190 files changed, 17 insertions, 14020 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7b82bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.txt text eol=lf
+*.htm text eol=lf
+*.html text eol=lf
+*.md text eol=lf
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..53e234a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #53647 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53647)
diff --git a/old/53647-0.txt b/old/53647-0.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d284c9..0000000
--- a/old/53647-0.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7044 +0,0 @@
-Project Gutenberg's Texas Flowers in Natural Colors, by Eula Whitehouse
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Texas Flowers in Natural Colors
-
-Author: Eula Whitehouse
-
-Release Date: December 2, 2016 [EBook #53647]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXAS FLOWERS IN NATURAL COLORS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-                    [Illustration: TEXAS BLUEBONNET
-                           THE STATE FLOWER]
-
-
-
-
-                             TEXAS FLOWERS
-                                   IN
-                             NATURAL COLORS
-
-
-                                   BY
-                            EULA WHITEHOUSE
-
-
-                      Illustrations by the Author
-
-
-                              Published by
-                            EULA WHITEHOUSE
-                             Dallas, Texas
-
-                      Copyright 1936 and 1948, by
-
-                            Eula Whitehouse
-                 Box 739, Southern Methodist University
-                            Dallas 5, Texas
-
-           Printed and bound in the United States of America
-
-                           First Edition 1936
-                          Second Edition 1948
-
-
-
-
-                           TEXAS WILDFLOWERS
-
-
-  From the pine woods to the prairies,
-    From the Panhandle to the sea,
-  You’ll find the Texas wildflowers
-    In marvelous carpetry.
-
-  Such magic tints of colors,
-    Pale pinks and dainty blues,
-  No artist’s palette can match them
-    In all their radiant hues.
-
-  The Texas sun has kissed them;
-    To Heaven they lift their eyes;
-  Beauty and Peace it brings them,
-    And Freedom under Texas skies.
-
-                                                    —Gertrude Whitehouse
-
-
-
-
-                                PREFACE
-
-
-For more than a century the wild flowers of Texas have been a source of
-study and pleasure to scientists and flower lovers. The state can boast
-of a varied and interesting flora which has attracted numerous plant
-collectors since the first specimens were collected in the Texas
-Panhandle by Dr. Edwin James, naturalist accompanying the Long
-Expedition in 1820. Dr. Louis Berlandier, a French botanist, endured the
-hardships of the Teran Expedition for the exploration of the boundary
-region between Texas and Mexico between 1826 and 1834 in order to
-collect plants in Texas.
-
-Berlandier’s first collection was instrumental, a few years later, in
-arousing the interest of Thomas Drummond, a Scotch botanist and
-collector. In 1833-34 Drummond visited Southeast Texas and collected 700
-species of plants. In 1836, Ferdinand Lindheimer, a German botanist,
-moved to Texas and began his noteworthy study and collection of Texas
-plants. Charles Wright, a Yale graduate, came to Texas in 1837, first
-collecting plants in East Texas and later making important additions in
-Southwest Texas. Since the work of these early pioneers, many scientists
-have visited nearly all parts of the state and have added many new names
-to the list of native plants.
-
-Today nearly five thousand species of flowering plants have been
-reported from the state. About half of these have showy, conspicuous
-flowers, and many of them are very limited in their distribution in
-Texas. If the reader will keep these figures in mind, perhaps he will
-not be disappointed at not finding some of his favorite flowers in the
-following pages. As such a limited number could be included, it was
-thought best to use those widely distributed throughout the state,
-omitting some of the well-known plants which have been frequently
-illustrated in previous publications.
-
-The present manual is not intended as a guide to the flora of the state,
-but it is hoped that it will prove helpful in identifying some of the
-common flowers. A few rare and beautiful flowers have been included so
-that they may be recognized and protected. In order to include
-representatives of the more important plant families, it was impossible
-because of lack of space to add many widely distributed members of other
-families represented. For example, the pea family, which has about 300
-showy members in Texas, had to be limited to ten representatives.
-
-The water color paintings on which the manual is based were made by the
-author. In nearly all cases they were made from fresh specimens
-carefully checked with verified material in the University of Texas
-Herbarium; a few which could not be painted at the time of collecting
-were later drawn from pressed specimens and colored from notes and
-memory.
-
-The flowers of Texas have been so very abundant that only recently has
-it been considered necessary to protect them. The Legislature of 1933
-passed a law forbidding the picking of flowers and injury to trees and
-shrubs along highways. Even this protection is not sufficient for some
-plants. A few years ago the writer happened to visit the shop of a
-cactus fancier just after he had returned from a collecting trip and saw
-with amazement the large tow-sacks filled with rare and highly prized
-cacti. Wagon loads of the large and vivid-blooming ribbed cacti have
-been observed as they were brought in for market. The bluebell, or
-purple gentian, is in need of protection since florists have been buying
-them up in such large quantities. The picturesque bunches of sotol are
-being rapidly destroyed, as ranchmen are stripping them of their
-saw-toothed leaves and feeding the stalks to their cattle. Yaupon and
-American holly, both slow-growing plants, are being destroyed to supply
-the market with Christmas greens.
-
-A few flower sanctuaries have been established in recent years, but many
-others are needed. The decrease in our native flowers is primarily due
-to increase in population with the accompanying increases in homesteads
-and acres in cultivation, over-grazing, and improved facilities of
-travel. The limestone hill region was formerly a flower paradise but has
-been so heavily over-grazed by sheep in recent years that now the only
-flowers to be found are the unattractive rabbit-tobacco, horehound, and
-queen’s delight, or goatweed, so called because sheep and goats will not
-eat it.
-
-Grateful acknowledgment is made to the many friends who have assisted me
-in the preparation of this volume. I deeply regret that it has been
-necessary to increase the list price of this edition. The first edition
-of three thousand copies did not pay for the cost of publication. That
-deficit, added to the increased costs of printing and paper, have made
-an increase imperative.
-
-_September 1, 1948_
-                                                         Eula Whitehouse
-
-
-
-
-                                CONTENTS
-
-
-                                                                    PAGE
-  _Texas Wildflowers_                                                  v
-  Preface                                                            vii
-  Reference Books on Texas Flowers                                    xi
-  Plant Parts and Plant Names                                       xiii
-  Plant Distribution                                                 xvi
-  Description of Plants                                                2
-  Finding Lists                                                      194
-  Index                                                              204
-
-
-
-
-                    REFERENCE BOOKS ON TEXAS FLOWERS
-
-
-For more detailed descriptions, description of other plants, flower
-uses, and flower legends and history, the following books will prove
-helpful:
-
-  Bailey, L. H., _The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture_.
-  Benson, L. and Darrow, R. A., _A Manual of Southwestern Desert Trees
-          and Shrubs_.
-  Britton, N. L. and Brown, H. A., _An Illustrated Flora of the Northern
-          United States, Canada and the British Possessions_.
-  Cory, V. L. and Parks, H. B., _Catalogue of the Flora of Texas_.
-  Coulter, John M., _Cop. Botany of Western Texas_ (_U. S. Nat. Herb.
-          Contr._, 1892, out of print).
-  Dorman, Caroline E., _Wild Flowers of Louisiana_.
-  Fassett, N. C., _A Manual of Aquatic Plants_.
-  Geiser, S. W., _Naturalists of the Frontier_. Southwest Press, Dallas.
-  Jaeger, E. C., _Desert Wild Flowers_.
-  Kearney, T. H. and Peebles, R. H., _Flowering Plants and Ferns of
-          Arizona_.
-  Parks, H. B., _Valuable Plants Native to Texas_.
-  Preston, R. J., _Rocky Mountain Trees_.
-  Quillan, Ellen Schulz, _Texas Wild Flowers_.
-  Ranson, Nancy R., _Texas Wild Flower Legends_.
-  Reeves, R. G., and Bain, D. C., _Flora of South-Central Texas_.
-  Rydberg, P. A., _Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central N. A._
-          (out of print).
-  Silveus, W. A., _Texas Grasses_.
-  Slater, Elsie M., _A Hundred Flowers of the Mexican Border at El
-          Paso_.
-  Small, John K., _Flora of the Southeastern United States_, out of
-          print; _Manual of the Southeastern Flora_.
-  Standley, P. C., _Trees and Shrubs of Mexico_ (U. S. Nat Herb. Contr.,
-          19—, out of print).
-  Stemen, T. B. and Myers, W. S., _Oklahoma Flora_.
-  Wooton, E. O. and Standley, P. C., _Flora of New Mexico_ (U. S. Nat.
-          Herb. Contr. Vol. 19, out of print).
-
-                      [Illustration: PLANT PARTS]
-
-  COROLLA LOBES SEPARATE
-    STIGMA
-    STAMEN
-    PETAL
-    SEPAL
-    FLOWER-STALK (PEDUNCLE)
-  COROLLA LOBES UNITED
-    COROLLA LOBE
-    STAMEN
-      ANTHER (POLLEN-SAC)
-      FILAMENT
-    SEPAL
-    PISTIL
-      STIGMA
-      STYLE
-      OVARY
-    CALYX-TUBE
-    SEED
-    STIGMA
-    STAMEN
-    SEPAL
-    CALYX-TUBE
-    CAPSULE
-    BELL-SHAPE
-    CALYX-TUBE
-    TUBULAR
-    FUNNEL FORM
-  COMPOSITE FLOWER HEADS
-    INVOLUCRE
-    STIGMA
-    STYLE
-    STAMEN TUBE
-    DISK COROLLA
-    RAY COROLLA
-    DISK
-    FRUIT
-    BRACT (FLORAL LEAF)
-    FLORAL LEAF (BRACT)
-    LEAF BLADE
-    MIDRIB
-    LEAF-STALK (PETIOLE)
-    IRREGULAR LOBES
-  FRUIT OF COMPOSITE (ACHENE)
-    BRISTLES (PAPPUS)
-    SEED
-  SIMPLE LEAVES
-    LINEAR
-    LANCE-SHAPE
-    OBLONG
-    LANCE-OBLONG
-    OVATE
-  COMPOUND LEAVES
-    ONCE-DIVIDED
-      PALMATE or DIGITATE
-  SHARPLY TOOTHED
-  LEAFLETS
-  LEAF-STALK (PETIOLE)
-  STEM
-      PINNATE
-    TWICE-DIVIDED
-      LEAFLET
-      LEAF-STALK
-
-
-
-
-                      PLANT PARTS AND PLANT NAMES
-
-
-The diagram on the opposite page carries illustrations of most of the
-terms used in the following descriptions of plants. As it was intended
-that this manual should serve as a means of plant identification from
-illustrations, the descriptions have been made very brief. If the reader
-is interested in a more detailed description, technical books should be
-consulted. Some botanical terms are rather loosely used in the effort to
-avoid technical expressions; for example, the fruit of a daisy flower is
-known popularly as a seed but is an achene, a seed closely covered by
-the wall of the ovary.
-
-The conspicuous parts of the flower commonly make up the corolla, each
-part being known as a petal; however, in some flowers the showy part is
-actually the calyx, as the outer whorl of parts around the stamens and
-pistil is always called. The divisions of the calyx are known as sepals.
-The stamens are made up of two parts—the anthers or small sacs which
-bear the pollen grains, a necessary part to fertilization, and the
-filaments or stalks which elevate the anthers so that the pollen grains
-can be scattered. The ovules which develop into seeds after
-fertilization are borne in the ovary, a part of the pistil. The pollen
-is deposited on the stigma and carried down the style to the ovule.
-Showy flower parts, nectar, and other devices attract insect visitors
-which aid in the transfer of pollen from one flower to another.
-
-In order that botanists everywhere may make use of plant names and
-descriptions, these are written in Latin. The Latin name of the
-bluebonnet is _Lupinus texensis_, in which _texensis_ represents the
-name of a species and _Lupinus_ is the name of a genus, which is a group
-of closely related species. The plants making up the different species
-in a genus are usually so much alike in flower, fruit, and leaf
-characters that they can be recognized as belonging to the same group.
-Similar genera (plural of genus) are grouped together in families; the
-family name in Latin takes the ending -_aceae_. Thus while this book
-illustrates only 257 Texas plants, it is hoped that the reader will
-become familiar with many others which bear a close relationship.
-
-Much effort has been expended to use scientific terminology in
-accordance with that preferred by experts on various plant groups, but
-continuing research changes many well known names. In this list the name
-used in the text is followed by the name now in good usage; the terms
-are not always synonymous. The authorities for the names are not given
-but can be checked in technical publications.
-
-  Aesculaceae
-    Hippocastanaceae
-  Allionia grayana
-    Mirabilis grayana
-  Amphiachyris dracunculoides
-    Gutierrezia dracunculoides
-  Argemone rosea
-    Argemone sanguinea
-  Argemone delicatula
-    Argemone pinnatifida
-  Asclepiodora decumbens
-    Asclepias capricornu
-  Baptisia bracteata
-    Baptisia leucophaea
-  Batodendron arboreum
-    Vaccinium arboreum
-  Capnoides montanum
-    Corydalis aurea
-  Capnoides curvisiliquum
-    Corydalis curvisiliqua
-  Carduus austrinus
-    Cirsium sp.
-  Carduus undulatus
-    Cirsium undulatum megacephalum
-  Cassiaceae
-    Leguninosae
-  Cebatha carolina
-    Cocculus carolinus
-  Cercis reniormis
-    Cercis canadensis texensis
-  Cochranea anchusaefolia
-    Heliotropium amplexicaule
-  Conoclinium coelestinum
-    Eupatorium coelestinum
-  Delphinium albescens
-    Delphinium virescens
-  Dendropogon usneoides
-    Tillandsia usneoides
-  Dichondraceae
-    Convolvulaceae
-  Dracopis amplexicaulis
-    Rudbeckia amplexicaulis
-  Epilobiaceae
-    Onagraceae
-  Erythraea
-    Centaurium
-  Fabaceae
-    Leguminosae
-  Filago prolifera
-    Evax prolifera
-  Filago nivea
-    Evax multicaulis
-  Geoprumnon mexicanum
-    Astragalus caryocarpus pachycarpus
-  Greggia camporum
-    Nerisyrenia camporum
-  Hamosa nuttalliana
-    Astragalus Nuttallianus
-  Hartmannia tetraptera
-    Oenothera speciosa
-  Hypoxis erecta
-    Hypoxis hirsuta
-  Ibidium gracile
-    Spiranthes gracilis
-  Jussiaea diffusa
-    Jussiaea repens
-  Keerlia bellidiflora
-    Chaetopappa bellidifolia
-  Krameriaceae
-    Leguminosae
-  Laciniaria punctata
-    Liatris punctata
-  Lepidium alyssoides
-    Lepidium montanum alyssoides
-  Leptoglottis uncinata
-    Schrankia Nuttallii
-  Leucophyllum texanum
-    Leucophyllum frutescens
-  Limodorum tuberosum
-    Calopogon pulchellus
-  Lithospermum linearifolium
-    Lithospermum incisum
-  Lithospermum gmelinii
-    Lithospermum carolinense
-  Megapterium missouriense
-    Oenothera missouriensis
-  Meriolix spinulosa
-    Oenothera serrulata Drummondii
-  Mimosaceae
-    Leguminosae
-  Nemastylis acuta
-    Nemastylis geminiflora
-  Nama ovatum
-    Hydrolea ovata
-  Nemastylis texana
-    Nemastylis sp.
-  Neopieris mariana
-    Lyonia mariana
-  Nuphar advena
-    Nuphar advenum
-  Oxytropis lamberti
-    Astragalus Lambertii
-  Parosela aurea
-    Dalea aurea
-  Parosela pogonathera
-    Dalea pogonathera
-  Pentstemon
-    Penstemon
-  Persicaria longistyla
-    Polygonum longistylum
-  Persicaria punctata
-    Polygonum punctatum
-  Phlox drummondii (purple variety)
-    Phlox Goldsmithii (left, p. 107)
-  Phlox drummondii (purple variety)
-    Phlox McAllisteri (right, p. 107)
-  Phlox helleri
-    Phlox littoralis
-  Phytolacca decandra
-    Phytolacca americana
-  Pleiotaenia nuttallii
-    Polytaenia Nuttallii
-  Ptiloria pauciflora
-    Stephanomeria pauciflora
-  Quamasia hyacinthina
-    Camassia scilloides
-  Rosa woodsii
-    Rosa foliolosa
-  Sabbatia
-    Sabatia
-  Senecio filifolius
-    Senecio longilobus
-  Sisyrinchium thurowi
-    Sisyrinchium exile
-  Sitilias multicaulis
-    Pyrrhopappus sp.
-  Sophia pinnata
-    Descurainea pinnata
-  Stenorrhyncus cinnabarinus
-    Spiranthes cinnabarina
-  Thrysanthema nutans
-    Chaptalia nutans
-  Thymophylla polychaeta
-    Dyssodia polychaeta
-  Thymophylla pentachaeta
-    Dyssodia pentachaeta
-  Toxicoscordion nuttallii
-    Zygadenus Nuttallii
-  Tradescantia bracteata
-    Tradescantia ohiensis
-  Verbena plicata
-    Verbena Cloveri
-  Vicia texana
-    Vicia ludoviciana
-  Yucca radiosa
-    Yucca elata
-  Yucca glauca
-    Yucca campestris
-
-
-
-
-                           PLANT DISTRIBUTION
-
-
-                         [Illustration: TEXAS]
-
-The above map[1] gives the larger natural areas of the state. The
-prairie regions afford the most profuse display of wild flowers. In the
-wooded area of East Texas, the shortleaf pine is abundant in the
-northern part, the loblolly in the southwestern part, and the longleaf
-pine in the southeastern part of the area, while hardwoods are found in
-the river bottoms. The chief trees in the post oak strip are post oak
-and black jack oak. Among the mountain cedars, live oaks and Spanish
-oaks, so common in the limestone hill region, may be found scattered
-trees and shrubs of the chaparral. The chaparral region is often broken
-by prairies but in some places is densely covered with shrubs and small
-trees which are usually thorny. The mesquite is abundant in this region
-and is more or less scattered throughout the prairie regions.
-
-
-
-
-                            _TEXAS FLOWERS_
-
-
-Author’s Note: The family characteristics are placed immediately below
-the illustrations at the beginning of each family group and set in
-smaller type to distinguish them from the individual group descriptions.
-
-
-
-
-                        DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES
-
-
-
-
-                   WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY (Alismaceae)
-
-
-        [Illustration: SMALL ARROWHEAD    LONG-LOBED ARROWHEAD]
-
-Marsh or water plants; leaves mostly basal; sepals 3; petals 3, white or
-pink, tender; stamens 6 or more; pistils many, free; fruit a head of
-achenes.
-
-Small Arrowhead (_Sagittaria papillosa_) is a common pond dweller in
-Texas and Louisiana. Like other arrowheads the flowers are borne in
-whorls, the upper having many stamens and the lower producing the seeds.
-It may be distinguished from other narrow-leaved forms by the rough
-(papillose) surface of the floral leaves.
-
-Plains or Long-Lobed Arrowhead (_Sagittaria longiloba_) is common in
-shallow water on the plains from Nebraska to Mexico from April to
-October. The shape of the leaf of this and other species has given the
-common names of arrowhead and arrowleaf to this group. Like the
-water-plantain and bur-head the flowers have 3 tender white petals. The
-wapato duck potato (_S. latifolia_) may be found in East Texas. Growing
-in great abundance along the coast, the water potato or scythe-fruited
-arrowhead (_S. falcata_) is a showy plant 2-4 feet high with large
-lance-shaped leaves. The tubers and young shoots of both of these are
-considered excellent foods for ducks. Indians also valued the starchy
-tubers for food, and it was the duty of the women to grub in the mud for
-them.
-
-
-
-
-                    PINEAPPLE FAMILY (Bromeliaceae)
-
-
-               [Illustration: SPANISH MOSS    BALL MOSS]
-
-Chiefly air-plants, some rigid-leaved land plants; floral leaves often
-conspicuous; 3 sepals; 3 petals; stamens 3-6; pistil 3-celled.
-
-Spanish Moss (_Dendropogon usneoides_) has long zig-zag stems hanging in
-gray masses from the branches of many trees, especially live oaks, from
-the Coastal Plain of the United States to South America. Sometimes
-called Florida-moss, wool crape, crape-moss, and long moss, it has long
-been renowned in literature and industry. Indians and pioneers found
-many uses for it, and it is still used for padding, fodder for cattle,
-decoration, and the making of mattresses. The short leaves are scattered
-on the slender stem, which may be 1-6 yards long. The fragrant flowers
-are small and inconspicuous, being about ¼ inch long, blooming in early
-summer. The name means “tree-beard.”
-
-Ball Moss. Bunch Moss (_Tillandsia recurvata_) has small and
-inconspicuous purple flowers which appear in the summer. Like the
-Spanish moss, it gets its nourishment from the air but may injure trees
-by crowding out the leaves. Both mosses bear no relation to the true
-mosses but belong to the same family as the pineapple. The ball moss is
-found on trees, wires, rocks, and other places. Bailey’s bunch moss is a
-large-flowered form growing in the lower Rio Grande Valley.
-
-
-
-
-                   SPIDERWORT FAMILY (Commelinaceae)
-
-
-         [Illustration: GIANT SPIDERWORT    PRAIRIE SPIDERWORT]
-
-Mostly succulent herbs with tuberous or fibrous roots; flowers arising
-from a cluster of leaf-like bracts; sepals 3; petals 3; stamens 6; ovary
-3-celled; fruit capsular.
-
-Giant Spiderwort (_Tradescantia gigantea_) grows in clumps of stout
-stems 2-3 feet high. The numerous flowers on short slender stalks hang
-out of a cluster of 2-3 upper leaves which have sac-like bases, velvety
-with soft hairs. The 3-petaled flowers vary in color from purplish-blue
-to rose or white and close at noon. The 6 stamens are adorned with
-lovely violet hairs. It is found in Central Texas in April and May.
-
-The spiderwort group was named for Tradescant, gardener to Charles I. It
-is well represented in Texas, all of the many different species being
-easy to transplant and making attractive garden plants. The wandering
-jew, a well-known spiderwort in cultivation, is a native of South
-America.
-
-Prairie Spiderwort (_T. bracteata_) is a smaller plant with bluer
-flowers. Ranging from Minnesota to Texas, it has its blooming season in
-Texas in April and May.
-
-            [Illustration: TEXAS DAYFLOWER    WIDOW’S TEARS]
-
-Curly-Leaved Dayflower. Widow’s Tears (_Commelina crispa_) has two large
-blue petals and a third, minute, white, and inconspicuous. The upper
-three stamens are 4-lobed and sterile, quite different from the 3 lower
-pollen-producing stamens, one of which is larger than the others. The
-petals are very tender and last only one morning. This dayflower may be
-distinguished from several others in the state by its crisped
-leaf-margins. It is very common on the South Central Plains from May to
-September. The name is given in honor of early Dutch botanists by the
-name of Commelyn.
-
-Texas Dayflower (_Commelinantia anomala_) has two large petals like the
-dayflowers, but may be distinguished from them by their lavender color
-and by having the leaf around the flower-cluster more like the lower
-leaves in shape. The three upper stamens are bearded with violet hairs
-like those of spiderworts. It grows in rich moist soil in the limestone
-hills of the southern part of the state and the adjoining part of
-Mexico.
-
-
-
-
-                 PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY (Pontederiaceae)
-
-
-                     [Illustration: WATER HYACINTH]
-
-Aquatic plants; leaves alternate, often basal; sepals 3, petal-like;
-petals 3, sepals and petals partly united; ovary 3-celled.
-
-Water Hyacinth (_Eichhornia crassipes_) is also called wampee, river
-raft, and water orchid. It grows so thick in places that water channels
-may be blocked, and island-like masses may serve as rafts. With its
-large spikes of lavender flowers and its broad shining leaves with their
-curious bulbous floats, it is the queen of our water plants. Many
-streams, lakes, and canals along the coastal highway offer living
-pictures which will not soon fade from the memory. The plants float by
-means of the bulbous enlargement of the leaf stalk. The flowers are
-somewhat 2-lipped, the 3 sepals and 3 petals somewhat alike but with a
-yellow spot on the upper petal.
-
-Pickerel Weed (_Pontedaria cordata_) may be found growing in the mud of
-inland waters along the coast. It is a taller plant than the water
-hyacinth, the spikes are narrower, the flowers are a deeper purple, and
-the leaves are narrower and have no float.
-
-
-
-
-                        LILY FAMILY (Liliaceae)
-
-
-        [Illustration: NUTTALL’S DEATH CAMASS    WILD HYACINTH]
-
-Aquatic plants; leaves alternate, often basal; sepals 3, petal-like;
-petals 3, sepals and petals partly united; ovary 3-celled.
-
-Nuttall’s Death Camass (_Toxicoscordion nuttallii_) is a common prairie
-bunch-flower from Texas to Tennessee and Kansas. The leaves, which are
-mainly basal, long, narrow, and curved, and the stout stems 1-2 feet
-high arise from a large black-coated bulb which is poisonous. Many
-cream-colored flowers are borne in a round-topped cluster. The 3 sepals
-and 3 petals are alike, and the 6 stamens have large yellow anthers. The
-3-beaked capsules have numerous seeds. The flowers bloom in April and
-May. The poisonous bulb is responsible for the name, which is derived
-from the Greek meaning “poison-onion.”
-
-Wild Hyacinth (_Quamasia hyacinthina_) is also called indigo-squill or
-meadow hyacinth. Growing from a deep-rooted edible bulb, a slender stalk
-1-2 ft. high bears a spike-like cluster of hyacinth-blue flowers at the
-top. The flowers are about ½ inch broad and have a most delightful
-fragrance. It is widespread from Pennsylvania to Texas, common in Texas
-along railroads in April.
-
-              [Illustration: PRAIRIE ONION    CROW POISON]
-
-Prairie Onion (_Allium nuttallii_) has short flower stalks 4-6 inches
-high growing from a very small bulb which has a brown, finely-woven
-outer coat. The flowers are nearly half an inch broad and vary from pale
-pink to a deep rose. _Allium_ is the Latin for “garlic,” and both the
-cultivated garlic and onion are members of this group. There are nearly
-twenty different wild onions in the state, many of which make lovely
-garden plants. _Allium mutabile_, a taller onion with very numerous
-white flowers, blooms in May. The prairie onion is the same as Heller’s
-onion (_Allium helleri_) and blooms in April.
-
-Crow Poison. False Garlic (_Nothoscordum bivalve_) is one of the first
-flowers to appear in the spring on lawns, meadows, and roadsides
-throughout the Southern States and may bloom again in the autumn. It
-looks very much like the onions, but has fewer, larger flowers on long
-stalks and does not have the onion odor. It grows from an onion-like
-bulb. The name is from the Greek meaning “false garlic.”
-
-           [Illustration: FINE-LEAVED TREE-YUCCA    SOAPWEED]
-
-Beargrass. Fine-Leaved Tree-Yucca (_Yucca elata_) belongs to a group
-widely represented in Texas by many different forms, those with thin
-thready leaves being known as beargrass, soapweed, “palmillo,” and
-Adam’s needle and those with thick, stiff, sharp-pointed leaves as
-Spanish bayonet or dagger. All have creamy or greenish-white bell-shaped
-drooping flowers borne in dense clusters on a long stalk growing out of
-a rosette of leaves. The fine-leaved tree-yucca sometimes grows 20 ft.
-high and is very abundant west of the Pecos River to Arizona. The
-budding flower stalk is quite tender and palatable and was often used as
-a food by early settlers. It is an excellent food for cattle, and they
-keep the stalks stripped of budding shoots, making the absence of seed
-pods quite conspicuous on the cattle ranges. Indians used the leaf
-fibers for making sandals.
-
-Soapweed (_Yucca glauca_), the common yucca of the Panhandle of Texas
-and adjacent states, has an unbranched flower stalk. As in other yuccas,
-the roots yield soap when the bark is removed and crushed in water. The
-fruits of the stiff-leaved tree-yuccas are edible.
-
-
-
-
-                   AMARYLLIS FAMILY (Amaryllidaceae)
-
-
-           [Illustration: SMALL RAIN LILY    GIANT RAIN LILY]
-
-Plants with bulbs or fibrous roots; leaves basal; sepals 3, petal-like;
-petals 3, sepals and petals united into a tube below; stamens 6; ovary
-inferior, 3-celled.
-
-Small or Drummond’s Rain Lily (_Cooperia drummondii_) is known in
-cultivation as evening star. It does not have a stalked seed pod like
-the giant rain lily and has smaller flowers with much longer tube and
-shorter and narrower leaves. It blooms in the late summer and fall.
-
-The cooperias were named in honor of Joseph Cooper, an English gardener.
-Drummond’s rain lily honors Thomas Drummond, a Scottish plant collector
-who visited the southeastern part of Texas in 1833-34.
-
-Giant Rain Lily (_Cooperia pedunculata_) has lovely fragrant white
-flowers which last only a day or two. The tubular flowers appear
-funnel-shaped for some hours after opening, but the six broad lobes
-spread widely as the flowers mature. The leaves are all basal and grow
-from a large black-coated bulb; they are about a foot long and nearly
-half an inch wide. Shortly after heavy rains in spring and early summer,
-lawns, meadows, and woods in Louisiana, Texas, and Mexico are covered
-with the lovely blossoms. It is also called prairie lily, field lily,
-crow poison, and fairy lily.
-
-            [Illustration: COPPER LILY    YELLOW STAR GRASS]
-
-Copper Lily. Texas Atamosco Lily. Stagger Grass (_Zephyranthes texana_)
-is a copper-colored lily blooming in August and September in Central
-Texas. The inner surface of the petals is yellow and shows a purple
-veining. The flowers stalks are 6-12 inches long, growing from a cluster
-of very slender leaves. The yellow atamosco (_Zephyranthes longifolia_)
-has yellow flowers. It may be found in West Texas to Arizona and Mexico
-in the late summer and fall.
-
-Yellow Star Grass (_Hypoxis erecta_) has yellow flowers about an inch
-broad. It is one of the earliest and commonest spring flowers in the
-eastern pine woods, blooming in Texas in March and April.
-
-The common century plant of the Big Bend is _Agave havardiana_. It is
-not as large as the widely cultivated American century plant introduced
-from Mexico. A candelabrum-like cluster of yellow flowers, which are
-provided with a vast quantity of nectar, grows at the top of a stout
-stalk, which is commonly 12-15 feet high. The stalk grows from a cluster
-of broad gray leaves, 1-1½ feet long, bordered with recurved prickles
-and ending in a sharp-pointed spine. Lecheguilla (_Agave lecheguilla_)
-is a much smaller plant with narrow spikes of greenish-white flowers.
-
-                   [Illustration: TEXAS SPIDER LILY]
-
-Texas Spider Lily (_Hymenocallis galvestonensis_) grows in moist soil,
-in ditches, or on the edges of ponds. It is particularly abundant on the
-coastal prairie. A thick, fleshy flower stalk grows from a cluster of
-strap-shaped leaves about an inch broad and bears 4—6 white flowers in a
-cluster at the top of the stalk. The scientific name means “beautiful
-membrane” and refers to the delicate white funnel-tube uniting the bases
-of the 6 stamens. The 3 linear petals and the three similar sepals are
-about 6 in. long, united at their lower half into a slender tube. The
-upper half spreads, giving rise to the common name of spider lily. The
-flowers bloom from March to May. It was long ago introduced into
-cultivation and is considered quite hardy in the North.
-
-Western Spider Lily (_Hymenocallis occidentalis_) has similar flowers,
-but blooms in the summer after the leaves die back. It is found in moist
-soil and on shaded hillsides from Northeast Texas to Indiana and
-Georgia.
-
-
-
-
-                        IRIS FAMILY (Iridaceae)
-
-
-   [Illustration: PLEATED-LEAF IRIS    PRAIRIE CELESTIAL    WOODLAND
-                               CELESTIAL]
-
-Perennial herbs with bulbs, corms, or rhizomes; leaves usually basal and
-flattened at the sides; 3 sepals and 3 petals nearly equal; stamens 3;
-ovary below the perianth; fruit a 3-celled capsule.
-
-Pleated-Leaf Iris (_Herbertia caerulea_) has pleated leaves like the
-celestials, but the flowers are quite different, the 3 sky-blue sepals
-being large and spreading and the 3 petals small and inconspicuous. The
-bases are white with violet markings. It is very abundant on the Coastal
-Plain of Louisiana and Texas in April and May. The name is in honor of
-William Herbert, a distinguished English botanist.
-
-Prairie Celestial (_Nemastylis acuta_) has 6-parted sky-blue flowers
-with the 3 sepals and 3 petals nearly equal, white at the base. The
-2-branched thread-like styles, from which the name is derived, spread
-horizontally between the 3 erect stamens. It grows on the prairies of
-North Texas to Kansas and Tennessee.
-
-Woodland Celestial (_Nemastylis texana_) with its steel-blue flowers is
-more abundant in the southern part of the state in open post oak woods.
-Like the pleated-leaf iris, the flowers of the celestials open late in
-the morning and remain open only a few hours.
-
-                    [Illustration: BLUE-EYED GRASSES
-                   SWORD-LEAVED    THUROW’S    DWARF]
-
-Sword-Leaved Blue-Eyed Grass (_Sisyrinchium ensigerum_) is one of many
-blue-eyed grasses in the state, most of which have purplish-blue
-flowers, 6-parted and about half an inch broad, marked at the base with
-yellow. The flower has 3 erect united stamens. The flowers hang on
-thread-like stalks from two boat-shaped leaves about an inch long. The
-stems are winged, sword-shaped or outcurved, and have very fine
-saw-toothed edges. South-central to Northwestern Texas in April and May.
-In East Texas the prairie blue-eyed grass (_Sisyrinchium campestre_) is
-common. It has pale blue flowers, and the outer floral leaf is prolonged
-to a slender point, being 1½-2 in. long.
-
-Dwarf Blue-Eyed Grass (_Sisyrinchium minus_) has small reddish-purple
-flowers and an oblong seed capsule. Coastal Plain, Louisiana to Texas.
-Spring.
-
-Thurow’s Blue-Eyed Grass (_Sisyrinchium thurowi_) is a very small plant
-with small yellow flowers found in the southeastern part of the state in
-damp places. Spring.
-
-                       [Illustration: GIANT IRIS]
-
-Giant Blue-Flag or Iris (_Iris giganticaerulea_) is a tall iris found in
-swampy places in East Texas and Louisiana, blooming in late April and
-May. The color of this iris is quite variable, ranging from dark violet
-to lavender and white. The recurved spreading sepals are 3-4 inches
-long, and the petals are shorter and erect. The capsules are 3-4 in.
-long with 6 rounded ridges.
-
-Narrow Blue-Flag (_Iris virginica_) has been confused with the Carolina
-iris, according to Dr. Small of the New York Botanical Garden, who has
-recently described many new irises from Louisiana. The narrow blue-flag
-is colored similarly to the giant iris, but has shorter 3-angled
-capsules, very narrow leaves, and zig-zag stems. It is abundant on the
-Coastal Plain in early spring.
-
-Red-Brown Flag (_Iris fulva_) is also found in the swamps in East Texas.
-
-
-
-
-                      ORCHID FAMILY (Orchidaceae)
-
-
-        [Illustration: SLENDER LADIES’-TRESSES    ROSE POGONIA]
-
-Air plants or tuberous-rooted; leaves alternate, undivided; sepals 3;
-petals 3, the middle one, or “lip,” often complex in structure; stamens
-2 or 1, united to pistil; ovary below the perianth.
-
-Slender Ladies’-Tresses (_Ibidium gracile_) is also called twisted-stalk
-or corkscrew-plant because of the twisting of the flower-stalk. The
-stems, which are 8 in. to 2 ft. high, grow from a cluster of tuberous
-roots and have two broad leaves at the base. This flower ranges from
-Texas to Nova Scotia.
-
-Rose Pogonia. Snake-Mouth (_Pogonia ophioglossoides_) grows in swampy
-places from Texas to Newfoundland. Pogonia is from the Greek, meaning
-“bearded” and refers to the bearded lip.
-
-Grass-Pink (_Limodorum tuberosum_) is a pink-flowered orchid of East
-Texas and the Eastern States similar to the rose pogonia, but does not
-have the short clasping leaf on the stem.
-
-The orchid family is a large group of more than 15,000 species. Some
-orchids are air-plants, attaching themselves to tree-trunks, but none of
-these are found among the 25 orchids growing in Texas. Perhaps the
-handsomest orchid in the state is the red-flowered flame orchid
-(_Stenorrhynchus cinnabarinus_) found in the mountains of the Big Bend.
-All the Texas orchids are rare enough to need protection.
-
-
-
-
-                    BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (Polygonaceae)
-
-
-                [Illustration: MANY-FLOWERED BUCKWHEAT]
-
-Leaves usually alternate; sepals 3-6, sometimes petal-like; petals
-absent; stamens usually 6-9; ovary 1-celled.
-
-Many-Flowered Buckwheat (_Eriogonum multiflorum_) is also called
-umbrella-plant because of its spreading clusters at the top of the stem.
-It grows about 2 ft. high, being very abundant in sandy soil from
-South-central Texas to Arkansas and Louisiana in the late summer and
-fall. The name means “woolly knees,” referring to the jointed stems.
-
-Buckwheat flour is made from the seeds of _Fagopyrum esculentum_, a
-closely related plant, similar in size, white-flowered, and with large
-3-angled seeds. Queen’s crown or wreath (_Antigonon leptopus_), a lovely
-pink-flowered vine widely cultivated in Texas, is a member of the
-buckwheat family.
-
-Annual Buckwheat (_Eriogonum annuum_), similar to the many-flowered
-buckwheat, but with leaves white-woolly on both sides and narrowed at
-the base, is very abundant in the northwestern part into New Mexico and
-Mexico. Acre after acre along the highways is often covered with it.
-Many other white-, yellow-, and red-flowered buckwheats are found in the
-mountains of West Texas.
-
-                   [Illustration: SOUTHERN SMARTWEED]
-
-Southern Smartweed (_Persicaria longistyla_), ranging from Mississippi
-to New Mexico is also called gander-grass or knotweed. It grows in wet
-places throughout the state and blooms in the late summer and fall. The
-dense spikes of small pink flowers are very attractive, the flowers
-having 5 pink sepals but no petals. The seeds are lens-shaped and
-covered with a black shining coat. The seeds of many of the smartweeds
-are considered good food for ducks.
-
-Dotted Smartweed (_Persicaria punctata_) has scattered greenish-white
-flowers and 3-angled seeds. The leaves are much narrower than those of
-the Southern smartweed. Many other smartweeds are found in the state.
-
-Curly-Leaved Dock (_Rumex crispus_), as well as several other docks, is
-common in the state. The leaves of some of them are used for greens.
-Canaigre is the dock of Western Texas and New Mexico, the roots of which
-have furnished tannin for commercial purposes.
-
-
-
-
-                  FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY (Nyctaginaceae)
-
-
-    [Illustration: SMALL-FLOWERED FOUR-O’CLOCK    PINK FOUR-O’CLOCK]
-
-Leaves opposite or alternate; flowers often surrounded by colored
-bracts; calyx tubular, often petal-like; petals absent; stamens 1 to
-many; ovary 1-celled.
-
-Gray’s Umbrella-Wort. Pink Four-O’clock (_Allionia grayana_) has
-delicate pink flowers which have no petals, but the 5 united sepals are
-petal-like in appearance. The flowers are spreading or funnel-shaped and
-open in the afternoon. Several flowers are borne together and are
-surrounded at their bases by 5 short united floral leaves, forming a
-pale green veiny involucre which is sometimes mistaken for the flower.
-The clusters terminate the branches on a widely spreading plant about 2
-ft. high.
-
-Small-Flowered Four-O’clock (_Allionia incarnata_) is very abundant in
-Southwestern Texas to Arizona and South America. It forms a low,
-spreading plant, which is profusely covered with small pink blooms less
-than half an inch broad.
-
-Narrow-Leaved Sand-Verbena (_Abronia angustifolia_) is a low plant with
-a dense head of pink flowers which are so fragrant that one plant will
-perfume the air for some distance. In favorable seasons the hills around
-El Paso are pink with the lovely blooms. It is called sand-verbena
-because of the verbena-like clusters.
-
-           [Illustration: DEVIL’S BOUQUET    ANGEL’S TRUMPET]
-
-Devil’s Bouquet (_Nyctaginia capitata_) is also called skunk flower
-because of its heavy, disagreeable odor. The head-like clusters of
-scarlet flowers are very showy, being 2-3 in. broad. The 5-lobed flowers
-resemble those of the umbrella-worts and likewise open in the
-afternoons. The plants are low and scattered, but are quite common from
-Central and Southern Texas to Mexico and New Mexico from May to October.
-
-Angel’s Trumpet (_Acleisanthes longiflora_) grows from long spreading
-stems with the long-tubed flowers sharply erect. The flowers are over an
-inch broad with a tube 4-6 in. long. It is most abundant in the spring,
-but may be found until October in the same range as the devil’s bouquet.
-Jimson-weed (_Datura_) is also called angel’s trumpet.
-
-Bougainvillea is a member of this family frequently cultivated in the
-southern part of the state. The common four-o’clock is often seen in
-gardens and in some places has escaped cultivation.
-
-
-
-
-                    POKEWEED FAMILY (Phytolaccaceae)
-
-
-                      [Illustration: ROUGE PLANT]
-
-Leaves alternate, entire; sepals 4-5; petals absent; stamens 3 to many,
-sometimes united at the base; ovary with 1 to many distinct or united
-carpels.
-
-Rouge Plant. Small Pokeberry (_Rivina vernalis_) was named for A. Q.
-Rivinus, a botanist of Leipzig. It was known as _Rivina humilis_, the
-latter name meaning low. It has small flowers, about ¼ in. broad, with 4
-white or pink petal-like sepals and 4 stamens. The bright red berries
-often occur on the stems while flowers are still present. The low
-plants, a foot or more high, grow profusely in woods in Central Texas,
-but may be found from Arkansas to the tropics. When vegetable dyes were
-in common use, a red dye was obtained from the berries.
-
-Ink-Berry. Large Pokeberry (_Phytolacca americana_) is a leafy, stout,
-branched plant 3-9 ft. high, with large leaves and spike-like clusters
-of white flowers and purple berries. It is a perennial that grows from a
-poisonous root. With special care in the picking and preparation, the
-young shoots are sometimes used for greens. The shoe-button-like berries
-were used for ink in pioneer days. Maine to Texas. Summer and fall.
-
-
-
-
-                    PURSLANE FAMILY (Portulacaceae)
-
-
-    [Illustration: LANCE-LEAVED PORTULACA    SMALL-FLOWERED TALINUM]
-
-Herbs or undershrubs, often succulent; sepals 2; petals 4-6, soon
-falling; stamens few or many; ovary 1-celled; fruit a capsule opening by
-valves or a transverse split.
-
-Lance-Leaved Portulaca (_Portulaca lanceolata_) is a weed found in sandy
-soil from Central and Southern Texas to Arizona. The flowers are less
-than half an inch broad with 5 pinkish-yellow petals and 7-27 stamens.
-It may be distinguished from other portulacas by the crown-like rim
-around the capsule. Hairy rose moss (_Portulaca pilosa_) is more
-abundant and showy, with purplish-red flowers nearly an inch broad,
-greatly resembling the large-flowered rose moss in cultivation. The
-capsule of the portulacas opens by a cap.
-
-Small-Flowered Talinum (_Talinum parviflorum_) has small pink flowers
-about ½ in. broad, which, like those of the portulacas, require bright
-sunlight for opening. These dainty flowers grow on slender stalks from a
-cluster of short, rounded leaves and may be found in rocky soil from
-Minnesota to Texas during the summer months.
-
-
-
-
-                     PINK FAMILY (Caryophyllaceae)
-
-
-        [Illustration: WESTERN CHICKWEED    NUTTALL’S STARWORT]
-
-Stems usually swollen at the joints; leaves opposite; sepals 4-5; petals
-4-5, or absent; stamens usually 8-10; ovary usually 1-celled.
-
-Western Chickweed (_Cerastium brachypodum_) is one of the early spring
-flowers to be found throughout the state, ranging from Illinois to
-Oregon and Mexico. The 5 small white petals are notched at the apex. The
-name is derived from the Greek meaning “horny” and refers to the
-horn-shaped capsule from which the seeds are scattered through the
-opening at the top. Several other chickweeds are found in the state in
-early spring.
-
-Nuttall’s Starwort or Chickweed (_Stellaria nuttallii_) is a lovely
-white-flowered chickweed found on moist sandy prairies or in open woods
-in Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana in March and April. The flowers are
-about 1 in. broad, and the 5 broad petals are deeply notched at the
-apex.
-
-The pink family is well represented in cultivation, including the
-carnation, sweet William, garden pink, baby’s breath, and others. The
-red-flowered catch-fly (_Silene laciniata_), found in the mountains of
-West Texas to Mexico and California, is known in cultivation.
-
-
-
-
-                    WATER-LILY FAMILY (Nymphaeaceae)
-
-
-                    [Illustration: BLUE WATER-LILY]
-
-Aquatic herbs; leaves long-stalked, often floating; flowers solitary,
-large; sepals 3-6; petals numerous; stamens numerous; carpels 8 or more.
-
-Blue Water-Lily (_Nymphaea elegans_) is a common water-lily along the
-coast of Texas and Mexico, particularly in the vicinity of Corpus
-Christi. The flowers vary from nearly white to a purplish-blue or lilac
-and are 3-6 in. broad. The floating leaves, about 7 in. broad, are dark
-purple below and nearly round; sometimes they have a few scattered teeth
-on the margins. The blooms last 3 days, opening about 8 o’clock in the
-morning and closing shortly after noon.
-
-Yellow Water-Lily (_Nymphaea flava_) is a yellow-flowered water-lily
-found on the Texas and Florida coasts. The sweet-scented white
-water-lily is abundant in the southeastern part of the state.
-
-Spatter Dock. Yellow Pond Lily (_Nuphar advena_), with yellow cup-shaped
-flowers 2-3 in. broad, is the common water-lily of slow streams and
-ponds throughout the state and ranges to Labrador, Florida, and Utah.
-
-The water-lilies form an important food and cover for fish; ducks and
-muskrats feed upon the many seeds produced.
-
-
-
-
-                    CROWFOOT FAMILY (Ranunculaceae)
-
-
-                    [Illustration: SOUTHERN ANEMONE]
-
-Perennials, annuals, or climbing soft-wooded plants; sepals 3 to many;
-petals few to many; stamens and carpels usually many.
-
-Southern Anemone or Windflower (_Anemone decapetala_) has 10-20 sepals
-which resemble petals, varying from a greenish white and pink to the
-common pale purplish-blue. The plants are commonly low, about 6 in. high
-in flower, with a few leaves growing from a tuberous root. The leaves
-are 3-parted, the segments lobed and toothed. The anemone is the Texas
-harbinger of spring, appearing in late January, February, or March on
-plains and prairies, and in the chaparral. It ranges from the Southern
-United States to South America. The Carolina anemone, with bluer flowers
-and more finely-divided leaves, is abundant in the woods of East Texas.
-
-The crowfoot or real buttercup family (the yellow evening primrose is
-also called buttercup) is considered by most botanists as the plant
-family from which other plants have been derived. In many the fruits
-look very much like the fruit head of the arrowleaf. The columbine is a
-member of this family frequently cultivated in the gardens of the state,
-but the few native ones are not very abundant.
-
-          [Illustration: WHITE LARKSPUR    CAROLINA LARKSPUR]
-
-White Larkspur (_Delphinium albescens_) is the common larkspur of
-prairies and plains of Texas and ranges to Southern Canada. In Texas it
-blooms most abundantly in May. The white flowers resemble rabbit faces
-and are tinged with green and purple. It is the bane of ranchmen, for it
-is poisonous to cattle.
-
-Carolina Larkspur (_Delphinium carolinianum_) commonly has lovely deep
-blue flowers, though white forms may be found. It is very abundant in
-East Texas in March and April, growing 1½-2 ft. high. The plants have
-few leaves, and these are 3-5 parted, each part being divided into
-narrow linear lobes. It is very much like the Texas larkspur
-(_Delphinium vimineum_), which has blue or white flowers, grows taller,
-and is more leafy than the Carolina larkspur.
-
-“Delphinium” is derived from the Latin meaning “dolphin,” so-called
-because of the resemblance of the spurred flowers to a dolphin. The
-common garden larkspur is native to Southern Europe. Some of the
-larkspurs furnish drugs.
-
-                    [Illustration: LARGE BUTTERCUP]
-
-Large Buttercup (_Ranunculus macranthus_) has handsome, golden-yellow
-flowers about 2 in. broad. There are 10-15 broad yellow petals which are
-longer than the sepals and have a nectar pit at their base. The leaves
-are mainly basal, long-stalked, and divided into wedge-shaped lobes. It
-ranges from Central to Southwestern Texas and is most abundant in April.
-It is a plant which does well in cultivation but requires plenty of
-water; it blooms in the shade better than most garden plants.
-
-Many of the buttercups grow in marshy places, a fact which is
-responsible for the old Latin name meaning “little frog.” Many different
-kinds are found along roadside ditches and in marshy places in East
-Texas. Some members of the crowfoot family, including the wood-anemone
-and the marsh marigold, common in the Northern States but not native to
-Texas, yield poisonous honey.
-
-                    [Illustration: OLD MAN’S BEARD]
-
-Drummond’s Virgin’s Bower. Old Man’s Beard (_Clematis drummondii_) is a
-vine growing in great profusion, covering shrubs and fences from Central
-Texas to Arizona and Mexico. The 4 petal-like sepals are pale
-greenish-yellow, almost white, narrow and thin with margins somewhat
-crinkled, about ½ in. long. The flowers bloom in the summer, being
-inconspicuous among the branching leafy stems. The stamen-bearing
-flowers are on a separate vine from the seed-producing flowers. The
-seeds mature in a few weeks, and soon the vine is covered with
-iridescent masses of silky, feathery plumes, 2-4 in. long, which grow
-out from the seed cover. These plumes are elongated, persistent styles
-and are responsible for many common names given to the vine, including
-grandfather’s beard, gray beard, goat’s beard, and love-in-the-mist.
-
-Western Virgin’s Bower (_Clematis ligusticifolia_), with white flowers
-and leaves with 5-7 leaflets, has been reported from the mountains of
-West Texas.
-
-       [Illustration: SCARLET CLEMATIS    PURPLE LEATHER FLOWER]
-
-Texas Leather Flower. Scarlet Clematis (_Clematis texensis_) has maroon
-or scarlet bell-shaped flowers about 1 in. long. It is a climbing vine
-found along streams in Central Texas, growing 6-10 or more feet high.
-The leaves are thickened, entire or lobed, ovate to rounded. This
-clematis is a hardy climber, well known in cultivation, giving rise to
-many hybrids when crossed with the marsh leather flower (_Clematis
-crispa_), which is a low climber, 3-4 ft. high, with lavender
-bell-shaped flowers. The leather flowers have no petals, the showy bells
-being made up of 4 thickened sepals. The flattened fruits grow in
-head-like clusters about an inch thick and have plumose tails 1-2 in.
-long.
-
-Purple Leather Flower (_Clematis pitcheri_), together with the marsh
-leather flower, is often called blue bell. Except in color, the flower
-is very much like the scarlet clematis. The leaflets are more frequently
-3-lobed, and the tails on the fruits are silky but not plumose. It grows
-in damp woods from Indiana to Mexico, beginning to bloom in Texas in
-April and continuing into the summer.
-
-
-
-
-                    BARBERRY FAMILY (Berberidaceae)
-
-
-                        [Illustration: AGARITA]
-
-Herbs or shrubs; leaves simple or compound; sepals 6, similar to petals;
-petals 6; stamens 6, irritable, opening by valves; ovary 1-celled; fruit
-a berry.
-
-Agarita. Texas Barberry (_Berberis trifoliolata_), known also as agrito
-(meaning “little sour”), chaparral berry, and wild currant, is an
-evergreen shrub forming an important part of the chaparral in the
-central and southwestern parts of the state and adjacent Mexico. The
-thick gray-green leaves are divided into three leaflets which have 3-7
-lobes ending in sharp spines. The stiff spreading branches form a
-compact shrub 4-5 feet high.
-
-The clusters of fragrant flowers are among the first spring blossoms to
-appear in late February and March. With 6 spreading yellow sepals and 6
-yellow petals forming a cup around the stamens and pistil, the small
-flowers are somewhat like those of the narcissus. The acid berries ripen
-in May and June, being used for jellies and wines; the flowers are an
-important source of nectar; and the wood and roots furnish a yellow dye
-which was used by Indians and pioneers.
-
-May Apple. Mandrake (_Podophyllum peltatum_) is abundant in moist woods
-in East Texas. The white flower growing in the fork of the stem is
-overtopped by the two umbrella-shaped leaves.
-
-
-
-
-                    MOONSEED FAMILY (Menispermaceae)
-
-
-                     [Illustration: MOONSEED VINE]
-
-Usually twining shrubs or small trees; flowers small, unisexual and
-perfect; sepals 6; petals 6, or absent; stamens 6-12; carpels 3-6; fruit
-berry-like, 1-seeded.
-
-Moonseed Vine (_Cebatha Carolina_) is a vine with clusters of small red
-berries. It is very abundant throughout the state in woods and on
-fences, ranging north to Kansas and Virginia. It is also called
-coral-bead, margil, coral-vine, and red-berried moonseed. “Cebatha,”
-from the Greek, alludes to its climbing habit, while “moonseed” refers
-to the curved seed of the fleshy red berries which ripen in the fall and
-remain on the vines long after the leaves have fallen. The small white
-flowers bloom during the summer and fall. The leaves are quite variable,
-sometimes entire and sometimes distinctly 3-lobed and rarely 5-lobed,
-being smooth above and downy beneath.
-
-The berries of the Indian moonseed contain an acrid poison which is used
-by the Chinese in catching fish, as it will temporarily stun or
-intoxicate the fish.
-
-
-
-
-                      POPPY FAMILY (Papaveraceae)
-
-
-                   [Illustration: ROSE PRICKLY POPPY]
-
-Annuals or perennials with colored juice; sepals 2-3; petals 4-6, rarely
-more or wanting; stamens numerous; carpels 2 or more united; capsules
-opening by valves or pores.
-
-Rose Prickly Poppy (_Argemone rosea_) is one of the loveliest flowers of
-South Texas. It is very abundant along the Rio Grande, extending into
-Mexico and northward almost to San Antonio. The large flowers vary in
-color from pale pink to rose and purple-rose and are more cup-shaped
-than the white-flowered species. It has gray-green leaves conspicuously
-blotched with white along the midribs, the slightly wavy margins being
-armed with sharp spines. Like other prickly poppies, the flowers have 6
-petals, the 3 outer a little different in shape from the 3 inner, and an
-orange-colored sap. Long considered a variety of the western prickly
-poppy (_Argemone platyceras_), which has very spiny leaves and stems and
-white flowers, it may readily be separated because of its seed-pods,
-which are about 2 in. long and decidedly broader above the middle.
-
-_Argemone_ is from the Greek meaning an eye disease, supposedly cured by
-the plant. The opium poppy (_Papaver somniferum_) has been widely
-planted in gardens, and has escaped in places in the state.
-
-              [Illustration: ROUGH-STEMMED PRICKLY POPPY]
-
-Rough-Stemmed or White Prickly Poppy (_Argemone hispida_) is a bushy,
-leafy-stemmed plant growing about 2-3 ft. high. It is distinguished from
-several other very abundant white-flowered poppies by the fact that it
-has rough hairs as well as spines on the stem. The flowers as a rule are
-larger, often being 4-6 inches broad. The unusual sepals of the prickly
-poppies should be noted, as they sometimes cause the flower buds to be
-confused with the fruits. There are usually 3 sepals, which are horned
-or hooded, armed with spines, and snugly overlapping each other by a
-narrow margin. In the rough-stemmed prickly poppy the horns are large
-and triangular in shape. It ranges from Texas to Kansas and California.
-
-Texas Prickly Poppy (_Argemone delicatula_) is not so branched or leafy
-and has flowers somewhat smaller, 2½-3 in. broad. The stigmas are purple
-instead of red, and the capsules are less than an inch long. This poppy
-grows in dry soil in Central Texas. The prickly poppies bloom most
-profusely in April, but scattered blooms appear throughout the summer
-and fall.
-
-                  [Illustration: YELLOW PRICKLY POPPY]
-
-Yellow Prickly Poppy. Mexican Poppy (_Argemone mexicana_) is a common
-weed in tropical America, extending into Southwest Texas in the vicinity
-of Laredo and Del Rio, and has been introduced into many other
-countries. It is also called bird-in-the-bush, devil’s fig, flowering or
-Jamaica thistle, and Mexican thorn poppy. It has smaller flowers than
-the white and rose prickly poppies. It blooms in Texas in March and
-April and throughout the summer if the stems are cut. For cut flowers,
-the stems should be burned immediately upon gathering; otherwise the
-flowers soon wither.
-
-The seeds of the Mexican poppy are valued for the painter’s oil obtained
-from them. The oil from the seeds is also said to act as a mild
-cathartic, the plant otherwise possessing emetic, anodyne, and narcotic
-properties.
-
-
-
-
-                     FUMITORY FAMILY (Fumariaceae)
-
-
-          [Illustration: GOLDEN CORYDALIS    TEXAS CORYDALIS]
-
-Leaves usually much divided; sepals 2; petals 4 in 2 series, outer
-usually spurred, the 2 inner usually crested and united; stamens 4 or 6;
-seeds shining.
-
-Golden Corydalis. Plains Scrambled-Eggs (_Capnoides montanum_) is a
-common plant throughout the central and western parts of the state,
-ranging to Arizona and Montana, and blooming in Texas with the earlier
-spring flowers in March and April. By some botanists it is placed in the
-_Corydalis_ group, which was named because of the resemblance of the
-flower spur to that of a lark. The pods are about an inch long, and the
-seeds are black, smooth, and shining. The short-podded scrambled-eggs
-(_Capnoides crystallinum_) comes into the northern part of the state
-from Kansas and Missouri. The pods are over half an inch long, about ¼
-in. broad, and covered with blisters.
-
-Texas Corydalis or Scrambled-Eggs (_Capnoides curvisiliquum_) grows in
-the sandy regions of the state. It is usually a more bushy plant than
-the preceding ones, with longer 4-angled pods.
-
-Dutchman’s breeches (_Dicentra cucullaria_), so called because of the
-shape of the flower, does not come into the state. The plant in Texas
-which is called Dutchman’s breeches from the shape of the seed case is
-_Thamnosma texana_, a member of the rue family.
-
-
-
-
-                      MUSTARD FAMILY (Cruciferae)
-
-
-              [Illustration: WHITLOW-GRASS    PEPPERGRASS]
-
-Annual or perennial herbs; sepals 4; petals 4, standing opposite each
-other in a square cross; stamens, 4 long and 2 short; fruit a special
-pod called a silique.
-
-Wedge-Leaved Whitlow-Grass (_Draba cuneifolia_) is so small that it
-might be overlooked if it bloomed at any other time than early spring.
-Growing from a cluster of basal leaves, the stems are topped by the
-cluster of small, alyssum-like flowers. It grows throughout the Southern
-United States and Mexico.
-
-Alyssum-Flowered Peppergrass (_Lepidium alyssoides_) is a low bushy
-perennial plant with numerous clusters of small white flowers. It grows
-in the western part of the state, ranging to Arizona and Colorado. Many
-other peppergrasses are found in the state, some with inconspicuous
-flowers, but all having the small, flat, roundish seed-pod which is
-usually notched above. The foliage and pods have an aromatic-peppery
-flavor. In some species the leaves are used for salad and the seeds for
-bird food, but the seeds from some native species have been fed to
-canaries with fatal results.
-
-The mustard family is a large group well represented in Texas among the
-early spring flowers and includes many of our vegetables, such as
-mustard, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, and water-cress.
-
-          [Illustration: TANSY MUSTARD    SLENDER BLADDER-POD]
-
-Tansy Mustard (_Sophia pinnata_) grows in dry soil across the continent,
-blooming in Texas in March and April. The narrow pods are about half an
-inch long, erect or ascending. The flowers are small, the petals yellow.
-In the southern part of the state it is very abundant and grows 2-3 ft.
-high. The name was given because of medicinal properties accredited to
-the plant.
-
-Slender Bladder-Pod. Cloth-of-Gold (_Lesquerella gracilis_) can be
-recognized by its bladder-like pods, which are responsible for its
-common name of pop-weed. The yellow petals are narrowed at the base and
-streaked with orange. The first flush of yellow on plains and prairies
-is usually due to the bladder-pods. There are more than 20 species in
-the state, most of them being very abundant. The scientific name is in
-honor of Leo Lesquereux, a Swiss and American botanist.
-
-The western wall-flower (_Erysimum asperum_), which grows in sandy areas
-in West Texas, is one of the showiest yellow mustards in the state.
-Several large-flowered purple mustards are common, including
-_Streptanthus bracteatus_.
-
-                [Illustration: GREGGIA    SPECTACLE-POD]
-
-Greggia (_Greggia camporum_) is a white-flowered mustard which looks
-like the yellow western wall-flower. The flowers are about half an inch
-broad and sometimes tinged with purple. The stems are about a foot high
-and almost concealed by the broad gray-green leaves. The woolly pods are
-narrow, flattened, and about half an inch long. It is one of the
-commonest flowers in Southwestern Texas, blooming in April, May, and
-June.
-
-Spectacle-Pod (_Dithyraea wislizeni_) is a common plant on sandhills and
-gravelly mesas in Western Texas and ranges to Utah and Mexico. Any one
-seeing the seed pods will think that the common name is most
-appropriate. The plants grow 1-2 ft. high and are topped by the showy
-clusters of white flowers. The leaves and flowers are very much like
-those of greggia, but the fruits easily distinguish them. It was first
-collected by Wislizenus in New Mexico in 1846.
-
-
-
-
-                 PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY (Sarraceniaceae)
-
-
-                  [Illustration: YELLOW PITCHER-PLANT]
-
-Herbs with tubular leaves; flowers nodding; sepals 4-5; petals 5, or
-absent; stamens numerous; style often umbrella-like; ovary 3-5-celled.
-
-Yellow Pitcher-Plant. Trumpet-Leaf (_Sarracenia sledgei_) is also called
-trumpets, water-cup, watches, and biscuits. The last two names are
-suggestive of the broad, umbrella-shaped structure bearing the stigmas
-and occupying the center of the flower. The other names refer to the
-tubular, ribbed, trumpet-shaped leaves. The flowers are drooping at
-maturity, with 5 fiddle-shaped yellow petals and 5 shorter yellow sepals
-tinged with brown or red. It grows in swamps from East Texas to Alabama
-and is quite similar to the eastern _Sarracenia flava_. April-May.
-
-The pitcher-plant is a most efficient collector of insects. The upper
-part of the leaf bends over, forming a lid whose inner surface is
-covered with minute honey-glands attractive to insects. The upper part
-of the tube is smooth, affording little foothold and causing the insect
-to fall into and drown in the sticky fluid given off in the lower part
-of the tube. Downwardly directed hairs prevent his escape. After a time
-his body is dissolved and absorbed by the plant. An overdose of animal
-food causes the browning and decay of the leaves.
-
-
-
-
-                      ORPINE FAMILY (Crassulaceae)
-
-
-                   [Illustration: PRAIRIE STONECROP]
-
-Usually succulent herbs; leaves opposite or alternate; sepals 4-5;
-petals 4-5; stamens 5 or 10; carpels 4-5, free.
-
-Prairie or Nuttall’s Stonecrop (_Sedum nuttallianum_) is an annual with
-forking branches covered with small yellow star-like flowers. The
-succulent leaves are short and rounded. The sedums are characterized by
-4-5 sepals and petals, 8-10 stamens, and 4-5 small spreading seedcases.
-The prairie stonecrop grows in dry, open places from Missouri to Texas
-and blooms from April to June. It makes an excellent carpeting plant
-when used in sunny places.
-
-The stonecrop belongs to a large group of plants, including live-forever
-and many other cultivated favorites, most of which are used for
-rockeries. Wright’s stonecrop (_Sedum wrightii_) is a white-flowered
-plant, very much like the prairie stonecrop, found in the mountains in
-the western part of the state, New Mexico, and Mexico. Sedum is from the
-Latin meaning “to sit” and refers to the low growth habit. In the same
-family are included the house-leeks, some of which are known as
-hen-and-chickens, or old-man-and-woman, because of the detached
-offshoots which form new plants.
-
-
-
-
-                         ROSE FAMILY (Rosaceae)
-
-
-                   [Illustration: WHITE PRAIRIE ROSE]
-
-Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves simple or compound, stipules present;
-sepals 5; petals 5; stamens numerous; carpels 1 or more; sepals and
-petals borne on rim of calyx-tube.
-
-White Prairie Rose or Woods’ Rose (_Rosa woodsii_) at first glance may
-be confused with the dewberry because of the low, bushy creeping stems
-and similar white flowers. The stems are 1-3 ft. high and are armed with
-straight prickles, usually in pairs; the leaves have 5-9 oval leaflets
-½-1½ in. long. The flowers bloom in late May and early June, the dark
-red globe-shaped hips maturing in the late summer and fall. It may be
-found from Texas to Minnesota and Colorado. The white flowers are
-commonly two inches broad and very much like those of the McCartney
-rose, but it is more closely related to the cinnamon rose.
-
-The McCartney rose (_Rosa bracteata_), early introduced from China into
-the Southern States and planted for windbreaks, is still very abundant
-on the coastal prairie, often forming great mounds about 10 ft. high.
-The thick evergreen leaves are divided into 5-9 oval leaflets, which are
-bright green and shining above. The sepals and the broadened portion of
-the stem below the white flower are densely silky.
-
-                   [Illustration: PINK PRAIRIE ROSE]
-
-Pink Prairie Rose or Climbing Rose (_Rosa setigera_) has climbing
-branches 6-15 ft. long with straight scattered prickles. The leaves are
-divided into 3-5 leaflets which are sharply pointed and 1-3 in. long.
-The showy pink flowers, 2 in. broad, grow in terminal clusters. This
-plant is considered one of the finest foods and covers for quail,
-grouse, and other birds. Native from Ontario to Texas and Florida, it is
-a hardy climber which has been widely introduced into other places,
-Baltimore Belle being one of the early cultivated forms. It is
-particularly abundant in Texas in the vicinity of Tyler, blooming in
-late May and June.
-
-The wild roses are fairly rare in the state, but many cultivated roses
-are grown. Tyler has recently become a center of rose-growing, and
-carloads of rose plants are shipped throughout the United States. The
-scientific name retains the ancient Latin name.
-
-                   [Illustration: SOUTHERN DEWBERRY]
-
-Southern Dewberry (_Rubus trivialis_) has large white flowers very much
-like those of the wild rose, but the petals are narrower, particularly
-at the base. The fruit is a head of small, fleshy-seeded fruits,
-purplish-black when ripe. The flowers bloom in March and early April,
-the sweet and palatable berries ripening in the latter part of April.
-The plant is an evergreen shrub with trailing or low climbing stems,
-10-15 ft. long, heavily armed with prickles. Fences along the roadside
-are often covered with dense masses of the stems.
-
-Bush Blackberry (_Rubus argutus_) grows in moist woods in East Texas and
-on through the Gulf States to New Jersey. The stems are 3-4 ft. high,
-the branches erect. The flowers are white and grow in thick clusters.
-The berries are somewhat dry, oblong, and edible, but not very
-palatable.
-
-
-
-
-                       MIMOSA FAMILY (Mimosaceae)
-
-
-           [Illustration: HUISACHE (Pronounced _wee satch_)]
-
-Usually trees or shrubs; leaves mostly twice pinnate; flowers small, in
-heads or spikes; sepals 5, calyx tubular; petals 5; stamens 5 or more;
-ovary 1-celled; fruit a pod.
-
-Huisache (_Acacia farnesiana_), also known as opoponax, popinac, cassie,
-and sweet acacia, is a tropical shrub or small tree native to the
-Americas but widely introduced in other countries. The wide-spreading,
-graceful trees are almost evergreen, as the leaves are not shed before
-new ones appear unless affected by the cold. The slender, sharp spines
-occur in pairs at the base of the fern-like leaves, which are dark green
-and have 2-5 pairs of divisions with 10-25 pairs of narrow leaflets
-about ¼ in. long. The ball-like clusters of deep-yellow fragrant flowers
-usually appear before the leaves. The clusters are over half an inch
-broad, the many tubular flowers bearing numerous stamens, which give a
-feathery appearance to the clusters.
