf’s -habit of closing when touched. The vines sprawl on the ground, growing -out 2-4 ft. They are densely covered with small, recurved prickles. The -leaves are divided as in other mimosas, having 4-8 pairs of divisions -each bearing 8-15 pairs of short leaflets. The small, fragrant pink -flowers are borne in dense heads. The pods are nearly round, densely -covered with spines, and about 1½ in. long. It grows in dry soil from -Virginia to Mexico, blooming in Texas in April and May. - -Yellow Sensitive Briar (_Neptunia lutea_) is very much like the pink -briar but has oblong heads of yellow flowers. The pods are smooth and -flat and markedly narrowed at the base. The yellow briar grows in sandy -soil from Oklahoma and Texas to Florida, blooming in June. - - - - - SENNA FAMILY (Cassiaceae) - - - [Illustration: TEXAS REDBUD] - -Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs; leaves usually once or twice pinnate; -flowers mostly showy; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens mostly 10; ovary -1-celled; fruit a pod. - -Texas Redbud (_Cercis reniformis_) is one of the handsomest shrubs of -the limestone hill region of Texas and New Mexico. The pea-shaped -flowers appear on last year’s wood in February or March, often remaining -lovely for a month before the leaves appear. The leaves are a glossy -green above, rounded and sometimes deeply notched or kidney-shaped -(reniform), and usually 3-4 in. broad. The clusters of numerous red -seed-pods are very conspicuous in the summer and autumn. The flat pods -have a narrow wing on one side and are pointed at both ends, 2½-3 in. -long and over ½ in. broad. - -The Canadian or eastern redbud is found in the northern and eastern part -of the state. It has smaller flowers and very pointed leaves. The -western redbud grows in the mountainous region of the state and has -similar leaves but smaller flowers. - -The Asiatic redbud is called Judas-tree because Judas is supposed to -have hanged himself from one of the trees. Redbud flowers, served either -fried or pickled for salads, are sometimes eaten by people. It is an -excellent shrub or small tree for highway and garden planting. - - [Illustration: TWO-LEAVED SENNA] - -Two-Leaved Senna (_Cassia roemeriana_) gets its common name from the two -spreading leaflets into which the leaf is divided. They are 1-2 in. long -and have a slender stalk about the same length. The stems are commonly -about 8-12 in. high, growing from a woody perennial root. The -sparsely-flowered clusters of yellow flowers appear from spring until -fall. The seed-pods are about an inch long and half an inch wide. This -senna is very abundant from Central Texas into Mexico and New Mexico. It -bears the name of Roemer, a geologist sent from Germany to study the -geology of the grant made to the German colonists at New Braunfels. He -was in Texas from 1845 to 1847, visited and botanized with Lindheimer at -New Braunfels, and carried many new Texas plants back to Germany. - -The senna group is very large and mainly tropical in distribution, many -species being noted for medicinal properties. The coffee senna (_Cassia -occidentalis_) and the American senna (_Cassia marilandica_) are common -weeds in the eastern part of the state. The velvet-leaved or -Lindheimer’s senna grows in the western part of the state. - - [Illustration: PARTRIDGE PEA] - -Partridge Pea. Prairie Senna (_Chamaecrista fasciculata_) is also called -large-flowered sensitive pea, dwarf cassia, and magoty-boy-bean. It -blooms in the summer months and is very abundant in sandy soil in -Central and Eastern Texas, ranging to Mexico and the northern part of -the United States. The oblong leaves have 8-14 pairs of linear leaflets -and a conspicuous orange or brown gland near the base. The flowers have -five yellow petals, somewhat unequal and irregular in shape. Several -buds grow on a short stalk between the leaves, but usually only one -flower on the stalk opens at a time. It is an erect annual plant growing -about 2½ feet high and often widely branched above. The pods are -flattened, about ¼ in. wide and 2 in. long. - -Several shrubs of the senna family are popular in Texas gardens, among -them the bird-of-paradise (_Poinciana gilliesii_). It is a South -American plant with showy yellow flowers which have 10 long brilliant -red stamens protruding 3-5 inches from the flower. - - [Illustration: RETAMA. HORSE BEAN] - -Retama. Horse Bean (_Parkinsonia aculeata_) is also known as -Jerusalem-thorn, shower-of-gold, and palo verde, the latter meaning -“green timber” from the green trunk and branches. It forms a spiny shrub -or small tree with long, graceful, somewhat drooping branches, bearing -bundles of leaves and sprays of yellow flowers. The long divided leaves -are somewhat unusual. The leaf-stalks are green, broad, and flattened, -performing the functions of the small leaflets which often drop off -quite early. The 5 yellow petals are almost equal, but one bears a honey -gland at its base and soon becomes red, remaining on the stalk longer -than the others. The pods are 3-5 in. long, very narrow and constricted -between the seeds. It ranges from Central Texas to Mexico and tropical -America, bearing a profusion of blooms through the warm months after -rains. - -Besides being a very ornamental shrub of value in landscaping, the plant -has various other uses. The seeds are edible and have long been used as -food by Indians, Mexicans, and many animals. Mrs. Quillin, author of -_Texas Wild Flowers_, reports the use in the treatment of diabetes of a -tea the Mexicans make from the branches and leaves. - - - - - KRAMERIA FAMILY (Krameriaceae) - - - [Illustration: PRAIRIE SAND-BUR] - -Shrubs or perennials, leaves small; flowers irregular; sepals 4-5, -petal-like; petals 4-5, smaller than sepals; stamens 3-4, united at -base; fruit woody, armed with spines. - -Prairie Sand-Bur. Linear-Leaved Krameria (_Krameria lanceolata_) is not -the sand-bur of the grass family with which all children of the South -are familiar; however, the burs are just as spiny, but are densely -covered with white hairs. The flowers and short silky leaves grow on -prostrate branches from a thick woody root. The 5 wine-red sepals may be -mistaken for the petals which are smaller than the sepals and tinged -with green, the 3 upper being united. The flowers are about an inch -broad. The plant is not conspicuous but is quite abundant in dry, rocky -soil from Kansas to Mexico, blooming from April to June. - -Several shrubby kramerias grow in the southwestern part of the state. -The name is in honor of an Austrian physician, Johann Kramer. Medicinal -properties are reported for some of the species. - -Chacate (_Kameria grayi_) is a densely branched shrub, 1-3 ft. high, -with purple flowers. The bark of the root is used by Mexicans in dyeing -leather a reddish-brown. It is found in the mountains of West Texas and -Mexico. - - - - - PEA FAMILY (Fabaceae) - - - [Illustration: TEXAS MOUNTAIN LAUREL] - -Leaves simple or compound; flowers pea-shaped; sepals 5, united in a -tube; petals 5; stamens often 10 and united in 1 or 2 groups; fruit a -1-celled pod. - -Texas Mountain Laurel (_Sophora secundiflora_) is an evergreen shrub or -small tree growing on limestone hillsides from Texas to New Mexico and -Mexico; it is particularly abundant in Southwest-Central Texas. The -dense clusters of violet-blue flowers, at their best in the latter part -of March but blooming earlier or later in different sections, are very -showy against the glossy dark-green, leathery leaves. Many variations in -color exist in nature from dark violet-blue to violet-tinged and white. -The flowers have a strong, heavy scent which is disagreeable to most -people. The brilliant scarlet beans, which mature in a few weeks, -contain a poisonous alkaloid. - -The Texas mountain laurel is not at all related to the southern mountain -laurel (_Kalmia latifolia_), a rose-flowered shrub of the heath family. -The sophoras have retained the Arabian name and include in their group -many handsome ornamental shrubs, among which is the Japan pagoda tree. -The Texas sophora can be readily grown from seed but is seldom -successfully transplanted. - - [Illustration: BUSH PEA] - -Bush Pea. Large-Bracted False Indigo (_Baptisia bracteata_) is sometimes -called hen-and-chickens pea from the growth habit of the plant. The -clusters of cream-colored flowers grow downward and peep out from the -bushy leaf-growth. The flowers are about 1 in. long, and the 3 -gray-green leaflets are 1-3 in. long. It grows on sandy slopes or moist -prairies from the eastern part of Texas to Minnesota and South Carolina, -blooming in Texas in April. - -Texas Bluebonnet (_Lupinus texensis_) (see frontispiece) was widely -known in pioneer days as buffalo clover. It grows in great abundance on -limestone hillsides between the Brazos and Pecos Rivers from Dallas -southward into Mexico. Seed-houses sell the Texas bluebonnet under the -name of _Lupinus subcarnosus_, the bluebonnet of sandy areas. It has -narrower flower spikes and rounded leaf-tips. Several other lupines are -found in Texas but are not very common. The name is from the Latin -meaning “wolf,” because it was thought the plants ruined the fertility -of the soil. On the contrary, the lupines are excellent fertilizers, as -the small nodules on the roots contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria which -add to the soil nitrates. It blooms from March to early May. The -bluebonnet was adopted as the state flower in 1901. - - [Illustration: INDIGO-PLANT] - -Indigo-Plant. Scarlet Pea (_Indigofera leptosepala_) has prostrate -branches growing from a woody root. The short, erect spikes of scarlet, -pea-shaped flowers are borne near the ends of the branches, blooming -from early spring until late summer, their blossoms forming an -ever-increasing scarlet circle after each rain. The leaves are divided -into 5-9 leaflets, narrowed at the base and about half an inch long. A -small amount of indigo may be extracted from the foliage. While this is -not a very conspicuous plant, it is one of the most widely distributed -in the state and ranges to Mexico, Kansas, and Florida. - -The indigo-plant belongs to a large group, mostly tropical, and many -species, as the name indicates, are indigo-bearing. Commercial indigo, -now a coal-tar product, was formerly obtained from a shrub (_Indigofera -tinctoria_) introduced for cultivation into South Carolina in 1742. -Several shrubby species of indigo-plants are found in the state, but -none of them are very abundant. - - [Illustration: GOLDEN DALEA PURPLE PRAIRIE CLOVER] - -Golden Parosela or Dalea (_Parosela aurea_) may not be recognized at -first glance as a member of the pea family, since the flowers grow in -dense clusters at the top of erect branches, 1-1½ ft. high, which grow -from a thick, woody root. The yellow flowers are small and pea-shaped, -with a calyx which has slender, silky-plumose lobes. It may be found on -chalky slopes of prairies from Texas to Missouri and South Dakota in -June and July. - -Several shrubby paroselas, very handsome when in full bloom, are found -in the southwestern part of the state. Purple parosela (_Parosela -pogonathera_) is a vivid, reddish-purple flowered species of the -southwestern part. - -Purple Prairie Clover (_Petalostemon purpurea_) is quite similar to the -golden parosela in its growth habit, narrow glandular leaflets, and -head-like flower clusters. It grows on prairies from Minnesota to Texas. -The white prairie clover (_Petalostemon multiflorum_), with ball-shaped -clusters of white flowers, is common on prairies from Kansas to Texas. -Both prairie clovers bloom in June and July. - - [Illustration: LARGER GROUND PLUM] - -Larger Ground Plum (_Geoprumnon mexicanum_) blooms with the first -flowers of spring, forming conspicuous clumps on prairies from Illinois -to Nebraska and Texas. The spreading prostrate branches grow 6-12 in. -long and are covered with spike-like clusters of pale-purple flowers. -The fleshy pods soon turn red and plum-like, maturing several weeks -after flowering. The pods are edible and may be found in prairie-dog -holes among the foods these animals have stored for the winter. - -Loco Weeds are closely related to the ground plum, two of them being -found in Texas and causing much loss to stockmen. They cause a slow -poisoning of horses, sheep, and cattle but are particularly injurious to -horses. The poisoning is chiefly due to the barium salts in the plant -and is characterized by symptoms of staggering, some paralysis, and -emaciation. The woolly loco weed (_Astragalus mollissimus_) has woolly -leaves with 19-27 oval leaflets about half an inch long and spikes of -violet-purple flowers. The stemless loco weed (_Oxytropis lamberti)_ has -basal leaves with 9-19 nearly linear leaflets about an inch long. Both -are common on the plains, but the latter ranges into Southern Canada. - - [Illustration: TEXAS CLIMBING VETCH NUTTALL’S MILK VETCH] - -Nuttall’s Milk Vetch. Turkey Pea (_Hamosa nuttalliana_) is a low plant -with few-flowered clusters of small flowers. Although it is -inconspicuous, it is so common in yards and fields from Arkansas to -Arizona that many people are familiar with it. It blooms in March in the -southern part and May and June in the northern part of its range. The -narrow pods are slightly curved and nearly an inch long. There are -several hamosas with similar pods which are common in the state. - -Texas Climbing Vetch (_Vicia texana_) has prostrate branches, 1-2 ft. -long, and divided leaves terminating in branched tendrils by which the -branches climb over the low plants with which they come in contact. -Clusters of the dainty, pale bluish-purple flowers appear in late March -and April, the plants forming masses of bloom along roadsides in the -sandy regions of the state from Central Texas to Arkansas and -Mississippi. - -Many of the climbing vetches are planted for cover crops, and one is a -garden bean. Many of the garden beans belong to the _Phaseolus_ group, -among these being the tepary bean (_Phaseolus acutifolius latifolius_), -a native bean from West Texas to Arizona. - - [Illustration: CORAL-BEAN] - -Coral-Bean (_Erythrina herbacea_) grows in woods along the coast from -Texas to North Carolina. It has erect, herbaceous stems growing from a -woody root. The flowers appear before the leaves in spike-like clusters -at the ends of the branches. “Erythrina” is from the Greek, meaning -“red” and refers to the color of the flowers, which are over an inch -long and have the upper petal wrapped around the other petals. The -leaves are 6-8 in. long and slender-stalked; they are divided into 3 -broad leaflets. - -The coral-bean belongs to a group of highly ornamental tropical plants. -It does well in cultivation in Southern and Central Texas but is not -suitable for a cut-flower, as the flowers soon drop off. The red beans -are often used for necklaces. When the pods begin to open, the clusters -may be gathered for winter decorations. The coral-tree (_Erythrina -cristagalli_) from Brazil is common in cultivation and has broader and -showier flowers than the coral-bean. - - - - - GERANIUM FAMILY (Geraniaceae) - - - [Illustration: CRANE’S BILL STORK’S BILL] - -Leaves simple or compound; sepals 4-5; petals mostly 5; stamens 5, 10, -or 15, more or less united at base; carpels 3-5, prolonged into styles. - -Crane’s Bill. Texas Geranium (_Geranium texanum_) is very much like the -Carolina geranium. The small white flowers are inconspicuous, but the -seed capsules with their long beaks resembling the crane’s bill are very -noticeable. The scientific name is from the Greek meaning “crane.” The -Texas geranium differs from the Carolina geranium in having pitted seed -and fewer flowers. The cultivated geraniums belong to the Pelargonium -group. - -Stork’s Bill. Pine Needle (_Erodium texanum_) has fruits similar to the -Texas geranium, but the beaks are much longer, 1-2 in. long. The -short-stalked flowers are quite showy while they are open, but they -close in the heat of the day. The wine-red petals are marked with -delicate purple veins. The low spreading branches are 2-12 in. long. -This plant grows on rocky limestone hillsides from Texas to California -and blooms in April and May. - -Pin-Clover. Filaree. Alfilaria (_Erodium cicutarium_) has -finely-divided, lacy leaves and small pink flowers. It is used in some -places as a forage crop. - - - - - FLAX FAMILY (Linaceae) - - - [Illustration: BLUE PRAIRIE FLAX] - -Leaves simple; sepals usually 5, free or united at base; petals usually -5, soon falling; stamens 5, united at base; styles 3-5, thread-like; -capsules 3-5-celled. - -Blue Prairie Flax (_Linum lewisii_) has lovely sky-blue flowers, 1-1½ -in. across. The petals are veined with purple and drop off in the heat -of the day or upon being disturbed. This flax is a slender, branched -plant with a perennial root. It is very abundant on the prairies in the -vicinity of Ft. Worth and Dallas, blooming there in May, and ranges to -Arizona and Southern Canada. It may grow 1-2 ft. high, but in Texas it -is often only about 8 in. high. - -This flax is very much like the European perennial flax (_Linum -perenne_) and the cultivated flax (_Linum usitatissimum_), from which -flax fiber is obtained. “Linum” is the ancient Latin name for the flax -plants. Many of them are showy plants of horticultural importance; for -even though the flowers last only a few hours, the plants bear a -profusion of blooms. They are valuable for Texas gardens, as they do -best in sunny places. Flaxes may often be identified by the dropping off -of the petals. - - [Illustration: YELLOW PRAIRIE FLAX] - -Yellow Prairie Flax (_Linum sulcatum_) is a leafy, much-branched plant, -8-16 in. tall, with large yellow petals, orange-red and veined at the -base. The leaves are narrow, about 1 inch long. The flaxes have 5 -styles, sometimes united, as in this plant, and sometimes separate, but -often remaining on the capsule until the seeds are shed. - -The yellow flaxes are sometimes separated from the blue-flowered ones -and called _Cathartolinum_. There are many of them in the state, most of -them so closely related that only an expert can distinguish them. They -bloom from March until June. In the southern part the commonest one is -the dwarf flax (_Linum multicaule_), which has its stems densely covered -with short leaves. _Linum rigidum_ is a large-flowered flax with stiff -stems common on prairies from Texas to Southern Canada. It has been -reported as poisonous to sheep in the Pecos Valley. - - - - - WOOD-SORREL FAMILY (Oxalidaceae) - - - [Illustration: DRUMMOND’S WOOD-SORREL] - -Leaves digitately or pinnately divided; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 10, -slightly united at base; ovary 5-celled; styles 5, free; fruit a -capsule. - -Drummond’s Wood-Sorrel (_Oxalis drummondii_) is also called sour-grass, -vinegar-grass, oxalis, and violet wood-sorrel. It grows in dry soil from -Central Texas to New Mexico, blooming in the late summer and fall. It -has flowers like the violet wood-sorrel with similar basal leaves -growing from a bulb. As a rule, the plants and flowers are larger and -the leaflets are crescent-shaped. Oxalis flowers usually open in bright -sunlight, and the leaves close at night. - -Violet Wood-Sorrel (_Oxalis violaceae_) is very abundant in the woods of -East Texas and on into the Western United States. The plants are -generally about six inches high. Children often eat the leaves, but a -considerable quantity will cause violent convulsions. The poisoning is -due to the presence of oxalic acid crystals, which give a sour taste to -the leaves. - -The bulbs of many wood-sorrels are potted in the fall to provide house -flowers in February and March. Drummond’s wood-sorrel makes an excellent -border plant. - - [Illustration: YELLOW WOOD-SORREL] - -Yellow Wood-Sorrel (_Oxalis texana_) is a large flowered wood-sorrel in -East Texas. The golden-yellow petals are about ¾ in. long. The flower -stalk is about twice the length of the stem and leaves. It differs from -the large-flowered wood-sorrel of the Southern States (_Oxalis -macrantha_) by having smooth instead of hairy stamen filaments. - -Many of the yellow wood-sorrels are common weeds throughout the state. -There are many different species. The white or pink-flowered wood-sorrel -(_Oxalis acetosella_) is considered by many people as the shamrock of -Ireland; but others consider white clover (_Trifolium repens_) as the -true shamrock. - -Dichondra-Leaved Wood-Sorrel (_Oxalis dichondraefolia_) is a low plant -of Southern Texas and Mexico which has pale yellow flowers like the -yellow wood-sorrels, but the leaflets differ in being rounded and entire -and resemble the leaves of the dichondras (see page 101). - - - - - MILKWORT FAMILY (Polygalaceae) - - - [Illustration: PINK MILKWORT WHITE MILKWORT PURPLE MILKWORT] - -Flowers pea-shaped; sepals 5, the 2 inner larger and often petal-like; -petals 3 or 5, the lower concave, often fringed; stamens 8, united, -opening by apical pores; fruit a 2-celled capsule. - -Pink or Bitter Milkwort (_Polygala polygama_) is a showy-flowered -milkwort growing in sandy woods in East Texas. It has erect branches -with slender clusters of pink flowers about ¼ in. long and horizontal -branches under the soil bearing closed flowers which are -self-fertilized. It blooms in Texas in April. - -White Milkwort (_Polygala alba_) has densely-flowered spikes of -greenish-white flowers, the buds often tinged with purple. A drug -obtained from the dried root is used as an irritant. Like the closely -related Seneca snake-root (_Polygala senega_), it probably contains -saponin, which will dissolve the red blood-corpuscles. The roots of the -latter are used in medicine to produce vomiting and as an antidote for -snake-bite. The white milkwort is common on prairies and chalky slopes -from Montana to Mexico from April to July. - -Purple Milkwort (_Polygala puberula_) grows in the mountains of West -Texas, Arizona, and Mexico. It has much larger seed capsules than the -two preceding. The capsule is one of the chief features for identifying -the milkworts, being 2-celled and flattened. - - - - - SPURGE FAMILY (Euphorbiaceae) - - - [Illustration: BULL NETTLE] - -Flowers staminate and pistillate, often borne in an involucre; sepals -sometimes reduced or absent; petals usually absent; stamens 1 to 1,000; -styles free or united at base; fruit usually a 3-lobed capsule. - -Bull Nettle (_Cnidoscolus texanus_), also called tread-softly, -spurge-nettle, and “mala mujer” (bad woman), is a vicious plant thickly -clothed with stinging hairs and bearing clusters of tubular white -flowers quite similar to the tuberose in appearance and fragrance. The -plants grow 2-3 ft. high. The upper flowers bear stamens, and the -flowers in the lower forks of the cluster produce seeds. The -seed-capsules resemble those of other members of the spurge family in -being nearly ball-shaped and deeply three-lobed. The seeds are large, -edible, and very palatable. The plants are very abundant in waste places -and sandy soil from Texas to Arkansas and Oklahoma, blooming from late -spring until fall. - -Some familiar commercial products are obtained from members of the -spurge family; e.g., rubber, tapioca, and castor oil. In horticulture, -the cactus-like spurges and the Christmas poinsettia are well-known -favorites. The Chinese tallow-tree (_Sapium sebiferum_) is used as an -ornamental tree, its leaves being very decorative in the fall. - - [Illustration: SNOW-ON-THE-MOUNTAIN] - -Snow-on-the-Mountain. Ghost-Weed (_Euphorbia bicolor_) grows in great -abundance on the plains of Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Texas, -being especially thick along dry creek margins. The plants are lovely in -late August and September, their showy appearance being due to the green -and white leaves surrounding the flower clusters. It bears rather -unusual flowers which yield a poisonous honey. The green calyx-like -structure is an involucre bearing numerous flowers, each consisting of a -single stamen or pistil. Around the top of the involucre are 4-5 small -glands each bearing a white appendage which is mistaken for the petals. -The cultivated snow-on-the-mountain (_Euphorbia marginata_) has broader -and shorter leaves. It is native on hillsides of Central Texas north to -Minnesota. - -Texas Croton (_Croton texensis_) is a weed, 2-3 ft. high, growing in -conspicuous masses, particularly in the western part of the state. The -flowers are inconspicuous among the gray-green foliage, the widely -branched stems bearing numerous linear leaves. The fragrant leaves and -stems from some of the crotons are gathered and dried by the Mexicans to -use for