-
-Various products from the trees are in use in many countries—forage from
-leaves, honey and perfume from the flowers, tannin from the bark and
-fruit, ink from the fruit, and medicinal products from nearly every
-part. In Southern Texas it is highly valued as a honey crop, the flowers
-blooming from February to April as a rule, but occasionally as early as
-December.
-
-                        [Illustration: MESQUITE]
-
-Mesquite (_Prosopis juliflora glandulosa_) is found on prairies
-throughout the state but grows luxuriantly in the southwestern part. In
-moister regions it is a graceful tree with lacy yellow-green leaves and
-is armed with stout, vicious spines over an inch long, but in the drier
-regions it is a spreading shrub with large underground roots which
-Mexicans dig up for fuel. Spikes of greenish-white or cream flowers
-appear at intervals during the warm months. Long beans, 4-8 in. long,
-soon turning pale yellow, mature in a few weeks. The leaves have 2 or 4
-widely spreading divisions and commonly bear 6-15 pairs of leaflets
-about 1 in. long.
-
-Like the huisache, the mesquite has many uses. The beans are edible, the
-pulp containing 25-30 per cent grape sugar. The Indians used the beans
-for a food, first grinding them into meal in holes in the rocks. They
-form a valuable stock food in Hawaii, where the trees have been
-introduced. The wood is hard and takes an excellent polish, but is
-chiefly used for fence-posts, railroad ties, fuel, and paving blocks.
-The honey produced from the flowers is not so good as huisache honey nor
-is so much produced.
-
-                  [Illustration: PINK SENSITIVE BRIAR]
-
-Pink Sensitive Briar (_Leptoglottis uncinata_) is also called pink
-mimosa and shame-vine, the latter name being given because of the leaf’s
-habit of closing when touched. The vines sprawl on the ground, growing
-out 2-4 ft. They are densely covered with small, recurved prickles. The
-leaves are divided as in other mimosas, having 4-8 pairs of divisions
-each bearing 8-15 pairs of short leaflets. The small, fragrant pink
-flowers are borne in dense heads. The pods are nearly round, densely
-covered with spines, and about 1½ in. long. It grows in dry soil from
-Virginia to Mexico, blooming in Texas in April and May.
-
-Yellow Sensitive Briar (_Neptunia lutea_) is very much like the pink
-briar but has oblong heads of yellow flowers. The pods are smooth and
-flat and markedly narrowed at the base. The yellow briar grows in sandy
-soil from Oklahoma and Texas to Florida, blooming in June.
-
-
-
-
-                       SENNA FAMILY (Cassiaceae)
-
-
-                      [Illustration: TEXAS REDBUD]
-
-Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs; leaves usually once or twice pinnate;
-flowers mostly showy; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens mostly 10; ovary
-1-celled; fruit a pod.
-
-Texas Redbud (_Cercis reniformis_) is one of the handsomest shrubs of
-the limestone hill region of Texas and New Mexico. The pea-shaped
-flowers appear on last year’s wood in February or March, often remaining
-lovely for a month before the leaves appear. The leaves are a glossy
-green above, rounded and sometimes deeply notched or kidney-shaped
-(reniform), and usually 3-4 in. broad. The clusters of numerous red
-seed-pods are very conspicuous in the summer and autumn. The flat pods
-have a narrow wing on one side and are pointed at both ends, 2½-3 in.
-long and over ½ in. broad.
-
-The Canadian or eastern redbud is found in the northern and eastern part
-of the state. It has smaller flowers and very pointed leaves. The
-western redbud grows in the mountainous region of the state and has
-similar leaves but smaller flowers.
-
-The Asiatic redbud is called Judas-tree because Judas is supposed to
-have hanged himself from one of the trees. Redbud flowers, served either
-fried or pickled for salads, are sometimes eaten by people. It is an
-excellent shrub or small tree for highway and garden planting.
-
-                    [Illustration: TWO-LEAVED SENNA]
-
-Two-Leaved Senna (_Cassia roemeriana_) gets its common name from the two
-spreading leaflets into which the leaf is divided. They are 1-2 in. long
-and have a slender stalk about the same length. The stems are commonly
-about 8-12 in. high, growing from a woody perennial root. The
-sparsely-flowered clusters of yellow flowers appear from spring until
-fall. The seed-pods are about an inch long and half an inch wide. This
-senna is very abundant from Central Texas into Mexico and New Mexico. It
-bears the name of Roemer, a geologist sent from Germany to study the
-geology of the grant made to the German colonists at New Braunfels. He
-was in Texas from 1845 to 1847, visited and botanized with Lindheimer at
-New Braunfels, and carried many new Texas plants back to Germany.
-
-The senna group is very large and mainly tropical in distribution, many
-species being noted for medicinal properties. The coffee senna (_Cassia
-occidentalis_) and the American senna (_Cassia marilandica_) are common
-weeds in the eastern part of the state. The velvet-leaved or
-Lindheimer’s senna grows in the western part of the state.
-
-                     [Illustration: PARTRIDGE PEA]
-
-Partridge Pea. Prairie Senna (_Chamaecrista fasciculata_) is also called
-large-flowered sensitive pea, dwarf cassia, and magoty-boy-bean. It
-blooms in the summer months and is very abundant in sandy soil in
-Central and Eastern Texas, ranging to Mexico and the northern part of
-the United States. The oblong leaves have 8-14 pairs of linear leaflets
-and a conspicuous orange or brown gland near the base. The flowers have
-five yellow petals, somewhat unequal and irregular in shape. Several
-buds grow on a short stalk between the leaves, but usually only one
-flower on the stalk opens at a time. It is an erect annual plant growing
-about 2½ feet high and often widely branched above. The pods are
-flattened, about ¼ in. wide and 2 in. long.
-
-Several shrubs of the senna family are popular in Texas gardens, among
-them the bird-of-paradise (_Poinciana gilliesii_). It is a South
-American plant with showy yellow flowers which have 10 long brilliant
-red stamens protruding 3-5 inches from the flower.
-
-                   [Illustration: RETAMA. HORSE BEAN]
-
-Retama. Horse Bean (_Parkinsonia aculeata_) is also known as
-Jerusalem-thorn, shower-of-gold, and palo verde, the latter meaning
-“green timber” from the green trunk and branches. It forms a spiny shrub
-or small tree with long, graceful, somewhat drooping branches, bearing
-bundles of leaves and sprays of yellow flowers. The long divided leaves
-are somewhat unusual. The leaf-stalks are green, broad, and flattened,
-performing the functions of the small leaflets which often drop off
-quite early. The 5 yellow petals are almost equal, but one bears a honey
-gland at its base and soon becomes red, remaining on the stalk longer
-than the others. The pods are 3-5 in. long, very narrow and constricted
-between the seeds. It ranges from Central Texas to Mexico and tropical
-America, bearing a profusion of blooms through the warm months after
-rains.
-
-Besides being a very ornamental shrub of value in landscaping, the plant
-has various other uses. The seeds are edible and have long been used as
-food by Indians, Mexicans, and many animals. Mrs. Quillin, author of
-_Texas Wild Flowers_, reports the use in the treatment of diabetes of a
-tea the Mexicans make from the branches and leaves.
-
-
-
-
-                     KRAMERIA FAMILY (Krameriaceae)
-
-
-                    [Illustration: PRAIRIE SAND-BUR]
-
-Shrubs or perennials, leaves small; flowers irregular; sepals 4-5,
-petal-like; petals 4-5, smaller than sepals; stamens 3-4, united at
-base; fruit woody, armed with spines.
-
-Prairie Sand-Bur. Linear-Leaved Krameria (_Krameria lanceolata_) is not
-the sand-bur of the grass family with which all children of the South
-are familiar; however, the burs are just as spiny, but are densely
-covered with white hairs. The flowers and short silky leaves grow on
-prostrate branches from a thick woody root. The 5 wine-red sepals may be
-mistaken for the petals which are smaller than the sepals and tinged
-with green, the 3 upper being united. The flowers are about an inch
-broad. The plant is not conspicuous but is quite abundant in dry, rocky
-soil from Kansas to Mexico, blooming from April to June.
-
-Several shrubby kramerias grow in the southwestern part of the state.
-The name is in honor of an Austrian physician, Johann Kramer. Medicinal
-properties are reported for some of the species.
-
-Chacate (_Kameria grayi_) is a densely branched shrub, 1-3 ft. high,
-with purple flowers. The bark of the root is used by Mexicans in dyeing
-leather a reddish-brown. It is found in the mountains of West Texas and
-Mexico.
-
-
-
-
-                         PEA FAMILY (Fabaceae)
-
-
-                 [Illustration: TEXAS MOUNTAIN LAUREL]
-
-Leaves simple or compound; flowers pea-shaped; sepals 5, united in a
-tube; petals 5; stamens often 10 and united in 1 or 2 groups; fruit a
-1-celled pod.
-
-Texas Mountain Laurel (_Sophora secundiflora_) is an evergreen shrub or
-small tree growing on limestone hillsides from Texas to New Mexico and
-Mexico; it is particularly abundant in Southwest-Central Texas. The
-dense clusters of violet-blue flowers, at their best in the latter part
-of March but blooming earlier or later in different sections, are very
-showy against the glossy dark-green, leathery leaves. Many variations in
-color exist in nature from dark violet-blue to violet-tinged and white.
-The flowers have a strong, heavy scent which is disagreeable to most
-people. The brilliant scarlet beans, which mature in a few weeks,
-contain a poisonous alkaloid.
-
-The Texas mountain laurel is not at all related to the southern mountain
-laurel (_Kalmia latifolia_), a rose-flowered shrub of the heath family.
-The sophoras have retained the Arabian name and include in their group
-many handsome ornamental shrubs, among which is the Japan pagoda tree.
-The Texas sophora can be readily grown from seed but is seldom
-successfully transplanted.
-
-                        [Illustration: BUSH PEA]
-
-Bush Pea. Large-Bracted False Indigo (_Baptisia bracteata_) is sometimes
-called hen-and-chickens pea from the growth habit of the plant. The
-clusters of cream-colored flowers grow downward and peep out from the
-bushy leaf-growth. The flowers are about 1 in. long, and the 3
-gray-green leaflets are 1-3 in. long. It grows on sandy slopes or moist
-prairies from the eastern part of Texas to Minnesota and South Carolina,
-blooming in Texas in April.
-
-Texas Bluebonnet (_Lupinus texensis_) (see frontispiece) was widely
-known in pioneer days as buffalo clover. It grows in great abundance on
-limestone hillsides between the Brazos and Pecos Rivers from Dallas
-southward into Mexico. Seed-houses sell the Texas bluebonnet under the
-name of _Lupinus subcarnosus_, the bluebonnet of sandy areas. It has
-narrower flower spikes and rounded leaf-tips. Several other lupines are
-found in Texas but are not very common. The name is from the Latin
-meaning “wolf,” because it was thought the plants ruined the fertility
-of the soil. On the contrary, the lupines are excellent fertilizers, as
-the small nodules on the roots contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria which
-add to the soil nitrates. It blooms from March to early May. The
-bluebonnet was adopted as the state flower in 1901.
-
-                      [Illustration: INDIGO-PLANT]
-
-Indigo-Plant. Scarlet Pea (_Indigofera leptosepala_) has prostrate
-branches growing from a woody root. The short, erect spikes of scarlet,
-pea-shaped flowers are borne near the ends of the branches, blooming
-from early spring until late summer, their blossoms forming an
-ever-increasing scarlet circle after each rain. The leaves are divided
-into 5-9 leaflets, narrowed at the base and about half an inch long. A
-small amount of indigo may be extracted from the foliage. While this is
-not a very conspicuous plant, it is one of the most widely distributed
-in the state and ranges to Mexico, Kansas, and Florida.
-
-The indigo-plant belongs to a large group, mostly tropical, and many
-species, as the name indicates, are indigo-bearing. Commercial indigo,
-now a coal-tar product, was formerly obtained from a shrub (_Indigofera
-tinctoria_) introduced for cultivation into South Carolina in 1742.
-Several shrubby species of indigo-plants are found in the state, but
-none of them are very abundant.
-
-         [Illustration: GOLDEN DALEA    PURPLE PRAIRIE CLOVER]
-
-Golden Parosela or Dalea (_Parosela aurea_) may not be recognized at
-first glance as a member of the pea family, since the flowers grow in
-dense clusters at the top of erect branches, 1-1½ ft. high, which grow
-from a thick, woody root. The yellow flowers are small and pea-shaped,
-with a calyx which has slender, silky-plumose lobes. It may be found on
-chalky slopes of prairies from Texas to Missouri and South Dakota in
-June and July.
-
-Several shrubby paroselas, very handsome when in full bloom, are found
-in the southwestern part of the state. Purple parosela (_Parosela
-pogonathera_) is a vivid, reddish-purple flowered species of the
-southwestern part.
-
-Purple Prairie Clover (_Petalostemon purpurea_) is quite similar to the
-golden parosela in its growth habit, narrow glandular leaflets, and
-head-like flower clusters. It grows on prairies from Minnesota to Texas.
-The white prairie clover (_Petalostemon multiflorum_), with ball-shaped
-clusters of white flowers, is common on prairies from Kansas to Texas.
-Both prairie clovers bloom in June and July.
-
-                   [Illustration: LARGER GROUND PLUM]
-
-Larger Ground Plum (_Geoprumnon mexicanum_) blooms with the first
-flowers of spring, forming conspicuous clumps on prairies from Illinois
-to Nebraska and Texas. The spreading prostrate branches grow 6-12 in.
-long and are covered with spike-like clusters of pale-purple flowers.
-The fleshy pods soon turn red and plum-like, maturing several weeks
-after flowering. The pods are edible and may be found in prairie-dog
-holes among the foods these animals have stored for the winter.
-
-Loco Weeds are closely related to the ground plum, two of them being
-found in Texas and causing much loss to stockmen. They cause a slow
-poisoning of horses, sheep, and cattle but are particularly injurious to
-horses. The poisoning is chiefly due to the barium salts in the plant
-and is characterized by symptoms of staggering, some paralysis, and
-emaciation. The woolly loco weed (_Astragalus mollissimus_) has woolly
-leaves with 19-27 oval leaflets about half an inch long and spikes of
-violet-purple flowers. The stemless loco weed (_Oxytropis lamberti)_ has
-basal leaves with 9-19 nearly linear leaflets about an inch long. Both
-are common on the plains, but the latter ranges into Southern Canada.
-
-      [Illustration: TEXAS CLIMBING VETCH    NUTTALL’S MILK VETCH]
-
-Nuttall’s Milk Vetch. Turkey Pea (_Hamosa nuttalliana_) is a low plant
-with few-flowered clusters of small flowers. Although it is
-inconspicuous, it is so common in yards and fields from Arkansas to
-Arizona that many people are familiar with it. It blooms in March in the
-southern part and May and June in the northern part of its range. The
-narrow pods are slightly curved and nearly an inch long. There are
-several hamosas with similar pods which are common in the state.
-
-Texas Climbing Vetch (_Vicia texana_) has prostrate branches, 1-2 ft.
-long, and divided leaves terminating in branched tendrils by which the
-branches climb over the low plants with which they come in contact.
-Clusters of the dainty, pale bluish-purple flowers appear in late March
-and April, the plants forming masses of bloom along roadsides in the
-sandy regions of the state from Central Texas to Arkansas and
-Mississippi.
-
-Many of the climbing vetches are planted for cover crops, and one is a
-garden bean. Many of the garden beans belong to the _Phaseolus_ group,
-among these being the tepary bean (_Phaseolus acutifolius latifolius_),
-a native bean from West Texas to Arizona.
-
-                       [Illustration: CORAL-BEAN]
-
-Coral-Bean (_Erythrina herbacea_) grows in woods along the coast from
-Texas to North Carolina. It has erect, herbaceous stems growing from a
-woody root. The flowers appear before the leaves in spike-like clusters
-at the ends of the branches. “Erythrina” is from the Greek, meaning
-“red” and refers to the color of the flowers, which are over an inch
-long and have the upper petal wrapped around the other petals. The
-leaves are 6-8 in. long and slender-stalked; they are divided into 3
-broad leaflets.
-
-The coral-bean belongs to a group of highly ornamental tropical plants.
-It does well in cultivation in Southern and Central Texas but is not
-suitable for a cut-flower, as the flowers soon drop off. The red beans
-are often used for necklaces. When the pods begin to open, the clusters
-may be gathered for winter decorations. The coral-tree (_Erythrina
-cristagalli_) from Brazil is common in cultivation and has broader and
-showier flowers than the coral-bean.
-
-
-
-
-                     GERANIUM FAMILY (Geraniaceae)
-
-
-              [Illustration: CRANE’S BILL    STORK’S BILL]
-
-Leaves simple or compound; sepals 4-5; petals mostly 5; stamens 5, 10,
-or 15, more or less united at base; carpels 3-5, prolonged into styles.
-
-Crane’s Bill. Texas Geranium (_Geranium texanum_) is very much like the
-Carolina geranium. The small white flowers are inconspicuous, but the
-seed capsules with their long beaks resembling the crane’s bill are very
-noticeable. The scientific name is from the Greek meaning “crane.” The
-Texas geranium differs from the Carolina geranium in having pitted seed
-and fewer flowers. The cultivated geraniums belong to the Pelargonium
-group.
-
-Stork’s Bill. Pine Needle (_Erodium texanum_) has fruits similar to the
-Texas geranium, but the beaks are much longer, 1-2 in. long. The
-short-stalked flowers are quite showy while they are open, but they
-close in the heat of the day. The wine-red petals are marked with
-delicate purple veins. The low spreading branches are 2-12 in. long.
-This plant grows on rocky limestone hillsides from Texas to California
-and blooms in April and May.
-
-Pin-Clover. Filaree. Alfilaria (_Erodium cicutarium_) has
-finely-divided, lacy leaves and small pink flowers. It is used in some
-places as a forage crop.
-
-
-
-
-                         FLAX FAMILY (Linaceae)
-
-
-                   [Illustration: BLUE PRAIRIE FLAX]
-
-Leaves simple; sepals usually 5, free or united at base; petals usually
-5, soon falling; stamens 5, united at base; styles 3-5, thread-like;
-capsules 3-5-celled.
-
-Blue Prairie Flax (_Linum lewisii_) has lovely sky-blue flowers, 1-1½
-in. across. The petals are veined with purple and drop off in the heat
-of the day or upon being disturbed. This flax is a slender, branched
-plant with a perennial root. It is very abundant on the prairies in the
-vicinity of Ft. Worth and Dallas, blooming there in May, and ranges to
-Arizona and Southern Canada. It may grow 1-2 ft. high, but in Texas it
-is often only about 8 in. high.
-
-This flax is very much like the European perennial flax (_Linum
-perenne_) and the cultivated flax (_Linum usitatissimum_), from which
-flax fiber is obtained. “Linum” is the ancient Latin name for the flax
-plants. Many of them are showy plants of horticultural importance; for
-even though the flowers last only a few hours, the plants bear a
-profusion of blooms. They are valuable for Texas gardens, as they do
-best in sunny places. Flaxes may often be identified by the dropping off
-of the petals.
-
-                  [Illustration: YELLOW PRAIRIE FLAX]
-
-Yellow Prairie Flax (_Linum sulcatum_) is a leafy, much-branched plant,
-8-16 in. tall, with large yellow petals, orange-red and veined at the
-base. The leaves are narrow, about 1 inch long. The flaxes have 5
-styles, sometimes united, as in this plant, and sometimes separate, but
-often remaining on the capsule until the seeds are shed.
-
-The yellow flaxes are sometimes separated from the blue-flowered ones
-and called _Cathartolinum_. There are many of them in the state, most of
-them so closely related that only an expert can distinguish them. They
-bloom from March until June. In the southern part the commonest one is
-the dwarf flax (_Linum multicaule_), which has its stems densely covered
-with short leaves. _Linum rigidum_ is a large-flowered flax with stiff
-stems common on prairies from Texas to Southern Canada. It has been
-reported as poisonous to sheep in the Pecos Valley.
-
-
-
-
-                    WOOD-SORREL FAMILY (Oxalidaceae)
-
-
-                 [Illustration: DRUMMOND’S WOOD-SORREL]
-
-Leaves digitately or pinnately divided; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 10,
-slightly united at base; ovary 5-celled; styles 5, free; fruit a
-capsule.
-
-Drummond’s Wood-Sorrel (_Oxalis drummondii_) is also called sour-grass,
-vinegar-grass, oxalis, and violet wood-sorrel. It grows in dry soil from
-Central Texas to New Mexico, blooming in the late summer and fall. It
-has flowers like the violet wood-sorrel with similar basal leaves
-growing from a bulb. As a rule, the plants and flowers are larger and
-the leaflets are crescent-shaped. Oxalis flowers usually open in bright
-sunlight, and the leaves close at night.
-
-Violet Wood-Sorrel (_Oxalis violaceae_) is very abundant in the woods of
-East Texas and on into the Western United States. The plants are
-generally about six inches high. Children often eat the leaves, but a
-considerable quantity will cause violent convulsions. The poisoning is
-due to the presence of oxalic acid crystals, which give a sour taste to
-the leaves.
-
-The bulbs of many wood-sorrels are potted in the fall to provide house
-flowers in February and March. Drummond’s wood-sorrel makes an excellent
-border plant.
-
-                   [Illustration: YELLOW WOOD-SORREL]
-
-Yellow Wood-Sorrel (_Oxalis texana_) is a large flowered wood-sorrel in
-East Texas. The golden-yellow petals are about ¾ in. long. The flower
-stalk is about twice the length of the stem and leaves. It differs from
-the large-flowered wood-sorrel of the Southern States (_Oxalis
-macrantha_) by having smooth instead of hairy stamen filaments.
-
-Many of the yellow wood-sorrels are common weeds throughout the state.
-There are many different species. The white or pink-flowered wood-sorrel
-(_Oxalis acetosella_) is considered by many people as the shamrock of
-Ireland; but others consider white clover (_Trifolium repens_) as the
-true shamrock.
-
-Dichondra-Leaved Wood-Sorrel (_Oxalis dichondraefolia_) is a low plant
-of Southern Texas and Mexico which has pale yellow flowers like the
-yellow wood-sorrels, but the leaflets differ in being rounded and entire
-and resemble the leaves of the dichondras (see page 101).
-
-
-
-
-                     MILKWORT FAMILY (Polygalaceae)
-
-
-   [Illustration: PINK MILKWORT    WHITE MILKWORT    PURPLE MILKWORT]
-
-Flowers pea-shaped; sepals 5, the 2 inner larger and often petal-like;
-petals 3 or 5, the lower concave, often fringed; stamens 8, united,
-opening by apical pores; fruit a 2-celled capsule.
-
-Pink or Bitter Milkwort (_Polygala polygama_) is a showy-flowered
-milkwort growing in sandy woods in East Texas. It has erect branches
-with slender clusters of pink flowers about ¼ in. long and horizontal
-branches under the soil bearing closed flowers which are
-self-fertilized. It blooms in Texas in April.
-
-White Milkwort (_Polygala alba_) has densely-flowered spikes of
-greenish-white flowers, the buds often tinged with purple. A drug
-obtained from the dried root is used as an irritant. Like the closely
-related Seneca snake-root (_Polygala senega_), it probably contains
-saponin, which will dissolve the red blood-corpuscles. The roots of the
-latter are used in medicine to produce vomiting and as an antidote for
-snake-bite. The white milkwort is common on prairies and chalky slopes
-from Montana to Mexico from April to July.
-
-Purple Milkwort (_Polygala puberula_) grows in the mountains of West
-Texas, Arizona, and Mexico. It has much larger seed capsules than the
-two preceding. The capsule is one of the chief features for identifying
-the milkworts, being 2-celled and flattened.
-
-
-
-
-                     SPURGE FAMILY (Euphorbiaceae)
-
-
-                      [Illustration: BULL NETTLE]
-
-Flowers staminate and pistillate, often borne in an involucre; sepals
-sometimes reduced or absent; petals usually absent; stamens 1 to 1,000;
-styles free or united at base; fruit usually a 3-lobed capsule.
-
-Bull Nettle (_Cnidoscolus texanus_), also called tread-softly,
-spurge-nettle, and “mala mujer” (bad woman), is a vicious plant thickly
-clothed with stinging hairs and bearing clusters of tubular white
-flowers quite similar to the tuberose in appearance and fragrance. The
-plants grow 2-3 ft. high. The upper flowers bear stamens, and the
-flowers in the lower forks of the cluster produce seeds. The
-seed-capsules resemble those of other members of the spurge family in
-being nearly ball-shaped and deeply three-lobed. The seeds are large,
-edible, and very palatable. The plants are very abundant in waste places
-and sandy soil from Texas to Arkansas and Oklahoma, blooming from late
-spring until fall.
-
-Some familiar commercial products are obtained from members of the
-spurge family; e.g., rubber, tapioca, and castor oil. In horticulture,
-the cactus-like spurges and the Christmas poinsettia are well-known
-favorites. The Chinese tallow-tree (_Sapium sebiferum_) is used as an
-ornamental tree, its leaves being very decorative in the fall.
-
-                  [Illustration: SNOW-ON-THE-MOUNTAIN]
-
-Snow-on-the-Mountain. Ghost-Weed (_Euphorbia bicolor_) grows in great
-abundance on the plains of Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Texas,
-being especially thick along dry creek margins. The plants are lovely in
-late August and September, their showy appearance being due to the green
-and white leaves surrounding the flower clusters. It bears rather
-unusual flowers which yield a poisonous honey. The green calyx-like
-structure is an involucre bearing numerous flowers, each consisting of a
-single stamen or pistil. Around the top of the involucre are 4-5 small
-glands each bearing a white appendage which is mistaken for the petals.
-The cultivated snow-on-the-mountain (_Euphorbia marginata_) has broader
-and shorter leaves. It is native on hillsides of Central Texas north to
-Minnesota.
-
-Texas Croton (_Croton texensis_) is a weed, 2-3 ft. high, growing in
-conspicuous masses, particularly in the western part of the state. The
-flowers are inconspicuous among the gray-green foliage, the widely
-branched stems bearing numerous linear leaves. The fragrant leaves and
-stems from some of the crotons are gathered and dried by the Mexicans to
-use for tea or meat seasoning.
-
-
-
-
-                      HOLLY FAMILY (Aquifoliaceae)
-
-
-                         [Illustration: YAUPON]
-
-Trees or shrubs, mostly evergreen; sepals 3-6; petals 4-5; stamens 4-5,
-opposite petals; carpels 3 or more; fruit a drupe.
-
-Yaupon. Cassine (_Ilex vomitoria_) with dark glossy evergreen leaves and
-red berries forms lovely hedges along the highways and fields and is
-scattered through woods in Central and East Texas, ranging to Virginia.
-The berries, an excellent bird food, usually remain on the shrubs until
-the small white flowers appear in late March or April. The plant forms a
-dense widely-branched shrub, which is of slow growth and very desirable
-for hedges. As the berries are produced on separate bushes from the
-pollen-bearing flowers, care should be taken to plant those producing
-berries if ornamental shrubs are desired. Cassine tea is made from the
-leaves, but it is bitter and contains much caffein and tannin. Like the
-American holly, which grows in East Texas, the yaupon is being
-exterminated for Christmas decorations. The deciduous holly (_Ilex
-decidua_) has larger leaves, which are shed in the early fall, and
-larger orange-red berries, which remain on the shrub or tree until late
-winter.
-
-
-
-
-                      BUCKEYE FAMILY (Aesculaceae)
-
-
-                    [Illustration: SOUTHERN BUCKEYE]
-
-Leaves digitate; calyx tubular, 5-lobed; petals 4-5, unequal; stamens
-5-8, inserted on disk; capsules leathery, usually 3-celled; seeds large,
-shining.
-
-Southern Buckeye (_Aesculus discolor_) is a handsome shrub or small tree
-with showy spike-like clusters of deep red or yellow flowers. The
-yellow-flowered shrub formerly known as _Aesculus octandra_ is now
-called variety _flavescens_. The finely-toothed leaves are a glossy dark
-green above and whitish beneath. The red flowers have a red tubular
-calyx and 4 red petals, and the yellow variety has all-yellow flowers.
-Seldom more than 2 large brown seed develop in the 3-lobed leathery
-capsule.
-
-The seeds and young shoots of buckeyes are usually considered poisonous,
-those of the horse chestnut (_Aesculus hippocastanum_) being especially
-so. Soap may be obtained from the roots and a black dye from the wood.
-
-Western Buckeye (_Aesculus arguta_) is a yellow-flowered buckeye with
-leaves divided into 7-9 leaflets. It is found along streams in the
-western part of the state north to Iowa and Missouri. The buckeyes bloom
-in March or April. They shed their leaves quite early in the fall and
-are conspicuous in the winter because of their large buds.
-
-
-
-
-                       MALLOW FAMILY (Malvaceae)
-
-
-          [Illustration: INDIAN MALLOW    LARGE-FLOWERED SIDA]
-
-Leaves mostly palmately nerved; sepals 3-5, more or less united; petals
-5; stamens numerous, united into a column; style branched above.
-
-Indian Mallow (_Abutilon incanum_) is a much branched plant, commonly
-2-4 ft. tall, with rather small ovate leaves, and yellow flowers nearly
-an inch across. It is a profuse bloomer in the summer and fall. Like
-other abutilons, it is sometimes called flowering maple because of the
-maple-like leaves, and may be easily recognized by the seed-capsules,
-which are about ½ inch high and divided into 7-9 cells. The flowers are
-typical of the mallow group, having 5 separate petals and numerous
-stamens united in a tube around the styles. The plants grow in dry soil
-from Arkansas to Mexico and Arizona.
-
-Large-Flowered Sida (_Sida texana_) is a common perennial plant in the
-sandy regions of South Texas. The slender, erect stems bear a few
-linear-oblong leaves, paler below, and long slender-stalked flowers. The
-flowers are pale orange-yellow and have the irregularly-lobed petals
-characteristic of the sidas.
-
-The mallow family includes the commercial plants cotton and okra, and
-numerous ornamentals, such as hibiscus, hollyhock, and althea.
-
-            [Illustration: COPPER MALLOW    RED STAR-MALLOW]
-
-Copper Mallow (_Sphæralcea pedatifida_) is often confused with the
-following mallow, but may be distinguished by its thin leaves clothed
-with a few star-shaped hairs, the 3 linear leaves (bractlets) under the
-calyx, and the seed capsules, which have one seed in each division
-completely filling the cell. Both have upper leaves divided into 5 parts
-and lower leaves into 3 parts. This plant is a low, spreading perennial
-which forms clumps about 1½ ft. broad. It grows in sandy or gravelly
-soil, Southwestern Texas, in April and May. Several copper mallows are
-very abundant in the Southwest.
-
-Red Star-Mallow (_Malvastrum coccineum_) also has star-shaped hairs on
-the leaves, but they are very dense and give the leaves a gray, scurfy
-appearance. The cells are usually 1-seeded with an empty terminal
-portion above. The plant is also called prairie mallow, red false
-mallow, and rose moss. It grows in low clumps, spreading or erect, on
-prairies from Texas to Southern Canada and blooms from May to August.
-
-                     [Illustration: MEXICAN APPLE]
-
-Mexican Apple. Turk’s Cap (_Malvaviscus drummondii_) is also called red
-mallow. The showy red flowers somewhat resemble a Turkish fez. The broad
-petals remain closely wrapped around one another at the base but
-spreading above; the stamen column is conspicuously prolonged beyond the
-petals. The red apple-like fruits are nearly an inch broad and half as
-high. They have a delicious flavor and may be eaten raw or cooked. The
-fruits ripen in the late summer and fall, a few weeks after the blooms
-appear. They begin to dry soon after ripening and split into sections,
-scattering the seeds which are borne in the center.
-
-The plants are perennial, the leafy stems branching and spreading,
-forming a clump which is commonly 2-3 feet high. Growing abundantly in
-shade along streams in the central and southern parts of the state and
-in moist woods in East Texas, it ranges from Florida to Mexico. It is a
-desirable plant for cultivation and is hardier but not as showy, as the
-large-flowered Turk’s cap (_Malvaviscus grandiflora_), a Mexican plant
-now widely cultivated for ornamental purposes in South Texas.
-
-               [Illustration: WILD HOLLYHOCK    WINE CUP]
-
-Wild Hollyhock. Wine Cup. Fringed Poppy-Mallow (_Callirrhoë digitata_)
-grows in dry soil from Illinois and Kansas to Texas, blooming in Texas
-in April and May. It is a perennial, 1-1½ ft. high, with smooth, erect,
-gray-green stems topped by the flower cluster. The cup-shaped flowers
-are on slender stalks, the lower longer than the upper. The upper leaves
-are divided into 1-3 linear divisions and the lower into 5-7 divisions.
-The petals vary in color from cherry-red to pink and white, often being
-quite fringed across the top. The slightly yellow stamens are borne in a
-dense oblong column from which the 10 red styles appear after the flower
-has been opened several days.
-
-Wine Cup. Red Poppy-Mallow (_Callirrhoë involucrata_) is the common
-poppy-mallow throughout the state and ranges from Minnesota to Mexico, a
-solitary flower standing erect from a prostrate branch. The five-pointed
-leaves are more or less divided or lobed, sometimes with very linear
-divisions. Covering acres and acres of the southern coastal prairie in
-March and April, and more or less common on the drier prairies, this
-wine cup is a favorite flower. White and pink forms of it exist, but the
-wine-red color is predominant.
-
-                   [Illustration: ROCK ROSE. PAVONIA]
-
-Rock Rose. Pavonia. Pink Mallow (_Pavonia lasiopetala_) has attractive,
-deep-pink flowers, which are broadly spreading, about 1½ in. wide. The
-plant is branching and shrubby, commonly growing about 2 ft. high, with
-ovate or rounded leaves 1-2½ in. long. It is not extremely showy but
-makes an excellent low shrub for the garden and will produce an
-abundance of blossoms from late spring until fall. It is found in dry,
-rocky woods from Central Texas to Mexico.
-
-Pavonia gets its name from the botanist, J. Pavon, who worked
-particularly with South American plants. Several South American species
-are in cultivation. The Texas pavonia is being introduced in gardens and
-rivals the shrubby althea as a summer bloomer, but the plants and
-flowers are much smaller.
-
-
-
-
-                       VIOLET FAMILY (Violaceae)
-
-
-         [Illustration: MISSOURI VIOLET    LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET]
-
-Small or leafy stipules on leaves; sepals 5; petals 5, the lower usually
-larger and spurred; flowers often cleistogamous; fruit usually a
-capsule.
-
-Missouri Violet (_Viola missouriensis_) grows in low grounds and moist
-woods from Missouri to Louisiana and Texas, the flowers blooming in
-Texas in March and April. They are very much like the common cultivated
-violet (_Viola odorata_) introduced from Europe.
-
-Water or Lance-Leaved Violet (_Viola lanceolata_) is a small violet
-found in swampy places in East Texas and north to Nova Scotia. It
-resembles the white violet, _Viola vittata_, so abundant on the Coastal
-Plain, which has narrower leaves and is taller.
-
-About twenty different violets have been reported from the state, mostly
-from the eastern part. The bird’s-foot violet (_Viola pedata_) comes
-into East Texas. It has large flowers, 1-1¾ in. across, the 3 lower
-petals much lighter than the dark purple upper ones. It resembles the
-cultivated pansy, which, however, has been derived from _Viola tricolor_
-of Great Britain. The native violets bloom from February to May.
-
-
-
-
-                        LOASA FAMILY (Loasaceae)
-
-
-            [Illustration: PRAIRIE-LILY    STIFF NUTTALLIA]
-
-Usually herbs which are clothed with rough, bristly hairs; sepals
-usually 5, calyx tube joined to ovary; petals usually 5; stamens
-numerous, the outer petal-like; ovary inferior.
-
-Prairie-Lily. Showy Mentzelia (_Mentzelia decapetala_) is a
-handsome-flowered plant which ranges from the Panhandle to Southern
-Canada. The large flowers, 3-5 inches across, greatly resemble those of
-the cactus group and have the same tendency to open in the afternoon.
-The stout, branching plant grows 2-2½ feet high. The stems are quite
-conspicuous, as they soon become white and shining; the leaves are
-noticeable because they cling very closely to the clothing by means of
-barbed hairs. This clinging characteristic is responsible for the
-Mexican name of “buena mujer” (good woman), applied to this and other
-similar species.
-
-Stiff Nuttallia (_Mentzelia stricta_) has smaller, paler flowers, but
-otherwise it is very much like the showy mentzelia except for the small
-leaves on the seed capsule. It grows in sandy soil, blooming in the
-summer and fall. Other common names include stick-leaf, poor-man’s
-patches, star flower, and good woman. _Bartonia aurea_ of garden culture
-is a member of the group which was introduced from California.
-
-         [Illustration: LOW PRICKLY PEAR    TEXAS PRICKLY PEAR]
-
-
-
-
-                       CACTUS FAMILY (Cactaceae)
-
-
-Succulent herbs and shrubs; stems usually spiny and leafless; sepals and
-petals not differentiated, few or many; stamens many; ovary inferior;
-fruit pulpy, often edible.
-
-Devil’s Tongue. Low Prickly Pear (_Opuntia humifusa_) grows in dry,
-rocky or sandy soil from Texas to Missouri, the flowers blooming in May
-and June and the fruits ripening to a rose-red in the late summer and
-fall. The flat-jointed stems are often oval but vary in shape and in the
-number of large spines growing from the spine cushions scattered over
-the stems. Sometimes no spines are present, but often 1-2 occur along
-the margins. Numerous short leaves, which are present only in the spring
-in this and other cacti, grow from the spine cushions. The spine
-cushions also bear dense clusters of slender, short brown spines. The
-flowers are yellow with red centers, 3-4 in. broad, widely spreading.
-Like many other cacti, they open in bright sunlight. The plant is low
-and has tuberous roots.
-
-Texas Prickly Pear. Lindheimer’s Cactus (_Opuntia lindheimeri_) has
-flowers which are yellow upon opening but which take on a lovely
-saffron-red the next day. Flowers of both colors are often present on
-the same joint. The large purple pear-shaped fruits are edible and ripen
-in the summer and fall. The plants often grow in large clumps and attain
-a great height. The spine cushions of the oval joints bear 2-3 rather
-short, stout, stiff spines. It is the common prickly pear from Central
-Texas south into Mexico.
-
-The pencil cactus or tasajillo (_Opuntia leptocaulis_), conspicuous for
-its small stems and bright red fruits, is abundant in the state and
-Mexico. “Cholla,” or walking-stick cactus (_Opuntia imbricata_), with
-long slender stems and purple flowers, is common on western plains.
-
-The cactus family has numerous representatives in Texas, but drastic
-legislation is needed to save some of the natural beauty spots of the
-western part of the state. The showy “viznaga” or barrel-cactus, used in
-making cactus candy, is almost exterminated in the vicinity of El Paso;
-and cactus fanciers are making great ravages on many others. The fruits
-of many are edible; the young leaves of the prickly pears are cooked for
-greens; and the stems are used for cattle feed after the spines have
-been burned.
-
-
-
-
-                    LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY (Lythraceae)
-
-
-                [Illustration: LANCE-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE]
-
-Leaves opposite or whorled; sepals 4-6, united into a tube; petals 4-6,
-or absent, attached on calyx tube; stamens few or many; ovary superior.
-
-Lance-Leaved Loosestrife (_Lythrum lanceolatum_) grows in low grounds or
-swamps from Texas to Oklahoma and South Carolina. The loosestrife family
-is close kin to the evening-primrose family and has 4-6 petals borne
-above the seed capsule. “Lythrum” is from the Greek meaning “gore” and
-refers to the red-purple color of some of the flowers. The common name
-of loosestrife comes from an old legend that they free from strife. The
-plant has slender stems 2-4 ft. high and numerous flowers borne in loose
-spikes. The short, narrow leaves are seldom more than 1-2 in. long. The
-delicate petals are somewhat darker veined and do not last long. It
-blooms in the late spring and summer.
-
-Crape Myrtle (_Lagerstroemia indica_), native of China or India, is
-widely cultivated in the state and is being planted along highways. It
-has escaped cultivation in the woods in East Texas. It is a shrub or
-small tree which is covered during the summer months with a profusion of
-white, pink, lavender, or rose flowers.
-
-
-
-
-                 EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY (Epilobiaceae)
-
-
-                 [Illustration: ERECT EVENING-PRIMROSE]
-
-Calyx joined to ovary and often produced beyond it; petals usually 4;
-stamens usually 4 or 8; ovary inferior; seeds numerous.
-
-Erect Evening-Primrose (_Œnothera heterophylla_) grows in sandy soil in
-Florida and on the edge of post oak woods in South-central Texas. The
-plants bloom in April and May. It is very much like the rhombic
-evening-primrose (_Œnothera rhombipetala_) but has slenderer, shorter
-stems and is not often branched. The petals are similar, and their
-rhombic shape easily distinguishes both of these plants from other
-evening-primroses. The rhombic primrose grows 2-3 feet high and is very
-abundant throughout the sandy area of North-central Texas to Minnesota
-and Indiana.
-
-There are many yellow evening-primroses very much alike in flower which
-are usually called buttercups, a name first applied to the crowfoots.
-The flowers usually have four showy petals which last only a day,
-opening in the late afternoons and closing in the heat of the following
-day. The seed capsules are usually long and narrow and are borne below
-the petals. The fireweed is a well-known member of this group. The water
-evening-primrose (_Jussiæa diffusa_) is abundant in ponds in Central and
-East Texas.
-
-                 [Illustration: PINK EVENING-PRIMROSE]
-
-Pink Evening-Primrose. Pink Buttercup (_Hartmannia tetraptera_) blooms
-best in April, but a few scattered plants may continue to bloom through
-the summer months. It is a perennial plant which does well in
-cultivation. White, pink, blush, and other shades were introduced by
-Childs in 1892 from seeds collected in Texas and were known as the
-Mexican evening-primrose.
-
-The earlier flowers are usually much larger than those which bloom late
-in the season. The flowers are cup-shaped, 2-4 inches broad, with 4
-broad petals marked with deeper-colored veining and greenish-yellow at
-the base. The sepals are united into a narrow tube above the seed
-capsule and below the petals. This tube is about as long as the capsule,
-sometimes a little shorter. The sepals do not overlap, are slow about
-splitting, and are pushed to one side of the flower by the opening
-petals. The seeds are borne in a club-shaped capsule which is
-prominently ridged, the slender base being as long as the enlarged
-seed-bearing portion.
-
-The stems are usually trailing and branched at the base, sometimes
-forming clumps two or more feet broad. The leaves are quite variable in
-shape but are generally oblong and narrowed at the base, with margins
-ranging from entire to deeply lobed and divided.
-
-The group name honors Emanuel Hartmann of Louisiana; “tetraptera” is
-from the Greek meaning “four-winged” and refers to the shape of the
-seed-capsule. The plants in this group are sometimes placed with the
-yellow evening-primroses of the Œnothera group, but characteristics
-other than color separate them.
-
-Showy Primrose (_Hartmannia speciosa_) is a large-flowered white
-primrose found on plains and prairies from North Texas to Missouri. The
-seed-capsules are narrowed at the base but are not stalked, and the
-calyx tube is longer than the capsule.
-
-Rose Primrose (_Hartmannia rosea_) is a small-flowered primrose found in
-Southern and Southwestern Texas and Mexico. The flowers are small, an
-inch or more broad, with rounded deep-pink petals. The calyx tube is
-much shorter than the long-stalked capsule.
-
-                      [Illustration: FLUTTER-MILL]
-
-Missouri Primrose. Flutter-Mill. Broad-Winged Evening-Primrose
-(_Megapterium missouriense_) clings to the side of a gravelly cliff or
-grows on rocky limestone hillsides from Missouri to Colorado and Texas.
-The flowers bloom in Texas in April and May, opening in the afternoon
-and closing the next morning. The plants grow in low clumps about a foot
-high. Numerous flowers are borne on the stem along with the slender
-leaves. Four broad yellow petals make up the cup-shaped portion of the
-flower above the slender calyx-tube, which is 4-6 in. long. The
-seed-capsules at the base of the flower develop four broad papery wings
-and reach at maturity a width of 3 in. These broad wings are responsible
-for the scientific name of the plant. The capsules are easily blown
-about by the wind, and the seeds are widely scattered.
-
-The evening-primroses usually produce large, thready masses of pollen.
-Every child is initiated into a buttercup fraternity at some period in
-his life by being invited to smell of the flower and having his nose
-smeared with the profuse pollen.
-
-                  [Illustration: SQUARE-BUD PRIMROSE]
-
-Square-Bud Primrose. Day Primrose. Creamcups (_Meriolix spinulosa_) has
-yellow cup-shaped flowers which last only twenty-four hours but which
-are open during the day. It may readily be distinguished from other
-evening-primroses by the slender woody stems which soon become reddish
-or straw-colored. The stems grow 1-1½ ft. high with clusters of flowers
-at the top. The flowers are nearly two inches broad and have four
-petals. The short, broad sepals are winged on the back and make the buds
-appear square and pointed.
-
-Another distinguishing feature is the disk-shaped stigma which is
-sometimes yellow and sometimes black or dark brown. In the
-evening-primroses previously mentioned, the stigma is divided into four
-narrow lobes. The plants grow on gravelly hillsides from Arkansas to
-Mexico. The slender capsules are over an inch long. Several other day
-primroses are found in the state. They are all sometimes grouped with
-the œnotheras.
-
-        [Illustration: LARGE-FLOWERED GAURA    WILD HONEYSUCKLE]
-
-Large-Flowered or Lindheimer’s Gaura (_Gaura lindheimeri_) is, like
-other members of this group, called kisses and wild honeysuckle because
-of its sweet fragrance. Most of them produce an abundance of nectar and
-make excellent honey plants. This is the handsomest member of the group
-in Texas and is known in cultivation as a hardy plant. It is native to
-the prairies of Southeast Texas and Louisiana and blooms from March to
-May.
-
-The four white petals have the group characteristic of turning fan-wise
-toward the upper side of the flower, and the 8 long stamens and the long
-style hang toward the lower part. Only a few flowers open at one time
-around the spike, but numerous buds are densely crowded above the open
-flowers. This plant has erect-ascending branches and grows 2-5 feet
-high.
-
-Prairie Gaura. Wild Honeysuckle (_Gaura brachycarpa_) sometimes grows
-2-3 feet high, but is usually much lower. With favorable rains, the
-flowering spikes grow quite long. This gaura may be recognized by its
-stalkless 4-angled seed capsules. It blooms on Texas prairies in April
-and May. Many other gauras are found in the state.
-
-
-
-
-                       DOGWOOD FAMILY (Cornaceae)
-
-
-                   [Illustration: FLOWERING DOGWOOD]
-
-Leaves usually opposite; sepals usually 4, calyx tube joined to the
-ovary; petals usually 4, or absent; stamens 4, alternate with the
-petals; ovary inferior; fruit a drupe.
-
-Flowering Dogwood (_Cornus florida_) grows from Massachusetts to
-Ontario, Texas, and Mexico, but few people realize that it grows very
-luxuriantly and is widespread in the woods of East Texas. The beauty of
-the dogwood is not in the flowers, as one might expect, but in the four
-broad white floral leaves (bracts) which surround the flower-cluster.
-These bracts are a creamy white but are often tinged with pink. The
-minute greenish-white flowers have four petals and bloom in March before
-the leaves appear. The oblong scarlet fruits, about half an inch long,
-ripen in the fall.
-
-It is said that dogwood gets its name from the fact that the bark of an
-English dogwood was used to treat mangy dogs. Another source for the
-name is given in a recent magazine which shows a photograph of a section
-of wood from a dogwood tree. By means of the growth rings of the tree,
-the section depicted the head of a swimming dog. Among the useful
-substances obtained from the tree are quinine from all parts, scarlet
-dye from the bark, and wood for tools. Enough quinine is obtained by
-chewing the twigs to ward off malarial fever.
-
-                 [Illustration: SMALL-FLOWERED DOGWOOD]
-
-Rough-Leaved Cornel. Small-Flowered Dogwood (_Cornus asperifolia_) is
-hardly recognized as a dogwood because it does not have showy floral
-bracts. The rough leaves become very lovely in the fall as the veins
-take on a reddish-purple color. It is a very common shrub in thickets
-along streams or in moist ground from Texas to Southern Ontario. The
-flowers bloom in Texas from April to June, and the white fruits mature
-in the fall. The fruits are about ¼ inch in diameter and contain 2 seeds
-with a stony coat which is covered by a thin pulp.
-
-The dogwood family includes several other trees and shrubs which are
-common in Texas. Black gum (_Nyssa sylvatica_) has 2-3 blue oval fruits
-about half an inch long in a cluster. It is one of the first trees in
-East Texas whose foliage takes on an autumnal coloring. Lindheimer’s
-garrya (_Garrya lindheimeri_), an evergreen shrub with thick leathery
-leaves, is very abundant in the hills of Central and West Texas. It
-bears dense clusters of small blue berries less than ¼ inch in diameter.
-
-
-
-
-                      CARROT FAMILY (Umbelliferae)
-
-
-                      [Illustration: PRAIRIE LACE]
-
-Furrowed stems; leaves usually much divided, sheathing at the base;
-sepals 5, calyx tube joined to ovary; petals 5; stamens 5; ovary
-inferior; fruit 2-celled, prominently ribbed and often with resin
-canals.
-
-Prairie Lace. Dwarf Queen Anne’s Lace (_Bifora americana_) is the pride
-of the North Texas prairie in late April and May. It is also found in
-Oklahoma and Arkansas. In favorable seasons it grows in great masses
-with the Indian blankets and the false coreopsis. The umbrella-clusters
-of white flowers are very showy. The plants do not have oil tubes, as do
-most members of the carrot family, and so lack the strong scent common
-to many.
-
-It usually grows about a foot high and is widely branched at the top.
-The leaves are finely divided with numerous thread-like divisions. The
-flowers are one-fourth inch broad and have five notched petals which are
-broader than long. The fruits have two ball-shaped divisions, each about
-one-eighth inch in diameter and faintly ridged.
-
-              [Illustration: FALSE PURPLE THISTLE. ERYNGO]
-
-False Purple Thistle. Eryngo (_Eryngium leavenworthii_) is not a true
-thistle, but it is popularly known as one. The ancient Greeks had the
-same idea, for the name “Eryngium” is their name for a kind of thistle.
-Correctly speaking it is a purple carrot, as it belongs to a large group
-of the carrot family, some of which are widely cultivated abroad for
-their striking purple foliage. The flowers are clustered in an oblong
-head, quite different from the dainty flower clusters of Queen Anne’s
-lace. Other common names of this group include sea-holly, rattlesnake
-master, and button snake-root, the two latter from their accredited
-property of curing snake-bites. Candelabrum plant is a name sometimes
-given which is very appropriate because of its branching habit of
-growth.
-
-The plants grow one to three feet high, usually in dense masses along
-roadsides and fields and on prairies from Central Texas to Kansas. In
-August the gray-green foliage of the plants is quite conspicuous against
-darker greens, but it gradually takes on a royal purple hue. Few plants
-can rival it for beauty in late August and September. The dense heads of
-purple flowers with their long, slender dark-blue stamens add to the
-vividness. The dried plants are often kept for winter decoration, but
-the purple does not remain so intense.
-
-The stems are branched at the top, the flower heads growing on short
-stalks in the forks of the branches. The deeply lobed leaves clasp the
-stem, the leaf segments bearing many spiny-teeth. A tuft of small,
-rigid, spiny leaves grows out of the top of the flower head.
-
-Several eryngoes are found in the state. The yucca-leaved eryngo
-(_Eryngium aquaticum_) grows in the summer in sandy areas or low grounds
-from Texas to Minnesota and Connecticut. It bears little resemblance in
-habit of growth or coloring to the purple thistle. Most of the long
-leaves are clustered at the base, and a stout flower stalk bears at the
-top several head-like clusters of white flowers.
-
-The carrot family is a large group of plants, most of which have lacy,
-fern-like leaves and dainty umbrella-clusters of small flowers and fruit
-which separates into two ribbed 1-seeded divisions. The plants are
-usually rich in oil tubes, and some contain deadly poisons.
-
-                     [Illustration: BEGGAR’S TICKS]
-
-Beggar’s Ticks. Seed-Ticks. Bird’s Nest Carrot (_Daucus pusillus_) is
-probably more familiar in fruit than in flower. The clusters of seeds
-resemble a bird’s nest. The fact that the seeds are covered with several
-rows of barbed prickles makes them very difficult to remove from
-clothing. Their presence in wool renders it inferior in quality. It is
-very abundant throughout the state from April to June and occurs in most
-of the Southern and Western States.
-
-The small white flowers grow in a dense, lace-like cluster at the top of
-slender stems 1-2 ft. high. The leaves are finely divided. The flower
-cluster is long-stalked and is surrounded by a circle of the green
-leaves; thus the flowers as well as the seeds have a nest-like
-appearance.
-
-Wild Carrot. Queen Anne’s Lace (_Daucus carota_), the ancestor of the
-garden carrot, was introduced from Europe and may be found in scattered
-places over the state. It is a larger plant than the beggar’s ticks,
-with very wide-spreading and dainty flower clusters. It does not bloom
-until summer.
-
-                       [Illustration: WILD DILL]
-
-Wild Dill. Prairie Parsley (_Pleiotaenia nuttallii_) is a conspicuous
-plant on prairies throughout the state and ranges to Michigan and
-Alabama. The flowers bloom in April and May, and the seeds mature and
-fall in June and July. The stiff, stout stems, commonly two feet high,
-become dry and brown but remain standing through the winter months. The
-upper leaves are not divided so much as the lower, which are deeply
-divided and have broad segments. The flowers are small and
-greenish-yellow and grow in clusters about 2 inches broad.
-
-The foliage and seeds were used for seasoning by pioneers. It is very
-much like the cultivated dill (_Anethum graveolens_), a native of
-Southeastern Europe. The latter is taller and has leaves with threadlike
-divisions.
-
-Other well-known members of the carrot family include the parsnip,
-parsley, myrrh, chervil, caraway, and celery. The well-known poison
-hemlock (_Conium maculatum_), by which Socrates met his death, is a
-native of Europe but may now be found in North and South America. It
-grows in great abundance along the streams of the Edwards Plateau
-between Fredricksburg and Austin.
-
-
-
-
-                        HEATH FAMILY (Ericaceae)
-
-
-                    [Illustration: TREE-HUCKLEBERRY]
-
-Herbs or shrubs; sepals 4-5; corolla urn-shaped or cylindric, 4-5-lobed;
-stamens 8 or 10; anthers opening by terminal pores; ovary superior or
-inferior.
-
-Tree-Huckleberry. Farkleberry (_Batodendron arboreum_) is also known as
-upland-huckleberry, sparkleberry, and gooseberry. The name is Greek and
-means “blackberry tree.” The huckleberries are often placed in a family
-separate from other heaths. The tree-huckleberry is a shrub or small
-tree, very abundant in the woods of East Texas and the Southern States.
-The dainty, drooping sprays of white bell-shaped flowers remind one of
-the lily-of-the-valley. The shining oval leaves are short-stalked, 1-2
-in. long. The black berries are not edible.
-
-Well-known members of the heath family include the trailing arbutus,
-cranberry, blueberry, bean-berry, winter-green, rhododendron, and
-azalea. Thickets of the pink azalea or swamp-honeysuckle (_Azalea
-nudiflora_) occur in a few places in East Texas. In the mountains of
-Southwest Texas may be found the arbutus-tree, madroña, or naked Indian,
-so called because of its red wood and scaling bark. Its small, red
-fleshy fruits look like strawberries. Stagger-bush (_Neopieris mariana_)
-is a common shrub in swampy places.
-
-
-
-
-                     PRIMROSE FAMILY (Primulaceae)
-
-
-         [Illustration: TEXAS WATER-PIMPERNEL    SHOOTING STAR]
-
-Leaves often basal; sepals usually 5, often leafy; corolla tubular,
-5-lobed; stamens 5, opposite the petals; ovary superior; fruit a
-capsule.
-
-Texas Water-Pimpernel. Brookweed (_Samolus cuneatus_) is a plant found
-wherever springs or moist ledges occur in limestone hills of Texas. The
-plants have a basal rosette of broad rounded leaves. The slender stems
-are 6-12 inches high and bear a few leaves which are narrowed at the
-base. The 5-lobed white flowers are short and bell-shaped and appear
-from April to September. The pink water-pimpernel (_Samolus
-ebracteatus_) grows in sandy soil along the coast.
-
-Shooting Star (_Dodecatheon stanfieldia_) is a rare plant and should be
-afforded protection. It is found in rich, moist soil from Central Texas
-to Louisiana. The flowers are very much like those of _Dodecatheon
-meadia_ but are larger and have broader petals.
-
-The primrose family is represented in horticulture by many primroses
-from Asia, cyclamens from Greece to Syria, and the cowslip from Europe.
-The scarlet pimpernel (_Anagallis arvensis_) is found on sandy prairies
-in South Texas in the spring.
-
-
-
-
-                        EBONY FAMILY (Ebenaceae)
-
-
-                   [Illustration: MEXICAN PERSIMMON]
-
-Trees or shrubs; leaves usually leathery; calyx 3-11-lobed; petals
-united, 3-7; stamens 6-14, or more; ovary superior.
-
-Mexican Persimmon (_Diospyros texana_) is also called ’possum plum,
-“chapote,” and black persimmon. It is a shrub or small tree found in
-river-valleys and on limestone hills from Central Texas to Mexico. It
-may be easily recognized by its smooth, light-gray bark, small leaves,
-and creamy heath-like flowers. The bell-shaped flowers are in dense
-clusters on the tree which has pollen-bearing flowers, whereas the
-seed-bearing flowers, which grow on a separate tree, are larger and
-fewer in number. The black fruits ripen in August, when the pulp becomes
-juicy but somewhat insipid.
-
-The black wood is hard and, like other species of ebony, takes an
-excellent polish. It is used for making tools. The Mexicans use a black
-dye obtained from the fruits in dyeing sheep-skins. The common persimmon
-(_Diospyros virginiana_) is found wild from Connecticut to East Texas,
-where the sprouts are vicious pests in plowed lands.
-
-
-
-
-                     GENTIAN FAMILY (Gentianaceae)
-
-
-                     [Illustration: MOUNTAIN PINK]
-
-Leaves opposite; calyx usually tubular, 5-lobed; petals united at base,
-4-12; stamens as many as petals; ovary superior.
-
-Mountain Pink. Showy Centaury (_Erythraea beyrichii_) grows on gravelly
-limestone hills in Texas and Arkansas. The stems are branched near the
-base and often form hemispherical clumps a foot in diameter which are
-covered with pink flowers in June. The plants are being rapidly
-exterminated for ornamental purposes, for they are very showy and the
-flowers will last two weeks or more. The flowers have a united tubular
-corolla with 5 lobes.
-
-The scientific name is from the Greek meaning “red.” The flowers of some
-species are red, but those in Texas are pink. The Texan centaury
-(_Erythraea texense_) is a very small plant with small flowers. It is
-found from Texas to Missouri in June and July. Buckley’s centaury or
-pink gentian (_Erythraea calycosa_) is found in moist soil in the
-western part of the state. It is a tall, slender plant 1-2 ft. high. It
-ranges from Missouri to Mexico. The centaury plants were formerly valued
-as a medicine for fever. They were gathered and dried at flowering time.
-
-                [Illustration: PURPLE GENTIAN. BLUEBELL]
-
-Purple Gentian. Bluebell (_Eustoma russellianum_) is also called
-Russell’s eustoma, Texas bluebell, blue gentian, blue marsh lily, and
-bosque blue gentian. The latter name is used in El Paso, where the
-purple gentian grows on the flood plain of the Rio Grande River. It is
-one of the loveliest flowers in the state, sometimes occurring in great
-profusion on moist prairies from Mexico to Colorado and Louisiana. It is
-especially abundant in Southeast Texas, where it is gathered in
-wholesale quantities by florists. It is an excellent cut-plant, the
-flowers lasting for several days and new buds continually opening.
-
-Few people have had success in transplanting the purple gentian into
-their gardens. Only recently has there been a report of seeds
-successfully germinated. It is said that soaking for 48 hours in water
-will produce germination. Each flower produces a number of very minute
-seeds.
-
-The large, bell-shaped flowers, 2-3 inches broad, are a bluish-purple;
-in fading, they spread widely and take on more of the blue tinge. They
-are constricted into a short narrow tube at the base. Inside, the
-flowers are marked with yellow at the base and have purple markings in
-the throat. The five stamens with large anthers are attached to the
-corolla tube. At the time the pollen is shed, the anthers lie in a
-horizontal position around the style. The stigmas are interesting. There
-are two diamond-shaped lobes which are erect until they are ready to
-receive pollen, and then they take a horizontal position. The calyx has
-five linear lobes which are united at the base with a colorless
-membrane. The oblong capsules are about half an inch long.
-
-The plants are very smooth and are erect, with a few erect branches. The
-leaves are ovate-oblong and are usually 1-2½ inches long.
-
-“Eustoma” means “open mouth”, referring to the large throat of the
-flower. The smaller bluebell in Southern Texas and Northern Mexico is
-_Eustoma gracile_.
-
-                    [Illustration: PINK TEXAS STAR]
-
-Pink Texas Star. Prairie Sabbatia (_Sabbatia campestris_) is also known
-as meadow pink, rose pink, pink prairie gentian, marsh pink, and sea
-star. It ranges from Missouri and Kansas to Texas and is found on moist
-prairies throughout Central Texas from April to June. It is particularly
-abundant on southern coastal prairies where it makes a showy landscape
-display with phlox, coreopsis, and other plants in March and April. The
-sabbatias are named in honor of two Italian botanists, L. and C.
-Sabbati.
-
-The plants are low, 3-12 inches high, and have wing-angled stems and
-short smooth leaves about ½-1¼ inches long. The flowers are about 1½
-inches broad, much larger than those of the mountain pink, and more
-cup-shaped. They are usually deep pink in color, but purplish-pink and
-white forms may occasionally be noted. Around the throat are yellow,
-star-shaped markings over the white base of the petals. The long, linear
-calyx lobes are quite conspicuous when the flower is in bud or after the
-corolla has wilted.
-
-
-
-
-                      DOGBANE FAMILY (Apocynaceae)
-
-
-                    [Illustration: BLUE TEXAS STAR]
-
-Plants with milky juice; sepals usually 5; corolla tubular, 5-lobed;
-stamens usually 5, inserted on corolla tube and alternate with the
-lobes; ovary superior; fruit mostly of 2 spreading follicles.
-
-Blue Texas Star. Texas Dogbane. Blue-Star (_Amsonia texana_) belongs to
-a group named in honor of Charles Amson, a colonial physician. The stems
-are usually unbranched, 8-12 inches high, and are covered with narrow
-linear leaves. Like that of other amsonias, the tubular throat is lined
-with white hairs. The name of twin-pods might be given to the amsonias.
-The numerous seeds are borne in two narrow, erect pods which are united
-at the base and split along the inner sides. The pods are 3-4 inches
-long. The plant is perennial, growing in low clumps on limestone
-hillsides of Texas. The plants in North Texas form a conspicuous
-bluish-green line on low hills, when the flowers bloom in late March and
-April.
-
-The oleander, periwinkle, and vinca are well-known members of the
-dogbane family. They all have a milky sap which is quite poisonous in
-the oleander, Indian hemp, and others. “Bane” is the common word in
-Northern Europe for “murderer” and is applied to poisonous plants.
-
-
-
-
-                    MILKWEED FAMILY (Asclepiadaceae)
-
-
-                [Illustration: GREEN-FLOWERED MILKWEED]
-
-Leaves usually opposite or whorled; sepals 5; petals 5, usually reflexed
-and with a 5-lobed crown; stamens 5, the pollen united into 1 or 2 waxy
-masses in each sac; carpels 2, free except for the united disk-like
-stigma.
-
-Green-Flowered Milkweed. Silkweed (_Asclepiodora decumbens_) is a
-widespread plant from Arkansas to Utah and Northern Mexico. It is found
-on the central and western plains, blooming in early spring and
-sometimes again in the fall. The stout, leafy stems, topped by the
-ball-shaped heads of flowers form conspicuous clumps about a foot high.
-The flowers have a sweet nectar which draws many insect visitors. They
-bloom in April and early May, and the large warty pods mature in a few
-weeks. As the seeds bear a tuft of hairs at one end, they are easily
-scattered by the wind and other agents. It is one of the first plants to
-appear on burned-over areas.
-
-The milkweeds get their name from the bitter milky sap. The flowers are
-quite different from other flowers in that there is a crown between the
-petals and the stamens. In many the pollen is borne in two pear-shaped
-masses with a thread-like connection. In the green-flowered milkweed,
-purple hoods are attached to the crown and hang over the pollen-sacs.
-
-                     [Illustration: BUTTERFLY-WEED]
-
-Butterfly-Weed. Pleurisy-Root (_Asclepias tuberosa_) is a well-known
-plant in dry fields from Maine and Ontario to Northern Mexico. In Texas
-it is found in the sandy areas of the eastern and central parts. It
-blooms in the late spring and summer. Other common names include orange
-milkweed, orange-root, Indian posy, and orange swallow-wort. The leaves
-are poisonous to stock, but the honey is not considered poisonous. The
-monarch butterfly is a voracious feeder on the plant. It was at one time
-valued for its medicinal properties, but is now little used. Several
-plants are known by the common name of “swallow-wort” and are so called
-because they bloom in the spring when the swallows appear.
-
-The leafy stems often grow one to two feet high. At the top of the stem
-are several clusters of small orange-colored flowers. The petals hang
-down when the pollen is ready to be shed. There is a crown of five
-erect, orange-colored hoods around the flat stigma.
-
-
-
-
-                    DICHONDRA FAMILY (Dichondraceae)
-
-
-          [Illustration: CAROLINA DICHONDRA    PRETTY DODDER]
-
-Herbs with creeping stems; sepals 5; corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed;
-stamens 5; carpels 2, separate.
-
-Carolina Dichondra. Ground Ivy (_Dichondra carolinensis_) is, of course,
-not even kin to the ivy, but it does form a green carpet over the ground
-in places. It is widely scattered in the state and in many other
-localities. The greenish-white flowers are small and inconspicuous under
-the round leaves and are almost buried in the soil. The leaves are about
-an inch broad and are slender stalked. The plant is a perennial which is
-often hard to remove from lawns. The silvery-leaved dichondra
-(_Dichondra argentea_) occurs in West Texas.
-
-
-
-
-                      DODDER FAMILY (Cuscutaceae)
-
-
-Pretty Dodder. Love Vine. Strangle-Weed (_Cuscuta indecora_) may be
-noted in conspicuous orange or gold masses covering other plants. It is
-a leafless parasitic vine bearing small clusters of white flowers. The
-flowers are less than one fourth inch broad and have the petal-tips
-turned inward. There are many dodders in the state, and each kind is
-parasitic only on certain plants. The pretty dodder attacks the wild
-verbena and other herbs and low shrubs from Illinois to Texas and other
-parts of America.
-
-
-
-
-                 MORNING-GLORY FAMILY (Convolvulaceae)
-
-
-         [Illustration: TEXAS BINDWEED    PURPLE MORNING-GLORY]
-
-Plants twining or erect; sepals 5; corolla mostly funnelform, 5-lobed;
-stamens 5, on corolla tube; ovary superior; fruit usually a ball-shaped
-capsule separating into 2-4 lobes.
-
-Texas Bindweed (_Convolvulus hermannioides_) has small white
-morning-glory flowers with a dark-red center. They are seldom more than
-an inch broad. The spreading or twining vines reach a length of several
-feet. The leaves are very variable in shape and often have spreading
-lobes at each side of the base like the hoary bindweed (_Convolvulus
-incanus_). Both grow on Texas plains, but the hoary bindweed is widely
-distributed from Kansas and Arkansas to Mexico. The Texas bindweed may
-be distinguished by the ear-like projections at the base of the sepals.
-The flowers bloom from April to August.
-
-Purple Morning-Glory. Bindweed. Tie-Vine (_Ipomoea trifida_) is a lovely
-but pernicious vine of Texas, Mexico, and tropical America. The roots
-are perennial and very difficult to eradicate from cotton and corn
-fields. It blooms from spring to fall, the flowers opening only in the
-morning. The morning-glory group is very large, and many showy forms are
-found in Texas. The sweet potato (_Ipomoea batatas_) and others are
-valued for their tuberous roots.
-
-     [Illustration: STANDING CYPRESS    BLUE GILIA    WHITE GILIA]
-
-
-
-
-                      PHLOX FAMILY (Polemoniaceae)
-
-
-Mostly annual and perennial herbs; calyx 5-lobed; corolla tubular,
-5-lobed; ovary usually 3-celled; style often 3-parted; stamens 5,
-inserted on corolla-tube; capsules small.
-
-Standing Cypress. Red Gilia (_Gilia rubra_) might also be called torch
-flowers, for the tall spikes with their masses of red tubular flowers
-make flaming spots of color on the edges of the post oak woods in May
-and June. It is sometimes known as Indian plume, Texas plume, or red
-Texas star.
-
-The plants are usually unbranched and grow two to three feet high;
-however, if the top of the stem is removed or injured near the time of
-flowering, it will branch into several flowering spikes. The stems are
-pale green and quite leafy with the finely dissected leaves. The narrow
-tubular flowers are over an inch long and have broad spreading lobes
-which, on their inner surface, are a pale orange-red dotted with a
-darker red. The flowers, which resemble those of the cypress vine, are
-closely clustered on the stem, those at the top opening first. The
-capsules are nearly an inch long and contain numerous papery seeds.
-
-Blue Gilia. Golden Eye (_Gilia rigidula_), differing markedly from the
-red gilia in the shape of the flowers, has a short, broadly flaring
-corolla with a conspicuous yellow center. The flowers are nearly an inch
-broad. The plants are perennial and are often widely branched at the
-base, forming clumps nearly a foot broad. The blue gilia is found on
-hills and stony plains from Central Texas to Mexico and New Mexico and
-blooms from March to October.
-
-White Gilia. Long-Flowered Gilia (_Gilia longiflora_) has slender, erect
-stems, 1-2 feet high, terminated by a flat-topped cluster of tubular
-white flowers. The flowers have a narrow tube, about 1½ inches long, and
-5 broad, spreading lobes. The leaves have threadlike divisions. The
-plants are very showy when they are in bloom and are especially abundant
-in sandy regions of Northwest Texas in the late summer and fall.
-
-Few flower groups show such a decided red, white, and blue as the
-gilias. The group is a large one, mostly of Western North America, and
-is named in honor of the Spanish botanist, Philipp Salvador Gil. Some of
-the gilias are known in cultivation and are considered hardy plants of
-easy culture. The standing cypress may be grown from seeds planted in
-August or September, or plants may be transplanted in the spring.
-
-                    [Illustration: DRUMMOND’S PHLOX]
-
-Drummond’s Phlox (_Phlox drummondii_) has rightly been called “Texan
-pride.” A drive late in April through the post oak sandy region east of
-Austin to the Brazos River and southeast to Victoria will disclose it in
-all its glory. The seeds were collected by Thomas Drummond in 1834 and
-sent to W. J. Hooker in the spring of 1835. Hooker, an eminent botanist,
-described it from the plants grown from those seeds in the Kew Gardens
-in London. According to his description, the plants were mostly of a
-brilliant rose-red with more or less purple in the flowers of some
-plants and darker red eyes in nearly all. It is quite probable that
-Drummond collected his seeds in the vicinity of Gonzales, the western
-limit of his Texas trip, where today wild phloxes which match his
-description occur in great profusion. The seeds collected may have
-included some from hybrid plants, as red phloxes with a white eye are
-found on the eastern edge of the red-phlox area, and the dark-eyed
-purple and red are found on its western limits in close proximity to the
-“phlox purple” variety.
-
-The plant has long been a horticultural favorite, and more than 200
-varieties have been described, few of which excel the native varieties
-in size or coloring.
-
-                      [Illustration: PURPLE PHLOX]
-
-Purple Phlox (_Phlox drummondii_-purple varieties) grows in sandy soil
-in Central Texas. The variety with the white throat and red-star eye is
-common in the southeastern part of the state. It is especially abundant
-in Wilson and Karnes Counties, where extensive masses of purple may be
-noted in open sandy places among mesquite and post oak trees. This is a
-very vigorous phlox and produces large stems and flowers. Studies are
-being made to determine whether these purple phloxes are varieties of
-Drummond’s phlox or should be called by other names.
-
-The variety with the purple throat and the two white marks at the base
-of each corolla lobe grows northwest of the range of the red-flowered
-Drummond’s phlox. It blooms from April to June and seems to withstand
-cold better than any of the annual phloxes except the dwarf phlox.
-
- [Illustration: HELLER’S PHLOX    BERLANDIER’S PHLOX    THARP’S PHLOX]
-
-Berlandier’s Phlox (_Phlox glabriflora_) differs from Drummond’s phlox
-in many particulars. The flowers are usually a bluish-lavender which at
-a distance suggests the wild verbena. Like the other phloxes on this
-page, it has both stem and leaves clothed with scattered, long, soft
-hairs. The large corolla is marked with white at the base of the lobes
-and has a short, smooth tube. The vigorous plants branch profusely and
-often form masses two and three feet broad. This phlox may be found on
-sandy prairies south of Kingsville and west of Hebbronville in the
-winter and spring months but is at its best in February and March. It
-was first collected by Louis Berlandier at several places along the
-southern coast in 1828 and 1829.
-
-Heller’s Phlox (_Phlox helleri_) is a close relative of Berlandier’s
-phlox but has a hairy corolla-tube, smaller flowers, and shorter leaves.
-It is found from March to May in sand near the coast around Copano,
-Aransas, and Nueces bays.
-
-Slender Phlox (_Phlox tharpii_) has a long, hairy corolla-tube, and the
-slender stems are usually unbranched. Only four flowers are borne in a
-cluster. It is very abundant in Frio and Dimmit Counties in April.
-Theodore Roosevelt, in describing a peccary hunt south of Uvalde in
-April, 1904, mentions these fields of purple.
-
-             [Illustration: ROEMER’S PHLOX    DWARF PHLOX]
-
-Roemer’s Phlox (_Phlox roemeriana_) has lovely flowers which vary in
-color from deep rose to phlox purple or pink. It is the only annual
-phlox marked with yellow around the eye or throat. Its large capsule,
-containing 12 or 15 seeds, is another conspicuous feature and shows its
-relationship with the perennial phloxes of West Texas. It forms a lovely
-display with bluebonnets and low prairie spider-worts in the limestone
-hill region in April and early May.
-
-Dwarf Phlox (_Phlox tenuis_) is the smallest and most widely distributed
-of the annual phloxes, ranging from the south-central coast to Louisiana
-and into Southern Oklahoma. It is found on the coastal prairie and in
-sandy soil along the edges of post oak woods from March to May. The
-plants are usually six to eight inches high and unbranched, but branched
-varieties are known. The flowers are about half an inch broad, with
-narrow lobes which are marked with two reddish-purple lines at their
-base.
-
-     [Illustration: LARGE-FLOWERED PRAIRIE PHLOX    PRAIRIE PHLOX]
-
-Prairie Phlox. Prairie Sweet William (_Phlox pilosa_) has a delightful
-fragrance common in lesser degrees to many of the phloxes. The
-widespread prairie phlox was named in 1753 from plants taken to France
-from Virginia. The stems are low and have a few opposite leaves which
-are pointed and widely spreading. The flat-topped clusters of pale pink,
-blue, white, or purple flowers bloom in March and April in Texas. The
-stems and flower clusters are clothed with soft hairs.
-
-Large-Flowered Prairie Phlox (_Phlox villosissima_) grows in a strange
-environment for a phlox. Charles Wright found it in 1849 on the gravelly
-bars of the Nueces River, where it still grows. It is also found on
-other rivers in Southwest Texas. It has long, woody roots reaching
-toward the necessary moisture. The flowers are very large, and only a
-few are open at a time. It differs from the prairie phlox in its shorter
-and more numerous leaves, its larger flowers with their broader lobes,
-and alternate branches in the flower cluster. The prairie phloxes are
-perennial and are easily grown in Southwest gardens.
-
-
-
-
-                  WATER-LEAF FAMILY (Hydrophyllaceae)
-
-
-           [Illustration: BABY BLUE-EYES    PURPLE PHACELIA]
-
-Flowers usually in curled clusters; calyx deeply 5-lobed; petals united,
-usually 5; stamens 5, on corolla-tube; ovary superior; styles 2.
-
-Baby Blue-Eyes. Flannel Breeches (_Nemophila phacelioides_) forms a
-lovely carpet on banks and in moist woods near the prairie regions of
-Texas and Arkansas. The dainty flowers are about one inch broad, with 5
-broadly-spreading lobes of lavender, paler at the base. The leaves are
-divided into 5-9 broad segments which are irregularly toothed. It is not
-known in cultivation, but a similar plant from California is used to
-cover beds in which bulbs are planted.
-
-Purple Phacelia (_Phacelia patuliflora_) is a low, spreading annual
-growing on sandy prairies in the southern part of the state.
-“Patuliflora” means “spreading flower” and refers to the royal purple
-corollas which are widely spreading and nearly an inch broad. It is the
-handsomest phacelia among the fifteen or more species found in the
-state. It blooms from February to May.
-
-Blue nama (_Nama ovatum_) is a water-leaf growing in ponds and streams
-of East Texas and blooming in the summer. It has lovely sky-blue flowers
-nearly an inch broad and spiny stems. Sand bells (_Nama hispidum_) has
-small, reddish-purple, bell-shaped corollas.
-
-                       [Illustration: BLUE CURLS]
-
-Blue Curls. Fiddle-Neck (_Phacelia congesta_) is also known as
-spider-flower, caterpillars, snail-flower, and wild heliotrope. It has
-curled flower clusters and lavender-blue flowers very much like those of
-some of the heliotropes and borages. A California borage is also called
-fiddle-neck. The flowers are tubular at the base with 5 broadly
-spreading lobes. The 5 spreading stamens extending from the flowers are
-responsible for the name of “spider-flower.”
-
-The erect, unbranched stems may be seen on gravelly limestone slopes or
-in open woods from Central to Southwestern Texas. The large, thin leaves
-are finely divided and clothed with soft hairs. In woods the plants may
-grow 1½-2 ft. high, but on rocky slopes they are seldom more than a foot
-high. The flowers bloom in April and May, a long blooming season
-resulting from the numerous flowers which open as the curling stems
-unfold. It is an annual plant which does well in cultivation and makes a
-lovely addition to the flower garden.
-
-Nearly a hundred phacelias are found in Western North America. The name
-is from the Greek meaning “cluster.” Most of them are showy plants, but
-few are known in cultivation.
-
-
-
-
-                     BORAGE FAMILY (Borraginaceae)
-
-
-       [Illustration: SOUTHERN HELIOTROPE    BINDWEED HELIOTROPE]
-
-Leaves usually alternate; flowers often in curled clusters; sepals 5;
-petals 5, united; stamens 5, on corolla-tube; ovary often deeply
-4-lobed; fruit a drupe or of 4 nutlets.
-
-Southern Heliotrope (_Cochranea anchusaefolia_) grows in limestone soil
-from Central Texas to Florida and tropical America. It may often be
-found from spring to fall in the shelter of mesquite or prickly pear.
-The white-flowered sea-heliotrope (_Heliotropium curassavicum_) is very
-abundant in saline soil in South and West Texas. Plains heliotrope
-(_Heliotropium tenellum_) does not have curled clusters of flowers but
-has a few small white ones borne on short branches. It is widespread in
-the South-central United States.
-
-Bindweed Heliotrope (_Heliotropium convolvulaceum_) has white flowers
-quite similar to those of the bindweed, about one inch broad. It is
-found in sandy soil in South and West Texas to California and Nebraska
-from spring to fall. The plant has widely branching stems, about a foot
-long, and the foliage is somewhat rough-hairy. The heliotropes get their
-name from Greek words which mean “sunturning.”
-
-                     [Illustration: GOLDEN PUCCOON]
-
-Golden Puccoon. Narrow-Leaved Puccoon (_Lithospermum linearifolium_) is
-another harbinger of spring on the prairies. The scattered plants may be
-found throughout Texas to British Columbia and Indiana. Several slender
-stems grow from a long, thick black root. The plant gets its name from
-the Greek word meaning “stone-seed” and refers to the hard nutlets of
-the fruit. In the narrow-leaved puccoon, the nutlets are ovoid, white,
-shining, and more or less pitted. The flowers have a narrow tube with 5
-spreading lobes which have crinkled margins.
-
-Orange Puccoon (_Lithospermum gmelinii_) is a striking woodland plant of
-the Eastern States which is widespread in East Texas. It can be easily
-identified by its showy yellow-orange flowers. The clustered stems, 1-1½
-feet high, grow from a deep root. It blooms in April and May.
-
-Most of the puccoons have a red root from which a dye is obtained. Some
-of the European forms have blue flowers and are known in cultivation.
-
-
-
-
-                      VERBENA FAMILY (Verbenaceae)
-
-
-       [Illustration: LARGE-FLOWERED VERVAIN    SLENDER VERVAIN]
-
-Branches often 4-angled; leaves opposite; flowers often whorled; calyx
-5-lobed; petals 4-5, united; calyx and corolla often 2-lipped; stamens
-4, on corolla-tube; ovary often 4-celled.
-
-Slender Vervain (_Verbena halei_) was, until a few years ago, considered
-the same as the European vervain (_Verbena officinalis_), but it is now
-recognized as a different plant. Misty-looking purple patches on the
-roadside ahead usually turn out to be masses of the slender vervain. It
-is a perennial which takes on renewed blooming activity from early
-spring until fall, but usually only scattered plants bloom after June.
-It is very abundant in this state and other Southern States.
-
-The flowers are small and scattered along the slender branches at the
-top of the stem. The upper leaves are narrow, those of the mid-stem
-divided; and the lower are broad and irregularly toothed.
-
-Large-Flowered Vervain (_Verbena plicata_) shows some variation in color
-from white to lavender, the flowers commonly being a bluish-lavender.
-The flowers are about half an inch broad and grow in long showy spikes.
-The plants are perennial, and numerous stems form erect clumps 1-2 ft.
-high. It is especially handsome southwest of San Antonio and ranges into
-Mexico. It blooms from February to May.
-
-                     [Illustration: PLAINS VERBENA]
-
-Wild or Plains Verbena (_Verbena bipinnatifida_) is sometimes called
-sweet William, a name which properly belongs to the blue woodland phlox
-(_Phlox divaricata_) or to the clove pink. There is only a faint
-fragrance to the wild verbena.
-
-Along highways and in the fields the wild verbena blooms in great
-profusion from spring until the plants are killed by a severe freeze.
-The flower stalks often grow quite long and are topped by a flat cluster
-of flowers around the new buds. The old calyx tubes surrounding the
-small nutlets remain on the stalk for many weeks. Children delight in
-pulling off the purple tubular corollas so that they can suck the
-abundant nectar from the tube and then string them together for a
-necklace, which they make by inserting the base of one tube into the
-throat of the adjoining corolla.
-
-The wild verbena is a perennial plant with many prostrate branches. The
-leaves are thick, rough, and divided into narrow segments. It is one of
-the most familiar plants of the South Plains region, ranging from
-Missouri and Arizona to Northern Mexico. It is seldom used in gardens,
-but it is one of the plants used by the highway department for roadside
-planting. Where it has been used in gardens for low border mass effects,
-it has been a delight throughout the warm months with its showy, profuse
-blooms.
-
-“Verbena” is the Latin name for a sacred plant. There are nearly one
-hundred species of verbenas, one of which is European and the others
-American. About twenty-five of these are found in Texas, part of them
-belonging to the vervain group. The plains verbena and the slender
-vervain are the ones most widely distributed. Among other very lovely
-verbenas found in the state are Wright’s verbena in West Texas and
-Lambert’s verbena in East Texas. A South American verbena (_Verbena
-venosa_), with brilliant purple flowers, has escaped cultivation in
-Southeast Texas.
-
-Wright’s Verbena (_Verbena wrightii_) is quite similar to the plains
-verbena but has larger flowers of a reddish-purple color. The plants are
-larger, and the foliage is coarser.
-
-Lambert’s Verbena (_Verbena canadensis_) has ovate leaves which are
-toothed or lobed but not divided. The flowers are a reddish-purple and
-have a white eye surrounded by a line of black. This is a handsome
-verbena which does well in cultivation but is little used. Garden
-hybrids have been reported from it. The origin of the common garden
-verbena is not definitely known.
-
-                    [Illustration: FRENCH MULBERRY]
-
-French Mulberry (_Callicarpa americana_) is a low shrub 3-6 ft. high,
-also known as the Bermuda mulberry or sour-bush. It is easily recognized
-in the fall by the clusters of reddish-purple berries and large ovate
-leaves 3-6 in. long. The showy berries are responsible for the
-scientific name which means “beautiful fruit.” It grows in woods of
-sandy areas from Central Texas to Florida and Virginia, and also in the
-West Indies. The variety with white fruit is not so common as the
-purple-fruited variety. The flowers are inconspicuous, pale pink or
-white. The shrub is well-known in cultivation but is not so hardy as the
-Japanese callicarpa.
-
-The verbena family includes many tropical and sub-tropical shrubs, some
-of which are widely cultivated in Texas. Lantana (_Lantana camara_) has
-orange and yellow flowers and is a profuse summer bloomer. The common
-lilac lantana in cultivation was introduced from Brazil, but there are
-two native lilac lantanas in Southern Texas. Lavender, or vitex,
-introduced from Europe, is an excellent shrub for summer bloom.
-
-
-
-
-                         MINT FAMILY (Labiatae)
-
-
-                    [Illustration: PRAIRIE SKULLCAP]
-
-Stems usually 4-angled; leaves opposite; calyx 5-lobed, often 2-lipped;
-corolla 4-5-lobed, usually 2-lipped; stamens 4 or 2, on corolla-tube;
-fruit of 4 nutlets.
-
-Prairie Skullcap (_Scutellaria resinosa_) turns its saucy flowers upward
-and covers the dense clumps with a purple glow. The tubular flowers are
-nearly an inch long and 2-lipped, with two short lobes forming the
-velvety, arched upper lip and with three broad lobes forming the
-spreading lower lip. The middle lobe is marked by a conspicuous white
-spot dotted with purple. Numerous stems grow from a woody, perennial
-root on rocky prairies and limestone slopes from Texas to Arizona and
-Nebraska.
-
-The many skullcaps in the state are easily distinguished from other
-mints by the crest on the upper surface of the calyx. Most of them have
-small oval or rounded leaves, and all have purple flowers. They get
-their scientific name from the Latin word meaning “dish,” referring to
-the shape of the calyx.
-
-The mint family is a large one, well represented in Texas. The European
-horehound (_Marrubium vulgare_) has become a pernicious weed in the
-pastures of Central Texas. Rosemary, sage, thyme, lavender, majoram, and
-the mints are familiar members of the mint family.
-
-           [Illustration: SLENDER DRAGON-HEAD    BRAZOS MINT]
-
-Slender Dragon-Head or Lion’s Heart (_Physostegia intermedia_) has
-spikes of delicate lavender flowers. The slender stems, 1-3 ft. high,
-grow from perennial roots in moist soil on prairies from Texas and
-Louisiana to Missouri and Kentucky from April to July. The physostegias
-are rapidly growing in favor as garden flowers, as different species
-will produce blooms throughout the season, if the flowering spikes are
-cut and not allowed to seed.
-
-Brazos Mint (_Brazoria scutellarioides_) is a lovely little annual found
-on the plains of Central Texas. The plants are usually less than a foot
-high and seldom branched, but the dense spikes of lavender flowers make
-it quite conspicuous during favorable seasons. Although the name
-indicates a resemblance to the skullcap, it might be mistaken for a
-dwarf physostegia. The corollas have much the same delicate lavender
-coloring, but the flaring calyx more closely resembles that of the Texas
-salvia. It is also called twin-flower, wild lilac, and honey plant.
-
-_Brazoria truncata_, with larger and paler flowers, is very abundant in
-sandy soil in Central Texas, being especially common in Gonzales County.
-This plant was first collected near the Brazos River, a fact
-commemorated in the scientific name of “Brazoria.”
-
-              [Illustration: HENBIT    PRAIRIE PENNYROYAL]
-
-Henbit. Dead Nettle (_Lamium amplexicaule_) is a troublesome weed on
-lawns everywhere in the state and in most of the United States. It is a
-winter annual introduced from Europe and Asia. The flowers often begin
-to bloom in December and continue until March or April. The stems branch
-from the base, and the flowers grow in stalkless clusters with the upper
-leaves.
-
-Prairie Pennyroyal. Lemon Mint. Mexican Tea (_Hedeoma drummondii_) is a
-low perennial plant characterized by the lemon-like odor of the foliage,
-the narrow, tubular lavender corollas, and the bulging finely-ribbed
-tubular calyx. The flowers and leaves are about half an inch long. The
-low, bushy clumps grow on rocky plains and hillsides throughout Texas,
-the flowers blooming during the late spring and summer. A tea made from
-the foliage, either fresh or dried, is considered of value for its
-soothing effect. A few leaves in iced tea add a piquant flavor. The name
-is from the Greek and means “sweet smell.”
-
-The American pennyroyal is _Hedeoma pulegioides_. The leaves and
-flowering tops are collected in July and August and dried. It yields an
-oil used in medicine.
-
-                   [Illustration: PALE WILD BERGAMOT]
-
-Pale Wild Bergamot (_Monarda fistulosa mollis_) is a very lovely member
-of the horsemint group. The slender stems are branched at the top, each
-branch having a terminal cluster of lavender flowers. The flowers are
-tubular and two-lipped, 1-1½ in. long, the upper lip narrow and the
-lower broad and three lobed. The upper lip is clothed with soft hairs.
-
-The wild bergamot grows in the states east of the Rocky Mountains, and
-several varieties are known. In Texas it grows in moist woods in the
-eastern part and along streams in North Texas. It is a perennial which
-is sometimes cultivated. The stems are usually about two feet high. The
-leaves are short-stalked and lance-shaped, the margins having a few
-short teeth. The leaves have a pleasant aroma and are used in flavoring
-tea. Medicinally they are used as a stimulant and as a remedy for colic
-pains.
-
-The brilliant, scarlet-flowered Oswego tea (_Monarda didyma_) of the
-Eastern States is not native to Texas. It is used as a substitute for
-tea.
-
-                    [Illustration: GREEN HORSEMINT]
-
-Green or White Horsemint (_Monarda punctata_) differs from the wild
-bergamot in having numerous clusters of flowers at the top of the stem.
-These clusters are surrounded by many short, drooping floral leaves
-which are blotched with white or occasionally have a purplish tinge. The
-yellow corollas are dotted with purple and are about an inch long. The
-calyx tube is ribbed, and the lobes are short and triangular. In growth
-habit and shape of leaves it is very much like the purple horsemint, but
-in flower it is readily distinguished by the yellow flowers and green
-and white floral leaves. The plants are perennial, much-branched, and
-somewhat downy. They are found in the Eastern and Central States and
-bloom in Texas from late May to July.
-
-Dwarf Horsemint (_Monarda clinopodioides_) is another horsemint of sandy
-plains in Texas and Oklahoma. The plants are usually less than a foot
-high. They have white corollas, and the short bracts are purplish-brown
-with hairy margins. This horsemint is not so widespread as the green and
-purple horsemint.
-
-                    [Illustration: PURPLE HORSEMINT]
-
-Purple Horsemint. Lemon Monarda (_Monarda citriodora_) is lovely not
-only because of its dainty flowers but especially because of the floral
-leaves or bracts surrounding the flowers. These bracts take on a
-reddish-purple color and may be marked with white and green. The purple
-varies from rosy tints to a royal hue.
-
-The flowers grow in whorls or rosettes at the top of the stem, new ones
-appearing with continued growth until there may be ten or more clusters
-on a stem. The corollas are narrow, tubular, and two-lipped, varying in
-color from lavender to white and commonly marked with small purple dots.
-The tubular calyx has five very narrow lobes, which are hairy and as
-long as the tube; the throat of the calyx is closed by a dense ring of
-white hairs.
-
-Growing in erect clumps one to two feet high, the plants form
-conspicuous patches along highways and cover many pastures. The leaves
-are short-stalked and narrowed at both ends, the margins being sharply
-toothed. The purple floral leaves are oblong, with the midrib prolonged
-into a slender bristle or awn. These numerous bracts curve downward and
-overlap, the lower ones being longer.
-
-The purple horsemint is common on plains from Mexico to Missouri and
-Kansas and ranges eastward to Florida. It blooms from May to August but
-is most profuse in June.
-
-The monardas are North American plants named in honor of Nicolas
-Monardes, a Spanish physician and botanist. Some are valued for their
-perfume oils, and some have a slight medicinal value. The purple
-horsemint is rich in nectar, but the honey produced is not of the first
-quality. The dried plants are used in hens’ nests to drive off mites and
-fleas.
-
-Plains Lemon Monarda (_Monarda pectinata_) is the common horsemint on
-the dry western plains in the state and ranges to Arizona and Nebraska.
-The flowers are pink or white but are not spotted with purple. The
-floral leaves are lance-shaped.
-
-                [Illustration: PRAIRIE SAGE    RED SAGE]
-
-Prairie Sage (_Salvia pitcheri_) grows in scattered clumps throughout
-the central prairie region from Texas to Illinois and Minnesota. Because
-of its sky-blue, tubular, 2-lipped flowers, it is one of the plants most
-easily identified. The gray-green leaves have the characteristic sage
-odor and can be used for sage tea. The plants are two to three feet high
-and bloom from late spring to November.
-
-Red Sage or Salvia. Indian Fire (_Salvia coccinea_) is a hardy plant in
-cultivation and blooms nearly all the year. It is native to the Gulf
-States, in Texas growing in woods near the coast. The red flowers are
-nearly an inch long.
-
-There are nearly five hundred salvias known. Three European species are
-cultivated for their leaves, and many others are grown for ornamental
-purposes. The common bedding salvia is _Salvia splendens_, native of
-Brazil. The handsomest flower in the state is the red-flowered _Salvia
-regla_, found in a few mountain canyons in West Texas. Cancer weed
-(_Salvia lyrata_) is the common salvia of East Texas woods.
-
-                [Illustration: TEXAS SAGE    BLUE SAGE]
-
-Blue Sage. Blue Salvia (_Salvia farinacea_) is a lovely plant which is
-native and abundant in the limestone regions of the state. It has long
-been known in cultivation, being especially adapted for rock gardens and
-highway plantings. It blooms with renewed activity after every rain from
-April to November. The corollas are usually purple but vary to blue and
-white. They have a narrow upper lip which is velvety with violet hairs
-on its outer surface. The calyx is velvety with violet-gray hairs. The
-stems grow from perennial roots and form clumps two to three feet high.
-
-Texas Salvia. Texas Sage (_Salviastrum texanum_) blooms from March to
-May, growing in a low bushy clump 12-18 inches high on limestone
-hillsides from Central Texas to New Mexico. The spikes are densely
-covered with lavender flowers about an inch long. Unlike the true
-salvias, it has a flaring calyx which is densely bearded in the throat.
-
-
-
-
-                       POTATO FAMILY (Solanaceae)
-
-
-                   [Illustration: PURPLE NIGHTSHADE]
-
-Leaves alternate; calyx 4-6-lobed; petals united, 5; stamens 5, on
-corolla-tube, anthers often opening by apical pores; ovary 2-celled;
-fruit a capsule or berry.
-
-Purple Nightshade (_Solanum elaeagnifolium_) is sometimes called
-silver-leaved nightshade or “trompillo.” Although bearing lovely
-star-shaped lavender flowers, the purple nightshade is considered a
-pernicious weed in fields and gardens. It grows from deep, woody
-perennial roots and blooms profusely even in seasons of drouth from May
-to October. It is found on plains from Missouri to Texas and Arizona.
-The branched plants grow 1-3 ft. high and are more or less covered with
-prickles. The yellow fruits resemble small tomatoes and remain on the
-old stalks for months. They are said to be poisonous.
-
-Torrey’s Nightshade (_Solanum torreyi_) is a plant similar to the purple
-nightshade, but it has broader, irregularly-toothed leaves and larger
-flowers and seldom grows as high.
-
-The solanum group comprises nearly a thousand species and includes many
-well-known plants, among which are the Irish potato and the egg-plant.
-Bitter-sweet and Jerusalem cherry are cultivated for their showy fruits.
-Several members of the group are said to be very poisonous.
-
-                      [Illustration: BUFFALO-BUR]
-
-Buffalo-Bur. Yellow Nightshade (_Solanum rostratum_) is a common weed in
-waste places and on prairies from Tennessee to Mexico, but the spreading
-plants are often covered with their yellow star blossoms. Children call
-them sticker-weeds because of the vicious prickles on the foliage. They
-are also called tread-softly, Texas nettle, prickly potato, and
-bumble-bee bush, the latter name being given because of the numerous bee
-visitors. The name of buffalo-bur dates back to the days when buffaloes
-roamed the plains, the prickly fruits clinging to the shaggy coats of
-the huge beasts.
-
-The yellow flowers which bloom from May to October resemble those of the
-purple nightshade in shape and size. The stamens of the nightshades shed
-their pollen through small openings at the top of the pollen-sac. The
-buffalo-bur has one stamen very much larger than the other four. The
-leaves are once or twice divided into broad rounded segments. The
-berries are enclosed in the enlarged and spiny calyx.
-
-       [Illustration: LOW GROUND CHERRY    PURPLE GROUND CHERRY]
-
-Low Ground Cherry (_Physalis mollis_) is a common weed throughout the
-state and ranges to Arkansas, Mexico, and California. The flowers and
-fruits are usually hidden beneath the leaves. The fruit, a berry very
-much like a small tomato, is enclosed in the enlarged sac-like calyx.
-The scientific name is from the Greek word meaning “bladder” and refers
-to the inflated calyx. Some ground cherries are cultivated for their
-fruits which are edible and are used for making preserves and pies.
-
-Purple Ground Cherry (_Physalis lobata_) flaunts its gay purple flowers
-for all to see. The plant has low, spreading branches which are covered
-with purple blooms, one inch broad. It ranges from Mexico to Kansas and
-California, blooming in Texas from spring to fall.
-
-The potato family includes the tomato and tobacco plants. Wild tobacco
-(_Nicotiana repanda_) is very abundant in the southern part of the
-state. The white flowers resemble those of the cultivated petunia, which
-also belongs to this family.
-
-
-
-
-                   FIGWORT FAMILY (Scrophulariaceae)
-
-
-              [Illustration: PURPLE PAINT-BRUSH    CENIZO]
-
-Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled; sepals, 4-5; corolla tubular,
-4-5-lobed, 2-lipped; stamens often 4, in pairs on corolla-tube, sterile
-stamen often present; ovary 2-celled, superior.
-
-Purple Paint-Brush (_Castilleja purpurea_) grows on limestone slopes and
-rocky prairies in North-central Texas. The low stems grow from a woody
-perennial root. The flowers and floral leaves are both conspicuously
-colored, varying from rose to purple. The divided leaves are a lovely
-ashy-gray.
-
-Leucophyllum. White Leaf. Cenizo (_Leucophyllum texanum_) covers
-hillsides in the southern and southwestern parts of the state. The low
-bushes seldom grow more than three or four feet high. It is a startling
-and lovely sight to see a hillside which was a mass of gray transformed
-overnight into a delicate hue of lavender. This happens shortly after
-heavy rains, and for this reason the plant is sometimes called barometer
-bush. Leucophyllum has been widely introduced as a shrub in Texas
-gardens, where the ashy-gray leaves are quite effective against dark
-green shrubbery. The name is Greek and means “white leaf.”
-
-                  [Illustration: SCARLET PAINT-BRUSH]
-
-Scarlet Paint-Brush (_Castilleja indivisa_) is also called Indian
-paint-brush, painted-cup, entire-leaved paint brush, and Indian pink.
-One of the most inspiring landscape displays of native flowers is formed
-by the scarlet paint-brush. It is found in sandy soil from the
-northeastern to southwestern parts of the state and blooms from March to
-May but is at its best in April. The paint-brush display of red is
-equalled or excelled only by that of two other wild-flower favorites—the
-red Drummond’s phlox in south-central sandy regions and the beautiful
-gaillardia of black land prairies.
-
-The intense scarlet-red is due to the coloring of the broadened floral
-leaves (bracts) at the tip of the stem. These bracts almost hide the
-inconspicuous cream-colored flowers which are about an inch long. The
-bracts are oblong, the tips being broader than the base and deeply
-stained with scarlet.
-
-The scarlet paint-brush is an annual plant, commonly six to twelve
-inches high, and is sometimes branched at the base. The leaves are
-rough-nerved and wavy-margined. Occasionally the leaves have two linear
-basal lobes somewhat like those of the eastern or swamp scarlet
-paint-brush (_Castilleja coccinea_), which has similar flower clusters
-but grows in swampy places.
-
-The castillejas are mostly Western American plants, some being parasitic
-on the roots of other plants. They are named in honor of D. Castillejo,
-a Spanish botanist. In addition to the scarlet and purple paint-brushes,
-several other castillejas are found in the state. Lindheimer’s
-paint-brush (_Castilleja lindheimeri_) is very much like the purple
-paint-brush, but it has red or orange bracts. It is a perennial plant
-which grows on limestone hillsides of Southwest-central Texas. The
-woolly-stemmed paint-brush (_Castilleja lanata_) has woolly-gray stems
-and leaves and red flower clusters. It may be noticed in chaparral
-thickets and canyons in West Texas.
-
-     [Illustration: TEXAS TOAD-FLAX    SMALL-FLOWERED BEARD-TONGUE]
-
-Small-Flowered Pentstemonor or Beard-Tongue (_Pentstemon laxiflorus_)
-grows in the sandy soil of post oak woods in Central and East Texas. The
-slender stems are 1-2 ft. high and are topped by slender-stalked flower
-clusters. The corollas are a pale lavender, about an inch long. This is
-a very common plant in the state and has been given various names by
-botanists, the latest one being _laxiflorus_. It is a close relative,
-probably a variety, of the slender beard-tongue (_Pentstemon gracilis_)
-of moist prairies from Minnesota to Oklahoma.
-
-Texas Toad-Flax (_Linaria texana_) has pale blue flowers similar to
-those of the Canada toad-flax. The corollas have a slender spur about
-half an inch long. The slender stems are 1-2 feet high, growing from a
-cluster of basal leaves which are finely divided into somewhat rounded
-segments. It is widespread in sandy soil from Florida to California and
-blooms early in the spring.
-
-Many other figworts are found in the state. The nearest relative to the
-garden snapdragon is the climbing snapdragon (_Maurandia
-antirrhiniflora_). Mullein is widespread in the state. The common
-monkey-flower is _Mimulus glabratus_.
-
-              [Illustration: LARGE-FLOWERED BEARD-TONGUE]
-
-Large-Flowered Beard-Tongue or Pentstemon (_Pentstemon cobaea_) is also
-known as false foxglove, dew flowers, fairy thimbles, wild belladonna,
-and balmony. It was called “balmony” by early settlers, who made a tea
-from the leaves to be used as a laxative. Several erect stems from
-perennial roots grow on the rocky slopes of prairies from Texas to
-Missouri and Kansas. It blooms in Texas in April and May.
-
-The flowering spikes of bell-shaped flowers are large and showy. The
-corollas are usually pale, tinged with reddish-purple and marked with
-darker lines. The fifth stamen is sparingly bearded. The stems are 1-1½
-feet high, and the flowers are 1½-2 inches long. The leaves are broad
-and partly clasping at the base, the margins usually indented with sharp
-teeth. It is thought that the common garden pentstemon is a hybrid
-derived from this beard-tongue and Hartwig’s pentstemon, a Mexican
-plant.
-
-                   [Illustration: SCARLET PENTSTEMON]
-
-Scarlet Pentstemon or Beard-Tongue. Murray’s Pentstemon (_Pentstemon
-murrayanus_) is a very lovely plant growing in sandy soil in post oak
-woods of Central and East Texas and Arkansas. The plants are three feet
-high, the reddish stems having a few opposite, clasping leaves, those on
-the upper part being united and cup-shaped. The foliage is very smooth
-and has a somewhat downy covering.
-
-The flowering upper portion of the stem is often over a foot long and
-bears a profusion of tubular scarlet flowers about an inch long. The
-stamens extend beyond the corolla, and the fifth stamen is not bearded.
-The long slender style remains on the capsule long after the corollas
-have fallen away. The flowers usually bloom the latter part of March in
-South Texas and the middle of April in North Texas. The plants are quite
-hardy and may be successfully transplanted or grown from seeds, but
-should be planted in sandy soil.
-
-“Pentstemon” is Greek meaning “five stamens.” Nearly all members of the
-figwort family have only four stamens, but the pentstemons have five;
-however, the fifth stamen does not bear a pollen-sac and is often
-bearded. “Beard-tongue” refers to this bearded stamen. There are nearly
-a hundred and fifty species of pentstemons, about thirty of them being
-found in Texas. With the exception of one found in Southeastern Asia,
-they are all North American plants.
-
-Murray’s pentstemon is quite similar to two red-flowered pentstemons of
-the mountains of West Texas. These two are likewise tall, vigorous
-plants and have showy clusters of flowers. Torrey’s pentstemon
-(_Pentstemon barbatus torreyi_) has narrow pointed leaves, and the
-superb pentstemon (_Pentstemon superbus_) has broad oblong leaves. The
-common blue-flowered pentstemon in West Texas is _Pentstemon fendleri_,
-with leaves nearly as broad as long.
-
-
-
-
-                 TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY (Bignoniaceae)
-
-
-                     [Illustration: DESERT WILLOW]
-
-Leaves opposite, mostly compound; flowers showy, often 2-lipped; calyx
-tubular, 5-lobed; petals 5, united; stamens 4 or 2, in pairs on
-corolla-tube; capsules often long, with winged seeds.
-
-Desert Willow (_Chilopsis linearis_), also called flowering willow,
-willow-leaved catalpa, and “mimbre,” is a common shrub along water
-courses from West Texas to Southern California and Northern Mexico. When
-it is not in flower or fruit, it may be mistaken for the black willow
-(_Salix nigra_), which has similar leaves. The delicate, lavender,
-trumpet-shaped flowers are about two inches long. White and
-pale-lavender forms occur. It is a shrub or small tree frequently
-cultivated for ornament in Texas and California. It blooms from May
-through the summer months. Mexicans use the wood for fence-posts and the
-branches for baskets. A tea made from the flowers is used as a remedy
-for heart and lung diseases.
-
-Several other members of this family are native to the state and are
-well-known in cultivation. Among these are the red-flowered
-trumpet-creeper (_Campsis radicans_), the yellow-red cross-vine
-(_Bignonia capreolata_), the catalpa found in East Texas woods, and the
-yellow-elder (_Tecoma stans_) in South Texas and the mountains of West
-Texas.
-
-
-
-
-                     ACANTHUS FAMILY (Acanthaceae)
-
-
-                     [Illustration: FLAME ACANTHUS]
-
-Leaves opposite; calyx 4-5-lobed; sepals 5; petals 5, united, sometimes
-2-lipped; stamens on tube, 2 or 4 in 2 pairs; fruit a capsule, often
-club-shaped, opening elastically.
-
-Flame Acanthus (_Anisacanthus wrightii_) is covered with scarlet flowers
-from early summer until frost. It is a low, widely branched shrub, about
-2 feet high, found in rocky soil of the mountains of West Texas. The
-corollas have a narrow tube and five narrow, spreading lobes which are
-nearly equal but somewhat 2-lipped. The two stamens and the style extend
-beyond the corolla. The small leaves are ovate-lanceolate in shape and
-are 1-2 inches long.
-
-The flame acanthus is an excellent garden shrub for dry regions and has
-been known in cultivation for some time. This species is named in honor
-of Charles Wright, an early collector of Texas plants and one of the
-first teachers in the state. Wright was a Yale graduate who collected
-plants in Texas from 1837 to 1852 for Dr. Asa Gray of Harvard
-University. He accompanied a baggage train to El Paso in 1849, and in
-1851 he joined the Graham Boundary Survey. On both of these trips he
-collected many plants not previously known to science.
-
-                      [Illustration: WILD PETUNIA]
-
-Wild Petunia. Ruellia (_Ruellia nudiflora_) has flowers very much like
-those of the cultivated petunia, a member of the potato family. It is a
-very common plant in Central and South Texas, growing in open woods or
-on rich prairies. It frequently takes possession of lawns and flower
-beds.
-
-The plants are erect, 12-16 inches high, and have few branches. The few
-leaves are oval, narrowed at the base, wavy-margined, and blunt or
-rounded at the apex. The forking flower clusters have one to five
-flowers open at the same time. The flowers do not last very long. Leaves
-and stem are often marked with red or purple.
-
-The delicate, funnel-shaped corollas have five spreading lobes and are
-about two inches long. The four stamens are inclosed in the tube. The
-seed-capsules are nearly an inch long and turn brown as they mature.
-
-This ruellia was formerly confused with _Ruellia tuberosa_, a tropical
-plant with tuberous roots. The ruellias belong to a large group of
-plants with about 200 species most of which are found in tropical South
-America. They are named for Jean de la Ruelle, an early French physician
-and botanist.
-
-There are several other ruellias widely distributed in the wooded
-sections of the state. The hairy ruellia (_Ruellia ciliosa_) is abundant
-on the prairies in Texas and the Eastern States. Miss Eaton, in an
-article in the _National Geographic_ in 1925, reports that
-carpenter-bees use circular pieces of the corolla to plug off their
-nesting cells made in tunnels in soft wood. Drummond’s ruellia (_Ruellia
-drummondiana_) is found in woods in Central Texas. The flowers are
-rather small and are nearly hidden by the leaves.
-
-
-
-
-                    PLANTAIN FAMILY (Plantaginaceae)
-
-
-           [Illustration: TALLOW-WEED    RED-SEEDED PLANTAIN]
-
-Herbs; leaves basal; calyx 4-lobed; corolla papery, 3-4-lobed; stamens
-4, on corolla-tube; capsule (in ours) opening by a horizontal division.
-
-Tallow-Weed. Wright’s Plantain (_Plantago wrightiana_) is a common plant
-on prairies from Texas to Arizona and blooms from April to June. It is
-called tallow-weed because cattle fatten on the plants. The stems are
-6-8 in. high, and the numerous basal leaves are half as long, narrow,
-smooth, and dark green. The small 4-lobed flowers have a stiff, papery
-white corolla with spreading lobes. The small capsules open by a lid.
-
-Red-Seeded Plantain or Ribwort (_Plantago rhodosperma_) has broad
-leaves, 3-5-ribbed, and narrow spikes of flowers. The leaf-rosettes are
-often a foot broad. The corolla lobes are erect and are closed over one
-another. The ribwort is a very common weed in sandy soil from Missouri
-to Texas and Arizona.
-
-There are many other plantains in the state, all more or less abundant.
-The group has retained the old Latin name. Scilla-seed, a laxative in
-recent use, is obtained from a South American plantain. The seeds of the
-lance-leaved plantain are sold as food for birds.
-
-
-
-
-                       MADDER FAMILY (Rubiaceae)
-
-
-               [Illustration: SMALL BLUET    LEAST BLUET]
-
-Leaves opposite or whorled; in ours, sepals and petals usually 4, but
-may be 4-10, calyx joining ovary wall; stamens 4-10, on corolla-tube;
-ovary inferior, 2-5-celled.
-
-Small Bluet (_Houstonia patens_) has violet-blue flowers which are among
-the first blossoms of spring. They dot golf courses and sandy meadows
-from Texas to Virginia and Illinois in February and March. The bluets
-are also called innocence and angel-eyes.
-
-Least Bluet (_Houstonia minima_) is a smaller plant than the small
-bluet, but the flowers are a little larger and are pale pink. They bloom
-at the same time of year and may often be found together. The least
-bluet ranges from Texas to Illinois and Kansas.
-
-The madder-family is mainly tropical but is represented in Texas by
-nearly forty species. Nearly all of these have inconspicuous, 4-lobed
-white flowers and include many bedstraws and bluets, the button-weed,
-and button-bush. From some members of the family valuable commercial
-products—coffee, quinine, and a red dye—are obtained; the cape-jasmine
-or gardenia is a well-known ornamental plant.
-
-               [Illustration: BOUVARDIA    BABY’S BREATH]
-
-Baby’s Breath. Narrow-Leaved Houstonia (_Houstonia angustifolia_) is not
-the garden plant (_Gypsophila paniculata_) which is known as baby’s
-breath, but it is equally dainty. The stems grow from woody perennial
-roots and form erect clumps about a foot high. The small flowers are
-borne in flat-topped clusters and vary in color from white to pale pink
-or lavender. This plant is widely distributed on prairies from Illinois
-to Texas and Florida.
-
-Bouvardia (_Bouvardia ternifolia_) is a low shrub, 2-6 ft. high, which
-grows in the mountains west of the Pecos River to Arizona and Mexico.
-The leaves are short and grow in whorls of 3’s or 4’s. The narrow, red
-tubular flowers are about one inch long. The Bouvardias were once
-popular as greenhouse plants but are little used now. This one was
-introduced into England more than one hundred years ago.
-
-
-
-
-                  HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY (Caprifoliaceae)
-
-
-                   [Illustration: CORAL HONEYSUCKLE]
-
-Usually shrubs; leaves opposite; calyx joining ovary wall, 5-lobed;
-corolla 5-lobed, tubular and often 2-lipped; stamens 4-5, on
-corolla-tube; ovary inferior; fruit a fleshy berry.
-
-Southern Woodbine. Coral or Trumpet Honeysuckle (_Lonicera
-sempervirens_) is quite common in the woods of East Texas and other
-Southern States, blooming in Texas in late March and continuing until
-fall. It is an evergreen vine that has been widely introduced into
-cultivation. The flowers are not so conspicuously two-lipped as in the
-white honeysuckle, the corolla-lobes being nearly equal. The scarlet
-berries are ¼ inch long, ripening in the summer. This is one of a number
-of plants which are commonly called woodbine. The group was named in
-honor of Adam Lonitzer, an early German botanist.
-
-The black haw (_Viburnum prunifolium_) is very abundant in Texas woods.
-The showy ball-like clusters of white flowers appear with the leaves in
-April and May, following the dogwood and red haws. The American elder
-(_Sambucus canadensis_) is found along streams in Central and East
-Texas.
-
-                   [Illustration: WHITE HONEYSUCKLE]
-
-White Honeysuckle (_Lonicera albiflora_) is a straggling bush which
-usually grows in the shelter of a tree. The pale broad, oval leaves are
-opposite and united at their bases, the uppermost pair being cup-shaped
-and surrounding the cluster of flowers borne at the tip of the stem. The
-fragrant flowers are less than an inch long with a narrow tube and 5
-lobes, the lower lobe long and narrow and the 4 upper shorter, very much
-like those of the common cultivated Japanese honeysuckle. The five
-spreading stamens extend conspicuously beyond the corolla.
-
-This plant blooms in April and May. It is scattered throughout the
-central and western parts of the state, being especially abundant in the
-western mountains, and ranges to Arkansas and Arizona. The Japanese
-honeysuckle has escaped cultivation in places along the bayous of East
-Texas.
-
-
-
-
-                    VALERIAN FAMILY (Valerianaceae)
-
-
-                     [Illustration: LAMB’S LETTUCE]
-
-Leaves opposite; calyx of several bristles or absent; petals 2-5, partly
-united; stamens usually 4, on corolla-tube; ovary inferior, 3-celled but
-only 1 cell fertile.
-
-Lamb’s Lettuce. Texas or Dwarf Corn Salad (_Valerianella amarella_) is
-one of the first white-flowered spring plants, growing in such abundance
-that the prairies are white with the blooms. It is a much smaller plant
-than the dwarf Queen Anne’s lace which is so lovely late in April and
-May. In the field it is usually about 6 in. high but grows a little
-higher in cultivation when used as a border plant. It is easily
-identified by its flat-topped clusters of flowers grouped in squares at
-the end of the widely forking branches. The smooth foliage is
-yellow-green in color.
-
-There are several corn salads which grow in moist places in the state.
-The dwarf corn salad may readily be distinguished from these, as its
-minute seed-pod is covered with woolly hairs. The European corn salad is
-cultivated, and the leaves are used for salad.
-
-
-
-
-                      GOURD FAMILY (Cucurbitaceae)
-
-
-                   [Illustration: WILD BALSAM GOURD]
-
-Tendrils mostly present, stems often prostrate; flowers usually
-unisexual; calyx tubular, 5-lobed; petals united or separate; stamens
-usually 3, one anther always 1-celled, the other two 2-celled; ovary
-inferior.
-
-Wild Balsam Gourd (_Ibervillea lindheimeri_) has bright scarlet balls
-about an inch in diameter and makes conspicuous spots of color on fences
-in the fall. The vine is slender, bearing small yellow flowers in the
-spring. The fruits are green at first, turning orange and then a scarlet
-red. Sometimes they are a little longer than broad and pointed at the
-end. The few leaves are thick and deeply 3-5-lobed. It ranges from Texas
-to California.
-
-The garden balsam (_Impatiens balsamina_) bears no relation to this
-plant. The vines in cultivation known as balsam apple and balsam pear
-are, however, members of the gourd family and were introduced from the
-Old World tropics. Watermelons, cantaloupes, cucumbers, squashes,
-pumpkins, and gourds are well-known members of the gourd family.
-
-                       [Illustration: WILD GOURD]
-
-Wild Gourd. Mock Orange (_Cucurbita foetidissima_) has long trailing
-stems which are often 15 feet long and may be 25 feet long. It is
-readily distinguished by its large gray-green triangular leaves which
-are somewhat 3-5-lobed. The leaf-blades are 4-12 inches long, and the
-leaf-stalk is about half the length of the blade. The star-shaped yellow
-flowers, about three inches broad, are almost hidden by the leaves, the
-staminate and pistillate flowers being borne on different plants.
-
-The ovoid gourds, which at first are green variegated with a lighter
-green, turn quite yellow at maturity. The resemblance of the yellow
-fruit to oranges has given rise to the common name, mock orange. The
-gourds are about three inches long. They are not edible, as the pulp is
-fibrous and bitter. Mexicans use the plant as a soap substitute by
-mashing the gourds or the roots in water. They call it “chilicoyote” or
-“calabacilla.” The pumpkins and squashes, whose origin is somewhat
-obscure, are close relatives of the gourd.
-
-
-
-
-                   BELL-FLOWER FAMILY (Campanulaceae)
-
-
-  [Illustration: VENUS’ LOOKING-GLASS    WESTERN VENUS’ LOOKING-GLASS]
-
-Juice usually milky; leaves alternate; calyx tube joined to ovary,
-3-10-lobed; corolla tubular or bell-shaped, sepals and petals usually 5;
-stamens 5; ovary inferior, 2-10-celled.
-
-Venus’ Looking-Glass (_Specularia perfoliata_) is a very common American
-plant blooming in Texas in the early spring. Like the later flowers of
-many violets, the first flowers never open and are self-fertilized. The
-later flowers have a showy 5-lobed purple corolla about an inch long.
-The seeds are dispersed from a small opening in the lower part of the
-capsule. The leaves are small and clasping, usually broader than long.
-
-Western Venus’ Looking-Glass (_Specularia leptocarpa_) has flowers very
-much like the preceding, but the stamens and calyx lobes are longer. The
-long, slender capsules have the opening pore near the top. The showy
-flowers appear in late April and May. This plant is abundant on the
-northern prairies of Texas and ranges to Missouri and Montana.
-
-           [Illustration: PRAIRIE LOBELIA    TEXAS HAREBELL]
-
-Texas Harebell. Bluebell (_Campanula reverchonii_) is one of the rarer
-plants in the state, and care should be taken to preserve it. It is
-lovely against the granite rocks and boulders of Central Texas. The
-dainty, slender plants are often much branched and have blue flowers
-about half an inch long. The bluebell of Scotland is a renowned member
-of the group; Canterbury bells and the balloon-flower are well-known in
-gardens.
-
-
-
-
-                      LOBELIA FAMILY (Lobeliaceae)
-
-
-Juice often milky; sepals 5; corolla 1-2-lipped, united; stamens 5,
-anthers joined into a tube.
-
-Prairie Lobelia (_Lobelia brachypoda_) grows on sandy prairies in
-Southern Texas and the adjacent part of Mexico. It is very abundant west
-of Falfurrias in March. The Texas lobelias may usually be recognized by
-the five united stamens which have gray anthers bearded at the top. The
-plants often have a milky sap containing a poisonous alkaloid which is
-used in medicine. The red cardinal flower (_Lobelia splendens_) is
-rather widely scattered in moist places throughout the state but is rare
-enough to need protection.
-
-
-
-
-                     COMPOSITE FAMILY (Compositae)
-
-
-                   [Illustration: BALDWIN’S IRONWEED]
-
-Flowers crowded into heads surrounded by bracts; outer flowers often
-strap-shaped and are called ray flowers; inner flowers are tubular and
-are called disk flowers; sometimes flowers are all of one type; calyx
-usually modified into bristles or awns (pappus); petals united, tubular,
-4-5-lobed; stamens 5, anthers united into a tube; styles 2-lobed; ovary
-1-celled, inferior. (See p. xii.)
-
-Baldwin’s Ironweed (_Vernonia baldwinii_) has broad, flat-topped
-clusters of purple heads. It forms a pleasing contrast to the abundant
-yellow flowers of the summer months. The plant is a hardy perennial and
-grows in ditches and river bottoms from Central Texas to Iowa. The stems
-are 3-4 feet high and conspicuously leafy. The ironweeds get their
-common name from the fact that the stems are very hard and difficult for
-farmers to chop down.
-
-About one-fifth of the plants found in Texas belong to the composite
-family. It is generally divided into groups or tribes, the more
-important being the ironweed, mist-flower, aster, everlasting,
-sunflower, bitterweed, dog-fennel, and thistle groups. The composites in
-this book are grouped together in tribes in the above order, but the
-tribes are not separated or differentiated. Identification of composites
-is much easier if the resemblance to a particular group can be noted.
-
-         [Illustration: BLUE MIST-FLOWER    BLUFF THOROUGHWORT]
-
-Bluff Thoroughwort (_Eupatorium ageratifolium_) is a widely branched
-shrub of the rocky hillsides of Central and West Texas. The bushes are
-covered with flat-topped clusters of pale-pink or white flowers. The
-long, protruding styles, which are divided into two recurved parts, have
-given the name of mist-flower to this and other plants of the group.
-
-Milk-sick plant (_Eupatorium ageratoides_) is a closely related plant
-which causes in cattle a disease called “trembles.” The milk from
-affected cows will cause sickness and death among humans. The
-late-flowering thoroughwort (_Eupatorium serotinum_) is very abundant in
-river bottoms throughout the state. Yankee-weed (_Eupatorium
-compositifolium_) grows in big feathery clumps often 10 feet high. It is
-a pernicious weed in East Texas and soon covers cut-over pine lands. The
-dried flower-tops of several species were used by pioneers as fever
-medicines. One of these plants was called Joe-pye weed in honor of the
-Indian doctor, Joe Pye.
-
-Blue Mist-Flower (_Conoclinium coelestinum_) is sometimes called
-ageratum and is used for a summer and fall border plant. It grows in
-moist, shaded places from Central Texas to New Jersey.
-
-[Illustration: PRAIRIE BLAZING STAR    DWARF GOLDENROD    TALL GOLDENROD]
-
-Prairie Blazing Star. Button Snakeroot (_Laciniaria punctata_) is
-sometimes called liatris from the scientific group to which these plants
-are sometimes referred. A similar prairie blazing star is called
-gay-feather. On the dry prairies in the western part of the state the
-blazing star has short stems and short spikes of flowers; but where
-moisture is more abundant, the plants are one to two feet high. The
-plant does well in cultivation and is easily grown from the seed. It
-ranges from Southern Canada to Texas and New Mexico.
-
-The stems are closely covered with the narrow leaves, which are marked
-with minute glandular dots. The spikes are densely covered with long,
-narrow heads of purple flowers. There are only a few star-shaped tubular
-flowers in a head. The seeds are widely scattered by their crown of
-plumose bristles. The lovely spikes are often dried for winter bouquets.
-
-Many eastern blazing stars are found in the woods of East Texas, where
-they make showy displays from July to October. They are called
-snakeroots from their reputed property of curing snake-bites. A tea made
-from the plant will cause profuse perspiration; the perspiration was
-probably responsible for the reported snake-bite cures. They are also
-called devil’s bit or devil’s bite, because of the bitten-off appearance
-of the rootstock. The rootstock was considered such a powerful remedy
-for human ills that the devil bit off a part for spite.
-
-Tall Goldenrod (_Solidago altissima_) grows 2-8 ft. high, has rough
-leaves which are sharply toothed and prominently triple-nerved, and is
-topped by dense clusters of yellow flowers. Most of the goldenrods are
-widely distributed in North America; the tall goldenrod is abundant in
-dry soil from Maine to Nebraska and Texas.
-
-Gray, Field, or Dwarf Goldenrod (_Solidago nemoralis_) has flower heads
-all turned to one side of the branches which top the slender wand-like
-stems. The stems are one half to two feet high. This is one of the most
-abundant goldenrods in the central and western parts of the state from
-July to November and ranges from Canada to Florida and Arizona.
-
-In Texas the goldenrods are usually found only in moist soil, many
-eastern species growing profusely in East Texas. The three-nerved
-goldenrod (_Solidago trinervata_) is the common one in Southwest Texas.
-
-                    [Illustration: STIFF GOLDENROD]
-
-Stiff or Hard-Leaved Goldenrod (_Solidago rigida_) is one of about
-thirty-five goldenrods found in the state. It belongs to the type which
-is responsible for the common name, as the yellow flowers are in heads
-arranged in rod-like clusters at the top of the stem. The scientific
-name of “Solidago,” meaning “to make whole,” had its origin in the
-healing properties of certain species.
-
-The stiff goldenrod grows in dry rocky or sandy soil east of the Rocky
-Mountains from Southern Canada to Texas. It grows 1½-2 feet high and has
-broad leaves 1-2 inches long. Lindheimer’s goldenrod (_Solidago
-lindheimeriana_) is a similar stout, leafy-stemmed plant which is
-abundant in Central Texas and ranges to Kansas and Mexico. Bigelow’s
-goldenrod (_Solidago bigelovii_) is another species with rod-like
-clusters. It is found in the mountainous regions of West Texas and New
-Mexico.
-
-                       [Illustration: BROOM-WEED]
-
-Broom-Weed. Kindling-Weed (_Amphiachyris dracunculoides_) is a pasture
-pest in the southern part of the Great Plains region. The slender stem
-is unbranched near the base, but above the middle the numerous spreading
-branches form a flat-topped plant which bears many small heads of yellow
-flowers. The plants are often 2-4 feet high and grow in dense masses. It
-has been used as a broom by early settlers, Mexicans, and children at
-play. The resinous foliage of the dried plants was also highly valued
-for kindling fires.
-
-The broom-weed is closely related to the rabbit-brush which is so
-abundant in West Texas and New Mexico. The Texas rabbit-brush
-(_Gutierrezia texana_) of West Texas is so much like the broom-weed that
-only a close observer can distinguish them. Both have 5-8 flowers with
-strap-shaped corollas in the outer part of the head and a few tubular
-flowers in the center; both bloom in the late summer and fall.
-
-             [Illustration: CAMPHOR DAISY    TEXAS GUMWEED]
-
-Camphor Daisy (_Heterotheca subaxillaris_), so called because of the
-camphor-like odor of the rough foliage, is a common summer pest to the
-farmer. The plants often grow 3 feet high and are much branched, bearing
-heads of golden-yellow flowers nearly an inch across. The upper leaves
-are broad and clasping, but the lower are narrowed at the base. The
-scientific name refers to the dissimilar fruits of the ray and disk
-flowers, those of the ray flowers having no bristles. It ranges from
-Delaware to Arizona and Mexico.
-
-Texas Gumweed (_Grindelia texana_) belongs to a group easily recognized
-because of its sticky, bur-like heads and thick leaves. This one is
-common on rocky limestone slopes in Central Texas in the fall and ranges
-to Southwest Missouri. The wand-like stems, covered with the overlapping
-leaves, are topped by large heads of yellow flowers. Many gumweeds are
-found in Texas. Some of them were used to relieve colds, asthma, and
-rheumatism.
-
-                      [Illustration: BIG GUMWEED]
-
-Big Gumweed. Saw-Leaf Daisy (_Prionopsis ciliata_) is easily recognized
-by its straight, stiff stalks which are closely covered with broad oval
-leaves. Dense masses of the sentinel-like plants may be seen along
-fence-rows in North-central and West Texas in August and September. It
-ranges north to Kansas and Missouri. The stems are topped by short
-clusters of large heads, 2-3 inches broad. The leaves are thick, gummy,
-and closely beset with bristle-tipped teeth. Sometimes an injury to the
-stem may cause it to become widely branched.
-
-The scientific name means “resembling a saw” and refers to the
-leaf-margins. It is not a true gumweed but has similar bur-like heads.
-It differs from the gumweeds in having several unequal hair-like
-bristles on the seed, whereas the seeds of gumweeds have 2-8 stiff
-bristles.
-
-                  [Illustration: YELLOW SLEEPY DAISY]
-
-Yellow Sleepy Daisy (_Xanthisma texanum_) is a yellow daisy with lazy
-habits, for the heads do not open until noon. It is close kin to the
-white lazy daisy (_Aphanostephus skirrobasis_), and the two may often be
-found growing in the same fields. The large heads of lemon-yellow
-flowers are quite showy and attractive, 1½ inches broad, solitary at the
-ends of the branches. The ray flowers are narrow, about one inch long,
-and conspicuously lance-shaped at the tips.
-
-This plant blooms in the late spring and summer and is found on sandy
-prairies or open woods in Central Texas. It is an annual, the stem
-branched above, commonly about 1-1½ feet high. The leaves are glossy
-green, somewhat narrow, and one to two inches long. It has been
-introduced into cultivation in the North and East. The name is Greek,
-meaning “dyed yellow.”
-
-        [Illustration: BERLANDIER’S GOLDEN ASTER    IRON FLOWER]
-
-Berlandier’s Golden Aster (_Chrysopsis berlandieri_) is common on
-roadside banks and prairies of Central and West Texas. Growing from a
-perennial root, the branched stems sprawl in clumps about a foot broad
-and are thick with yellow heads soon after a heavy rain. The heads are
-nearly an inch broad, the flowers all yellow. The leaves are whitish and
-somewhat woolly. It blooms in the summer and fall.
-
-Spiny-Leaved Yellow Aster. Iron Flower (_Sideranthus spinulosus_) has
-yellow heads much like the preceding, but the leaves are quite
-different, being divided into narrow segments which are bristle-pointed
-rather than spiny as the name indicates. “Sideranthus” means “iron
-flower.” It is very abundant on prairies and hills in the western part
-of the state and ranges to Canada and Mexico. It blooms from March to
-October. The iron flowers are often called gold daisies. The southern
-iron flower (_Sideranthus australis_) is common in Southwest Texas.
-
-     [Illustration: WHITE LAZY DAISY    OAK-LEAVED FLEABANE DAISY]
-
-White Lazy Daisy (_Aphanostephus skirrobasis_) grows very abundantly in
-sandy soil in spring and summer. It ranges from Kansas to Mexico and
-Florida. The morning traveller does not appreciate its beauty, for it is
-truly a lazy daisy, not opening its heads until nearly noon. The plants
-are usually branched and grow 6-18 inches high. The large, showy heads
-are 1-2 inches across and are usually long-stalked. Unlike those of many
-other daisies, the seeds are not topped by slender bristles but have an
-inconspicuous crown, as is denoted by the scientific name, which is
-Greek for “faint crown.”
-
-Oak-Leaved Fleabane Daisy (_Erigeron quercifolius_) is very abundant in
-the spring in the East Texas woods and ranges through the Southern
-States. The lower leaves resemble oak leaves, but those on the stem are
-narrow and pointed. The numerous fleabane daisies in the state may be
-readily recognized by means of the many, very narrow ray flowers which
-are usually white, pale pink, or pale lavender.
-Kiss-me-and-I’ll-tell-you (_Erigeron annuus_) is a taller daisy and is
-very abundant in East Texas.
-
-         [Illustration: DWARF WHITE ASTER    DWARF BLUE ASTER]
-
-Dwarf Blue Aster (_Keerlia bellidiflora_) is a shade-loving, sprawling
-plant growing in moist soil in Central Texas. Its small heads, less than
-half an inch across, have the aster habit of closing at night and
-opening in bright light. The outer ray flowers are bluish-lavender, and
-the tubular inner flowers are yellow. It blooms from late March to May.
-
-Dwarf White Aster (_Chaetopappa asteroides_) is a very small and wiry
-plant, growing two to ten inches high and becoming much branched with
-age. The small narrow heads with white rays and yellow disk flowers are
-less than half an inch broad. The leaves are narrow, commonly broader
-about the middle, and about half an inch long. The scientific name
-refers to the bristles on the seed. It is very abundant in sandy soil
-throughout the state and ranges to Missouri and Mexico. It blooms from
-March until early summer.
-
-               [Illustration: ROADSIDE ASTER. BLACKWEED]
-
-Blackweed. Roadside Aster (_Aster exilis_) is probably the least showy
-of the asters but is very abundant in Texas. It ranges from Kansas to
-Texas and Florida. The white, daisy-like heads may be noted against the
-dark-green foliage in roadside ditches, or it may appear as a violet
-haze along the highway. Although it is considered one of the common lawn
-pests in the fall, yet even there it is a thing of beauty; for when the
-slender stems are cut, numerous branches spread out from the base, and
-soon the grass is studded with the tiny white or lavender heads. Keepers
-of bees on the coastal prairie highly prize it as the source of their
-most palatable honey.
-
-Spiny Aster (_Aster spinosus_) is quite similar to the roadside aster
-and has inconspicuous leaves which are sometimes reduced to spines. The
-flower heads are less than an inch broad with white outer flowers. It
-forms dense growths in river bottoms and along irrigation ditches and is
-especially abundant in the vicinity of El Paso.
-
-            [Illustration: LATE PURPLE ASTER    TANSY ASTER]
-
-Late Purple Aster (_Aster patens_) shows its lovely heads in October and
-November along the edges of post oak woods throughout the state. It is
-easily recognized by the short, broad, and roughened leaves on the
-wand-like stems. The illustration given is that of variety _gracilis_
-which is abundant in the vicinity of Fort Worth. Many asters are found
-in the state, but very few make a conspicuous floral display except
-along the coastal plain and river bottoms.
-
-Tansy Aster. Dagger-Flower (_Machaeranthera tanacetifolia_) has leaves
-much like those of the spiny-leaved yellow aster, but the
-purple-flowered heads are much larger and very showy, 1-2 inches broad.
-The heads are surrounded by bracts with green spreading tips. The inner
-tubular flowers are yellow but soon turn reddish-brown. It ranges from
-Nebraska to Mexico and California. This is one of the loveliest flowers
-on the western plains, blooming from May to October.
-
-                       [Illustration: OIL WILLOW]
-
-Narrow-Leaved Baccharis. Oil Willow (_Baccharis angustifolia_) looks
-very much like the black willow, to which, however, it bears no
-relationship. The leaves of baccharis have a resinous texture, and the
-flowers appear in the late summer and fall. The pollen-bearing flowers
-are not borne on the same shrub with the seed-bearing flowers. The
-flowers, all small, inconspicuous, whitish, and tubular, are borne in a
-narrow head of ovate bracts which soon turn brown.
-
-It is called the oil willow by some of the older residents because it is
-said to be an indicator of oil, just as the black willow is said to be a
-good indicator of water. It is also called brittle willow, false willow,
-and resin willow. It grows in brackish marshes throughout the state and
-may be found eastward to North Carolina. The soft white plumy bristles
-on the seed give the shrub the feathery appearance of the Yankee-weed.
-Along the coast in the southeastern part, the groundsel-tree or
-pencil-tree (_Baccharis halimifolia_) is a lovely sight in the fall.
-
-      [Illustration: LARGE RABBIT TOBACCO    SMALL RABBIT TOBACCO]
-
-Large Rabbit Tobacco (_Filago prolifera_) is a low plant less than six
-inches high with a few short branches at the top of the stem and
-sometimes a few at the base. The flowers are small and inconspicuous,
-being borne in woolly, rather flattened heads which are about half an
-inch broad. It blooms from January to June and ranges from Texas to
-South Dakota.
-
-Small Rabbit Tobacco (_Filago nivea_) is a smaller plant but is more
-densely clothed with woolly hairs. The minute, ball-like heads are
-clustered together. Both of these plants are also known as poverty-weed,
-chewing gum, and ladies’ tobacco. Poverty-weed is a suitable name for
-them in the sheep-grazing section of Central Texas which has been
-heavily over-grazed. In many pastures they take the place of grasses as
-a ground cover. The leaves may be chewed for gum. The rabbit tobacco is
-closely related to the cudweeds and everlastings. The plantain-leaved
-everlasting grows in moist woods in East Texas.