tea or meat seasoning. - - - - - HOLLY FAMILY (Aquifoliaceae) - - - [Illustration: YAUPON] - -Trees or shrubs, mostly evergreen; sepals 3-6; petals 4-5; stamens 4-5, -opposite petals; carpels 3 or more; fruit a drupe. - -Yaupon. Cassine (_Ilex vomitoria_) with dark glossy evergreen leaves and -red berries forms lovely hedges along the highways and fields and is -scattered through woods in Central and East Texas, ranging to Virginia. -The berries, an excellent bird food, usually remain on the shrubs until -the small white flowers appear in late March or April. The plant forms a -dense widely-branched shrub, which is of slow growth and very desirable -for hedges. As the berries are produced on separate bushes from the -pollen-bearing flowers, care should be taken to plant those producing -berries if ornamental shrubs are desired. Cassine tea is made from the -leaves, but it is bitter and contains much caffein and tannin. Like the -American holly, which grows in East Texas, the yaupon is being -exterminated for Christmas decorations. The deciduous holly (_Ilex -decidua_) has larger leaves, which are shed in the early fall, and -larger orange-red berries, which remain on the shrub or tree until late -winter. - - - - - BUCKEYE FAMILY (Aesculaceae) - - - [Illustration: SOUTHERN BUCKEYE] - -Leaves digitate; calyx tubular, 5-lobed; petals 4-5, unequal; stamens -5-8, inserted on disk; capsules leathery, usually 3-celled; seeds large, -shining. - -Southern Buckeye (_Aesculus discolor_) is a handsome shrub or small tree -with showy spike-like clusters of deep red or yellow flowers. The -yellow-flowered shrub formerly known as _Aesculus octandra_ is now -called variety _flavescens_. The finely-toothed leaves are a glossy dark -green above and whitish beneath. The red flowers have a red tubular -calyx and 4 red petals, and the yellow variety has all-yellow flowers. -Seldom more than 2 large brown seed develop in the 3-lobed leathery -capsule. - -The seeds and young shoots of buckeyes are usually considered poisonous, -those of the horse chestnut (_Aesculus hippocastanum_) being especially -so. Soap may be obtained from the roots and a black dye from the wood. - -Western Buckeye (_Aesculus arguta_) is a yellow-flowered buckeye with -leaves divided into 7-9 leaflets. It is found along streams in the -western part of the state north to Iowa and Missouri. The buckeyes bloom -in March or April. They shed their leaves quite early in the fall and -are conspicuous in the winter because of their large buds. - - - - - MALLOW FAMILY (Malvaceae) - - - [Illustration: INDIAN MALLOW LARGE-FLOWERED SIDA] - -Leaves mostly palmately nerved; sepals 3-5, more or less united; petals -5; stamens numerous, united into a column; style branched above. - -Indian Mallow (_Abutilon incanum_) is a much branched plant, commonly -2-4 ft. tall, with rather small ovate leaves, and yellow flowers nearly -an inch across. It is a profuse bloomer in the summer and fall. Like -other abutilons, it is sometimes called flowering maple because of the -maple-like leaves, and may be easily recognized by the seed-capsules, -which are about ½ inch high and divided into 7-9 cells. The flowers are -typical of the mallow group, having 5 separate petals and numerous -stamens united in a tube around the styles. The plants grow in dry soil -from Arkansas to Mexico and Arizona. - -Large-Flowered Sida (_Sida texana_) is a common perennial plant in the -sandy regions of South Texas. The slender, erect stems bear a few -linear-oblong leaves, paler below, and long slender-stalked flowers. The -flowers are pale orange-yellow and have the irregularly-lobed petals -characteristic of the sidas. - -The mallow family includes the commercial plants cotton and okra, and -numerous ornamentals, such as hibiscus, hollyhock, and althea. - - [Illustration: COPPER MALLOW RED STAR-MALLOW] - -Copper Mallow (_Sphæralcea pedatifida_) is often confused with the -following mallow, but may be distinguished by its thin leaves clothed -with a few star-shaped hairs, the 3 linear leaves (bractlets) under the -calyx, and the seed capsules, which have one seed in each division -completely filling the cell. Both have upper leaves divided into 5 parts -and lower leaves into 3 parts. This plant is a low, spreading perennial -which forms clumps about 1½ ft. broad. It grows in sandy or gravelly -soil, Southwestern Texas, in April and May. Several copper mallows are -very abundant in the Southwest. - -Red Star-Mallow (_Malvastrum coccineum_) also has star-shaped hairs on -the leaves, but they are very dense and give the leaves a gray, scurfy -appearance. The cells are usually 1-seeded with an empty terminal -portion above. The plant is also called prairie mallow, red false -mallow, and rose moss. It grows in low clumps, spreading or erect, on -prairies from Texas to Southern Canada and blooms from May to August. - - [Illustration: MEXICAN APPLE] - -Mexican Apple. Turk’s Cap (_Malvaviscus drummondii_) is also called red -mallow. The showy red flowers somewhat resemble a Turkish fez. The broad -petals remain closely wrapped around one another at the base but -spreading above; the stamen column is conspicuously prolonged beyond the -petals. The red apple-like fruits are nearly an inch broad and half as -high. They have a delicious flavor and may be eaten raw or cooked. The -fruits ripen in the late summer and fall, a few weeks after the blooms -appear. They begin to dry soon after ripening and split into sections, -scattering the seeds which are borne in the center. - -The plants are perennial, the leafy stems branching and spreading, -forming a clump which is commonly 2-3 feet high. Growing abundantly in -shade along streams in the central and southern parts of the state and -in moist woods in East Texas, it ranges from Florida to Mexico. It is a -desirable plant for cultivation and is hardier but not as showy, as the -large-flowered Turk’s cap (_Malvaviscus grandiflora_), a Mexican plant -now widely cultivated for ornamental purposes in South Texas. - - [Illustration: WILD HOLLYHOCK WINE CUP] - -Wild Hollyhock. Wine Cup. Fringed Poppy-Mallow (_Callirrhoë digitata_) -grows in dry soil from Illinois and Kansas to Texas, blooming in Texas -in April and May. It is a perennial, 1-1½ ft. high, with smooth, erect, -gray-green stems topped by the flower cluster. The cup-shaped flowers -are on slender stalks, the lower longer than the upper. The upper leaves -are divided into 1-3 linear divisions and the lower into 5-7 divisions. -The petals vary in color from cherry-red to pink and white, often being -quite fringed across the top. The slightly yellow stamens are borne in a -dense oblong column from which the 10 red styles appear after the flower -has been opened several days. - -Wine Cup. Red Poppy-Mallow (_Callirrhoë involucrata_) is the common -poppy-mallow throughout the state and ranges from Minnesota to Mexico, a -solitary flower standing erect from a prostrate branch. The five-pointed -leaves are more or less divided or lobed, sometimes with very linear -divisions. Covering acres and acres of the southern coastal prairie in -March and April, and more or less common on the drier prairies, this -wine cup is a favorite flower. White and pink forms of it exist, but the -wine-red color is predominant. - - [Illustration: ROCK ROSE. PAVONIA] - -Rock Rose. Pavonia. Pink Mallow (_Pavonia lasiopetala_) has attractive, -deep-pink flowers, which are broadly spreading, about 1½ in. wide. The -plant is branching and shrubby, commonly growing about 2 ft. high, with -ovate or rounded leaves 1-2½ in. long. It is not extremely showy but -makes an excellent low shrub for the garden and will produce an -abundance of blossoms from late spring until fall. It is found in dry, -rocky woods from Central Texas to Mexico. - -Pavonia gets its name from the botanist, J. Pavon, who worked -particularly with South American plants. Several South American species -are in cultivation. The Texas pavonia is being introduced in gardens and -rivals the shrubby althea as a summer bloomer, but the plants and -flowers are much smaller. - - - - - VIOLET FAMILY (Violaceae) - - - [Illustration: MISSOURI VIOLET LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET] - -Small or leafy stipules on leaves; sepals 5; petals 5, the lower usually -larger and spurred; flowers often cleistogamous; fruit usually a -capsule. - -Missouri Violet (_Viola missouriensis_) grows in low grounds and moist -woods from Missouri to Louisiana and Texas, the flowers blooming in -Texas in March and April. They are very much like the common cultivated -violet (_Viola odorata_) introduced from Europe. - -Water or Lance-Leaved Violet (_Viola lanceolata_) is a small violet -found in swampy places in East Texas and north to Nova Scotia. It -resembles the white violet, _Viola vittata_, so abundant on the Coastal -Plain, which has narrower leaves and is taller. - -About twenty different violets have been reported from the state, mostly -from the eastern part. The bird’s-foot violet (_Viola pedata_) comes -into East Texas. It has large flowers, 1-1¾ in. across, the 3 lower -petals much lighter than the dark purple upper ones. It resembles the -cultivated pansy, which, however, has been derived from _Viola tricolor_ -of Great Britain. The native violets bloom from February to May. - - - - - LOASA FAMILY (Loasaceae) - - - [Illustration: PRAIRIE-LILY STIFF NUTTALLIA] - -Usually herbs which are clothed with rough, bristly hairs; sepals -usually 5, calyx tube joined to ovary; petals usually 5; stamens -numerous, the outer petal-like; ovary inferior. - -Prairie-Lily. Showy Mentzelia (_Mentzelia decapetala_) is a -handsome-flowered plant which ranges from the Panhandle to Southern -Canada. The large flowers, 3-5 inches across, greatly resemble those of -the cactus group and have the same tendency to open in the afternoon. -The stout, branching plant grows 2-2½ feet high. The stems are quite -conspicuous, as they soon become white and shining; the leaves are -noticeable because they cling very closely to the clothing by means of -barbed hairs. This clinging characteristic is responsible for the -Mexican name of “buena mujer” (good woman), applied to this and other -similar species. - -Stiff Nuttallia (_Mentzelia stricta_) has smaller, paler flowers, but -otherwise it is very much like the showy mentzelia except for the small -leaves on the seed capsule. It grows in sandy soil, blooming in the -summer and fall. Other common names include stick-leaf, poor-man’s -patches, star flower, and good woman. _Bartonia aurea_ of garden culture -is a member of the group which was introduced from California. - - [Illustration: LOW PRICKLY PEAR TEXAS PRICKLY PEAR] - - - - - CACTUS FAMILY (Cactaceae) - - -Succulent herbs and shrubs; stems usually spiny and leafless; sepals and -petals not differentiated, few or many; stamens many; ovary inferior; -fruit pulpy, often edible. - -Devil’s Tongue. Low Prickly Pear (_Opuntia humifusa_) grows in dry, -rocky or sandy soil from Texas to Missouri, the flowers blooming in May -and June and the fruits ripening to a rose-red in the late summer and -fall. The flat-jointed stems are often oval but vary in shape and in the -number of large spines growing from the spine cushions scattered over -the stems. Sometimes no spines are present, but often 1-2 occur along -the margins. Numerous short leaves, which are present only in the spring -in this and other cacti, grow from the spine cushions. The spine -cushions also bear dense clusters of slender, short brown spines. The -flowers are yellow with red centers, 3-4 in. broad, widely spreading. -Like many other cacti, they open in bright sunlight. The plant is low -and has tuberous roots. - -Texas Prickly Pear. Lindheimer’s Cactus (_Opuntia lindheimeri_) has -flowers which are yellow upon opening but which take on a lovely -saffron-red the next day. Flowers of both colors are often present on -the same joint. The large purple pear-shaped fruits are edible and ripen -in the summer and fall. The plants often grow in large clumps and attain -a great height. The spine cushions of the oval joints bear 2-3 rather -short, stout, stiff spines. It is the common prickly pear from Central -Texas south into Mexico. - -The pencil cactus or tasajillo (_Opuntia leptocaulis_), conspicuous for -its small stems and bright red fruits, is abundant in the state and -Mexico. “Cholla,” or walking-stick cactus (_Opuntia imbricata_), with -long slender stems and purple flowers, is common on western plains. - -The cactus family has numerous representatives in Texas, but drastic -legislation is needed to save some of the natural beauty spots of the -western part of the state. The showy “viznaga” or barrel-cactus, used in -making cactus candy, is almost exterminated in the vicinity of El Paso; -and cactus fanciers are making great ravages on many others. The fruits -of many are edible; the young leaves of the prickly pears are cooked for -greens; and the stems are used for cattle feed after the spines have -been burned. - - - - - LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY (Lythraceae) - - - [Illustration: LANCE-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE] - -Leaves opposite or whorled; sepals 4-6, united into a tube; petals 4-6, -or absent, attached on calyx tube; stamens few or many; ovary superior. - -Lance-Leaved Loosestrife (_Lythrum lanceolatum_) grows in low grounds or -swamps from Texas to Oklahoma and South Carolina. The loosestrife family -is close kin to the evening-primrose family and has 4-6 petals borne -above the seed capsule. “Lythrum” is from the Greek meaning “gore” and -refers to the red-purple color of some of the flowers. The common name -of loosestrife comes from an old legend that they free from strife. The -plant has slender stems 2-4 ft. high and numerous flowers borne in loose -spikes. The short, narrow leaves are seldom more than 1-2 in. long. The -delicate petals are somewhat darker veined and do not last long. It -blooms in the late spring and summer. - -Crape Myrtle (_Lagerstroemia indica_), native of China or India, is -widely cultivated in the state and is being planted along highways. It -has escaped cultivation in the woods in East Texas. It is a shrub or -small tree which is covered during the summer months with a profusion of -white, pink, lavender, or rose flowers. - - - - - EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY (Epilobiaceae) - - - [Illustration: ERECT EVENING-PRIMROSE] - -Calyx joined to ovary and often produced beyond it; petals usually 4; -stamens usually 4 or 8; ovary inferior; seeds numerous. - -Erect Evening-Primrose (_Œnothera heterophylla_) grows in sandy soil in -Florida and on the edge of post oak woods in South-central Texas. The -plants bloom in April and May. It is very much like the rhombic -evening-primrose (_Œnothera rhombipetala_) but has slenderer, shorter -stems and is not often branched. The petals are similar, and their -rhombic shape easily distinguishes both of these plants from other -evening-primroses. The rhombic primrose grows 2-3 feet high and is very -abundant throughout the sandy area of North-central Texas to Minnesota -and Indiana. - -There are many yellow evening-primroses very much alike in flower which -are usually called buttercups, a name first applied to the crowfoots. -The flowers usually have four showy petals which last only a day, -opening in the late afternoons and closing in the heat of the following -day. The seed capsules are usually long and narrow and are borne below -the petals. The fireweed is a well-known member of this group. The water -evening-primrose (_Jussiæa diffusa_) is abundant in ponds in Central and -East Texas. - - [Illustration: PINK EVENING-PRIMROSE] - -Pink Evening-Primrose. Pink Buttercup (_Hartmannia tetraptera_) blooms -best in April, but a few scattered plants may continue to bloom through -the summer months. It is a perennial plant which does well in -cultivation. White, pink, blush, and other shades were introduced by -Childs in 1892 from seeds collected in Texas and were known as the -Mexican evening-primrose. - -The earlier flowers are usually much larger than those which bloom late -in the season. The flowers are cup-shaped, 2-4 inches broad, with 4 -broad petals marked with deeper-colored veining and greenish-yellow at -the base. The sepals are united into a narrow tube above the seed -capsule and below the petals. This tube is about as long as the capsule, -sometimes a little shorter. The sepals do not overlap, are slow about -splitting, and are pushed to one side of the flower by the opening -petals. The seeds are borne in a club-shaped capsule which is -prominently ridged, the slender base being as long as the enlarged -seed-bearing portion. - -The stems are usually trailing and branched at the base, sometimes -forming clumps two or more feet broad. The leaves are quite variable in -shape but are generally oblong and narrowed at the base, with margins -ranging from entire to deeply lobed and divided. - -The group name honors Emanuel Hartmann of Louisiana; “tetraptera” is -from the Greek meaning “four-winged” and refers to the shape of the -seed-capsule. The plants in this group are sometimes placed with the -yellow evening-primroses of the Œnothera group, but characteristics -other than color separate them. - -Showy Primrose (_Hartmannia speciosa_) is a large-flowered white -primrose found on plains and prairies from North Texas to Missouri. The -seed-capsules are narrowed at the base but are not stalked, and the -calyx tube is longer than the capsule. - -Rose Primrose (_Hartmannia rosea_) is a small-flowered primrose found in -Southern and Southwestern Texas and Mexico. The flowers are small, an -inch or more broad, with rounded deep-pink petals. The calyx tube is -much shorter than the long-stalked capsule. - - [Illustration: FLUTTER-MILL] - -Missouri Primrose. Flutter-Mill. Broad-Winged Evening-Primrose -(_Megapterium missouriense_) clings to the side of a gravelly cliff or -grows on rocky limestone hillsides from Missouri to Colorado and Texas. -The flowers bloom in Texas in April and May, opening in the afternoon -and closing the next morning. The plants grow in low clumps about a foot -high. Numerous flowers are borne on the stem along with the slender -leaves. Four broad yellow petals make up the cup-shaped portion of the -flower above the slender calyx-tube, which is 4-6 in. long. The -seed-capsules at the base of the flower develop four broad papery wings -and reach at maturity a width of 3 in. These broad wings are responsible -for the scientific name of the plant. The capsules are easily blown -about by the wind, and the seeds are widely scattered. - -The evening-primroses usually produce large, thready masses of pollen. -Every child is initiated into a buttercup fraternity at some period in -his life by being invited to smell of the flower and having his nose -smeared with the profuse pollen. - - [Illustration: SQUARE-BUD PRIMROSE] - -Square-Bud Primrose. Day Primrose. Creamcups (_Meriolix spinulosa_) has -yellow cup-shaped flowers which last only twenty-four hours but which -are open during the day. It may readily be distinguished from other -evening-primroses by the slender woody stems which soon become reddish -or straw-colored. The stems grow 1-1½ ft. high with clusters of flowers -at the top. The flowers are nearly two inches broad and have four -petals. The short, broad sepals are winged on the back and make the buds -appear square and pointed. - -Another distinguishing feature is the disk-shaped stigma which is -sometimes yellow and sometimes black or dark brown. In the -evening-primroses previously mentioned, the stigma is divided into four -narrow lobes. The plants grow on gravelly hillsides from Arkansas to -Mexico. The slender capsules are over an inch long. Several other day -primroses are found in the state. They are all sometimes grouped with -the œnotheras. - - [Illustration: LARGE-FLOWERED GAURA WILD HONEYSUCKLE] - -Large-Flowered or Lindheimer’s Gaura (_Gaura lindheimeri_) is, like -other members of this group, called kisses and wild honeysuckle because -of its sweet fragrance. Most of them produce an abundance of nectar and -make excellent honey plants. This is the handsomest member of the group -in Texas and is known in cultivation as a hardy plant. It is native to -the prairies of Southeast Texas and Louisiana and blooms from March to -May. - -The four white petals have the group characteristic of turning fan-wise -toward the upper side of the flower, and the 8 long stamens and the long -style hang toward the lower part. Only a few flowers open at one time -around the spike, but numerous buds are densely crowded above the open -flowers. This plant has erect-ascending branches and grows 2-5 feet -high. - -Prairie Gaura. Wild Honeysuckle (_Gaura brachycarpa_) sometimes grows -2-3 feet high, but is usually much lower. With favorable rains, the -flowering spikes grow quite long. This gaura may be recognized by its -stalkless 4-angled seed capsules. It blooms on Texas prairies in April -and May. Many other gauras are found in the state. - - - - - DOGWOOD FAMILY (Cornaceae) - - - [Illustration: FLOWERING DOGWOOD] - -Leaves usually opposite; sepals usually 4, calyx tube joined to the -ovary; petals usually 4, or absent; stamens 4, alternate with the -petals; ovary inferior; fruit a drupe. - -Flowering Dogwood (_Cornus florida_) grows from Massachusetts to -Ontario, Texas, and Mexico, but few people realize that it grows very -luxuriantly and is widespread in the woods of East Texas. The beauty of -the dogwood is not in the flowers, as one might expect, but in the four -broad white floral leaves (bracts) which surround the flower-cluster. -These bracts are a creamy white but are often tinged with pink. The -minute greenish-white flowers have four petals and bloom in March before -the leaves appear. The oblong scarlet fruits, about half an inch long, -ripen in the fall. - -It is said that dogwood gets its name from the fact that the bark of an -English dogwood was used to treat mangy dogs. Another source for the -name is given in a recent magazine which shows a photograph of a section -of wood from a dogwood tree. By means of the growth rings of the tree, -the section depicted the head of a swimming dog. Among the useful -substances obtained from the tree are quinine from all parts, scarlet -dye from the bark, and wood for tools. Enough quinine is obtained by -chewing the twigs to ward off malarial fever. - - [Illustration: SMALL-FLOWERED DOGWOOD] - -Rough-Leaved Cornel. Small-Flowered Dogwood (_Cornus asperifolia_) is -hardly recognized as a dogwood because it does not have showy floral -bracts. The rough leaves become very lovely in the fall as the veins -take on a reddish-purple color. It is a very common shrub in thickets -along streams or in moist ground from Texas to Southern Ontario. The -flowers bloom in Texas from April to June, and the white fruits mature -in the fall. The fruits are about ¼ inch in diameter and contain 2 seeds -with a stony coat which is covered by a thin pulp. - -The dogwood family includes several other trees and shrubs which are -common in Texas. Black gum (_Nyssa sylvatica_) has 2-3 blue oval fruits -about half an inch long in a cluster. It is one of the first trees in -East Texas whose foliage takes on an autumnal coloring. Lindheimer’s -garrya (_Garrya lindheimeri_), an evergreen shrub with thick leathery -leaves, is very abundant in the hills of Central and West Texas. It -bears dense clusters of small blue berries less than ¼ inch in diameter. - - - - - CARROT FAMILY (Umbelliferae) - - - [Illustration: PRAIRIE LACE] - -Furrowed stems; leaves usually much divided, sheathing at the base; -sepals 5, calyx tube joined to ovary; petals 5; stamens 5; ovary -inferior; fruit 2-celled, prominently ribbed and often with resin -canals. - -Prairie Lace. Dwarf Queen Anne’s Lace (_Bifora americana_) is the pride -of the North Texas prairie in late April and May. It is also found in -Oklahoma and Arkansas. In favorable seasons it grows in great masses -with the Indian blankets and the false coreopsis. The umbrella-clusters -of white flowers are very showy. The plants do not have oil tubes, as do -most members of the carrot family, and so lack the strong scent common -to many. - -It usually grows about a foot high and is widely branched at the top. -The leaves are finely divided with numerous thread-like divisions. The -flowers are one-fourth inch broad and have five notched petals which are -broader than long. The fruits have two ball-shaped divisions, each about -one-eighth inch in diameter and faintly ridged. - - [Illustration: FALSE PURPLE THISTLE. ERYNGO] - -False Purple Thistle. Eryngo (_Eryngium