-
-                [Illustration: SOUTHERN MARSH FLEABANE]
-
-Southern Marsh Fleabane (_Pluchea purpurascens_) grows only in marshes
-or in continually moist places. The flowers are more rose-colored than
-purplish, as the name would indicate, and the tawny bristles on the
-seeds soon give a brownish tint to the heads. It often grows in pleasing
-combination with the blue mist-flower. It ranges from Texas to Florida
-and tropical America and blooms in the summer and fall.
-
-The plants are commonly about two feet high, the stems being unbranched
-below and very leafy. The broad leaves are pointed at the tip and
-narrowed into stalk-like bases except on the upper part of the stem. The
-leaf-margins are irregularly toothed. The fragrant flowers are borne in
-small oblong heads in a flat-topped cluster.
-
-The cudweeds are closely related to the marsh fleabane. They are
-particularly abundant in the mountains of West Texas, the loveliest one
-being Wright’s cudweed or everlasting (_Gnaphalium wrightii_), which has
-white flowers and foliage.
-
-             [Illustration: ROCK DAISY    BLACKFOOT DAISY]
-
-Prairie Blackfoot Daisy. Mountain Daisy. Rock Daisy (_Melampodium
-cinereum_) is very abundant on limestone slopes and in dry soil from
-Texas to Arkansas, Kansas, and Arizona. The scientific name is from the
-Greek words meaning “black foot” and refers to the blackened roots and
-stalks.
-
-Blackfoot Daisy (_Melampodium ramosissimum_) grows from a black woody
-base and has many branched stems which form a dense rounded mound one to
-two feet broad. After sufficient rainfall from early spring until
-winter, this mound is covered by the saucy heads of white daisy-like
-flowers. The heads are about three-fourths inch across and have an outer
-row of 8-11 broad white ray-flowers. This is the most vigorous one of
-the blackfoot daisies and makes an excellent plant for the rock garden.
-It grows in Southwest Texas. The seeds are enclosed in a thickened
-cornucopia-like floral bract which has a flaring rim and many warty
-projections.
-
-           [Illustration: PRAIRIE ZINNIA    TEXAS STAR DAISY]
-
-Texas Star Daisy. Lindheimer’s Daisy (_Lindheimera texana_) shows its
-star-like flower heads early in the spring while the plants are low and
-the leaves are closely clustered. By June the plants are tall and widely
-branched above. This plant honors by its name Ferdinand J. Lindheimer,
-an early settler of New Braunfels and editor of the “Neu Braunfelser
-Zeitung.” Lindheimer began his collection of Texas plants in 1836 and
-continued until his death in 1879. With the assistance of Dr. George
-Engelmann of St. Louis and Dr. Asa Gray of Harvard University,
-Lindheimer’s collections between 1842 and 1852, representing more than
-1400 species of plants, were classified and distributed to the leading
-herbaria of Europe and America. A part of this collection is owned by
-the University of Texas Herbarium.
-
-Prairie Zinnia (_Zinnia grandiflora_) grows in low, rounded clumps from
-Kansas to Mexico and Arizona and blooms from June to September. The
-bright yellow ray flowers are nearly round and remain on the seeds. With
-age they become papery, and the yellow disk flowers turn reddish-brown.
-The common zinnia in cultivation was introduced from Mexico.
-
-          [Illustration: CUT-LEAVED DAISY. ENGELMANN’S DAISY]
-
-Cut-Leaved Daisy. Engelmann’s Daisy (_Engelmannia pinnatifida_) is
-closely related to the sunflowers but has the daisy habit of closing the
-flower heads at night and opening them in bright sunlight. It is one of
-the commonest plants on prairies from Kansas to Louisiana and Arizona
-and grows in dense patches along roadsides and pastures from April to
-July.
-
-The rough, hairy plants grow one to three feet high and are topped by
-broad clusters of long-stalked, showy yellow heads which are 1½-2 inches
-broad. The divided leaves are short-stalked on the lower part of the
-stem and on the upper part have clasping basal lobes.
-
-This daisy honors the name of Dr. George Engelmann, an eminent botanist
-of St. Louis, who died in 1884.
-
-                       [Illustration: NIGGERHEAD]
-
-Niggerhead. Thimble Flower (_Ratibida columnaris_) is also called
-Mexican hat, niggertoe, “gallitos,” long-headed or prairie cone-flower,
-and black-eyed Susan, though the last term is erroneously used. It is a
-very handsome plant, which is widely distributed on plains from Southern
-Canada to Arizona, Texas, and Tennessee. In South Texas it is at its
-best in April and May; in North Texas it is lovely in late May and June.
-
-Numerous erect stems grow from a woody perennial root and are commonly
-two to two and a half feet high. The long-stalked heads terminate the
-branches. The leaves are finely divided into long narrow segments, both
-leaves and stem being somewhat rough.
-
-The showy flowers have drooping, velvety rays which are entirely yellow
-or reddish-brown or partly colored yellow and brown. The small tubular
-flowers are brown and are borne on a thimble-shaped or columnar disk
-which varies greatly in size on different flowers, sometimes being
-nearly two inches long, but it is usually about an inch long. The disk
-is gray-green before the flowers open.
-
-The dwarf niggerhead (_Ratibida tagetes_) is quite similar to the large
-niggerhead in growth habit and coloring, but it is a smaller plant and
-has smaller flowers. It is found from Kansas to Mexico on dry plains and
-blooms a month later than the large niggerhead.
-
-The niggerhead belongs to a small group of showy American plants. It was
-introduced into European gardens many years ago, whence it later made
-its way back to American gardens. The niggerhead group is closely
-related to the black-eyed Susan and other cone-flowers. Several giant
-yellow-flowered cone-flowers grow in East Texas.
-
-    [Illustration: CLASPING-LEAVED CONE-FLOWER    BLACK-EYED SUSAN]
-
-Clasping-Leaved Cone-Flower (_Dracopis amplexicaulis_) makes a showy
-display in roadside ditches from Central Texas to Louisiana and
-Missouri. It is a handsome plant with smooth branched stems one to two
-feet high. The slightly drooping rays commonly have brown spots at the
-base but may be all yellow. It is often called niggerhead or black-eyed
-Susan, but it may be distinguished from the latter by the thimble-shaped
-heads, which are green before the brownish disk flowers open. In South
-Texas it is at its best the latter part of April, but in North Texas
-June is its best month.
-
-Black-Eyed Susan (_Rudbeckia hirta_) is a common daisy of the plains
-region from Southern Canada to Texas and Florida. It is a rough, hairy
-plant which grows from one to three feet high. Closely resembling it is
-_Rudbeckia bicolor_, which has shorter ray flowers marked with a
-reddish-brown base. The ray flowers of _Rudbeckia hirta_ may also show a
-dark base. Both are widely cultivated. The group was named in honor of
-Claus Rudbeck, a Swedish botanist.
-
-           [Illustration: SAMPSON’S ROOT. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER]
-
-Sampson’s Root. Narrow-Leaved Purple Cone-Flower (_Echinachea
-angustifolia_) is easily recognized by the spreading or somewhat
-drooping rose-colored rays. The heads terminate the stiff, unbranched
-stems which, like the narrow leaves, are very rough and bristly. The
-stems grow one to two feet high and are scattered on limestone hillsides
-but may occasionally be found in dense patches along the roadsides. The
-leaves have three prominent nerves.
-
-The scientific name is derived from the Greek and refers to the stiff
-reddish-brown chaff on the flower head. This chaff obscures the brown
-disk flowers and remains on the heads long after the seeds have fallen.
-This plant is hard to distinguish from the pale purple cone-flower
-(_Echinachea pallida_), which grows in the woods in the eastern part of
-the state. The latter has longer and more drooping ray flowers. The
-purple cone-flowers are well known in cultivation.
-
-            [Illustration: RAGWEED. LYRE-LEAVED PARTHENIUM]
-
-Ragweed. Lyre-Leaved Parthenium (_Parthenium lyratum_) blooms from early
-spring until fall in Southwest Texas. This is a smaller plant than the
-common parthenium (_Parthenium hysterophorus_), which is widespread in
-the Gulf States and tropical America. The latter is a widely branched
-plant two to three feet high and grows in dense masses. They have
-similar flower clusters with small heads of greenish-white flowers.
-Neither of these is the ragweed or bloodweed commonly associated with
-hay fever; however, the common parthenium is listed as a poisonous
-plant. Wild quinine or feverfew (_Parthenium integrifolium_), used as a
-pioneer drug to relieve fever, has been reported from the state.
-
-Several shrubby partheniums are found in West Texas. The most important
-member of the group is the silver-leaved guayule or rubber plant
-(_Parthenium argentatum_), found in West Texas and Mexico. It is a
-commercial source of rubber but is not yet profitable, as the plants are
-of slow growth.
-
-                    [Illustration: COMMON SUNFLOWER]
-
-Common Sunflower (_Helianthus annuus_) has been known in cultivation for
-many years but is considered native from Minnesota to Texas and Mexico.
-It is the state flower of Kansas. The stout, erect stems are widely
-branched above the base and are very sticky, 2-10 feet high. The flower
-heads, 3-6 inches broad, have many yellow ray flowers about an inch long
-and numerous tubular disk flowers. It is grown commercially for its
-fiber and seeds. The seeds make an excellent food for poultry and
-furnish an oil used in making soap, candles, and salad dressing.
-
-Two other sunflowers are widely distributed in the state. The orange
-sunflower (_Helianthus cucumerifolius_) grows in the sandy post oak
-belt, and the blue-weed (_Helianthus ciliaris_) is very abundant in West
-Texas. The latter is a low, branching perennial which is poisonous to
-sheep.
-
-      [Illustration: TEXAS COREOPSIS    GOLDEN WAVE    CALLIOPSIS]
-
-Texas Coreopsis (_Coreopsis nuecensis_) was first described from plants
-found on the lower part of the Nueces River. It is quite widespread on
-the southern coastal prairie from March to May. It may be distinguished
-from other annual species of coreopsis by the circle of reddish-brown
-marks near the base of the yellow rays. The leaves are mostly basal and
-long-stalked.
-
-Golden Wave. Drummond’s Coreopsis (_Coreopsis drummondii_) has showy,
-long-stalked heads, about 2 in. broad. They are borne on widely branched
-plants about a foot high. The leaves are divided into broad segments,
-and both leaves and stems have scattered soft hairs. It is very abundant
-on sandy coastal prairies in April and May and is well known in
-cultivation.
-
-Calliopsis. Prairie Coreopsis (_Coreopsis cardaminefolia_) is a
-late-blooming annual plant, the flowers appearing in North Texas about
-the middle of June. It ranges from Kansas to Mexico and Louisiana. This
-plant greatly resembles the golden coreopsis (_Coreopsis tinctoria_),
-which is abundant on the coastal prairies in March and April.
-“Coreopsis” is derived from the Greek, meaning “bug-like,” and refers to
-the seed. The plants are often called tickseeds.
-
-                    [Illustration: FALSE COREOPSIS]
-
-False Coreopsis. Fine-Leaved Thelesperma (_Thelesperma trifidum_) is
-sometimes erroneously called black-eyed Susan. It closely resembles the
-coreopsis when the flowers are in the bud stage. The flowers may readily
-be distinguished from those of the coreopsis because the ray flowers are
-not marked with a brown spot at the base and are divided into three
-equal lobes at the tip. The ray flowers of the coreopsis are commonly
-divided into four lobes, the two lateral being shorter than the two
-middle lobes. The leaves are finely divided into long, narrow segments.
-
-This is one of the most widely distributed plants on the prairies from
-Mexico to Colorado, South Dakota, and Missouri. The yellow of Central
-Texas landscapes in late April and May is due to thelesperma. Scattered
-plants continue to bloom through the summer and fall. The plants grow
-1-2 feet high and become widely branched. The disk flowers are a
-reddish-brown.
-
-                  [Illustration: PLAINS PAPER-FLOWER]
-
-Plains Paper-Flower (_Psilostrophe villosa_) is another western plant
-which has foliage covered with a dense white woolly coat of hairs. This
-hairy coat is a plant device for enabling it to withstand dry growth
-conditions. There are only three or four ray flowers which are much
-broader than long and are conspicuously three-lobed. The heads are
-densely clustered on short branches at the top of the stems, which are
-from six inches to two feet high.
-
-Near El Paso is found the lovely western paper-flower or Cooper’s
-psilostrophe (_Psilostrophe cooperi_). It grows in spreading clumps
-about two feet broad and bears long-stalked heads over an inch wide. As
-the flowers are bright yellow and remain lovely for months, they are
-often gathered for winter bouquets. Eventually they become white and
-papery. _Psilostrophe tagetinae_ has somewhat larger flowers than the
-plains paper-flower and is probably the most abundant paper-flower in
-the state. When cattle graze upon it for several weeks, they suffer a
-slow poisoning. The marigold is a close relative, both the African and
-French marigolds being derived from Mexican plants introduced into
-cultivation about 1573.
-
-         [Illustration: FOUR-NERVED DAISY    SILVER-LEAF DAISY]
-
-Actinella Daisy. Four-Nerved Daisy (_Tetraneuris linearis_) grows with
-small tufts of narrow leaves from a woody perennial root. The heads,
-which are borne on stalks 2-8 inches long, close at night. The plants
-often bloom throughout the year in Central and South Texas. They grow on
-rocky limestone hillsides in Texas and New Mexico. The broad,
-four-nerved ray flowers form a close border around the conic disk, which
-is covered with small yellow tubular flowers. The veins of the outer
-flowers, which give rise to the scientific name, are sometimes purplish.
-
-Silver-Leaf Daisy (_Bahia dealbata_) is common in the western part of
-the state into Arizona and Mexico. It grows 1-2 feet high from a woody
-perennial root and often blooms throughout the year. The long-stalked
-heads are a little over an inch broad with 9-12 yellow ray flowers. On
-the silvery-gray stem the few leaves are commonly opposite, broad and
-short-stalked, with a pair of lateral lobes near the base.
-
-              [Illustration: HUISACHE DAISY    BITTERWEED]
-
-Huisache Daisy (_Amblyolepis setigera_) is so called because it often
-forms a carpet of gold under huisache (pronounced _wee satch_),
-mesquite, or other chaparral bushes in Southwest-central Texas from
-March to June. It is also called honey or butterfly daisy and
-clasping-leaved bitterweed. It has the strong scent common to the
-bitterweed, but is fragrant in drying. The plants are often loosely
-branched, growing 6-12 inches high, and the yellow heads are about 1½
-inches broad.
-
-Sneezeweed. Fine-Leaved Bitterweed (_Helenium tenuifolium_) is often
-found in pastures which have been over-grazed. It has a strong-scented
-foliage which gives milk a bitter flavor. The ball-shaped mound of
-disk-flowers (reminding one of camomile) and the few drooping ray
-flowers, which have a broad 3-toothed edge and a narrow base, are
-characteristic of the group. The seeds are small and are said to cause
-sneezing when they are thrown into the air. The bitterweed blooms from
-May to October and ranges from Texas to Virginia.
-
-                     [Illustration: INDIAN BLANKET]
-
-Indian Blanket. Firewheel. Beautiful Gaillardia (_Gaillardia pulchella_)
-is the pride of Texas prairies. The landscape becomes a vivid red and
-yellow in April, May, and early June when the firewheels are in bloom.
-It is a highly-prized cultivated plant, and many varieties have been
-developed. There are several species of gaillardias and many of them are
-native to Texas. The beautiful one is the most widespread, ranging from
-Texas to Louisiana, Nebraska, Arizona, and Mexico. The gaillardias are
-named for a French botanist, Gaillard.
-
-The heads are usually two or three inches across and are long-stalked.
-Each head has 10-20 broad ray flowers which are sometimes all red but
-usually are marked with a brilliant yellow across the three lobes. The
-upper leaves are lance-shaped, and the lower are oblong and marked with
-a few teeth or lobes. It is an annual plant which is widely branched and
-grows one to one and a half feet high.
-
-                        [Illustration: TINY TIM]
-
-Tiny Tim. Spreading Thyme-Leaf (_Thymophylla polychaeta_) is found on
-sandy prairies from South Texas to Mexico and New Mexico. There are
-several thyme-leaf species in the state. They may be recognized by their
-scented foliage and the cup-like base of the flower heads, the bracts of
-the head being marked with large yellow or orange glands. There is
-something appealing about the tiny Tim, as the name would indicate. The
-branching stems with their lacy green leaves form rosettes which are
-dotted with the yellow daisy-like flowers.
-
-Dwarf Thyme-Leaf. Tiny Tim (_Thymophylla pentachaeta_) clings to cliffs
-and rocky hillsides. It is a perennial plant with short stems four to
-six inches high. The leaves are short and needle-like and are borne in
-dense clusters around the stem. The flower heads are about half an inch
-broad. Tiny Tim ranges from Texas to Arizona and Mexico.
-
-                     [Illustration: DOG’S CAMOMILE]
-
-Dog Fennel. Mayweed. Dog’s Camomile (_Anthemis cotulla_) is a
-strong-scented herb widely scattered in America, naturalized from
-Europe. It is very abundant in sandy soil in the eastern part of the
-state. The plants are widely branched and bear numerous heads about an
-inch broad. The rays are broad and wide and the disk flowers are yellow.
-It begins to bloom in Texas in March, but the plants are at their best
-in May and June. It is close kin to the European camomile, which is used
-medicinally, a soothing tea being made from the dried ball-shaped heads
-of yellow flowers.
-
-Closely related to camomile and yarrow are the artemisias, which include
-many species known as dusty miller, wormwood, sage-brush, and purple
-sage. The silvery wormwood or thread-leaved sage-brush (_Artemisia
-filifolius_) is very abundant in the sandy areas of West Texas and
-throughout the Rocky Mountain States and Mexico. It blooms from July to
-October.
-
-                         [Illustration: YARROW]
-
-Yarrow. Woods Milfoil (_Achillea millefolium_) was named in honor of
-Achilles, to whom is attributed the discovery of its healing properties.
-It is supposed to stop bleeding, relieve spasms, produce sweating, and
-act as a tonic. The woods milfoil is widely distributed in woods in the
-United States, Europe, and Asia. It makes a nice garden plant, for the
-lacy fern-like leaves remain green all winter. The stems grow one to two
-feet high and are topped by the flat flower-cluster. The ray flowers are
-white or sometimes pale pink or lavender, and the disk flowers are pale
-yellow.
-
-Plains Yarrow. Woolly Milfoil (_Achillea lanulosa_) grows in moist
-places on the plains from Texas to Canada, Mexico, and California. It is
-very much like the woods yarrow but differs in that it has fewer
-gray-green leaves and round-topped flower clusters. Its blooming season
-is a little later than that of the woods yarrow, which blooms in April
-and May.
-
-                    [Illustration: TEXAS SQUAW-WEED]
-
-Texas Squaw-Weed. Clasping-Leaved Groundsel (_Senecio ampullaceus_) is
-an annual plant which grows so abundantly on the sandy prairies of Texas
-that it forms a carpet of gold for miles and miles. It is one of the
-earliest spring flowers to bloom in such showy profusion. The plants
-commonly grow 1½-2 feet high, being branched above and forming
-flat-topped flower-clusters which are often a foot broad. When quite
-young, the plants are densely white-woolly but become smooth and shining
-with age. The irregularly toothed leaves are 3-6 inches long and have a
-broad clasping base. The groundsel belongs to one of our largest groups
-of plants, some 1200 species being widely distributed over the earth.
-
-Fine-leaved or woolly groundsel (_Senecio filifolius_) has woolly leaves
-divided into narrow segments. The large heads are often in bloom
-throughout the year in West Texas and New Mexico.
-
-                 [Illustration: AMERICAN STAR THISTLE]
-
-American Star Thistle. Basket Flower (_Centaurea americana_) is often
-called spineless thistle because the leaves do not bear spines as do the
-leaves of its close relative, the purple thistle. It is also known as
-powder puffs, sweet sultan, and “cardo del valle.” It is a hardy annual
-which is widely cultivated. Basket flower is the name under which it is
-known in cultivation—a name which refers to the stiff, straw-colored
-bracts of the flower head. These bracts are not spiny but are divided at
-the tip into finger-like projections.
-
-Before the flowers are fully opened, the heads resemble a shaving-brush,
-and this is a common name frequently applied to this and other thistles.
-All the flowers are tubular and divided into five long narrow lobes. In
-one variety the fully-opened flower cluster has an outer border of
-numerous lavender flowers with cream-colored flowers in the center.
-There is another variety which has outer flowers a deep rose or reddish
-purple and center flowers pale pink or rose; sometimes there is little
-difference in shade between the inner and outer flowers.
-
-The stems are usually branched and grow about two feet high. They are
-marked with wing-like ridges and are covered with the overlapping,
-ascending leaves. In Texas the flowers begin to bloom in May and
-continue into June, being at their best the first week in June. After
-the flowering season, the foliage becomes yellow and dried, and the old
-stalks remain conspicuous in the fields for several months. The star
-thistle is found on plains from Missouri to Louisiana, Mexico, and
-Arizona. The variety which has reddish-purple flowers is very abundant
-in the vicinity of Waco and Fort Worth.
-
-The scientific name meaning “of the Centaurs” refers to the use by the
-Centaurs of certain species for healing. The cornflower or bachelor’s
-button (_Centaurea cyanus_) is a well-known garden annual.
-
-         [Illustration: WAVY-LEAVED THISTLE    PURPLE-THISTLE]
-
-Wavy-Leaved Thistle (_Carduus undulatus_) is the common prairie thistle
-and is particularly abundant in the vicinity of Fort Worth. It grows
-only 1-2 feet high, and the upper leaf-surfaces are yellow-green. The
-heads are nearly twice as large as those of the purple thistle, and the
-flowers are a lovely lavender color. It ranges from Southern Canada to
-Texas and Arizona and blooms in Texas from April to June.
-
-Purple Thistle (_Carduus austrinus_) is the common thistle in the
-south-central part of the state. It is a tall, much branched plant, 3-4
-feet high, with long-stalked heads of purple flowers. The stems are
-white-woolly, and the leaves are white-felty beneath and dark-green
-above, wavy-margined, lobed or divided, the segments being tipped with
-spines. The heads are about 1½ inches high and broad. The numerous light
-purple flowers are all tubular with narrow lobes. The thistles belong to
-a large group, its most renowned representative being the Scotch
-thistle.
-
-                    [Illustration: NODDING THISTLE]
-
-Nodding Thistle. Silver Puffs. Sunbonnet Babies (_Thrysanthema nutans_)
-lacks the spines of the true thistles, but other characters show that
-this interesting little plant is closely related to the thistle group.
-The leaves form a basal rosette from which grows the slender, leafless
-flowering stalk bearing the nodding flower head. The lyre-shaped leaves
-are wavy-margined, dark-green above and white-felty below, 2-4 inches
-long. The stalk is sometimes 15 inches long but is commonly about 8
-inches high. The creamy-white flowers are rather inconspicuous, but as
-the seeds mature, the soft white bristles spread into a showy whorl. The
-plants are found in scattered places in rich soil from Central Texas to
-Mexico.
-
-Closely kin to the nodding thistle is the desert holly (_Perezia nana_),
-which has salmon-pink flowers and holly-like leaves. It is a low plant
-seeking the shelter of creosote bush, yucca, and other shrubs in West
-Texas.
-
-
-
-
-                     CHICORY FAMILY (Cichoriaceae)
-
-
-                    [Illustration: PURPLE DANDELION]
-
-Plants with milky juice; all flowers strap-shaped, in dense heads,
-surrounded by involucral bracts; corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5; ovary
-inferior.
-
-Purple Dandelion. Flowering Straw (_Lygodesmia texana_) can nearly
-always be found in the prairie sections of the state from spring to
-fall, but the lovely flowers seldom make a showy display along the
-roadsides. Only one head blooms at a time on the slender forking stems,
-and that remains open only in the mornings. The heads are made up of
-8-12 pale purple strap-shaped corollas, with the lavender styles
-conspicuously erect in the center. The tip of the corolla is divided
-into five minute lobes. The stems are almost leafless but have a cluster
-of short-lobed, narrow gray-green leaves at the base.
-
-Small-Flowered Straw (_Ptiloria pauciflora_) is a white-flowered chicory
-with low spreading stems. It is abundant in West Texas and New Mexico.
-
-                    [Illustration: FALSE DANDELION]
-
-Many-Stemmed False Dandelion (_Sitilias multicaulis_) has lemon-yellow
-flower heads which closely resemble those of the true dandelion, but the
-plants grow much taller and are often widely branched. From early spring
-through June, the false dandelion is very abundant on the coastal and
-western prairies. The heads are made up of several rows of strap-shaped
-corollas. The fruits are narrow and have attached a spreading tuft of
-bristles which makes the head in fruit look like a puff ball of lace.
-This tuft is a parachute device for scattering the seeds far and wide.
-
-White Dandelion (_Pinaropappus roseus_) has flower heads very much like
-those of the yellow dandelions, but the flowers vary in color from white
-to pale pink, and the heads are larger. It is very abundant in March and
-April in Southwest-Central Texas.
-
-Several garden plants belong to the chicory family, among them being
-lettuce, salsify, and chicory. The orange hawkweed is often cultivated
-for ornament.
-
-
-
-
-                             FINDING LISTS
-
-
-The following lists are given to assist the reader in identifying
-plants. Several special groupings are first given according to
-conditions and habit of growth. If the plant sought does not qualify for
-these lists, then the longer seasonal and color lists should be
-consulted. Several wide-spread plants which the author had to omit
-because of lack of space have been mentioned in the lists; these may be
-recognized by the absence of a page reference. Several related species,
-not mentioned in the text and which may be recognized as close relatives
-of those illustrated although they may differ in color and season of
-growth, have been included in the lists.
-
-Opposite each name is given the number of the page on which the plant is
-described and a symbol which designates the place of growth. The section
-of the state is not given in the lists, as prairie plants are much the
-same throughout the state as are the plants in the sandy soil of post
-oak woods. However, climatic conditions of moisture and temperature
-limit the range of many plants, and the text should be consulted for the
-distributional range.
-
-The time of flowering in Central Texas has been taken as the basis for
-listing the plants according to seasonal distribution. Quite frequently
-the season in North Texas will be a month later than that of Central
-Texas, and in South Texas it will be a month earlier. Hence it may be
-necessary to consult the lists for adjoining seasons if the desired
-plant is not found in the first list to be checked. Some plants,
-especially many herbaceous perennials on the western plains, have
-flowering seasons in both spring and fall; others bloom throughout the
-warmer months after heavy rains. If a plant cannot be located in the
-fall list, the spring list should be consulted.
-
-The month of April shows the greatest profusion of flowers in nearly all
-parts of the state. At some of the wild flower exhibits held at the
-University of Texas, nearly 500 species from Central and Southeast Texas
-have been shown at one time. Therefore the reader is warned not to
-expect to find every flower he picks up among the 257 illustrations
-given in these pages.
-
-The plants are listed in the following color groups: red and orange,
-pink and rose, blue, white, yellow, purple, and green. Under white
-flowers are grouped those delicately tinted with green, yellow, blue,
-pink, or lavender. Blue flowers are seldom a true blue but are usually a
-combination of blue and purple which may be interpreted by some people
-as blue and by others as purple. Hence if a plant considered as
-blue-flowered cannot be found in the blue list, then the purple list
-should be consulted.
-
-
-
-
-                             FINDING LISTS
-
-
-The reader may find the following distribution of pages and symbols
-helpful in identifying plants:
-
-  2-16          Mostly lily-like, succulent plants.
-  17-91         Petals of flowers usually not united.
-  92-151        Petals usually united into tubular, bell-shaped,
-                  funnelform, or salverform corollas.
-  152-193       Composites: many tubular flowers, often of two types,
-                  growing in a head-like cluster.
-  P             Prairies.
-  Pc            Coastal prairies.
-  Ps            Sandy prairies.
-  Pb            Blackland prairies.
-  L             Limestone hills.
-  W             Woods and thickets.
-  Wo            Post oak woods.
-  Wp            Pine woods.
-  M             Water or moist places.
-  C             Chaparral.
-  T             Trans-Pecos or mountainous region.
-
-                            (See map p. xvi)
-
-
-
-
-                               AIR PLANTS
-
-
-  Spanish moss
-  Ball moss
-
-
-
-
-                              WATER PLANTS
-
-
-  RED
-    Iris, 15
-  PINK
-    Pogonia, 16
-    Smartweed, 18
-  BLUE
-    Iris, 15
-    Water lily, 24
-    Nama, 111
-  WHITE
-    Arrowhead, 2
-    Spider lily, 12
-    Water lily, 24
-    Violet, 74
-    Water pimpernel, 93
-    Water pennywort
-    Water mist-flower
-    Bur-head
-  YELLOW
-    Spatterdock, 24
-    Water lily, 24
-    Buttercups, 27
-    Pitcher-plant, 39
-    Sedum, 40
-    Water primrose, 79
-    Bur-marigold
-    Bladderwort
-    Yellow-eyed grass
-  PURPLE
-    Water hyacinth, 6
-    Pickerel-weed, 6
-    Iris, 15
-    Bladderwort
-    Mud-plantain
-
-
-
-
-                         SHRUBS OR SMALL TREES
-
-
-  RED
-    Buckeye, 68
-    Indigo plant, 54
-    Coral bean, 58
-    Flame acanthus, 139
-    Bouvardia, 144
-    Coral honeysuckle, 145
-    Mexican apple, 71
-  PINK
-    Prairie rose, 42
-    Redbud, 47
-    Dalea, 55
-    Pavonia, 73
-    Mexican buckeye
-  BLUE
-    Texas mountain laurel, 51
-  WHITE[2]
-    Yucca, 9
-    Rose, 41
-    Dewberry, 43
-    Mesquite, 45
-    Yaupon, 67
-    Dogwood, 85, 86
-    Tree-huckleberry, 92
-    Mexican persimmon, 94
-    French mulberry, 118
-    Honeysuckle, 146
-    Mist-flower, 153
-    False willow, 166
-  YELLOW
-    Agarita, 30
-    Buckeye, 68
-    Huisache, 44
-    Retama, 50
-    Porophyllum
-    Sea ox-eye
-    Flourensia
-    Gymnolomia
-    Damiana
-    Creosote bush
-    Yellow elder, 138
-  PURPLE
-    Texas mountain laurel, 52
-    Walking-stick cactus, 81
-    Cenizo, 131
-    Desert willow, 138
-    Dalea, 55
-    Eve’s necklace
-
-
-
-
-                              EARLY SPRING
-
-
-  RED AND ORANGE-RED
-    Buckeye, 68-W
-    Poppy mallow, 72-P
-    Copper mallow, 70-Pb
-  PINK AND ROSE
-    Mexican buckeye, L, T
-    Redbud, 47-W, L
-    Pink prairie star, 98-Ps, M
-    Least bluet, 143-Ps
-  BLUE
-    Anemone, 25-W, P
-    Mountain laurel, 52-L
-    Small bluet, 143-Ps, M
-    Lobelia, 151-Ps
-  WHITE
-    Anemone, 25-W, P
-    Acacia, C
-    Blackfoot daisy, 169-L, P
-    Dwarf white aster, 163-W, Ps
-    Spanish bayonet, 9-CT
-    Peppergrass, 36-P
-    Crow-poison, 8-P
-    Whitlow-grass, 36-P
-    Chickweed, Ps, W
-    Violet, 74-M, Pc
-  YELLOW
-    Agarita, 30-LC
-    Scrambled eggs, 35-P
-    Huisache, 44-C
-    Buckeye, 68-W, L
-    Small squaw-weed, P
-    Tansy mustard, 37-P
-    Dwarf flax, 61-Ps
-    Golden puccoon, 114-Pb
-    Bladderpod, 37-P
-    Four-nerved daisy, 181-P, L
-    Big squaw-weed, 187-Ps
-    Lindheimer’s daisy, 170-Pb
-    Huisache daisy, 182-Ps
-  PURPLE
-    Anemone, 25-W, P
-    Mountain laurel, 52-LC
-    Ground plum, 56-Pb
-    Purple wood-sorrel, 62-W
-    Poppy mallow, 72-Pb
-    Violet, 74-Wp, M
-    Small bluet, 143-Ps
-    Venus’ looking-glass, 150-P
-
-
-
-
-                                 SPRING
-
-
-  RED AND ORANGE-RED
-    Buckeye, 68-W
-    Poppy mallow, 72-Pb
-    Copper mallow, 70-Ps
-    Red star-mallow, 70-P
-    Cross-vine, 138-Wp
-    Coral bean, 58-W
-    Leather flower, 29-W
-    Standing cypress, 104-Wo
-    Paint brush, 132-Ps
-    Red sage, 126-W
-    Gaura, Ps
-    Beard-tongue, 137-Wo
-    Indian blanket, 183-Pb
-    Sand-bur, 51-Pb
-    Red-brown iris, 15-M
-    Coral honeysuckle, W
-    Butterfly weed, 100-Wo, Ps
-    Scarlet pimpernel, 93-Ps
-  PINK AND ROSE
-    Sensitive briar, 46-Pb
-    Purple paint-brush, 131-Pb, L
-    Wild onion, 8-Pb
-    Pogonia, 16-M
-    Prickly poppy, 32-Ps
-    Pink milkwort, 164-W
-    Pink buttercup, 81-Pb
-    Pink prairie star, 98-Pc, M
-    Prairie phlox, 110-W
-    Lemon mint, 121-M
-    Baby’s breath, 144-Pb
-    Purple coneflower, 175-W, L
-    Sand verbena, 19-Ps
-  BLUE
-    Carolina larkspur, 25-W
-    Celestial, 13-P, Wo
-    Bluebonnet, 53-P, L
-    Blue gilia, 105-P, L
-    Spiderwort, 4-Pb, W
-    Dayflower, 5-P, W
-    Psoralea, P
-    Blue-eyed grass, 14-P, W
-    Blue Beard-tongue, 137-P
-  WHITE
-    Larkspur, 25-Pb
-    Wild rose, 41-Pb, W
-    Dewberry, 43-W
-    Blackberry, 43-W
-    Poppy mallow, 72-Pb
-    Beggar’s ticks, 90-Pb
-    Camomile, 185-W, Ps
-    Prairie lace, 87-Pb
-    Death camass, 7-Pb
-    Beargrass, 9-P, T
-    Spanish bayonet, 9-CL
-    Arrowhead, 2-M
-    Chickweed, 23-Ps
-    Peppergrass, 36-P, W
-    Violet, 74-W, M, Pc
-    Dogwood, 85-W
-    Cornel, 86-W
-    Rain-lily, 10-W, P
-    Spider-lily, 11-M
-    Ladies’-tresses, 16-M, W
-    Angel trumpet, 20-P
-    Prickly poppy, 32-33-P
-    Greggia, 38-T
-    White milkwort, 64-Pb, L
-    Plantain, 142-P
-    Baby’s breath, 144-L, Pb
-    Honeysuckle, 146-L, T
-    Blackfoot daisy, 169-L, Pb
-    Dwarf white aster, 169-P, W
-    Lazy daisy, 162-Ps
-    Fleabane daisy, 162-W, Pc
-    Lamb’s lettuce, 147-Pb, L
-    Lobelia, 151-Pc
-    Rabbit tobacco, 167-P
-    Nodding thistle, 191-W
-    Water pimpernel, 93-M
-    Farkleberry, 92-W
-    Gaura, 84-P
-    Evening primrose, 81-P
-    Mexican persimmon, 94-L
-    Yaupon, 67-W
-  YELLOW
-    Wild dill, 91-Pb
-    Two-leaved senna, 48-Pb, L
-    Retama, 50-M
-    Bush pea, 53-Wo, P
-    Niggerhead, 173-Pb
-    Englemann’s daisy, 171-Pb
-    Tansy mustard, 37-P
-    Coreopsis, 178-Ps, Pc
-    False coreopsis, 179-Pb
-    Buttercups, 27-M
-    Evening primroses, 79-P
-    Square-bud primrose, 83-Pb, L
-    Flutter-mill, 82-L
-    Coneflower, 174-P
-    Blackeyed Susan, 174-Ps
-    Flax, 61-P, L
-    Yellow star grass, 11-Wp
-    Pitcher-plant, 39-M
-    Mexican poppy, 34-P
-    Bladderpod, 37-P
-    Stonecrop, 40-L, P
-    Dwarf blue-eyed grass, 14-M
-    Squaw-weed, 187-Ps
-    Ground cherry, 130-W, P
-    Wild balsam, 148-W, Pb
-    Huisache daisy, 182-Ps
-    Indian blanket, 183-Ps
-    False dandelion, 193-Pb
-  PURPLE
-    Leather flower, 29-W
-    Marsh leather flower, 29-Pc
-    Milk vetch, 57-Pb
-    Climbing vetch, 57-Ps
-    Poppy mallow, 72-Pb
-    Wood-sorrel, 62-W
-    Purple paint-brush, 131-Pb, L
-    Blue sage, 127-Pb, L
-    Texas sage, 127-Pb, L
-    Ground cherry, 130-Pb
-    Large beard-tongue, 135-P, L
-    Small beard-tongue, 134-W, Pc
-    Toadflax, 134-P, W
-    Venus’ looking-glass, 150-P
-    Lobelia, 151-Pc, Ps
-    Purple coneflower, 175-W, L
-    Purple thistle, 190-P, M
-    Purple dandelion, 192-Pb, L
-    Spiderwort, 4-P, W
-    Dayflower, 5-L, M
-    Wild hyacinth, 6-M
-    Pickerel-weed, 6-M
-    Wild onion, 8-P
-    Blue-eyed grass, 14-P, W
-    Virginia iris, 15-M
-    Rose poppy, 32-P
-    Stork’s bill, 59-L, Pb
-  GREEN
-    Milkweed, 100-P
-
-
-
-
-                         LATE SPRING AND SUMMER
-
-
-  RED AND ORANGE-RED
-    Copper mallow, 70-Pb
-    Leather flower, 29-W
-    Standing cypress, 105-Wo
-    Paint-brush, 133-Ps
-    Red sage, 126-W
-    Gaura, 84-Ps
-    Beard-tongue, 137-Wo, T
-    Indian blanket, 183-Pb
-    Sand-bur, 51-Pb
-    Coral honeysuckle, 146-W
-    Devil’s bouquet, 20-P, L
-    Bouvardia, 144-T
-    Anisacanthus, 139-T, L
-  PINK AND ROSE
-    Sensitive briar, 46-P
-    Pink prairie rose, 42-W
-    Pogonia, 16-M
-    Grass pink, 16-M
-    Rouge plant, 21-W, L
-    Prickly poppy, 32-P
-    Pavonia, 73-L
-    Pink buttercup, 81-P
-    Mountain pink, 95-L
-    Phlox, 107-110-L, P, W
-    Baby’s breath, 144-Pb
-    Purple coneflower, 175-W, L
-    Star thistle, 189-Pb
-  BLUE
-    Giant iris, 15-M
-    Water lily, 24-M
-    Blue flax, 60-Pb
-    Prairie sage, 126-Pb
-    Blue gilia, 105-L
-    Harebell, 151-T
-    Dwarf blue aster, 163-W
-  WHITE
-    Wild rose, 41-W, Pb
-    Milfoil, 186-W, P
-    Poppy mallow, 72-Pb
-    White gilia, 105-Ps
-    Camomile, 185-W, Ps
-    Prairie lace, 87-Pb
-    Mesquite, 45-P, W, C
-    Parthenium, 176-P
-    Soapweed, 9-P
-    Yucca, 9-P, L, T
-    Arrowhead, 2-M
-    Peppergrass, 36-P
-    Heliotrope, 113-P
-    Cornel, 86-W
-    Rain-lily, 10-W, P
-    Spider-lily, 10-M
-    Angel trumpet, 20-P
-    Prickly poppy, 32-P
-    Greggia, 38-T
-    Spectacle-pod, 38-Ps
-    Bull nettle, 65-Ps
-    Moonseed, 31-W
-    Nuttallia, 75-Ps
-    Milkwort, 64-Pb, L
-    Dodder, 102-P
-    Tie-vine, 103-P
-    Baby’s breath, 144-Pb, L
-    Honeysuckle, 146-L
-    Blackfoot daisy, 169-Pb, L
-    Dwarf white aster, 169-W, Ps
-    Lazy daisy, 162-Pb
-    Fleabane daisy, 162-Pb
-    Milfoil, 186-W, Pb
-    Ragweed, 176-P
-    Water pimpernel, M, L
-    French mulberry, 118-W
-    Horsemint, 125-Ps
-    Gaura, 84-P
-    Evening primrose, 81-P
-  PURPLE
-    Leather flower, 29-W
-    Prairie clover, 55-P, L
-    Milk vetch, 57-P
-    Climbing vetch, 57-P
-    Phlox, 107-110-P, W
-    Giant iris, 15-M
-    Water hyacinth, 6-M
-    Prickly poppy, 32-P
-    Loosestrife, 78-P, M
-    Bluebell, 97-P
-    Phacelia, 111-112-L, P
-    Skullcap, 119-W, P, L
-    Verbena, 117-W, P
-    False dragon-head, 120-M
-    Nightshade, 128-P
-    Ground cherry, 127-P
-    Paint-brush, 131
-    Desert willow, 138-T
-    Tansy aster, 165-P
-    Purple thistle, 190-P
-    Star thistle, 189-P
-    Purple dandelion, 192-P
-    Pennyroyal, 121-P, L
-  YELLOW
-    Two-leaved senna, 48-Pb, L
-      Partridge pea, 49-Ps
-    Wild dill, 91-Pb
-    Retama, 50-M
-    Golden parosela, 55-L
-    Bush pea, 53-W, P
-    Yellow-elder, 138-T
-    Engelmann’s daisy, 171-Pb
-    Spiny-leaved aster, 161-P, T
-    Thyme-leaf, 184-Ps, T, L
-    Niggerhead, 173-Pb
-    Coreopsis, 178-Pb
-    False coreopsis, 179-Pb
-    Yellow nightshade, 129-P
-    Ground cherry, 130-W
-    Yellow sleepy daisy, 160-Ps
-    Bitterweed, 182-P
-    Indian blanket, 183-Ps
-    Squaw-weed, 187-T
-    Zinnia, 170-P
-    Berlandier’s aster, 161-Pb, L
-    False dandelion, 193-P
-    Coneflower, 174-P
-    Blackeyed Susan, 174-Ps
-    Sunflower, 177-Pb
-    Orange sunflower, 177-Ps
-    Paper flower, 180-P, T
-    Bahia, 181-T
-    Four-nerved daisy, 180-P, T, L
-
-
-
-
-                                 SUMMER
-
-
-  RED AND ORANGE-RED
-    Copper mallow, 70-P, T
-    Standing cypress, 105-Wo, T
-    Trumpet creeper, 138-W
-    Leather flower, 29-W
-    Red sage, 133-W
-    Gaura, 84-Ps
-    Indian blanket, 183-P, Wo
-    Devil’s bouquet, 20-P
-    Bouvardia, 144-T
-    Anisacanthus, 139-L, T
-    Butterfly weed, 100-Wo
-    Turk’s cap, 71-W
-  PINK AND ROSE
-    Dwarf four o’clock, 19-P, T
-    Rouge plant, 21-L, W
-    Talinum, 22-P, L
-    Pavonia, 73-L
-    Mountain pink, 95-L
-    Baby’s breath, 144-P, L
-    Marsh fleabane, 168-M
-    Rose aster (Polypteris), P, W
-    Loosestrife, 78-M
-    Smartweed, 18-M
-  BLUE
-    Water lily, 24-M
-    Prairie sage, 126-Pb
-    Blue sage, 127-Pb, L
-    Harebell, 151-T
-    Bluebell, 97-P, M
-    Nama, M
-  WHITE
-    Grandfather’s beard, 28-L, T
-    White gilia, 105-Ps
-    Mesquite, 45-P
-    Parthenium, 176-P
-    Stenosiphon, P, L
-    Yucca, 9-T
-    Arrowhead, 2-M
-    Heliotrope, 113-Ps, L
-    Rain-lily, 10-P, W
-    Spider-lily, 11-W, M
-    Prickly poppy, 32-P
-    Bull nettle, 65-Ps
-    Moonseed, 31-W
-    Spectacle-pod, 38-Ps
-    Nuttallia, 75-T, Ps
-    Dodder, 102-P, M
-    Tie-vine, 103-P
-    Snow-on-the-mountain, 66-P, L
-    Baby’s breath, 144-Pb, L
-    Parthenium, 176-P
-  YELLOW
-    Retama, 50-M
-    Golden parosela, 55-L
-    Niggerhead, 173-Pb
-    Yellow elder, 138-T
-    Spiny-leaved aster, 161-Pb, T
-    Thyme-leaf, 184-P, T
-    Coreopsis, 178-P
-    False coreopsis, 178-Pb, L
-    Evening primrose, 79-Ps
-    Wild gourd, 149-Pb
-    Broomweed, 157-P
-    Indian blanket, 183-P
-    Sleepy daisy, 160-Ps
-    Camphor daisy, 158-P
-    Bitterweed, 182-P
-    Squaw-weed, 187-T
-    Berlandier’s aster, 161-Pb, L
-    Zinnia, 170-P
-    Sunflower, 177-Pb
-    Paper flower, 180-P, T
-    Bahia, 181-T
-    Four-nerved daisy, 181-T
-    Nuttallia, 75-P, T
-    Horsemint, 123-Ps
-    Purslane, 22-P
-    Copper lily, 11-L, Pb
-  PURPLE
-    Leather flower, 29-W
-    Prairie clover, 55-P
-    Wood sorrel, 62-Pb, L
-    Water hyacinth, 6-M
-    Blazing star, 155-P, W
-    Eryngo, 89-Pb
-    Horsemint, 125-Pb
-    Bluebell, 97-P, M
-    Morning-glory, 103-P
-    Verbena, 117-P
-    Tansy aster, 165-P, T
-    Blue sage, 127-Pb, L
-    Nightshade, 128-P
-    Ground cherry, 130-P
-    Desert willow, 138-T
-    Wild petunia, 141
-    Ironweed, 152-P, W, L
-    Polypteris, P, W
-    Diapedium, L
-
-
-
-
-                       LATE SUMMER AND EARLY FALL
-
-
-  RED AND ORANGE-RED
-    Copper mallow, 70-P
-    Trumpet creeper, 138-W
-    Unicorn plant, T
-    Red sage, 126-W
-    Gaura, 84-Ps
-    Devil’s bouquet, 20-P
-    Bouvardia, 144-T
-    Anisacanthus, 139-T
-    Turk’s cap, 71-W
-  PINK AND ROSE
-    Smartweed, 18-M
-    Four-o’clock, 19-P, T
-    Rouge plant, 21-W, L
-    Pavonia, 73-L
-  BLUE
-    Water lily, 24-M
-    Prairie sage, 126-P
-    Mistflower, 153-W, M
-    Blue sage, 127-P, L
-    Nama, 111-M
-  WHITE
-    Grandfather’s beard, 28-L, T
-    White gilia, 105-Ps
-    Mesquite, 45-P
-    Parthenium, 176-P, T
-    Crow-poison, 8-P
-    Arrowhead, 2-M
-    Heliotrope, 113-P
-    Rain lily, 10-P, W
-    Ladies’ tresses, 16-P
-    Buckwheat, 17-Ps
-    Spectacle-pod, 38-Ps
-    Bull nettle, 65-P
-    Moonseed, 31-W
-    Nuttallia, 75-P, T
-    Tie-vine, 103-P
-    Baby’s breath, 144-Pb, L
-    Blackweed, 164-P, M
-    Resin willow, 166-W, M
-    Thoroughwort, 153-M, L, W
-    Frost-weed, W, M
-    Parthenium, 176
-    Asters, 164-W, M
-  YELLOW
-    Retama, 50-M
-    Thyme-leaf, 184-P, T
-    Two-leaved senna, 48-L, Pb
-    Nuttallia, 75
-    Broomweed, 157-P
-    Camphor daisy, 160-Ps
-    Bitterweed, 182-P
-    Squaw-weed, 187-T
-    Berlandier’s aster, 161-Pb, L
-    Zinnia, 170-P
-    Sunflower, 177-Pb
-    Paper flower, 180-P, T
-    Bahia, 181-T
-    Four-nerved daisy, 181-T
-    Copper lily, 11-L, Pb
-    Partridge pea, 49-Ps
-    Goldenrod, 155-W, M
-    Big gumweed, 159-Pb
-    Iron flowers, 161-W, P, T
-    Maximilian’s sunflower, 178-P
-    Barnyard daisy, P
-    Gumweed, 158-P, L
-  PURPLE
-    Wood-sorrel, 62-Pb, L
-    Blazing-star, 155
-    Blackweed, 164-P, M
-    Wild petunia, 141-W, P
-    Desert willow, 138-T
-    Purple nightshade, 128-P
-    Blue sage, 138-Pb, L
-    Water hyacinth, 6-M
-    Pickerel weed, 6-M
-    False purple thistle, 89-Pb
-    Morning-glory, 103-P
-    Verbena, 117-Pb
-    Ironweed, 152-P, M
-    Gerardia, P, W, M
-
-
-
-
-                                  FALL
-
-
-  RED AND ORANGE-RED
-    Copper mallow, 70-P, T
-    Trumpet creeper, 138-W
-    Red sage, 126-W
-    Anisacanthus, 139-T
-    Turk’s cap, 71-W
-  PINK AND ROSE
-    Parosela, L, T
-    Smartweed, 18-M
-    Rouge plant, 21-W, L
-    Pavonia, 73-L
-    Marsh fleabane, 168-M
-    Polypteris, P, W
-    Blazing star, 155-P, W
-    Four-o’clock, 19-W, P
-  BLUE
-    Mist flower, 153-W, M
-    Blue sage, 127-P, L
-    Prairie sage, 126-Pb
-  WHITE
-    Crow-poison, 8-P
-    Heliotrope, 113-P, W
-    Rain-lily, 10-P, W
-    Ladies’-tresses, 16-P
-    Buckwheat, 17-Ps
-    Spectacle-pod, 38-Ps
-    Parthenium, 176-P
-    Milkwort, 64-P
-    Tie-vine, 103-P
-    Blackfoot daisy, 169-Pb, L
-    Asters, 164-P, W
-    Blackweed, 164-P
-    Thoroughwort, 153-W, M, L, T
-    Frostweed, W, M
-    Ragweed, 176-P
-  YELLOW
-    Broomweed, 157-P
-    Camphor daisy, 160-Ps
-    Bitterweed, 182-P
-    Squaw-weed, 187-T
-    Zinnia, 170-P
-    Sunflower, 177-Pb
-    Paper flower, P, T
-    Bahia, 181-T
-    Four-nerved daisy, 181-T
-    Goldenrod, 155-W, M
-    Iron flowers, W, P, T
-    Maximilian’s sunflower, 178-P
-    Barnyard daisy, P
-    Gumweeds, 158-P, L
-  PURPLE
-    Tansy aster, 165-P
-    Asters, 164-W, P, M
-    Blazing star, 155-W, P
-    Wild petunia, 141-W, P
-    Purple nightshade, 128-P
-    Blue sage, 138-Pb, L
-    Morning glory, 103-P
-    Verbena, 117-Pb
-    Gerardia, P, W, M
-    Polypteris, P, W
-
-
-
-
-                                 INDEX
-
-
-                                   A
-  Abronia, 19
-  Abutilon, 69
-  Acacia, 44, xiv
-  Acanthaceae, 139-141
-  Acanthus family, 139-141
-  Achillea, 186
-  Acleisanthes, 20
-  Actinella, 181
-  Adam’s needle, 9
-  Aesculaceae, 68
-  Aesculus, 68, xiv
-  Agarita, 30
-  Agave, 10
-  Ageratum, 153
-  Agrito, 30
-  Alismaceae, 2
-  Allionia, 19
-  Allium, 8, xiv
-  Alsinopsis, 23, xv
-  Amaryllidaceae, 10
-  Amaryllis family, 10
-  Amblyolepis, 182
-  American star thistle, 189
-  Ammiaceae, 87
-  Amphiachyris, 157
-  Amsonia, 99
-  Anemone, 25
-  Angel’s trumpet, 20
-  Anisacanthus, 139
-  Anthemis, 185
-  Aphanostephus, 162
-  Apocynaceae, 99
-  Argemone, 32
-  Arrowhead, 2
-  Artemesia, 185
-  Asclepiadaceae, 100-101
-  Asclepias, 101
-  Asclepiodora, 100
-  Aster
-      Dwarf blue, 162
-      Dwarf white, 163
-      Golden, 161
-      Late purple, 165
-      Roadside, 164
-      Spiny, 164
-      Tansy, 165, xiv
-      Yellow, 161
-  Astragalus, 56
-  Atamosco, 11, xv
-  Azalea, 92
-
-
-                                    B
-  Baby blue-eyes, 111
-  Baby’s breath, 144
-  Baccharis, 166
-  Bahia, 181
-  Ball moss, 3
-  Balmony, 135
-  Balsam, 148
-  Baptisia, 53, xiv
-  Barberry family, 30
-  Barometer bush, 131
-  Barrel-cactus, 77
-  Basket flower, 189
-  Bean, tepary, 57
-  Beard-tongue, 135
-  Beargrass, 9
-  Beggar’s ticks, 90
-  Bellflower family, 150
-  Berberis, 30, xiv
-  Bergamot, 122
-  Berlandier, 108, vii
-  Bifora, 87
-  Bignonia, 138, xiv
-  Bindweed, 103
-  Bird-of-paradise, 49
-  Bird’s nest carrot, 90
-  Biscuits, 39
-  Bitterweed, 182
-  Blackberry, 43
-  Black-Eyed Susan, 174, 179
-  Blackfoot daisy, 169
-  Blackgum, 86
-  Blackweed, 164
-  Bladder-pod, 37
-  Blazing star, 154
-  Bluebell, 29, 97, 151
-  Bluebonnet, 53
-  Blue-curls, 112
-  Blue-eyed grass, 14
-  Blue-flag, 15
-  Blue gentian, 97
-  Blue marsh lily, 97
-  Blue star, 99
-  Bluets, 143, 144
-  Blueweed, 177
-  Borage family, 113
-  Borraginaceae, 113
-  Bosque blue gentian, 97
-  Bouvardia, 144, xiv
-  Brauneria, 175, xiv
-  Brayodendron, 194, xiv
-  Brazoria, 120
-  Brazos Mint, 120
-  Brookweed, 93
-  Broomweed, 157
-  Buckeye, 68
-  Buckwheat, 17
-  Buckwheat family, 17
-  Buena mujer, 75
-  Buffalo-bur, 129
-  Buffalo-clover, 53
-  Bull nettle, 65
-  Bumble-bee bush, 129
-  Bunch moss, 3
-  Bush pea, 53
-  Buttercups, 27, 79-84
-  Butterfly weed, 101
-  Button snakeroot, 89, 154
-
-
-                                    C
-  Cactaceae, 77
-  Cactus family, 77
-  Calabacilla, 149
-  Callicarpa, 118
-  Callirrhoe, 72
-  Camass, 7
-  Campanula, 151
-  Campanulaceae, 150-151
-  Campsis, 138
-  Cancer-weed, 126
-  Candelabrum plant, 89
-  Cardo del valle, 189
-  Carduus, 190
-  Carrot, 90
-  Carrot family, 87-91
-  Caryophyllaceae, 23
-  Cassia, 48, 49
-  Cassie, 44
-  Cassine, 67
-  Catalpa, 138
-  Catch-fly, 23
-  Caterpillar flower, 112
-  Cathartolinum, 61
-  Cebatha, 31
-  Celestial, 13
-  Cenizo, 131
-  Centaurea, 189
-  Centaury, 95, xiv
-  Century plant, 11
-  Cerastium, 23
-  Cercis, 47
-  Chacate, 51
-  Chaetopappa, 163
-  Chamaecrista, 49
-  Chaparral berry, 30
-  Chapote, 94
-  Chaptalia, 191, xv
-  Chewing gum, 167
-  Chickweed, 23
-  Chilicoyote, 149
-  Chilopsis, 138
-  Cholla, 77
-  Chrysopsis, 161
-  Clematis, 28, 29, xiv
-  Cloth-of-gold, 37
-  Cnidoscolus, 65
-  Commelina, 5
-  Commelinaceae, 4-5
-  Commelinantia, 5
-  Compositae, 152-193
-  Composite family, 152-193
-  Coneflower, Purple, 175
-  Coneflower, Yellow, 173-174
-  Conium, 91
-  Convolulaceae, 103
-  Convolvulus, 103
-  Cooperia, 10
-  Copper mallow, 70
-  Coral bead, 31
-  Coral bean, 58
-  Coral vine, 31
-  Coreopsis, 178
-      False, 179
-  Corkscrew plant, 16
-  Cornaceae, 85-86
-  Cornel, 86
-  Corn salad, 147
-  Cornus, 85-86, xiv
-  Corydalis, 35
-  Crane’s bill, 59
-  Crape-moss, 3
-  Crape myrtle, 78
-  Crassulaceae, 40
-  Creamcup, 83
-  Cross-vine, 138
-  Croton, 66
-  Crowfoot family, 25-29
-  Crow poison, 8, 10
-  Cruciferae, 36
-  Cucurbita, 149
-  Cucurbitaceae, 149
-  Cudweed, 168
-  Cuscuta, 102
-  Cuscutaceae, 102
-  Cynoxylon, 85, xiv
-  Cypress, 105
-
-
-                                    D
-  Dagger-flower, 165
-  Daisy
-      Cut-leaved, 171
-      Fleabane, 162
-      Four-nerved, 181
-      Huisache, 182
-      Mountain, 169
-      Saw-leaf, 159
-      Silver-leaf, 181
-      Texas star, 170
-      White lazy, 162
-      Yellow sleepy, 160
-  Dalea, 55
-  Dandelion
-      Pink, 193
-      Purple, 192
-      White, 193
-      Yellow, 193
-  Daucus, 90
-  Dayflower, 5
-  Dead nettle, 121
-  Delphinium, 26
-  Dendropogon, 3, xiv
-  Desert holly, 191
-  Desert willow, 138
-  Devil’s bit, 155
-  Devil’s bouquet, 20
-  Dewberry, 43
-  Dew flowers, 135
-  Dicentra, 35
-  Dichondra, 102
-  Dichondraceae, 102
-  Dicrophyllum, 66, xiv
-  Diospyros, 94, xiv
-  Dithyraea, 38
-  Dock, 18
-  Dodder, 102
-  Dodecatheon, 93
-  Dogbane, 99
-  Dogbane family, 99
-  Dog fennel, 185
-  Dog’s camomile, 185
-  Dogwood, 85, 86
-  Draba, 36
-  Dracopis, 174
-  Dragon-head, 120
-  Drummond, 10
-  Drummond’s phlox, 106
-  Dutchman’s breeches, 35
-
-
-                                    E
-  Ebenaceae, 94
-  Ebony family, 94
-  Echinachea, 175, xiv
-  Eichhornia, 6, xiv
-  Engelmannia, 171
-  Epilobiaceae, 79-84
-  Ericaceae, 92
-  Erigeron, 162
-  Eriogonum, 17
-  Erodium, 59
-  Eryngium, 89
-  Eryngo, 89
-  Erysimum, 37
-  Erythraea, 95, xiv
-  Erythrina, 58
-  Eupatorium, 153
-  Euphorbia, 66, xiv
-  Euphorbiaceae, 65-66
-  Euplocca, 113, xiv
-  Eustoma, 97
-  Evening primrose family, 79-84
-  Evening star, 10
-
-
-                                    F
-  Fabaceae, 52
-  Fairy lily, 10
-  Fairy thimbles, 135
-  False foxglove, 135
-  False indigo, 53
-  False purple thistle, 88-89
-  Farkleberry, 92
-  Fiddle-neck, 112
-  Field lily, 10
-  Filago, 167
-  Firewheel, 183
-  Flag, 15
-  Flannel breeches, 111
-  Flax
-      Blue, 60
-      Yellow, 61
-  Fleabane daisy, 162
-  Fleabane, marsh, 168
-  Florida moss, 3
-  Flutter-mill, 82
-  Four-o’clock, 19
-  French mulberry, 118
-  Fumariaceae, 35
-  Fumitory family, 35
-
-
-                                    G
-  Gaillardia, 183
-  Gallitos, 173
-  Garlic, false, 8
-  Garrya, 86
-  Gaura, 84
-  Gay feather, 154
-  Gentian
-      Family, 95-98
-      Pink, 95, 98
-      Purple, 96-97
-  Geoprumnon, 56
-  Geraniaceae, 59
-  Geranium, 59
-  Geranium family, 59
-  Ghost-weed, 66
-  Gilia, 104-105
-  Gnaphalium, 168
-  Goat’s beard, 28
-  Golden eye, 105
-  Goldenrod, 155
-  Golden wave, 178
-  Gooseberry, 92
-  Gourd, 149
-  Gourd family, 148-149
-  Grandfather’s beard, 28
-  Grass-pink, 16
-  Gray-beard, 28
-  Greggia, 38
-  Grindelia, 158
-  Ground cherry, 130
-  Ground plum, 56
-  Groundsel, 166
-  Groundsel-tree, 166
-  Guayule, 176
-  Gumweed, 158-159
-  Gutierrezia, 157
-
-
-                                    H
-  Hamosa, 57
-  Harebell, 151
-  Hartmannia, 80-81, xiv
-  Haw, black, 145
-  Heath family, 92
-  Helenium, 182
-  Helianthus, 177
-  Heliotrope, 113
-  Hemlock, poison, 91
-  Henbit, 121
-  Herbertia, 13
-  Heterotheca, 158
-  Holly, desert, 191
-  Holly family, 67
-  Hollyhock, 72
-  Honeysuckle
-      Coral, 145
-      Family, 145-146
-      White, 146
-  Honeysuckle primrose, 84
-  Horehound, 119
-  Horsebean, 50
-  Horsemint
-      Dwarf, 123
-      Green, 123
-      Purple, 124-125
-  Houstonia, 143-144, xiv
-  Huckleberry, 92
-  Huisache, 44
-  Huisache daisy, 182
-  Hyacinth, wild, 7
-  Hydrophyllaceae, 111
-  Hymenocallis, 12
-  Hypoxis, 11, xiv
-
-
-                                    I
-  Ibervillea, 148
-  Ibidium, 16
-  Ilex, 67
-  Indian
-      Blanket, 183
-      Fire, 126
-      Mallow, 69
-      Pink, 133
-      Plume, 105
-  Indigo-plant, 54
-  Indigo squill, 7
-  Ink-berry, 21
-  Ipomoea, 103
-  Iridaceae, 13
-  Iris, 15
-      Pleated-leaf, 13
-  Iron flower, 161
-  Ironweed, 152
-
-
-                                    J
-  Judas-tree, 47
-  Jerusalem thorn, 50
-
-
-                                    K
-  Keerlia, 163
-  Kindling weed, 157
-  Kisses, 84
-  Kiss-me-and-I’ll-tell-you, 162
-  Krameria, 51, xiv
-  Krameriaceae, 51
-  Krameria family, 51
-
-
-                                    L
-  Labiatae, 119-127
-  Laciniaria, 154-155, xiv
-  Ladies’-tresses, 16
-  Lagerstroemia, 78
-  Lamb’s lettuce, 147
-  Lamium, 121
-  Lantana, 118
-  Larkspur, 26
-  Leather flower, 29
-  Lechuguilla, 11
-  Lemon mint, 121
-  Lemon monarda, 125
-  Lepidium, 36
-  Leptoglottis, 46, xiv
-  Lesquerella 37
-  Leucophyllum, 131
-  Liatris, 155
-  Liliaceae, 7
-  Lily family, 7-9
-  Limodorum, 16
-  Linaceae, 60
-  Linaria, 134
-  Lindheimer, Ferdinand, 170
-  Lindheimera, 170
-  Linum, 60, 61
-  Loasaceae, 75
-  Loasa family, 75
-  Lobelia, 151
-  Lobelia family, 151
-  Long moss, 3
-  Lonicera, 145-146
-  Loco-weeds, 56
-  Loosestrife, 78
-  Love-in-the-mist, 28
-  Love-vine, 102
-  Lupine, 53
-  Lupinus, 53
-  Lygodesmia, 192
-  Lythraceae, 78
-  Lythrum, 78
-
-
-                                    M
-  Machaeranthera, 165, xiv
-  Madder family, 143
-  Magoty-boy-bean, 49
-  Mahonia, 30, xiv
-  Mallow family, 69
-  Malo mujer, 65
-  Malvaceae, 69-73
-  Malvastrum, 70
-  Malvaviscus, 71
-  Mandrake, 30
-  Margil, 31
-  Marrubium, 119
-  Marsh fleabane, 168
-  Marsh pink, 98
-  May apple, 30
-  Mayweed, 185
-  Meadow pink, 98
-  Megapterium, 82
-  Melampodium, 169
-  Menispermaceae, 31
-  Mentzelia, 75, xiv
-  Meriolix, 83
-  Mesquite, 45
-  Mexican
-      Apple, 71
-      Hat, 173
-      Persimmon, 94
-      Poppy, 34
-      Primrose, 81
-      Tea, 121
-  Milfoil, 186
-  Milk vetch, 57
-  Milkweed family, 100-101
-  Milkweed, green-flowered, 100
-  Milkwort, 64
-  Mimbre, 138
-  Mimosa, 46
-  Mimosa family, 44-46
-  Mimosaceae, 44-46
-  Mistflower, 153
-  Mock orange, 149
-  Monarda, 122-125, xiv
-  Moonseed, 31
-  Morongia, 46, xiv
-  Morning-glory family, 103
-  Morning-glory, purple, 103
-  Mountain daisy, 169
-  Mountain laurel, 52
-  Mountain pink, 95
-  Mulberry, French, 118
-  Mustard family, 36-38
-
-
-                                    N
-  Nama, 111
-  Nemophila, 111
-  Neopieris, 92
-  Neptunia, 46
-  Niggerhead, 172-173
-  Niggertoe, 173
-  Nightshade, purple, 128
-  Nightshade, yellow, 129
-  Nothoscordum, 8
-  Nuphar, 24, xiv
-  Nuttallia, 75
-  Nyctaginia, 20
-  Nymphaea, 24, xiv
-  Nymphaeaceae, 24
-
-
-                                    O
-  Odostemon, 30, xiv
-  Oenothera, 79, xiv
-  Oil willow, 166
-  Old man’s beard, 28
-  Onion, prairie, 8
-  Opoponax, 44
-  Opuntia, 76-77
-  Orchidaceae, 16
-  Orchid family, 16
-  Orpine family, 40
-  Ovalidaceae, 62
-  Oxalis, 62
-  Oxytropis, 56
-
-
-                                    P
-  Paint-brush, purple, 131
-  Paint-brush, scarlet, 132-133
-  Painted-cup, 132-133
-  Palmillo, 9
-  Palo verde, 50
-  Papaveraceae, 32
-  Paper flower, 180
-  Parkinsonia, 50
-  Parosela, 55
-  Parsley, prairie, 91
-  Parthenium, 176
-  Partridge pea, 49
-  Pavonia, 73
-  Pea family, 52-58
-  Pea, indigo, 54
-  Pencil-tree, 166
-  Pennyroyal, 121
-  Pentstemon, 134-137, xiv
-  Peppergrass, 36
-  Perezia, 191
-  Persicaria, 18, xiv
-  Persimmon, common, 94
-  Persimmon, Mexican, 94
-  Petalostemon, 55
-  Petunia, wild, 140-141
-  Phacelia, 111-112
-  Phlox, 106-110
-  Phlox family, 104-110, xiv
-  Physalis, 130, xiv
-  Physostegia, 120
-  Piaropus, 6, xiv
-  Pickerel-weed family, 6
-  Pimpernel, 93
-  Pinaropappus, 193
-  Pineapple family, 3
-  Pine needle, 59
-  Pink family, 23
-  Pink prairie gentian, 98
-  Pitcher-plant, 39
-  Plantain family, 142
-  Plantago, 142
-  Pleiotaenia, 91, xiv
-  Pluchea, 168
-  Pleurisy-root, 101
-  Podophyllum, 30
-  Pogonia, 16
-  Poinciana, 49
-  Pokeberry, 21
-  Pokeweed family, 21
-  Polygala, 64
-  Polytaenia, 91, xiv
-  Pontedariaceae, 6
-  Popinac, 44
-  Poppy mallow, 72
-  Portulaceae, 22
-  ’Possum plums, 94
-  Potato family, 128-130
-  Poverty-weed, 167
-  Powder puffs, 189
-  Prairie clover, 55
-  Prairie-lily, 10, 75
-  Prairie lace, 87
-  Prairie rose, 41-42
-  Prairie stonecrop, 40
-  Prickly pear, 76-77
-  Prickly poppy, 32
-  Prickly potato, 129
-  Prionopsis, 159
-  Primulaceae, 93
-  Primrose, 93
-  Primrose family, 93
-  Prosopis, 45
-  Psilostrophe, 180
-  Ptiloria, 192
-  Puccoon, 114
-  Purslane family, 22
-  Purslane, lance-leaved, 22
-  Purple thistle, 190
-  Purple thistle, false, 88-89
-
-
-                                    Q
-  Quamasia, 7
-  Queen Anne’s lace, 87, 90
-  Queen’s crown, 17
-  Queen’s wreath, 17
-
-
-                                    R
-  Rabbit tobacco, 167
-  Ragweed, 175
-  Rain-lily, 10
-  Ranunculaceae, 25-29
-  Ranunculus, 27
-  Rattlesnake master, 89
-  Redbud, 47
-  Retama, 50
-  Resin willow, 166
-  Rhododendron, 92
-  Ribwort, 142
-  Riverraft, 6
-  Rivina, 21
-  Rose moss, 22
-  Rose family, 41-42
-  Rose, pink prairie, 42
-  Rose, white prairie, 41
-  Rouge plant, 21
-  Rubber plant, 176
-  Rubiaceae, 143-144
-  Rubus, 43
-  Rudbeckia, 174
-  Ruellia, 141, xiv
-  Rumex, 18
-
-
-                                    S
-  Sabbatia, 98
-  Sagebrush, 185
-  Sagittaria, 2
-  Salvia, 126-127
-  Salviastrum, 127, xv
-  Samolus, 93
-  Sampson’s root, 175
-  Sand-bells, 111
-  Sand-bur, 51
-  Sand verbena, 19
-  Sarracenia, 39, xv
-  Sarraceniaceae, 39
-  Scarlet pea, 53
-  Scrambled eggs, 35
-  Scrophulariaceae, 131-137
-  Sea-holly, 89
-  Sea-star, 98
-  Sedum, 40
-  Seed-ticks, 90
-  Senecio, 187
-  Seniso, 131
-  Senna, 48
-  Senna family, 47-50
-  Sensitive briar, 46
-  Sensitive pea, 49
-  Shame vine, 46
-  Shaving brush, 189-190
-  Shooting-star, 93
-  Sida, 69, xv
-  Sideranthus, 161
-  Silene, 23
-  Silkweed, 100
-  Silver puffs, 191
-  Sisyrinchium, 14
-  Sitilias, 193
-  Skullcap, 119
-  Skunkflower, 20
-  Smartweed, 18
-  Snail-flower, 112
-  Snake-mouth, 16
-  Snapdragon, 134
-  Sneezeweed, 182
-  Snow-on-the-mountain, 66
-  Soapweed, 9
-  Solanum, 128-129
-  Solidago, 154-156
-  Sophia, 37
-  Spanish bayonet, 9
-  Spanish dagger, 9
-  Spanish moss, 3
-  Sparkleberry, 92
-  Specularia, 150
-  Spectacle-pod, 38
-  Sphaeralcea, 70
-  Spider-flower, 112
-  Spider-lily, 12
-  Spiderwort, 4
-  Spiderwort family, 4-5
-  Spurge family, 66-66
-  Spurge-nettle, 65
-  Squaw-weed, 187
-  Stagger-bush, 92
-  Standing cypress, 104-105
-  Star-mallow, 70
-  Stenorrhyncus cinnabarinus, 16
-  Stellaria, 23, xv
-  Stickerweed, 129
-  Stonecrop, 40
-  Stork’s bill, 59
-  Strangle-weed, 102
-  Straw, flowering, 192
-  Straw, milk, 192-193
-  Sunbonnet babies, 191
-  Sunflower, 177
-  Svida, 86, xiv
-  Swamp honeysuckle, 92
-  Sweet sultan, 189
-
-
-                                    T
-  Tansy aster, 165
-  Tansy mustard, 37
-  Talinum, 22
-  Tallow-weed, 142
-  Tassajillo, 77
-  Tecoma, 138
-  Tetraneuris, 181
-  Texas nettle, 129
-  Texas pride, 106
-  Texas star, blue, 99
-  Texas star daisy, 170
-  Texas star, pink, 98
-  Texas star, red, 105
-  Thamnosma, 35
-  Thelesperma, 179
-  Thimble flower, 173
-  Thistle, American star, 189
-  Thistle, nodding, 191
-  Thistle, purple, 89, 190
-  Thistle, spineless, 189
-  Thoroughwort, 153
-  Thrysanthema, 191, xv
-  Thyme-leaf, 184
-  Thymophylla, 184
-  Tie-vine, 103
-  Tillandsia, 3, xiv
-  Tiny Tim, 184
-  Toad-flax, 134
-  Toxicoscordion, 7, xv
-  Tradescantia, 4
-  Tread-softly, 65, 129
-  Tree-huckleberry, 92
-  Trumpet-creeper, 138
-  Trumpet-creeper family, 138
-  Trumpets, 39
-  Turkey pea, 57
-  Turk’s cap, 71
-  Twisted-stalk, 16
-
-
-                                    U
-  Umbrella-plant, 17
-  Umbrella-wort, 19
-
-
-                                    V
-  Vachellia, 44, xiv
-  Valerianella, 147
-  Valerian family, 147
-  Venus’ looking-glass, 150
-  Verbena, 115-117, xv
-  Verbenaceae, 115-118
-  Verbena family, 115-118
-  Vervain, 115
-  Vetch, 57
-  Viburnum, 145
-  Vicia, 57
-  Violaceae, 74
-  Violet, 74
-  Violet family, 74
-  Viorna, 29, xiv
-  Virgin’s bower, 28
-  Viznaga, 77
-
-
-                                    W
-  Walking-stick cactus, 77
-  Wampee, 6
-  Wapato duck potato, 2
-  Watches, 39
-  Water cup, 39
-  Water-leaf family, 111-112
-  Water hyacinth, 6
-  Water lily, 24
-  Water lily family, 24
-  Water plantain family, 2
-  Water potato, 2
-  Water pimpernel, 93
-  Wedelia, 19, xiv
-  White-leaf, 131
-  Whitlow-grass, 36
-  Wild belladonna, 135
-  Wild carrot, 90
-  Wild currant, 30
-  Wild dill, 91
-  Wild balsam, 148
-  Wild gourd, 149
-  Wild heliotrope, 112
-  Wild petunia, 141
-  Wild quinine, 176
-  Willow, flowering, 138
-  Willow, oil, 166
-  Willow, resin, 166
-  Windflower, 25
-  Wine-cup, 72
-  Woodbine, Southern, 145
-  Wood-sorrel, 62-63
-  Wool-crape, 3
-  Wright, Charles, 139
-
-
-                                    X
-  Xanthisma, 160
-  Xanthoxalis, 63
-
-
-                                    Y
-  Yankee-weed, 153, 166
-  Yarrow, 186
-  Yaupon, 67
-  Yellow-elder, 138
-  Yellow star grass, 11
-  Yucca, 9, xv
-
-
-                                    Z
-  Zephyranthes, 11, xv
-  Zinna, 170
-  Zygadenus, 7, xv
-
-
-
-
-                               FOOTNOTES
-
-
-[1]Outline and localities used by permission of the _Texas Almanac_.