leavenworthii_) is not a true -thistle, but it is popularly known as one. The ancient Greeks had the -same idea, for the name “Eryngium” is their name for a kind of thistle. -Correctly speaking it is a purple carrot, as it belongs to a large group -of the carrot family, some of which are widely cultivated abroad for -their striking purple foliage. The flowers are clustered in an oblong -head, quite different from the dainty flower clusters of Queen Anne’s -lace. Other common names of this group include sea-holly, rattlesnake -master, and button snake-root, the two latter from their accredited -property of curing snake-bites. Candelabrum plant is a name sometimes -given which is very appropriate because of its branching habit of -growth. - -The plants grow one to three feet high, usually in dense masses along -roadsides and fields and on prairies from Central Texas to Kansas. In -August the gray-green foliage of the plants is quite conspicuous against -darker greens, but it gradually takes on a royal purple hue. Few plants -can rival it for beauty in late August and September. The dense heads of -purple flowers with their long, slender dark-blue stamens add to the -vividness. The dried plants are often kept for winter decoration, but -the purple does not remain so intense. - -The stems are branched at the top, the flower heads growing on short -stalks in the forks of the branches. The deeply lobed leaves clasp the -stem, the leaf segments bearing many spiny-teeth. A tuft of small, -rigid, spiny leaves grows out of the top of the flower head. - -Several eryngoes are found in the state. The yucca-leaved eryngo -(_Eryngium aquaticum_) grows in the summer in sandy areas or low grounds -from Texas to Minnesota and Connecticut. It bears little resemblance in -habit of growth or coloring to the purple thistle. Most of the long -leaves are clustered at the base, and a stout flower stalk bears at the -top several head-like clusters of white flowers. - -The carrot family is a large group of plants, most of which have lacy, -fern-like leaves and dainty umbrella-clusters of small flowers and fruit -which separates into two ribbed 1-seeded divisions. The plants are -usually rich in oil tubes, and some contain deadly poisons. - - [Illustration: BEGGAR’S TICKS] - -Beggar’s Ticks. Seed-Ticks. Bird’s Nest Carrot (_Daucus pusillus_) is -probably more familiar in fruit than in flower. The clusters of seeds -resemble a bird’s nest. The fact that the seeds are covered with several -rows of barbed prickles makes them very difficult to remove from -clothing. Their presence in wool renders it inferior in quality. It is -very abundant throughout the state from April to June and occurs in most -of the Southern and Western States. - -The small white flowers grow in a dense, lace-like cluster at the top of -slender stems 1-2 ft. high. The leaves are finely divided. The flower -cluster is long-stalked and is surrounded by a circle of the green -leaves; thus the flowers as well as the seeds have a nest-like -appearance. - -Wild Carrot. Queen Anne’s Lace (_Daucus carota_), the ancestor of the -garden carrot, was introduced from Europe and may be found in scattered -places over the state. It is a larger plant than the beggar’s ticks, -with very wide-spreading and dainty flower clusters. It does not bloom -until summer. - - [Illustration: WILD DILL] - -Wild Dill. Prairie Parsley (_Pleiotaenia nuttallii_) is a conspicuous -plant on prairies throughout the state and ranges to Michigan and -Alabama. The flowers bloom in April and May, and the seeds mature and -fall in June and July. The stiff, stout stems, commonly two feet high, -become dry and brown but remain standing through the winter months. The -upper leaves are not divided so much as the lower, which are deeply -divided and have broad segments. The flowers are small and -greenish-yellow and grow in clusters about 2 inches broad. - -The foliage and seeds were used for seasoning by pioneers. It is very -much like the cultivated dill (_Anethum graveolens_), a native of -Southeastern Europe. The latter is taller and has leaves with threadlike -divisions. - -Other well-known members of the carrot family include the parsnip, -parsley, myrrh, chervil, caraway, and celery. The well-known poison -hemlock (_Conium maculatum_), by which Socrates met his death, is a -native of Europe but may now be found in North and South America. It -grows in great abundance along the streams of the Edwards Plateau -between Fredricksburg and Austin. - - - - - HEATH FAMILY (Ericaceae) - - - [Illustration: TREE-HUCKLEBERRY] - -Herbs or shrubs; sepals 4-5; corolla urn-shaped or cylindric, 4-5-lobed; -stamens 8 or 10; anthers opening by terminal pores; ovary superior or -inferior. - -Tree-Huckleberry. Farkleberry (_Batodendron arboreum_) is also known as -upland-huckleberry, sparkleberry, and gooseberry. The name is Greek and -means “blackberry tree.” The huckleberries are often placed in a family -separate from other heaths. The tree-huckleberry is a shrub or small -tree, very abundant in the woods of East Texas and the Southern States. -The dainty, drooping sprays of white bell-shaped flowers remind one of -the lily-of-the-valley. The shining oval leaves are short-stalked, 1-2 -in. long. The black berries are not edible. - -Well-known members of the heath family include the trailing arbutus, -cranberry, blueberry, bean-berry, winter-green, rhododendron, and -azalea. Thickets of the pink azalea or swamp-honeysuckle (_Azalea -nudiflora_) occur in a few places in East Texas. In the mountains of -Southwest Texas may be found the arbutus-tree, madroña, or naked Indian, -so called because of its red wood and scaling bark. Its small, red -fleshy fruits look like strawberries. Stagger-bush (_Neopieris mariana_) -is a common shrub in swampy places. - - - - - PRIMROSE FAMILY (Primulaceae) - - - [Illustration: TEXAS WATER-PIMPERNEL SHOOTING STAR] - -Leaves often basal; sepals usually 5, often leafy; corolla tubular, -5-lobed; stamens 5, opposite the petals; ovary superior; fruit a -capsule. - -Texas Water-Pimpernel. Brookweed (_Samolus cuneatus_) is a plant found -wherever springs or moist ledges occur in limestone hills of Texas. The -plants have a basal rosette of broad rounded leaves. The slender stems -are 6-12 inches high and bear a few leaves which are narrowed at the -base. The 5-lobed white flowers are short and bell-shaped and appear -from April to September. The pink water-pimpernel (_Samolus -ebracteatus_) grows in sandy soil along the coast. - -Shooting Star (_Dodecatheon stanfieldia_) is a rare plant and should be -afforded protection. It is found in rich, moist soil from Central Texas -to Louisiana. The flowers are very much like those of _Dodecatheon -meadia_ but are larger and have broader petals. - -The primrose family is represented in horticulture by many primroses -from Asia, cyclamens from Greece to Syria, and the cowslip from Europe. -The scarlet pimpernel (_Anagallis arvensis_) is found on sandy prairies -in South Texas in the spring. - - - - - EBONY FAMILY (Ebenaceae) - - - [Illustration: MEXICAN PERSIMMON] - -Trees or shrubs; leaves usually leathery; calyx 3-11-lobed; petals -united, 3-7; stamens 6-14, or more; ovary superior. - -Mexican Persimmon (_Diospyros texana_) is also called ’possum plum, -“chapote,” and black persimmon. It is a shrub or small tree found in -river-valleys and on limestone hills from Central Texas to Mexico. It -may be easily recognized by its smooth, light-gray bark, small leaves, -and creamy heath-like flowers. The bell-shaped flowers are in dense -clusters on the tree which has pollen-bearing flowers, whereas the -seed-bearing flowers, which grow on a separate tree, are larger and -fewer in number. The black fruits ripen in August, when the pulp becomes -juicy but somewhat insipid. - -The black wood is hard and, like other species of ebony, takes an -excellent polish. It is used for making tools. The Mexicans use a black -dye obtained from the fruits in dyeing sheep-skins. The common persimmon -(_Diospyros virginiana_) is found wild from Connecticut to East Texas, -where the sprouts are vicious pests in plowed lands. - - - - - GENTIAN FAMILY (Gentianaceae) - - - [Illustration: MOUNTAIN PINK] - -Leaves opposite; calyx usually tubular, 5-lobed; petals united at base, -4-12; stamens as many as petals; ovary superior. - -Mountain Pink. Showy Centaury (_Erythraea beyrichii_) grows on gravelly -limestone hills in Texas and Arkansas. The stems are branched near the -base and often form hemispherical clumps a foot in diameter which are -covered with pink flowers in June. The plants are being rapidly -exterminated for ornamental purposes, for they are very showy and the -flowers will last two weeks or more. The flowers have a united tubular -corolla with 5 lobes. - -The scientific name is from the Greek meaning “red.” The flowers of some -species are red, but those in Texas are pink. The Texan centaury -(_Erythraea texense_) is a very small plant with small flowers. It is -found from Texas to Missouri in June and July. Buckley’s centaury or -pink gentian (_Erythraea calycosa_) is found in moist soil in the -western part of the state. It is a tall, slender plant 1-2 ft. high. It -ranges from Missouri to Mexico. The centaury plants were formerly valued -as a medicine for fever. They were gathered and dried at flowering time. - - [Illustration: PURPLE GENTIAN. BLUEBELL] - -Purple Gentian. Bluebell (_Eustoma russellianum_) is also called -Russell’s eustoma, Texas bluebell, blue gentian, blue marsh lily, and -bosque blue gentian. The latter name is used in El Paso, where the -purple gentian grows on the flood plain of the Rio Grande River. It is -one of the loveliest flowers in the state, sometimes occurring in great -profusion on moist prairies from Mexico to Colorado and Louisiana. It is -especially abundant in Southeast Texas, where it is gathered in -wholesale quantities by florists. It is an excellent cut-plant, the -flowers lasting for several days and new buds continually opening. - -Few people have had success in transplanting the purple gentian into -their gardens. Only recently has there been a report of seeds -successfully germinated. It is said that soaking for 48 hours in water -will produce germination. Each flower produces a number of very minute -seeds. - -The large, bell-shaped flowers, 2-3 inches broad, are a bluish-purple; -in fading, they spread widely and take on more of the blue tinge. They -are constricted into a short narrow tube at the base. Inside, the -flowers are marked with yellow at the base and have purple markings in -the throat. The five stamens with large anthers are attached to the -corolla tube. At the time the pollen is shed, the anthers lie in a -horizontal position around the style. The stigmas are interesting. There -are two diamond-shaped lobes which are erect until they are ready to -receive pollen, and then they take a horizontal position. The calyx has -five linear lobes which are united at the base with a colorless -membrane. The oblong capsules are about half an inch long. - -The plants are very smooth and are erect, with a few erect branches. The -leaves are ovate-oblong and are usually 1-2½ inches long. - -“Eustoma” means “open mouth”, referring to the large throat of the -flower. The smaller bluebell in Southern Texas and Northern Mexico is -_Eustoma gracile_. - - [Illustration: PINK TEXAS STAR] - -Pink Texas Star. Prairie Sabbatia (_Sabbatia campestris_) is also known -as meadow pink, rose pink, pink prairie gentian, marsh pink, and sea -star. It ranges from Missouri and Kansas to Texas and is found on moist -prairies throughout Central Texas from April to June. It is particularly -abundant on southern coastal prairies where it makes a showy landscape -display with phlox, coreopsis, and other plants in March and April. The -sabbatias are named in honor of two Italian botanists, L. and C. -Sabbati. - -The plants are low, 3-12 inches high, and have wing-angled stems and -short smooth leaves about ½-1¼ inches long. The flowers are about 1½ -inches broad, much larger than those of the mountain pink, and more -cup-shaped. They are usually deep pink in color, but purplish-pink and -white forms may occasionally be noted. Around the throat are yellow, -star-shaped markings over the white base of the petals. The long, linear -calyx lobes are quite conspicuous when the flower is in bud or after the -corolla has wilted. - - - - - DOGBANE FAMILY (Apocynaceae) - - - [Illustration: BLUE TEXAS STAR] - -Plants with milky juice; sepals usually 5; corolla tubular, 5-lobed; -stamens usually 5, inserted on corolla tube and alternate with the -lobes; ovary superior; fruit mostly of 2 spreading follicles. - -Blue Texas Star. Texas Dogbane. Blue-Star (_Amsonia texana_) belongs to -a group named in honor of Charles Amson, a colonial physician. The stems -are usually unbranched, 8-12 inches high, and are covered with narrow -linear leaves. Like that of other amsonias, the tubular throat is lined -with white hairs. The name of twin-pods might be given to the amsonias. -The numerous seeds are borne in two narrow, erect pods which are united -at the base and split along the inner sides. The pods are 3-4 inches -long. The plant is perennial, growing in low clumps on limestone -hillsides of Texas. The plants in North Texas form a conspicuous -bluish-green line on low hills, when the flowers bloom in late March and -April. - -The oleander, periwinkle, and vinca are well-known members of the -dogbane family. They all have a milky sap which is quite poisonous in -the oleander, Indian hemp, and others. “Bane” is the common word in -Northern Europe for “murderer” and is applied to poisonous plants. - - - - - MILKWEED FAMILY (Asclepiadaceae) - - - [Illustration: GREEN-FLOWERED MILKWEED] - -Leaves usually opposite or whorled; sepals 5; petals 5, usually reflexed -and with a 5-lobed crown; stamens 5, the pollen united into 1 or 2 waxy -masses in each sac; carpels 2, free except for the united disk-like -stigma. - -Green-Flowered Milkweed. Silkweed (_Asclepiodora decumbens_) is a -widespread plant from Arkansas to Utah and Northern Mexico. It is found -on the central and western plains, blooming in early spring and -sometimes again in the fall. The stout, leafy stems, topped by the -ball-shaped heads of flowers form conspicuous clumps about a foot high. -The flowers have a sweet nectar which draws many insect visitors. They -bloom in April and early May, and the large warty pods mature in a few -weeks. As the seeds bear a tuft of hairs at one end, they are easily -scattered by the wind and other agents. It is one of the first plants to -appear on burned-over areas. - -The milkweeds get their name from the bitter milky sap. The flowers are -quite different from other flowers in that there is a crown between the -petals and the stamens. In many the pollen is borne in two pear-shaped -masses with a thread-like connection. In the green-flowered milkweed, -purple hoods are attached to the crown and hang over the pollen-sacs. - - [Illustration: BUTTERFLY-WEED] - -Butterfly-Weed. Pleurisy-Root (_Asclepias tuberosa_) is a well-known -plant in dry fields from Maine and Ontario to Northern Mexico. In Texas -it is found in the sandy areas of the eastern and central parts. It -blooms in the late spring and summer. Other common names include orange -milkweed, orange-root, Indian posy, and orange swallow-wort. The leaves -are poisonous to stock, but the honey is not considered poisonous. The -monarch butterfly is a voracious feeder on the plant. It was at one time -valued for its medicinal properties, but is now little used. Several -plants are known by the common name of “swallow-wort” and are so called -because they bloom in the spring when the swallows appear. - -The leafy stems often grow one to two feet high. At the top of the stem -are several clusters of small orange-colored flowers. The petals hang -down when the pollen is ready to be shed. There is a crown of five -erect, orange-colored hoods around the flat stigma. - - - - - DICHONDRA FAMILY (Dichondraceae) - - - [Illustration: CAROLINA DICHONDRA PRETTY DODDER] - -Herbs with creeping stems; sepals 5; corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed; -stamens 5; carpels 2, separate. - -Carolina Dichondra. Ground Ivy (_Dichondra carolinensis_) is, of course, -not even kin to the ivy, but it does form a green carpet over the ground -in places. It is widely scattered in the state and in many other -localities. The greenish-white flowers are small and inconspicuous under -the round leaves and are almost buried in the soil. The leaves are about -an inch broad and are slender stalked. The plant is a perennial which is -often hard to remove from lawns. The silvery-leaved dichondra -(_Dichondra argentea_) occurs in West Texas. - - - - - DODDER FAMILY (Cuscutaceae) - - -Pretty Dodder. Love Vine. Strangle-Weed (_Cuscuta indecora_) may be -noted in conspicuous orange or gold masses covering other plants. It is -a leafless parasitic vine bearing small clusters of white flowers. The -flowers are less than one fourth inch broad and have the petal-tips -turned inward. There are many dodders in the state, and each kind is -parasitic only on certain plants. The pretty dodder attacks the wild -verbena and other herbs and low shrubs from Illinois to Texas and other -parts of America. - - - - - MORNING-GLORY FAMILY (Convolvulaceae) - - - [Illustration: TEXAS BINDWEED PURPLE MORNING-GLORY] - -Plants twining or erect; sepals 5; corolla mostly funnelform, 5-lobed; -stamens 5, on corolla tube; ovary superior; fruit usually a ball-shaped -capsule separating into 2-4 lobes. - -Texas Bindweed (_Convolvulus hermannioides_) has small white -morning-glory flowers with a dark-red center. They are seldom more than -an inch broad. The spreading or twining vines reach a length of several -feet. The leaves are very variable in shape and often have spreading -lobes at each side of the base like the hoary bindweed (_Convolvulus -incanus_). Both grow on Texas plains, but the hoary bindweed is widely -distributed from Kansas and Arkansas to Mexico. The Texas bindweed may -be distinguished by the ear-like projections at the base of the sepals. -The flowers bloom from April to August. - -Purple Morning-Glory. Bindweed. Tie-Vine (_Ipomoea trifida_) is a lovely -but pernicious vine of Texas, Mexico, and tropical America. The roots -are perennial and very difficult to eradicate from cotton and corn -fields. It blooms from spring to fall, the flowers opening only in the -morning. The morning-glory group is very large, and many showy forms are -found in Texas. The sweet potato (_Ipomoea batatas_) and others are -valued for their tuberous roots. - - [Illustration: STANDING CYPRESS BLUE GILIA WHITE GILIA] - - - - - PHLOX FAMILY (Polemoniaceae) - - -Mostly annual and perennial herbs; calyx 5-lobed; corolla tubular, -5-lobed; ovary usually 3-celled; style often 3-parted; stamens 5, -inserted on corolla-tube; capsules small. - -Standing Cypress. Red Gilia (_Gilia rubra_) might also be called torch -flowers, for the tall spikes with their masses of red tubular flowers -make flaming spots of color on the edges of the post oak woods in May -and June. It is sometimes known as Indian plume, Texas plume, or red -Texas star. - -The plants are usually unbranched and grow two to three feet high; -however, if the top of the stem is removed or injured near the time of -flowering, it will branch into several flowering spikes. The stems are -pale green and quite leafy with the finely dissected leaves. The narrow -tubular flowers are over an inch long and have broad spreading lobes -which, on their inner surface, are a pale orange-red dotted with a -darker red. The flowers, which resemble those of the cypress vine, are -closely clustered on the stem, those at the top opening first. The -capsules are nearly an inch long and contain numerous papery seeds. - -Blue Gilia. Golden Eye (_Gilia rigidula_), differing markedly from the -red gilia in the shape of the flowers, has a short, broadly flaring -corolla with a conspicuous yellow center. The flowers are nearly an inch -broad. The plants are perennial and are often widely branched at the -base, forming clumps nearly a foot broad. The blue gilia is found on -hills and stony plains from Central Texas to Mexico and New Mexico and -blooms from March to October. - -White Gilia. Long-Flowered Gilia (_Gilia longiflora_) has slender, erect -stems, 1-2 feet high, terminated by a flat-topped cluster of tubular -white flowers. The flowers have a narrow tube, about 1½ inches long, and -5 broad, spreading lobes. The leaves have threadlike divisions. The -plants are very showy when they are in bloom and are especially abundant -in sandy regions of Northwest Texas in the late summer and fall. - -Few flower groups show such a decided red, white, and blue as the -gilias. The group is a large one, mostly of Western North America, and -is named in honor of the Spanish botanist, Philipp Salvador Gil. Some of -the gilias are known in cultivation and are considered hardy plants of -easy culture. The standing cypress may be grown from seeds planted in -August or September, or plants may be transplanted in the spring. - - [Illustration: DRUMMOND’S PHLOX] - -Drummond’s Phlox (_Phlox drummondii_) has rightly been called “Texan -pride.” A drive late in April through the post oak sandy region east of -Austin to the Brazos River and southeast to Victoria will disclose it in -all its glory. The seeds were collected by Thomas Drummond in 1834 and -sent to W. J. Hooker in the spring of 1835. Hooker, an eminent botanist, -described it from the plants grown from those seeds in the Kew Gardens -in London. According to his description, the plants were mostly of a -brilliant rose-red with more or less purple in the flowers of some -plants and darker red eyes in nearly all. It is quite probable that -Drummond collected his seeds in the vicinity of Gonzales, the western -limit of his Texas trip, where today wild phloxes which match his -description occur in great profusion. The seeds collected may have -included some from hybrid plants, as red phloxes with a white eye are -found on the eastern edge of the red-phlox area, and the dark-eyed -purple and red are found on its western limits in close proximity to the -“phlox purple” variety. - -The plant has long been a horticultural favorite, and more than 200 -varieties have been described, few of which excel the native varieties -in size or coloring. - - [Illustration: PURPLE PHLOX] - -Purple Phlox (_Phlox drummondii_-purple varieties) grows in sandy soil -in Central Texas. The variety with the white throat and red-star eye is -common in the southeastern part of the state. It is especially abundant -in Wilson and Karnes Counties, where extensive masses of purple may be -noted in open sandy places among mesquite and post oak trees. This is a -very vigorous phlox and produces large stems and flowers. Studies are -being made to determine whether these purple phloxes are varieties of -Drummond’s phlox or should be called by other names. - -The variety with the purple throat and the two white marks at the base -of each corolla lobe grows northwest of the range of the red-flowered -Drummond’s phlox. It blooms from April to June and seems to withstand -cold better than any of the annual phloxes except the dwarf phlox. - - [Illustration: HELLER’S PHLOX BERLANDIER’S PHLOX THARP’S PHLOX] - -Berlandier’s Phlox (_Phlox glabriflora_) differs from Drummond’s phlox -in many particulars. The flowers are usually a bluish-lavender which at -a distance suggests the wild verbena. Like the other phloxes on this -page, it has both stem and leaves clothed with scattered, long, soft -hairs. The large corolla is marked with white at the base of the lobes -and has a short, smooth tube. The vigorous plants branch profusely and -often form masses two and three feet broad. This phlox may be found on -sandy prairies south of Kingsville and west of Hebbronville in the -winter and spring months but is at its best in February and March. It -was first collected by Louis Berlandier at several places along the -southern coast in 1828 and 1829. - -Heller’s Phlox (_Phlox helleri_) is a close relative of Berlandier’s -phlox but has a hairy corolla-tube, smaller flowers, and shorter leaves. -It is found from March to May in sand near the coast around Copano, -Aransas, and Nueces bays. - -Slender Phlox (_Phlox tharpii_) has a long, hairy corolla-tube, and the -slender stems are usually unbranched. Only four flowers are borne in a -cluster. It is very abundant in Frio and Dimmit Counties in April. -Theodore Roosevelt, in describing a peccary hunt south of Uvalde in -April, 1904, mentions these fields of