-
-[2]There are numerous white-flowered shrubs in the state, but only those
-    illustrated are included here.
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
---Corrected a few palpable typographical errors.
-
---Added heading “FINDING LISTS” corresponding to Table of Contents.
-
---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of Project Gutenberg's Texas Flowers in Natural Colors, by Eula Whitehouse
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXAS FLOWERS IN NATURAL COLORS ***
-
-***** This file should be named 53647-0.txt or 53647-0.zip *****
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/6/4/53647/
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
-specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
-eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
-for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
-performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
-away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
-not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
-trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country outside the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
-  are located before using this ebook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
-Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
-mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
-volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
-locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
-Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
-date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
-official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-
-    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-    Chief Executive and Director
-    gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-
diff --git a/old/53647-0.zip b/old/53647-0.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index f99b353..0000000
--- a/old/53647-0.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h.zip b/old/53647-h.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e68b54..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/53647-h.htm b/old/53647-h/53647-h.htm
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d4129c..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/53647-h.htm
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6976 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
-<title>Texas Flowers in Natural Colors, by Natt N. Dodge: a Project Gutenberg eBook</title>
-<meta name="author" content="Eula Whitehouse" />
-<link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
-<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://dublincore.org/documents/1998/09/dces/" />
-<meta name="DC.Creator" content="Eula Whitehouse (****)" />
-<meta name="DC.Title" content="Texas Flowers in Natural Colors" />
-<meta name="DC.Language" content="en" />
-<meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" />
-<meta name="pss.pubdate" content="1948" />
-<meta name="DC.Created" content="1948" />
-<style type="text/css">
-body, table.twocol tr td  { margin-left:2em; margin-right:2em; }   /* BODY */
-.box     { border-style:double; margin-bottom:2em; max-width:25em; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-top:2em; }
-.box p   { margin-right:1em; margin-left:1em; }
-.box dl  { margin-right:1em; margin-left:1em; }
-h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, .titlepg p { text-align:center; clear:both; }   /* HEADINGS */
-h1                { margin-top:3em; font-size:200%; }
-h2                { margin-top:3em; margin-bottom:2em; font-size:120%; }
-h3.tree           { margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:.5em;  font-size:150%; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal; }
-h4                { text-align:left; margin-top:2em; font-weight:normal; }
-h5                { margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:.5em;  font-size:100%; }
-div.box h1        { margin-top:1em; }
-.titlepg          { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border-style:double; clear:both; }
-.tblttl           { text-align:center; }
-.tblsttl          { text-align:center; font-variant:small-caps; }
-.b                { font-weight:bold; }
-.ss               { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; }
-.caption          { text-align:center; margin-top:0em; font-size:90%; font-weight:bold; }
-a.gloss {  border-bottom-style:dotted; text-decoration:none; border-color:#c0c0c0; color:inherit; }
-span.jr   { float:right; display:inline-block; }
-
-p, blockquote, div.p, div.bq { text-align:justify; }    /* PARAGRAPHS */
-div.p, div.bq   { margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; }
-blockquote, .bq { margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em; margin-left:2em; }
-.verse    { font-size:100%; }
-p.indent  {text-indent:2em; text-align:left; }
-p.tb, p.tbcenter, verse.tb, blockquote.tb      { margin-top:2em; }
-p.revind { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; }
-
-span.pb, div.pb, dt.pb, p.pb                        /* PAGE BREAKS */
-{ text-align:right; float:right; margin-right:0em; clear:right; }
-div.pb { display:inline; }
-.pb, dt.pb, dl dt.pb, dl.toc dt.pb, dl.tocl dt.pb, dl.undent dt.pb, dl.index dt.pb,  dl.indexlr dt.pb    {
-         text-align:right; float:right; margin-left: 1.5em;
-         margin-top:.5em; margin-bottom:.5em; display:inline; text-indent:0;
-         font-size:80%; font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;
-         color:gray; border:1px solid gray;padding:1px 3px; }
-div.index .pb, div.indexlr .pb { display:block; }
-.bq  div.pb, .bq span.pb  { font-size:90%; margin-right:2em; }
-
-div.img, body a img  {text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; clear:right; }
-
-sup       { font-size:55%; vertical-align:120%; line-height:50%; font-weight:normal; }
-sub       { font-size:55%; vertical-align:0%;   line-height:50%; font-weight:normal; }
-     a.fn { font-size:75%; vertical-align:100%; line-height:50%; font-weight:normal; }
-h2   a.fn { font-size:50%; line-height:75%;  }
-h3   a.fn { font-size:65%;}
-.center, .tbcenter       { text-align:center; clear:both; }                  /* TEXTUAL MARKUP */
-span.center              { display:block; }
-
-p           { clear:left; }
-.small, .lsmall      { font-size:85%; }
-.smaller    { font-size:75%; }
-.smallest   { font-size:60%; }
-.larger     { font-size:150%; }
-.large      { font-size:125%; }
-.xlarge     { font-size:166%; line-height:60%; }
-.xxlarge    { font-size:200%; line-height:60%; }
-.gs         { letter-spacing:.2em; }
-.gs3        { letter-spacing:.2em; }
-.gslarge    { letter-spacing:.2em; font-size:110%; }
-.sc         { font-variant:small-caps; }
-.xo         { position:relative; left:-.3em; }
-.over, over { text-decoration: overline; display:inline; }
-hr          { width:100%; }
-.jl, span.jl, dt span.jl          { text-align:left; float:left; }
-.jr         { text-align:right; min-width:2em; }
-.jr1        { text-align:right; margin-right:2em; }
-.ind1       { text-align:left;  margin-left:2em; }
-.u          { text-decoration:underline; }
-.hst        { margin-left:1.5em; }
-.rubric     { color:red; }
-ul  li      { text-align:justify; margin-left:0; }
-
-dd.t           { text-align:left; margin-left: 5.5em; }
-dl.toc         { clear:both; margin-top:1em; }                    /* CONTENTS (.TOC) */
-.toc  dt.center    { text-align:center; clear:both; margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:1em;}
-.toc  dt      { text-align:right; clear:left;                    }
-.toc  dd      { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:2.5em; }
-.toc  dd.ddt  { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:4em; }
-.toc  dd.ddt2 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:5em; }
-.toc  dd.ddt3 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:6em; }
-.toc  dd.ddt4 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:7em; }
-.toc  dd.ddt5 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:8em; }
-.toc  dd.note { text-align:justify; clear:both; margin-left:5em; text-indent:-1em; margin-right:3em; }
-.toc  dt .xxxtest {width:17em; display:block; position:relative; left:4em; }
-.toc  dt  a,
-.toc  dd  a,
-.toc dt span.left,
-.toc dt span.lsmall,
-.toc dd span.left { text-align:left; clear:right; float:left; }
-.toc dd a i, .toc dt a i { font-variant:normal; }
-.toc  dt  a  span.cn, dt span.cn { width:2em; text-align:right; margin-right:.5em;  float:left; }
-dt span.cn, dd span.cn  { margin-left:1em; display:inline-block; width:3em; font-weight:bold; }
-.toc  dt  a, .toc  dd  a  { font-variant:small-caps; }
-.toc  dt.sc   { text-align:right; clear:both; }
-.toc  dt.scl  { text-align:left; clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; }
-.toc  dt.sct  { text-align:right; clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; margin-left:1em; }
-.toc  dt.jl   { text-align:left; clear:both; font-variant:normal; }
-.toc  dt.scc  { text-align:center; clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; }
-.toc  dt span.lj { text-align:left; display:block; float:left; }
-.toc  dd.center { text-align:center; }
-dd.tocsummary {text-align:justify; margin-right:2em; margin-left:2em; }
-dd.center sc  {display:block; text-align:center; }
-
-.keytab         { max-width:20em; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; }
-.keytab dt      { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:0em; text-indent:0; }
-.keytab dt.center      { text-align:center; clear:both; }
-.keytab dd      { text-align:left;  clear:both; margin-left:1em; text-indent:0;}
-.keytab dd.ddt  { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:2em; }
-.keytab dd.ddt2  { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:3em; }
-.keytab dt span.left, .keytab dd span.left { text-align:left; float:left; }
-
-/* INDEX (.INDEX) */
-dl.index   { clear:both; }
-.index dd  { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; }
-.index dt  { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; }
-.index dt.center {text-align:center; }
-
-/* INDEX (.INDEX) */
-dl.indexlr   { clear:both; }
-.indexlr dd  { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:right; }
-.indexlr dt  { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:right; }
-.indexlr dt.center {text-align:center; }
-
-
-.ab, .ab1 {
-font-weight:bold; text-decoration:none;
-border-style:solid; border-color:gray; border-width:1px;
-margin-right:0px;  display:inline-block; text-align:center; }
-.ab { min-width:1em; }
-.ab1 { min-width:4.5em; }
-td { vertical-align:middle; }
-                                                           /* FOOTNOTE BLOCKS */
-div.notes p  { margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em; text-align:justify; }
-
-dl.undent       { margin-top:1em; }
-dl.undent dt    { margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em; text-align:justify; }
-dl.undent dt.tu { margin-left:1em; text-indent:0em;  text-align:justify; }
-dl.undent dd    { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-1em; text-align:justify; }
-dl.undent dd.t  { margin-left:3em; text-indent:-1em; text-align:justify; }
-dl.undent dd.tu { margin-left:2em; text-indent:0em;  text-align:justify; }
-
-div.verse { margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; }
-p.t0, p.l { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t1, p.t { margin-left:5em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t2      { margin-left:6em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t3      { margin-left:7em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t4      { margin-left:8em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t5      { margin-left:9em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t6      { margin-left:10em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t7      { margin-left:11em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t8      { margin-left:12em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t9      { margin-left:13em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t10     { margin-left:14em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t11     { margin-left:15em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t12     { margin-left:16em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t13     { margin-left:17em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.lb                 { margin-left:4em;  text-indent:-3em; margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.tw, div.tw, .tw    { margin-left:1em;  text-indent:-1em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.lr, div.lr, span.lr { display:block; margin-left:0em; margin-right:1em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:right; }
-dt.lr                { width:100%; margin-left:0em; margin-right:0em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:1em; text-align:right; }
-dl dt.lr a           { text-align:left; clear:left; float:left; }
-
-.fnblock   { margin-top:2em; }
-.fndef     { text-align:justify; margin-top:1.5em; margin-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em; }
-.fndef p.fncont, .fndef dl { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0em; }
-
-dl.biblio  dt        { margin-top:.6em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; }
-dl.biblio  dt  div   { display:block; float:left; margin-left:-6em; width:6em; clear:both; }
-dl.biblio  dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; }
-dl.biblio  dd        { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; }
-.clear     { clear:both; }
-p.book     { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; }
-p.review   { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; }
-p.cit      { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; }
-
-.key dt    { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; }
-.key dt.center { text-align:center; }
-.key dt.t  { margin-left:3em; }
-.key dt.t2  { margin-left:4em; }
-.key dt.t3  { margin-left:5em; }
-.key dt.t4  { margin-left:6em; }
-.key dt.t5  { margin-left:7em; }
-.key dt.t6  { margin-left:8em; }
-.key dt.t7  { margin-left:9em; }
-.key dt.t8  { margin-left:10em; }
-.key dt.t9  { margin-left:11em; }
-.key dt.t10 { margin-left:12em; }
-.key dt.t11 { margin-left:13em; }
-.key dd     { text-align:right; }
-table.center { clear:both; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; }
-table.center tr td.l  {text-align:left; margin-left:0em; }
-table.center tr td.lj {text-align:justify; margin-left:0em; }
-table.center tr td.t  {text-align:left; text-indent:1em; }
-table.center tr td.t2 {text-align:left; text-indent:2em; }
-table.center tr td.r  {text-align:right; }
-table.center tr td.rbot  {text-align:right; vertical-align:middle; }
-table.center tr th    {vertical-align:bottom; }
-table.center tr td    {vertical-align:middle; }
-table.inline, table.symbol { display: inline-table; vertical-align: middle; }
-</style>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-
-<pre>
-
-Project Gutenberg's Texas Flowers in Natural Colors, by Eula Whitehouse
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Texas Flowers in Natural Colors
-
-Author: Eula Whitehouse
-
-Release Date: December 2, 2016 [EBook #53647]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXAS FLOWERS IN NATURAL COLORS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-<div class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Texas Flowers in Natural Colors" width="500" height="747" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_i">i</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/p000.jpg" alt="" width="514" height="800" />
-<p class="caption">TEXAS BLUEBONNET
-<br />THE STATE FLOWER</p>
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<h1>TEXAS FLOWERS
-<br />IN
-<br />NATURAL COLORS</h1>
-<p class="tbcenter">BY
-<br /><span class="large">EULA WHITEHOUSE</span></p>
-<p class="tbcenter">Illustrations by the Author</p>
-<p class="tbcenter"><span class="sc">Published by</span>
-<br />EULA WHITEHOUSE
-<br />Dallas, Texas</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_iv">iv</div>
-<p class="center">Copyright 1936 and 1948, by</p>
-<p class="center">Eula Whitehouse
-<br />Box 739, Southern Methodist University
-<br />Dallas 5, Texas</p>
-<p class="center">Printed and bound in the United States of America</p>
-<p class="center">First Edition 1936
-<br />Second Edition 1948</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_v">v</div>
-<h2 id="c1">TEXAS WILDFLOWERS</h2>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">From the pine woods to the prairies,</p>
-<p class="t">From the Panhandle to the sea,</p>
-<p class="t0">You&rsquo;ll find the Texas wildflowers</p>
-<p class="t">In marvelous carpetry.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">Such magic tints of colors,</p>
-<p class="t">Pale pinks and dainty blues,</p>
-<p class="t0">No artist&rsquo;s palette can match them</p>
-<p class="t">In all their radiant hues.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">The Texas sun has kissed them;</p>
-<p class="t">To Heaven they lift their eyes;</p>
-<p class="t0">Beauty and Peace it brings them,</p>
-<p class="t">And Freedom under Texas skies.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="lr">&mdash;<span class="sc">Gertrude Whitehouse</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_vii">vii</div>
-<h2 id="c2">PREFACE</h2>
-<p>For more than a century the wild flowers of Texas have been a
-source of study and pleasure to scientists and flower lovers. The
-state can boast of a varied and interesting flora which has attracted
-numerous plant collectors since the first specimens were collected in
-the Texas Panhandle by Dr. Edwin James, naturalist accompanying
-the Long Expedition in 1820. Dr. Louis Berlandier, a French botanist,
-endured the hardships of the Teran Expedition for the exploration
-of the boundary region between Texas and Mexico between
-1826 and 1834 in order to collect plants in Texas.</p>
-<p>Berlandier&rsquo;s first collection was instrumental, a few years later,
-in arousing the interest of Thomas Drummond, a Scotch botanist
-and collector. In 1833-34 Drummond visited Southeast Texas and
-collected 700 species of plants. In 1836, Ferdinand Lindheimer, a
-German botanist, moved to Texas and began his noteworthy study
-and collection of Texas plants. Charles Wright, a Yale graduate,
-came to Texas in 1837, first collecting plants in East Texas and later
-making important additions in Southwest Texas. Since the work of
-these early pioneers, many scientists have visited nearly all parts of
-the state and have added many new names to the list of native
-plants.</p>
-<p>Today nearly five thousand species of flowering plants have been
-reported from the state. About half of these have showy, conspicuous
-flowers, and many of them are very limited in their distribution
-in Texas. If the reader will keep these figures in mind, perhaps he
-will not be disappointed at not finding some of his favorite flowers in
-the following pages. As such a limited number could be included, it
-was thought best to use those widely distributed throughout the
-state, omitting some of the well-known plants which have been frequently
-illustrated in previous publications.</p>
-<p>The present manual is not intended as a guide to the flora of the
-state, but it is hoped that it will prove helpful in identifying some
-of the common flowers. A few rare and beautiful flowers have been
-included so that they may be recognized and protected. In order to
-include representatives of the more important plant families, it was
-impossible because of lack of space to add many widely distributed
-members of other families represented. For example, the pea family,
-which has about 300 showy members in Texas, had to be limited to
-ten representatives.</p>
-<p>The water color paintings on which the manual is based were
-<span class="pb" id="Page_viii">viii</span>
-made by the author. In nearly all cases they were made from fresh
-specimens carefully checked with verified material in the University
-of Texas Herbarium; a few which could not be painted at the
-time of collecting were later drawn from pressed specimens and
-colored from notes and memory.</p>
-<p>The flowers of Texas have been so very abundant that only recently
-has it been considered necessary to protect them. The Legislature
-of 1933 passed a law forbidding the picking of flowers and
-injury to trees and shrubs along highways. Even this protection is
-not sufficient for some plants. A few years ago the writer happened
-to visit the shop of a cactus fancier just after he had returned from
-a collecting trip and saw with amazement the large tow-sacks filled
-with rare and highly prized cacti. Wagon loads of the large and
-vivid-blooming ribbed cacti have been observed as they were brought
-in for market. The bluebell, or purple gentian, is in need of protection
-since florists have been buying them up in such large quantities.
-The picturesque bunches of sotol are being rapidly destroyed, as
-ranchmen are stripping them of their saw-toothed leaves and feeding
-the stalks to their cattle. Yaupon and American holly, both
-slow-growing plants, are being destroyed to supply the market with
-Christmas greens.</p>
-<p>A few flower sanctuaries have been established in recent years, but
-many others are needed. The decrease in our native flowers is primarily
-due to increase in population with the accompanying increases
-in homesteads and acres in cultivation, over-grazing, and improved
-facilities of travel. The limestone hill region was formerly a
-flower paradise but has been so heavily over-grazed by sheep in recent
-years that now the only flowers to be found are the unattractive
-rabbit-tobacco, horehound, and queen&rsquo;s delight, or goatweed, so
-called because sheep and goats will not eat it.</p>
-<p>Grateful acknowledgment is made to the many friends who have
-assisted me in the preparation of this volume. I deeply regret that it
-has been necessary to increase the list price of this edition. The first
-edition of three thousand copies did not pay for the cost of publication.
-That deficit, added to the increased costs of printing and
-paper, have made an increase imperative.</p>
-<p><i>September 1, 1948</i><span class="jr"> <span class="sc">Eula Whitehouse</span></span></p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_ix">ix</div>
-<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
-<dl class="toc">
-<dt class="jr"><span class="smaller">PAGE</span></dt>
-<dt><a href="#c1"><i>Texas Wildflowers</i></a> v</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c2"><span class="sc">Preface</span></a> vii</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c3"><span class="sc">Reference Books on Texas Flowers</span></a> xi</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c4"><span class="sc">Plant Parts and Plant Names</span></a> xiii</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c5"><span class="sc">Plant Distribution</span></a> xvi</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c6"><span class="sc">Description of Plants</span></a> 2</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c7"><span class="sc">Finding Lists</span></a> 194</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c8"><span class="sc">Index</span></a> 204</dt>
-</dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_xi">xi</div>
-<h2 id="c3">REFERENCE BOOKS ON TEXAS FLOWERS</h2>
-<p>For more detailed descriptions, description of other plants, flower
-uses, and flower legends and history, the following books will
-prove helpful:</p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>Bailey, L. H., <i>The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Benson, L. and Darrow, R. A., <i>A Manual of Southwestern Desert Trees and Shrubs</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Britton, N. L. and Brown, H. A., <i>An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Cory, V. L. and Parks, H. B., <i>Catalogue of the Flora of Texas</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Coulter, John M., <i>Cop. Botany of Western Texas</i> (<i>U. S. Nat. Herb. Contr.</i>, 1892, out of print).</dt>
-<dt>Dorman, Caroline E., <i>Wild Flowers of Louisiana</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Fassett, N. C., <i>A Manual of Aquatic Plants</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Geiser, S. W., <i>Naturalists of the Frontier</i>. Southwest Press, Dallas.</dt>
-<dt>Jaeger, E. C., <i>Desert Wild Flowers</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Kearney, T. H. and Peebles, R. H., <i>Flowering Plants and Ferns of Arizona</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Parks, H. B., <i>Valuable Plants Native to Texas</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Preston, R. J., <i>Rocky Mountain Trees</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Quillan, Ellen Schulz, <i>Texas Wild Flowers</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Ranson, Nancy R., <i>Texas Wild Flower Legends</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Reeves, R. G., and Bain, D. C., <i>Flora of South-Central Texas</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Rydberg, P. A., <i>Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central N. A.</i> (out of print).</dt>
-<dt>Silveus, W. A., <i>Texas Grasses</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Slater, Elsie M., <i>A Hundred Flowers of the Mexican Border at El Paso</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Small, John K., <i>Flora of the Southeastern United States</i>, out of print; <i>Manual of the Southeastern Flora</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Standley, P. C., <i>Trees and Shrubs of Mexico</i> (U. S. Nat Herb. Contr., 19&mdash;, out of print).</dt>
-<dt>Stemen, T. B. and Myers, W. S., <i>Oklahoma Flora</i>.</dt>
-<dt>Wooton, E. O. and Standley, P. C., <i>Flora of New Mexico</i> (U. S. Nat. Herb. Contr. Vol. 19, out of print).</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_xii">xii</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/p001.jpg" alt="" width="538" height="800" />
-<p class="caption">PLANT PARTS</p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>COROLLA LOBES SEPARATE</dt>
-<dd>STIGMA</dd>
-<dd>STAMEN</dd>
-<dd>PETAL</dd>
-<dd>SEPAL</dd>
-<dd>FLOWER-STALK (PEDUNCLE)</dd>
-<dt>COROLLA LOBES UNITED</dt>
-<dd>COROLLA LOBE</dd>
-<dd>STAMEN</dd>
-<dd class="t">ANTHER (POLLEN-SAC)</dd>
-<dd class="t">FILAMENT</dd>
-<dd>SEPAL</dd>
-<dd>PISTIL</dd>
-<dd class="t">STIGMA</dd>
-<dd class="t">STYLE</dd>
-<dd class="t">OVARY</dd>
-<dd>CALYX-TUBE</dd>
-<dd>SEED</dd>
-<dd>STIGMA</dd>
-<dd>STAMEN</dd>
-<dd>SEPAL</dd>
-<dd>CALYX-TUBE</dd>
-<dd>CAPSULE</dd>
-<dd>BELL-SHAPE</dd>
-<dd>CALYX-TUBE</dd>
-<dd>TUBULAR</dd>
-<dd>FUNNEL FORM</dd>
-<dt>COMPOSITE FLOWER HEADS</dt>
-<dd>INVOLUCRE</dd>
-<dd>STIGMA</dd>
-<dd>STYLE</dd>
-<dd>STAMEN TUBE</dd>
-<dd>DISK COROLLA</dd>
-<dd>RAY COROLLA</dd>
-<dd>DISK</dd>
-<dd>FRUIT</dd>
-<dd>BRACT (FLORAL LEAF)</dd>
-<dd>FLORAL LEAF (BRACT)</dd>
-<dd>LEAF BLADE</dd>
-<dd>MIDRIB</dd>
-<dd>LEAF-STALK (PETIOLE)</dd>
-<dd>IRREGULAR LOBES</dd>
-<dt>FRUIT OF COMPOSITE (ACHENE)</dt>
-<dd>BRISTLES (PAPPUS)</dd>
-<dd>SEED</dd>
-<dt>SIMPLE LEAVES</dt>
-<dd>LINEAR</dd>
-<dd>LANCE-SHAPE</dd>
-<dd>OBLONG</dd>
-<dd>LANCE-OBLONG</dd>
-<dd>OVATE</dd>
-<dt>COMPOUND LEAVES</dt>
-<dd>ONCE-DIVIDED</dd>
-<dd class="t">PALMATE or DIGITATE</dd>
-<dt>SHARPLY TOOTHED</dt>
-<dt>LEAFLETS</dt>
-<dt>LEAF-STALK (PETIOLE)</dt>
-<dt>STEM</dt>
-<dd class="t">PINNATE</dd>
-<dd>TWICE-DIVIDED</dd>
-<dd class="t">LEAFLET</dd>
-<dd class="t">LEAF-STALK</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_xiii">xiii</div>
-<h2 id="c4">PLANT PARTS AND PLANT NAMES</h2>
-<p>The diagram on the <a href="#Page_xii">opposite page</a> carries illustrations of most of
-the terms used in the following descriptions of plants. As it was intended
-that this manual should serve as a means of plant identification
-from illustrations, the descriptions have been made very brief.
-If the reader is interested in a more detailed description, technical
-books should be consulted. Some botanical terms are rather loosely
-used in the effort to avoid technical expressions; for example, the
-fruit of a daisy flower is known popularly as a seed but is an achene,
-a seed closely covered by the wall of the ovary.</p>
-<p>The conspicuous parts of the flower commonly make up the corolla,
-each part being known as a petal; however, in some flowers the
-showy part is actually the calyx, as the outer whorl of parts around
-the stamens and pistil is always called. The divisions of the calyx are
-known as sepals. The stamens are made up of two parts&mdash;the anthers
-or small sacs which bear the pollen grains, a necessary part to
-fertilization, and the filaments or stalks which elevate the anthers so
-that the pollen grains can be scattered. The ovules which develop
-into seeds after fertilization are borne in the ovary, a part of the
-pistil. The pollen is deposited on the stigma and carried down the
-style to the ovule. Showy flower parts, nectar, and other devices attract
-insect visitors which aid in the transfer of pollen from one
-flower to another.</p>
-<p>In order that botanists everywhere may make use of plant names
-and descriptions, these are written in Latin. The Latin name of the
-bluebonnet is <i>Lupinus texensis</i>, in which <i>texensis</i> represents the
-name of a species and <i>Lupinus</i> is the name of a genus, which is a
-group of closely related species. The plants making up the different
-species in a genus are usually so much alike in flower, fruit, and leaf
-characters that they can be recognized as belonging to the same
-group. Similar genera (plural of genus) are grouped together in
-families; the family name in Latin takes the ending -<i>aceae</i>. Thus
-while this book illustrates only 257 Texas plants, it is hoped that the
-reader will become familiar with many others which bear a close
-relationship.</p>
-<p>Much effort has been expended to use scientific terminology in
-accordance with that preferred by experts on various plant groups,
-but continuing research changes many well known names. In this
-list the name used in the text is followed by the name now in good
-usage; the terms are not always synonymous. The authorities for
-the names are not given but can be checked in technical publications.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_xiv">xiv</div>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>Aesculaceae</dt>
-<dd><b>Hippocastanaceae</b></dd>
-<dt>Allionia grayana</dt>
-<dd><b>Mirabilis grayana</b></dd>
-<dt>Amphiachyris dracunculoides</dt>
-<dd><b>Gutierrezia dracunculoides</b></dd>
-<dt>Argemone rosea</dt>
-<dd><b>Argemone sanguinea</b></dd>
-<dt>Argemone delicatula</dt>
-<dd><b>Argemone pinnatifida</b></dd>
-<dt>Asclepiodora decumbens</dt>
-<dd><b>Asclepias capricornu</b></dd>
-<dt>Baptisia bracteata</dt>
-<dd><b>Baptisia leucophaea</b></dd>
-<dt>Batodendron arboreum</dt>
-<dd><b>Vaccinium arboreum</b></dd>
-<dt>Capnoides montanum</dt>
-<dd><b>Corydalis aurea</b></dd>
-<dt>Capnoides curvisiliquum</dt>
-<dd><b>Corydalis curvisiliqua</b></dd>
-<dt>Carduus austrinus</dt>
-<dd><b>Cirsium sp.</b></dd>
-<dt>Carduus undulatus</dt>
-<dd><b>Cirsium undulatum megacephalum</b></dd>
-<dt>Cassiaceae</dt>
-<dd><b>Leguninosae</b></dd>
-<dt>Cebatha carolina</dt>
-<dd><b>Cocculus carolinus</b></dd>
-<dt>Cercis reniormis</dt>
-<dd><b>Cercis canadensis texensis</b></dd>
-<dt>Cochranea anchusaefolia</dt>
-<dd><b>Heliotropium amplexicaule</b></dd>
-<dt>Conoclinium coelestinum</dt>
-<dd><b>Eupatorium coelestinum</b></dd>
-<dt>Delphinium albescens</dt>
-<dd><b>Delphinium virescens</b></dd>
-<dt>Dendropogon usneoides</dt>
-<dd><b>Tillandsia usneoides</b></dd>
-<dt>Dichondraceae</dt>
-<dd><b>Convolvulaceae</b></dd>
-<dt>Dracopis amplexicaulis</dt>
-<dd><b>Rudbeckia amplexicaulis</b></dd>
-<dt>Epilobiaceae</dt>
-<dd><b>Onagraceae</b></dd>
-<dt>Erythraea</dt>
-<dd><b>Centaurium</b></dd>
-<dt>Fabaceae</dt>
-<dd><b>Leguminosae</b></dd>
-<dt>Filago prolifera</dt>
-<dd><b>Evax prolifera</b></dd>
-<dt>Filago nivea</dt>
-<dd><b>Evax multicaulis</b></dd>
-<dt>Geoprumnon mexicanum</dt>
-<dd><b>Astragalus caryocarpus pachycarpus</b></dd>
-<dt>Greggia camporum</dt>
-<dd><b>Nerisyrenia camporum</b></dd>
-<dt>Hamosa nuttalliana</dt>
-<dd><b>Astragalus Nuttallianus</b></dd>
-<dt>Hartmannia tetraptera</dt>
-<dd><b>Oenothera speciosa</b></dd>
-<dt>Hypoxis erecta</dt>
-<dd><b>Hypoxis hirsuta</b></dd>
-<dt>Ibidium gracile</dt>
-<dd><b>Spiranthes gracilis</b></dd>
-<dt>Jussiaea diffusa</dt>
-<dd><b>Jussiaea repens</b></dd>
-<dt>Keerlia bellidiflora</dt>
-<dd><b>Chaetopappa bellidifolia</b></dd>
-<dt>Krameriaceae</dt>
-<dd><b>Leguminosae</b></dd>
-<dt>Laciniaria punctata</dt>
-<dd><b>Liatris punctata</b></dd>
-<dt>Lepidium alyssoides</dt>
-<dd><b>Lepidium montanum alyssoides</b></dd>
-<dt>Leptoglottis uncinata</dt>
-<dd><b>Schrankia Nuttallii</b></dd>
-<dt>Leucophyllum texanum</dt>
-<dd><b>Leucophyllum frutescens</b></dd>
-<dt>Limodorum tuberosum</dt>
-<dd><b>Calopogon pulchellus</b></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_xv">xv</dt>
-<dt>Lithospermum linearifolium</dt>
-<dd><b>Lithospermum incisum</b></dd>
-<dt>Lithospermum gmelinii</dt>
-<dd><b>Lithospermum carolinense</b></dd>
-<dt>Megapterium missouriense</dt>
-<dd><b>Oenothera missouriensis</b></dd>
-<dt>Meriolix spinulosa</dt>
-<dd><b>Oenothera serrulata Drummondii</b></dd>
-<dt>Mimosaceae</dt>
-<dd><b>Leguminosae</b></dd>
-<dt>Nemastylis acuta</dt>
-<dd><b>Nemastylis geminiflora</b></dd>
-<dt>Nama ovatum</dt>
-<dd><b>Hydrolea ovata</b></dd>
-<dt>Nemastylis texana</dt>
-<dd><b>Nemastylis sp.</b></dd>
-<dt>Neopieris mariana</dt>
-<dd><b>Lyonia mariana</b></dd>
-<dt>Nuphar advena</dt>
-<dd><b>Nuphar advenum</b></dd>
-<dt>Oxytropis lamberti</dt>
-<dd><b>Astragalus Lambertii</b></dd>
-<dt>Parosela aurea</dt>
-<dd><b>Dalea aurea</b></dd>
-<dt>Parosela pogonathera</dt>
-<dd><b>Dalea pogonathera</b></dd>
-<dt>Pentstemon</dt>
-<dd><b>Penstemon</b></dd>
-<dt>Persicaria longistyla</dt>
-<dd><b>Polygonum longistylum</b></dd>
-<dt>Persicaria punctata</dt>
-<dd><b>Polygonum punctatum</b></dd>
-<dt>Phlox drummondii (purple variety)</dt>
-<dd><b>Phlox Goldsmithii</b> (<b>left, <a href="#Page_107">p. 107</a></b>)</dd>
-<dt>Phlox drummondii (purple variety)</dt>
-<dd><b>Phlox McAllisteri</b> (<b>right, <a href="#Page_107">p. 107</a></b>)</dd>
-<dt>Phlox helleri</dt>
-<dd><b>Phlox littoralis</b></dd>
-<dt>Phytolacca decandra</dt>
-<dd><b>Phytolacca americana</b></dd>
-<dt>Pleiotaenia nuttallii</dt>
-<dd><b>Polytaenia Nuttallii</b></dd>
-<dt>Ptiloria pauciflora</dt>
-<dd><b>Stephanomeria pauciflora</b></dd>
-<dt>Quamasia hyacinthina</dt>
-<dd><b>Camassia scilloides</b></dd>
-<dt>Rosa woodsii</dt>
-<dd><b>Rosa foliolosa</b></dd>
-<dt>Sabbatia</dt>
-<dd><b>Sabatia</b></dd>
-<dt>Senecio filifolius</dt>
-<dd><b>Senecio longilobus</b></dd>
-<dt>Sisyrinchium thurowi</dt>
-<dd><b>Sisyrinchium exile</b></dd>
-<dt>Sitilias multicaulis</dt>
-<dd><b>Pyrrhopappus sp.</b></dd>
-<dt>Sophia pinnata</dt>
-<dd><b>Descurainea pinnata</b></dd>
-<dt>Stenorrhyncus cinnabarinus</dt>
-<dd><b>Spiranthes cinnabarina</b></dd>
-<dt>Thrysanthema nutans</dt>
-<dd><b>Chaptalia nutans</b></dd>
-<dt>Thymophylla polychaeta</dt>
-<dd><b>Dyssodia polychaeta</b></dd>
-<dt>Thymophylla pentachaeta</dt>
-<dd><b>Dyssodia pentachaeta</b></dd>
-<dt>Toxicoscordion nuttallii</dt>
-<dd><b>Zygadenus Nuttallii</b></dd>
-<dt>Tradescantia bracteata</dt>
-<dd><b>Tradescantia ohiensis</b></dd>
-<dt>Verbena plicata</dt>
-<dd><b>Verbena Cloveri</b></dd>
-<dt>Vicia texana</dt>
-<dd><b>Vicia ludoviciana</b></dd>
-<dt>Yucca radiosa</dt>
-<dd><b>Yucca elata</b></dd>
-<dt>Yucca glauca</dt>
-<dd><b>Yucca campestris</b></dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_xvi">xvi</div>
-<h2 id="c5">PLANT DISTRIBUTION</h2>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p002.png" alt="TEXAS" width="800" height="739" />
-</div>
-<p>The above map<a class="fn" id="fr_1" href="#fn_1">[1]</a>
-gives the larger natural areas of the state. The
-prairie regions afford the most profuse display of wild flowers. In the
-wooded area of East Texas, the shortleaf pine is abundant in the
-northern part, the loblolly in the southwestern part, and the longleaf
-pine in the southeastern part of the area, while hardwoods are found
-in the river bottoms. The chief trees in the post oak strip are post
-oak and black jack oak. Among the mountain cedars, live oaks and
-Spanish oaks, so common in the limestone hill region, may be found
-scattered trees and shrubs of the chaparral. The chaparral region
-is often broken by prairies but in some places is densely covered
-with shrubs and small trees which are usually thorny. The mesquite
-is abundant in this region and is more or less scattered throughout
-the prairie regions.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div>
-<h1 title=""><i>TEXAS FLOWERS</i></h1>
-<p><span class="sc">Author&rsquo;s Note:</span> The family characteristics are placed immediately
-below the illustrations at the beginning of each family group and set
-in smaller type to distinguish them from the individual group descriptions.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div>
-<h2 id="c6">DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES</h2>
-<h3>WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY (Alismaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/p003.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">SMALL ARROWHEAD<span class="hst"> LONG-LOBED ARROWHEAD</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Marsh or water plants; leaves mostly basal; sepals 3; petals 3,
-white or pink, tender; stamens 6 or more; pistils many, free;
-fruit a head of achenes.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Small Arrowhead</span> (<i>Sagittaria papillosa</i>) is a common pond dweller
-in Texas and Louisiana. Like other arrowheads the flowers are borne
-in whorls, the upper having many stamens and the lower producing
-the seeds. It may be distinguished from other narrow-leaved forms
-by the rough (papillose) surface of the floral leaves.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Plains</span> or <span class="sc">Long-Lobed Arrowhead</span> (<i>Sagittaria longiloba</i>) is common
-in shallow water on the plains from Nebraska to Mexico from April to
-October. The shape of the leaf of this and other species has given the
-common names of arrowhead and arrowleaf to this group. Like the
-water-plantain and bur-head the flowers have 3 tender white petals.
-The wapato duck potato (<i>S. latifolia</i>) may be found in East Texas.
-Growing in great abundance along the coast, the water potato or
-scythe-fruited arrowhead (<i>S. falcata</i>) is a showy plant 2-4 feet high
-with large lance-shaped leaves. The tubers and young shoots of both
-of these are considered excellent foods for ducks. Indians also
-valued the starchy tubers for food, and it was the duty of the women
-to grub in the mud for them.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
-<h3>PINEAPPLE FAMILY (Bromeliaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/p003a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">SPANISH MOSS<span class="hst"> BALL MOSS</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Chiefly air-plants, some rigid-leaved land plants; floral leaves
-often conspicuous; 3 sepals; 3 petals; stamens 3-6; pistil 3-celled.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Spanish Moss</span> (<i>Dendropogon usneoides</i>) has long zig-zag stems
-hanging in gray masses from the branches of many trees, especially
-live oaks, from the Coastal Plain of the United States to South America.
-Sometimes called Florida-moss, wool crape, crape-moss, and long
-moss, it has long been renowned in literature and industry. Indians
-and pioneers found many uses for it, and it is still used for padding,
-fodder for cattle, decoration, and the making of mattresses. The
-short leaves are scattered on the slender stem, which may be 1-6 yards
-long. The fragrant flowers are small and inconspicuous, being about
-&frac14; inch long, blooming in early summer. The name means &ldquo;tree-beard.&rdquo;</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Ball Moss.</span> <span class="sc">Bunch Moss</span> (<i>Tillandsia recurvata</i>) has small and
-inconspicuous purple flowers which appear in the summer. Like the
-Spanish moss, it gets its nourishment from the air but may injure
-trees by crowding out the leaves. Both mosses bear no relation to the
-true mosses but belong to the same family as the pineapple. The ball
-moss is found on trees, wires, rocks, and other places. Bailey&rsquo;s bunch
-moss is a large-flowered form growing in the lower Rio Grande Valley.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
-<h3>SPIDERWORT FAMILY (Commelinaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig5">
-<img src="images/p004.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">GIANT SPIDERWORT<span class="hst"> PRAIRIE SPIDERWORT</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Mostly succulent herbs with tuberous or fibrous roots; flowers
-arising from a cluster of leaf-like bracts; sepals 3; petals 3;
-stamens 6; ovary 3-celled; fruit capsular.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Giant Spiderwort</span> (<i>Tradescantia gigantea</i>) grows in clumps of
-stout stems 2-3 feet high. The numerous flowers on short slender
-stalks hang out of a cluster of 2-3 upper leaves which have sac-like
-bases, velvety with soft hairs. The 3-petaled flowers vary in color
-from purplish-blue to rose or white and close at noon. The 6 stamens
-are adorned with lovely violet hairs. It is found in Central Texas in
-April and May.</p>
-<p>The spiderwort group was named for Tradescant, gardener to
-Charles I. It is well represented in Texas, all of the many different
-species being easy to transplant and making attractive garden plants.
-The wandering jew, a well-known spiderwort in cultivation, is a native
-of South America.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie Spiderwort</span> (<i>T. bracteata</i>) is a smaller plant with bluer
-flowers. Ranging from Minnesota to Texas, it has its blooming season
-in Texas in April and May.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig6">
-<img src="images/p004a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">TEXAS DAYFLOWER<span class="hst"> WIDOW&rsquo;S TEARS</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Curly-Leaved Dayflower.</span> <span class="sc">Widow&rsquo;s Tears</span> (<i>Commelina crispa</i>)
-has two large blue petals and a third, minute, white, and inconspicuous.
-The upper three stamens are 4-lobed and sterile, quite different from
-the 3 lower pollen-producing stamens, one of which is larger than the
-others. The petals are very tender and last only one morning. This
-dayflower may be distinguished from several others in the state by its
-crisped leaf-margins. It is very common on the South Central Plains
-from May to September. The name is given in honor of early Dutch
-botanists by the name of Commelyn.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Dayflower</span> (<i>Commelinantia anomala</i>) has two large petals
-like the dayflowers, but may be distinguished from them by their
-lavender color and by having the leaf around the flower-cluster more
-like the lower leaves in shape. The three upper stamens are bearded
-with violet hairs like those of spiderworts. It grows in rich moist soil
-in the limestone hills of the southern part of the state and the adjoining
-part of Mexico.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div>
-<h3>PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY (Pontederiaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig7">
-<img src="images/p005.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">WATER HYACINTH</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Aquatic plants; leaves alternate, often basal; sepals 3, petal-like;
-petals 3, sepals and petals partly united; ovary 3-celled.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Water Hyacinth</span> (<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>) is also called wampee,
-river raft, and water orchid. It grows so thick in places that water
-channels may be blocked, and island-like masses may serve as rafts.
-With its large spikes of lavender flowers and its broad shining leaves
-with their curious bulbous floats, it is the queen of our water plants.
-Many streams, lakes, and canals along the coastal highway offer living
-pictures which will not soon fade from the memory. The plants float
-by means of the bulbous enlargement of the leaf stalk. The flowers
-are somewhat 2-lipped, the 3 sepals and 3 petals somewhat alike but
-with a yellow spot on the upper petal.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Pickerel Weed</span> (<i>Pontedaria cordata</i>) may be found growing in the
-mud of inland waters along the coast. It is a taller plant than the
-water hyacinth, the spikes are narrower, the flowers are a deeper
-purple, and the leaves are narrower and have no float.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div>
-<h3>LILY FAMILY (Liliaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig8">
-<img src="images/p005a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="606" />
-<p class="caption">NUTTALL&rsquo;S DEATH CAMASS<span class="hst"> WILD HYACINTH</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Aquatic plants; leaves alternate, often basal; sepals 3, petal-like;
-petals 3, sepals and petals partly united; ovary 3-celled.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Nuttall&rsquo;s Death Camass</span> (<i>Toxicoscordion nuttallii</i>) is a common
-prairie bunch-flower from Texas to Tennessee and Kansas. The leaves,
-which are mainly basal, long, narrow, and curved, and the stout stems
-1-2 feet high arise from a large black-coated bulb which is poisonous.
-Many cream-colored flowers are borne in a round-topped cluster. The
-3 sepals and 3 petals are alike, and the 6 stamens have large yellow
-anthers. The 3-beaked capsules have numerous seeds. The flowers
-bloom in April and May. The poisonous bulb is responsible for the
-name, which is derived from the Greek meaning &ldquo;poison-onion.&rdquo;</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Wild Hyacinth</span> (<i>Quamasia hyacinthina</i>) is also called indigo-squill
-or meadow hyacinth. Growing from a deep-rooted edible bulb, a
-slender stalk 1-2 ft. high bears a spike-like cluster of hyacinth-blue
-flowers at the top. The flowers are about &frac12; inch broad and have a
-most delightful fragrance. It is widespread from Pennsylvania to
-Texas, common in Texas along railroads in April.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig9">
-<img src="images/p006.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">PRAIRIE ONION<span class="hst"> CROW POISON</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie Onion</span> (<i>Allium nuttallii</i>) has short flower stalks 4-6 inches
-high growing from a very small bulb which has a brown, finely-woven
-outer coat. The flowers are nearly half an inch broad and vary from
-pale pink to a deep rose. <i>Allium</i> is the Latin for &ldquo;garlic,&rdquo; and both the
-cultivated garlic and onion are members of this group. There are
-nearly twenty different wild onions in the state, many of which make
-lovely garden plants. <i>Allium mutabile</i>, a taller onion with very numerous
-white flowers, blooms in May. The prairie onion is the same as
-Heller&rsquo;s onion (<i>Allium helleri</i>) and blooms in April.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Crow Poison.</span> <span class="sc">False Garlic</span> (<i>Nothoscordum bivalve</i>) is one of
-the first flowers to appear in the spring on lawns, meadows, and roadsides
-throughout the Southern States and may bloom again in the
-autumn. It looks very much like the onions, but has fewer, larger
-flowers on long stalks and does not have the onion odor. It grows
-from an onion-like bulb. The name is from the Greek meaning &ldquo;false
-garlic.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig10">
-<img src="images/p006a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">FINE-LEAVED TREE-YUCCA<span class="hst"> SOAPWEED</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Beargrass.</span> <span class="sc">Fine-Leaved Tree-Yucca</span> (<i>Yucca elata</i>) belongs to a
-group widely represented in Texas by many different forms, those with
-thin thready leaves being known as beargrass, soapweed, &ldquo;palmillo,&rdquo;
-and Adam&rsquo;s needle and those with thick, stiff, sharp-pointed leaves as
-Spanish bayonet or dagger. All have creamy or greenish-white bell-shaped
-drooping flowers borne in dense clusters on a long stalk growing
-out of a rosette of leaves. The fine-leaved tree-yucca sometimes grows
-20 ft. high and is very abundant west of the Pecos River to Arizona.
-The budding flower stalk is quite tender and palatable and was often
-used as a food by early settlers. It is an excellent food for cattle, and
-they keep the stalks stripped of budding shoots, making the absence
-of seed pods quite conspicuous on the cattle ranges. Indians used the
-leaf fibers for making sandals.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Soapweed</span> (<i>Yucca glauca</i>), the common yucca of the Panhandle of
-Texas and adjacent states, has an unbranched flower stalk. As in
-other yuccas, the roots yield soap when the bark is removed and
-crushed in water. The fruits of the stiff-leaved tree-yuccas are edible.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div>
-<h3>AMARYLLIS FAMILY (Amaryllidaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig11">
-<img src="images/p007.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="595" />
-<p class="caption">SMALL RAIN LILY<span class="hst"> GIANT RAIN LILY</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Plants with bulbs or fibrous roots; leaves basal; sepals 3, petal-like;
-petals 3, sepals and petals united into a tube below; stamens
-6; ovary inferior, 3-celled.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Small</span> or <span class="sc">Drummond&rsquo;s Rain Lily</span> (<i>Cooperia drummondii</i>) is
-known in cultivation as evening star. It does not have a stalked seed
-pod like the giant rain lily and has smaller flowers with much longer
-tube and shorter and narrower leaves. It blooms in the late summer
-and fall.</p>
-<p>The cooperias were named in honor of Joseph Cooper, an English
-gardener. Drummond&rsquo;s rain lily honors Thomas Drummond, a Scottish
-plant collector who visited the southeastern part of Texas in 1833-34.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Giant Rain Lily</span> (<i>Cooperia pedunculata</i>) has lovely fragrant white
-flowers which last only a day or two. The tubular flowers appear funnel-shaped
-for some hours after opening, but the six broad lobes spread
-widely as the flowers mature. The leaves are all basal and grow from
-a large black-coated bulb; they are about a foot long and nearly half
-an inch wide. Shortly after heavy rains in spring and early summer,
-lawns, meadows, and woods in Louisiana, Texas, and Mexico are covered
-with the lovely blossoms. It is also called prairie lily, field lily,
-crow poison, and fairy lily.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig12">
-<img src="images/p007a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">COPPER LILY<span class="hst"> YELLOW STAR GRASS</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Copper Lily.</span> <span class="sc">Texas Atamosco Lily.</span> <span class="sc">Stagger Grass</span> (<i>Zephyranthes
-texana</i>) is a copper-colored lily blooming in August and September
-in Central Texas. The inner surface of the petals is yellow and shows a
-purple veining. The flowers stalks are 6-12 inches long, growing from
-a cluster of very slender leaves. The yellow atamosco (<i>Zephyranthes
-longifolia</i>) has yellow flowers. It may be found in West Texas to Arizona
-and Mexico in the late summer and fall.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Yellow Star Grass</span> (<i>Hypoxis erecta</i>) has yellow flowers about an
-inch broad. It is one of the earliest and commonest spring flowers in
-the eastern pine woods, blooming in Texas in March and April.</p>
-<p>The common century plant of the Big Bend is <i>Agave havardiana</i>. It
-is not as large as the widely cultivated American century plant introduced
-from Mexico. A candelabrum-like cluster of yellow flowers,
-which are provided with a vast quantity of nectar, grows at the top of
-a stout stalk, which is commonly 12-15 feet high. The stalk grows from
-a cluster of broad gray leaves, 1-1&frac12; feet long, bordered with recurved
-prickles and ending in a sharp-pointed spine. Lecheguilla (<i>Agave
-lecheguilla</i>) is a much smaller plant with narrow spikes of greenish-white
-flowers.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig13">
-<img src="images/p008.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="593" />
-<p class="caption">TEXAS SPIDER LILY</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Spider Lily</span> (<i>Hymenocallis galvestonensis</i>) grows in moist
-soil, in ditches, or on the edges of ponds. It is particularly abundant on
-the coastal prairie. A thick, fleshy flower stalk grows from a cluster
-of strap-shaped leaves about an inch broad and bears 4&mdash;6 white flowers
-in a cluster at the top of the stalk. The scientific name means &ldquo;beautiful
-membrane&rdquo; and refers to the delicate white funnel-tube uniting the
-bases of the 6 stamens. The 3 linear petals and the three similar sepals
-are about 6 in. long, united at their lower half into a slender tube. The
-upper half spreads, giving rise to the common name of spider lily. The
-flowers bloom from March to May. It was long ago introduced into
-cultivation and is considered quite hardy in the North.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Western Spider Lily</span> (<i>Hymenocallis occidentalis</i>) has similar
-flowers, but blooms in the summer after the leaves die back. It is
-found in moist soil and on shaded hillsides from Northeast Texas to
-Indiana and Georgia.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div>
-<h3>IRIS FAMILY (Iridaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig14">
-<img src="images/p008a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="594" />
-<p class="caption">PLEATED-LEAF IRIS<span class="hst"> PRAIRIE CELESTIAL</span><span class="hst"> WOODLAND CELESTIAL</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Perennial herbs with bulbs, corms, or rhizomes; leaves usually
-basal and flattened at the sides; 3 sepals and 3 petals nearly
-equal; stamens 3; ovary below the perianth; fruit a 3-celled
-capsule.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Pleated-Leaf Iris</span> (<i>Herbertia caerulea</i>) has pleated leaves like the
-celestials, but the flowers are quite different, the 3 sky-blue sepals being
-large and spreading and the 3 petals small and inconspicuous. The
-bases are white with violet markings. It is very abundant on the
-Coastal Plain of Louisiana and Texas in April and May. The name
-is in honor of William Herbert, a distinguished English botanist.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie Celestial</span> (<i>Nemastylis acuta</i>) has 6-parted sky-blue flowers
-with the 3 sepals and 3 petals nearly equal, white at the base. The 2-branched
-thread-like styles, from which the name is derived, spread
-horizontally between the 3 erect stamens. It grows on the prairies of
-North Texas to Kansas and Tennessee.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Woodland Celestial</span> (<i>Nemastylis texana</i>) with its steel-blue flowers
-is more abundant in the southern part of the state in open post oak
-woods. Like the pleated-leaf iris, the flowers of the celestials open late
-in the morning and remain open only a few hours.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig15">
-<img src="images/p009.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">BLUE-EYED GRASSES<br />SWORD-LEAVED<span class="hst"> THUROW&rsquo;S</span><span class="hst"> DWARF</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Sword-Leaved Blue-Eyed Grass</span> (<i>Sisyrinchium ensigerum</i>) is one
-of many blue-eyed grasses in the state, most of which have purplish-blue
-flowers, 6-parted and about half an inch broad, marked at the
-base with yellow. The flower has 3 erect united stamens. The flowers
-hang on thread-like stalks from two boat-shaped leaves about an inch
-long. The stems are winged, sword-shaped or outcurved, and have very
-fine saw-toothed edges. South-central to Northwestern Texas in April
-and May. In East Texas the prairie blue-eyed grass (<i>Sisyrinchium
-campestre</i>) is common. It has pale blue flowers, and the outer floral
-leaf is prolonged to a slender point, being 1&frac12;-2 in. long.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Dwarf Blue-Eyed Grass</span> (<i>Sisyrinchium minus</i>) has small reddish-purple
-flowers and an oblong seed capsule. Coastal Plain, Louisiana to
-Texas. Spring.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Thurow&rsquo;s Blue-Eyed Grass</span> (<i>Sisyrinchium thurowi</i>) is a very
-small plant with small yellow flowers found in the southeastern part of
-the state in damp places. Spring.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig16">
-<img src="images/p009a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="593" />
-<p class="caption">GIANT IRIS</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Giant Blue-Flag</span> or <span class="sc">Iris</span> (<i>Iris giganticaerulea</i>) is a tall iris found in
-swampy places in East Texas and Louisiana, blooming in late April
-and May. The color of this iris is quite variable, ranging from dark
-violet to lavender and white. The recurved spreading sepals are 3-4
-inches long, and the petals are shorter and erect. The capsules are 3-4
-in. long with 6 rounded ridges.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Narrow Blue-Flag</span> (<i>Iris virginica</i>) has been confused with the
-Carolina iris, according to Dr. Small of the New York Botanical Garden,
-who has recently described many new irises from Louisiana. The
-narrow blue-flag is colored similarly to the giant iris, but has shorter
-3-angled capsules, very narrow leaves, and zig-zag stems. It is abundant
-on the Coastal Plain in early spring.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Red-Brown Flag</span> (<i>Iris fulva</i>) is also found in the swamps in East
-Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div>
-<h3>ORCHID FAMILY (Orchidaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig17">
-<img src="images/p010.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">SLENDER LADIES&rsquo;-TRESSES<span class="hst"> ROSE POGONIA</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Air plants or tuberous-rooted; leaves alternate, undivided;
-sepals 3; petals 3, the middle one, or &ldquo;lip,&rdquo; often complex in structure;
-stamens 2 or 1, united to pistil; ovary below the perianth.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Slender Ladies&rsquo;-Tresses</span> (<i>Ibidium gracile</i>) is also called twisted-stalk
-or corkscrew-plant because of the twisting of the flower-stalk.
-The stems, which are 8 in. to 2 ft. high, grow from a cluster of tuberous
-roots and have two broad leaves at the base. This flower ranges from
-Texas to Nova Scotia.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Rose Pogonia.</span> <span class="sc">Snake-Mouth</span> (<i>Pogonia ophioglossoides</i>) grows in
-swampy places from Texas to Newfoundland. Pogonia is from the
-Greek, meaning &ldquo;bearded&rdquo; and refers to the bearded lip.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Grass-Pink</span> (<i>Limodorum tuberosum</i>) is a pink-flowered orchid of
-East Texas and the Eastern States similar to the rose pogonia, but does
-not have the short clasping leaf on the stem.</p>
-<p>The orchid family is a large group of more than 15,000 species. Some
-orchids are air-plants, attaching themselves to tree-trunks, but none
-of these are found among the 25 orchids growing in Texas. Perhaps
-the handsomest orchid in the state is the red-flowered flame orchid
-(<i>Stenorrhynchus cinnabarinus</i>) found in the mountains of the Big
-Bend. All the Texas orchids are rare enough to need protection.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div>
-<h3>BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (Polygonaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig18">
-<img src="images/p010a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="604" />
-<p class="caption">MANY-FLOWERED BUCKWHEAT</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves usually alternate; sepals 3-6, sometimes petal-like;
-petals absent; stamens usually 6-9; ovary 1-celled.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Many-Flowered Buckwheat</span> (<i>Eriogonum multiflorum</i>) is also
-called umbrella-plant because of its spreading clusters at the top of the
-stem. It grows about 2 ft. high, being very abundant in sandy soil from
-South-central Texas to Arkansas and Louisiana in the late summer and
-fall. The name means &ldquo;woolly knees,&rdquo; referring to the jointed stems.</p>
-<p>Buckwheat flour is made from the seeds of <i>Fagopyrum esculentum</i>, a
-closely related plant, similar in size, white-flowered, and with large 3-angled
-seeds. Queen&rsquo;s crown or wreath (<i>Antigonon leptopus</i>), a lovely
-pink-flowered vine widely cultivated in Texas, is a member of the
-buckwheat family.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Annual Buckwheat</span> (<i>Eriogonum annuum</i>), similar to the many-flowered
-buckwheat, but with leaves white-woolly on both sides and
-narrowed at the base, is very abundant in the northwestern part into
-New Mexico and Mexico. Acre after acre along the highways is often
-covered with it. Many other white-, yellow-, and red-flowered buckwheats
-are found in the mountains of West Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig19">
-<img src="images/p011.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">SOUTHERN SMARTWEED</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Southern Smartweed</span> (<i>Persicaria longistyla</i>), ranging from Mississippi
-to New Mexico is also called gander-grass or knotweed. It
-grows in wet places throughout the state and blooms in the late summer
-and fall. The dense spikes of small pink flowers are very attractive,
-the flowers having 5 pink sepals but no petals. The seeds are lens-shaped
-and covered with a black shining coat. The seeds of many of
-the smartweeds are considered good food for ducks.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Dotted Smartweed</span> (<i>Persicaria punctata</i>) has scattered greenish-white
-flowers and 3-angled seeds. The leaves are much narrower than
-those of the Southern smartweed. Many other smartweeds are found
-in the state.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Curly-Leaved Dock</span> (<i>Rumex crispus</i>), as well as several other
-docks, is common in the state. The leaves of some of them are used
-for greens. Canaigre is the dock of Western Texas and New Mexico,
-the roots of which have furnished tannin for commercial purposes.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div>
-<h3>FOUR-O&rsquo;CLOCK FAMILY (Nyctaginaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig20">
-<img src="images/p011a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">SMALL-FLOWERED FOUR-O&rsquo;CLOCK<span class="hst"> PINK FOUR-O&rsquo;CLOCK</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves opposite or alternate; flowers often surrounded by colored
-bracts; calyx tubular, often petal-like; petals absent; stamens
-1 to many; ovary 1-celled.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Gray&rsquo;s Umbrella-Wort.</span> <span class="sc">Pink Four-O&rsquo;clock</span> (<i>Allionia grayana</i>)
-has delicate pink flowers which have no petals, but the 5 united sepals
-are petal-like in appearance. The flowers are spreading or funnel-shaped
-and open in the afternoon. Several flowers are borne together
-and are surrounded at their bases by 5 short united floral leaves, forming
-a pale green veiny involucre which is sometimes mistaken for the
-flower. The clusters terminate the branches on a widely spreading
-plant about 2 ft. high.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Small-Flowered Four-O&rsquo;clock</span> (<i>Allionia incarnata</i>) is very abundant
-in Southwestern Texas to Arizona and South America. It forms
-a low, spreading plant, which is profusely covered with small pink
-blooms less than half an inch broad.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Narrow-Leaved Sand-Verbena</span> (<i>Abronia angustifolia</i>) is a low
-plant with a dense head of pink flowers which are so fragrant that one
-plant will perfume the air for some distance. In favorable seasons the
-hills around El Paso are pink with the lovely blooms. It is called
-sand-verbena because of the verbena-like clusters.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig21">
-<img src="images/p012.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">DEVIL&rsquo;S BOUQUET<span class="hst"> ANGEL&rsquo;S TRUMPET</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Devil&rsquo;s Bouquet</span> (<i>Nyctaginia capitata</i>) is also called skunk flower
-because of its heavy, disagreeable odor. The head-like clusters of
-scarlet flowers are very showy, being 2-3 in. broad. The 5-lobed
-flowers resemble those of the umbrella-worts and likewise open in the
-afternoons. The plants are low and scattered, but are quite common
-from Central and Southern Texas to Mexico and New Mexico from
-May to October.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Angel&rsquo;s Trumpet</span> (<i>Acleisanthes longiflora</i>) grows from long spreading
-stems with the long-tubed flowers sharply erect. The flowers are
-over an inch broad with a tube 4-6 in. long. It is most abundant in
-the spring, but may be found until October in the same range as the
-devil&rsquo;s bouquet. Jimson-weed (<i>Datura</i>) is also called angel&rsquo;s trumpet.</p>
-<p>Bougainvillea is a member of this family frequently cultivated in
-the southern part of the state. The common four-o&rsquo;clock is often seen
-in gardens and in some places has escaped cultivation.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div>
-<h3>POKEWEED FAMILY (Phytolaccaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig22">
-<img src="images/p012a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">ROUGE PLANT</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves alternate, entire; sepals 4-5; petals absent; stamens 3
-to many, sometimes united at the base; ovary with 1 to many
-distinct or united carpels.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Rouge Plant.</span> <span class="sc">Small Pokeberry</span> (<i>Rivina vernalis</i>) was named
-for A. Q. Rivinus, a botanist of Leipzig. It was known as <i>Rivina
-humilis</i>, the latter name meaning low. It has small flowers, about &frac14;
-in. broad, with 4 white or pink petal-like sepals and 4 stamens. The
-bright red berries often occur on the stems while flowers are still
-present. The low plants, a foot or more high, grow profusely in
-woods in Central Texas, but may be found from Arkansas to the
-tropics. When vegetable dyes were in common use, a red dye was obtained
-from the berries.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Ink-Berry.</span> <span class="sc">Large Pokeberry</span> (<i>Phytolacca americana</i>) is a
-leafy, stout, branched plant 3-9 ft. high, with large leaves and spike-like
-clusters of white flowers and purple berries. It is a perennial
-that grows from a poisonous root. With special care in the picking
-and preparation, the young shoots are sometimes used for greens.
-The shoe-button-like berries were used for ink in pioneer days.
-Maine to Texas. Summer and fall.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div>
-<h3>PURSLANE FAMILY (Portulacaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig23">
-<img src="images/p013.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">LANCE-LEAVED PORTULACA<span class="hst"> SMALL-FLOWERED TALINUM</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Herbs or undershrubs, often succulent; sepals 2; petals 4-6,
-soon falling; stamens few or many; ovary 1-celled; fruit a capsule
-opening by valves or a transverse split.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Lance-Leaved Portulaca</span> (<i>Portulaca lanceolata</i>) is a weed found
-in sandy soil from Central and Southern Texas to Arizona. The flowers
-are less than half an inch broad with 5 pinkish-yellow petals and 7-27
-stamens. It may be distinguished from other portulacas by the crown-like
-rim around the capsule. Hairy rose moss (<i>Portulaca pilosa</i>) is
-more abundant and showy, with purplish-red flowers nearly an inch
-broad, greatly resembling the large-flowered rose moss in cultivation.
-The capsule of the portulacas opens by a cap.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Small-Flowered Talinum</span> (<i>Talinum parviflorum</i>) has small pink
-flowers about &frac12; in. broad, which, like those of the portulacas, require
-bright sunlight for opening. These dainty flowers grow on slender
-stalks from a cluster of short, rounded leaves and may be found in
-rocky soil from Minnesota to Texas during the summer months.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div>
-<h3>PINK FAMILY (Caryophyllaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig24">
-<img src="images/p013a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="595" />
-<p class="caption">WESTERN CHICKWEED<span class="hst"> NUTTALL&rsquo;S STARWORT</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Stems usually swollen at the joints; leaves opposite; sepals 4-5;
-petals 4-5, or absent; stamens usually 8-10; ovary usually 1-celled.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Western Chickweed</span> (<i>Cerastium brachypodum</i>) is one of the early
-spring flowers to be found throughout the state, ranging from Illinois
-to Oregon and Mexico. The 5 small white petals are notched at the
-apex. The name is derived from the Greek meaning &ldquo;horny&rdquo; and refers
-to the horn-shaped capsule from which the seeds are scattered
-through the opening at the top. Several other chickweeds are found in
-the state in early spring.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Nuttall&rsquo;s Starwort</span> or <span class="sc">Chickweed</span> (<i>Stellaria nuttallii</i>) is a lovely
-white-flowered chickweed found on moist sandy prairies or in open
-woods in Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana in March and April. The
-flowers are about 1 in. broad, and the 5 broad petals are deeply notched
-at the apex.</p>
-<p>The pink family is well represented in cultivation, including the carnation,
-sweet William, garden pink, baby&rsquo;s breath, and others. The
-red-flowered catch-fly (<i>Silene laciniata</i>), found in the mountains of West
-Texas to Mexico and California, is known in cultivation.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div>
-<h3>WATER-LILY FAMILY (Nymphaeaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig25">
-<img src="images/p014.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="596" />
-<p class="caption">BLUE WATER-LILY</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Aquatic herbs; leaves long-stalked, often floating; flowers solitary,
-large; sepals 3-6; petals numerous; stamens numerous;
-carpels 8 or more.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Blue Water-Lily</span> (<i>Nymphaea elegans</i>) is a common water-lily
-along the coast of Texas and Mexico, particularly in the vicinity of
-Corpus Christi. The flowers vary from nearly white to a purplish-blue
-or lilac and are 3-6 in. broad. The floating leaves, about 7 in.
-broad, are dark purple below and nearly round; sometimes they have a
-few scattered teeth on the margins. The blooms last 3 days, opening
-about 8 o&rsquo;clock in the morning and closing shortly after noon.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Yellow Water-Lily</span> (<i>Nymphaea flava</i>) is a yellow-flowered water-lily
-found on the Texas and Florida coasts. The sweet-scented white
-water-lily is abundant in the southeastern part of the state.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Spatter Dock.</span> <span class="sc">Yellow Pond Lily</span> (<i>Nuphar advena</i>), with yellow
-cup-shaped flowers 2-3 in. broad, is the common water-lily of slow
-streams and ponds throughout the state and ranges to Labrador,
-Florida, and Utah.</p>
-<p>The water-lilies form an important food and cover for fish; ducks
-and muskrats feed upon the many seeds produced.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div>
-<h3>CROWFOOT FAMILY (Ranunculaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig26">
-<img src="images/p014a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">SOUTHERN ANEMONE</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Perennials, annuals, or climbing soft-wooded plants; sepals 3
-to many; petals few to many; stamens and carpels usually many.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Southern Anemone</span> or <span class="sc">Windflower</span> (<i>Anemone decapetala</i>) has
-10-20 sepals which resemble petals, varying from a greenish white and
-pink to the common pale purplish-blue. The plants are commonly
-low, about 6 in. high in flower, with a few leaves growing from a tuberous
-root. The leaves are 3-parted, the segments lobed and toothed.
-The anemone is the Texas harbinger of spring, appearing in late January,
-February, or March on plains and prairies, and in the chaparral.
-It ranges from the Southern United States to South America. The
-Carolina anemone, with bluer flowers and more finely-divided leaves,
-is abundant in the woods of East Texas.</p>
-<p>The crowfoot or real buttercup family (the yellow evening primrose
-is also called buttercup) is considered by most botanists as the plant
-family from which other plants have been derived. In many the
-fruits look very much like the fruit head of the arrowleaf. The columbine
-is a member of this family frequently cultivated in the gardens
-of the state, but the few native ones are not very abundant.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig27">
-<img src="images/p015.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">WHITE LARKSPUR<span class="hst"> CAROLINA LARKSPUR</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">White Larkspur</span> (<i>Delphinium albescens</i>) is the common larkspur
-of prairies and plains of Texas and ranges to Southern Canada. In
-Texas it blooms most abundantly in May. The white flowers resemble
-rabbit faces and are tinged with green and purple. It is the
-bane of ranchmen, for it is poisonous to cattle.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Carolina Larkspur</span> (<i>Delphinium carolinianum</i>) commonly has
-lovely deep blue flowers, though white forms may be found. It is
-very abundant in East Texas in March and April, growing 1&frac12;-2 ft.
-high. The plants have few leaves, and these are 3-5 parted, each part
-being divided into narrow linear lobes. It is very much like the Texas
-larkspur (<i>Delphinium vimineum</i>), which has blue or white flowers,
-grows taller, and is more leafy than the Carolina larkspur.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;Delphinium&rdquo; is derived from the Latin meaning &ldquo;dolphin,&rdquo; so-called
-because of the resemblance of the spurred flowers to a dolphin.
-The common garden larkspur is native to Southern Europe. Some
-of the larkspurs furnish drugs.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig28">
-<img src="images/p015a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">LARGE BUTTERCUP</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Large Buttercup</span> (<i>Ranunculus macranthus</i>) has handsome, golden-yellow
-flowers about 2 in. broad. There are 10-15 broad yellow petals
-which are longer than the sepals and have a nectar pit at their base.
-The leaves are mainly basal, long-stalked, and divided into wedge-shaped
-lobes. It ranges from Central to Southwestern Texas and is
-most abundant in April. It is a plant which does well in cultivation
-but requires plenty of water; it blooms in the shade better than most
-garden plants.</p>
-<p>Many of the buttercups grow in marshy places, a fact which is
-responsible for the old Latin name meaning &ldquo;little frog.&rdquo; Many different
-kinds are found along roadside ditches and in marshy places in
-East Texas. Some members of the crowfoot family, including the
-wood-anemone and the marsh marigold, common in the Northern
-States but not native to Texas, yield poisonous honey.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig29">
-<img src="images/p016.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="596" />
-<p class="caption">OLD MAN&rsquo;S BEARD</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Drummond&rsquo;s Virgin&rsquo;s Bower.</span> <span class="sc">Old Man&rsquo;s Beard</span> (<i>Clematis drummondii</i>)
-is a vine growing in great profusion, covering shrubs and
-fences from Central Texas to Arizona and Mexico. The 4 petal-like
-sepals are pale greenish-yellow, almost white, narrow and thin with
-margins somewhat crinkled, about &frac12; in. long. The flowers bloom in
-the summer, being inconspicuous among the branching leafy stems.
-The stamen-bearing flowers are on a separate vine from the seed-producing
-flowers. The seeds mature in a few weeks, and soon the
-vine is covered with iridescent masses of silky, feathery plumes, 2-4
-in. long, which grow out from the seed cover. These plumes are
-elongated, persistent styles and are responsible for many common
-names given to the vine, including grandfather&rsquo;s beard, gray beard,
-goat&rsquo;s beard, and love-in-the-mist.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Western Virgin&rsquo;s Bower</span> (<i>Clematis ligusticifolia</i>), with white
-flowers and leaves with 5-7 leaflets, has been reported from the mountains
-of West Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig30">
-<img src="images/p016a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="594" />
-<p class="caption">SCARLET CLEMATIS<span class="hst"> PURPLE LEATHER FLOWER</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Leather Flower.</span> <span class="sc">Scarlet Clematis</span> (<i>Clematis texensis</i>)
-has maroon or scarlet bell-shaped flowers about 1 in. long. It is a
-climbing vine found along streams in Central Texas, growing 6-10 or
-more feet high. The leaves are thickened, entire or lobed, ovate to
-rounded. This clematis is a hardy climber, well known in cultivation,
-giving rise to many hybrids when crossed with the marsh leather
-flower (<i>Clematis crispa</i>), which is a low climber, 3-4 ft. high, with
-lavender bell-shaped flowers. The leather flowers have no petals, the
-showy bells being made up of 4 thickened sepals. The flattened fruits
-grow in head-like clusters about an inch thick and have plumose tails
-1-2 in. long.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Purple Leather Flower</span> (<i>Clematis pitcheri</i>), together with the
-marsh leather flower, is often called blue bell. Except in color, the
-flower is very much like the scarlet clematis. The leaflets are more
-frequently 3-lobed, and the tails on the fruits are silky but not plumose.
-It grows in damp woods from Indiana to Mexico, beginning to bloom
-in Texas in April and continuing into the summer.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div>
-<h3>BARBERRY FAMILY (Berberidaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig31">
-<img src="images/p017.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">AGARITA</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Herbs or shrubs; leaves simple or compound; sepals 6, similar
-to petals; petals 6; stamens 6, irritable, opening by valves; ovary
-1-celled; fruit a berry.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Agarita.</span> <span class="sc">Texas Barberry</span> (<i>Berberis trifoliolata</i>), known also as
-agrito (meaning &ldquo;little sour&rdquo;), chaparral berry, and wild currant, is
-an evergreen shrub forming an important part of the chaparral in the
-central and southwestern parts of the state and adjacent Mexico.
-The thick gray-green leaves are divided into three leaflets which have
-3-7 lobes ending in sharp spines. The stiff spreading branches form a
-compact shrub 4-5 feet high.</p>
-<p>The clusters of fragrant flowers are among the first spring blossoms
-to appear in late February and March. With 6 spreading yellow
-sepals and 6 yellow petals forming a cup around the stamens and
-pistil, the small flowers are somewhat like those of the narcissus. The
-acid berries ripen in May and June, being used for jellies and wines;
-the flowers are an important source of nectar; and the wood and roots
-furnish a yellow dye which was used by Indians and pioneers.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">May Apple.</span> <span class="sc">Mandrake</span> (<i>Podophyllum peltatum</i>) is abundant in
-moist woods in East Texas. The white flower growing in the fork of
-the stem is overtopped by the two umbrella-shaped leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div>
-<h3>MOONSEED FAMILY (Menispermaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig32">
-<img src="images/p017a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="593" />
-<p class="caption">MOONSEED VINE</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Usually twining shrubs or small trees; flowers small, unisexual
-and perfect; sepals 6; petals 6, or absent; stamens 6-12; carpels
-3-6; fruit berry-like, 1-seeded.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Moonseed Vine</span> (<i>Cebatha Carolina</i>) is a vine with clusters of small
-red berries. It is very abundant throughout the state in woods and
-on fences, ranging north to Kansas and Virginia. It is also called
-coral-bead, margil, coral-vine, and red-berried moonseed. &ldquo;Cebatha,&rdquo;
-from the Greek, alludes to its climbing habit, while &ldquo;moonseed&rdquo; refers
-to the curved seed of the fleshy red berries which ripen in the fall and
-remain on the vines long after the leaves have fallen. The small white
-flowers bloom during the summer and fall. The leaves are quite variable,
-sometimes entire and sometimes distinctly 3-lobed and rarely
-5-lobed, being smooth above and downy beneath.</p>
-<p>The berries of the Indian moonseed contain an acrid poison which is
-used by the Chinese in catching fish, as it will temporarily stun or intoxicate
-the fish.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div>
-<h3>POPPY FAMILY (Papaveraceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig33">
-<img src="images/p018.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">ROSE PRICKLY POPPY</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Annuals or perennials with colored juice; sepals 2-3; petals
-4-6, rarely more or wanting; stamens numerous; carpels 2 or
-more united; capsules opening by valves or pores.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Rose Prickly Poppy</span> (<i>Argemone rosea</i>) is one of the loveliest flowers
-of South Texas. It is very abundant along the Rio Grande, extending
-into Mexico and northward almost to San Antonio. The large flowers
-vary in color from pale pink to rose and purple-rose and are more
-cup-shaped than the white-flowered species. It has gray-green leaves
-conspicuously blotched with white along the midribs, the slightly wavy
-margins being armed with sharp spines. Like other prickly poppies,
-the flowers have 6 petals, the 3 outer a little different in shape from
-the 3 inner, and an orange-colored sap. Long considered a variety of
-the western prickly poppy (<i>Argemone platyceras</i>), which has very
-spiny leaves and stems and white flowers, it may readily be separated
-because of its seed-pods, which are about 2 in. long and decidedly
-broader above the middle.</p>
-<p><i>Argemone</i> is from the Greek meaning an eye disease, supposedly
-cured by the plant. The opium poppy (<i>Papaver somniferum</i>) has
-been widely planted in gardens, and has escaped in places in the state.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_33">33</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig34">
-<img src="images/p018a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">ROUGH-STEMMED PRICKLY POPPY</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Rough-Stemmed</span> or <span class="sc">White Prickly Poppy</span> (<i>Argemone hispida</i>)
-is a bushy, leafy-stemmed plant growing about 2-3 ft. high. It is
-distinguished from several other very abundant white-flowered poppies
-by the fact that it has rough hairs as well as spines on the stem.
-The flowers as a rule are larger, often being 4-6 inches broad. The
-unusual sepals of the prickly poppies should be noted, as they sometimes
-cause the flower buds to be confused with the fruits. There
-are usually 3 sepals, which are horned or hooded, armed with spines,
-and snugly overlapping each other by a narrow margin. In the rough-stemmed
-prickly poppy the horns are large and triangular in shape.
-It ranges from Texas to Kansas and California.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Prickly Poppy</span> (<i>Argemone delicatula</i>) is not so branched
-or leafy and has flowers somewhat smaller, 2&frac12;-3 in. broad. The stigmas
-are purple instead of red, and the capsules are less than an inch
-long. This poppy grows in dry soil in Central Texas. The prickly
-poppies bloom most profusely in April, but scattered blooms appear
-throughout the summer and fall.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig35">
-<img src="images/p019.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">YELLOW PRICKLY POPPY</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Yellow Prickly Poppy.</span> <span class="sc">Mexican Poppy</span> (<i>Argemone mexicana</i>)
-is a common weed in tropical America, extending into Southwest
-Texas in the vicinity of Laredo and Del Rio, and has been introduced
-into many other countries. It is also called bird-in-the-bush, devil&rsquo;s
-fig, flowering or Jamaica thistle, and Mexican thorn poppy. It has
-smaller flowers than the white and rose prickly poppies. It blooms
-in Texas in March and April and throughout the summer if the stems
-are cut. For cut flowers, the stems should be burned immediately upon
-gathering; otherwise the flowers soon wither.</p>
-<p>The seeds of the Mexican poppy are valued for the painter&rsquo;s oil
-obtained from them. The oil from the seeds is also said to act as a
-mild cathartic, the plant otherwise possessing emetic, anodyne, and
-narcotic properties.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div>
-<h3>FUMITORY FAMILY (Fumariaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig36">
-<img src="images/p019a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">GOLDEN CORYDALIS<span class="hst"> TEXAS CORYDALIS</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves usually much divided; sepals 2; petals 4 in 2 series,
-outer usually spurred, the 2 inner usually crested and united;
-stamens 4 or 6; seeds shining.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Golden Corydalis.</span> <span class="sc">Plains Scrambled-Eggs</span> (<i>Capnoides montanum</i>)
-is a common plant throughout the central and western parts
-of the state, ranging to Arizona and Montana, and blooming in Texas
-with the earlier spring flowers in March and April. By some botanists
-it is placed in the <i>Corydalis</i> group, which was named because of the
-resemblance of the flower spur to that of a lark. The pods are about
-an inch long, and the seeds are black, smooth, and shining. The short-podded
-scrambled-eggs (<i>Capnoides crystallinum</i>) comes into the northern
-part of the state from Kansas and Missouri. The pods are over
-half an inch long, about &frac14; in. broad, and covered with blisters.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Corydalis</span> or <span class="sc">Scrambled-Eggs</span> (<i>Capnoides curvisiliquum</i>)
-grows in the sandy regions of the state. It is usually a more bushy
-plant than the preceding ones, with longer 4-angled pods.</p>
-<p>Dutchman&rsquo;s breeches (<i>Dicentra cucullaria</i>), so called because of the
-shape of the flower, does not come into the state. The plant in Texas
-which is called Dutchman&rsquo;s breeches from the shape of the seed case
-is <i>Thamnosma texana</i>, a member of the rue family.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div>
-<h3>MUSTARD FAMILY (Cruciferae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig37">
-<img src="images/p020.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">WHITLOW-GRASS<span class="hst"> PEPPERGRASS</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Annual or perennial herbs; sepals 4; petals 4, standing opposite
-each other in a square cross; stamens, 4 long and 2 short; fruit
-a special pod called a silique.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Wedge-Leaved Whitlow-Grass</span> (<i>Draba cuneifolia</i>) is so small that
-it might be overlooked if it bloomed at any other time than early
-spring. Growing from a cluster of basal leaves, the stems are topped
-by the cluster of small, alyssum-like flowers. It grows throughout the
-Southern United States and Mexico.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Alyssum-Flowered Peppergrass</span> (<i>Lepidium alyssoides</i>) is a low
-bushy perennial plant with numerous clusters of small white flowers.
-It grows in the western part of the state, ranging to Arizona and
-Colorado. Many other peppergrasses are found in the state, some
-with inconspicuous flowers, but all having the small, flat, roundish
-seed-pod which is usually notched above. The foliage and pods have
-an aromatic-peppery flavor. In some species the leaves are used for
-salad and the seeds for bird food, but the seeds from some native
-species have been fed to canaries with fatal results.</p>
-<p>The mustard family is a large group well represented in Texas
-among the early spring flowers and includes many of our vegetables,
-such as mustard, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, and water-cress.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig38">
-<img src="images/p020a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="603" />
-<p class="caption">TANSY MUSTARD<span class="hst"> SLENDER BLADDER-POD</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Tansy Mustard</span> (<i>Sophia pinnata</i>) grows in dry soil across the continent,
-blooming in Texas in March and April. The narrow pods are
-about half an inch long, erect or ascending. The flowers are small,
-the petals yellow. In the southern part of the state it is very abundant
-and grows 2-3 ft. high. The name was given because of medicinal
-properties accredited to the plant.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Slender Bladder-Pod.</span> <span class="sc">Cloth-of-Gold</span> (<i>Lesquerella gracilis</i>) can be
-recognized by its bladder-like pods, which are responsible for its common
-name of pop-weed. The yellow petals are narrowed at the base and
-streaked with orange. The first flush of yellow on plains and prairies
-is usually due to the bladder-pods. There are more than 20 species in
-the state, most of them being very abundant. The scientific name is
-in honor of Leo Lesquereux, a Swiss and American botanist.</p>
-<p>The western wall-flower (<i>Erysimum asperum</i>), which grows in
-sandy areas in West Texas, is one of the showiest yellow mustards in
-the state. Several large-flowered purple mustards are common, including
-<i>Streptanthus bracteatus</i>.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig39">
-<img src="images/p021.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">GREGGIA<span class="hst"> SPECTACLE-POD</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Greggia</span> (<i>Greggia camporum</i>) is a white-flowered mustard which
-looks like the yellow western wall-flower. The flowers are about half
-an inch broad and sometimes tinged with purple. The stems are about
-a foot high and almost concealed by the broad gray-green leaves. The
-woolly pods are narrow, flattened, and about half an inch long. It is
-one of the commonest flowers in Southwestern Texas, blooming in
-April, May, and June.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Spectacle-Pod</span> (<i>Dithyraea wislizeni</i>) is a common plant on sandhills
-and gravelly mesas in Western Texas and ranges to Utah and Mexico.
-Any one seeing the seed pods will think that the common name is
-most appropriate. The plants grow 1-2 ft. high and are topped by
-the showy clusters of white flowers. The leaves and flowers are very
-much like those of greggia, but the fruits easily distinguish them. It
-was first collected by Wislizenus in New Mexico in 1846.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div>
-<h3>PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY (Sarraceniaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig40">
-<img src="images/p021a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">YELLOW PITCHER-PLANT</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Herbs with tubular leaves; flowers nodding; sepals 4-5; petals
-5, or absent; stamens numerous; style often umbrella-like; ovary
-3-5-celled.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Yellow Pitcher-Plant.</span> <span class="sc">Trumpet-Leaf</span> (<i>Sarracenia sledgei</i>) is
-also called trumpets, water-cup, watches, and biscuits. The last two
-names are suggestive of the broad, umbrella-shaped structure bearing
-the stigmas and occupying the center of the flower. The other names
-refer to the tubular, ribbed, trumpet-shaped leaves. The flowers are
-drooping at maturity, with 5 fiddle-shaped yellow petals and 5 shorter
-yellow sepals tinged with brown or red. It grows in swamps from
-East Texas to Alabama and is quite similar to the eastern <i>Sarracenia
-flava</i>. April-May.</p>
-<p>The pitcher-plant is a most efficient collector of insects. The upper
-part of the leaf bends over, forming a lid whose inner surface is covered
-with minute honey-glands attractive to insects. The upper part of the
-tube is smooth, affording little foothold and causing the insect to fall
-into and drown in the sticky fluid given off in the lower part of the
-tube. Downwardly directed hairs prevent his escape. After a time his
-body is dissolved and absorbed by the plant. An overdose of animal
-food causes the browning and decay of the leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div>
-<h3>ORPINE FAMILY (Crassulaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig41">
-<img src="images/p022.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="609" />
-<p class="caption">PRAIRIE STONECROP</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Usually succulent herbs; leaves opposite or alternate; sepals
-4-5; petals 4-5; stamens 5 or 10; carpels 4-5, free.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie</span> or <span class="sc">Nuttall&rsquo;s Stonecrop</span> (<i>Sedum nuttallianum</i>) is an annual
-with forking branches covered with small yellow star-like flowers. The
-succulent leaves are short and rounded. The sedums are characterized
-by 4-5 sepals and petals, 8-10 stamens, and 4-5 small spreading seedcases.
-The prairie stonecrop grows in dry, open places from Missouri
-to Texas and blooms from April to June. It makes an excellent
-carpeting plant when used in sunny places.</p>
-<p>The stonecrop belongs to a large group of plants, including live-forever
-and many other cultivated favorites, most of which are used for
-rockeries. Wright&rsquo;s stonecrop (<i>Sedum wrightii</i>) is a white-flowered
-plant, very much like the prairie stonecrop, found in the mountains in
-the western part of the state, New Mexico, and Mexico. Sedum is
-from the Latin meaning &ldquo;to sit&rdquo; and refers to the low growth habit.
-In the same family are included the house-leeks, some of which are
-known as hen-and-chickens, or old-man-and-woman, because of the detached
-offshoots which form new plants.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div>
-<h3>ROSE FAMILY (Rosaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig42">
-<img src="images/p022a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">WHITE PRAIRIE ROSE</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves simple or compound, stipules
-present; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens numerous; carpels 1 or more;
-sepals and petals borne on rim of calyx-tube.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">White Prairie Rose</span> or <span class="sc">Woods&rsquo; Rose</span> (<i>Rosa woodsii</i>) at first glance
-may be confused with the dewberry because of the low, bushy creeping
-stems and similar white flowers. The stems are 1-3 ft. high and are
-armed with straight prickles, usually in pairs; the leaves have 5-9
-oval leaflets &frac12;-1&frac12; in. long. The flowers bloom in late May and
-early June, the dark red globe-shaped hips maturing in the late summer
-and fall. It may be found from Texas to Minnesota and Colorado.
-The white flowers are commonly two inches broad and very much like
-those of the McCartney rose, but it is more closely related to the
-cinnamon rose.</p>
-<p>The McCartney rose (<i>Rosa bracteata</i>), early introduced from China
-into the Southern States and planted for windbreaks, is still very
-abundant on the coastal prairie, often forming great mounds about
-10 ft. high. The thick evergreen leaves are divided into 5-9 oval
-leaflets, which are bright green and shining above. The sepals and the
-broadened portion of the stem below the white flower are densely silky.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig43">
-<img src="images/p023.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="604" />
-<p class="caption">PINK PRAIRIE ROSE</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Pink Prairie Rose</span> or <span class="sc">Climbing Rose</span> (<i>Rosa setigera</i>) has climbing
-branches 6-15 ft. long with straight scattered prickles. The leaves
-are divided into 3-5 leaflets which are sharply pointed and 1-3 in.
-long. The showy pink flowers, 2 in. broad, grow in terminal clusters.
-This plant is considered one of the finest foods and covers for quail,
-grouse, and other birds. Native from Ontario to Texas and Florida,
-it is a hardy climber which has been widely introduced into other
-places, Baltimore Belle being one of the early cultivated forms. It is
-particularly abundant in Texas in the vicinity of Tyler, blooming in
-late May and June.</p>
-<p>The wild roses are fairly rare in the state, but many cultivated roses
-are grown. Tyler has recently become a center of rose-growing, and
-carloads of rose plants are shipped throughout the United States. The
-scientific name retains the ancient Latin name.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig44">
-<img src="images/p023a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">SOUTHERN DEWBERRY</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Southern Dewberry</span> (<i>Rubus trivialis</i>) has large white flowers very
-much like those of the wild rose, but the petals are narrower, particularly
-at the base. The fruit is a head of small, fleshy-seeded fruits,
-purplish-black when ripe. The flowers bloom in March and early
-April, the sweet and palatable berries ripening in the latter part of
-April. The plant is an evergreen shrub with trailing or low climbing
-stems, 10-15 ft. long, heavily armed with prickles. Fences along the
-roadside are often covered with dense masses of the stems.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Bush Blackberry</span> (<i>Rubus argutus</i>) grows in moist woods in East
-Texas and on through the Gulf States to New Jersey. The stems are
-3-4 ft. high, the branches erect. The flowers are white and grow in
-thick clusters. The berries are somewhat dry, oblong, and edible, but
-not very palatable.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div>
-<h3>MIMOSA FAMILY (Mimosaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig45">
-<img src="images/p024.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">HUISACHE (Pronounced <i>wee satch</i>)</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Usually trees or shrubs; leaves mostly twice pinnate; flowers
-small, in heads or spikes; sepals 5, calyx tubular; petals 5; stamens
-5 or more; ovary 1-celled; fruit a pod.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Huisache</span> (<i>Acacia farnesiana</i>), also known as opoponax, popinac,
-cassie, and sweet acacia, is a tropical shrub or small tree native to the
-Americas but widely introduced in other countries. The wide-spreading,
-graceful trees are almost evergreen, as the leaves are not shed
-before new ones appear unless affected by the cold. The slender,
-sharp spines occur in pairs at the base of the fern-like leaves, which
-are dark green and have 2-5 pairs of divisions with 10-25 pairs of
-narrow leaflets about &frac14; in. long. The ball-like clusters of deep-yellow
-fragrant flowers usually appear before the leaves. The clusters are
-over half an inch broad, the many tubular flowers bearing numerous
-stamens, which give a feathery appearance to the clusters.</p>
-<p>Various products from the trees are in use in many countries&mdash;forage
-from leaves, honey and perfume from the flowers, tannin from the
-bark and fruit, ink from the fruit, and medicinal products from nearly
-every part. In Southern Texas it is highly valued as a honey crop,
-the flowers blooming from February to April as a rule, but occasionally
-as early as December.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig46">
-<img src="images/p024a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="595" />
-<p class="caption">MESQUITE</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Mesquite</span> (<i>Prosopis juliflora glandulosa</i>) is found on prairies
-throughout the state but grows luxuriantly in the southwestern part.
-In moister regions it is a graceful tree with lacy yellow-green leaves
-and is armed with stout, vicious spines over an inch long, but in the
-drier regions it is a spreading shrub with large underground roots
-which Mexicans dig up for fuel. Spikes of greenish-white or cream
-flowers appear at intervals during the warm months. Long beans,
-4-8 in. long, soon turning pale yellow, mature in a few weeks. The
-leaves have 2 or 4 widely spreading divisions and commonly bear
-6-15 pairs of leaflets about 1 in. long.</p>
-<p>Like the huisache, the mesquite has many uses. The beans are
-edible, the pulp containing 25-30 per cent grape sugar. The Indians
-used the beans for a food, first grinding them into meal in holes in
-the rocks. They form a valuable stock food in Hawaii, where the trees
-have been introduced. The wood is hard and takes an excellent polish,
-but is chiefly used for fence-posts, railroad ties, fuel, and paving
-blocks. The honey produced from the flowers is not so good as
-huisache honey nor is so much produced.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig47">
-<img src="images/p025.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">PINK SENSITIVE BRIAR</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Pink Sensitive Briar</span> (<i>Leptoglottis uncinata</i>) is also called pink
-mimosa and shame-vine, the latter name being given because of the
-leaf&rsquo;s habit of closing when touched. The vines sprawl on the ground,
-growing out 2-4 ft. They are densely covered with small, recurved
-prickles. The leaves are divided as in other mimosas, having 4-8
-pairs of divisions each bearing 8-15 pairs of short leaflets. The small,
-fragrant pink flowers are borne in dense heads. The pods are nearly
-round, densely covered with spines, and about 1&frac12; in. long. It grows
-in dry soil from Virginia to Mexico, blooming in Texas in April and
-May.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Yellow Sensitive Briar</span> (<i>Neptunia lutea</i>) is very much like the
-pink briar but has oblong heads of yellow flowers. The pods are
-smooth and flat and markedly narrowed at the base. The yellow briar
-grows in sandy soil from Oklahoma and Texas to Florida, blooming in
-June.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div>
-<h3>SENNA FAMILY (Cassiaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig48">
-<img src="images/p025a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="594" />
-<p class="caption">TEXAS REDBUD</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs; leaves usually once or twice
-pinnate; flowers mostly showy; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens mostly
-10; ovary 1-celled; fruit a pod.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Redbud</span> (<i>Cercis reniformis</i>) is one of the handsomest shrubs
-of the limestone hill region of Texas and New Mexico. The pea-shaped
-flowers appear on last year&rsquo;s wood in February or March, often
-remaining lovely for a month before the leaves appear. The leaves are
-a glossy green above, rounded and sometimes deeply notched or
-kidney-shaped (reniform), and usually 3-4 in. broad. The clusters of
-numerous red seed-pods are very conspicuous in the summer and autumn.
-The flat pods have a narrow wing on one side and are pointed
-at both ends, 2&frac12;-3 in. long and over &frac12; in. broad.</p>
-<p>The Canadian or eastern redbud is found in the northern and eastern
-part of the state. It has smaller flowers and very pointed leaves.
-The western redbud grows in the mountainous region of the state and
-has similar leaves but smaller flowers.</p>
-<p>The Asiatic redbud is called Judas-tree because Judas is supposed
-to have hanged himself from one of the trees. Redbud flowers, served
-either fried or pickled for salads, are sometimes eaten by people. It
-is an excellent shrub or small tree for highway and garden planting.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig49">
-<img src="images/p026.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="596" />
-<p class="caption">TWO-LEAVED SENNA</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Two-Leaved Senna</span> (<i>Cassia roemeriana</i>) gets its common name from
-the two spreading leaflets into which the leaf is divided. They are
-1-2 in. long and have a slender stalk about the same length. The
-stems are commonly about 8-12 in. high, growing from a woody perennial
-root. The sparsely-flowered clusters of yellow flowers appear
-from spring until fall. The seed-pods are about an inch long and
-half an inch wide. This senna is very abundant from Central Texas
-into Mexico and New Mexico. It bears the name of Roemer, a
-geologist sent from Germany to study the geology of the grant made
-to the German colonists at New Braunfels. He was in Texas from
-1845 to 1847, visited and botanized with Lindheimer at New Braunfels,
-and carried many new Texas plants back to Germany.</p>
-<p>The senna group is very large and mainly tropical in distribution,
-many species being noted for medicinal properties. The coffee senna
-(<i>Cassia occidentalis</i>) and the American senna (<i>Cassia marilandica</i>)
-are common weeds in the eastern part of the state. The velvet-leaved
-or Lindheimer&rsquo;s senna grows in the western part of the state.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig50">
-<img src="images/p026a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">PARTRIDGE PEA</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Partridge Pea.</span> <span class="sc">Prairie Senna</span> (<i>Chamaecrista fasciculata</i>) is also
-called large-flowered sensitive pea, dwarf cassia, and magoty-boy-bean.
-It blooms in the summer months and is very abundant in sandy soil
-in Central and Eastern Texas, ranging to Mexico and the northern
-part of the United States. The oblong leaves have 8-14 pairs of linear
-leaflets and a conspicuous orange or brown gland near the base. The
-flowers have five yellow petals, somewhat unequal and irregular in
-shape. Several buds grow on a short stalk between the leaves, but
-usually only one flower on the stalk opens at a time. It is an erect
-annual plant growing about 2&frac12; feet high and often widely branched
-above. The pods are flattened, about &frac14; in. wide and 2 in. long.</p>
-<p>Several shrubs of the senna family are popular in Texas gardens,
-among them the bird-of-paradise (<i>Poinciana gilliesii</i>). It is a South
-American plant with showy yellow flowers which have 10 long brilliant
-red stamens protruding 3-5 inches from the flower.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig51">
-<img src="images/p027.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">RETAMA. HORSE BEAN</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Retama.</span> <span class="sc">Horse Bean</span> (<i>Parkinsonia aculeata</i>) is also known as
-Jerusalem-thorn, shower-of-gold, and palo verde, the latter meaning
-&ldquo;green timber&rdquo; from the green trunk and branches. It forms a spiny
-shrub or small tree with long, graceful, somewhat drooping branches,
-bearing bundles of leaves and sprays of yellow flowers. The long
-divided leaves are somewhat unusual. The leaf-stalks are green,
-broad, and flattened, performing the functions of the small leaflets
-which often drop off quite early. The 5 yellow petals are almost
-equal, but one bears a honey gland at its base and soon becomes red,
-remaining on the stalk longer than the others. The pods are 3-5 in.
-long, very narrow and constricted between the seeds. It ranges from
-Central Texas to Mexico and tropical America, bearing a profusion
-of blooms through the warm months after rains.</p>
-<p>Besides being a very ornamental shrub of value in landscaping, the
-plant has various other uses. The seeds are edible and have long been
-used as food by Indians, Mexicans, and many animals. Mrs. Quillin,
-author of <i>Texas Wild Flowers</i>, reports the use in the treatment of diabetes
-of a tea the Mexicans make from the branches and leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_51">51</div>
-<h3>KRAMERIA FAMILY (Krameriaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig52">
-<img src="images/p027a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">PRAIRIE SAND-BUR</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Shrubs or perennials, leaves small; flowers irregular; sepals
-4-5, petal-like; petals 4-5, smaller than sepals; stamens 3-4, united
-at base; fruit woody, armed with spines.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie Sand-Bur.</span> <span class="sc">Linear-Leaved Krameria</span> (<i>Krameria lanceolata</i>)
-is not the sand-bur of the grass family with which all children of
-the South are familiar; however, the burs are just as spiny, but are
-densely covered with white hairs. The flowers and short silky leaves
-grow on prostrate branches from a thick woody root. The 5 wine-red
-sepals may be mistaken for the petals which are smaller than the
-sepals and tinged with green, the 3 upper being united. The flowers
-are about an inch broad. The plant is not conspicuous but is quite
-abundant in dry, rocky soil from Kansas to Mexico, blooming from
-April to June.</p>
-<p>Several shrubby kramerias grow in the southwestern part of the
-state. The name is in honor of an Austrian physician, Johann Kramer.
-Medicinal properties are reported for some of the species.</p>
-<p>Chacate (<i>Kameria grayi</i>) is a densely branched shrub, 1-3 ft. high,
-with purple flowers. The bark of the root is used by Mexicans in
-dyeing leather a reddish-brown. It is found in the mountains of West
-Texas and Mexico.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div>
-<h3>PEA FAMILY (Fabaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig53">
-<img src="images/p028.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">TEXAS MOUNTAIN LAUREL</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves simple or compound; flowers pea-shaped; sepals 5,
-united in a tube; petals 5; stamens often 10 and united in 1 or 2
-groups; fruit a 1-celled pod.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Mountain Laurel</span> (<i>Sophora secundiflora</i>) is an evergreen
-shrub or small tree growing on limestone hillsides from Texas to New
-Mexico and Mexico; it is particularly abundant in Southwest-Central
-Texas. The dense clusters of violet-blue flowers, at their best in the
-latter part of March but blooming earlier or later in different sections,
-are very showy against the glossy dark-green, leathery leaves. Many
-variations in color exist in nature from dark violet-blue to violet-tinged
-and white. The flowers have a strong, heavy scent which is disagreeable
-to most people. The brilliant scarlet beans, which mature in a
-few weeks, contain a poisonous alkaloid.</p>
-<p>The Texas mountain laurel is not at all related to the southern
-mountain laurel (<i>Kalmia latifolia</i>), a rose-flowered shrub of the heath
-family. The sophoras have retained the Arabian name and include
-in their group many handsome ornamental shrubs, among which is
-the Japan pagoda tree. The Texas sophora can be readily grown
-from seed but is seldom successfully transplanted.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig54">
-<img src="images/p028a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">BUSH PEA</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Bush Pea.</span> <span class="sc">Large-Bracted False Indigo</span> (<i>Baptisia bracteata</i>) is
-sometimes called hen-and-chickens pea from the growth habit of the
-plant. The clusters of cream-colored flowers grow downward and
-peep out from the bushy leaf-growth. The flowers are about 1 in.
-long, and the 3 gray-green leaflets are 1-3 in. long. It grows on sandy
-slopes or moist prairies from the eastern part of Texas to Minnesota
-and South Carolina, blooming in Texas in April.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Bluebonnet</span> (<i>Lupinus texensis</i>) (see <a href="#Page_i">frontispiece</a>) was widely
-known in pioneer days as buffalo clover. It grows in great abundance
-on limestone hillsides between the Brazos and Pecos Rivers from Dallas
-southward into Mexico. Seed-houses sell the Texas bluebonnet under
-the name of <i>Lupinus subcarnosus</i>, the bluebonnet of sandy areas. It
-has narrower flower spikes and rounded leaf-tips. Several other lupines
-are found in Texas but are not very common. The name is from the
-Latin meaning &ldquo;wolf,&rdquo; because it was thought the plants ruined the
-fertility of the soil. On the contrary, the lupines are excellent fertilizers,
-as the small nodules on the roots contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria
-which add to the soil nitrates. It blooms from March to early
-May. The bluebonnet was adopted as the state flower in 1901.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig55">
-<img src="images/p029.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">INDIGO-PLANT</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Indigo-Plant.</span> <span class="sc">Scarlet Pea</span> (<i>Indigofera leptosepala</i>) has prostrate
-branches growing from a woody root. The short, erect spikes of scarlet,
-pea-shaped flowers are borne near the ends of the branches, blooming
-from early spring until late summer, their blossoms forming an ever-increasing
-scarlet circle after each rain. The leaves are divided into
-5-9 leaflets, narrowed at the base and about half an inch long. A
-small amount of indigo may be extracted from the foliage. While
-this is not a very conspicuous plant, it is one of the most widely distributed
-in the state and ranges to Mexico, Kansas, and Florida.</p>
-<p>The indigo-plant belongs to a large group, mostly tropical, and
-many species, as the name indicates, are indigo-bearing. Commercial
-indigo, now a coal-tar product, was formerly obtained from a shrub
-(<i>Indigofera tinctoria</i>) introduced for cultivation into South Carolina
-in 1742. Several shrubby species of indigo-plants are found in the
-state, but none of them are very abundant.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig56">
-<img src="images/p029a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="595" />
-<p class="caption">GOLDEN DALEA<span class="hst"> PURPLE PRAIRIE CLOVER</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Golden Parosela</span> or <span class="sc">Dalea</span> (<i>Parosela aurea</i>) may not be recognized
-at first glance as a member of the pea family, since the flowers grow
-in dense clusters at the top of erect branches, 1-1&frac12; ft. high, which
-grow from a thick, woody root. The yellow flowers are small and
-pea-shaped, with a calyx which has slender, silky-plumose lobes. It
-may be found on chalky slopes of prairies from Texas to Missouri and
-South Dakota in June and July.</p>
-<p>Several shrubby paroselas, very handsome when in full bloom, are
-found in the southwestern part of the state. Purple parosela (<i>Parosela
-pogonathera</i>) is a vivid, reddish-purple flowered species of the southwestern
-part.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Purple Prairie Clover</span> (<i>Petalostemon purpurea</i>) is quite similar
-to the golden parosela in its growth habit, narrow glandular leaflets,
-and head-like flower clusters. It grows on prairies from Minnesota to
-Texas. The white prairie clover (<i>Petalostemon multiflorum</i>), with
-ball-shaped clusters of white flowers, is common on prairies from
-Kansas to Texas. Both prairie clovers bloom in June and July.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_56">56</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig57">
-<img src="images/p030.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="595" />
-<p class="caption">LARGER GROUND PLUM</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Larger Ground Plum</span> (<i>Geoprumnon mexicanum</i>) blooms with the
-first flowers of spring, forming conspicuous clumps on prairies from
-Illinois to Nebraska and Texas. The spreading prostrate branches
-grow 6-12 in. long and are covered with spike-like clusters of pale-purple
-flowers. The fleshy pods soon turn red and plum-like, maturing
-several weeks after flowering. The pods are edible and may be found
-in prairie-dog holes among the foods these animals have stored for
-the winter.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Loco Weeds</span> are closely related to the ground plum, two of them
-being found in Texas and causing much loss to stockmen. They cause
-a slow poisoning of horses, sheep, and cattle but are particularly injurious
-to horses. The poisoning is chiefly due to the barium salts in
-the plant and is characterized by symptoms of staggering, some paralysis,
-and emaciation. The woolly loco weed (<i>Astragalus mollissimus</i>)
-has woolly leaves with 19-27 oval leaflets about half an inch long and
-spikes of violet-purple flowers. The stemless loco weed (<i>Oxytropis
-lamberti)</i> has basal leaves with 9-19 nearly linear leaflets about an
-inch long. Both are common on the plains, but the latter ranges into
-Southern Canada.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig58">
-<img src="images/p030a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">TEXAS CLIMBING VETCH<span class="hst"> NUTTALL&rsquo;S MILK VETCH</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Nuttall&rsquo;s Milk Vetch.</span> <span class="sc">Turkey Pea</span> (<i>Hamosa nuttalliana</i>) is a
-low plant with few-flowered clusters of small flowers. Although it is
-inconspicuous, it is so common in yards and fields from Arkansas to
-Arizona that many people are familiar with it. It blooms in March
-in the southern part and May and June in the northern part of its
-range. The narrow pods are slightly curved and nearly an inch long.
-There are several hamosas with similar pods which are common in the
-state.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Climbing Vetch</span> (<i>Vicia texana</i>) has prostrate branches, 1-2
-ft. long, and divided leaves terminating in branched tendrils by which
-the branches climb over the low plants with which they come in contact.
-Clusters of the dainty, pale bluish-purple flowers appear in
-late March and April, the plants forming masses of bloom along
-roadsides in the sandy regions of the state from Central Texas to
-Arkansas and Mississippi.</p>
-<p>Many of the climbing vetches are planted for cover crops, and one
-is a garden bean. Many of the garden beans belong to the <i>Phaseolus</i>
-group, among these being the tepary bean (<i>Phaseolus acutifolius latifolius</i>),
-a native bean from West Texas to Arizona.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_58">58</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig59">
-<img src="images/p031.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">CORAL-BEAN</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Coral-Bean</span> (<i>Erythrina herbacea</i>) grows in woods along the coast
-from Texas to North Carolina. It has erect, herbaceous stems growing
-from a woody root. The flowers appear before the leaves in spike-like
-clusters at the ends of the branches. &ldquo;Erythrina&rdquo; is from the
-Greek, meaning &ldquo;red&rdquo; and refers to the color of the flowers, which
-are over an inch long and have the upper petal wrapped around the
-other petals. The leaves are 6-8 in. long and slender-stalked; they
-are divided into 3 broad leaflets.</p>
-<p>The coral-bean belongs to a group of highly ornamental tropical
-plants. It does well in cultivation in Southern and Central Texas but
-is not suitable for a cut-flower, as the flowers soon drop off. The red
-beans are often used for necklaces. When the pods begin to open,
-the clusters may be gathered for winter decorations. The coral-tree
-(<i>Erythrina cristagalli</i>) from Brazil is common in cultivation and has
-broader and showier flowers than the coral-bean.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_59">59</div>
-<h3>GERANIUM FAMILY (Geraniaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig60">
-<img src="images/p031a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">CRANE&rsquo;S BILL<span class="hst"> STORK&rsquo;S BILL</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves simple or compound; sepals 4-5; petals mostly 5; stamens
-5, 10, or 15, more or less united at base; carpels 3-5, prolonged
-into styles.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Crane&rsquo;s Bill.</span> <span class="sc">Texas Geranium</span> (<i>Geranium texanum</i>) is very much
-like the Carolina geranium. The small white flowers are inconspicuous,
-but the seed capsules with their long beaks resembling the crane&rsquo;s
-bill are very noticeable. The scientific name is from the Greek meaning
-&ldquo;crane.&rdquo; The Texas geranium differs from the Carolina geranium
-in having pitted seed and fewer flowers. The cultivated geraniums
-belong to the Pelargonium group.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Stork&rsquo;s Bill.</span> <span class="sc">Pine Needle</span> (<i>Erodium texanum</i>) has fruits similar
-to the Texas geranium, but the beaks are much longer, 1-2 in. long.
-The short-stalked flowers are quite showy while they are open, but
-they close in the heat of the day. The wine-red petals are marked
-with delicate purple veins. The low spreading branches are 2-12
-in. long. This plant grows on rocky limestone hillsides from Texas
-to California and blooms in April and May.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Pin-Clover.</span> <span class="sc">Filaree.</span> <span class="sc">Alfilaria</span> (<i>Erodium cicutarium</i>) has finely-divided,
-lacy leaves and small pink flowers. It is used in some places
-as a forage crop.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_60">60</div>
-<h3>FLAX FAMILY (Linaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig61">
-<img src="images/p032.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="605" />
-<p class="caption">BLUE PRAIRIE FLAX</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves simple; sepals usually 5, free or united at base; petals
-usually 5, soon falling; stamens 5, united at base; styles 3-5,
-thread-like; capsules 3-5-celled.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Blue Prairie Flax</span> (<i>Linum lewisii</i>) has lovely sky-blue flowers, 1-1&frac12;
-in. across. The petals are veined with purple and drop off in the
-heat of the day or upon being disturbed. This flax is a slender,
-branched plant with a perennial root. It is very abundant on the
-prairies in the vicinity of Ft. Worth and Dallas, blooming there in
-May, and ranges to Arizona and Southern Canada. It may grow
-1-2 ft. high, but in Texas it is often only about 8 in. high.</p>
-<p>This flax is very much like the European perennial flax (<i>Linum
-perenne</i>) and the cultivated flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i>), from which
-flax fiber is obtained. &ldquo;Linum&rdquo; is the ancient Latin name for the flax
-plants. Many of them are showy plants of horticultural importance;
-for even though the flowers last only a few hours, the plants bear a
-profusion of blooms. They are valuable for Texas gardens, as they
-do best in sunny places. Flaxes may often be identified by the dropping
-off of the petals.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_61">61</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig62">
-<img src="images/p032a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="606" />
-<p class="caption">YELLOW PRAIRIE FLAX</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Yellow Prairie Flax</span> (<i>Linum sulcatum</i>) is a leafy, much-branched
-plant, 8-16 in. tall, with large yellow petals, orange-red and veined at
-the base. The leaves are narrow, about 1 inch long. The flaxes have
-5 styles, sometimes united, as in this plant, and sometimes separate,
-but often remaining on the capsule until the seeds are shed.</p>
-<p>The yellow flaxes are sometimes separated from the blue-flowered
-ones and called <i>Cathartolinum</i>. There are many of them in the state,
-most of them so closely related that only an expert can distinguish
-them. They bloom from March until June. In the southern part
-the commonest one is the dwarf flax (<i>Linum multicaule</i>), which has its
-stems densely covered with short leaves. <i>Linum rigidum</i> is a large-flowered
-flax with stiff stems common on prairies from Texas to Southern
-Canada. It has been reported as poisonous to sheep in the Pecos
-Valley.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_62">62</div>
-<h3>WOOD-SORREL FAMILY (Oxalidaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig63">
-<img src="images/p033.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">DRUMMOND&rsquo;S WOOD-SORREL</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves digitately or pinnately divided; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens
-10, slightly united at base; ovary 5-celled; styles 5, free;
-fruit a capsule.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Drummond&rsquo;s Wood-Sorrel</span> (<i>Oxalis drummondii</i>) is also called sour-grass,
-vinegar-grass, oxalis, and violet wood-sorrel. It grows in dry
-soil from Central Texas to New Mexico, blooming in the late summer
-and fall. It has flowers like the violet wood-sorrel with similar basal
-leaves growing from a bulb. As a rule, the plants and flowers are
-larger and the leaflets are crescent-shaped. Oxalis flowers usually
-open in bright sunlight, and the leaves close at night.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Violet Wood-Sorrel</span> (<i>Oxalis violaceae</i>) is very abundant in the
-woods of East Texas and on into the Western United States. The
-plants are generally about six inches high. Children often eat the
-leaves, but a considerable quantity will cause violent convulsions. The
-poisoning is due to the presence of oxalic acid crystals, which give a
-sour taste to the leaves.</p>
-<p>The bulbs of many wood-sorrels are potted in the fall to provide
-house flowers in February and March. Drummond&rsquo;s wood-sorrel makes
-an excellent border plant.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_63">63</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig64">
-<img src="images/p033a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="603" />
-<p class="caption">YELLOW WOOD-SORREL</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Yellow Wood-Sorrel</span> (<i>Oxalis texana</i>) is a large flowered wood-sorrel
-in East Texas. The golden-yellow petals are about &frac34; in. long.
-The flower stalk is about twice the length of the stem and leaves. It
-differs from the large-flowered wood-sorrel of the Southern States
-(<i>Oxalis macrantha</i>) by having smooth instead of hairy stamen filaments.</p>
-<p>Many of the yellow wood-sorrels are common weeds throughout
-the state. There are many different species. The white or pink-flowered
-wood-sorrel (<i>Oxalis acetosella</i>) is considered by many people
-as the shamrock of Ireland; but others consider white clover (<i>Trifolium
-repens</i>) as the true shamrock.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Dichondra-Leaved Wood-Sorrel</span> (<i>Oxalis dichondraefolia</i>) is a low
-plant of Southern Texas and Mexico which has pale yellow flowers
-like the yellow wood-sorrels, but the leaflets differ in being rounded
-and entire and resemble the leaves of the dichondras (see <a href="#Page_101">page 101</a>).</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_64">64</div>
-<h3>MILKWORT FAMILY (Polygalaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig65">
-<img src="images/p034.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="592" />
-<p class="caption">PINK MILKWORT<span class="hst"> WHITE MILKWORT</span><span class="hst"> PURPLE MILKWORT</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Flowers pea-shaped; sepals 5, the 2 inner larger and often petal-like;
-petals 3 or 5, the lower concave, often fringed; stamens
-8, united, opening by apical pores; fruit a 2-celled capsule.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Pink</span> or <span class="sc">Bitter Milkwort</span> (<i>Polygala polygama</i>) is a showy-flowered
-milkwort growing in sandy woods in East Texas. It has erect branches
-with slender clusters of pink flowers about &frac14; in. long and horizontal
-branches under the soil bearing closed flowers which are self-fertilized.
-It blooms in Texas in April.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">White Milkwort</span> (<i>Polygala alba</i>) has densely-flowered spikes of
-greenish-white flowers, the buds often tinged with purple. A drug
-obtained from the dried root is used as an irritant. Like the closely
-related Seneca snake-root (<i>Polygala senega</i>), it probably contains
-saponin, which will dissolve the red blood-corpuscles. The roots of
-the latter are used in medicine to produce vomiting and as an antidote
-for snake-bite. The white milkwort is common on prairies and chalky
-slopes from Montana to Mexico from April to July.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Purple Milkwort</span> (<i>Polygala puberula</i>) grows in the mountains of
-West Texas, Arizona, and Mexico. It has much larger seed capsules
-than the two preceding. The capsule is one of the chief features for
-identifying the milkworts, being 2-celled and flattened.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_65">65</div>
-<h3>SPURGE FAMILY (Euphorbiaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig66">
-<img src="images/p034a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">BULL NETTLE</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Flowers staminate and pistillate, often borne in an involucre;
-sepals sometimes reduced or absent; petals usually absent; stamens
-1 to 1,000; styles free or united at base; fruit usually a
-3-lobed capsule.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Bull Nettle</span> (<i>Cnidoscolus texanus</i>), also called tread-softly, spurge-nettle,
-and &ldquo;mala mujer&rdquo; (bad woman), is a vicious plant thickly
-clothed with stinging hairs and bearing clusters of tubular white
-flowers quite similar to the tuberose in appearance and fragrance.
-The plants grow 2-3 ft. high. The upper flowers bear stamens, and
-the flowers in the lower forks of the cluster produce seeds. The seed-capsules
-resemble those of other members of the spurge family in
-being nearly ball-shaped and deeply three-lobed. The seeds are large,
-edible, and very palatable. The plants are very abundant in waste
-places and sandy soil from Texas to Arkansas and Oklahoma, blooming
-from late spring until fall.</p>
-<p>Some familiar commercial products are obtained from members of
-the spurge family; e.g., rubber, tapioca, and castor oil. In horticulture,
-the cactus-like spurges and the Christmas poinsettia are well-known
-favorites. The Chinese tallow-tree (<i>Sapium sebiferum</i>) is used as an
-ornamental tree, its leaves being very decorative in the fall.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_66">66</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig67">
-<img src="images/p035.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="606" />
-<p class="caption">SNOW-ON-THE-MOUNTAIN</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Snow-on-the-Mountain.</span> <span class="sc">Ghost-Weed</span> (<i>Euphorbia bicolor</i>) grows
-in great abundance on the plains of Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana,
-and Texas, being especially thick along dry creek margins. The plants
-are lovely in late August and September, their showy appearance being
-due to the green and white leaves surrounding the flower clusters.
-It bears rather unusual flowers which yield a poisonous honey. The
-green calyx-like structure is an involucre bearing numerous flowers,
-each consisting of a single stamen or pistil. Around the top of the
-involucre are 4-5 small glands each bearing a white appendage which
-is mistaken for the petals. The cultivated snow-on-the-mountain
-(<i>Euphorbia marginata</i>) has broader and shorter leaves. It is native
-on hillsides of Central Texas north to Minnesota.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Croton</span> (<i>Croton texensis</i>) is a weed, 2-3 ft. high, growing in
-conspicuous masses, particularly in the western part of the state. The
-flowers are inconspicuous among the gray-green foliage, the widely
-branched stems bearing numerous linear leaves. The fragrant leaves
-and stems from some of the crotons are gathered and dried by the
-Mexicans to use for tea or meat seasoning.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_67">67</div>
-<h3>HOLLY FAMILY (Aquifoliaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig68">
-<img src="images/p035a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="595" />
-<p class="caption">YAUPON</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Trees or shrubs, mostly evergreen; sepals 3-6; petals 4-5;
-stamens 4-5, opposite petals; carpels 3 or more; fruit a drupe.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Yaupon.</span> <span class="sc">Cassine</span> (<i>Ilex vomitoria</i>) with dark glossy evergreen
-leaves and red berries forms lovely hedges along the highways and
-fields and is scattered through woods in Central and East Texas,
-ranging to Virginia. The berries, an excellent bird food, usually remain
-on the shrubs until the small white flowers appear in late March
-or April. The plant forms a dense widely-branched shrub, which is
-of slow growth and very desirable for hedges. As the berries are produced
-on separate bushes from the pollen-bearing flowers, care should
-be taken to plant those producing berries if ornamental shrubs are
-desired. Cassine tea is made from the leaves, but it is bitter and contains
-much caffein and tannin. Like the American holly, which grows
-in East Texas, the yaupon is being exterminated for Christmas decorations.
-The deciduous holly (<i>Ilex decidua</i>) has larger leaves, which are
-shed in the early fall, and larger orange-red berries, which remain on
-the shrub or tree until late winter.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_68">68</div>
-<h3>BUCKEYE FAMILY (Aesculaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig69">
-<img src="images/p036.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">SOUTHERN BUCKEYE</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves digitate; calyx tubular, 5-lobed; petals 4-5, unequal;
-stamens 5-8, inserted on disk; capsules leathery, usually 3-celled;
-seeds large, shining.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Southern Buckeye</span> (<i>Aesculus discolor</i>) is a handsome shrub or
-small tree with showy spike-like clusters of deep red or yellow flowers.
-The yellow-flowered shrub formerly known as <i>Aesculus octandra</i> is now
-called variety <i>flavescens</i>. The finely-toothed leaves are a glossy dark
-green above and whitish beneath. The red flowers have a red tubular
-calyx and 4 red petals, and the yellow variety has all-yellow flowers.
-Seldom more than 2 large brown seed develop in the 3-lobed leathery
-capsule.</p>
-<p>The seeds and young shoots of buckeyes are usually considered
-poisonous, those of the horse chestnut (<i>Aesculus hippocastanum</i>) being
-especially so. Soap may be obtained from the roots and a black dye
-from the wood.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Western Buckeye</span> (<i>Aesculus arguta</i>) is a yellow-flowered buckeye
-with leaves divided into 7-9 leaflets. It is found along streams in the
-western part of the state north to Iowa and Missouri. The buckeyes
-bloom in March or April. They shed their leaves quite early in the
-fall and are conspicuous in the winter because of their large buds.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_69">69</div>
-<h3>MALLOW FAMILY (Malvaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig70">
-<img src="images/p036a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="606" />
-<p class="caption">INDIAN MALLOW<span class="hst"> LARGE-FLOWERED SIDA</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves mostly palmately nerved; sepals 3-5, more or less
-united; petals 5; stamens numerous, united into a column; style
-branched above.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Indian Mallow</span> (<i>Abutilon incanum</i>) is a much branched plant,
-commonly 2-4 ft. tall, with rather small ovate leaves, and yellow
-flowers nearly an inch across. It is a profuse bloomer in the summer
-and fall. Like other abutilons, it is sometimes called flowering maple
-because of the maple-like leaves, and may be easily recognized by the
-seed-capsules, which are about &frac12; inch high and divided into 7-9 cells.
-The flowers are typical of the mallow group, having 5 separate petals
-and numerous stamens united in a tube around the styles. The
-plants grow in dry soil from Arkansas to Mexico and Arizona.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Large-Flowered Sida</span> (<i>Sida texana</i>) is a common perennial plant
-in the sandy regions of South Texas. The slender, erect stems bear a
-few linear-oblong leaves, paler below, and long slender-stalked flowers.
-The flowers are pale orange-yellow and have the irregularly-lobed
-petals characteristic of the sidas.</p>
-<p>The mallow family includes the commercial plants cotton and okra,
-and numerous ornamentals, such as hibiscus, hollyhock, and althea.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_70">70</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig71">
-<img src="images/p037.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">COPPER MALLOW<span class="hst"> RED STAR-MALLOW</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Copper Mallow</span> (<i>Sph&aelig;ralcea pedatifida</i>) is often confused with the
-following mallow, but may be distinguished by its thin leaves clothed
-with a few star-shaped hairs, the 3 linear leaves (bractlets) under the
-calyx, and the seed capsules, which have one seed in each division
-completely filling the cell. Both have upper leaves divided into 5
-parts and lower leaves into 3 parts. This plant is a low, spreading
-perennial which forms clumps about 1&frac12; ft. broad. It grows in sandy
-or gravelly soil, Southwestern Texas, in April and May. Several
-copper mallows are very abundant in the Southwest.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Red Star-Mallow</span> (<i>Malvastrum coccineum</i>) also has star-shaped
-hairs on the leaves, but they are very dense and give the leaves a
-gray, scurfy appearance. The cells are usually 1-seeded with an empty
-terminal portion above. The plant is also called prairie mallow, red
-false mallow, and rose moss. It grows in low clumps, spreading or
-erect, on prairies from Texas to Southern Canada and blooms from
-May to August.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_71">71</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig72">
-<img src="images/p037a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">MEXICAN APPLE</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Mexican Apple.</span> <span class="sc">Turk&rsquo;s Cap</span> (<i>Malvaviscus drummondii</i>) is also
-called red mallow. The showy red flowers somewhat resemble a Turkish
-fez. The broad petals remain closely wrapped around one another
-at the base but spreading above; the stamen column is conspicuously
-prolonged beyond the petals. The red apple-like fruits are nearly an
-inch broad and half as high. They have a delicious flavor and may
-be eaten raw or cooked. The fruits ripen in the late summer and fall,
-a few weeks after the blooms appear. They begin to dry soon after
-ripening and split into sections, scattering the seeds which are borne
-in the center.</p>
-<p>The plants are perennial, the leafy stems branching and spreading,
-forming a clump which is commonly 2-3 feet high. Growing abundantly
-in shade along streams in the central and southern parts of the
-state and in moist woods in East Texas, it ranges from Florida to
-Mexico. It is a desirable plant for cultivation and is hardier but not
-as showy, as the large-flowered Turk&rsquo;s cap (<i>Malvaviscus grandiflora</i>),
-a Mexican plant now widely cultivated for ornamental purposes in
-South Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_72">72</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig73">
-<img src="images/p038.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">WILD HOLLYHOCK<span class="hst"> WINE CUP</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Wild Hollyhock.</span> <span class="sc">Wine Cup.</span> <span class="sc">Fringed Poppy-Mallow</span> (<i>Callirrho&euml;
-digitata</i>) grows in dry soil from Illinois and Kansas to Texas,
-blooming in Texas in April and May. It is a perennial, 1-1&frac12; ft. high,
-with smooth, erect, gray-green stems topped by the flower cluster.
-The cup-shaped flowers are on slender stalks, the lower longer than
-the upper. The upper leaves are divided into 1-3 linear divisions
-and the lower into 5-7 divisions. The petals vary in color from
-cherry-red to pink and white, often being quite fringed across the top.
-The slightly yellow stamens are borne in a dense oblong column from
-which the 10 red styles appear after the flower has been opened
-several days.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Wine Cup.</span> <span class="sc">Red Poppy-Mallow</span> (<i>Callirrho&euml; involucrata</i>) is the
-common poppy-mallow throughout the state and ranges from Minnesota
-to Mexico, a solitary flower standing erect from a prostrate
-branch. The five-pointed leaves are more or less divided or lobed,
-sometimes with very linear divisions. Covering acres and acres of the
-southern coastal prairie in March and April, and more or less common
-on the drier prairies, this wine cup is a favorite flower. White and
-pink forms of it exist, but the wine-red color is predominant.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_73">73</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig74">
-<img src="images/p038a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="606" />
-<p class="caption">ROCK ROSE. PAVONIA</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Rock Rose.</span> <span class="sc">Pavonia.</span> <span class="sc">Pink Mallow</span> (<i>Pavonia lasiopetala</i>) has
-attractive, deep-pink flowers, which are broadly spreading, about 1&frac12;
-in. wide. The plant is branching and shrubby, commonly growing
-about 2 ft. high, with ovate or rounded leaves 1-2&frac12; in. long. It is
-not extremely showy but makes an excellent low shrub for the garden
-and will produce an abundance of blossoms from late spring until
-fall. It is found in dry, rocky woods from Central Texas to Mexico.</p>
-<p>Pavonia gets its name from the botanist, J. Pavon, who worked
-particularly with South American plants. Several South American
-species are in cultivation. The Texas pavonia is being introduced in
-gardens and rivals the shrubby althea as a summer bloomer, but the
-plants and flowers are much smaller.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_74">74</div>
-<h3>VIOLET FAMILY (Violaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig75">
-<img src="images/p039.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="603" />
-<p class="caption">MISSOURI VIOLET<span class="hst"> LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Small or leafy stipules on leaves; sepals 5; petals 5, the lower
-usually larger and spurred; flowers often cleistogamous; fruit
-usually a capsule.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Missouri Violet</span> (<i>Viola missouriensis</i>) grows in low grounds and
-moist woods from Missouri to Louisiana and Texas, the flowers blooming
-in Texas in March and April. They are very much like the common
-cultivated violet (<i>Viola odorata</i>) introduced from Europe.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Water</span> or <span class="sc">Lance-Leaved Violet</span> (<i>Viola lanceolata</i>) is a small violet
-found in swampy places in East Texas and north to Nova Scotia. It
-resembles the white violet, <i>Viola vittata</i>, so abundant on the Coastal
-Plain, which has narrower leaves and is taller.</p>
-<p>About twenty different violets have been reported from the state,
-mostly from the eastern part. The bird&rsquo;s-foot violet (<i>Viola pedata</i>)
-comes into East Texas. It has large flowers, 1-1&frac34; in. across, the 3
-lower petals much lighter than the dark purple upper ones. It resembles
-the cultivated pansy, which, however, has been derived from <i>Viola
-tricolor</i> of Great Britain. The native violets bloom from February
-to May.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_75">75</div>
-<h3>LOASA FAMILY (Loasaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig76">
-<img src="images/p040.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">PRAIRIE-LILY<span class="hst"> STIFF NUTTALLIA</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Usually herbs which are clothed with rough, bristly hairs; sepals
-usually 5, calyx tube joined to ovary; petals usually 5; stamens
-numerous, the outer petal-like; ovary inferior.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie-Lily.</span> <span class="sc">Showy Mentzelia</span> (<i>Mentzelia decapetala</i>) is a
-handsome-flowered plant which ranges from the Panhandle to Southern
-Canada. The large flowers, 3-5 inches across, greatly resemble those
-of the cactus group and have the same tendency to open in the afternoon.
-The stout, branching plant grows 2-2&frac12; feet high. The stems
-are quite conspicuous, as they soon become white and shining; the
-leaves are noticeable because they cling very closely to the clothing
-by means of barbed hairs. This clinging characteristic is responsible
-for the Mexican name of &ldquo;buena mujer&rdquo; (good woman), applied to
-this and other similar species.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Stiff Nuttallia</span> (<i>Mentzelia stricta</i>) has smaller, paler flowers, but
-otherwise it is very much like the showy mentzelia except for the
-small leaves on the seed capsule. It grows in sandy soil, blooming in
-the summer and fall. Other common names include stick-leaf, poor-man&rsquo;s
-patches, star flower, and good woman. <i>Bartonia aurea</i> of garden
-culture is a member of the group which was introduced from California.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_76">76</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig77">
-<img src="images/p040a.jpg" alt="" width="524" height="800" />
-<p class="caption">LOW PRICKLY PEAR<span class="hst"> TEXAS PRICKLY PEAR</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_77">77</div>
-<h3>CACTUS FAMILY (Cactaceae)</h3>
-<p class="bq">Succulent herbs and shrubs; stems usually spiny and leafless;
-sepals and petals not differentiated, few or many; stamens many;
-ovary inferior; fruit pulpy, often edible.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Devil&rsquo;s Tongue.</span> <span class="sc">Low Prickly Pear</span> (<i>Opuntia humifusa</i>) grows
-in dry, rocky or sandy soil from Texas to Missouri, the flowers blooming
-in May and June and the fruits ripening to a rose-red in the late
-summer and fall. The flat-jointed stems are often oval but vary in
-shape and in the number of large spines growing from the spine cushions
-scattered over the stems. Sometimes no spines are present, but
-often 1-2 occur along the margins. Numerous short leaves, which
-are present only in the spring in this and other cacti, grow from the
-spine cushions. The spine cushions also bear dense clusters of slender,
-short brown spines. The flowers are yellow with red centers, 3-4 in.