purple. - - [Illustration: ROEMER’S PHLOX DWARF PHLOX] - -Roemer’s Phlox (_Phlox roemeriana_) has lovely flowers which vary in -color from deep rose to phlox purple or pink. It is the only annual -phlox marked with yellow around the eye or throat. Its large capsule, -containing 12 or 15 seeds, is another conspicuous feature and shows its -relationship with the perennial phloxes of West Texas. It forms a lovely -display with bluebonnets and low prairie spider-worts in the limestone -hill region in April and early May. - -Dwarf Phlox (_Phlox tenuis_) is the smallest and most widely distributed -of the annual phloxes, ranging from the south-central coast to Louisiana -and into Southern Oklahoma. It is found on the coastal prairie and in -sandy soil along the edges of post oak woods from March to May. The -plants are usually six to eight inches high and unbranched, but branched -varieties are known. The flowers are about half an inch broad, with -narrow lobes which are marked with two reddish-purple lines at their -base. - - [Illustration: LARGE-FLOWERED PRAIRIE PHLOX PRAIRIE PHLOX] - -Prairie Phlox. Prairie Sweet William (_Phlox pilosa_) has a delightful -fragrance common in lesser degrees to many of the phloxes. The -widespread prairie phlox was named in 1753 from plants taken to France -from Virginia. The stems are low and have a few opposite leaves which -are pointed and widely spreading. The flat-topped clusters of pale pink, -blue, white, or purple flowers bloom in March and April in Texas. The -stems and flower clusters are clothed with soft hairs. - -Large-Flowered Prairie Phlox (_Phlox villosissima_) grows in a strange -environment for a phlox. Charles Wright found it in 1849 on the gravelly -bars of the Nueces River, where it still grows. It is also found on -other rivers in Southwest Texas. It has long, woody roots reaching -toward the necessary moisture. The flowers are very large, and only a -few are open at a time. It differs from the prairie phlox in its shorter -and more numerous leaves, its larger flowers with their broader lobes, -and alternate branches in the flower cluster. The prairie phloxes are -perennial and are easily grown in Southwest gardens. - - - - - WATER-LEAF FAMILY (Hydrophyllaceae) - - - [Illustration: BABY BLUE-EYES PURPLE PHACELIA] - -Flowers usually in curled clusters; calyx deeply 5-lobed; petals united, -usually 5; stamens 5, on corolla-tube; ovary superior; styles 2. - -Baby Blue-Eyes. Flannel Breeches (_Nemophila phacelioides_) forms a -lovely carpet on banks and in moist woods near the prairie regions of -Texas and Arkansas. The dainty flowers are about one inch broad, with 5 -broadly-spreading lobes of lavender, paler at the base. The leaves are -divided into 5-9 broad segments which are irregularly toothed. It is not -known in cultivation, but a similar plant from California is used to -cover beds in which bulbs are planted. - -Purple Phacelia (_Phacelia patuliflora_) is a low, spreading annual -growing on sandy prairies in the southern part of the state. -“Patuliflora” means “spreading flower” and refers to the royal purple -corollas which are widely spreading and nearly an inch broad. It is the -handsomest phacelia among the fifteen or more species found in the -state. It blooms from February to May. - -Blue nama (_Nama ovatum_) is a water-leaf growing in ponds and streams -of East Texas and blooming in the summer. It has lovely sky-blue flowers -nearly an inch broad and spiny stems. Sand bells (_Nama hispidum_) has -small, reddish-purple, bell-shaped corollas. - - [Illustration: BLUE CURLS] - -Blue Curls. Fiddle-Neck (_Phacelia congesta_) is also known as -spider-flower, caterpillars, snail-flower, and wild heliotrope. It has -curled flower clusters and lavender-blue flowers very much like those of -some of the heliotropes and borages. A California borage is also called -fiddle-neck. The flowers are tubular at the base with 5 broadly -spreading lobes. The 5 spreading stamens extending from the flowers are -responsible for the name of “spider-flower.” - -The erect, unbranched stems may be seen on gravelly limestone slopes or -in open woods from Central to Southwestern Texas. The large, thin leaves -are finely divided and clothed with soft hairs. In woods the plants may -grow 1½-2 ft. high, but on rocky slopes they are seldom more than a foot -high. The flowers bloom in April and May, a long blooming season -resulting from the numerous flowers which open as the curling stems -unfold. It is an annual plant which does well in cultivation and makes a -lovely addition to the flower garden. - -Nearly a hundred phacelias are found in Western North America. The name -is from the Greek meaning “cluster.” Most of them are showy plants, but -few are known in cultivation. - - - - - BORAGE FAMILY (Borraginaceae) - - - [Illustration: SOUTHERN HELIOTROPE BINDWEED HELIOTROPE] - -Leaves usually alternate; flowers often in curled clusters; sepals 5; -petals 5, united; stamens 5, on corolla-tube; ovary often deeply -4-lobed; fruit a drupe or of 4 nutlets. - -Southern Heliotrope (_Cochranea anchusaefolia_) grows in limestone soil -from Central Texas to Florida and tropical America. It may often be -found from spring to fall in the shelter of mesquite or prickly pear. -The white-flowered sea-heliotrope (_Heliotropium curassavicum_) is very -abundant in saline soil in South and West Texas. Plains heliotrope -(_Heliotropium tenellum_) does not have curled clusters of flowers but -has a few small white ones borne on short branches. It is widespread in -the South-central United States. - -Bindweed Heliotrope (_Heliotropium convolvulaceum_) has white flowers -quite similar to those of the bindweed, about one inch broad. It is -found in sandy soil in South and West Texas to California and Nebraska -from spring to fall. The plant has widely branching stems, about a foot -long, and the foliage is somewhat rough-hairy. The heliotropes get their -name from Greek words which mean “sunturning.” - - [Illustration: GOLDEN PUCCOON] - -Golden Puccoon. Narrow-Leaved Puccoon (_Lithospermum linearifolium_) is -another harbinger of spring on the prairies. The scattered plants may be -found throughout Texas to British Columbia and Indiana. Several slender -stems grow from a long, thick black root. The plant gets its name from -the Greek word meaning “stone-seed” and refers to the hard nutlets of -the fruit. In the narrow-leaved puccoon, the nutlets are ovoid, white, -shining, and more or less pitted. The flowers have a narrow tube with 5 -spreading lobes which have crinkled margins. - -Orange Puccoon (_Lithospermum gmelinii_) is a striking woodland plant of -the Eastern States which is widespread in East Texas. It can be easily -identified by its showy yellow-orange flowers. The clustered stems, 1-1½ -feet high, grow from a deep root. It blooms in April and May. - -Most of the puccoons have a red root from which a dye is obtained. Some -of the European forms have blue flowers and are known in cultivation. - - - - - VERBENA FAMILY (Verbenaceae) - - - [Illustration: LARGE-FLOWERED VERVAIN SLENDER VERVAIN] - -Branches often 4-angled; leaves opposite; flowers often whorled; calyx -5-lobed; petals 4-5, united; calyx and corolla often 2-lipped; stamens -4, on corolla-tube; ovary often 4-celled. - -Slender Vervain (_Verbena halei_) was, until a few years ago, considered -the same as the European vervain (_Verbena officinalis_), but it is now -recognized as a different plant. Misty-looking purple patches on the -roadside ahead usually turn out to be masses of the slender vervain. It -is a perennial which takes on renewed blooming activity from early -spring until fall, but usually only scattered plants bloom after June. -It is very abundant in this state and other Southern States. - -The flowers are small and scattered along the slender branches at the -top of the stem. The upper leaves are narrow, those of the mid-stem -divided; and the lower are broad and irregularly toothed. - -Large-Flowered Vervain (_Verbena plicata_) shows some variation in color -from white to lavender, the flowers commonly being a bluish-lavender. -The flowers are about half an inch broad and grow in long showy spikes. -The plants are perennial, and numerous stems form erect clumps 1-2 ft. -high. It is especially handsome southwest of San Antonio and ranges into -Mexico. It blooms from February to May. - - [Illustration: PLAINS VERBENA] - -Wild or Plains Verbena (_Verbena bipinnatifida_) is sometimes called -sweet William, a name which properly belongs to the blue woodland phlox -(_Phlox divaricata_) or to the clove pink. There is only a faint -fragrance to the wild verbena. - -Along highways and in the fields the wild verbena blooms in great -profusion from spring until the plants are killed by a severe freeze. -The flower stalks often grow quite long and are topped by a flat cluster -of flowers around the new buds. The old calyx tubes surrounding the -small nutlets remain on the stalk for many weeks. Children delight in -pulling off the purple tubular corollas so that they can suck the -abundant nectar from the tube and then string them together for a -necklace, which they make by inserting the base of one tube into the -throat of the adjoining corolla. - -The wild verbena is a perennial plant with many prostrate branches. The -leaves are thick, rough, and divided into narrow segments. It is one of -the most familiar plants of the South Plains region, ranging from -Missouri and Arizona to Northern Mexico. It is seldom used in gardens, -but it is one of the plants used by the highway department for roadside -planting. Where it has been used in gardens for low border mass effects, -it has been a delight throughout the warm months with its showy, profuse -blooms. - -“Verbena” is the Latin name for a sacred plant. There are nearly one -hundred species of verbenas, one of which is European and the others -American. About twenty-five of these are found in Texas, part of them -belonging to the vervain group. The plains verbena and the slender -vervain are the ones most widely distributed. Among other very lovely -verbenas found in the state are Wright’s verbena in West Texas and -Lambert’s verbena in East Texas. A South American verbena (_Verbena -venosa_), with brilliant purple flowers, has escaped cultivation in -Southeast Texas. - -Wright’s Verbena (_Verbena wrightii_) is quite similar to the plains -verbena but has larger flowers of a reddish-purple color. The plants are -larger, and the foliage is coarser. - -Lambert’s Verbena (_Verbena canadensis_) has ovate leaves which are -toothed or lobed but not divided. The flowers are a reddish-purple and -have a white eye surrounded by a line of black. This is a handsome -verbena which does well in cultivation but is little used. Garden -hybrids have been reported from it. The origin of the common garden -verbena is not definitely known. - - [Illustration: FRENCH MULBERRY] - -French Mulberry (_Callicarpa americana_) is a low shrub 3-6 ft. high, -also known as the Bermuda mulberry or sour-bush. It is easily recognized -in the fall by the clusters of reddish-purple berries and large ovate -leaves 3-6 in. long. The showy berries are responsible for the -scientific name which means “beautiful fruit.” It grows in woods of -sandy areas from Central Texas to Florida and Virginia, and also in the -West Indies. The variety with white fruit is not so common as the -purple-fruited variety. The flowers are inconspicuous, pale pink or -white. The shrub is well-known in cultivation but is not so hardy as the -Japanese callicarpa. - -The verbena family includes many tropical and sub-tropical shrubs, some -of which are widely cultivated in Texas. Lantana (_Lantana camara_) has -orange and yellow flowers and is a profuse summer bloomer. The common -lilac lantana in cultivation was introduced from Brazil, but there are -two native lilac lantanas in Southern Texas. Lavender, or vitex, -introduced from Europe, is an excellent shrub for summer bloom. - - - - - MINT FAMILY (Labiatae) - - - [Illustration: PRAIRIE SKULLCAP] - -Stems usually 4-angled; leaves opposite; calyx 5-lobed, often 2-lipped; -corolla 4-5-lobed, usually 2-lipped; stamens 4 or 2, on corolla-tube; -fruit of 4 nutlets. - -Prairie Skullcap (_Scutellaria resinosa_) turns its saucy flowers upward -and covers the dense clumps with a purple glow. The tubular flowers are -nearly an inch long and 2-lipped, with two short lobes forming the -velvety, arched upper lip and with three broad lobes forming the -spreading lower lip. The middle lobe is marked by a conspicuous white -spot dotted with purple. Numerous stems grow from a woody, perennial -root on rocky prairies and limestone slopes from Texas to Arizona and -Nebraska. - -The many skullcaps in the state are easily distinguished from other -mints by the crest on the upper surface of the calyx. Most of them have -small oval or rounded leaves, and all have purple flowers. They get -their scientific name from the Latin word meaning “dish,” referring to -the shape of the calyx. - -The mint family is a large one, well represented in Texas. The European -horehound (_Marrubium vulgare_) has become a pernicious weed in the -pastures of Central Texas. Rosemary, sage, thyme, lavender, majoram, and -the mints are familiar members of the mint family. - - [Illustration: SLENDER DRAGON-HEAD BRAZOS MINT] - -Slender Dragon-Head or Lion’s Heart (_Physostegia intermedia_) has -spikes of delicate lavender flowers. The slender stems, 1-3 ft. high, -grow from perennial roots in moist soil on prairies from Texas and -Louisiana to Missouri and Kentucky from April to July. The physostegias -are rapidly growing in favor as garden flowers, as different species -will produce blooms throughout the season, if the flowering spikes are -cut and not allowed to seed. - -Brazos Mint (_Brazoria scutellarioides_) is a lovely little annual found -on the plains of Central Texas. The plants are usually less than a foot -high and seldom branched, but the dense spikes of lavender flowers make -it quite conspicuous during favorable seasons. Although the name -indicates a resemblance to the skullcap, it might be mistaken for a -dwarf physostegia. The corollas have much the same delicate lavender -coloring, but the flaring calyx more closely resembles that of the Texas -salvia. It is also called twin-flower, wild lilac, and honey plant. - -_Brazoria truncata_, with larger and paler flowers, is very abundant in -sandy soil in Central Texas, being especially common in Gonzales County. -This plant was first collected near the Brazos River, a fact -commemorated in the scientific name of “Brazoria.” - - [Illustration: HENBIT PRAIRIE PENNYROYAL] - -Henbit. Dead Nettle (_Lamium amplexicaule_) is a troublesome weed on -lawns everywhere in the state and in most of the United States. It is a -winter annual introduced from Europe and Asia. The flowers often begin -to bloom in December and continue until March or April. The stems branch -from the base, and the flowers grow in stalkless clusters with the upper -leaves. - -Prairie Pennyroyal. Lemon Mint. Mexican Tea (_Hedeoma drummondii_) is a -low perennial plant characterized by the lemon-like odor of the foliage, -the narrow, tubular lavender corollas, and the bulging finely-ribbed -tubular calyx. The flowers and leaves are about half an inch long. The -low, bushy clumps grow on rocky plains and hillsides throughout Texas, -the flowers blooming during the late spring and summer. A tea made from -the foliage, either fresh or dried, is considered of value for its -soothing effect. A few leaves in iced tea add a piquant flavor. The name -is from the Greek and means “sweet smell.” - -The American pennyroyal is _Hedeoma pulegioides_. The leaves and -flowering tops are collected in July and August and dried. It yields an -oil used in medicine. - - [Illustration: PALE WILD BERGAMOT] - -Pale Wild Bergamot (_Monarda fistulosa mollis_) is a very lovely member -of the horsemint group. The slender stems are branched at the top, each -branch having a terminal cluster of lavender flowers. The flowers are -tubular and two-lipped, 1-1½ in. long, the upper lip narrow and the -lower broad and three lobed. The upper lip is clothed with soft hairs. - -The wild bergamot grows in the states east of the Rocky Mountains, and -several varieties are known. In Texas it grows in moist woods in the -eastern part and along streams in North Texas. It is a perennial which -is sometimes cultivated. The stems are usually about two feet high. The -leaves are short-stalked and lance-shaped, the margins having a few -short teeth. The leaves have a pleasant aroma and are used in flavoring -tea. Medicinally they are used as a stimulant and as a remedy for colic -pains. - -The brilliant, scarlet-flowered Oswego tea (_Monarda didyma_) of the -Eastern States is not native to Texas. It is used as a substitute for -tea. - - [Illustration: GREEN HORSEMINT] - -Green or White Horsemint (_Monarda punctata_) differs from the wild -bergamot in having numerous clusters of flowers at the top of the stem. -These clusters are surrounded by many short, drooping floral leaves -which are blotched with white or occasionally have a purplish tinge. The -yellow corollas are dotted with purple and are about an inch long. The -calyx tube is ribbed, and the lobes are short and triangular. In growth -habit and shape of leaves it is very much like the purple horsemint, but -in flower it is readily distinguished by the yellow flowers and green -and white floral leaves. The plants are perennial, much-branched, and -somewhat downy. They are found in the Eastern and Central States and -bloom in Texas from late May to July. - -Dwarf Horsemint (_Monarda clinopodioides_) is another horsemint of sandy -plains in Texas and Oklahoma. The plants are usually less than a foot -high. They have white corollas, and the short bracts are purplish-brown -with hairy margins. This horsemint is not so widespread as the green and -purple horsemint. - - [Illustration: PURPLE HORSEMINT] - -Purple Horsemint. Lemon Monarda (_Monarda citriodora_) is lovely not -only because of its dainty flowers but especially because of the floral -leaves or bracts surrounding the flowers. These bracts take on a -reddish-purple color and may be marked with white and green. The purple -varies from rosy tints to a royal hue. - -The flowers grow in whorls or rosettes at the top of the stem, new ones -appearing with continued growth until there may be ten or more clusters -on a stem. The corollas are narrow, tubular, and two-lipped, varying in -color from lavender to white and commonly marked with small purple dots. -The tubular calyx has five very narrow lobes, which are hairy and as -long as the tube; the throat of the calyx is closed by a dense ring of -white hairs. - -Growing in erect clumps one to two feet high, the plants form -conspicuous patches along highways and cover many pastures. The leaves -are short-stalked and narrowed at both ends, the margins being sharply -toothed. The purple floral leaves are oblong, with the midrib prolonged -into a slender bristle or awn. These numerous bracts curve downward and -overlap, the lower ones being longer. - -The purple horsemint is common on plains from Mexico to Missouri and -Kansas and ranges eastward to Florida. It blooms from May to August but -is most profuse in June. - -The monardas are North American plants named in honor of Nicolas -Monardes, a Spanish physician and botanist. Some are valued for their -perfume oils, and some have a slight medicinal value. The purple -horsemint is rich in nectar, but the honey produced is not of the first -quality. The dried plants are used in hens’ nests to drive off mites and -fleas. - -Plains Lemon Monarda (_Monarda pectinata_) is the common horsemint on -the dry western plains in the state and ranges to Arizona and Nebraska. -The flowers are pink or white but are not spotted with purple. The -floral leaves are lance-shaped. - - [Illustration: PRAIRIE SAGE RED SAGE] - -Prairie Sage (_Salvia pitcheri_) grows in scattered clumps throughout -the central prairie region from Texas to Illinois and Minnesota. Because -of its sky-blue, tubular, 2-lipped flowers, it is one of the plants most -easily identified. The gray-green leaves have the characteristic sage -odor and can be used for sage tea. The plants are two to three feet high -and bloom from late spring to November. - -Red Sage or Salvia. Indian Fire (_Salvia coccinea_) is a hardy plant in -cultivation and blooms nearly all the year. It is native to the Gulf -States, in Texas growing in woods near the coast. The red flowers are -nearly an inch long. - -There are nearly five hundred salvias known. Three European species are -cultivated for their leaves, and many others are grown for ornamental -purposes. The common bedding salvia is _Salvia splendens_, native of -Brazil. The handsomest flower in the state is the red-flowered _Salvia -regla_, found in a few mountain canyons in West Texas. Cancer weed -(_Salvia lyrata_) is the common salvia of East Texas woods. - - [Illustration: TEXAS SAGE BLUE SAGE] - -Blue Sage. Blue Salvia (_Salvia farinacea_) is a lovely plant which is -native and abundant in the limestone regions of the state. It has long -been known in cultivation, being especially adapted for rock gardens and -highway plantings. It blooms with renewed activity after every rain from -April to November. The corollas are usually purple but vary to blue and -white. They have a narrow upper lip which is velvety with violet hairs -on its outer surface. The calyx is velvety with violet-gray hairs. The -stems grow from perennial roots and form clumps two to three feet high. - -Texas Salvia. Texas Sage (_Salviastrum texanum_) blooms from March to -May, growing in a low bushy clump 12-18 inches high on limestone -hillsides from Central Texas to New Mexico. The spikes are densely -covered with lavender flowers about an inch long. Unlike the true -salvias, it has a flaring calyx which is densely bearded in the throat. - - - - - POTATO FAMILY (Solanaceae) - - - [Illustration: PURPLE NIGHTSHADE] - -Leaves alternate; calyx 4-6-lobed; petals united, 5; stamens 5, on -corolla-tube, anthers often opening by apical pores; ovary 2-celled; -fruit a capsule or berry. - -Purple Nightshade (_Solanum elaeagnifolium_) is sometimes called -silver-leaved nightshade or “trompillo.” Although bearing lovely -star-shaped lavender flowers, the purple nightshade is considered a -pernicious weed in fields and gardens. It grows from deep, woody -perennial roots and blooms profusely even in seasons of drouth from May -to October. It is found on plains from Missouri to Texas and Arizona. -The branched plants grow 1-3 ft. high and are more or less covered with -prickles. The yellow fruits resemble small tomatoes and remain on the -old stalks for months. They are said to be poisonous. - -Torrey’s Nightshade (_Solanum torreyi_) is a plant similar to the purple -nightshade, but it has broader, irregularly-toothed leaves and larger -flowers and seldom grows as high. - -The solanum group comprises nearly a thousand species and includes many -well-known plants, among which are the Irish potato and the egg-plant. -Bitter-sweet and Jerusalem cherry are cultivated for their showy fruits. -Several members of the group are said to be very poisonous. - - [Illustration: BUFFALO-BUR] - -Buffalo-Bur. Yellow Nightshade (_Solanum rostratum_) is a common weed in -waste places and on prairies from Tennessee to Mexico, but the spreading -plants are often covered with their yellow star blossoms. Children call -them sticker-weeds because of the vicious prickles on the foliage. They -are also called tread-softly, Texas nettle, prickly potato, and -bumble-bee bush, the latter name being given because of the numerous bee -visitors. The name of buffalo-bur dates back to the days when buffaloes -roamed the plains, the prickly fruits clinging to the shaggy coats of -the huge beasts. - -The yellow flowers which bloom from May to October resemble those of the -purple nightshade in shape and size. The stamens of the nightshades shed -their pollen through small openings at the top of the pollen-sac. The -buffalo-bur has one stamen very much larger than the other four. The -leaves are once or twice divided into broad rounded segments. The -berries are enclosed in the enlarged and spiny calyx. - - [Illustration: LOW GROUND CHERRY PURPLE GROUND CHERRY] - -Low Ground Cherry (_Physalis mollis_) is a common weed throughout the -state and ranges to Arkansas, Mexico, and California. The flowers and -fruits are usually hidden beneath the leaves. The fruit, a berry very -much like a small tomato, is enclosed in the enlarged sac-like calyx. -The scientific name is from the Greek word meaning “bladder” and refers -to the inflated calyx. Some ground cherries are cultivated for their -fruits which are edible and are used for making preserves and pies. - -Purple Ground Cherry (_Physalis lobata_) flaunts its gay purple flowers -for all to see. The plant has low, spreading branches which are covered -with purple blooms, one inch broad. It ranges from Mexico to Kansas and -California, blooming in Texas from spring to fall. - -The potato family includes the tomato and tobacco plants. Wild tobacco -(_Nicotiana repanda_) is very abundant in the southern part of the -state. The white flowers resemble those of the cultivated petunia, which -also belongs to this family. - - - - - FIGWORT FAMILY (Scrophulariaceae) - - - [Illustration: PURPLE PAINT-BRUSH CENIZO] - -Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled; sepals, 4-5; corolla tubular, -4-5-lobed, 2-lipped; stamens often 4, in pairs on corolla-tube, sterile -stamen often present; ovary 2-celled, superior. - -Purple Paint-Brush (_Castilleja purpurea_) grows on limestone slopes and -rocky prairies in North-central Texas. The low stems grow from a woody -perennial root. The flowers and floral leaves are both conspicuously -colored, varying from rose to purple. The divided leaves are a lovely -ashy-gray. - -Leucophyllum. White Leaf. Cenizo (_Leucophyllum texanum_) covers -hillsides in the southern and southwestern parts of the state. The low -bushes seldom grow more than three or four feet high. It is a startling -and lovely sight to see a hillside which was a mass of gray transformed -overnight into a delicate hue of lavender. This happens shortly after -heavy rains, and for this reason the plant is sometimes called barometer -bush. Leucophyllum has been widely introduced as a shrub in Texas -gardens, where the ashy-gray leaves are quite effective against dark -green shrubbery. The name is Greek and means “white leaf.” - - [Illustration: SCARLET PAINT-BRUSH] - -Scarlet Paint-Brush (_Castilleja indivisa_) is also called Indian -paint-brush, painted-cup, entire-leaved paint brush, and Indian pink. -One of the most inspiring landscape displays of native flowers is formed -by the scarlet paint-brush. It is found in sandy soil from the -northeastern to southwestern parts of the state and blooms from March to -May but is at its best in April. The paint-brush display of red is -equalled or excelled only by that of two other wild-flower favorites—the -red Drummond’s phlox in south-central sandy regions and the beautiful -gaillardia of black land prairies. - -The intense scarlet-red is due to the coloring of the broadened floral -leaves (bracts) at the tip of the stem. These bracts almost hide the -inconspicuous cream-colored flowers which are about an inch long. The -bracts are oblong, the tips being broader than the base and deeply -stained with scarlet. - -The scarlet paint-brush is an annual plant, commonly six to twelve -inches high, and is sometimes branched at the base. The leaves are -rough-nerved and wavy-margined. Occasionally the leaves have two linear -basal lobes somewhat like those of the eastern or swamp scarlet -paint-brush (_Castilleja coccinea_), which has similar flower clusters -but grows in swampy places. - -The castillejas are mostly Western American plants, some being parasitic -on the roots of other plants. They are named in honor of D. Castillejo, -a Spanish botanist. In addition to the scarlet and purple paint-brushes, -several other castillejas are found in the state. Lindheimer’s -paint-brush (_Castilleja lindheimeri_) is very much like the purple -paint-brush, but it has red or orange bracts. It is a perennial plant -which grows on limestone hillsides of Southwest-central Texas. The -woolly-stemmed paint-brush (_Castilleja lanata_) has woolly-gray stems -and leaves and red flower clusters. It may be noticed in chaparral -thickets and canyons in West Texas. - - [Illustration: TEXAS TOAD-FLAX SMALL-FLOWERED BEARD-TONGUE] - -Small-Flowered Pentstemonor or Beard-Tongue (_Pentstemon laxiflorus_) -grows in the sandy soil of post oak woods in Central and East Texas. The -slender stems are 1-2 ft. high and are topped by slender-stalked flower -clusters. The corollas are a pale lavender, about an inch long. This is -a very common plant in the state and has been given various names by -botanists, the latest one being _laxiflorus_. It is a close relative, -probably a variety, of the slender beard-tongue (_Pentstemon gracilis_) -of moist prairies from Minnesota to Oklahoma. - -Texas Toad-Flax (_Linaria texana_) has pale blue flowers similar to -those of the Canada toad-flax. The corollas have a slender spur about -half an inch long. The slender stems are 1-2 feet high, growing from a -cluster of basal leaves which are finely divided into somewhat rounded -segments. It is widespread in sandy soil from Florida to California and -blooms early in the spring. - -Many other figworts are found in the state. The nearest relative to the -garden snapdragon is the climbing snapdragon (_Maurandia -antirrhiniflora_). Mullein is widespread in the state. The common -monkey-flower is _Mimulus glabratus_. - - [Illustration: LARGE-FLOWERED BEARD-TONGUE] - -Large-Flowered Beard-Tongue or Pentstemon (_Pentstemon cobaea_) is also -known as false foxglove, dew flowers, fairy thimbles, wild belladonna, -and balmony. It was called “balmony” by early settlers, who made a tea -from the leaves to be used as a laxative. Several erect stems from -perennial roots grow on the rocky slopes of prairies from Texas to -Missouri and Kansas. It blooms in Texas in April and May. - -The flowering spikes of bell-shaped flowers are large and showy. The -corollas are usually pale, tinged with reddish-purple and marked with -darker lines. The fifth stamen is sparingly bearded. The stems are 1-1½ -feet high, and the flowers are 1½-2 inches long. The leaves are broad -and partly clasping at the base, the margins usually indented with sharp -teeth. It is thought that the common garden pentstemon is a hybrid -derived from this beard-tongue and Hartwig’s pentstemon, a Mexican -plant. - - [Illustration: SCARLET PENTSTEMON] - -Scarlet Pentstemon or Beard-Tongue. Murray’s Pentstemon (_Pentstemon -murrayanus_) is a very lovely plant growing in sandy soil in post oak -woods of Central and East Texas and Arkansas. The plants are three feet -high, the reddish stems having a few opposite, clasping leaves, those on -the upper part being united and cup-shaped. The foliage is very smooth -and has a somewhat downy covering. - -The flowering upper portion of the stem is often over a foot long and -bears a profusion of tubular scarlet flowers about an inch long. The -stamens extend beyond the corolla, and the fifth stamen is not bearded. -The long slender style remains on the capsule long after the corollas -have fallen away. The flowers usually bloom the latter part of March in -South Texas and the middle of April in North Texas. The plants are quite -hardy and may be successfully transplanted or grown from seeds, but -should be planted in sandy soil. - -“Pentstemon” is Greek meaning “five stamens.” Nearly all members of the -figwort family have only four stamens, but the pentstemons have five; -however, the fifth stamen does not bear a pollen-sac and is often -bearded. “Beard-tongue” refers to this bearded stamen. There are nearly -a hundred and fifty species of pentstemons, about thirty of them being -found in Texas. With the exception of one found in Southeastern Asia, -they are all North American plants. - -Murray’s pentstemon is quite similar to two red-flowered pentstemons of -the mountains of West Texas. These two are likewise tall, vigorous -plants and have showy clusters of flowers. Torrey’s pentstemon -(_Pentstemon barbatus torreyi_) has narrow pointed leaves, and the -superb pentstemon (_Pentstemon superbus_) has broad oblong leaves. The -common blue-flowered pentstemon in West Texas is _Pentstemon fendleri_, -with leaves nearly as broad as long. - - - - - TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY (Bignoniaceae) - - - [Illustration: DESERT WILLOW] - -Leaves opposite, mostly compound; flowers showy, often 2-lipped; calyx -tubular, 5-lobed; petals 5, united; stamens 4 or 2, in pairs on -corolla-tube; capsules often long, with winged seeds. - -Desert Willow (_Chilopsis linearis_), also called flowering willow, -willow-leaved catalpa, and “mimbre,” is a common shrub along water -courses from West Texas to Southern California and Northern Mexico. When -it is not in flower or fruit, it may be mistaken for the black willow -(_Salix nigra_), which has similar leaves. The delicate, lavender, -trumpet-shaped flowers are about two inches long. White and -pale-lavender forms occur. It is a shrub or small tree frequently -cultivated for ornament in Texas and California. It blooms from May -through the summer months. Mexicans use the wood for fence-posts and the -branches for baskets. A tea made from the flowers is used as a remedy -for heart and lung diseases. - -Several other members of this family are native to the state and are -well-known in cultivation. Among these are the red-flowered -trumpet-creeper (_Campsis radicans_), the yellow-red cross-vine -(_Bignonia capreolata_), the catalpa found in East Texas woods, and the -yellow-elder (_Tecoma stans_) in South Texas and the mountains of West -Texas. - - - - - ACANTHUS FAMILY (Acanthaceae) - - - [Illustration: FLAME ACANTHUS] - -Leaves opposite; calyx 4-5-lobed; sepals 5; petals 5, united, sometimes -2-lipped; stamens on tube, 2 or 4 in 2 pairs; fruit a capsule, often -club-shaped, opening elastically. - -Flame Acanthus (_Anisacanthus wrightii_) is covered with scarlet flowers -from early summer until frost. It is a low, widely branched shrub, about -2 feet high, found in rocky soil of the mountains of West Texas. The -corollas have a narrow tube and five narrow, spreading lobes which are -nearly equal but somewhat 2-lipped. The two stamens and the style extend -beyond the corolla. The small leaves are ovate-lanceolate in shape and -are 1-2 inches long. - -The flame acanthus is an excellent garden shrub for dry regions and has -been known in cultivation for some time. This species is named in honor -of Charles Wright, an early collector of Texas plants and one of the -first teachers in the state. Wright was a Yale graduate who collected -plants in Texas from 1837 to 1852 for Dr. Asa Gray of Harvard -University. He accompanied a baggage train to El Paso in 1849, and in -1851 he joined the Graham Boundary Survey. On both of these trips he -collected many plants not previously known to science. - - [Illustration: WILD PETUNIA] - -Wild Petunia. Ruellia (_Ruellia nudiflora_) has flowers very much like -those of the cultivated petunia, a member of the potato family. It is a -very common plant in Central and South Texas, growing in open woods or -on rich prairies. It frequently takes possession of lawns and flower -beds. - -The plants are erect, 12-16 inches high, and have few branches. The few -leaves are oval, narrowed at the base, wavy-margined, and blunt or -rounded at the apex. The forking flower clusters have one to five -flowers open at the same time. The flowers do not last very long. Leaves -and stem are often marked with red or purple. - -The delicate, funnel-shaped corollas have five spreading lobes and are -about two inches long. The four stamens are inclosed in the tube. The -seed-capsules are nearly an inch long and turn brown as they mature. - -This ruellia was formerly confused with _Ruellia tuberosa_, a tropical -plant with tuberous roots. The ruellias belong to a large group of -plants with about 200 species most of which are found in tropical South -America. They are named for Jean de la Ruelle, an early French physician -and botanist. - -There are several other ruellias widely distributed in the wooded -sections of the state. The hairy ruellia (_Ruellia ciliosa_) is abundant -on the prairies in Texas and the Eastern States. Miss Eaton, in an -article in the _National Geographic_ in 1925, reports that -carpenter-bees use circular pieces of the corolla to plug off their -nesting cells made in tunnels in soft wood. Drummond’s ruellia (_Ruellia -drummondiana_) is found in woods in Central Texas. The flowers are -rather small and are nearly hidden by the leaves. - - - - - PLANTAIN FAMILY (Plantaginaceae) - - - [Illustration: TALLOW-WEED RED-SEEDED PLANTAIN] - -Herbs; leaves basal; calyx 4-lobed; corolla papery, 3-4-lobed; stamens -4, on corolla-tube; capsule (in ours) opening by a horizontal division. - -Tallow-Weed. Wright’s Plantain (_Plantago wrightiana_) is a common plant -on prairies from Texas to Arizona and blooms from April to June. It is -called tallow-weed because cattle fatten on the plants. The stems are -6-8 in. high, and the numerous basal leaves are half as long, narrow, -smooth, and dark green. The small 4-lobed flowers have a stiff, papery -white corolla with spreading lobes. The small capsules open by a lid. - -Red-Seeded Plantain or Ribwort (_Plantago rhodosperma_) has broad -leaves, 3-5-ribbed, and narrow spikes of flowers. The leaf-rosettes are -often a foot broad. The corolla lobes are erect and are closed over one -another. The ribwort is a very common weed in sandy soil from Missouri -to Texas and Arizona. - -There are many other plantains in the state, all more or less abundant. -The group has retained the old Latin name. Scilla-seed, a laxative in -recent use, is obtained from a South American plantain. The seeds of the -lance-leaved plantain are sold as food for birds. - - - - - MADDER FAMILY (Rubiaceae) - - - [Illustration: SMALL BLUET LEAST BLUET] - -Leaves opposite or whorled; in ours, sepals and petals usually 4, but -may be 4-10, calyx joining ovary wall; stamens 4-10, on corolla-tube; -ovary inferior, 2-5-celled. - -Small Bluet (_Houstonia patens_) has violet-blue flowers which are among -the first blossoms of spring. They dot golf courses and sandy meadows -from Texas to Virginia and Illinois in February and March. The bluets -are also called innocence and angel-eyes. - -Least Bluet (_Houstonia minima_) is a smaller plant than the small -bluet, but the flowers are a little larger and are pale pink. They bloom -at the same time of year and may often be found together. The least -bluet ranges from Texas to Illinois and Kansas. - -The madder-family is mainly tropical but is represented in Texas by -nearly forty species. Nearly all of these have inconspicuous, 4-lobed -white flowers and include many bedstraws and bluets, the button-weed, -and button-bush. From some members of the family valuable commercial -products—coffee, quinine, and a red dye—are obtained; the cape-jasmine -or gardenia is a well-known ornamental plant. - - [Illustration: BOUVARDIA BABY’S BREATH] - -Baby’s Breath. Narrow-Leaved Houstonia (_Houstonia angustifolia_) is not -the garden plant (_Gypsophila paniculata_) which is known as baby’s -breath, but it is equally dainty. The stems grow from woody perennial -roots and form erect clumps about a foot high. The small flowers are -borne in flat-topped clusters and vary in color from white to pale pink -or lavender. This plant is widely distributed on prairies from Illinois -to Texas and Florida. - -Bouvardia (_Bouvardia ternifolia_) is a low shrub, 2-6 ft. high, which -grows in the mountains west of the Pecos River to Arizona and Mexico. -The leaves are short and grow in whorls of 3’s or 4’s. The narrow, red -tubular flowers are about one inch long. The Bouvardias were once -popular as greenhouse plants but are little used now. This one was -introduced into England more than one hundred years ago. - - - - - HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY (Caprifoliaceae) - - - [Illustration: CORAL HONEYSUCKLE] - -Usually shrubs; leaves opposite; calyx joining ovary wall, 5-lobed; -corolla 5-lobed, tubular and often 2-lipped; stamens 4-5, on -corolla-tube; ovary inferior; fruit a fleshy berry. - -Southern Woodbine. Coral or Trumpet Honeysuckle (_Lonicera -sempervirens_) is quite common in the woods of East Texas and other -Southern States, blooming in Texas in late March and continuing until -fall. It is an evergreen vine that has been widely introduced into -cultivation. The flowers are not so conspicuously two-lipped as in the -white honeysuckle, the corolla-lobes being nearly equal. The scarlet -berries are ¼ inch long, ripening in the summer. This is one of a number -of plants which are commonly called woodbine. The group was named in -honor of Adam Lonitzer, an early German botanist. - -The black haw (_Viburnum prunifolium_) is very abundant in Texas woods. -The showy ball-like clusters of white flowers appear with the leaves in -April and May, following the dogwood and red haws. The American elder -(_Sambucus canadensis_) is found along streams in Central and East -Texas. - - [Illustration: WHITE HONEYSUCKLE] - -White Honeysuckle (_Lonicera albiflora_) is a straggling bush which -usually grows in the shelter of a tree. The pale broad, oval leaves are -opposite and united at their bases, the uppermost pair being cup-shaped -and surrounding the cluster of flowers borne at the tip of the stem. The -fragrant flowers are less than an inch long with a narrow tube and 5 -lobes, the lower lobe long and narrow and the 4 upper shorter, very much -like those of the common cultivated Japanese honeysuckle. The five -spreading stamens extend conspicuously beyond the corolla. - -This plant blooms in April and May. It is scattered throughout the -central and western parts of the state, being especially abundant in the -western mountains, and ranges to Arkansas and Arizona. The Japanese -honeysuckle has escaped cultivation in places along the bayous of East -Texas. - - - - - VALERIAN FAMILY (Valerianaceae) - - - [Illustration: LAMB’S LETTUCE] - -Leaves opposite; calyx of several bristles or absent; petals 2-5, partly -united; stamens usually 4, on corolla-tube; ovary inferior, 3-celled but -only 1 cell fertile. - -Lamb’s Lettuce. Texas or Dwarf Corn Salad (_Valerianella amarella_) is -one of the first white-flowered spring plants, growing in such abundance -that the prairies are white with the blooms. It is a much smaller plant -than the dwarf Queen Anne’s lace which is so lovely late in April and -May. In the field it is usually about 6 in. high but grows a little -higher in cultivation when used as a border plant. It is easily -identified by its flat-topped clusters of flowers grouped in squares at -the end of the widely forking branches. The smooth foliage is -yellow-green in color. - -There are several corn salads which grow in moist places in the state. -The dwarf corn salad may readily be distinguished from these, as its -minute seed-pod is covered with woolly hairs. The European corn salad is -cultivated, and the leaves are used for salad. - - - - - GOURD FAMILY (Cucurbitaceae) - - - [Illustration: WILD BALSAM GOURD] - -Tendrils mostly present, stems often prostrate; flowers usually -unisexual; calyx tubular, 5-lobed; petals united or separate; stamens -usually 3, one anther always 1-celled, the other two 2-celled; ovary -inferior. - -Wild Balsam Gourd (_Ibervillea lindheimeri_) has bright scarlet balls -about an inch in diameter and makes conspicuous spots of color on fences -in the fall. The vine is slender, bearing small yellow flowers in the -spring. The fruits are green at first, turning orange and then a scarlet -red. Sometimes they are a little longer than broad and pointed at the -end. The few leaves are thick and deeply 3-5-lobed. It ranges from Texas -to California. - -The garden balsam (_Impatiens balsamina_) bears no relation to this -plant. The vines in cultivation known as balsam apple and balsam pear -are, however, members of the gourd family and were introduced from the -Old World tropics. Watermelons, cantaloupes, cucumbers, squashes, -pumpkins, and gourds are well-known members of the gourd family. - - [Illustration: WILD GOURD] - -Wild Gourd. Mock Orange (_Cucurbita foetidissima_) has long trailing -stems which are often 15 feet long and may be 25 feet long. It is -readily distinguished by its large gray-green triangular leaves which -are somewhat 3-5-lobed. The leaf-blades are 4-12 inches long, and the -leaf-stalk is about half the length of the blade. The star-shaped yellow -flowers, about three inches broad, are almost hidden by the leaves, the -staminate and pistillate flowers being borne on different plants. - -The ovoid gourds, which at first are green variegated with a lighter -green, turn quite yellow at maturity. The resemblance of the yellow -fruit to oranges has given rise to the common name, mock orange. The -gourds are about three inches long. They are not edible, as the pulp is -fibrous and bitter. Mexicans use the plant as a soap substitute by -mashing the gourds or the roots in water. They call it “chilicoyote” or -“calabacilla.” The pumpkins and squashes, whose origin is somewhat -obscure, are close relatives of the gourd. - - - - - BELL-FLOWER FAMILY (Campanulaceae) - - - [Illustration: VENUS’ LOOKING-GLASS WESTERN VENUS’ LOOKING-GLASS] - -Juice usually milky; leaves alternate; calyx tube joined to ovary, -3-10-lobed; corolla tubular or bell-shaped, sepals and petals usually 5; -stamens 5; ovary inferior, 2-10-celled. - -Venus’ Looking-Glass (_Specularia perfoliata_) is a very common American -plant blooming in Texas in the early spring. Like the later flowers of -many violets, the first flowers never open and are self-fertilized. The -later flowers have a showy 5-lobed purple corolla about an inch long. -The seeds are dispersed from a small opening in the lower part of the -capsule. The leaves are small and clasping, usually broader than long. - -Western Venus’ Looking-Glass (_Specularia leptocarpa_) has flowers very -much like the preceding, but the stamens and calyx lobes are longer. The -long, slender capsules have the opening pore near the top. The showy -flowers appear in late April and May. This plant is abundant on the -northern prairies of Texas and ranges to Missouri and Montana. - - [Illustration: PRAIRIE LOBELIA TEXAS HAREBELL] - -Texas Harebell. Bluebell (_Campanula reverchonii_) is one of the rarer -plants in the state, and care should be taken to preserve it. It is -lovely against the granite rocks and boulders of Central Texas. The -dainty, slender plants are often much branched and have blue flowers -about half an inch long. The bluebell of Scotland is a renowned member -of the group; Canterbury bells and the balloon-flower are well-known in -gardens. - - - - - LOBELIA FAMILY (Lobeliaceae) - - -Juice often milky; sepals 5; corolla 1-2-lipped, united; stamens 5, -anthers joined into a tube. - -Prairie Lobelia (_Lobelia brachypoda_) grows on sandy prairies in -Southern Texas and the adjacent part of Mexico. It is very abundant west -of Falfurrias in March. The Texas lobelias may usually be recognized by -the five united stamens which have gray anthers bearded at the top. The -plants often have a milky sap containing a poisonous alkaloid which is -used in medicine. The red cardinal flower (_Lobelia splendens_) is -rather widely scattered in moist places throughout the state but is rare -enough to need protection. - - - - - COMPOSITE FAMILY (Compositae) - - - [Illustration: BALDWIN’S IRONWEED] - -Flowers crowded into heads surrounded by bracts; outer flowers often -strap-shaped and are called ray flowers; inner flowers are tubular and -are called disk flowers; sometimes flowers are all of one type; calyx -usually modified into bristles or awns (pappus); petals united, tubular, -4-5-lobed; stamens 5, anthers united into a tube; styles 2-lobed; ovary -1-celled, inferior. (See p. xii.) - -Baldwin’s Ironweed (_Vernonia baldwinii_) has broad, flat-topped -clusters of purple heads. It forms a pleasing contrast to the abundant -yellow flowers of the summer months. The plant is a hardy perennial and -grows in ditches and river bottoms from Central Texas to Iowa. The stems -are 3-4 feet high and conspicuously leafy. The ironweeds get their -common name from the fact that the stems are very hard and difficult for -farmers to chop down. - -About one-fifth of the plants found in Texas belong to the composite -family. It is generally divided into groups or tribes, the more -important being the ironweed, mist-flower, aster, everlasting, -sunflower, bitterweed, dog-fennel, and thistle groups. The composites in -this book are grouped together in tribes in the above order, but the -tribes are not separated or differentiated. Identification of composites -is much easier if the resemblance to a particular group can be noted. - - [Illustration: BLUE MIST-FLOWER BLUFF THOROUGHWORT] - -Bluff Thoroughwort (_Eupatorium ageratifolium_) is a widely branched -shrub of the rocky hillsides of Central