-broad, widely spreading. Like many other cacti, they open in bright
-sunlight. The plant is low and has tuberous roots.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Prickly Pear.</span> <span class="sc">Lindheimer&rsquo;s Cactus</span> (<i>Opuntia lindheimeri</i>)
-has flowers which are yellow upon opening but which take on a lovely
-saffron-red the next day. Flowers of both colors are often present on
-the same joint. The large purple pear-shaped fruits are edible and
-ripen in the summer and fall. The plants often grow in large clumps
-and attain a great height. The spine cushions of the oval joints bear
-2-3 rather short, stout, stiff spines. It is the common prickly pear
-from Central Texas south into Mexico.</p>
-<p>The pencil cactus or tasajillo (<i>Opuntia leptocaulis</i>), conspicuous for
-its small stems and bright red fruits, is abundant in the state and Mexico.
-&ldquo;Cholla,&rdquo; or walking-stick cactus (<i>Opuntia imbricata</i>), with long
-slender stems and purple flowers, is common on western plains.</p>
-<p>The cactus family has numerous representatives in Texas, but drastic
-legislation is needed to save some of the natural beauty spots of the
-western part of the state. The showy &ldquo;viznaga&rdquo; or barrel-cactus,
-used in making cactus candy, is almost exterminated in the vicinity
-of El Paso; and cactus fanciers are making great ravages on many
-others. The fruits of many are edible; the young leaves of the prickly
-pears are cooked for greens; and the stems are used for cattle feed
-after the spines have been burned.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_78">78</div>
-<h3>LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY (Lythraceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig78">
-<img src="images/p041.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">LANCE-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves opposite or whorled; sepals 4-6, united into a tube;
-petals 4-6, or absent, attached on calyx tube; stamens few or
-many; ovary superior.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Lance-Leaved Loosestrife</span> (<i>Lythrum lanceolatum</i>) grows in low
-grounds or swamps from Texas to Oklahoma and South Carolina.
-The loosestrife family is close kin to the evening-primrose family and
-has 4-6 petals borne above the seed capsule. &ldquo;Lythrum&rdquo; is from the
-Greek meaning &ldquo;gore&rdquo; and refers to the red-purple color of some of the
-flowers. The common name of loosestrife comes from an old legend
-that they free from strife. The plant has slender stems 2-4 ft. high
-and numerous flowers borne in loose spikes. The short, narrow leaves
-are seldom more than 1-2 in. long. The delicate petals are somewhat
-darker veined and do not last long. It blooms in the late spring and
-summer.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Crape Myrtle</span> (<i>Lagerstroemia indica</i>), native of China or India,
-is widely cultivated in the state and is being planted along highways.
-It has escaped cultivation in the woods in East Texas. It is a shrub
-or small tree which is covered during the summer months with a
-profusion of white, pink, lavender, or rose flowers.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_79">79</div>
-<h3>EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY (Epilobiaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig79">
-<img src="images/p041a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">ERECT EVENING-PRIMROSE</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Calyx joined to ovary and often produced beyond it; petals
-usually 4; stamens usually 4 or 8; ovary inferior; seeds numerous.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Erect Evening-Primrose</span> (<i>&OElig;nothera heterophylla</i>) grows in sandy
-soil in Florida and on the edge of post oak woods in South-central
-Texas. The plants bloom in April and May. It is very much like
-the rhombic evening-primrose (<i>&OElig;nothera rhombipetala</i>) but has slenderer,
-shorter stems and is not often branched. The petals are similar,
-and their rhombic shape easily distinguishes both of these plants from
-other evening-primroses. The rhombic primrose grows 2-3 feet high
-and is very abundant throughout the sandy area of North-central
-Texas to Minnesota and Indiana.</p>
-<p>There are many yellow evening-primroses very much alike in flower
-which are usually called buttercups, a name first applied to the crowfoots.
-The flowers usually have four showy petals which last only a
-day, opening in the late afternoons and closing in the heat of the
-following day. The seed capsules are usually long and narrow and are
-borne below the petals. The fireweed is a well-known member of
-this group. The water evening-primrose (<i>Jussi&aelig;a diffusa</i>) is abundant
-in ponds in Central and East Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_80">80</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig80">
-<img src="images/p042.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="800" />
-<p class="caption">PINK EVENING-PRIMROSE</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_81">81</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Pink Evening-Primrose.</span> <span class="sc">Pink Buttercup</span> (<i>Hartmannia tetraptera</i>)
-blooms best in April, but a few scattered plants may continue to
-bloom through the summer months. It is a perennial plant which does
-well in cultivation. White, pink, blush, and other shades were introduced
-by Childs in 1892 from seeds collected in Texas and were known
-as the Mexican evening-primrose.</p>
-<p>The earlier flowers are usually much larger than those which bloom
-late in the season. The flowers are cup-shaped, 2-4 inches broad,
-with 4 broad petals marked with deeper-colored veining and greenish-yellow
-at the base. The sepals are united into a narrow tube above the
-seed capsule and below the petals. This tube is about as long as the
-capsule, sometimes a little shorter. The sepals do not overlap, are
-slow about splitting, and are pushed to one side of the flower by the
-opening petals. The seeds are borne in a club-shaped capsule which
-is prominently ridged, the slender base being as long as the enlarged
-seed-bearing portion.</p>
-<p>The stems are usually trailing and branched at the base, sometimes
-forming clumps two or more feet broad. The leaves are quite variable
-in shape but are generally oblong and narrowed at the base,
-with margins ranging from entire to deeply lobed and divided.</p>
-<p>The group name honors Emanuel Hartmann of Louisiana; &ldquo;tetraptera&rdquo;
-is from the Greek meaning &ldquo;four-winged&rdquo; and refers to the shape
-of the seed-capsule. The plants in this group are sometimes placed
-with the yellow evening-primroses of the &OElig;nothera group, but characteristics
-other than color separate them.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Showy Primrose</span> (<i>Hartmannia speciosa</i>) is a large-flowered white
-primrose found on plains and prairies from North Texas to Missouri.
-The seed-capsules are narrowed at the base but are not stalked, and
-the calyx tube is longer than the capsule.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Rose Primrose</span> (<i>Hartmannia rosea</i>) is a small-flowered primrose
-found in Southern and Southwestern Texas and Mexico. The flowers
-are small, an inch or more broad, with rounded deep-pink petals. The
-calyx tube is much shorter than the long-stalked capsule.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_82">82</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig81">
-<img src="images/p043.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">FLUTTER-MILL</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Missouri Primrose.</span> <span class="sc">Flutter-Mill.</span> <span class="sc">Broad-Winged Evening-Primrose</span>
-(<i>Megapterium missouriense</i>) clings to the side of a gravelly
-cliff or grows on rocky limestone hillsides from Missouri to Colorado
-and Texas. The flowers bloom in Texas in April and May, opening
-in the afternoon and closing the next morning. The plants grow in
-low clumps about a foot high. Numerous flowers are borne on the
-stem along with the slender leaves. Four broad yellow petals make up
-the cup-shaped portion of the flower above the slender calyx-tube,
-which is 4-6 in. long. The seed-capsules at the base of the flower
-develop four broad papery wings and reach at maturity a width of
-3 in. These broad wings are responsible for the scientific name of the
-plant. The capsules are easily blown about by the wind, and the
-seeds are widely scattered.</p>
-<p>The evening-primroses usually produce large, thready masses of
-pollen. Every child is initiated into a buttercup fraternity at some
-period in his life by being invited to smell of the flower and having his
-nose smeared with the profuse pollen.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_83">83</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig82">
-<img src="images/p043a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">SQUARE-BUD PRIMROSE</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Square-Bud Primrose.</span> <span class="sc">Day Primrose.</span> <span class="sc">Creamcups</span> (<i>Meriolix
-spinulosa</i>) has yellow cup-shaped flowers which last only twenty-four
-hours but which are open during the day. It may readily be distinguished
-from other evening-primroses by the slender woody stems
-which soon become reddish or straw-colored. The stems grow 1-1&frac12;
-ft. high with clusters of flowers at the top. The flowers are nearly
-two inches broad and have four petals. The short, broad sepals are
-winged on the back and make the buds appear square and pointed.</p>
-<p>Another distinguishing feature is the disk-shaped stigma which is
-sometimes yellow and sometimes black or dark brown. In the evening-primroses
-previously mentioned, the stigma is divided into four narrow
-lobes. The plants grow on gravelly hillsides from Arkansas to Mexico.
-The slender capsules are over an inch long. Several other day primroses
-are found in the state. They are all sometimes grouped with
-the &oelig;notheras.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_84">84</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig83">
-<img src="images/p044.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">LARGE-FLOWERED GAURA<span class="hst"> WILD HONEYSUCKLE</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Large-Flowered</span> or <span class="sc">Lindheimer&rsquo;s Gaura</span> (<i>Gaura lindheimeri</i>) is,
-like other members of this group, called kisses and wild honeysuckle
-because of its sweet fragrance. Most of them produce an abundance of
-nectar and make excellent honey plants. This is the handsomest
-member of the group in Texas and is known in cultivation as a hardy
-plant. It is native to the prairies of Southeast Texas and Louisiana
-and blooms from March to May.</p>
-<p>The four white petals have the group characteristic of turning fan-wise
-toward the upper side of the flower, and the 8 long stamens and
-the long style hang toward the lower part. Only a few flowers open at
-one time around the spike, but numerous buds are densely crowded
-above the open flowers. This plant has erect-ascending branches and
-grows 2-5 feet high.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie Gaura.</span> <span class="sc">Wild Honeysuckle</span> (<i>Gaura brachycarpa</i>) sometimes
-grows 2-3 feet high, but is usually much lower. With favorable
-rains, the flowering spikes grow quite long. This gaura may be recognized
-by its stalkless 4-angled seed capsules. It blooms on Texas
-prairies in April and May. Many other gauras are found in the state.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_85">85</div>
-<h3>DOGWOOD FAMILY (Cornaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig84">
-<img src="images/p044a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="604" />
-<p class="caption">FLOWERING DOGWOOD</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves usually opposite; sepals usually 4, calyx tube joined to
-the ovary; petals usually 4, or absent; stamens 4, alternate with
-the petals; ovary inferior; fruit a drupe.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Flowering Dogwood</span> (<i>Cornus florida</i>) grows from Massachusetts to
-Ontario, Texas, and Mexico, but few people realize that it grows very
-luxuriantly and is widespread in the woods of East Texas. The beauty
-of the dogwood is not in the flowers, as one might expect, but in the
-four broad white floral leaves (bracts) which surround the flower-cluster.
-These bracts are a creamy white but are often tinged with
-pink. The minute greenish-white flowers have four petals and bloom
-in March before the leaves appear. The oblong scarlet fruits, about
-half an inch long, ripen in the fall.</p>
-<p>It is said that dogwood gets its name from the fact that the bark
-of an English dogwood was used to treat mangy dogs. Another source
-for the name is given in a recent magazine which shows a photograph
-of a section of wood from a dogwood tree. By means of the growth
-rings of the tree, the section depicted the head of a swimming dog.
-Among the useful substances obtained from the tree are quinine from
-all parts, scarlet dye from the bark, and wood for tools. Enough
-quinine is obtained by chewing the twigs to ward off malarial fever.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_86">86</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig85">
-<img src="images/p045.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">SMALL-FLOWERED DOGWOOD</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Rough-Leaved Cornel.</span> <span class="sc">Small-Flowered Dogwood</span> (<i>Cornus
-asperifolia</i>) is hardly recognized as a dogwood because it does not have
-showy floral bracts. The rough leaves become very lovely in the fall
-as the veins take on a reddish-purple color. It is a very common shrub
-in thickets along streams or in moist ground from Texas to Southern
-Ontario. The flowers bloom in Texas from April to June, and the
-white fruits mature in the fall. The fruits are about &frac14; inch in diameter
-and contain 2 seeds with a stony coat which is covered by a thin
-pulp.</p>
-<p>The dogwood family includes several other trees and shrubs which
-are common in Texas. Black gum (<i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>) has 2-3 blue
-oval fruits about half an inch long in a cluster. It is one of the first
-trees in East Texas whose foliage takes on an autumnal coloring.
-Lindheimer&rsquo;s garrya (<i>Garrya lindheimeri</i>), an evergreen shrub with
-thick leathery leaves, is very abundant in the hills of Central and
-West Texas. It bears dense clusters of small blue berries less than
-&frac14; inch in diameter.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_87">87</div>
-<h3>CARROT FAMILY (Umbelliferae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig86">
-<img src="images/p045a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">PRAIRIE LACE</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Furrowed stems; leaves usually much divided, sheathing at the
-base; sepals 5, calyx tube joined to ovary; petals 5; stamens 5;
-ovary inferior; fruit 2-celled, prominently ribbed and often with
-resin canals.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie Lace.</span> <span class="sc">Dwarf Queen Anne&rsquo;s Lace</span> (<i>Bifora americana</i>)
-is the pride of the North Texas prairie in late April and May. It is
-also found in Oklahoma and Arkansas. In favorable seasons it grows
-in great masses with the Indian blankets and the false coreopsis. The
-umbrella-clusters of white flowers are very showy. The plants do
-not have oil tubes, as do most members of the carrot family, and so
-lack the strong scent common to many.</p>
-<p>It usually grows about a foot high and is widely branched at the
-top. The leaves are finely divided with numerous thread-like divisions.
-The flowers are one-fourth inch broad and have five notched petals
-which are broader than long. The fruits have two ball-shaped
-divisions, each about one-eighth inch in diameter and faintly ridged.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_88">88</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig87">
-<img src="images/p046.jpg" alt="" width="509" height="801" />
-<p class="caption">FALSE PURPLE THISTLE. ERYNGO</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_89">89</div>
-<p><span class="sc">False Purple Thistle.</span> <span class="sc">Eryngo</span> (<i>Eryngium leavenworthii</i>) is not
-a true thistle, but it is popularly known as one. The ancient Greeks
-had the same idea, for the name &ldquo;Eryngium&rdquo; is their name for a kind
-of thistle. Correctly speaking it is a purple carrot, as it belongs to a
-large group of the carrot family, some of which are widely cultivated
-abroad for their striking purple foliage. The flowers are clustered in
-an oblong head, quite different from the dainty flower clusters of
-Queen Anne&rsquo;s lace. Other common names of this group include
-sea-holly, rattlesnake master, and button snake-root, the two latter
-from their accredited property of curing snake-bites. Candelabrum
-plant is a name sometimes given which is very appropriate because of
-its branching habit of growth.</p>
-<p>The plants grow one to three feet high, usually in dense masses
-along roadsides and fields and on prairies from Central Texas to
-Kansas. In August the gray-green foliage of the plants is quite conspicuous
-against darker greens, but it gradually takes on a royal purple
-hue. Few plants can rival it for beauty in late August and September.
-The dense heads of purple flowers with their long, slender dark-blue
-stamens add to the vividness. The dried plants are often kept for
-winter decoration, but the purple does not remain so intense.</p>
-<p>The stems are branched at the top, the flower heads growing on
-short stalks in the forks of the branches. The deeply lobed leaves
-clasp the stem, the leaf segments bearing many spiny-teeth. A tuft
-of small, rigid, spiny leaves grows out of the top of the flower head.</p>
-<p>Several eryngoes are found in the state. The yucca-leaved eryngo
-(<i>Eryngium aquaticum</i>) grows in the summer in sandy areas or low
-grounds from Texas to Minnesota and Connecticut. It bears little
-resemblance in habit of growth or coloring to the purple thistle. Most
-of the long leaves are clustered at the base, and a stout flower stalk
-bears at the top several head-like clusters of white flowers.</p>
-<p>The carrot family is a large group of plants, most of which have
-lacy, fern-like leaves and dainty umbrella-clusters of small flowers and
-fruit which separates into two ribbed 1-seeded divisions. The plants
-are usually rich in oil tubes, and some contain deadly poisons.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_90">90</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig88">
-<img src="images/p047.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">BEGGAR&rsquo;S TICKS</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Beggar&rsquo;s Ticks.</span> <span class="sc">Seed-Ticks.</span> <span class="sc">Bird&rsquo;s Nest Carrot</span> (<i>Daucus
-pusillus</i>) is probably more familiar in fruit than in flower. The
-clusters of seeds resemble a bird&rsquo;s nest. The fact that the seeds are
-covered with several rows of barbed prickles makes them very difficult
-to remove from clothing. Their presence in wool renders it inferior
-in quality. It is very abundant throughout the state from April to
-June and occurs in most of the Southern and Western States.</p>
-<p>The small white flowers grow in a dense, lace-like cluster at the top
-of slender stems 1-2 ft. high. The leaves are finely divided. The
-flower cluster is long-stalked and is surrounded by a circle of the green
-leaves; thus the flowers as well as the seeds have a nest-like appearance.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Wild Carrot.</span> <span class="sc">Queen Anne&rsquo;s Lace</span> (<i>Daucus carota</i>), the ancestor
-of the garden carrot, was introduced from Europe and may be found
-in scattered places over the state. It is a larger plant than the beggar&rsquo;s
-ticks, with very wide-spreading and dainty flower clusters. It does not
-bloom until summer.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_91">91</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig89">
-<img src="images/p047a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">WILD DILL</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Wild Dill.</span> <span class="sc">Prairie Parsley</span> (<i>Pleiotaenia nuttallii</i>) is a conspicuous
-plant on prairies throughout the state and ranges to Michigan and
-Alabama. The flowers bloom in April and May, and the seeds mature
-and fall in June and July. The stiff, stout stems, commonly two feet
-high, become dry and brown but remain standing through the winter
-months. The upper leaves are not divided so much as the lower, which
-are deeply divided and have broad segments. The flowers are small
-and greenish-yellow and grow in clusters about 2 inches broad.</p>
-<p>The foliage and seeds were used for seasoning by pioneers. It is
-very much like the cultivated dill (<i>Anethum graveolens</i>), a native
-of Southeastern Europe. The latter is taller and has leaves with
-threadlike divisions.</p>
-<p>Other well-known members of the carrot family include the parsnip,
-parsley, myrrh, chervil, caraway, and celery. The well-known poison
-hemlock (<i>Conium maculatum</i>), by which Socrates met his death, is
-a native of Europe but may now be found in North and South America.
-It grows in great abundance along the streams of the Edwards
-Plateau between Fredricksburg and Austin.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_92">92</div>
-<h3>HEATH FAMILY (Ericaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig90">
-<img src="images/p048.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">TREE-HUCKLEBERRY</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Herbs or shrubs; sepals 4-5; corolla urn-shaped or cylindric,
-4-5-lobed; stamens 8 or 10; anthers opening by terminal pores;
-ovary superior or inferior.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Tree-Huckleberry.</span> <span class="sc">Farkleberry</span> (<i>Batodendron arboreum</i>) is
-also known as upland-huckleberry, sparkleberry, and gooseberry. The
-name is Greek and means &ldquo;blackberry tree.&rdquo; The huckleberries are
-often placed in a family separate from other heaths. The tree-huckleberry
-is a shrub or small tree, very abundant in the woods of
-East Texas and the Southern States. The dainty, drooping sprays of
-white bell-shaped flowers remind one of the lily-of-the-valley. The
-shining oval leaves are short-stalked, 1-2 in. long. The black berries
-are not edible.</p>
-<p>Well-known members of the heath family include the trailing arbutus,
-cranberry, blueberry, bean-berry, winter-green, rhododendron,
-and azalea. Thickets of the pink azalea or swamp-honeysuckle
-(<i>Azalea nudiflora</i>) occur in a few places in East Texas. In the mountains
-of Southwest Texas may be found the arbutus-tree, madro&ntilde;a,
-or naked Indian, so called because of its red wood and scaling bark.
-Its small, red fleshy fruits look like strawberries. Stagger-bush
-(<i>Neopieris mariana</i>) is a common shrub in swampy places.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_93">93</div>
-<h3>PRIMROSE FAMILY (Primulaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig91">
-<img src="images/p048a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="596" />
-<p class="caption">TEXAS WATER-PIMPERNEL<span class="hst"> SHOOTING STAR</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves often basal; sepals usually 5, often leafy; corolla
-tubular, 5-lobed; stamens 5, opposite the petals; ovary superior;
-fruit a capsule.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Water-Pimpernel.</span> <span class="sc">Brookweed</span> (<i>Samolus cuneatus</i>) is a
-plant found wherever springs or moist ledges occur in limestone hills
-of Texas. The plants have a basal rosette of broad rounded leaves.
-The slender stems are 6-12 inches high and bear a few leaves which
-are narrowed at the base. The 5-lobed white flowers are short and
-bell-shaped and appear from April to September. The pink water-pimpernel
-(<i>Samolus ebracteatus</i>) grows in sandy soil along the coast.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Shooting Star</span> (<i>Dodecatheon stanfieldia</i>) is a rare plant and should
-be afforded protection. It is found in rich, moist soil from Central
-Texas to Louisiana. The flowers are very much like those of
-<i>Dodecatheon meadia</i> but are larger and have broader petals.</p>
-<p>The primrose family is represented in horticulture by many primroses
-from Asia, cyclamens from Greece to Syria, and the cowslip
-from Europe. The scarlet pimpernel (<i>Anagallis arvensis</i>) is found on
-sandy prairies in South Texas in the spring.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_94">94</div>
-<h3>EBONY FAMILY (Ebenaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig92">
-<img src="images/p049.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">MEXICAN PERSIMMON</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Trees or shrubs; leaves usually leathery; calyx 3-11-lobed;
-petals united, 3-7; stamens 6-14, or more; ovary superior.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Mexican Persimmon</span> (<i>Diospyros texana</i>) is also called &rsquo;possum
-plum, &ldquo;chapote,&rdquo; and black persimmon. It is a shrub or small tree
-found in river-valleys and on limestone hills from Central Texas to
-Mexico. It may be easily recognized by its smooth, light-gray bark,
-small leaves, and creamy heath-like flowers. The bell-shaped flowers
-are in dense clusters on the tree which has pollen-bearing flowers,
-whereas the seed-bearing flowers, which grow on a separate tree, are
-larger and fewer in number. The black fruits ripen in August, when
-the pulp becomes juicy but somewhat insipid.</p>
-<p>The black wood is hard and, like other species of ebony, takes an
-excellent polish. It is used for making tools. The Mexicans use a
-black dye obtained from the fruits in dyeing sheep-skins. The common
-persimmon (<i>Diospyros virginiana</i>) is found wild from Connecticut
-to East Texas, where the sprouts are vicious pests in plowed lands.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_95">95</div>
-<h3>GENTIAN FAMILY (Gentianaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig93">
-<img src="images/p049a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">MOUNTAIN PINK</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves opposite; calyx usually tubular, 5-lobed; petals united
-at base, 4-12; stamens as many as petals; ovary superior.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Mountain Pink.</span> <span class="sc">Showy Centaury</span> (<i>Erythraea beyrichii</i>) grows
-on gravelly limestone hills in Texas and Arkansas. The stems are
-branched near the base and often form hemispherical clumps a foot
-in diameter which are covered with pink flowers in June. The plants
-are being rapidly exterminated for ornamental purposes, for they are
-very showy and the flowers will last two weeks or more. The flowers
-have a united tubular corolla with 5 lobes.</p>
-<p>The scientific name is from the Greek meaning &ldquo;red.&rdquo; The flowers
-of some species are red, but those in Texas are pink. The Texan
-centaury (<i>Erythraea texense</i>) is a very small plant with small flowers.
-It is found from Texas to Missouri in June and July. Buckley&rsquo;s centaury
-or pink gentian (<i>Erythraea calycosa</i>) is found in moist soil in
-the western part of the state. It is a tall, slender plant 1-2 ft. high.
-It ranges from Missouri to Mexico. The centaury plants were formerly
-valued as a medicine for fever. They were gathered and dried
-at flowering time.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_96">96</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig94">
-<img src="images/p050.jpg" alt="" width="521" height="800" />
-<p class="caption">PURPLE GENTIAN. BLUEBELL</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_97">97</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Purple Gentian.</span> <span class="sc">Bluebell</span> (<i>Eustoma russellianum</i>) is also called
-Russell&rsquo;s eustoma, Texas bluebell, blue gentian, blue marsh lily, and
-bosque blue gentian. The latter name is used in El Paso, where the
-purple gentian grows on the flood plain of the Rio Grande River. It
-is one of the loveliest flowers in the state, sometimes occurring in
-great profusion on moist prairies from Mexico to Colorado and Louisiana.
-It is especially abundant in Southeast Texas, where it is gathered
-in wholesale quantities by florists. It is an excellent cut-plant,
-the flowers lasting for several days and new buds continually opening.</p>
-<p>Few people have had success in transplanting the purple gentian
-into their gardens. Only recently has there been a report of seeds
-successfully germinated. It is said that soaking for 48 hours in water
-will produce germination. Each flower produces a number of very
-minute seeds.</p>
-<p>The large, bell-shaped flowers, 2-3 inches broad, are a bluish-purple;
-in fading, they spread widely and take on more of the blue tinge.
-They are constricted into a short narrow tube at the base. Inside,
-the flowers are marked with yellow at the base and have purple
-markings in the throat. The five stamens with large anthers are
-attached to the corolla tube. At the time the pollen is shed, the
-anthers lie in a horizontal position around the style. The stigmas
-are interesting. There are two diamond-shaped lobes which are erect
-until they are ready to receive pollen, and then they take a horizontal
-position. The calyx has five linear lobes which are united at the base
-with a colorless membrane. The oblong capsules are about half an
-inch long.</p>
-<p>The plants are very smooth and are erect, with a few erect branches.
-The leaves are ovate-oblong and are usually 1-2&frac12; inches long.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;Eustoma&rdquo; means &ldquo;open mouth&rdquo;, referring to the large throat of
-the flower. The smaller bluebell in Southern Texas and Northern
-Mexico is <i>Eustoma gracile</i>.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_98">98</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig95">
-<img src="images/p051.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">PINK TEXAS STAR</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Pink Texas Star.</span> <span class="sc">Prairie Sabbatia</span> (<i>Sabbatia campestris</i>) is also
-known as meadow pink, rose pink, pink prairie gentian, marsh pink,
-and sea star. It ranges from Missouri and Kansas to Texas and is
-found on moist prairies throughout Central Texas from April to
-June. It is particularly abundant on southern coastal prairies where
-it makes a showy landscape display with phlox, coreopsis, and other
-plants in March and April. The sabbatias are named in honor of two
-Italian botanists, L. and C. Sabbati.</p>
-<p>The plants are low, 3-12 inches high, and have wing-angled stems
-and short smooth leaves about &frac12;-1&frac14; inches long. The flowers are
-about 1&frac12; inches broad, much larger than those of the mountain pink,
-and more cup-shaped. They are usually deep pink in color, but
-purplish-pink and white forms may occasionally be noted. Around
-the throat are yellow, star-shaped markings over the white base of
-the petals. The long, linear calyx lobes are quite conspicuous when
-the flower is in bud or after the corolla has wilted.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_99">99</div>
-<h3>DOGBANE FAMILY (Apocynaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig96">
-<img src="images/p051a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">BLUE TEXAS STAR</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Plants with milky juice; sepals usually 5; corolla tubular, 5-lobed;
-stamens usually 5, inserted on corolla tube and alternate
-with the lobes; ovary superior; fruit mostly of 2 spreading
-follicles.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Blue Texas Star.</span> <span class="sc">Texas Dogbane.</span> <span class="sc">Blue-Star</span> (<i>Amsonia texana</i>)
-belongs to a group named in honor of Charles Amson, a colonial
-physician. The stems are usually unbranched, 8-12 inches high, and
-are covered with narrow linear leaves. Like that of other amsonias,
-the tubular throat is lined with white hairs. The name of twin-pods
-might be given to the amsonias. The numerous seeds are borne in
-two narrow, erect pods which are united at the base and split along
-the inner sides. The pods are 3-4 inches long. The plant is perennial,
-growing in low clumps on limestone hillsides of Texas. The
-plants in North Texas form a conspicuous bluish-green line on low hills,
-when the flowers bloom in late March and April.</p>
-<p>The oleander, periwinkle, and vinca are well-known members of
-the dogbane family. They all have a milky sap which is quite
-poisonous in the oleander, Indian hemp, and others. &ldquo;Bane&rdquo; is the
-common word in Northern Europe for &ldquo;murderer&rdquo; and is applied to
-poisonous plants.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_100">100</div>
-<h3>MILKWEED FAMILY (Asclepiadaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig97">
-<img src="images/p052.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">GREEN-FLOWERED MILKWEED</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves usually opposite or whorled; sepals 5; petals 5, usually
-reflexed and with a 5-lobed crown; stamens 5, the pollen united
-into 1 or 2 waxy masses in each sac; carpels 2, free except for the
-united disk-like stigma.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Green-Flowered Milkweed.</span> <span class="sc">Silkweed</span> (<i>Asclepiodora decumbens</i>)
-is a widespread plant from Arkansas to Utah and Northern Mexico.
-It is found on the central and western plains, blooming in early spring
-and sometimes again in the fall. The stout, leafy stems, topped by
-the ball-shaped heads of flowers form conspicuous clumps about a
-foot high. The flowers have a sweet nectar which draws many insect
-visitors. They bloom in April and early May, and the large
-warty pods mature in a few weeks. As the seeds bear a tuft of hairs
-at one end, they are easily scattered by the wind and other agents.
-It is one of the first plants to appear on burned-over areas.</p>
-<p>The milkweeds get their name from the bitter milky sap. The
-flowers are quite different from other flowers in that there is a crown
-between the petals and the stamens. In many the pollen is borne
-in two pear-shaped masses with a thread-like connection. In the
-green-flowered milkweed, purple hoods are attached to the crown and
-hang over the pollen-sacs.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_101">101</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig98">
-<img src="images/p052z.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">BUTTERFLY-WEED</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Butterfly-Weed.</span> <span class="sc">Pleurisy-Root</span> (<i>Asclepias tuberosa</i>) is a well-known
-plant in dry fields from Maine and Ontario to Northern Mexico.
-In Texas it is found in the sandy areas of the eastern and central
-parts. It blooms in the late spring and summer. Other common
-names include orange milkweed, orange-root, Indian posy, and orange
-swallow-wort. The leaves are poisonous to stock, but the honey is
-not considered poisonous. The monarch butterfly is a voracious feeder
-on the plant. It was at one time valued for its medicinal properties,
-but is now little used. Several plants are known by the common name
-of &ldquo;swallow-wort&rdquo; and are so called because they bloom in the spring
-when the swallows appear.</p>
-<p>The leafy stems often grow one to two feet high. At the top of the
-stem are several clusters of small orange-colored flowers. The petals
-hang down when the pollen is ready to be shed. There is a crown
-of five erect, orange-colored hoods around the flat stigma.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_102">102</div>
-<h3>DICHONDRA FAMILY (Dichondraceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig99">
-<img src="images/p053.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">CAROLINA DICHONDRA<span class="hst"> PRETTY DODDER</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Herbs with creeping stems; sepals 5; corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed;
-stamens 5; carpels 2, separate.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Carolina Dichondra.</span> <span class="sc">Ground Ivy</span> (<i>Dichondra carolinensis</i>) is, of
-course, not even kin to the ivy, but it does form a green carpet over
-the ground in places. It is widely scattered in the state and in many
-other localities. The greenish-white flowers are small and inconspicuous
-under the round leaves and are almost buried in the soil. The
-leaves are about an inch broad and are slender stalked. The plant is
-a perennial which is often hard to remove from lawns. The silvery-leaved
-dichondra (<i>Dichondra argentea</i>) occurs in West Texas.</p>
-<h3>DODDER FAMILY (Cuscutaceae)</h3>
-<p><span class="sc">Pretty Dodder.</span> <span class="sc">Love Vine.</span> <span class="sc">Strangle-Weed</span> (<i>Cuscuta indecora</i>)
-may be noted in conspicuous orange or gold masses covering other
-plants. It is a leafless parasitic vine bearing small clusters of white
-flowers. The flowers are less than one fourth inch broad and have
-the petal-tips turned inward. There are many dodders in the state,
-and each kind is parasitic only on certain plants. The pretty dodder
-attacks the wild verbena and other herbs and low shrubs from Illinois
-to Texas and other parts of America.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_103">103</div>
-<h3>MORNING-GLORY FAMILY (Convolvulaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig100">
-<img src="images/p053a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">TEXAS BINDWEED<span class="hst"> PURPLE MORNING-GLORY</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Plants twining or erect; sepals 5; corolla mostly funnelform,
-5-lobed; stamens 5, on corolla tube; ovary superior; fruit usually
-a ball-shaped capsule separating into 2-4 lobes.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Bindweed</span> (<i>Convolvulus hermannioides</i>) has small white
-morning-glory flowers with a dark-red center. They are seldom more
-than an inch broad. The spreading or twining vines reach a length
-of several feet. The leaves are very variable in shape and often have
-spreading lobes at each side of the base like the hoary bindweed (<i>Convolvulus
-incanus</i>). Both grow on Texas plains, but the hoary bindweed
-is widely distributed from Kansas and Arkansas to Mexico.
-The Texas bindweed may be distinguished by the ear-like projections
-at the base of the sepals. The flowers bloom from April to August.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Purple Morning-Glory.</span> <span class="sc">Bindweed.</span> <span class="sc">Tie-Vine</span> (<i>Ipomoea trifida</i>)
-is a lovely but pernicious vine of Texas, Mexico, and tropical America.
-The roots are perennial and very difficult to eradicate from cotton and
-corn fields. It blooms from spring to fall, the flowers opening only
-in the morning. The morning-glory group is very large, and many
-showy forms are found in Texas. The sweet potato (<i>Ipomoea batatas</i>)
-and others are valued for their tuberous roots.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_104">104</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig101">
-<img src="images/p054.jpg" alt="" width="518" height="800" />
-<p class="caption">STANDING CYPRESS<span class="hst"> BLUE GILIA</span><span class="hst"> WHITE GILIA</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_105">105</div>
-<h3>PHLOX FAMILY (Polemoniaceae)</h3>
-<p class="bq">Mostly annual and perennial herbs; calyx 5-lobed; corolla
-tubular, 5-lobed; ovary usually 3-celled; style often 3-parted;
-stamens 5, inserted on corolla-tube; capsules small.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Standing Cypress.</span> <span class="sc">Red Gilia</span> (<i>Gilia rubra</i>) might also be called
-torch flowers, for the tall spikes with their masses of red tubular
-flowers make flaming spots of color on the edges of the post oak
-woods in May and June. It is sometimes known as Indian plume,
-Texas plume, or red Texas star.</p>
-<p>The plants are usually unbranched and grow two to three feet high;
-however, if the top of the stem is removed or injured near the time of
-flowering, it will branch into several flowering spikes. The stems are
-pale green and quite leafy with the finely dissected leaves. The
-narrow tubular flowers are over an inch long and have broad spreading
-lobes which, on their inner surface, are a pale orange-red dotted with
-a darker red. The flowers, which resemble those of the cypress vine,
-are closely clustered on the stem, those at the top opening first. The
-capsules are nearly an inch long and contain numerous papery seeds.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Blue Gilia.</span> <span class="sc">Golden Eye</span> (<i>Gilia rigidula</i>), differing markedly from
-the red gilia in the shape of the flowers, has a short, broadly flaring
-corolla with a conspicuous yellow center. The flowers are nearly an
-inch broad. The plants are perennial and are often widely branched
-at the base, forming clumps nearly a foot broad. The blue gilia is
-found on hills and stony plains from Central Texas to Mexico and
-New Mexico and blooms from March to October.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">White Gilia.</span> <span class="sc">Long-Flowered Gilia</span> (<i>Gilia longiflora</i>) has slender,
-erect stems, 1-2 feet high, terminated by a flat-topped cluster of tubular
-white flowers. The flowers have a narrow tube, about 1&frac12;
-inches long, and 5 broad, spreading lobes. The leaves have threadlike
-divisions. The plants are very showy when they are in bloom
-and are especially abundant in sandy regions of Northwest Texas in
-the late summer and fall.</p>
-<p>Few flower groups show such a decided red, white, and blue as
-the gilias. The group is a large one, mostly of Western North America,
-and is named in honor of the Spanish botanist, Philipp Salvador Gil.
-Some of the gilias are known in cultivation and are considered hardy
-plants of easy culture. The standing cypress may be grown from
-seeds planted in August or September, or plants may be transplanted
-in the spring.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_106">106</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig102">
-<img src="images/p055.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="593" />
-<p class="caption">DRUMMOND&rsquo;S PHLOX</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Drummond&rsquo;s Phlox</span> (<i>Phlox drummondii</i>) has rightly been called
-&ldquo;Texan pride.&rdquo; A drive late in April through the post oak sandy
-region east of Austin to the Brazos River and southeast to Victoria
-will disclose it in all its glory. The seeds were collected by Thomas
-Drummond in 1834 and sent to W. J. Hooker in the spring of 1835.
-Hooker, an eminent botanist, described it from the plants grown from
-those seeds in the Kew Gardens in London. According to his description,
-the plants were mostly of a brilliant rose-red with more or
-less purple in the flowers of some plants and darker red eyes in
-nearly all. It is quite probable that Drummond collected his seeds
-in the vicinity of Gonzales, the western limit of his Texas trip, where
-today wild phloxes which match his description occur in great profusion.
-The seeds collected may have included some from hybrid plants,
-as red phloxes with a white eye are found on the eastern edge of the
-red-phlox area, and the dark-eyed purple and red are found on its
-western limits in close proximity to the &ldquo;phlox purple&rdquo; variety.</p>
-<p>The plant has long been a horticultural favorite, and more than
-200 varieties have been described, few of which excel the native varieties
-in size or coloring.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_107">107</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig103">
-<img src="images/p055a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">PURPLE PHLOX</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Purple Phlox</span> (<i>Phlox drummondii</i>-purple varieties) grows in sandy
-soil in Central Texas. The variety with the white throat and red-star
-eye is common in the southeastern part of the state. It is especially
-abundant in Wilson and Karnes Counties, where extensive masses of
-purple may be noted in open sandy places among mesquite and post
-oak trees. This is a very vigorous phlox and produces large stems and
-flowers. Studies are being made to determine whether these purple
-phloxes are varieties of Drummond&rsquo;s phlox or should be called by
-other names.</p>
-<p>The variety with the purple throat and the two white marks at the
-base of each corolla lobe grows northwest of the range of the red-flowered
-Drummond&rsquo;s phlox. It blooms from April to June and seems
-to withstand cold better than any of the annual phloxes except the
-dwarf phlox.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_108">108</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig104">
-<img src="images/p056.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">HELLER&rsquo;S PHLOX<span class="hst"> BERLANDIER&rsquo;S PHLOX</span><span class="hst"> THARP&rsquo;S PHLOX</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Berlandier&rsquo;s Phlox</span> (<i>Phlox glabriflora</i>) differs from Drummond&rsquo;s
-phlox in many particulars. The flowers are usually a bluish-lavender
-which at a distance suggests the wild verbena. Like the other phloxes
-on this page, it has both stem and leaves clothed with scattered, long,
-soft hairs. The large corolla is marked with white at the base of
-the lobes and has a short, smooth tube. The vigorous plants branch
-profusely and often form masses two and three feet broad. This
-phlox may be found on sandy prairies south of Kingsville and west
-of Hebbronville in the winter and spring months but is at its best
-in February and March. It was first collected by Louis Berlandier at
-several places along the southern coast in 1828 and 1829.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Heller&rsquo;s Phlox</span> (<i>Phlox helleri</i>) is a close relative of Berlandier&rsquo;s
-phlox but has a hairy corolla-tube, smaller flowers, and shorter leaves.
-It is found from March to May in sand near the coast around Copano,
-Aransas, and Nueces bays.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Slender Phlox</span> (<i>Phlox tharpii</i>) has a long, hairy corolla-tube, and
-the slender stems are usually unbranched. Only four flowers are
-borne in a cluster. It is very abundant in Frio and Dimmit Counties
-in April. Theodore Roosevelt, in describing a peccary hunt south
-of Uvalde in April, 1904, mentions these fields of purple.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_109">109</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig105">
-<img src="images/p056a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">ROEMER&rsquo;S PHLOX<span class="hst"> DWARF PHLOX</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Roemer&rsquo;s Phlox</span> (<i>Phlox roemeriana</i>) has lovely flowers which vary
-in color from deep rose to phlox purple or pink. It is the only annual
-phlox marked with yellow around the eye or throat. Its large capsule,
-containing 12 or 15 seeds, is another conspicuous feature and shows
-its relationship with the perennial phloxes of West Texas. It forms a
-lovely display with bluebonnets and low prairie spider-worts in the
-limestone hill region in April and early May.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Dwarf Phlox</span> (<i>Phlox tenuis</i>) is the smallest and most widely distributed
-of the annual phloxes, ranging from the south-central coast
-to Louisiana and into Southern Oklahoma. It is found on the coastal
-prairie and in sandy soil along the edges of post oak woods from
-March to May. The plants are usually six to eight inches high and
-unbranched, but branched varieties are known. The flowers are about
-half an inch broad, with narrow lobes which are marked with two
-reddish-purple lines at their base.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_110">110</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig106">
-<img src="images/p057.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">LARGE-FLOWERED PRAIRIE PHLOX<span class="hst"> PRAIRIE PHLOX</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie Phlox.</span> <span class="sc">Prairie Sweet William</span> (<i>Phlox pilosa</i>) has a
-delightful fragrance common in lesser degrees to many of the phloxes.
-The widespread prairie phlox was named in 1753 from plants taken
-to France from Virginia. The stems are low and have a few opposite
-leaves which are pointed and widely spreading. The flat-topped
-clusters of pale pink, blue, white, or purple flowers bloom in March
-and April in Texas. The stems and flower clusters are clothed
-with soft hairs.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Large-Flowered Prairie Phlox</span> (<i>Phlox villosissima</i>) grows in a
-strange environment for a phlox. Charles Wright found it in 1849 on
-the gravelly bars of the Nueces River, where it still grows. It is also
-found on other rivers in Southwest Texas. It has long, woody roots
-reaching toward the necessary moisture. The flowers are very large,
-and only a few are open at a time. It differs from the prairie phlox
-in its shorter and more numerous leaves, its larger flowers with their
-broader lobes, and alternate branches in the flower cluster. The
-prairie phloxes are perennial and are easily grown in Southwest
-gardens.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_111">111</div>
-<h3>WATER-LEAF FAMILY (Hydrophyllaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig107">
-<img src="images/p057a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="594" />
-<p class="caption">BABY BLUE-EYES<span class="hst"> PURPLE PHACELIA</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Flowers usually in curled clusters; calyx deeply 5-lobed; petals
-united, usually 5; stamens 5, on corolla-tube; ovary superior;
-styles 2.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Baby Blue-Eyes.</span> <span class="sc">Flannel Breeches</span> (<i>Nemophila phacelioides</i>)
-forms a lovely carpet on banks and in moist woods near the prairie
-regions of Texas and Arkansas. The dainty flowers are about one
-inch broad, with 5 broadly-spreading lobes of lavender, paler at the
-base. The leaves are divided into 5-9 broad segments which are
-irregularly toothed. It is not known in cultivation, but a similar
-plant from California is used to cover beds in which bulbs are planted.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Purple Phacelia</span> (<i>Phacelia patuliflora</i>) is a low, spreading annual
-growing on sandy prairies in the southern part of the state. &ldquo;Patuliflora&rdquo;
-means &ldquo;spreading flower&rdquo; and refers to the royal purple corollas
-which are widely spreading and nearly an inch broad. It is the handsomest
-phacelia among the fifteen or more species found in the state.
-It blooms from February to May.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Blue nama</span> (<i>Nama ovatum</i>) is a water-leaf growing in ponds and
-streams of East Texas and blooming in the summer. It has lovely sky-blue
-flowers nearly an inch broad and spiny stems. Sand bells (<i>Nama
-hispidum</i>) has small, reddish-purple, bell-shaped corollas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_112">112</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig108">
-<img src="images/p058.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="596" />
-<p class="caption">BLUE CURLS</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Blue Curls.</span> <span class="sc">Fiddle-Neck</span> (<i>Phacelia congesta</i>) is also known as
-spider-flower, caterpillars, snail-flower, and wild heliotrope. It has
-curled flower clusters and lavender-blue flowers very much like those
-of some of the heliotropes and borages. A California borage is also
-called fiddle-neck. The flowers are tubular at the base with 5 broadly
-spreading lobes. The 5 spreading stamens extending from the flowers
-are responsible for the name of &ldquo;spider-flower.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>The erect, unbranched stems may be seen on gravelly limestone
-slopes or in open woods from Central to Southwestern Texas. The
-large, thin leaves are finely divided and clothed with soft hairs. In
-woods the plants may grow 1&frac12;-2 ft. high, but on rocky slopes they
-are seldom more than a foot high. The flowers bloom in April and
-May, a long blooming season resulting from the numerous flowers
-which open as the curling stems unfold. It is an annual plant which
-does well in cultivation and makes a lovely addition to the flower
-garden.</p>
-<p>Nearly a hundred phacelias are found in Western North America.
-The name is from the Greek meaning &ldquo;cluster.&rdquo; Most of them are
-showy plants, but few are known in cultivation.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_113">113</div>
-<h3>BORAGE FAMILY (Borraginaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig109">
-<img src="images/p058a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="596" />
-<p class="caption">SOUTHERN HELIOTROPE<span class="hst"> BINDWEED HELIOTROPE</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves usually alternate; flowers often in curled clusters; sepals
-5; petals 5, united; stamens 5, on corolla-tube; ovary often
-deeply 4-lobed; fruit a drupe or of 4 nutlets.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Southern Heliotrope</span> (<i>Cochranea anchusaefolia</i>) grows in limestone
-soil from Central Texas to Florida and tropical America. It
-may often be found from spring to fall in the shelter of mesquite or
-prickly pear. The white-flowered sea-heliotrope (<i>Heliotropium curassavicum</i>)
-is very abundant in saline soil in South and West Texas.
-Plains heliotrope (<i>Heliotropium tenellum</i>) does not have curled clusters
-of flowers but has a few small white ones borne on short
-branches. It is widespread in the South-central United States.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Bindweed Heliotrope</span> (<i>Heliotropium convolvulaceum</i>) has white
-flowers quite similar to those of the bindweed, about one inch broad.
-It is found in sandy soil in South and West Texas to California and
-Nebraska from spring to fall. The plant has widely branching stems,
-about a foot long, and the foliage is somewhat rough-hairy. The
-heliotropes get their name from Greek words which mean &ldquo;sunturning.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_114">114</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig110">
-<img src="images/p059.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="610" />
-<p class="caption">GOLDEN PUCCOON</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Golden Puccoon.</span> <span class="sc">Narrow-Leaved Puccoon</span> (<i>Lithospermum linearifolium</i>)
-is another harbinger of spring on the prairies. The scattered
-plants may be found throughout Texas to British Columbia
-and Indiana. Several slender stems grow from a long, thick black
-root. The plant gets its name from the Greek word meaning &ldquo;stone-seed&rdquo;
-and refers to the hard nutlets of the fruit. In the narrow-leaved
-puccoon, the nutlets are ovoid, white, shining, and more or less
-pitted. The flowers have a narrow tube with 5 spreading lobes which
-have crinkled margins.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Orange Puccoon</span> (<i>Lithospermum gmelinii</i>) is a striking woodland
-plant of the Eastern States which is widespread in East Texas. It
-can be easily identified by its showy yellow-orange flowers. The
-clustered stems, 1-1&frac12; feet high, grow from a deep root. It blooms in
-April and May.</p>
-<p>Most of the puccoons have a red root from which a dye is obtained.
-Some of the European forms have blue flowers and are known in
-cultivation.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_115">115</div>
-<h3>VERBENA FAMILY (Verbenaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig111">
-<img src="images/p059a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="603" />
-<p class="caption">LARGE-FLOWERED VERVAIN<span class="hst"> SLENDER VERVAIN</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Branches often 4-angled; leaves opposite; flowers often whorled;
-calyx 5-lobed; petals 4-5, united; calyx and corolla often 2-lipped;
-stamens 4, on corolla-tube; ovary often 4-celled.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Slender Vervain</span> (<i>Verbena halei</i>) was, until a few years ago, considered
-the same as the European vervain (<i>Verbena officinalis</i>), but
-it is now recognized as a different plant. Misty-looking purple
-patches on the roadside ahead usually turn out to be masses of the
-slender vervain. It is a perennial which takes on renewed blooming
-activity from early spring until fall, but usually only scattered plants
-bloom after June. It is very abundant in this state and other Southern
-States.</p>
-<p>The flowers are small and scattered along the slender branches at
-the top of the stem. The upper leaves are narrow, those of the mid-stem
-divided; and the lower are broad and irregularly toothed.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Large-Flowered Vervain</span> (<i>Verbena plicata</i>) shows some variation
-in color from white to lavender, the flowers commonly being a bluish-lavender.
-The flowers are about half an inch broad and grow in long
-showy spikes. The plants are perennial, and numerous stems form
-erect clumps 1-2 ft. high. It is especially handsome southwest of San
-Antonio and ranges into Mexico. It blooms from February to May.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_116">116</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig112">
-<img src="images/p060.jpg" alt="" width="518" height="800" />
-<p class="caption">PLAINS VERBENA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_117">117</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Wild</span> or <span class="sc">Plains Verbena</span> (<i>Verbena bipinnatifida</i>) is sometimes
-called sweet William, a name which properly belongs to the blue
-woodland phlox (<i>Phlox divaricata</i>) or to the clove pink. There is only
-a faint fragrance to the wild verbena.</p>
-<p>Along highways and in the fields the wild verbena blooms in great
-profusion from spring until the plants are killed by a severe freeze.
-The flower stalks often grow quite long and are topped by a flat
-cluster of flowers around the new buds. The old calyx tubes surrounding
-the small nutlets remain on the stalk for many weeks.
-Children delight in pulling off the purple tubular corollas so that they
-can suck the abundant nectar from the tube and then string them
-together for a necklace, which they make by inserting the base of
-one tube into the throat of the adjoining corolla.</p>
-<p>The wild verbena is a perennial plant with many prostrate branches.
-The leaves are thick, rough, and divided into narrow segments. It is
-one of the most familiar plants of the South Plains region, ranging
-from Missouri and Arizona to Northern Mexico. It is seldom used in
-gardens, but it is one of the plants used by the highway department
-for roadside planting. Where it has been used in gardens for low
-border mass effects, it has been a delight throughout the warm months
-with its showy, profuse blooms.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;Verbena&rdquo; is the Latin name for a sacred plant. There are nearly
-one hundred species of verbenas, one of which is European and the
-others American. About twenty-five of these are found in Texas,
-part of them belonging to the vervain group. The plains verbena
-and the slender vervain are the ones most widely distributed. Among
-other very lovely verbenas found in the state are Wright&rsquo;s verbena in
-West Texas and Lambert&rsquo;s verbena in East Texas. A South American
-verbena (<i>Verbena venosa</i>), with brilliant purple flowers, has escaped
-cultivation in Southeast Texas.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Wright&rsquo;s Verbena</span> (<i>Verbena wrightii</i>) is quite similar to the plains
-verbena but has larger flowers of a reddish-purple color. The plants
-are larger, and the foliage is coarser.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Lambert&rsquo;s Verbena</span> (<i>Verbena canadensis</i>) has ovate leaves which
-are toothed or lobed but not divided. The flowers are a reddish-purple
-and have a white eye surrounded by a line of black. This is a
-handsome verbena which does well in cultivation but is little used.
-Garden hybrids have been reported from it. The origin of the common
-garden verbena is not definitely known.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_118">118</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig113">
-<img src="images/p061.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">FRENCH MULBERRY</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">French Mulberry</span> (<i>Callicarpa americana</i>) is a low shrub 3-6 ft.
-high, also known as the Bermuda mulberry or sour-bush. It is easily
-recognized in the fall by the clusters of reddish-purple berries and
-large ovate leaves 3-6 in. long. The showy berries are responsible for
-the scientific name which means &ldquo;beautiful fruit.&rdquo; It grows in woods
-of sandy areas from Central Texas to Florida and Virginia, and also
-in the West Indies. The variety with white fruit is not so common
-as the purple-fruited variety. The flowers are inconspicuous, pale
-pink or white. The shrub is well-known in cultivation but is not so
-hardy as the Japanese callicarpa.</p>
-<p>The verbena family includes many tropical and sub-tropical shrubs,
-some of which are widely cultivated in Texas. Lantana (<i>Lantana
-camara</i>) has orange and yellow flowers and is a profuse summer
-bloomer. The common lilac lantana in cultivation was introduced
-from Brazil, but there are two native lilac lantanas in Southern Texas.
-Lavender, or vitex, introduced from Europe, is an excellent shrub for
-summer bloom.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_119">119</div>
-<h3>MINT FAMILY (Labiatae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig114">
-<img src="images/p061a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="596" />
-<p class="caption">PRAIRIE SKULLCAP</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Stems usually 4-angled; leaves opposite; calyx 5-lobed, often
-2-lipped; corolla 4-5-lobed, usually 2-lipped; stamens 4 or 2, on
-corolla-tube; fruit of 4 nutlets.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie Skullcap</span> (<i>Scutellaria resinosa</i>) turns its saucy flowers upward
-and covers the dense clumps with a purple glow. The tubular
-flowers are nearly an inch long and 2-lipped, with two short lobes
-forming the velvety, arched upper lip and with three broad lobes
-forming the spreading lower lip. The middle lobe is marked by a conspicuous
-white spot dotted with purple. Numerous stems grow from a
-woody, perennial root on rocky prairies and limestone slopes from
-Texas to Arizona and Nebraska.</p>
-<p>The many skullcaps in the state are easily distinguished from other
-mints by the crest on the upper surface of the calyx. Most of them
-have small oval or rounded leaves, and all have purple flowers. They
-get their scientific name from the Latin word meaning &ldquo;dish,&rdquo; referring
-to the shape of the calyx.</p>
-<p>The mint family is a large one, well represented in Texas. The European
-horehound (<i>Marrubium vulgare</i>) has become a pernicious weed
-in the pastures of Central Texas. Rosemary, sage, thyme, lavender,
-majoram, and the mints are familiar members of the mint family.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_120">120</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig115">
-<img src="images/p062.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="594" />
-<p class="caption">SLENDER DRAGON-HEAD<span class="hst"> BRAZOS MINT</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Slender Dragon-Head</span> or <span class="sc">Lion&rsquo;s Heart</span> (<i>Physostegia intermedia</i>)
-has spikes of delicate lavender flowers. The slender stems, 1-3 ft.
-high, grow from perennial roots in moist soil on prairies from Texas
-and Louisiana to Missouri and Kentucky from April to July. The
-physostegias are rapidly growing in favor as garden flowers, as different
-species will produce blooms throughout the season, if the flowering
-spikes are cut and not allowed to seed.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Brazos Mint</span> (<i>Brazoria scutellarioides</i>) is a lovely little annual
-found on the plains of Central Texas. The plants are usually less
-than a foot high and seldom branched, but the dense spikes of lavender
-flowers make it quite conspicuous during favorable seasons. Although
-the name indicates a resemblance to the skullcap, it might be mistaken
-for a dwarf physostegia. The corollas have much the same
-delicate lavender coloring, but the flaring calyx more closely resembles
-that of the Texas salvia. It is also called twin-flower, wild lilac, and
-honey plant.</p>
-<p><i>Brazoria truncata</i>, with larger and paler flowers, is very abundant
-in sandy soil in Central Texas, being especially common in Gonzales
-County. This plant was first collected near the Brazos River, a fact
-commemorated in the scientific name of &ldquo;Brazoria.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_121">121</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig116">
-<img src="images/p062a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">HENBIT<span class="hst"> PRAIRIE PENNYROYAL</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Henbit.</span> <span class="sc">Dead Nettle</span> (<i>Lamium amplexicaule</i>) is a troublesome
-weed on lawns everywhere in the state and in most of the United
-States. It is a winter annual introduced from Europe and Asia. The
-flowers often begin to bloom in December and continue until March
-or April. The stems branch from the base, and the flowers grow in
-stalkless clusters with the upper leaves.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie Pennyroyal.</span> <span class="sc">Lemon Mint.</span> <span class="sc">Mexican Tea</span> (<i>Hedeoma
-drummondii</i>) is a low perennial plant characterized by the lemon-like
-odor of the foliage, the narrow, tubular lavender corollas, and the
-bulging finely-ribbed tubular calyx. The flowers and leaves are about
-half an inch long. The low, bushy clumps grow on rocky plains and
-hillsides throughout Texas, the flowers blooming during the late spring
-and summer. A tea made from the foliage, either fresh or dried,
-is considered of value for its soothing effect. A few leaves in iced
-tea add a piquant flavor. The name is from the Greek and means
-&ldquo;sweet smell.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>The American pennyroyal is <i>Hedeoma pulegioides</i>. The leaves and
-flowering tops are collected in July and August and dried. It yields
-an oil used in medicine.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_122">122</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig117">
-<img src="images/p063.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="603" />
-<p class="caption">PALE WILD BERGAMOT</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Pale Wild Bergamot</span> (<i>Monarda fistulosa mollis</i>) is a very lovely
-member of the horsemint group. The slender stems are branched
-at the top, each branch having a terminal cluster of lavender flowers.
-The flowers are tubular and two-lipped, 1-1&frac12; in. long, the upper
-lip narrow and the lower broad and three lobed. The upper lip is
-clothed with soft hairs.</p>
-<p>The wild bergamot grows in the states east of the Rocky Mountains,
-and several varieties are known. In Texas it grows in moist woods
-in the eastern part and along streams in North Texas. It is a perennial
-which is sometimes cultivated. The stems are usually about two
-feet high. The leaves are short-stalked and lance-shaped, the margins
-having a few short teeth. The leaves have a pleasant aroma and are
-used in flavoring tea. Medicinally they are used as a stimulant and
-as a remedy for colic pains.</p>
-<p>The brilliant, scarlet-flowered Oswego tea (<i>Monarda didyma</i>) of the
-Eastern States is not native to Texas. It is used as a substitute
-for tea.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_123">123</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig118">
-<img src="images/p063a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">GREEN HORSEMINT</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Green</span> or <span class="sc">White Horsemint</span> (<i>Monarda punctata</i>) differs from the
-wild bergamot in having numerous clusters of flowers at the top of
-the stem. These clusters are surrounded by many short, drooping
-floral leaves which are blotched with white or occasionally have a
-purplish tinge. The yellow corollas are dotted with purple and are
-about an inch long. The calyx tube is ribbed, and the lobes are
-short and triangular. In growth habit and shape of leaves it is very
-much like the purple horsemint, but in flower it is readily distinguished
-by the yellow flowers and green and white floral leaves. The plants
-are perennial, much-branched, and somewhat downy. They are found
-in the Eastern and Central States and bloom in Texas from late May
-to July.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Dwarf Horsemint</span> (<i>Monarda clinopodioides</i>) is another horsemint
-of sandy plains in Texas and Oklahoma. The plants are usually less
-than a foot high. They have white corollas, and the short bracts are
-purplish-brown with hairy margins. This horsemint is not so widespread
-as the green and purple horsemint.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_124">124</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig119">
-<img src="images/p064.jpg" alt="" width="510" height="800" />
-<p class="caption">PURPLE HORSEMINT</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_125">125</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Purple Horsemint.</span> <span class="sc">Lemon Monarda</span> (<i>Monarda citriodora</i>) is
-lovely not only because of its dainty flowers but especially because
-of the floral leaves or bracts surrounding the flowers. These bracts
-take on a reddish-purple color and may be marked with white and
-green. The purple varies from rosy tints to a royal hue.</p>
-<p>The flowers grow in whorls or rosettes at the top of the stem, new
-ones appearing with continued growth until there may be ten or
-more clusters on a stem. The corollas are narrow, tubular, and two-lipped,
-varying in color from lavender to white and commonly marked
-with small purple dots. The tubular calyx has five very narrow lobes,
-which are hairy and as long as the tube; the throat of the calyx is
-closed by a dense ring of white hairs.</p>
-<p>Growing in erect clumps one to two feet high, the plants form conspicuous
-patches along highways and cover many pastures. The
-leaves are short-stalked and narrowed at both ends, the margins being
-sharply toothed. The purple floral leaves are oblong, with the midrib
-prolonged into a slender bristle or awn. These numerous bracts curve
-downward and overlap, the lower ones being longer.</p>
-<p>The purple horsemint is common on plains from Mexico to Missouri
-and Kansas and ranges eastward to Florida. It blooms from May
-to August but is most profuse in June.</p>
-<p>The monardas are North American plants named in honor of Nicolas
-Monardes, a Spanish physician and botanist. Some are valued for
-their perfume oils, and some have a slight medicinal value. The
-purple horsemint is rich in nectar, but the honey produced is not
-of the first quality. The dried plants are used in hens&rsquo; nests to drive
-off mites and fleas.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Plains Lemon Monarda</span> (<i>Monarda pectinata</i>) is the common horsemint
-on the dry western plains in the state and ranges to Arizona and
-Nebraska. The flowers are pink or white but are not spotted with
-purple. The floral leaves are lance-shaped.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_126">126</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig120">
-<img src="images/p065.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">PRAIRIE SAGE<span class="hst"> RED SAGE</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie Sage</span> (<i>Salvia pitcheri</i>) grows in scattered clumps throughout
-the central prairie region from Texas to Illinois and Minnesota.
-Because of its sky-blue, tubular, 2-lipped flowers, it is one of the
-plants most easily identified. The gray-green leaves have the characteristic
-sage odor and can be used for sage tea. The plants are
-two to three feet high and bloom from late spring to November.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Red Sage</span> or <span class="sc">Salvia</span>. <span class="sc">Indian Fire</span> (<i>Salvia coccinea</i>) is a hardy
-plant in cultivation and blooms nearly all the year. It is native to
-the Gulf States, in Texas growing in woods near the coast. The red
-flowers are nearly an inch long.</p>
-<p>There are nearly five hundred salvias known. Three European
-species are cultivated for their leaves, and many others are grown
-for ornamental purposes. The common bedding salvia is <i>Salvia
-splendens</i>, native of Brazil. The handsomest flower in the state is the
-red-flowered <i>Salvia regla</i>, found in a few mountain canyons in West
-Texas. Cancer weed (<i>Salvia lyrata</i>) is the common salvia of East
-Texas woods.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_127">127</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig121">
-<img src="images/p065a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="603" />
-<p class="caption">TEXAS SAGE<span class="hst"> BLUE SAGE</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Blue Sage.</span> <span class="sc">Blue Salvia</span> (<i>Salvia farinacea</i>) is a lovely plant which
-is native and abundant in the limestone regions of the state. It has
-long been known in cultivation, being especially adapted for rock
-gardens and highway plantings. It blooms with renewed activity
-after every rain from April to November. The corollas are usually
-purple but vary to blue and white. They have a narrow upper lip
-which is velvety with violet hairs on its outer surface. The calyx
-is velvety with violet-gray hairs. The stems grow from perennial
-roots and form clumps two to three feet high.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Salvia.</span> <span class="sc">Texas Sage</span> (<i>Salviastrum texanum</i>) blooms from
-March to May, growing in a low bushy clump 12-18 inches high on
-limestone hillsides from Central Texas to New Mexico. The spikes are
-densely covered with lavender flowers about an inch long. Unlike the
-true salvias, it has a flaring calyx which is densely bearded in the
-throat.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_128">128</div>
-<h3>POTATO FAMILY (Solanaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig122">
-<img src="images/p066.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">PURPLE NIGHTSHADE</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves alternate; calyx 4-6-lobed; petals united, 5; stamens 5,
-on corolla-tube, anthers often opening by apical pores; ovary
-2-celled; fruit a capsule or berry.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Purple Nightshade</span> (<i>Solanum elaeagnifolium</i>) is sometimes called
-silver-leaved nightshade or &ldquo;trompillo.&rdquo; Although bearing lovely star-shaped
-lavender flowers, the purple nightshade is considered a pernicious
-weed in fields and gardens. It grows from deep, woody perennial
-roots and blooms profusely even in seasons of drouth from May
-to October. It is found on plains from Missouri to Texas and
-Arizona. The branched plants grow 1-3 ft. high and are more or less
-covered with prickles. The yellow fruits resemble small tomatoes and
-remain on the old stalks for months. They are said to be poisonous.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Torrey&rsquo;s Nightshade</span> (<i>Solanum torreyi</i>) is a plant similar to the
-purple nightshade, but it has broader, irregularly-toothed leaves and
-larger flowers and seldom grows as high.</p>
-<p>The solanum group comprises nearly a thousand species and includes
-many well-known plants, among which are the Irish potato and
-the egg-plant. Bitter-sweet and Jerusalem cherry are cultivated for
-their showy fruits. Several members of the group are said to be very
-poisonous.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_129">129</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig123">
-<img src="images/p066a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="593" />
-<p class="caption">BUFFALO-BUR</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Buffalo-Bur.</span> <span class="sc">Yellow Nightshade</span> (<i>Solanum rostratum</i>) is a
-common weed in waste places and on prairies from Tennessee to
-Mexico, but the spreading plants are often covered with their yellow
-star blossoms. Children call them sticker-weeds because of the vicious
-prickles on the foliage. They are also called tread-softly, Texas nettle,
-prickly potato, and bumble-bee bush, the latter name being given
-because of the numerous bee visitors. The name of buffalo-bur dates
-back to the days when buffaloes roamed the plains, the prickly fruits
-clinging to the shaggy coats of the huge beasts.</p>
-<p>The yellow flowers which bloom from May to October resemble
-those of the purple nightshade in shape and size. The stamens of the
-nightshades shed their pollen through small openings at the top of the
-pollen-sac. The buffalo-bur has one stamen very much larger than
-the other four. The leaves are once or twice divided into broad
-rounded segments. The berries are enclosed in the enlarged and spiny
-calyx.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_130">130</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig124">
-<img src="images/p067.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">LOW GROUND CHERRY<span class="hst"> PURPLE GROUND CHERRY</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Low Ground Cherry</span> (<i>Physalis mollis</i>) is a common weed throughout
-the state and ranges to Arkansas, Mexico, and California. The
-flowers and fruits are usually hidden beneath the leaves. The fruit,
-a berry very much like a small tomato, is enclosed in the enlarged
-sac-like calyx. The scientific name is from the Greek word meaning
-&ldquo;bladder&rdquo; and refers to the inflated calyx. Some ground cherries
-are cultivated for their fruits which are edible and are used for making
-preserves and pies.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Purple Ground Cherry</span> (<i>Physalis lobata</i>) flaunts its gay purple
-flowers for all to see. The plant has low, spreading branches which
-are covered with purple blooms, one inch broad. It ranges from
-Mexico to Kansas and California, blooming in Texas from spring to
-fall.</p>
-<p>The potato family includes the tomato and tobacco plants. Wild
-tobacco (<i>Nicotiana repanda</i>) is very abundant in the southern part
-of the state. The white flowers resemble those of the cultivated petunia,
-which also belongs to this family.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_131">131</div>
-<h3>FIGWORT FAMILY (Scrophulariaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig125">
-<img src="images/p067a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="606" />
-<p class="caption">PURPLE PAINT-BRUSH<span class="hst"> CENIZO</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled; sepals, 4-5; corolla
-tubular, 4-5-lobed, 2-lipped; stamens often 4, in pairs on corolla-tube,
-sterile stamen often present; ovary 2-celled, superior.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Purple Paint-Brush</span> (<i>Castilleja purpurea</i>) grows on limestone
-slopes and rocky prairies in North-central Texas. The low stems grow
-from a woody perennial root. The flowers and floral leaves are both
-conspicuously colored, varying from rose to purple. The divided
-leaves are a lovely ashy-gray.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Leucophyllum.</span> <span class="sc">White Leaf.</span> <span class="sc">Cenizo</span> (<i>Leucophyllum texanum</i>)
-covers hillsides in the southern and southwestern parts of the state.