and West Texas. The bushes are -covered with flat-topped clusters of pale-pink or white flowers. The -long, protruding styles, which are divided into two recurved parts, have -given the name of mist-flower to this and other plants of the group. - -Milk-sick plant (_Eupatorium ageratoides_) is a closely related plant -which causes in cattle a disease called “trembles.” The milk from -affected cows will cause sickness and death among humans. The -late-flowering thoroughwort (_Eupatorium serotinum_) is very abundant in -river bottoms throughout the state. Yankee-weed (_Eupatorium -compositifolium_) grows in big feathery clumps often 10 feet high. It is -a pernicious weed in East Texas and soon covers cut-over pine lands. The -dried flower-tops of several species were used by pioneers as fever -medicines. One of these plants was called Joe-pye weed in honor of the -Indian doctor, Joe Pye. - -Blue Mist-Flower (_Conoclinium coelestinum_) is sometimes called -ageratum and is used for a summer and fall border plant. It grows in -moist, shaded places from Central Texas to New Jersey. - -[Illustration: PRAIRIE BLAZING STAR DWARF GOLDENROD TALL GOLDENROD] - -Prairie Blazing Star. Button Snakeroot (_Laciniaria punctata_) is -sometimes called liatris from the scientific group to which these plants -are sometimes referred. A similar prairie blazing star is called -gay-feather. On the dry prairies in the western part of the state the -blazing star has short stems and short spikes of flowers; but where -moisture is more abundant, the plants are one to two feet high. The -plant does well in cultivation and is easily grown from the seed. It -ranges from Southern Canada to Texas and New Mexico. - -The stems are closely covered with the narrow leaves, which are marked -with minute glandular dots. The spikes are densely covered with long, -narrow heads of purple flowers. There are only a few star-shaped tubular -flowers in a head. The seeds are widely scattered by their crown of -plumose bristles. The lovely spikes are often dried for winter bouquets. - -Many eastern blazing stars are found in the woods of East Texas, where -they make showy displays from July to October. They are called -snakeroots from their reputed property of curing snake-bites. A tea made -from the plant will cause profuse perspiration; the perspiration was -probably responsible for the reported snake-bite cures. They are also -called devil’s bit or devil’s bite, because of the bitten-off appearance -of the rootstock. The rootstock was considered such a powerful remedy -for human ills that the devil bit off a part for spite. - -Tall Goldenrod (_Solidago altissima_) grows 2-8 ft. high, has rough -leaves which are sharply toothed and prominently triple-nerved, and is -topped by dense clusters of yellow flowers. Most of the goldenrods are -widely distributed in North America; the tall goldenrod is abundant in -dry soil from Maine to Nebraska and Texas. - -Gray, Field, or Dwarf Goldenrod (_Solidago nemoralis_) has flower heads -all turned to one side of the branches which top the slender wand-like -stems. The stems are one half to two feet high. This is one of the most -abundant goldenrods in the central and western parts of the state from -July to November and ranges from Canada to Florida and Arizona. - -In Texas the goldenrods are usually found only in moist soil, many -eastern species growing profusely in East Texas. The three-nerved -goldenrod (_Solidago trinervata_) is the common one in Southwest Texas. - - [Illustration: STIFF GOLDENROD] - -Stiff or Hard-Leaved Goldenrod (_Solidago rigida_) is one of about -thirty-five goldenrods found in the state. It belongs to the type which -is responsible for the common name, as the yellow flowers are in heads -arranged in rod-like clusters at the top of the stem. The scientific -name of “Solidago,” meaning “to make whole,” had its origin in the -healing properties of certain species. - -The stiff goldenrod grows in dry rocky or sandy soil east of the Rocky -Mountains from Southern Canada to Texas. It grows 1½-2 feet high and has -broad leaves 1-2 inches long. Lindheimer’s goldenrod (_Solidago -lindheimeriana_) is a similar stout, leafy-stemmed plant which is -abundant in Central Texas and ranges to Kansas and Mexico. Bigelow’s -goldenrod (_Solidago bigelovii_) is another species with rod-like -clusters. It is found in the mountainous regions of West Texas and New -Mexico. - - [Illustration: BROOM-WEED] - -Broom-Weed. Kindling-Weed (_Amphiachyris dracunculoides_) is a pasture -pest in the southern part of the Great Plains region. The slender stem -is unbranched near the base, but above the middle the numerous spreading -branches form a flat-topped plant which bears many small heads of yellow -flowers. The plants are often 2-4 feet high and grow in dense masses. It -has been used as a broom by early settlers, Mexicans, and children at -play. The resinous foliage of the dried plants was also highly valued -for kindling fires. - -The broom-weed is closely related to the rabbit-brush which is so -abundant in West Texas and New Mexico. The Texas rabbit-brush -(_Gutierrezia texana_) of West Texas is so much like the broom-weed that -only a close observer can distinguish them. Both have 5-8 flowers with -strap-shaped corollas in the outer part of the head and a few tubular -flowers in the center; both bloom in the late summer and fall. - - [Illustration: CAMPHOR DAISY TEXAS GUMWEED] - -Camphor Daisy (_Heterotheca subaxillaris_), so called because of the -camphor-like odor of the rough foliage, is a common summer pest to the -farmer. The plants often grow 3 feet high and are much branched, bearing -heads of golden-yellow flowers nearly an inch across. The upper leaves -are broad and clasping, but the lower are narrowed at the base. The -scientific name refers to the dissimilar fruits of the ray and disk -flowers, those of the ray flowers having no bristles. It ranges from -Delaware to Arizona and Mexico. - -Texas Gumweed (_Grindelia texana_) belongs to a group easily recognized -because of its sticky, bur-like heads and thick leaves. This one is -common on rocky limestone slopes in Central Texas in the fall and ranges -to Southwest Missouri. The wand-like stems, covered with the overlapping -leaves, are topped by large heads of yellow flowers. Many gumweeds are -found in Texas. Some of them were used to relieve colds, asthma, and -rheumatism. - - [Illustration: BIG GUMWEED] - -Big Gumweed. Saw-Leaf Daisy (_Prionopsis ciliata_) is easily recognized -by its straight, stiff stalks which are closely covered with broad oval -leaves. Dense masses of the sentinel-like plants may be seen along -fence-rows in North-central and West Texas in August and September. It -ranges north to Kansas and Missouri. The stems are topped by short -clusters of large heads, 2-3 inches broad. The leaves are thick, gummy, -and closely beset with bristle-tipped teeth. Sometimes an injury to the -stem may cause it to become widely branched. - -The scientific name means “resembling a saw” and refers to the -leaf-margins. It is not a true gumweed but has similar bur-like heads. -It differs from the gumweeds in having several unequal hair-like -bristles on the seed, whereas the seeds of gumweeds have 2-8 stiff -bristles. - - [Illustration: YELLOW SLEEPY DAISY] - -Yellow Sleepy Daisy (_Xanthisma texanum_) is a yellow daisy with lazy -habits, for the heads do not open until noon. It is close kin to the -white lazy daisy (_Aphanostephus skirrobasis_), and the two may often be -found growing in the same fields. The large heads of lemon-yellow -flowers are quite showy and attractive, 1½ inches broad, solitary at the -ends of the branches. The ray flowers are narrow, about one inch long, -and conspicuously lance-shaped at the tips. - -This plant blooms in the late spring and summer and is found on sandy -prairies or open woods in Central Texas. It is an annual, the stem -branched above, commonly about 1-1½ feet high. The leaves are glossy -green, somewhat narrow, and one to two inches long. It has been -introduced into cultivation in the North and East. The name is Greek, -meaning “dyed yellow.” - - [Illustration: BERLANDIER’S GOLDEN ASTER IRON FLOWER] - -Berlandier’s Golden Aster (_Chrysopsis berlandieri_) is common on -roadside banks and prairies of Central and West Texas. Growing from a -perennial root, the branched stems sprawl in clumps about a foot broad -and are thick with yellow heads soon after a heavy rain. The heads are -nearly an inch broad, the flowers all yellow. The leaves are whitish and -somewhat woolly. It blooms in the summer and fall. - -Spiny-Leaved Yellow Aster. Iron Flower (_Sideranthus spinulosus_) has -yellow heads much like the preceding, but the leaves are quite -different, being divided into narrow segments which are bristle-pointed -rather than spiny as the name indicates. “Sideranthus” means “iron -flower.” It is very abundant on prairies and hills in the western part -of the state and ranges to Canada and Mexico. It blooms from March to -October. The iron flowers are often called gold daisies. The southern -iron flower (_Sideranthus australis_) is common in Southwest Texas. - - [Illustration: WHITE LAZY DAISY OAK-LEAVED FLEABANE DAISY] - -White Lazy Daisy (_Aphanostephus skirrobasis_) grows very abundantly in -sandy soil in spring and summer. It ranges from Kansas to Mexico and -Florida. The morning traveller does not appreciate its beauty, for it is -truly a lazy daisy, not opening its heads until nearly noon. The plants -are usually branched and grow 6-18 inches high. The large, showy heads -are 1-2 inches across and are usually long-stalked. Unlike those of many -other daisies, the seeds are not topped by slender bristles but have an -inconspicuous crown, as is denoted by the scientific name, which is -Greek for “faint crown.” - -Oak-Leaved Fleabane Daisy (_Erigeron quercifolius_) is very abundant in -the spring in the East Texas woods and ranges through the Southern -States. The lower leaves resemble oak leaves, but those on the stem are -narrow and pointed. The numerous fleabane daisies in the state may be -readily recognized by means of the many, very narrow ray flowers which -are usually white, pale pink, or pale lavender. -Kiss-me-and-I’ll-tell-you (_Erigeron annuus_) is a taller daisy and is -very abundant in East Texas. - - [Illustration: DWARF WHITE ASTER DWARF BLUE ASTER] - -Dwarf Blue Aster (_Keerlia bellidiflora_) is a shade-loving, sprawling -plant growing in moist soil in Central Texas. Its small heads, less than -half an inch across, have the aster habit of closing at night and -opening in bright light. The outer ray flowers are bluish-lavender, and -the tubular inner flowers are yellow. It blooms from late March to May. - -Dwarf White Aster (_Chaetopappa asteroides_) is a very small and wiry -plant, growing two to ten inches high and becoming much branched with -age. The small narrow heads with white rays and yellow disk flowers are -less than half an inch broad. The leaves are narrow, commonly broader -about the middle, and about half an inch long. The scientific name -refers to the bristles on the seed. It is very abundant in sandy soil -throughout the state and ranges to Missouri and Mexico. It blooms from -March until early summer. - - [Illustration: ROADSIDE ASTER. BLACKWEED] - -Blackweed. Roadside Aster (_Aster exilis_) is probably the least showy -of the asters but is very abundant in Texas. It ranges from Kansas to -Texas and Florida. The white, daisy-like heads may be noted against the -dark-green foliage in roadside ditches, or it may appear as a violet -haze along the highway. Although it is considered one of the common lawn -pests in the fall, yet even there it is a thing of beauty; for when the -slender stems are cut, numerous branches spread out from the base, and -soon the grass is studded with the tiny white or lavender heads. Keepers -of bees on the coastal prairie highly prize it as the source of their -most palatable honey. - -Spiny Aster (_Aster spinosus_) is quite similar to the roadside aster -and has inconspicuous leaves which are sometimes reduced to spines. The -flower heads are less than an inch broad with white outer flowers. It -forms dense growths in river bottoms and along irrigation ditches and is -especially abundant in the vicinity of El Paso. - - [Illustration: LATE PURPLE ASTER TANSY ASTER] - -Late Purple Aster (_Aster patens_) shows its lovely heads in October and -November along the edges of post oak woods throughout the state. It is -easily recognized by the short, broad, and roughened leaves on the -wand-like stems. The illustration given is that of variety _gracilis_ -which is abundant in the vicinity of Fort Worth. Many asters are found -in the state, but very few make a conspicuous floral display except -along the coastal plain and river bottoms. - -Tansy Aster. Dagger-Flower (_Machaeranthera tanacetifolia_) has leaves -much like those of the spiny-leaved yellow aster, but the -purple-flowered heads are much larger and very showy, 1-2 inches broad. -The heads are surrounded by bracts with green spreading tips. The inner -tubular flowers are yellow but soon turn reddish-brown. It ranges from -Nebraska to Mexico and California. This is one of the loveliest flowers -on the western plains, blooming from May to October. - - [Illustration: OIL WILLOW] - -Narrow-Leaved Baccharis. Oil Willow (_Baccharis angustifolia_) looks -very much like the black willow, to which, however, it bears no -relationship. The leaves of baccharis have a resinous texture, and the -flowers appear in the late summer and fall. The pollen-bearing flowers -are not borne on the same shrub with the seed-bearing flowers. The -flowers, all small, inconspicuous, whitish, and tubular, are borne in a -narrow head of ovate bracts which soon turn brown. - -It is called the oil willow by some of the older residents because it is -said to be an indicator of oil, just as the black willow is said to be a -good indicator of water. It is also called brittle willow, false willow, -and resin willow. It grows in brackish marshes throughout the state and -may be found eastward to North Carolina. The soft white plumy bristles -on the seed give the shrub the feathery appearance of the Yankee-weed. -Along the coast in the southeastern part, the groundsel-tree or -pencil-tree (_Baccharis halimifolia_) is a lovely sight in the fall. - - [Illustration: LARGE RABBIT TOBACCO SMALL RABBIT TOBACCO] - -Large Rabbit Tobacco (_Filago prolifera_) is a low plant less than six -inches high with a few short branches at the top of the stem and -sometimes a few at the base. The flowers are small and inconspicuous, -being borne in woolly, rather flattened heads which are about half an -inch broad. It blooms from January to June and ranges from Texas to -South Dakota. - -Small Rabbit Tobacco (_Filago nivea_) is a smaller plant but is more -densely clothed with woolly hairs. The minute, ball-like heads are -clustered together. Both of these plants are also known as poverty-weed, -chewing gum, and ladies’ tobacco. Poverty-weed is a suitable name for -them in the sheep-grazing section of Central Texas which has been -heavily over-grazed. In many pastures they take the place of grasses as -a ground cover. The leaves may be chewed for gum. The rabbit tobacco is -closely related to the cudweeds and everlastings. The plantain-leaved -everlasting grows in moist woods in East Texas. - - [Illustration: SOUTHERN MARSH FLEABANE] - -Southern Marsh Fleabane (_Pluchea purpurascens_) grows only in marshes -or in continually moist places. The flowers are more rose-colored than -purplish, as the name would indicate, and the tawny bristles on the -seeds soon give a brownish tint to the heads. It often grows in pleasing -combination with the blue mist-flower. It ranges from Texas to Florida -and tropical America and blooms in the summer and fall. - -The plants are commonly about two feet high, the stems being unbranched -below and very leafy. The broad leaves are pointed at the tip and -narrowed into stalk-like bases except on the upper part of the stem. The -leaf-margins are irregularly toothed. The fragrant flowers are borne in -small oblong heads in a flat-topped cluster. - -The cudweeds are closely related to the marsh fleabane. They are -particularly abundant in the mountains of West Texas, the loveliest one -being Wright’s cudweed or everlasting (_Gnaphalium wrightii_), which has -white flowers and foliage. - - [Illustration: ROCK DAISY BLACKFOOT DAISY] - -Prairie Blackfoot Daisy. Mountain Daisy. Rock Daisy (_Melampodium -cinereum_) is very abundant on limestone slopes and in dry soil from -Texas to Arkansas, Kansas, and Arizona. The scientific name is from the -Greek words meaning “black foot” and refers to the blackened roots and -stalks. - -Blackfoot Daisy (_Melampodium ramosissimum_) grows from a black woody -base and has many branched stems which form a dense rounded mound one to -two feet broad. After sufficient rainfall from early spring until -winter, this mound is covered by the saucy heads of white daisy-like -flowers. The heads are about three-fourths inch across and have an outer -row of 8-11 broad white ray-flowers. This is the most vigorous one of -the blackfoot daisies and makes an excellent plant for the rock garden. -It grows in Southwest Texas. The seeds are enclosed in a thickened -cornucopia-like floral bract which has a flaring rim and many warty -projections. - - [Illustration: PRAIRIE ZINNIA TEXAS STAR DAISY] - -Texas Star Daisy. Lindheimer’s Daisy (_Lindheimera texana_) shows its -star-like flower heads early in the spring while the plants are low and -the leaves are closely clustered. By June the plants are tall and widely -branched above. This plant honors by its name Ferdinand J. Lindheimer, -an early settler of New Braunfels and editor of the “Neu Braunfelser -Zeitung.” Lindheimer began his collection of Texas plants in 1836 and -continued until his death in 1879. With the assistance of Dr. George -Engelmann of St. Louis and Dr. Asa Gray of Harvard University, -Lindheimer’s collections between 1842 and 1852, representing more than -1400 species of plants, were classified and distributed to the leading -herbaria of Europe and America. A part of this collection is owned by -the University of Texas Herbarium. - -Prairie Zinnia (_Zinnia grandiflora_) grows in low, rounded clumps from -Kansas to Mexico and Arizona and blooms from June to September. The -bright yellow ray flowers are nearly round and remain on the seeds. With -age they become papery, and the yellow disk flowers turn reddish-brown. -The common zinnia in cultivation was introduced from Mexico. - - [Illustration: CUT-LEAVED DAISY. ENGELMANN’S DAISY] - -Cut-Leaved Daisy. Engelmann’s Daisy (_Engelmannia pinnatifida_) is -closely related to the sunflowers but has the daisy habit of closing the -flower heads at night and opening them in bright sunlight. It is one of -the commonest plants on prairies from Kansas to Louisiana and Arizona -and grows in dense patches along roadsides and pastures from April to -July. - -The rough, hairy plants grow one to three feet high and are topped by -broad clusters of long-stalked, showy yellow heads which are 1½-2 inches -broad. The divided leaves are short-stalked on the lower part of the -stem and on the upper part have clasping basal lobes. - -This daisy honors the name of Dr. George Engelmann, an eminent botanist -of St. Louis, who died in 1884. - - [Illustration: NIGGERHEAD] - -Niggerhead. Thimble Flower (_Ratibida columnaris_) is also called -Mexican hat, niggertoe, “gallitos,” long-headed or prairie cone-flower, -and black-eyed Susan, though the last term is erroneously used. It is a -very handsome plant, which is widely distributed on plains from Southern -Canada to Arizona, Texas, and Tennessee. In South Texas it is at its -best in April and May; in North Texas it is lovely in late May and June. - -Numerous erect stems grow from a woody perennial root and are commonly -two to two and a half feet high. The long-stalked heads terminate the -branches. The leaves are finely divided into long narrow segments, both -leaves and stem being somewhat rough. - -The showy flowers have drooping, velvety rays which are entirely yellow -or reddish-brown or partly colored yellow and brown. The small tubular -flowers are brown and are borne on a thimble-shaped or columnar disk -which varies greatly in size on different flowers, sometimes being -nearly two inches long, but it is usually about an inch long. The disk -is gray-green before the flowers open. - -The dwarf niggerhead (_Ratibida tagetes_) is quite similar to the large -niggerhead in growth habit and coloring, but it is a smaller plant and -has smaller flowers. It is found from Kansas to Mexico on dry plains and -blooms a month later than the large niggerhead. - -The niggerhead belongs to a small group of showy American plants. It was -introduced into European gardens many years ago, whence it later made -its way back to American gardens. The niggerhead group is closely -related to the black-eyed Susan and other cone-flowers. Several giant -yellow-flowered cone-flowers grow in East Texas. - - [Illustration: CLASPING-LEAVED CONE-FLOWER BLACK-EYED SUSAN] - -Clasping-Leaved Cone-Flower (_Dracopis amplexicaulis_) makes a showy -display in roadside ditches from Central Texas to Louisiana and -Missouri. It is a handsome plant with smooth branched stems one to two -feet high. The slightly drooping rays commonly have brown spots at the -base but may be all yellow. It is often called niggerhead or black-eyed -Susan, but it may be distinguished from the latter by the thimble-shaped -heads, which are green before the brownish disk flowers open. In South -Texas it is at its best the latter part of April, but in North Texas -June is its best month. - -Black-Eyed Susan (_Rudbeckia hirta_) is a common daisy of the plains -region from Southern Canada to Texas and Florida. It is a rough, hairy -plant which grows from one to three feet high. Closely resembling it is -_Rudbeckia bicolor_, which has shorter ray flowers marked with a -reddish-brown base. The ray flowers of _Rudbeckia hirta_ may also show a -dark base. Both are widely cultivated. The group was named in honor of -Claus Rudbeck, a Swedish botanist. - - [Illustration: SAMPSON’S ROOT. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER] - -Sampson’s Root. Narrow-Leaved Purple Cone-Flower (_Echinachea -angustifolia_) is easily recognized by the spreading or somewhat -drooping rose-colored rays. The heads terminate the stiff, unbranched -stems which, like the narrow leaves, are very rough and bristly. The -stems grow one to two feet high and are scattered on limestone hillsides -but may occasionally be found in dense patches along the roadsides. The -leaves have three prominent nerves. - -The scientific name is derived from the Greek and refers to the stiff -reddish-brown chaff on the flower head. This chaff obscures the brown -disk flowers and remains on the heads long after the seeds have fallen. -This plant is hard to distinguish from the pale purple cone-flower -(_Echinachea pallida_), which grows in the woods in the eastern part of -the state. The latter has longer and more drooping ray flowers. The -purple cone-flowers are well known in cultivation. - - [Illustration: RAGWEED. LYRE-LEAVED PARTHENIUM] - -Ragweed. Lyre-Leaved Parthenium (_Parthenium lyratum_) blooms from early -spring until fall in Southwest Texas. This is a smaller plant than the -common parthenium (_Parthenium hysterophorus_), which is widespread in -the Gulf States and tropical America. The latter is a widely branched -plant two to three feet high and grows in dense masses. They have -similar flower clusters with small heads of greenish-white flowers. -Neither of these is the ragweed or bloodweed commonly associated with -hay fever; however, the common parthenium is listed as a poisonous -plant. Wild quinine or feverfew (_Parthenium integrifolium_), used as a -pioneer drug to relieve fever, has been reported from the state. - -Several shrubby partheniums are found in West Texas. The most important -member of the group is the silver-leaved guayule or rubber plant -(_Parthenium argentatum_), found in West Texas and Mexico. It is a -commercial source of rubber but is not yet profitable, as the plants are -of slow growth. - - [Illustration: COMMON SUNFLOWER] - -Common Sunflower (_Helianthus annuus_) has been known in cultivation for -many years but is considered native from Minnesota to Texas and Mexico. -It is the state flower of Kansas. The stout, erect stems are widely -branched above the base and are very sticky, 2-10 feet high. The flower -heads, 3-6 inches broad, have many yellow ray flowers about an inch long -and numerous tubular disk flowers. It is grown commercially for its -fiber and seeds. The seeds make an excellent food for poultry and -furnish an oil used in making soap, candles, and salad dressing. - -Two other sunflowers are widely distributed in the state. The orange -sunflower (_Helianthus cucumerifolius_) grows in the sandy post oak -belt, and the blue-weed (_Helianthus ciliaris_) is very abundant in West -Texas. The latter is a low, branching perennial which is poisonous to -sheep. - - [Illustration: TEXAS COREOPSIS GOLDEN WAVE CALLIOPSIS] - -Texas Coreopsis (_Coreopsis nuecensis_) was first described from plants -found on the lower part of the Nueces River. It is quite widespread on -the southern coastal prairie from March to May. It may be distinguished -from other annual species of coreopsis by the circle of reddish-brown -marks near the base of the yellow rays. The leaves are mostly basal and -long-stalked. - -Golden Wave. Drummond’s Coreopsis (_Coreopsis drummondii_) has showy, -long-stalked heads, about 2 in. broad. They are borne on widely branched -plants about a foot high. The leaves are divided into broad segments, -and both leaves and stems have scattered soft hairs. It is very abundant -on sandy coastal prairies in April and May and is well known in -cultivation. - -Calliopsis. Prairie Coreopsis (_Coreopsis cardaminefolia_) is a -late-blooming annual plant, the flowers appearing in North Texas about -the middle of June. It ranges from Kansas to Mexico and Louisiana. This -plant greatly resembles the golden coreopsis (_Coreopsis tinctoria_), -which is abundant on the coastal prairies in March and April. -“Coreopsis” is derived from the Greek, meaning “bug-like,” and refers to -the seed. The plants are often called tickseeds. - - [Illustration: FALSE COREOPSIS] - -False Coreopsis. Fine-Leaved Thelesperma (_Thelesperma trifidum_) is -sometimes erroneously called black-eyed Susan. It closely resembles the -coreopsis when the flowers are in the bud stage. The flowers may readily -be distinguished from those of the coreopsis because the ray flowers are -not marked with a brown spot at the base and are divided into three -equal lobes at the tip. The ray flowers of the coreopsis are commonly -divided into four lobes, the two lateral being shorter than the two -middle lobes. The leaves are finely divided into long, narrow segments. - -This is one of the most widely distributed plants on the prairies from -Mexico to Colorado, South Dakota, and Missouri. The yellow of Central -Texas landscapes in late April and May is due to thelesperma. Scattered -plants continue to bloom through the summer and fall. The plants grow -1-2 feet high and become widely branched. The disk flowers are a -reddish-brown. - - [Illustration: PLAINS PAPER-FLOWER] - -Plains Paper-Flower (_Psilostrophe villosa_) is another western plant -which has foliage covered with a dense white woolly coat of hairs. This -hairy coat is a plant device for enabling it to withstand dry growth -conditions. There are only three or four ray flowers which are much -broader than long and are conspicuously three-lobed. The heads are -densely clustered on short branches at the top of the stems, which are -from six inches to two feet high. - -Near El Paso is found the lovely western paper-flower or Cooper’s -psilostrophe (_Psilostrophe cooperi_). It grows in spreading clumps -about two feet broad and bears long-stalked heads over an inch wide. As -the flowers are bright yellow and remain lovely for months, they are -often gathered for winter bouquets. Eventually they become white and -papery. _Psilostrophe tagetinae_ has somewhat larger flowers than the -plains paper-flower and is probably the most abundant paper-flower in -the state. When cattle graze upon it for several weeks, they suffer a -slow poisoning. The marigold is a close relative, both the African and -French marigolds being derived from Mexican plants introduced into -cultivation about 1573. - - [Illustration: FOUR-NERVED DAISY SILVER-LEAF DAISY] - -Actinella Daisy. Four-Nerved Daisy (_Tetraneuris linearis_) grows with -small tufts of narrow leaves from a woody perennial root. The heads, -which are borne on stalks 2-8 inches long, close at night. The plants -often bloom throughout the year in Central and South Texas. They grow on -rocky limestone hillsides in Texas and New Mexico. The broad, -four-nerved ray flowers form a close border around the conic disk, which -is covered with small yellow tubular flowers. The veins of the outer -flowers, which give rise to the scientific name, are sometimes purplish. - -Silver-Leaf Daisy (_Bahia dealbata_) is common in the western part of -the state into Arizona and Mexico. It grows 1-2 feet high from a woody -perennial root and often blooms throughout the year. The long-stalked -heads are a little over an inch broad with 9-12 yellow ray flowers. On -the silvery-gray stem the few leaves are commonly opposite, broad and -short-stalked, with a pair of lateral lobes near the base. - - [Illustration: HUISACHE DAISY BITTERWEED] - -Huisache Daisy (_Amblyolepis setigera_) is so called because it often -forms a carpet of gold under huisache (pronounced _wee satch_), -mesquite, or other chaparral bushes in Southwest-central Texas from -March to June. It is also called honey or butterfly daisy and -clasping-leaved bitterweed. It has the strong scent common to the -bitterweed, but is fragrant in drying. The plants are often loosely -branched, growing 6-12 inches high, and the yellow heads are about 1½ -inches broad. - -Sneezeweed. Fine-Leaved Bitterweed (_Helenium tenuifolium_) is often -found in pastures which have been over-grazed. It has a strong-scented -foliage which gives milk a bitter flavor. The ball-shaped mound of -disk-flowers (reminding one of camomile) and the few drooping ray -flowers, which have a broad 3-toothed edge and a narrow base, are -characteristic of the group. The seeds are small and are said to cause -sneezing when they are thrown into the air. The bitterweed blooms from -May to October and ranges from Texas to Virginia. - - [Illustration: INDIAN BLANKET] - -Indian Blanket. Firewheel. Beautiful Gaillardia (_Gaillardia pulchella_) -is the pride of Texas prairies. The landscape becomes a vivid red and -yellow in April, May, and early June when the firewheels are in bloom. -It is a highly-prized cultivated plant, and many varieties have been -developed. There are several species of gaillardias and many of them are -native to Texas. The beautiful one is the most widespread, ranging from -Texas to Louisiana, Nebraska, Arizona, and Mexico. The gaillardias are -named for a French botanist, Gaillard. - -The heads are usually two or three inches across and are long-stalked. -Each head has 10-20 broad ray flowers which are sometimes all red but -usually are marked with a brilliant yellow across the three lobes. The -upper leaves are lance-shaped, and the lower are oblong and marked with -a few teeth or lobes. It is an annual plant which is widely branched and -grows one to one and a half feet high. - - [Illustration: TINY TIM] - -Tiny Tim. Spreading Thyme-Leaf (_Thymophylla polychaeta_) is found on -sandy prairies from South Texas to Mexico and New Mexico. There are -several thyme-leaf species in the state. They may be recognized by their -scented foliage and the cup-like base of the flower heads, the bracts of -the head being marked with large yellow or orange glands. There is -something appealing about the tiny Tim, as the name would indicate. The -branching stems with their lacy green leaves form rosettes which are -dotted with the yellow daisy-like flowers. - -Dwarf Thyme-Leaf. Tiny Tim (_Thymophylla pentachaeta_) clings to cliffs -and rocky hillsides. It is a perennial plant with short stems four to -six inches high. The leaves are short and needle-like and are borne in -dense clusters around the stem. The flower heads are about half an inch -broad. Tiny Tim ranges from Texas to Arizona and Mexico. - - [Illustration: DOG’S CAMOMILE] - -Dog Fennel. Mayweed. Dog’s Camomile (_Anthemis cotulla_) is a -strong-scented herb widely scattered in America, naturalized from -Europe. It is very abundant in sandy soil in the eastern part of the -state. The plants are widely branched and bear numerous heads about an -inch broad. The rays are broad and wide and the disk flowers are yellow. -It begins to bloom in Texas in March, but the plants are at their best -in May and June. It is close kin to the European camomile, which is used -medicinally, a soothing tea being made from the dried ball-shaped heads -of yellow flowers. - -Closely related to camomile and yarrow are the artemisias, which include -many species known as dusty miller, wormwood, sage-brush, and purple -sage. The silvery wormwood or thread-leaved sage-brush (_Artemisia -filifolius_) is very abundant in the sandy areas of West Texas and -throughout the Rocky Mountain States and Mexico. It blooms from July to -October. - - [Illustration: YARROW] - -Yarrow. Woods Milfoil (_Achillea millefolium_) was named in honor of -Achilles, to whom is attributed the discovery of its healing properties. -It is supposed to stop bleeding, relieve spasms, produce sweating, and -act as a tonic. The woods milfoil is widely distributed in woods in the -United States, Europe, and Asia. It makes a nice garden plant, for the -lacy fern-like leaves remain green all winter. The stems grow one to two -feet high and are topped by the flat flower-cluster. The ray flowers are -white or sometimes pale pink or lavender, and the disk flowers are pale -yellow. - -Plains Yarrow. Woolly Milfoil (_Achillea lanulosa_) grows in moist -places on the plains from Texas to Canada, Mexico, and California. It is -very much like the woods yarrow but differs in that it has fewer -gray-green leaves and round-topped flower clusters. Its blooming season -is a little later than that of the woods yarrow, which blooms in April -and May. - - [Illustration: TEXAS SQUAW-WEED] - -Texas Squaw-Weed. Clasping-Leaved Groundsel (_Senecio ampullaceus_) is -an annual plant which grows so abundantly on the sandy prairies of Texas -that it forms a carpet of gold for miles and miles. It is one of the -earliest spring flowers to bloom in such showy profusion. The plants -commonly grow 1½-2 feet high, being branched above and forming -flat-topped flower-clusters which are often a foot broad. When quite -young, the plants are densely white-woolly but become smooth and shining -with age. The irregularly toothed leaves are 3-6 inches long and have a -broad clasping base. The groundsel belongs to one of our largest groups -of plants, some 1200 species being widely distributed over the earth. - -Fine-leaved or woolly groundsel (_Senecio filifolius_) has woolly leaves -divided into narrow segments. The large heads are often in bloom -throughout the year in West Texas and New Mexico. - - [Illustration: AMERICAN STAR THISTLE] - -American Star Thistle. Basket Flower (_Centaurea americana_) is often -called spineless thistle because the leaves do not bear spines as do the -leaves of its close relative, the purple thistle. It is also known as -powder puffs, sweet sultan, and “cardo del valle.” It is a hardy annual -which is widely cultivated. Basket flower is the name under which it is -known in cultivation—a name which refers to the stiff, straw-colored -bracts of the flower head. These bracts are not spiny but are divided at -the tip into finger-like projections. - -Before the flowers are fully opened, the heads resemble a shaving-brush, -and this is a common name frequently applied to this and other thistles. -All the flowers are tubular and divided into five long narrow lobes. In -one variety the fully-opened flower cluster has an outer border of -numerous lavender flowers with cream-colored flowers in the center. -There is another variety which has outer flowers a deep rose or reddish -purple and center flowers pale pink or rose; sometimes there is little -difference in shade between the inner and outer flowers. - -The stems are usually branched and grow about two feet high. They are -marked with wing-like ridges and are covered with the overlapping, -ascending leaves. In Texas the flowers begin to bloom in May and -continue into June, being at their best the first week in June. After -the flowering season, the foliage becomes yellow and dried, and the old -stalks remain conspicuous in the fields for several months. The star -thistle is found on plains from Missouri to Louisiana, Mexico, and -Arizona. The variety which has reddish-purple flowers is very abundant -in the vicinity of Waco and Fort Worth. - -The scientific name meaning “of the Centaurs” refers to the use by the -Centaurs of certain species for healing. The cornflower or bachelor’s -button (_Centaurea cyanus_) is a well-known garden annual. - - [Illustration: WAVY-LEAVED THISTLE PURPLE-THISTLE] - -Wavy-Leaved Thistle (_Carduus undulatus_) is the common prairie thistle -and is particularly abundant in the vicinity of Fort Worth. It grows -only 1-2 feet high, and the upper leaf-surfaces are yellow-green. The -heads are nearly twice as large as those of the purple thistle, and the -flowers are a lovely lavender color. It ranges from Southern Canada to -Texas and Arizona and blooms in Texas from April to June. - -Purple Thistle (_Carduus austrinus_) is the common thistle in the -south-central part of the state. It is a tall, much branched plant, 3-4 -feet high, with long-stalked heads of purple flowers. The stems are -white-woolly, and the leaves are white-felty beneath and dark-green -above, wavy-margined, lobed or divided, the segments being tipped with -spines. The heads are about 1½ inches high and broad. The numerous light -purple flowers are all tubular with narrow lobes. The thistles belong to -a large group, its most renowned representative being the Scotch -thistle. - - [Illustration: NODDING THISTLE] - -Nodding Thistle. Silver Puffs. Sunbonnet Babies (_Thrysanthema nutans_) -lacks the spines of the true thistles, but other characters show that -this interesting little plant is closely related to the thistle group. -The leaves form a basal rosette from which grows the slender, leafless -flowering stalk bearing the nodding flower head. The lyre-shaped leaves -are wavy-margined, dark-green above and white-felty below, 2-4 inches -long. The stalk is sometimes 15 inches long but is commonly about 8 -inches high. The creamy-white flowers are rather inconspicuous, but as -the seeds mature, the soft white bristles spread into a showy whorl. The -plants are found in scattered places in rich soil from Central Texas to -Mexico. - -Closely kin to the nodding thistle is the desert holly (_Perezia nana_), -which has salmon-pink flowers and holly-like leaves. It is a low plant -seeking the shelter of creosote bush, yucca, and other shrubs in West -Texas. - - - - - CHICORY FAMILY (Cichoriaceae) - - - [Illustration: PURPLE DANDELION] - -Plants with milky juice; all flowers strap-shaped, in dense heads, -surrounded by involucral bracts; corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5; ovary -inferior. - -Purple Dandelion. Flowering Straw (_Lygodesmia texana_) can nearly -always be found in the prairie sections of the state from spring to -fall, but the lovely flowers seldom make a showy display along the -roadsides. Only one head blooms at a time on the slender forking stems, -and that remains open only in the mornings. The heads are made up of -8-12 pale purple strap-shaped corollas, with the lavender styles -conspicuously erect in the center. The tip of the corolla is divided -into five minute lobes. The stems are almost leafless but have a cluster -of short-lobed, narrow gray-green leaves at the base. - -Small-Flowered Straw (_Ptiloria pauciflora_) is a white-flowered chicory -with low spreading stems. It is abundant in West Texas and New Mexico. - - [Illustration: FALSE DANDELION] - -Many-Stemmed False Dandelion (_Sitilias multicaulis_) has lemon-yellow -flower heads which closely resemble those of the true dandelion, but the -plants grow much taller and are often widely branched. From early spring -through June, the false dandelion is very abundant on the coastal and -western prairies. The heads are made up of several rows of strap-shaped -corollas. The fruits are narrow and have attached a spreading tuft of -bristles which makes the head in fruit look like a puff ball of lace. -This tuft is a parachute device for scattering the seeds far and wide. - -White Dandelion (_Pinaropappus roseus_) has flower heads very much like -those of the yellow dandelions, but the flowers vary in color from white -to pale pink, and the heads are larger. It is very abundant in March and -April in Southwest-Central Texas. - -Several garden plants belong to the chicory family, among them being -lettuce, salsify, and chicory. The orange hawkweed is often cultivated -for ornament. - - - - - FINDING LISTS - - -The following lists are given to assist the reader in identifying -plants. Several special groupings are first given according to -conditions and habit of growth. If the plant sought does not qualify for -these lists, then the longer seasonal and color lists should be -consulted. Several wide-spread plants which the author had to omit -because of lack of space have been mentioned in the lists; these may be -recognized by the absence of a page reference. Several related species, -not mentioned in the text and which may be recognized as close relatives -of those illustrated although they may differ in color and season of -growth, have been included in the lists. - -Opposite each name is given the number of the page on which the plant is -described and a symbol which designates the place of growth. The section -of the state is not given in the lists, as prairie plants are much the -same throughout the state as are the plants in the sandy soil of post -oak woods. However, climatic conditions of moisture and temperature -limit the range of many plants, and the text should be consulted for the -distributional range. - -The time of flowering in Central Texas has been taken as the basis for -listing the plants according to seasonal distribution. Quite frequently -the season in North Texas will be a month later than that of Central -Texas, and in South Texas it will be a month earlier. Hence it may be -necessary to consult the lists for adjoining seasons if the desired -plant is not found in the first list to be checked. Some plants, -especially many herbaceous perennials on the western plains, have -flowering seasons in both spring and fall; others bloom throughout the -warmer months after heavy rains. If a plant cannot be located in the -fall list, the spring list should be consulted. - -The month of April shows the greatest profusion of flowers in nearly all -parts of the state. At some of the wild flower exhibits held at the -University of Texas, nearly 500 species from Central and Southeast Texas -have been shown at one time. Therefore the reader is warned not to -expect to find every flower he picks up among the 257 illustrations -given in these pages. - -The plants are listed in the following color groups: red and orange, -pink and rose, blue, white, yellow, purple, and green. Under white -flowers are grouped those delicately tinted with green, yellow, blue, -pink, or lavender. Blue flowers are seldom a true blue but are usually a -combination of blue and purple which may be interpreted by some people -as blue and by others as purple. Hence if a plant considered as -blue-flowered cannot be found in the blue list, then the purple list -should be consulted. - - - - - FINDING LISTS - - -The reader may find the following distribution of pages and symbols -helpful in identifying plants: - - 2-16 Mostly lily-like, succulent plants. - 17-91 Petals of flowers usually not united. - 92-151 Petals usually united into tubular, bell-shaped, - funnelform, or salverform corollas. - 152-193 Composites: many tubular flowers, often of two types, - growing in a head-like cluster. - P Prairies. - Pc Coastal prairies. - Ps Sandy prairies. - Pb Blackland prairies. - L Limestone hills. - W Woods and thickets. - Wo Post oak woods. - Wp Pine woods. - M Water or moist places. - C Chaparral. - T Trans-Pecos or mountainous region. - - (See map p. xvi) - - - - - AIR PLANTS - - - Spanish moss - Ball moss - - - - - WATER PLANTS - - - RED - Iris, 15 - PINK - Pogonia, 16 - Smartweed, 18 - BLUE - Iris, 15 - Water lily, 24 - Nama, 111 - WHITE - Arrowhead, 2 - Spider lily, 12 - Water lily, 24 - Violet, 74 - Water pimpernel, 93 - Water pennywort - Water mist-flower - Bur-head - YELLOW - Spatterdock, 24 - Water lily, 24 - Buttercups, 27 - Pitcher-plant, 39 - Sedum, 40 - Water primrose, 79 - Bur-marigold - Bladderwort - Yellow-eyed grass - PURPLE - Water hyacinth, 6 - Pickerel-weed, 6 - Iris, 15 - Bladderwort - Mud-plantain - - - - - SHRUBS OR SMALL TREES - - - RED - Buckeye, 68 - Indigo plant, 54 - Coral bean, 58 - Flame acanthus, 139 - Bouvardia, 144 - Coral honeysuckle, 145 - Mexican apple, 71 - PINK - Prairie rose, 42 - Redbud, 47 - Dalea, 55 - Pavonia, 73 - Mexican buckeye - BLUE - Texas mountain laurel, 51 - WHITE[2] - Yucca, 9 - Rose, 41 - Dewberry, 43 - Mesquite, 45 - Yaupon, 67 - Dogwood, 85, 86 - Tree-huckleberry, 92 - Mexican persimmon, 94 - French mulberry, 118 - Honeysuckle, 146 - Mist-flower, 153 - False willow, 166 - YELLOW - Agarita, 30 - Buckeye, 68 - Huisache, 44 - Retama, 50 - Porophyllum - Sea ox-eye - Flourensia - Gymnolomia - Damiana - Creosote bush - Yellow elder, 138 - PURPLE - Texas mountain laurel, 52 - Walking-stick cactus, 81 - Cenizo, 131 - Desert willow, 138 - Dalea, 55 - Eve’s necklace - - - - - EARLY SPRING - - - RED AND ORANGE-RED - Buckeye, 68-W - Poppy mallow, 72-P - Copper mallow, 70-Pb - PINK AND ROSE - Mexican buckeye, L, T - Redbud, 47-W, L - Pink prairie star, 98-Ps, M - Least bluet, 143-Ps - BLUE - Anemone, 25-W, P - Mountain laurel, 52-L - Small bluet, 143-Ps, M - Lobelia, 151-Ps - WHITE - Anemone, 25-W, P - Acacia, C - Blackfoot daisy, 169-L, P - Dwarf white aster, 163-W, Ps - Spanish bayonet, 9-CT - Peppergrass, 36-P - Crow-poison, 8-P - Whitlow-grass, 36-P - Chickweed, Ps, W - Violet, 74-M, Pc - YELLOW - Agarita, 30-LC - Scrambled eggs, 35-P - Huisache, 44-C - Buckeye, 68-W, L - Small squaw-weed, P - Tansy mustard, 37-P - Dwarf flax, 61-Ps - Golden puccoon, 114-Pb - Bladderpod, 37-P - Four-nerved daisy, 181-P, L - Big squaw-weed, 187-Ps - Lindheimer’s daisy, 170-Pb - Huisache daisy, 182-Ps - PURPLE - Anemone, 25-W, P - Mountain laurel, 52-LC - Ground plum, 56-Pb - Purple wood-sorrel, 62-W - Poppy mallow, 72-Pb - Violet, 74-Wp, M - Small bluet, 143-Ps - Venus’ looking-glass, 150-P - - - - - SPRING - - - RED AND ORANGE-RED - Buckeye, 68-W - Poppy mallow, 72-Pb - Copper mallow, 70-Ps - Red star-mallow, 70-P - Cross-vine, 138-Wp - Coral bean, 58-W - Leather flower, 29-W - Standing cypress, 104-Wo - Paint brush, 132-Ps - Red sage, 126-W - Gaura, Ps - Beard-tongue, 137-Wo - Indian blanket, 183-Pb - Sand-bur, 51-Pb - Red-brown iris, 15-M - Coral honeysuckle, W - Butterfly weed, 100-Wo, Ps - Scarlet pimpernel, 93-Ps - PINK AND ROSE - Sensitive briar, 46-Pb - Purple paint-brush, 131-Pb, L - Wild onion, 8-Pb - Pogonia, 16-M - Prickly poppy, 32-Ps - Pink milkwort, 164-W - Pink buttercup, 81-Pb - Pink prairie star, 98-Pc, M - Prairie phlox, 110-W - Lemon mint, 121-M - Baby’s breath, 144-Pb - Purple coneflower, 175-W, L - Sand verbena, 19-Ps - BLUE - Carolina larkspur, 25-W - Celestial, 13-P, Wo - Bluebonnet, 53-P, L - Blue gilia, 105-P, L - Spiderwort, 4-Pb, W - Dayflower, 5-P, W - Psoralea, P - Blue-eyed grass, 14-P, W - Blue Beard-tongue, 137-P - WHITE - Larkspur, 25-Pb - Wild rose, 41-Pb, W - Dewberry, 43-W - Blackberry, 43-W - Poppy mallow, 72-Pb - Beggar’s ticks, 90-Pb - Camomile, 185-W, Ps - Prairie lace, 87-Pb - Death camass, 7-Pb - Beargrass, 9-P, T - Spanish bayonet, 9-CL - Arrowhead, 2-M - Chickweed, 23-Ps - Peppergrass, 36-P, W - Violet, 74-W, M, Pc - Dogwood, 85-W - Cornel, 86-W - Rain-lily, 10-W, P - Spider-lily, 11-M - Ladies’-tresses, 16-M, W - Angel trumpet, 20-P - Prickly poppy, 32-33-P - Greggia, 38-T - White milkwort, 64-Pb, L - Plantain, 142-P - Baby’s breath, 144-L, Pb - Honeysuckle, 146-L, T - Blackfoot daisy, 169-L, Pb - Dwarf white aster, 169-P, W - Lazy daisy, 162-Ps - Fleabane daisy, 162-W, Pc - Lamb’s lettuce, 147-Pb, L - Lobelia, 151-Pc - Rabbit tobacco, 167-P - Nodding thistle, 191-W - Water pimpernel, 93-M - Farkleberry, 92-W - Gaura, 84-P - Evening primrose, 81-P - Mexican persimmon, 94-L - Yaupon, 67-W - YELLOW - Wild dill, 91-Pb - Two-leaved senna, 48-Pb, L - Retama, 50-M - Bush pea, 53-Wo, P - Niggerhead, 173-Pb - Englemann’s daisy, 171-Pb - Tansy mustard, 37-P - Coreopsis, 178-Ps, Pc - False coreopsis, 179-Pb - Buttercups, 27-M - Evening primroses, 79-P - Square-bud primrose, 83-Pb, L - Flutter-mill, 82-L - Coneflower, 174-P - Blackeyed Susan, 174-Ps - Flax, 61-P, L - Yellow star grass, 11-Wp - Pitcher-plant, 39-M - Mexican poppy, 34-P - Bladderpod, 37-P - Stonecrop, 40-L, P - Dwarf blue-eyed grass, 14-M - Squaw-weed, 187-Ps - Ground cherry, 130-W, P - Wild balsam, 148-W, Pb - Huisache daisy, 182-Ps - Indian blanket, 183-Ps - False dandelion, 193-Pb - PURPLE - Leather flower, 29-W - Marsh leather flower, 29-Pc - Milk vetch, 57-Pb - Climbing vetch, 57-Ps - Poppy mallow, 72-Pb - Wood-sorrel, 62-W - Purple paint-brush, 131-Pb, L - Blue sage, 127-Pb, L - Texas sage, 127-Pb, L - Ground cherry, 130-Pb - Large beard-tongue, 135-P, L - Small beard-tongue, 134-W, Pc - Toadflax, 134-P, W - Venus’ looking-glass, 150-P - Lobelia, 151-Pc, Ps - Purple coneflower, 175-W, L - Purple thistle, 190-P, M - Purple dandelion, 192-Pb, L - Spiderwort, 4-P, W - Dayflower, 5-L, M - Wild hyacinth, 6-M - Pickerel-weed, 6-M - Wild onion, 8-P - Blue-eyed grass, 14-P, W - Virginia iris, 15-M - Rose poppy, 32-P - Stork’s bill, 59-L, Pb - GREEN - Milkweed, 100-P - - - - - LATE SPRING AND SUMMER - - - RED AND ORANGE-RED - Copper mallow, 70-Pb - Leather flower, 29-W - Standing cypress, 105-Wo - Paint-brush, 133-Ps - Red sage, 126-W - Gaura, 84-Ps - Beard-tongue, 137-Wo, T - Indian blanket, 183-Pb - Sand-bur, 51-Pb - Coral honeysuckle, 146-W - Devil’s bouquet, 20-P, L - Bouvardia, 144-T - Anisacanthus, 139-T, L - PINK AND ROSE - Sensitive briar, 46-P - Pink prairie rose, 42-W - Pogonia, 16-M - Grass pink, 16-M - Rouge plant, 21-W, L - Prickly poppy, 32-P - Pavonia, 73-L - Pink buttercup, 81-P - Mountain pink, 95-L - Phlox, 107-110-L, P, W - Baby’s breath, 144-Pb - Purple coneflower, 175-W, L - Star thistle, 189-Pb - BLUE - Giant iris, 15-M - Water lily, 24-M - Blue flax, 60-Pb - Prairie sage, 126-Pb - Blue gilia, 105-L - Harebell, 151-T - Dwarf blue aster, 163-W - WHITE - Wild rose, 41-W, Pb - Milfoil, 186-W, P - Poppy mallow, 72-Pb - White gilia, 105-Ps - Camomile, 185-W, Ps - Prairie lace, 87-Pb - Mesquite, 45-P, W, C - Parthenium, 176-P - Soapweed, 9-P - Yucca, 9-P, L, T - Arrowhead, 2-M - Peppergrass, 36-P - Heliotrope, 113-P - Cornel, 86-W - Rain-lily, 10-W, P - Spider-lily, 10-M - Angel trumpet, 20-P - Prickly poppy, 32-P - Greggia, 38-T - Spectacle-pod, 38-Ps - Bull nettle, 65-Ps - Moonseed, 31-W - Nuttallia, 75-Ps - Milkwort, 64-Pb, L - Dodder, 102-P - Tie-vine, 103-P - Baby’s breath, 144-Pb, L - Honeysuckle, 146-L - Blackfoot daisy, 169-Pb, L - Dwarf white aster, 169-W, Ps - Lazy daisy, 162-Pb - Fleabane daisy, 162-Pb - Milfoil, 186-W, Pb - Ragweed, 176-P - Water pimpernel, M, L - French mulberry, 118-W - Horsemint, 125-Ps - Gaura, 84-P - Evening primrose, 81-P - PURPLE - Leather flower, 29-W - Prairie clover, 55-P, L - Milk vetch, 57-P - Climbing vetch, 57-P - Phlox, 107-110-P, W - Giant iris, 15-M - Water hyacinth, 6-M - Prickly poppy, 32-P - Loosestrife, 78-P, M - Bluebell, 97-P - Phacelia, 111-112-L, P - Skullcap, 119-W, P, L - Verbena, 117-W, P - False dragon-head, 120-M - Nightshade, 128-P - Ground cherry, 127-P - Paint-brush, 131 - Desert willow, 138-T - Tansy aster, 165-P - Purple thistle, 190-P - Star thistle, 189-P - Purple dandelion, 192-P - Pennyroyal, 121-P, L - YELLOW - Two-leaved senna, 48-Pb, L - Partridge pea, 49-Ps - Wild dill, 91-Pb - Retama, 50-M - Golden parosela, 55-L - Bush pea, 53-W, P - Yellow-elder, 138-T - Engelmann’s daisy, 171-Pb - Spiny-leaved aster, 161-P, T - Thyme-leaf, 184-Ps, T, L - Niggerhead, 173-Pb - Coreopsis, 178-Pb - False coreopsis, 179-Pb - Yellow nightshade, 129-P - Ground cherry, 130-W - Yellow sleepy daisy, 160-Ps - Bitterweed, 182-P - Indian blanket, 183-Ps - Squaw-weed, 187-T - Zinnia, 170-P - Berlandier’s aster, 161-Pb, L - False dandelion, 193-P - Coneflower, 174-P - Blackeyed Susan, 174-Ps - Sunflower, 177-Pb - Orange sunflower, 177-Ps - Paper flower, 180-P, T - Bahia, 181-T - Four-nerved daisy, 180-P, T, L - - - - - SUMMER - - - RED AND ORANGE-RED - Copper mallow, 70-P, T - Standing cypress, 105-Wo, T - Trumpet creeper, 138-W - Leather flower, 29-W - Red sage, 133-W - Gaura, 84-Ps - Indian blanket, 183-P, Wo - Devil’s bouquet, 20-P - Bouvardia, 144-T - Anisacanthus, 139-L, T - Butterfly weed, 100-Wo - Turk’s cap, 71-W - PINK AND ROSE - Dwarf four o’clock, 19-P, T - Rouge plant, 21-L, W - Talinum, 22-P, L - Pavonia, 73-L - Mountain pink, 95-L - Baby’s breath, 144-P, L - Marsh fleabane, 168-M - Rose aster (Polypteris), P, W - Loosestrife, 78-M - Smartweed, 18-M - BLUE - Water lily, 24-M - Prairie sage, 126-Pb - Blue sage, 127-Pb, L - Harebell, 151-T - Bluebell, 97-P, M - Nama, M - WHITE - Grandfather’s beard, 28-L, T - White gilia, 105-Ps - Mesquite, 45-P - Parthenium, 176-P - Stenosiphon, P, L - Yucca, 9-T - Arrowhead, 2-M - Heliotrope, 113-Ps, L - Rain-lily, 10-P, W - Spider-lily, 11-W, M - Prickly poppy, 32-P - Bull nettle, 65-Ps - Moonseed, 31-W - Spectacle-pod, 38-Ps - Nuttallia, 75-T, Ps - Dodder, 102-P, M - Tie-vine, 103-P - Snow-on-the-mountain, 66-P, L - Baby’s breath, 144-Pb, L - Parthenium, 176-P - YELLOW - Retama, 50-M - Golden parosela, 55-L - Niggerhead, 173-Pb - Yellow elder, 138-T - Spiny-leaved aster, 161-Pb, T - Thyme-leaf, 184-P, T - Coreopsis, 178-P - False coreopsis, 178-Pb, L - Evening primrose, 79-Ps - Wild gourd, 149-Pb - Broomweed, 157-P - Indian blanket, 183-P - Sleepy daisy, 160-Ps - Camphor daisy, 158-P - Bitterweed, 182-P - Squaw-weed, 187-T - Berlandier’s aster, 161-Pb, L - Zinnia, 170-P - Sunflower, 177-Pb - Paper flower, 180-P, T - Bahia, 181-T - Four-nerved daisy, 181-T - Nuttallia, 75-P, T - Horsemint, 123-Ps - Purslane, 22-P - Copper lily, 11-L, Pb - PURPLE - Leather flower, 29-W - Prairie clover, 55-P - Wood sorrel, 62-Pb, L - Water hyacinth, 6-M - Blazing star, 155-P, W - Eryngo, 89-Pb - Horsemint, 125-Pb - Bluebell, 97-P, M - Morning-glory, 103-P - Verbena, 117-P - Tansy aster, 165-P, T - Blue sage, 127-Pb, L - Nightshade, 128-P - Ground cherry, 130-P - Desert willow, 138-T - Wild petunia, 141 - Ironweed, 152-P, W, L - Polypteris, P, W - Diapedium, L - - - - - LATE SUMMER AND EARLY FALL - - - RED AND ORANGE-RED - Copper mallow, 70-P - Trumpet creeper, 138-W - Unicorn plant, T - Red sage, 126-W - Gaura, 84-Ps - Devil’s bouquet, 20-P - Bouvardia, 144-T - Anisacanthus, 139-T - Turk’s cap, 71-W - PINK AND ROSE - Smartweed, 18-M - Four-o’clock, 19-P, T - Rouge plant, 21-W, L - Pavonia, 73-L - BLUE - Water lily, 24-M - Prairie sage, 126-P - Mistflower, 153-W, M - Blue sage, 127-P, L - Nama, 111-M - WHITE - Grandfather’s beard, 28-L, T - White gilia, 105-Ps - Mesquite, 45-P - Parthenium, 176-P, T - Crow-poison, 8-P - Arrowhead, 2-M - Heliotrope, 113-P - Rain lily, 10-P, W - Ladies’ tresses, 16-P - Buckwheat, 17-Ps - Spectacle-pod, 38-Ps - Bull nettle, 65-P - Moonseed, 31-W - Nuttallia, 75-P, T - Tie-vine, 103-P - Baby’s breath, 144-Pb, L - Blackweed, 164-P, M - Resin willow, 166-W, M - Thoroughwort, 153-M, L, W - Frost-weed, W, M - Parthenium, 176 - Asters, 164-W, M - YELLOW - Retama, 50-M - Thyme-leaf, 184-P, T - Two-leaved senna, 48-L, Pb - Nuttallia, 75 - Broomweed, 157-P - Camphor daisy, 160-Ps - Bitterweed, 182-P - Squaw-weed, 187-T - Berlandier’s aster, 161-Pb, L - Zinnia, 170-P - Sunflower, 177-Pb - Paper flower, 180-P, T - Bahia, 181-T - Four-nerved daisy, 181-T - Copper lily, 11-L, Pb - Partridge pea, 49-Ps - Goldenrod, 155-W, M - Big gumweed, 159-Pb - Iron flowers, 161-W, P, T - Maximilian’s sunflower, 178-P - Barnyard daisy, P - Gumweed, 158-P, L - PURPLE - Wood-sorrel, 62-Pb, L - Blazing-star, 155 - Blackweed, 164-P, M - Wild petunia, 141-W, P - Desert willow, 138-T - Purple nightshade, 128-P - Blue sage, 138-Pb, L - Water hyacinth, 6-M - Pickerel weed, 6-M - False purple thistle, 89-Pb - Morning-glory, 103-P - Verbena, 117-Pb - Ironweed, 152-P, M - Gerardia, P, W, M - - - - - FALL - - - RED AND ORANGE-RED - Copper mallow, 70-P, T - Trumpet creeper, 138-W - Red sage, 126-W - Anisacanthus, 139-T - Turk’s cap, 71-W - PINK AND ROSE - Parosela, L, T - Smartweed, 18-M - Rouge plant, 21-W, L - Pavonia, 73-L - Marsh fleabane, 168-M - Polypteris, P, W - Blazing star, 155-P, W - Four-o’clock, 19-W, P - BLUE - Mist flower, 153-W, M - Blue sage, 127-P, L - Prairie sage, 126-Pb - WHITE - Crow-poison, 8-P - Heliotrope, 113-P, W - Rain-lily, 10-P, W - Ladies’-tresses, 16-P - Buckwheat, 17-Ps - Spectacle-pod, 38-Ps - Parthenium, 176-P - Milkwort, 64-P - Tie-vine, 103-P - Blackfoot daisy, 169-Pb, L - Asters, 164-P, W - Blackweed, 164-P - Thoroughwort, 153-W, M, L, T - Frostweed, W, M - Ragweed, 176-P - YELLOW - Broomweed, 157-P - Camphor daisy, 160-Ps - Bitterweed, 182-P - Squaw-weed, 187-T - Zinnia, 170-P - Sunflower, 177-Pb - Paper flower, P, T - Bahia, 181-T - Four-nerved daisy, 181-T - Goldenrod, 155-W, M - Iron flowers, W, P, T - Maximilian’s sunflower, 178-P - Barnyard daisy, P - Gumweeds, 158-P, L - PURPLE - Tansy aster, 165-P - Asters, 164-W, P, M - Blazing star, 155-W, P - Wild petunia, 141-W, P - Purple nightshade, 128-P - Blue sage, 138-Pb, L - Morning glory, 103-P - Verbena, 117-Pb - Gerardia, P, W, M - Polypteris, P, W - - - - - INDEX - - - A - Abronia, 19 - Abutilon, 69 - Acacia, 44, xiv - Acanthaceae, 139-141 - Acanthus family, 139-141 - Achillea, 186 - Acleisanthes, 20 - Actinella, 181 - Adam’s needle, 9 - Aesculaceae, 68 - Aesculus, 68, xiv - Agarita, 30 - Agave, 10 - Ageratum, 153 - Agrito, 30 - Alismaceae, 2 - Allionia, 19 - Allium, 8, xiv - Alsinopsis, 23, xv - Amaryllidaceae, 10 - Amaryllis family, 10 - Amblyolepis, 182 - American star thistle, 189 - Ammiaceae, 87 - Amphiachyris, 157 - Amsonia, 99 - Anemone, 25 - Angel’s trumpet, 20 - Anisacanthus, 139 - Anthemis, 185 - Aphanostephus, 162 - Apocynaceae, 99 - Argemone, 32 - Arrowhead, 2 - Artemesia, 185 - Asclepiadaceae, 100-101 - Asclepias, 101 - Asclepiodora, 100 - Aster - Dwarf blue, 162 - Dwarf white, 163 - Golden, 161 - Late purple, 165 - Roadside, 164 - Spiny, 164 - Tansy, 165, xiv - Yellow, 161 - Astragalus, 56 - Atamosco, 11, xv - Azalea, 92 - - - B - Baby blue-eyes, 111 - Baby’s breath, 144 - Baccharis, 166 - Bahia, 181 - Ball moss, 3 - Balmony, 135 - Balsam, 148 - Baptisia, 53, xiv - Barberry family, 30 - Barometer bush, 131 - Barrel-cactus, 77 - Basket flower, 189 - Bean, tepary, 57 - Beard-tongue, 135 - Beargrass, 9 - Beggar’s ticks, 90 - Bellflower family, 150 - Berberis, 30, xiv - Bergamot, 122 - Berlandier, 108, vii - Bifora, 87 - Bignonia, 138, xiv - Bindweed, 103 - Bird-of-paradise, 49 - Bird’s nest carrot, 90 - Biscuits, 39 - Bitterweed, 182 - Blackberry, 43 - Black-Eyed Susan, 174, 179 - Blackfoot daisy, 169 - Blackgum, 86 - Blackweed, 164 - Bladder-pod, 37 - Blazing star, 154 - Bluebell, 29, 97, 151 - Bluebonnet, 53 - Blue-curls, 112 - Blue-eyed grass, 14 - Blue-flag, 15 - Blue gentian, 97 - Blue marsh lily, 97 - Blue star, 99 - Bluets, 143, 144 - Blueweed, 177 - Borage family, 113 - Borraginaceae, 113 - Bosque blue gentian, 97 - Bouvardia, 144, xiv - Brauneria, 175, xiv - Brayodendron, 194, xiv - Brazoria, 120 - Brazos Mint, 120 - Brookweed, 93 - Broomweed, 157 - Buckeye, 68 - Buckwheat, 17 - Buckwheat family, 17 - Buena mujer, 75 - Buffalo-bur, 129 - Buffalo-clover, 53 - Bull nettle, 65 - Bumble-bee bush, 129 - Bunch moss, 3 - Bush pea, 53 - Buttercups, 27, 79-84 - Butterfly weed, 101 - Button snakeroot, 89, 154 - - - C - Cactaceae, 77 - Cactus family, 77 - Calabacilla, 149 - Callicarpa, 118 - Callirrhoe, 72 - Camass, 7 - Campanula, 151 - Campanulaceae, 150-151 - Campsis, 138 - Cancer-weed, 126 - Candelabrum plant, 89 - Cardo del valle, 189 - Carduus, 190 - Carrot, 90 - Carrot family, 87-91 - Caryophyllaceae, 23 - Cassia, 48, 49 - Cassie, 44 - Cassine, 67 - Catalpa, 138 - Catch-fly, 23 - Caterpillar flower, 112 - Cathartolinum, 61 - Cebatha, 31 - Celestial, 13 - Cenizo, 131 - Centaurea, 189 - Centaury, 95, xiv - Century plant, 11 - Cerastium, 23 - Cercis, 47 - Chacate, 51 - Chaetopappa, 163 - Chamaecrista, 49 - Chaparral berry, 30 - Chapote, 94 - Chaptalia, 191, xv - Chewing gum, 167 - Chickweed, 23 - Chilicoyote, 149 - Chilopsis, 138 - Cholla, 77 - Chrysopsis, 161 - Clematis, 28, 29, xiv - Cloth-of-gold, 37 - Cnidoscolus, 65 - Commelina, 5 - Commelinaceae, 4-5 - Commelinantia, 5 - Compositae, 152-193 - Composite family, 152-193 - Coneflower, Purple, 175 - Coneflower, Yellow, 173-174 - Conium, 91 - Convolulaceae, 103 - Convolvulus, 103 - Cooperia, 10 - Copper mallow, 70 - Coral bead, 31 - Coral bean, 58 - Coral vine, 31 - Coreopsis, 178 - False, 179 - Corkscrew plant, 16 - Cornaceae, 85-86 - Cornel, 86 - Corn salad, 147 - Cornus, 85-86, xiv - Corydalis, 35 - Crane’s bill, 59 - Crape-moss, 3 - Crape myrtle, 78 - Crassulaceae, 40 - Creamcup, 83 - Cross-vine, 138 - Croton, 66 - Crowfoot family, 25-29 - Crow poison, 8, 10 - Cruciferae, 36 - Cucurbita, 149 - Cucurbitaceae, 149 - Cudweed, 168 - Cuscuta, 102 - Cuscutaceae, 102 - Cynoxylon, 85, xiv - Cypress, 105 - - - D - Dagger-flower, 165 - Daisy - Cut-leaved, 171 - Fleabane, 162 - Four-nerved, 181 - Huisache, 182 - Mountain, 169 - Saw-leaf, 159 - Silver-leaf, 181 - Texas star, 170 - White lazy, 162 - Yellow sleepy, 160 - Dalea, 55 - Dandelion - Pink, 193 - Purple, 192 - White, 193 - Yellow, 193 - Daucus, 90 - Dayflower, 5 - Dead nettle, 121 - Delphinium, 26 - Dendropogon, 3, xiv - Desert holly, 191 - Desert willow, 138 - Devil’s bit, 155 - Devil’s bouquet, 20 - Dewberry, 43 - Dew flowers, 135 - Dicentra, 35 - Dichondra, 102 - Dichondraceae, 102 - Dicrophyllum, 66, xiv - Diospyros, 94, xiv - Dithyraea, 38 - Dock, 18 - Dodder, 102 - Dodecatheon, 93 - Dogbane, 99 - Dogbane family, 99 - Dog fennel, 185 - Dog’s camomile, 185 - Dogwood, 85, 86 - Draba, 36 - Dracopis, 174 - Dragon-head, 120 - Drummond, 10 - Drummond’s phlox, 106 - Dutchman’s breeches, 35 - - - E - Ebenaceae, 94 - Ebony family, 94 - Echinachea, 175, xiv - Eichhornia, 6, xiv - Engelmannia, 171 - Epilobiaceae, 79-84 - Ericaceae, 92 - Erigeron, 162 - Eriogonum, 17 - Erodium, 59 - Eryngium, 89 - Eryngo, 89 - Erysimum, 37 - Erythraea, 95, xiv - Erythrina, 58 - Eupatorium, 153 - Euphorbia, 66, xiv - Euphorbiaceae, 65-66 - Euplocca, 113, xiv - Eustoma, 97 - Evening primrose family, 79-84 - Evening star, 10 - - - F - Fabaceae, 52 - Fairy lily, 10 - Fairy thimbles, 135 - False foxglove, 135 - False indigo, 53 - False purple thistle, 88-89 - Farkleberry, 92 - Fiddle-neck, 112 - Field lily, 10 - Filago, 167 - Firewheel, 183 - Flag, 15 - Flannel breeches, 111 - Flax - Blue, 60 - Yellow, 61 - Fleabane daisy, 162 - Fleabane, marsh, 168 - Florida moss, 3 - Flutter-mill, 82 - Four-o’clock, 19 - French mulberry, 118 - Fumariaceae, 35 - Fumitory family, 35 - - - G - Gaillardia, 183 - Gallitos, 173 - Garlic, false, 8 - Garrya, 86 - Gaura, 84 - Gay feather, 154 - Gentian - Family, 95-98 - Pink, 95, 98 - Purple, 96-97 - Geoprumnon, 56 - Geraniaceae, 59 - Geranium, 59 - Geranium family, 59 - Ghost-weed, 66 - Gilia, 104-105 - Gnaphalium, 168 - Goat’s beard, 28 - Golden eye, 105 - Goldenrod, 155 - Golden wave, 178 - Gooseberry, 92 - Gourd, 149 - Gourd family, 148-149 - Grandfather’s beard, 28 - Grass-pink, 16 - Gray-beard, 28 - Greggia, 38 - Grindelia, 158 - Ground cherry, 130 - Ground plum, 56 - Groundsel, 166 - Groundsel-tree, 166 - Guayule, 176 - Gumweed, 158-159 - Gutierrezia, 157 - - - H - Hamosa, 57 - Harebell, 151 - Hartmannia, 80-81, xiv - Haw, black, 145 - Heath family, 92 - Helenium, 182 - Helianthus, 177 - Heliotrope, 113 - Hemlock, poison, 91 - Henbit, 121 - Herbertia, 13 - Heterotheca, 158 - Holly, desert, 191 - Holly family, 67 - Hollyhock, 72 - Honeysuckle - Coral, 145 - Family, 145-146 - White, 146 - Honeysuckle primrose, 84 - Horehound, 119 - Horsebean, 50 - Horsemint - Dwarf, 123 - Green, 123 - Purple, 124-125 - Houstonia, 143-144, xiv - Huckleberry, 92 - Huisache, 44 - Huisache daisy, 182 - Hyacinth, wild, 7 - Hydrophyllaceae, 111 - Hymenocallis, 12 - Hypoxis, 11, xiv - - - I - Ibervillea, 148 - Ibidium, 16 - Ilex, 67 - Indian - Blanket, 183 - Fire, 126 - Mallow, 69 - Pink, 133 - Plume, 105 - Indigo-plant, 54 - Indigo squill, 7 - Ink-berry, 21 - Ipomoea, 103 - Iridaceae, 13 - Iris, 15 - Pleated-leaf, 13 - Iron flower, 161 - Ironweed, 152 - - - J - Judas-tree, 47 - Jerusalem thorn, 50 - - - K - Keerlia, 163 - Kindling weed, 157 - Kisses, 84 - Kiss-me-and-I’ll-tell-you, 162 - Krameria, 51, xiv - Krameriaceae, 51 - Krameria family, 51 - - - L - Labiatae, 119-127 - Laciniaria, 154-155, xiv - Ladies’-tresses, 16 - Lagerstroemia, 78 - Lamb’s lettuce, 147 - Lamium, 121 - Lantana, 118 - Larkspur, 26 - Leather flower, 29 - Lechuguilla, 11 - Lemon mint, 121 - Lemon monarda, 125 - Lepidium, 36 - Leptoglottis, 46, xiv - Lesquerella 37 - Leucophyllum, 131 - Liatris, 155 - Liliaceae, 7 - Lily family, 7-9 - Limodorum, 16 - Linaceae, 60 - Linaria, 134 - Lindheimer, Ferdinand, 170 - Lindheimera, 170 - Linum, 60, 61 - Loasaceae, 75 - Loasa family, 75 - Lobelia, 151 - Lobelia family, 151 - Long moss, 3 - Lonicera, 145-146 - Loco-weeds, 56 - Loosestrife, 78 - Love-in-the-mist, 28 - Love-vine, 102 - Lupine, 53 - Lupinus, 53 - Lygodesmia, 192 - Lythraceae, 78 - Lythrum, 78 - - - M - Machaeranthera, 165, xiv - Madder family, 143 - Magoty-boy-bean, 49 - Mahonia, 30, xiv - Mallow family, 69 - Malo mujer, 65 - Malvaceae, 69-73 - Malvastrum, 70 - Malvaviscus, 71 - Mandrake, 30 - Margil, 31 - Marrubium, 119 - Marsh fleabane, 168 - Marsh pink, 98 - May apple, 30 - Mayweed, 185 - Meadow pink, 98 - Megapterium, 82 - Melampodium, 169 - Menispermaceae, 31 - Mentzelia, 75, xiv - Meriolix, 83 - Mesquite, 45 - Mexican - Apple, 71 - Hat, 173 - Persimmon, 94 - Poppy, 34 - Primrose, 81 - Tea, 121 - Milfoil, 186 - Milk vetch, 57 - Milkweed family, 100-101 - Milkweed, green-flowered, 100 - Milkwort, 64 - Mimbre, 138 - Mimosa, 46 - Mimosa family, 44-46 - Mimosaceae, 44-46 - Mistflower, 153 - Mock orange, 149 - Monarda, 122-125, xiv - Moonseed, 31 - Morongia, 46, xiv - Morning-glory family, 103 - Morning-glory, purple, 103 - Mountain daisy, 169 - Mountain laurel, 52 - Mountain pink, 95 - Mulberry, French, 118 - Mustard family, 36-38 - - - N - Nama, 111 - Nemophila, 111 - Neopieris, 92 - Neptunia, 46 - Niggerhead, 172-173 - Niggertoe, 173 - Nightshade, purple, 128 - Nightshade, yellow, 129 - Nothoscordum, 8 - Nuphar, 24, xiv - Nuttallia, 75 - Nyctaginia, 20 - Nymphaea, 24, xiv - Nymphaeaceae, 24 - - - O - Odostemon, 30, xiv - Oenothera, 79, xiv - Oil willow, 166 - Old man’s beard, 28 - Onion, prairie, 8 - Opoponax, 44 - Opuntia, 76-77 - Orchidaceae, 16 - Orchid family, 16 - Orpine family, 40 - Ovalidaceae, 62 - Oxalis, 62 - Oxytropis, 56 - - - P - Paint-brush, purple, 131 - Paint-brush, scarlet, 132-133 - Painted-cup, 132-133 - Palmillo, 9 - Palo verde, 50 - Papaveraceae, 32 - Paper flower, 180 - Parkinsonia, 50 - Parosela, 55 - Parsley, prairie, 91 - Parthenium, 176 - Partridge pea, 49 - Pavonia, 73 - Pea family, 52-58 - Pea, indigo, 54 - Pencil-tree, 166 - Pennyroyal, 121 - Pentstemon, 134-137, xiv - Peppergrass, 36 - Perezia, 191 - Persicaria, 18, xiv - Persimmon, common, 94 - Persimmon, Mexican, 94 - Petalostemon, 55 - Petunia, wild, 140-141 - Phacelia, 111-112 - Phlox, 106-110 - Phlox family, 104-110, xiv - Physalis, 130, xiv - Physostegia, 120 - Piaropus, 6, xiv - Pickerel-weed family, 6 - Pimpernel, 93 - Pinaropappus, 193 - Pineapple family, 3 - Pine needle, 59 - Pink family, 23 - Pink prairie gentian, 98 - Pitcher-plant, 39 - Plantain family, 142 - Plantago, 142 - Pleiotaenia, 91, xiv - Pluchea, 168 - Pleurisy-root, 101 - Podophyllum, 30 - Pogonia, 16 - Poinciana, 49 - Pokeberry, 21 - Pokeweed family, 21 - Polygala, 64 - Polytaenia, 91, xiv - Pontedariaceae, 6 - Popinac, 44 - Poppy mallow, 72 - Portulaceae, 22 - ’Possum plums, 94 - Potato family, 128-130 - Poverty-weed, 167 - Powder puffs, 189 - Prairie clover, 55 - Prairie-lily, 10, 75 - Prairie lace, 87 - Prairie rose, 41-42 - Prairie stonecrop, 40 - Prickly pear, 76-77 - Prickly poppy, 32 - Prickly potato, 129 - Prionopsis, 159 - Primulaceae, 93 - Primrose, 93 - Primrose family, 93 - Prosopis, 45 - Psilostrophe, 180 - Ptiloria, 192 - Puccoon, 114 - Purslane family, 22 - Purslane, lance-leaved, 22 - Purple thistle, 190 - Purple thistle, false, 88-89 - - - Q - Quamasia, 7 - Queen Anne’s lace, 87, 90 - Queen’s crown, 17 - Queen’s wreath, 17 - - - R - Rabbit tobacco, 167 - Ragweed, 175 - Rain-lily, 10 - Ranunculaceae, 25-29 - Ranunculus, 27 - Rattlesnake master, 89 - Redbud, 47 - Retama, 50 - Resin willow, 166 - Rhododendron, 92 - Ribwort, 142 - Riverraft, 6 - Rivina, 21 - Rose moss, 22 - Rose family, 41-42 - Rose, pink prairie, 42 - Rose, white prairie, 41 - Rouge plant, 21 - Rubber plant, 176 - Rubiaceae, 143-144 - Rubus, 43 - Rudbeckia, 174 - Ruellia, 141, xiv - Rumex, 18 - - - S - Sabbatia, 98 - Sagebrush, 185 - Sagittaria, 2 - Salvia, 126-127 - Salviastrum, 127, xv - Samolus, 93 - Sampson’s root, 175 - Sand-bells, 111 - Sand-bur, 51 - Sand verbena, 19 - Sarracenia, 39, xv - Sarraceniaceae, 39 - Scarlet pea, 53 - Scrambled eggs, 35 - Scrophulariaceae, 131-137 - Sea-holly, 89 - Sea-star, 98 - Sedum, 40 - Seed-ticks, 90 - Senecio, 187 - Seniso, 131 - Senna, 48 - Senna family, 47-50 - Sensitive briar, 46 - Sensitive pea, 49 - Shame vine, 46 - Shaving brush, 189-190 - Shooting-star, 93 - Sida, 69, xv - Sideranthus, 161 - Silene, 23 - Silkweed, 100 - Silver puffs, 191 - Sisyrinchium, 14 - Sitilias, 193 - Skullcap, 119 - Skunkflower, 20 - Smartweed, 18 - Snail-flower, 112 - Snake-mouth, 16 - Snapdragon, 134 - Sneezeweed, 182 - Snow-on-the-mountain, 66 - Soapweed, 9 - Solanum, 128-129 - Solidago, 154-156 - Sophia, 37 - Spanish bayonet, 9 - Spanish dagger, 9 - Spanish moss, 3 - Sparkleberry, 92 - Specularia, 150 - Spectacle-pod, 38 - Sphaeralcea, 70 - Spider-flower, 112 - Spider-lily, 12 - Spiderwort, 4 - Spiderwort family, 4-5 - Spurge family, 66-66 - Spurge-nettle, 65 - Squaw-weed, 187 - Stagger-bush, 92 - Standing cypress, 104-105 - Star-mallow, 70 - Stenorrhyncus cinnabarinus, 16 - Stellaria, 23, xv - Stickerweed, 129 - Stonecrop, 40 - Stork’s bill, 59 - Strangle-weed, 102 - Straw, flowering, 192 - Straw, milk, 192-193 - Sunbonnet babies, 191 - Sunflower, 177 - Svida, 86, xiv - Swamp honeysuckle, 92 - Sweet sultan, 189 - - - T - Tansy aster, 165 - Tansy mustard, 37 - Talinum, 22 - Tallow-weed, 142 - Tassajillo, 77 - Tecoma, 138 - Tetraneuris, 181 - Texas nettle, 129 - Texas pride, 106 - Texas star, blue, 99 - Texas star daisy, 170 - Texas star, pink, 98 - Texas star, red, 105 - Thamnosma, 35 - Thelesperma, 179 - Thimble flower, 173 - Thistle, American star, 189 - Thistle, nodding, 191 - Thistle, purple, 89, 190 - Thistle, spineless, 189 - Thoroughwort, 153 - Thrysanthema, 191, xv - Thyme-leaf, 184 - Thymophylla, 184 - Tie-vine, 103 - Tillandsia, 3, xiv - Tiny Tim, 184 - Toad-flax, 134 - Toxicoscordion, 7, xv - Tradescantia, 4 - Tread-softly, 65, 129 - Tree-huckleberry, 92 - Trumpet-creeper, 138 - Trumpet-creeper family, 138 - Trumpets, 39 - Turkey pea, 57 - Turk’s cap, 71 - Twisted-stalk, 16 - - - U - Umbrella-plant, 17 - Umbrella-wort, 19 - - - V - Vachellia, 44, xiv - Valerianella, 147 - Valerian family, 147 - Venus’ looking-glass, 150 - Verbena, 115-117, xv - Verbenaceae, 115-118 - Verbena family, 115-118 - Vervain, 115 - Vetch, 57 - Viburnum, 145 - Vicia, 57 - Violaceae, 74 - Violet, 74 - Violet family, 74 - Viorna, 29, xiv - Virgin’s bower, 28 - Viznaga, 77 - - - W - Walking-stick cactus, 77 - Wampee, 6 - Wapato duck potato, 2 - Watches, 39 - Water cup, 39 - Water-leaf family, 111-112 - Water hyacinth, 6 - Water lily, 24 - Water lily family, 24 - Water plantain family, 2 - Water potato, 2 - Water pimpernel, 93 - Wedelia, 19, xiv - White-leaf, 131 - Whitlow-grass, 36 - Wild belladonna, 135 - Wild carrot, 90 - Wild currant, 30 - Wild dill, 91 - Wild balsam, 148 - Wild gourd, 149 - Wild heliotrope, 112 - Wild petunia, 141 - Wild quinine, 176 - Willow, flowering, 138 - Willow, oil, 166 - Willow, resin, 166 - Windflower, 25 - Wine-cup, 72 - Woodbine, Southern, 145 - Wood-sorrel, 62-63 - Wool-crape, 3 - Wright, Charles, 139 - - - X - Xanthisma, 160 - Xanthoxalis, 63 - - - Y - Yankee-weed, 153, 166 - Yarrow, 186 - Yaupon, 67 - Yellow-elder, 138 - Yellow star grass, 11 - Yucca, 9, xv - - - Z - Zephyranthes, 11, xv - Zinna, 170 - Zygadenus, 7, xv - - - - - FOOTNOTES - - -[1]Outline and localities used by permission of the _Texas Almanac_. - -[2]There are numerous white-flowered shrubs in the state, but only those - illustrated are included here. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - ---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - ---Corrected a few palpable typographical errors. - ---Added heading “FINDING LISTS” corresponding to Table of Contents. - ---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Texas Flowers in Natural Colors, by Eula Whitehouse - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXAS FLOWERS IN NATURAL COLORS *** - 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