-The low bushes seldom grow more than three or four feet high. It is
-a startling and lovely sight to see a hillside which was a mass of gray
-transformed overnight into a delicate hue of lavender. This happens
-shortly after heavy rains, and for this reason the plant is sometimes
-called barometer bush. Leucophyllum has been widely introduced as a
-shrub in Texas gardens, where the ashy-gray leaves are quite effective
-against dark green shrubbery. The name is Greek and means &ldquo;white
-leaf.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_132">132</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig126">
-<img src="images/p068.jpg" alt="" width="517" height="799" />
-<p class="caption">SCARLET PAINT-BRUSH</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_133">133</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Scarlet Paint-Brush</span> (<i>Castilleja indivisa</i>) is also called Indian
-paint-brush, painted-cup, entire-leaved paint brush, and Indian pink.
-One of the most inspiring landscape displays of native flowers is
-formed by the scarlet paint-brush. It is found in sandy soil from the
-northeastern to southwestern parts of the state and blooms from March
-to May but is at its best in April. The paint-brush display of red is
-equalled or excelled only by that of two other wild-flower favorites&mdash;the
-red Drummond&rsquo;s phlox in south-central sandy regions and the
-beautiful gaillardia of black land prairies.</p>
-<p>The intense scarlet-red is due to the coloring of the broadened
-floral leaves (bracts) at the tip of the stem. These bracts almost hide
-the inconspicuous cream-colored flowers which are about an inch long.
-The bracts are oblong, the tips being broader than the base and deeply
-stained with scarlet.</p>
-<p>The scarlet paint-brush is an annual plant, commonly six to twelve
-inches high, and is sometimes branched at the base. The leaves are
-rough-nerved and wavy-margined. Occasionally the leaves have two
-linear basal lobes somewhat like those of the eastern or swamp scarlet
-paint-brush (<i>Castilleja coccinea</i>), which has similar flower clusters but
-grows in swampy places.</p>
-<p>The castillejas are mostly Western American plants, some being
-parasitic on the roots of other plants. They are named in honor of
-D. Castillejo, a Spanish botanist. In addition to the scarlet and purple
-paint-brushes, several other castillejas are found in the state. Lindheimer&rsquo;s
-paint-brush (<i>Castilleja lindheimeri</i>) is very much like the
-purple paint-brush, but it has red or orange bracts. It is a perennial
-plant which grows on limestone hillsides of Southwest-central Texas.
-The woolly-stemmed paint-brush (<i>Castilleja lanata</i>) has woolly-gray
-stems and leaves and red flower clusters. It may be noticed in chaparral
-thickets and canyons in West Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_134">134</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig127">
-<img src="images/p069.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="607" />
-<p class="caption">TEXAS TOAD-FLAX<span class="hst"> SMALL-FLOWERED BEARD-TONGUE</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Small-Flowered Pentstemonor</span> or <span class="sc">Beard-Tongue</span> (<i>Pentstemon
-laxiflorus</i>) grows in the sandy soil of post oak woods in Central and
-East Texas. The slender stems are 1-2 ft. high and are topped by
-slender-stalked flower clusters. The corollas are a pale lavender,
-about an inch long. This is a very common plant in the state and has
-been given various names by botanists, the latest one being <i>laxiflorus</i>.
-It is a close relative, probably a variety, of the slender beard-tongue
-(<i>Pentstemon gracilis</i>) of moist prairies from Minnesota to Oklahoma.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Toad-Flax</span> (<i>Linaria texana</i>) has pale blue flowers similar
-to those of the Canada toad-flax. The corollas have a slender spur
-about half an inch long. The slender stems are 1-2 feet high, growing
-from a cluster of basal leaves which are finely divided into somewhat
-rounded segments. It is widespread in sandy soil from Florida to
-California and blooms early in the spring.</p>
-<p>Many other figworts are found in the state. The nearest relative
-to the garden snapdragon is the climbing snapdragon (<i>Maurandia
-antirrhiniflora</i>). Mullein is widespread in the state. The common
-monkey-flower is <i>Mimulus glabratus</i>.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_135">135</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig128">
-<img src="images/p069a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">LARGE-FLOWERED BEARD-TONGUE</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Large-Flowered Beard-Tongue</span> or <span class="sc">Pentstemon</span> (<i>Pentstemon
-cobaea</i>) is also known as false foxglove, dew flowers, fairy thimbles,
-wild belladonna, and balmony. It was called &ldquo;balmony&rdquo; by early
-settlers, who made a tea from the leaves to be used as a laxative.
-Several erect stems from perennial roots grow on the rocky slopes of
-prairies from Texas to Missouri and Kansas. It blooms in Texas in
-April and May.</p>
-<p>The flowering spikes of bell-shaped flowers are large and showy.
-The corollas are usually pale, tinged with reddish-purple and marked
-with darker lines. The fifth stamen is sparingly bearded. The stems
-are 1-1&frac12; feet high, and the flowers are 1&frac12;-2 inches long. The
-leaves are broad and partly clasping at the base, the margins usually
-indented with sharp teeth. It is thought that the common garden
-pentstemon is a hybrid derived from this beard-tongue and Hartwig&rsquo;s
-pentstemon, a Mexican plant.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_136">136</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig129">
-<img src="images/p070.jpg" alt="" width="513" height="801" />
-<p class="caption">SCARLET PENTSTEMON</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_137">137</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Scarlet Pentstemon</span> or <span class="sc">Beard-Tongue</span>. <span class="sc">Murray&rsquo;s Pentstemon</span>
-(<i>Pentstemon murrayanus</i>) is a very lovely plant growing in sandy soil
-in post oak woods of Central and East Texas and Arkansas. The
-plants are three feet high, the reddish stems having a few opposite,
-clasping leaves, those on the upper part being united and cup-shaped.
-The foliage is very smooth and has a somewhat downy covering.</p>
-<p>The flowering upper portion of the stem is often over a foot long
-and bears a profusion of tubular scarlet flowers about an inch long.
-The stamens extend beyond the corolla, and the fifth stamen is not
-bearded. The long slender style remains on the capsule long after the
-corollas have fallen away. The flowers usually bloom the latter part
-of March in South Texas and the middle of April in North Texas.
-The plants are quite hardy and may be successfully transplanted or
-grown from seeds, but should be planted in sandy soil.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;Pentstemon&rdquo; is Greek meaning &ldquo;five stamens.&rdquo; Nearly all members
-of the figwort family have only four stamens, but the pentstemons have
-five; however, the fifth stamen does not bear a pollen-sac and is often
-bearded. &ldquo;Beard-tongue&rdquo; refers to this bearded stamen. There are
-nearly a hundred and fifty species of pentstemons, about thirty of
-them being found in Texas. With the exception of one found in Southeastern
-Asia, they are all North American plants.</p>
-<p>Murray&rsquo;s pentstemon is quite similar to two red-flowered pentstemons
-of the mountains of West Texas. These two are likewise tall,
-vigorous plants and have showy clusters of flowers. Torrey&rsquo;s
-pentstemon (<i>Pentstemon barbatus torreyi</i>) has narrow pointed leaves,
-and the superb pentstemon (<i>Pentstemon superbus</i>) has broad oblong
-leaves. The common blue-flowered pentstemon in West Texas is
-<i>Pentstemon fendleri</i>, with leaves nearly as broad as long.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_138">138</div>
-<h3>TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY (Bignoniaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig130">
-<img src="images/p071.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="604" />
-<p class="caption">DESERT WILLOW</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves opposite, mostly compound; flowers showy, often 2-lipped;
-calyx tubular, 5-lobed; petals 5, united; stamens 4 or 2,
-in pairs on corolla-tube; capsules often long, with winged seeds.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Desert Willow</span> (<i>Chilopsis linearis</i>), also called flowering willow,
-willow-leaved catalpa, and &ldquo;mimbre,&rdquo; is a common shrub along water
-courses from West Texas to Southern California and Northern Mexico.
-When it is not in flower or fruit, it may be mistaken for the black
-willow (<i>Salix nigra</i>), which has similar leaves. The delicate, lavender,
-trumpet-shaped flowers are about two inches long. White and pale-lavender
-forms occur. It is a shrub or small tree frequently cultivated
-for ornament in Texas and California. It blooms from May through
-the summer months. Mexicans use the wood for fence-posts and the
-branches for baskets. A tea made from the flowers is used as a remedy
-for heart and lung diseases.</p>
-<p>Several other members of this family are native to the state and are
-well-known in cultivation. Among these are the red-flowered trumpet-creeper
-(<i>Campsis radicans</i>), the yellow-red cross-vine (<i>Bignonia
-capreolata</i>), the catalpa found in East Texas woods, and the yellow-elder
-(<i>Tecoma stans</i>) in South Texas and the mountains of West
-Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_139">139</div>
-<h3>ACANTHUS FAMILY (Acanthaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig131">
-<img src="images/p071a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="603" />
-<p class="caption">FLAME ACANTHUS</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves opposite; calyx 4-5-lobed; sepals 5; petals 5, united,
-sometimes 2-lipped; stamens on tube, 2 or 4 in 2 pairs; fruit a capsule,
-often club-shaped, opening elastically.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Flame Acanthus</span> (<i>Anisacanthus wrightii</i>) is covered with scarlet
-flowers from early summer until frost. It is a low, widely branched
-shrub, about 2 feet high, found in rocky soil of the mountains of
-West Texas. The corollas have a narrow tube and five narrow, spreading
-lobes which are nearly equal but somewhat 2-lipped. The two
-stamens and the style extend beyond the corolla. The small leaves
-are ovate-lanceolate in shape and are 1-2 inches long.</p>
-<p>The flame acanthus is an excellent garden shrub for dry regions and
-has been known in cultivation for some time. This species is named
-in honor of Charles Wright, an early collector of Texas plants and one
-of the first teachers in the state. Wright was a Yale graduate who
-collected plants in Texas from 1837 to 1852 for Dr. Asa Gray of
-Harvard University. He accompanied a baggage train to El Paso in
-1849, and in 1851 he joined the Graham Boundary Survey. On both
-of these trips he collected many plants not previously known to
-science.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_140">140</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig132">
-<img src="images/p072.jpg" alt="" width="520" height="801" />
-<p class="caption">WILD PETUNIA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_141">141</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Wild Petunia.</span> <span class="sc">Ruellia</span> (<i>Ruellia nudiflora</i>) has flowers very much
-like those of the cultivated petunia, a member of the potato family.
-It is a very common plant in Central and South Texas, growing in
-open woods or on rich prairies. It frequently takes possession of
-lawns and flower beds.</p>
-<p>The plants are erect, 12-16 inches high, and have few branches.
-The few leaves are oval, narrowed at the base, wavy-margined, and
-blunt or rounded at the apex. The forking flower clusters have one
-to five flowers open at the same time. The flowers do not last very
-long. Leaves and stem are often marked with red or purple.</p>
-<p>The delicate, funnel-shaped corollas have five spreading lobes and
-are about two inches long. The four stamens are inclosed in the tube.
-The seed-capsules are nearly an inch long and turn brown as they
-mature.</p>
-<p>This ruellia was formerly confused with <i>Ruellia tuberosa</i>, a tropical
-plant with tuberous roots. The ruellias belong to a large group of
-plants with about 200 species most of which are found in tropical
-South America. They are named for Jean de la Ruelle, an early
-French physician and botanist.</p>
-<p>There are several other ruellias widely distributed in the wooded
-sections of the state. The hairy ruellia (<i>Ruellia ciliosa</i>) is abundant
-on the prairies in Texas and the Eastern States. Miss Eaton, in an
-article in the <i>National Geographic</i> in 1925, reports that carpenter-bees
-use circular pieces of the corolla to plug off their nesting cells made in
-tunnels in soft wood. Drummond&rsquo;s ruellia (<i>Ruellia drummondiana</i>) is
-found in woods in Central Texas. The flowers are rather small and are
-nearly hidden by the leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_142">142</div>
-<h3>PLANTAIN FAMILY (Plantaginaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig133">
-<img src="images/p073.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">TALLOW-WEED<span class="hst"> RED-SEEDED PLANTAIN</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Herbs; leaves basal; calyx 4-lobed; corolla papery, 3-4-lobed;
-stamens 4, on corolla-tube; capsule (in ours) opening by a horizontal
-division.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Tallow-Weed.</span> <span class="sc">Wright&rsquo;s Plantain</span> (<i>Plantago wrightiana</i>) is a
-common plant on prairies from Texas to Arizona and blooms from
-April to June. It is called tallow-weed because cattle fatten on the
-plants. The stems are 6-8 in. high, and the numerous basal leaves
-are half as long, narrow, smooth, and dark green. The small 4-lobed
-flowers have a stiff, papery white corolla with spreading lobes. The
-small capsules open by a lid.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Red-Seeded Plantain</span> or <span class="sc">Ribwort</span> (<i>Plantago rhodosperma</i>) has
-broad leaves, 3-5-ribbed, and narrow spikes of flowers. The leaf-rosettes
-are often a foot broad. The corolla lobes are erect and are
-closed over one another. The ribwort is a very common weed in
-sandy soil from Missouri to Texas and Arizona.</p>
-<p>There are many other plantains in the state, all more or less abundant.
-The group has retained the old Latin name. Scilla-seed, a
-laxative in recent use, is obtained from a South American plantain.
-The seeds of the lance-leaved plantain are sold as food for birds.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_143">143</div>
-<h3>MADDER FAMILY (Rubiaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig134">
-<img src="images/p073a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="592" />
-<p class="caption">SMALL BLUET<span class="hst"> LEAST BLUET</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves opposite or whorled; in ours, sepals and petals usually 4,
-but may be 4-10, calyx joining ovary wall; stamens 4-10, on
-corolla-tube; ovary inferior, 2-5-celled.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Small Bluet</span> (<i>Houstonia patens</i>) has violet-blue flowers which are
-among the first blossoms of spring. They dot golf courses and sandy
-meadows from Texas to Virginia and Illinois in February and March.
-The bluets are also called innocence and angel-eyes.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Least Bluet</span> (<i>Houstonia minima</i>) is a smaller plant than the small
-bluet, but the flowers are a little larger and are pale pink. They
-bloom at the same time of year and may often be found together.
-The least bluet ranges from Texas to Illinois and Kansas.</p>
-<p>The madder-family is mainly tropical but is represented in Texas by
-nearly forty species. Nearly all of these have inconspicuous, 4-lobed
-white flowers and include many bedstraws and bluets, the button-weed,
-and button-bush. From some members of the family valuable commercial
-products&mdash;coffee, quinine, and a red dye&mdash;are obtained; the
-cape-jasmine or gardenia is a well-known ornamental plant.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_144">144</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig135">
-<img src="images/p074.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">BOUVARDIA<span class="hst"> BABY&rsquo;S BREATH</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Baby&rsquo;s Breath.</span> <span class="sc">Narrow-Leaved Houstonia</span> (<i>Houstonia angustifolia</i>)
-is not the garden plant (<i>Gypsophila paniculata</i>) which is known
-as baby&rsquo;s breath, but it is equally dainty. The stems grow from woody
-perennial roots and form erect clumps about a foot high. The small
-flowers are borne in flat-topped clusters and vary in color from white
-to pale pink or lavender. This plant is widely distributed on prairies
-from Illinois to Texas and Florida.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Bouvardia</span> (<i>Bouvardia ternifolia</i>) is a low shrub, 2-6 ft. high, which
-grows in the mountains west of the Pecos River to Arizona and Mexico.
-The leaves are short and grow in whorls of 3&rsquo;s or 4&rsquo;s. The narrow,
-red tubular flowers are about one inch long. The Bouvardias were
-once popular as greenhouse plants but are little used now. This one
-was introduced into England more than one hundred years ago.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_145">145</div>
-<h3>HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY (Caprifoliaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig136">
-<img src="images/p074a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">CORAL HONEYSUCKLE</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Usually shrubs; leaves opposite; calyx joining ovary wall, 5-lobed;
-corolla 5-lobed, tubular and often 2-lipped; stamens 4-5, on
-corolla-tube; ovary inferior; fruit a fleshy berry.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Southern Woodbine.</span> <span class="sc">Coral</span> or <span class="sc">Trumpet Honeysuckle</span> (<i>Lonicera
-sempervirens</i>) is quite common in the woods of East Texas and other
-Southern States, blooming in Texas in late March and continuing
-until fall. It is an evergreen vine that has been widely introduced
-into cultivation. The flowers are not so conspicuously two-lipped
-as in the white honeysuckle, the corolla-lobes being nearly equal. The
-scarlet berries are &frac14; inch long, ripening in the summer. This is one
-of a number of plants which are commonly called woodbine. The
-group was named in honor of Adam Lonitzer, an early German botanist.</p>
-<p>The black haw (<i>Viburnum prunifolium</i>) is very abundant in Texas
-woods. The showy ball-like clusters of white flowers appear with the
-leaves in April and May, following the dogwood and red haws. The
-American elder (<i>Sambucus canadensis</i>) is found along streams in
-Central and East Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_146">146</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig137">
-<img src="images/p075.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="611" />
-<p class="caption">WHITE HONEYSUCKLE</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">White Honeysuckle</span> (<i>Lonicera albiflora</i>) is a straggling bush which
-usually grows in the shelter of a tree. The pale broad, oval leaves are
-opposite and united at their bases, the uppermost pair being cup-shaped
-and surrounding the cluster of flowers borne at the tip of the
-stem. The fragrant flowers are less than an inch long with a narrow
-tube and 5 lobes, the lower lobe long and narrow and the 4 upper
-shorter, very much like those of the common cultivated Japanese
-honeysuckle. The five spreading stamens extend conspicuously beyond
-the corolla.</p>
-<p>This plant blooms in April and May. It is scattered throughout
-the central and western parts of the state, being especially abundant
-in the western mountains, and ranges to Arkansas and Arizona. The
-Japanese honeysuckle has escaped cultivation in places along the
-bayous of East Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_147">147</div>
-<h3>VALERIAN FAMILY (Valerianaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig138">
-<img src="images/p075a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">LAMB&rsquo;S LETTUCE</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Leaves opposite; calyx of several bristles or absent; petals 2-5,
-partly united; stamens usually 4, on corolla-tube; ovary inferior,
-3-celled but only 1 cell fertile.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Lamb&rsquo;s Lettuce.</span> <span class="sc">Texas</span> or <span class="sc">Dwarf Corn Salad</span> (<i>Valerianella
-amarella</i>) is one of the first white-flowered spring plants, growing in
-such abundance that the prairies are white with the blooms. It is a
-much smaller plant than the dwarf Queen Anne&rsquo;s lace which is so
-lovely late in April and May. In the field it is usually about 6 in.
-high but grows a little higher in cultivation when used as a border
-plant. It is easily identified by its flat-topped clusters of flowers
-grouped in squares at the end of the widely forking branches. The
-smooth foliage is yellow-green in color.</p>
-<p>There are several corn salads which grow in moist places in the
-state. The dwarf corn salad may readily be distinguished from these,
-as its minute seed-pod is covered with woolly hairs. The European
-corn salad is cultivated, and the leaves are used for salad.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_148">148</div>
-<h3>GOURD FAMILY (Cucurbitaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig139">
-<img src="images/p076.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">WILD BALSAM GOURD</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Tendrils mostly present, stems often prostrate; flowers usually
-unisexual; calyx tubular, 5-lobed; petals united or separate; stamens
-usually 3, one anther always 1-celled, the other two 2-celled;
-ovary inferior.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Wild Balsam Gourd</span> (<i>Ibervillea lindheimeri</i>) has bright scarlet
-balls about an inch in diameter and makes conspicuous spots of color
-on fences in the fall. The vine is slender, bearing small yellow flowers
-in the spring. The fruits are green at first, turning orange and then a
-scarlet red. Sometimes they are a little longer than broad and
-pointed at the end. The few leaves are thick and deeply 3-5-lobed.
-It ranges from Texas to California.</p>
-<p>The garden balsam (<i>Impatiens balsamina</i>) bears no relation to this
-plant. The vines in cultivation known as balsam apple and balsam
-pear are, however, members of the gourd family and were introduced
-from the Old World tropics. Watermelons, cantaloupes, cucumbers,
-squashes, pumpkins, and gourds are well-known members of the gourd
-family.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_149">149</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig140">
-<img src="images/p076a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">WILD GOURD</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Wild Gourd.</span> <span class="sc">Mock Orange</span> (<i>Cucurbita foetidissima</i>) has long
-trailing stems which are often 15 feet long and may be 25 feet long.
-It is readily distinguished by its large gray-green triangular leaves
-which are somewhat 3-5-lobed. The leaf-blades are 4-12 inches long,
-and the leaf-stalk is about half the length of the blade. The star-shaped
-yellow flowers, about three inches broad, are almost hidden by
-the leaves, the staminate and pistillate flowers being borne on different
-plants.</p>
-<p>The ovoid gourds, which at first are green variegated with a lighter
-green, turn quite yellow at maturity. The resemblance of the yellow
-fruit to oranges has given rise to the common name, mock orange.
-The gourds are about three inches long. They are not edible, as the
-pulp is fibrous and bitter. Mexicans use the plant as a soap substitute
-by mashing the gourds or the roots in water. They call it
-&ldquo;chilicoyote&rdquo; or &ldquo;calabacilla.&rdquo; The pumpkins and squashes, whose
-origin is somewhat obscure, are close relatives of the gourd.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_150">150</div>
-<h3>BELL-FLOWER FAMILY (Campanulaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig141">
-<img src="images/p077.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">VENUS&rsquo; LOOKING-GLASS<span class="hst"> WESTERN VENUS&rsquo; LOOKING-GLASS</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Juice usually milky; leaves alternate; calyx tube joined to
-ovary, 3-10-lobed; corolla tubular or bell-shaped, sepals and petals
-usually 5; stamens 5; ovary inferior, 2-10-celled.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Venus&rsquo; Looking-Glass</span> (<i>Specularia perfoliata</i>) is a very common
-American plant blooming in Texas in the early spring. Like the later
-flowers of many violets, the first flowers never open and are self-fertilized.
-The later flowers have a showy 5-lobed purple corolla about
-an inch long. The seeds are dispersed from a small opening in the
-lower part of the capsule. The leaves are small and clasping, usually
-broader than long.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Western Venus&rsquo; Looking-Glass</span> (<i>Specularia leptocarpa</i>) has
-flowers very much like the preceding, but the stamens and calyx lobes
-are longer. The long, slender capsules have the opening pore near
-the top. The showy flowers appear in late April and May. This
-plant is abundant on the northern prairies of Texas and ranges to
-Missouri and Montana.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_151">151</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig142">
-<img src="images/p077a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">PRAIRIE LOBELIA<span class="hst"> TEXAS HAREBELL</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Harebell.</span> <span class="sc">Bluebell</span> (<i>Campanula reverchonii</i>) is one of
-the rarer plants in the state, and care should be taken to preserve it.
-It is lovely against the granite rocks and boulders of Central Texas.
-The dainty, slender plants are often much branched and have blue
-flowers about half an inch long. The bluebell of Scotland is a renowned
-member of the group; Canterbury bells and the balloon-flower
-are well-known in gardens.</p>
-<h3>LOBELIA FAMILY (Lobeliaceae)</h3>
-<p class="bq">Juice often milky; sepals 5; corolla 1-2-lipped, united; stamens
-5, anthers joined into a tube.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie Lobelia</span> (<i>Lobelia brachypoda</i>) grows on sandy prairies in
-Southern Texas and the adjacent part of Mexico. It is very abundant
-west of Falfurrias in March. The Texas lobelias may usually be
-recognized by the five united stamens which have gray anthers bearded
-at the top. The plants often have a milky sap containing a poisonous
-alkaloid which is used in medicine. The red cardinal flower (<i>Lobelia
-splendens</i>) is rather widely scattered in moist places throughout the
-state but is rare enough to need protection.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_152">152</div>
-<h3>COMPOSITE FAMILY (Compositae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig143">
-<img src="images/p078.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">BALDWIN&rsquo;S IRONWEED</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Flowers crowded into heads surrounded by bracts; outer flowers
-often strap-shaped and are called ray flowers; inner flowers are
-tubular and are called disk flowers; sometimes flowers are all of
-one type; calyx usually modified into bristles or awns (pappus);
-petals united, tubular, 4-5-lobed; stamens 5, anthers united into a
-tube; styles 2-lobed; ovary 1-celled, inferior. (See <a href="#Page_xii">p. xii</a>.)</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Baldwin&rsquo;s Ironweed</span> (<i>Vernonia baldwinii</i>) has broad, flat-topped
-clusters of purple heads. It forms a pleasing contrast to the abundant
-yellow flowers of the summer months. The plant is a hardy perennial
-and grows in ditches and river bottoms from Central Texas to Iowa.
-The stems are 3-4 feet high and conspicuously leafy. The ironweeds
-get their common name from the fact that the stems are very hard
-and difficult for farmers to chop down.</p>
-<p>About one-fifth of the plants found in Texas belong to the composite
-family. It is generally divided into groups or tribes, the more important
-being the ironweed, mist-flower, aster, everlasting, sunflower,
-bitterweed, dog-fennel, and thistle groups. The composites in this
-book are grouped together in tribes in the above order, but the tribes
-are not separated or differentiated. Identification of composites is
-much easier if the resemblance to a particular group can be noted.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_153">153</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig144">
-<img src="images/p078a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">BLUE MIST-FLOWER<span class="hst"> BLUFF THOROUGHWORT</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Bluff Thoroughwort</span> (<i>Eupatorium ageratifolium</i>) is a widely
-branched shrub of the rocky hillsides of Central and West Texas. The
-bushes are covered with flat-topped clusters of pale-pink or white
-flowers. The long, protruding styles, which are divided into two
-recurved parts, have given the name of mist-flower to this and other
-plants of the group.</p>
-<p>Milk-sick plant (<i>Eupatorium ageratoides</i>) is a closely related plant
-which causes in cattle a disease called &ldquo;trembles.&rdquo; The milk from
-affected cows will cause sickness and death among humans. The late-flowering
-thoroughwort (<i>Eupatorium serotinum</i>) is very abundant in
-river bottoms throughout the state. Yankee-weed (<i>Eupatorium
-compositifolium</i>) grows in big feathery clumps often 10 feet high.
-It is a pernicious weed in East Texas and soon covers cut-over pine
-lands. The dried flower-tops of several species were used by pioneers
-as fever medicines. One of these plants was called Joe-pye weed in
-honor of the Indian doctor, Joe Pye.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Blue Mist-Flower</span> (<i>Conoclinium coelestinum</i>) is sometimes called
-ageratum and is used for a summer and fall border plant. It grows
-in moist, shaded places from Central Texas to New Jersey.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_154">154</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig145">
-<img src="images/p079.jpg" alt="" width="515" height="800" />
-<p class="caption">PRAIRIE BLAZING STAR<span class="hst"> DWARF GOLDENROD</span><span class="hst"> TALL GOLDENROD</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_155">155</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie Blazing Star.</span> <span class="sc">Button Snakeroot</span> (<i>Laciniaria punctata</i>)
-is sometimes called liatris from the scientific group to which these
-plants are sometimes referred. A similar prairie blazing star is called
-gay-feather. On the dry prairies in the western part of the state the
-blazing star has short stems and short spikes of flowers; but where
-moisture is more abundant, the plants are one to two feet high. The
-plant does well in cultivation and is easily grown from the seed. It
-ranges from Southern Canada to Texas and New Mexico.</p>
-<p>The stems are closely covered with the narrow leaves, which are
-marked with minute glandular dots. The spikes are densely covered
-with long, narrow heads of purple flowers. There are only a few
-star-shaped tubular flowers in a head. The seeds are widely scattered
-by their crown of plumose bristles. The lovely spikes are often dried
-for winter bouquets.</p>
-<p>Many eastern blazing stars are found in the woods of East Texas,
-where they make showy displays from July to October. They are
-called snakeroots from their reputed property of curing snake-bites.
-A tea made from the plant will cause profuse perspiration; the perspiration
-was probably responsible for the reported snake-bite cures.
-They are also called devil&rsquo;s bit or devil&rsquo;s bite, because of the bitten-off
-appearance of the rootstock. The rootstock was considered such a
-powerful remedy for human ills that the devil bit off a part for spite.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Tall Goldenrod</span> (<i>Solidago altissima</i>) grows 2-8 ft. high, has rough
-leaves which are sharply toothed and prominently triple-nerved, and
-is topped by dense clusters of yellow flowers. Most of the goldenrods
-are widely distributed in North America; the tall goldenrod is abundant
-in dry soil from Maine to Nebraska and Texas.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Gray</span>, <span class="sc">Field</span>, or <span class="sc">Dwarf Goldenrod</span> (<i>Solidago nemoralis</i>) has flower
-heads all turned to one side of the branches which top the slender
-wand-like stems. The stems are one half to two feet high. This is
-one of the most abundant goldenrods in the central and western parts
-of the state from July to November and ranges from Canada to Florida
-and Arizona.</p>
-<p>In Texas the goldenrods are usually found only in moist soil, many
-eastern species growing profusely in East Texas. The three-nerved
-goldenrod (<i>Solidago trinervata</i>) is the common one in Southwest
-Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_156">156</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig146">
-<img src="images/p080.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="596" />
-<p class="caption">STIFF GOLDENROD</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Stiff</span> or <span class="sc">Hard-Leaved Goldenrod</span> (<i>Solidago rigida</i>) is one of about
-thirty-five goldenrods found in the state. It belongs to the type which
-is responsible for the common name, as the yellow flowers are in heads
-arranged in rod-like clusters at the top of the stem. The scientific
-name of &ldquo;Solidago,&rdquo; meaning &ldquo;to make whole,&rdquo; had its origin in the
-healing properties of certain species.</p>
-<p>The stiff goldenrod grows in dry rocky or sandy soil east of the
-Rocky Mountains from Southern Canada to Texas. It grows 1&frac12;-2
-feet high and has broad leaves 1-2 inches long. Lindheimer&rsquo;s goldenrod
-(<i>Solidago lindheimeriana</i>) is a similar stout, leafy-stemmed plant
-which is abundant in Central Texas and ranges to Kansas and Mexico.
-Bigelow&rsquo;s goldenrod (<i>Solidago bigelovii</i>) is another species with rod-like
-clusters. It is found in the mountainous regions of West Texas and
-New Mexico.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_157">157</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig147">
-<img src="images/p080a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">BROOM-WEED</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Broom-Weed.</span> <span class="sc">Kindling-Weed</span> (<i>Amphiachyris dracunculoides</i>) is a
-pasture pest in the southern part of the Great Plains region. The
-slender stem is unbranched near the base, but above the middle the
-numerous spreading branches form a flat-topped plant which bears
-many small heads of yellow flowers. The plants are often 2-4 feet
-high and grow in dense masses. It has been used as a broom by early
-settlers, Mexicans, and children at play. The resinous foliage of the
-dried plants was also highly valued for kindling fires.</p>
-<p>The broom-weed is closely related to the rabbit-brush which is so
-abundant in West Texas and New Mexico. The Texas rabbit-brush
-(<i>Gutierrezia texana</i>) of West Texas is so much like the broom-weed
-that only a close observer can distinguish them. Both have 5-8
-flowers with strap-shaped corollas in the outer part of the head and a
-few tubular flowers in the center; both bloom in the late summer and
-fall.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_158">158</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig148">
-<img src="images/p081.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">CAMPHOR DAISY<span class="hst"> TEXAS GUMWEED</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Camphor Daisy</span> (<i>Heterotheca subaxillaris</i>), so called because of the
-camphor-like odor of the rough foliage, is a common summer pest to
-the farmer. The plants often grow 3 feet high and are much branched,
-bearing heads of golden-yellow flowers nearly an inch across. The
-upper leaves are broad and clasping, but the lower are narrowed at
-the base. The scientific name refers to the dissimilar fruits of the
-ray and disk flowers, those of the ray flowers having no bristles. It
-ranges from Delaware to Arizona and Mexico.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Gumweed</span> (<i>Grindelia texana</i>) belongs to a group easily
-recognized because of its sticky, bur-like heads and thick leaves.
-This one is common on rocky limestone slopes in Central Texas in
-the fall and ranges to Southwest Missouri. The wand-like stems,
-covered with the overlapping leaves, are topped by large heads of
-yellow flowers. Many gumweeds are found in Texas. Some of them
-were used to relieve colds, asthma, and rheumatism.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_159">159</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig149">
-<img src="images/p081a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">BIG GUMWEED</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Big Gumweed.</span> <span class="sc">Saw-Leaf Daisy</span> (<i>Prionopsis ciliata</i>) is easily recognized
-by its straight, stiff stalks which are closely covered with
-broad oval leaves. Dense masses of the sentinel-like plants may be
-seen along fence-rows in North-central and West Texas in August and
-September. It ranges north to Kansas and Missouri. The stems are
-topped by short clusters of large heads, 2-3 inches broad. The leaves
-are thick, gummy, and closely beset with bristle-tipped teeth. Sometimes
-an injury to the stem may cause it to become widely branched.</p>
-<p>The scientific name means &ldquo;resembling a saw&rdquo; and refers to the
-leaf-margins. It is not a true gumweed but has similar bur-like heads.
-It differs from the gumweeds in having several unequal hair-like
-bristles on the seed, whereas the seeds of gumweeds have 2-8 stiff
-bristles.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_160">160</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig150">
-<img src="images/p082.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">YELLOW SLEEPY DAISY</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Yellow Sleepy Daisy</span> (<i>Xanthisma texanum</i>) is a yellow daisy
-with lazy habits, for the heads do not open until noon. It is close
-kin to the white lazy daisy (<i>Aphanostephus skirrobasis</i>), and the two
-may often be found growing in the same fields. The large heads of
-lemon-yellow flowers are quite showy and attractive, 1&frac12; inches broad,
-solitary at the ends of the branches. The ray flowers are narrow,
-about one inch long, and conspicuously lance-shaped at the tips.</p>
-<p>This plant blooms in the late spring and summer and is found on
-sandy prairies or open woods in Central Texas. It is an annual,
-the stem branched above, commonly about 1-1&frac12; feet high. The
-leaves are glossy green, somewhat narrow, and one to two inches long.
-It has been introduced into cultivation in the North and East. The
-name is Greek, meaning &ldquo;dyed yellow.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_161">161</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig151">
-<img src="images/p082a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">BERLANDIER&rsquo;S GOLDEN ASTER<span class="hst"> IRON FLOWER</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Berlandier&rsquo;s Golden Aster</span> (<i>Chrysopsis berlandieri</i>) is common
-on roadside banks and prairies of Central and West Texas. Growing
-from a perennial root, the branched stems sprawl in clumps about a
-foot broad and are thick with yellow heads soon after a heavy rain.
-The heads are nearly an inch broad, the flowers all yellow. The leaves
-are whitish and somewhat woolly. It blooms in the summer and fall.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Spiny-Leaved Yellow Aster.</span> <span class="sc">Iron Flower</span> (<i>Sideranthus
-spinulosus</i>) has yellow heads much like the preceding, but the leaves
-are quite different, being divided into narrow segments which are
-bristle-pointed rather than spiny as the name indicates. &ldquo;Sideranthus&rdquo;
-means &ldquo;iron flower.&rdquo; It is very abundant on prairies and hills in
-the western part of the state and ranges to Canada and Mexico. It
-blooms from March to October. The iron flowers are often called
-gold daisies. The southern iron flower (<i>Sideranthus australis</i>) is common
-in Southwest Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_162">162</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig152">
-<img src="images/p083.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">WHITE LAZY DAISY<span class="hst"> OAK-LEAVED FLEABANE DAISY</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">White Lazy Daisy</span> (<i>Aphanostephus skirrobasis</i>) grows very abundantly
-in sandy soil in spring and summer. It ranges from Kansas to
-Mexico and Florida. The morning traveller does not appreciate its
-beauty, for it is truly a lazy daisy, not opening its heads until nearly
-noon. The plants are usually branched and grow 6-18 inches high.
-The large, showy heads are 1-2 inches across and are usually long-stalked.
-Unlike those of many other daisies, the seeds are not topped
-by slender bristles but have an inconspicuous crown, as is denoted by
-the scientific name, which is Greek for &ldquo;faint crown.&rdquo;</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Oak-Leaved Fleabane Daisy</span> (<i>Erigeron quercifolius</i>) is very abundant
-in the spring in the East Texas woods and ranges through the
-Southern States. The lower leaves resemble oak leaves, but those on
-the stem are narrow and pointed. The numerous fleabane daisies in
-the state may be readily recognized by means of the many, very
-narrow ray flowers which are usually white, pale pink, or pale
-lavender. Kiss-me-and-I&rsquo;ll-tell-you (<i>Erigeron annuus</i>) is a taller
-daisy and is very abundant in East Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_163">163</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig153">
-<img src="images/p083a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">DWARF WHITE ASTER<span class="hst"> DWARF BLUE ASTER</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Dwarf Blue Aster</span> (<i>Keerlia bellidiflora</i>) is a shade-loving, sprawling
-plant growing in moist soil in Central Texas. Its small heads, less
-than half an inch across, have the aster habit of closing at night and
-opening in bright light. The outer ray flowers are bluish-lavender,
-and the tubular inner flowers are yellow. It blooms from late March
-to May.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Dwarf White Aster</span> (<i>Chaetopappa asteroides</i>) is a very small
-and wiry plant, growing two to ten inches high and becoming much
-branched with age. The small narrow heads with white rays and
-yellow disk flowers are less than half an inch broad. The leaves are
-narrow, commonly broader about the middle, and about half an inch
-long. The scientific name refers to the bristles on the seed. It is
-very abundant in sandy soil throughout the state and ranges to
-Missouri and Mexico. It blooms from March until early summer.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_164">164</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig154">
-<img src="images/p084.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="606" />
-<p class="caption">ROADSIDE ASTER. BLACKWEED</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Blackweed.</span> <span class="sc">Roadside Aster</span> (<i>Aster exilis</i>) is probably the least
-showy of the asters but is very abundant in Texas. It ranges from
-Kansas to Texas and Florida. The white, daisy-like heads may be
-noted against the dark-green foliage in roadside ditches, or it may
-appear as a violet haze along the highway. Although it is considered
-one of the common lawn pests in the fall, yet even there it is a thing
-of beauty; for when the slender stems are cut, numerous branches
-spread out from the base, and soon the grass is studded with the tiny
-white or lavender heads. Keepers of bees on the coastal prairie
-highly prize it as the source of their most palatable honey.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Spiny Aster</span> (<i>Aster spinosus</i>) is quite similar to the roadside aster
-and has inconspicuous leaves which are sometimes reduced to spines.
-The flower heads are less than an inch broad with white outer flowers.
-It forms dense growths in river bottoms and along irrigation ditches
-and is especially abundant in the vicinity of El Paso.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_165">165</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig155">
-<img src="images/p084a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">LATE PURPLE ASTER<span class="hst"> TANSY ASTER</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Late Purple Aster</span> (<i>Aster patens</i>) shows its lovely heads in
-October and November along the edges of post oak woods throughout
-the state. It is easily recognized by the short, broad, and roughened
-leaves on the wand-like stems. The illustration given is that of variety
-<i>gracilis</i> which is abundant in the vicinity of Fort Worth. Many asters
-are found in the state, but very few make a conspicuous floral display
-except along the coastal plain and river bottoms.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Tansy Aster.</span> <span class="sc">Dagger-Flower</span> (<i>Machaeranthera tanacetifolia</i>)
-has leaves much like those of the spiny-leaved yellow aster, but the
-purple-flowered heads are much larger and very showy, 1-2 inches
-broad. The heads are surrounded by bracts with green spreading
-tips. The inner tubular flowers are yellow but soon turn reddish-brown.
-It ranges from Nebraska to Mexico and California. This
-is one of the loveliest flowers on the western plains, blooming from
-May to October.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_166">166</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig156">
-<img src="images/p085.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">OIL WILLOW</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Narrow-Leaved Baccharis.</span> <span class="sc">Oil Willow</span> (<i>Baccharis angustifolia</i>)
-looks very much like the black willow, to which, however, it bears
-no relationship. The leaves of baccharis have a resinous texture, and
-the flowers appear in the late summer and fall. The pollen-bearing
-flowers are not borne on the same shrub with the seed-bearing flowers.
-The flowers, all small, inconspicuous, whitish, and tubular, are borne
-in a narrow head of ovate bracts which soon turn brown.</p>
-<p>It is called the oil willow by some of the older residents because it
-is said to be an indicator of oil, just as the black willow is said to be
-a good indicator of water. It is also called brittle willow, false willow,
-and resin willow. It grows in brackish marshes throughout the state
-and may be found eastward to North Carolina. The soft white plumy
-bristles on the seed give the shrub the feathery appearance of the
-Yankee-weed. Along the coast in the southeastern part, the groundsel-tree
-or pencil-tree (<i>Baccharis halimifolia</i>) is a lovely sight in the fall.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_167">167</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig157">
-<img src="images/p085a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="605" />
-<p class="caption">LARGE RABBIT TOBACCO<span class="hst"> SMALL RABBIT TOBACCO</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Large Rabbit Tobacco</span> (<i>Filago prolifera</i>) is a low plant less than
-six inches high with a few short branches at the top of the stem and
-sometimes a few at the base. The flowers are small and inconspicuous,
-being borne in woolly, rather flattened heads which are about half
-an inch broad. It blooms from January to June and ranges from
-Texas to South Dakota.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Small Rabbit Tobacco</span> (<i>Filago nivea</i>) is a smaller plant but is
-more densely clothed with woolly hairs. The minute, ball-like heads
-are clustered together. Both of these plants are also known as
-poverty-weed, chewing gum, and ladies&rsquo; tobacco. Poverty-weed is a
-suitable name for them in the sheep-grazing section of Central Texas
-which has been heavily over-grazed. In many pastures they take the
-place of grasses as a ground cover. The leaves may be chewed for
-gum. The rabbit tobacco is closely related to the cudweeds and
-everlastings. The plantain-leaved everlasting grows in moist woods
-in East Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_168">168</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig158">
-<img src="images/p086.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">SOUTHERN MARSH FLEABANE</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Southern Marsh Fleabane</span> (<i>Pluchea purpurascens</i>) grows only in
-marshes or in continually moist places. The flowers are more rose-colored
-than purplish, as the name would indicate, and the tawny
-bristles on the seeds soon give a brownish tint to the heads. It often
-grows in pleasing combination with the blue mist-flower. It ranges
-from Texas to Florida and tropical America and blooms in the summer
-and fall.</p>
-<p>The plants are commonly about two feet high, the stems being
-unbranched below and very leafy. The broad leaves are pointed at
-the tip and narrowed into stalk-like bases except on the upper part
-of the stem. The leaf-margins are irregularly toothed. The fragrant
-flowers are borne in small oblong heads in a flat-topped cluster.</p>
-<p>The cudweeds are closely related to the marsh fleabane. They
-are particularly abundant in the mountains of West Texas, the loveliest
-one being Wright&rsquo;s cudweed or everlasting (<i>Gnaphalium wrightii</i>),
-which has white flowers and foliage.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_169">169</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig159">
-<img src="images/p086a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="605" />
-<p class="caption">ROCK DAISY<span class="hst"> BLACKFOOT DAISY</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie Blackfoot Daisy.</span> <span class="sc">Mountain Daisy.</span> <span class="sc">Rock Daisy</span> (<i>Melampodium
-cinereum</i>) is very abundant on limestone slopes and in dry
-soil from Texas to Arkansas, Kansas, and Arizona. The scientific
-name is from the Greek words meaning &ldquo;black foot&rdquo; and refers to the
-blackened roots and stalks.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Blackfoot Daisy</span> (<i>Melampodium ramosissimum</i>) grows from a
-black woody base and has many branched stems which form a dense
-rounded mound one to two feet broad. After sufficient rainfall from
-early spring until winter, this mound is covered by the saucy heads
-of white daisy-like flowers. The heads are about three-fourths inch
-across and have an outer row of 8-11 broad white ray-flowers. This
-is the most vigorous one of the blackfoot daisies and makes an excellent
-plant for the rock garden. It grows in Southwest Texas. The
-seeds are enclosed in a thickened cornucopia-like floral bract which
-has a flaring rim and many warty projections.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_170">170</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig160">
-<img src="images/p087.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">PRAIRIE ZINNIA<span class="hst"> TEXAS STAR DAISY</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Star Daisy.</span> <span class="sc">Lindheimer&rsquo;s Daisy</span> (<i>Lindheimera texana</i>)
-shows its star-like flower heads early in the spring while the plants
-are low and the leaves are closely clustered. By June the plants
-are tall and widely branched above. This plant honors by its name
-Ferdinand J. Lindheimer, an early settler of New Braunfels and editor
-of the &ldquo;Neu Braunfelser Zeitung.&rdquo; Lindheimer began his collection
-of Texas plants in 1836 and continued until his death in 1879. With
-the assistance of Dr. George Engelmann of St. Louis and Dr. Asa Gray
-of Harvard University, Lindheimer&rsquo;s collections between 1842 and
-1852, representing more than 1400 species of plants, were classified
-and distributed to the leading herbaria of Europe and America. A
-part of this collection is owned by the University of Texas Herbarium.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Prairie Zinnia</span> (<i>Zinnia grandiflora</i>) grows in low, rounded clumps
-from Kansas to Mexico and Arizona and blooms from June to September.
-The bright yellow ray flowers are nearly round and remain
-on the seeds. With age they become papery, and the yellow disk
-flowers turn reddish-brown. The common zinnia in cultivation was
-introduced from Mexico.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_171">171</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig161">
-<img src="images/p087a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">CUT-LEAVED DAISY. ENGELMANN&rsquo;S DAISY</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Cut-Leaved Daisy.</span> <span class="sc">Engelmann&rsquo;s Daisy</span> (<i>Engelmannia pinnatifida</i>)
-is closely related to the sunflowers but has the daisy habit of closing
-the flower heads at night and opening them in bright sunlight. It is
-one of the commonest plants on prairies from Kansas to Louisiana
-and Arizona and grows in dense patches along roadsides and pastures
-from April to July.</p>
-<p>The rough, hairy plants grow one to three feet high and are topped
-by broad clusters of long-stalked, showy yellow heads which are
-1&frac12;-2 inches broad. The divided leaves are short-stalked on the lower
-part of the stem and on the upper part have clasping basal lobes.</p>
-<p>This daisy honors the name of Dr. George Engelmann, an eminent
-botanist of St. Louis, who died in 1884.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_172">172</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig162">
-<img src="images/p088.jpg" alt="" width="512" height="800" />
-<p class="caption">NIGGERHEAD</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_173">173</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Niggerhead.</span> <span class="sc">Thimble Flower</span> (<i>Ratibida columnaris</i>) is also called
-Mexican hat, niggertoe, &ldquo;gallitos,&rdquo; long-headed or prairie cone-flower,
-and black-eyed Susan, though the last term is erroneously used. It
-is a very handsome plant, which is widely distributed on plains from
-Southern Canada to Arizona, Texas, and Tennessee. In South Texas
-it is at its best in April and May; in North Texas it is lovely in late
-May and June.</p>
-<p>Numerous erect stems grow from a woody perennial root and are
-commonly two to two and a half feet high. The long-stalked heads
-terminate the branches. The leaves are finely divided into long narrow
-segments, both leaves and stem being somewhat rough.</p>
-<p>The showy flowers have drooping, velvety rays which are entirely
-yellow or reddish-brown or partly colored yellow and brown. The
-small tubular flowers are brown and are borne on a thimble-shaped
-or columnar disk which varies greatly in size on different flowers,
-sometimes being nearly two inches long, but it is usually about an
-inch long. The disk is gray-green before the flowers open.</p>
-<p>The dwarf niggerhead (<i>Ratibida tagetes</i>) is quite similar to the
-large niggerhead in growth habit and coloring, but it is a smaller
-plant and has smaller flowers. It is found from Kansas to Mexico
-on dry plains and blooms a month later than the large niggerhead.</p>
-<p>The niggerhead belongs to a small group of showy American plants.
-It was introduced into European gardens many years ago, whence
-it later made its way back to American gardens. The niggerhead
-group is closely related to the black-eyed Susan and other cone-flowers.
-Several giant yellow-flowered cone-flowers grow in East Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_174">174</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig163">
-<img src="images/p089.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="605" />
-<p class="caption">CLASPING-LEAVED CONE-FLOWER<span class="hst"> BLACK-EYED SUSAN</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Clasping-Leaved Cone-Flower</span> (<i>Dracopis amplexicaulis</i>) makes a
-showy display in roadside ditches from Central Texas to Louisiana
-and Missouri. It is a handsome plant with smooth branched stems
-one to two feet high. The slightly drooping rays commonly have
-brown spots at the base but may be all yellow. It is often called
-niggerhead or black-eyed Susan, but it may be distinguished from
-the latter by the thimble-shaped heads, which are green before the
-brownish disk flowers open. In South Texas it is at its best the
-latter part of April, but in North Texas June is its best month.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Black-Eyed Susan</span> (<i>Rudbeckia hirta</i>) is a common daisy of the
-plains region from Southern Canada to Texas and Florida. It is a
-rough, hairy plant which grows from one to three feet high. Closely
-resembling it is <i>Rudbeckia bicolor</i>, which has shorter ray flowers
-marked with a reddish-brown base. The ray flowers of <i>Rudbeckia
-hirta</i> may also show a dark base. Both are widely cultivated. The
-group was named in honor of Claus Rudbeck, a Swedish botanist.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_175">175</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig164">
-<img src="images/p089a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">SAMPSON&rsquo;S ROOT. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Sampson&rsquo;s Root.</span> <span class="sc">Narrow-Leaved Purple Cone-Flower</span> (<i>Echinachea
-angustifolia</i>) is easily recognized by the spreading or somewhat
-drooping rose-colored rays. The heads terminate the stiff, unbranched
-stems which, like the narrow leaves, are very rough and bristly. The
-stems grow one to two feet high and are scattered on limestone hillsides
-but may occasionally be found in dense patches along the roadsides.
-The leaves have three prominent nerves.</p>
-<p>The scientific name is derived from the Greek and refers to the
-stiff reddish-brown chaff on the flower head. This chaff obscures
-the brown disk flowers and remains on the heads long after the seeds
-have fallen. This plant is hard to distinguish from the pale purple
-cone-flower (<i>Echinachea pallida</i>), which grows in the woods in the
-eastern part of the state. The latter has longer and more drooping
-ray flowers. The purple cone-flowers are well known in cultivation.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_176">176</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig165">
-<img src="images/p090.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">RAGWEED. LYRE-LEAVED PARTHENIUM</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Ragweed.</span> <span class="sc">Lyre-Leaved Parthenium</span> (<i>Parthenium lyratum</i>)
-blooms from early spring until fall in Southwest Texas. This is a
-smaller plant than the common parthenium (<i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i>),
-which is widespread in the Gulf States and tropical America.
-The latter is a widely branched plant two to three feet high and grows
-in dense masses. They have similar flower clusters with small heads
-of greenish-white flowers. Neither of these is the ragweed or bloodweed
-commonly associated with hay fever; however, the common
-parthenium is listed as a poisonous plant. Wild quinine or feverfew
-(<i>Parthenium integrifolium</i>), used as a pioneer drug to relieve fever,
-has been reported from the state.</p>
-<p>Several shrubby partheniums are found in West Texas. The most
-important member of the group is the silver-leaved guayule or rubber
-plant (<i>Parthenium argentatum</i>), found in West Texas and Mexico. It
-is a commercial source of rubber but is not yet profitable, as the
-plants are of slow growth.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_177">177</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig166">
-<img src="images/p090a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">COMMON SUNFLOWER</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Common Sunflower</span> (<i>Helianthus annuus</i>) has been known in cultivation
-for many years but is considered native from Minnesota to
-Texas and Mexico. It is the state flower of Kansas. The stout, erect
-stems are widely branched above the base and are very sticky, 2-10
-feet high. The flower heads, 3-6 inches broad, have many yellow ray
-flowers about an inch long and numerous tubular disk flowers. It is
-grown commercially for its fiber and seeds. The seeds make an excellent
-food for poultry and furnish an oil used in making soap,
-candles, and salad dressing.</p>
-<p>Two other sunflowers are widely distributed in the state. The
-orange sunflower (<i>Helianthus cucumerifolius</i>) grows in the sandy post
-oak belt, and the blue-weed (<i>Helianthus ciliaris</i>) is very abundant in
-West Texas. The latter is a low, branching perennial which is poisonous
-to sheep.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_178">178</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig167">
-<img src="images/p091.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">TEXAS COREOPSIS<span class="hst"> GOLDEN WAVE</span><span class="hst"> CALLIOPSIS</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Coreopsis</span> (<i>Coreopsis nuecensis</i>) was first described from
-plants found on the lower part of the Nueces River. It is quite widespread
-on the southern coastal prairie from March to May. It may
-be distinguished from other annual species of coreopsis by the circle
-of reddish-brown marks near the base of the yellow rays. The leaves
-are mostly basal and long-stalked.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Golden Wave.</span> <span class="sc">Drummond&rsquo;s Coreopsis</span> (<i>Coreopsis drummondii</i>)
-has showy, long-stalked heads, about 2 in. broad. They are borne
-on widely branched plants about a foot high. The leaves are divided
-into broad segments, and both leaves and stems have scattered soft
-hairs. It is very abundant on sandy coastal prairies in April and
-May and is well known in cultivation.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Calliopsis.</span> <span class="sc">Prairie Coreopsis</span> (<i>Coreopsis cardaminefolia</i>) is a late-blooming
-annual plant, the flowers appearing in North Texas about
-the middle of June. It ranges from Kansas to Mexico and Louisiana.
-This plant greatly resembles the golden coreopsis (<i>Coreopsis tinctoria</i>),
-which is abundant on the coastal prairies in March and April. &ldquo;Coreopsis&rdquo;
-is derived from the Greek, meaning &ldquo;bug-like,&rdquo; and refers
-to the seed. The plants are often called tickseeds.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_179">179</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig168">
-<img src="images/p091a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">FALSE COREOPSIS</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">False Coreopsis.</span> <span class="sc">Fine-Leaved Thelesperma</span> (<i>Thelesperma trifidum</i>)
-is sometimes erroneously called black-eyed Susan. It closely
-resembles the coreopsis when the flowers are in the bud stage. The
-flowers may readily be distinguished from those of the coreopsis because
-the ray flowers are not marked with a brown spot at the base
-and are divided into three equal lobes at the tip. The ray flowers
-of the coreopsis are commonly divided into four lobes, the two lateral
-being shorter than the two middle lobes. The leaves are finely divided
-into long, narrow segments.</p>
-<p>This is one of the most widely distributed plants on the prairies
-from Mexico to Colorado, South Dakota, and Missouri. The yellow
-of Central Texas landscapes in late April and May is due to thelesperma.
-Scattered plants continue to bloom through the summer and
-fall. The plants grow 1-2 feet high and become widely branched.
-The disk flowers are a reddish-brown.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_180">180</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig169">
-<img src="images/p092.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">PLAINS PAPER-FLOWER</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Plains Paper-Flower</span> (<i>Psilostrophe villosa</i>) is another western
-plant which has foliage covered with a dense white woolly coat of
-hairs. This hairy coat is a plant device for enabling it to withstand
-dry growth conditions. There are only three or four ray flowers
-which are much broader than long and are conspicuously three-lobed.
-The heads are densely clustered on short branches at the top of the
-stems, which are from six inches to two feet high.</p>
-<p>Near El Paso is found the lovely western paper-flower or Cooper&rsquo;s
-psilostrophe (<i>Psilostrophe cooperi</i>). It grows in spreading clumps
-about two feet broad and bears long-stalked heads over an inch wide.
-As the flowers are bright yellow and remain lovely for months, they
-are often gathered for winter bouquets. Eventually they become
-white and papery. <i>Psilostrophe tagetinae</i> has somewhat larger flowers
-than the plains paper-flower and is probably the most abundant paper-flower
-in the state. When cattle graze upon it for several weeks,
-they suffer a slow poisoning. The marigold is a close relative, both
-the African and French marigolds being derived from Mexican plants
-introduced into cultivation about 1573.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_181">181</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig170">
-<img src="images/p092a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">FOUR-NERVED DAISY<span class="hst"> SILVER-LEAF DAISY</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Actinella Daisy.</span> <span class="sc">Four-Nerved Daisy</span> (<i>Tetraneuris linearis</i>) grows
-with small tufts of narrow leaves from a woody perennial root. The
-heads, which are borne on stalks 2-8 inches long, close at night. The
-plants often bloom throughout the year in Central and South Texas.
-They grow on rocky limestone hillsides in Texas and New Mexico.
-The broad, four-nerved ray flowers form a close border around the
-conic disk, which is covered with small yellow tubular flowers. The
-veins of the outer flowers, which give rise to the scientific name,
-are sometimes purplish.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Silver-Leaf Daisy</span> (<i>Bahia dealbata</i>) is common in the western
-part of the state into Arizona and Mexico. It grows 1-2 feet high
-from a woody perennial root and often blooms throughout the year.
-The long-stalked heads are a little over an inch broad with 9-12
-yellow ray flowers. On the silvery-gray stem the few leaves are commonly
-opposite, broad and short-stalked, with a pair of lateral lobes
-near the base.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_182">182</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig171">
-<img src="images/p093.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">HUISACHE DAISY<span class="hst"> BITTERWEED</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Huisache Daisy</span> (<i>Amblyolepis setigera</i>) is so called because it often
-forms a carpet of gold under huisache (pronounced <i>wee satch</i>), mesquite,
-or other chaparral bushes in Southwest-central Texas from
-March to June. It is also called honey or butterfly daisy and clasping-leaved
-bitterweed. It has the strong scent common to the bitterweed,
-but is fragrant in drying. The plants are often loosely branched,
-growing 6-12 inches high, and the yellow heads are about 1&frac12; inches
-broad.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Sneezeweed.</span> <span class="sc">Fine-Leaved Bitterweed</span> (<i>Helenium tenuifolium</i>) is
-often found in pastures which have been over-grazed. It has a strong-scented
-foliage which gives milk a bitter flavor. The ball-shaped
-mound of disk-flowers (reminding one of camomile) and the few
-drooping ray flowers, which have a broad 3-toothed edge and a narrow
-base, are characteristic of the group. The seeds are small and
-are said to cause sneezing when they are thrown into the air. The
-bitterweed blooms from May to October and ranges from Texas to
-Virginia.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_183">183</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig172">
-<img src="images/p093a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">INDIAN BLANKET</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Indian Blanket.</span> <span class="sc">Firewheel.</span> <span class="sc">Beautiful Gaillardia</span> (<i>Gaillardia
-pulchella</i>) is the pride of Texas prairies. The landscape becomes a
-vivid red and yellow in April, May, and early June when the firewheels
-are in bloom. It is a highly-prized cultivated plant, and many
-varieties have been developed. There are several species of gaillardias
-and many of them are native to Texas. The beautiful one is the
-most widespread, ranging from Texas to Louisiana, Nebraska, Arizona,
-and Mexico. The gaillardias are named for a French botanist, Gaillard.</p>
-<p>The heads are usually two or three inches across and are long-stalked.
-Each head has 10-20 broad ray flowers which are sometimes
-all red but usually are marked with a brilliant yellow across the
-three lobes. The upper leaves are lance-shaped, and the lower are
-oblong and marked with a few teeth or lobes. It is an annual plant
-which is widely branched and grows one to one and a half feet high.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_184">184</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig173">
-<img src="images/p094.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">TINY TIM</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Tiny Tim.</span> <span class="sc">Spreading Thyme-Leaf</span> (<i>Thymophylla polychaeta</i>)
-is found on sandy prairies from South Texas to Mexico and New
-Mexico. There are several thyme-leaf species in the state. They
-may be recognized by their scented foliage and the cup-like base of
-the flower heads, the bracts of the head being marked with large
-yellow or orange glands. There is something appealing about the
-tiny Tim, as the name would indicate. The branching stems with
-their lacy green leaves form rosettes which are dotted with the yellow
-daisy-like flowers.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Dwarf Thyme-Leaf.</span> <span class="sc">Tiny Tim</span> (<i>Thymophylla pentachaeta</i>) clings
-to cliffs and rocky hillsides. It is a perennial plant with short stems
-four to six inches high. The leaves are short and needle-like and are
-borne in dense clusters around the stem. The flower heads are about
-half an inch broad. Tiny Tim ranges from Texas to Arizona and
-Mexico.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_185">185</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig174">
-<img src="images/p094a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">DOG&rsquo;S CAMOMILE</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Dog Fennel.</span> <span class="sc">Mayweed.</span> <span class="sc">Dog&rsquo;s Camomile</span> (<i>Anthemis cotulla</i>) is
-a strong-scented herb widely scattered in America, naturalized from
-Europe. It is very abundant in sandy soil in the eastern part of the
-state. The plants are widely branched and bear numerous heads
-about an inch broad. The rays are broad and wide and the disk
-flowers are yellow. It begins to bloom in Texas in March, but the
-plants are at their best in May and June. It is close kin to the European
-camomile, which is used medicinally, a soothing tea being
-made from the dried ball-shaped heads of yellow flowers.</p>
-<p>Closely related to camomile and yarrow are the artemisias, which
-include many species known as dusty miller, wormwood, sage-brush,
-and purple sage. The silvery wormwood or thread-leaved sage-brush
-(<i>Artemisia filifolius</i>) is very abundant in the sandy areas of West
-Texas and throughout the Rocky Mountain States and Mexico. It
-blooms from July to October.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_186">186</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig175">
-<img src="images/p095.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="605" />
-<p class="caption">YARROW</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Yarrow.</span> <span class="sc">Woods Milfoil</span> (<i>Achillea millefolium</i>) was named in
-honor of Achilles, to whom is attributed the discovery of its healing
-properties. It is supposed to stop bleeding, relieve spasms, produce
-sweating, and act as a tonic. The woods milfoil is widely distributed
-in woods in the United States, Europe, and Asia. It makes a nice
-garden plant, for the lacy fern-like leaves remain green all winter.
-The stems grow one to two feet high and are topped by the flat
-flower-cluster. The ray flowers are white or sometimes pale pink or
-lavender, and the disk flowers are pale yellow.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Plains Yarrow.</span> <span class="sc">Woolly Milfoil</span> (<i>Achillea lanulosa</i>) grows in
-moist places on the plains from Texas to Canada, Mexico, and California.
-It is very much like the woods yarrow but differs in that it
-has fewer gray-green leaves and round-topped flower clusters. Its
-blooming season is a little later than that of the woods yarrow, which
-blooms in April and May.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_187">187</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig176">
-<img src="images/p095a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">TEXAS SQUAW-WEED</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Texas Squaw-Weed.</span> <span class="sc">Clasping-Leaved Groundsel</span> (<i>Senecio ampullaceus</i>)
-is an annual plant which grows so abundantly on the sandy
-prairies of Texas that it forms a carpet of gold for miles and miles.
-It is one of the earliest spring flowers to bloom in such showy profusion.
-The plants commonly grow 1&frac12;-2 feet high, being branched
-above and forming flat-topped flower-clusters which are often a foot
-broad. When quite young, the plants are densely white-woolly but
-become smooth and shining with age. The irregularly toothed leaves
-are 3-6 inches long and have a broad clasping base. The groundsel
-belongs to one of our largest groups of plants, some 1200 species
-being widely distributed over the earth.</p>
-<p>Fine-leaved or woolly groundsel (<i>Senecio filifolius</i>) has woolly leaves
-divided into narrow segments. The large heads are often in bloom
-throughout the year in West Texas and New Mexico.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_188">188</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig177">
-<img src="images/p096.jpg" alt="" width="517" height="800" />
-<p class="caption">AMERICAN STAR THISTLE</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_189">189</div>
-<p><span class="sc">American Star Thistle.</span> <span class="sc">Basket Flower</span> (<i>Centaurea americana</i>)
-is often called spineless thistle because the leaves do not bear spines
-as do the leaves of its close relative, the purple thistle. It is also
-known as powder puffs, sweet sultan, and &ldquo;cardo del valle.&rdquo; It is a
-hardy annual which is widely cultivated. Basket flower is the name
-under which it is known in cultivation&mdash;a name which refers to the
-stiff, straw-colored bracts of the flower head. These bracts are not
-spiny but are divided at the tip into finger-like projections.</p>
-<p>Before the flowers are fully opened, the heads resemble a shaving-brush,
-and this is a common name frequently applied to this and
-other thistles. All the flowers are tubular and divided into five long
-narrow lobes. In one variety the fully-opened flower cluster has an
-outer border of numerous lavender flowers with cream-colored flowers
-in the center. There is another variety which has outer flowers a
-deep rose or reddish purple and center flowers pale pink or rose;
-sometimes there is little difference in shade between the inner and
-outer flowers.</p>
-<p>The stems are usually branched and grow about two feet high.
-They are marked with wing-like ridges and are covered with the
-overlapping, ascending leaves. In Texas the flowers begin to bloom
-in May and continue into June, being at their best the first week
-in June. After the flowering season, the foliage becomes yellow and
-dried, and the old stalks remain conspicuous in the fields for several
-months. The star thistle is found on plains from Missouri to Louisiana,
-Mexico, and Arizona. The variety which has reddish-purple
-flowers is very abundant in the vicinity of Waco and Fort Worth.</p>
-<p>The scientific name meaning &ldquo;of the Centaurs&rdquo; refers to the use
-by the Centaurs of certain species for healing. The cornflower or
-bachelor&rsquo;s button (<i>Centaurea cyanus</i>) is a well-known garden annual.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_190">190</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig178">
-<img src="images/p097.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="595" />
-<p class="caption">WAVY-LEAVED THISTLE<span class="hst"> PURPLE-THISTLE</span></p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Wavy-Leaved Thistle</span> (<i>Carduus undulatus</i>) is the common prairie
-thistle and is particularly abundant in the vicinity of Fort Worth. It
-grows only 1-2 feet high, and the upper leaf-surfaces are yellow-green.
-The heads are nearly twice as large as those of the purple thistle, and
-the flowers are a lovely lavender color. It ranges from Southern
-Canada to Texas and Arizona and blooms in Texas from April to
-June.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Purple Thistle</span> (<i>Carduus austrinus</i>) is the common thistle in the
-south-central part of the state. It is a tall, much branched plant,
-3-4 feet high, with long-stalked heads of purple flowers. The stems
-are white-woolly, and the leaves are white-felty beneath and dark-green
-above, wavy-margined, lobed or divided, the segments being
-tipped with spines. The heads are about 1&frac12; inches high and broad.
-The numerous light purple flowers are all tubular with narrow lobes.
-The thistles belong to a large group, its most renowned representative
-being the Scotch thistle.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_191">191</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig179">
-<img src="images/p097a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="605" />
-<p class="caption">NODDING THISTLE</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Nodding Thistle.</span> <span class="sc">Silver Puffs.</span> <span class="sc">Sunbonnet Babies</span> (<i>Thrysanthema
-nutans</i>) lacks the spines of the true thistles, but other characters
-show that this interesting little plant is closely related to the
-thistle group. The leaves form a basal rosette from which grows
-the slender, leafless flowering stalk bearing the nodding flower head.
-The lyre-shaped leaves are wavy-margined, dark-green above and
-white-felty below, 2-4 inches long. The stalk is sometimes 15 inches
-long but is commonly about 8 inches high. The creamy-white flowers
-are rather inconspicuous, but as the seeds mature, the soft white
-bristles spread into a showy whorl. The plants are found in scattered
-places in rich soil from Central Texas to Mexico.</p>
-<p>Closely kin to the nodding thistle is the desert holly (<i>Perezia nana</i>),
-which has salmon-pink flowers and holly-like leaves. It is a low plant
-seeking the shelter of creosote bush, yucca, and other shrubs in West
-Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_192">192</div>
-<h3>CHICORY FAMILY (Cichoriaceae)</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig180">
-<img src="images/p098.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">PURPLE DANDELION</p>
-</div>
-<p class="bq">Plants with milky juice; all flowers strap-shaped, in dense
-heads, surrounded by involucral bracts; corolla 5-lobed; stamens
-5; ovary inferior.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Purple Dandelion.</span> <span class="sc">Flowering Straw</span> (<i>Lygodesmia texana</i>) can
-nearly always be found in the prairie sections of the state from spring
-to fall, but the lovely flowers seldom make a showy display along the
-roadsides. Only one head blooms at a time on the slender forking
-stems, and that remains open only in the mornings. The heads are
-made up of 8-12 pale purple strap-shaped corollas, with the lavender
-styles conspicuously erect in the center. The tip of the corolla is
-divided into five minute lobes. The stems are almost leafless but
-have a cluster of short-lobed, narrow gray-green leaves at the base.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Small-Flowered Straw</span> (<i>Ptiloria pauciflora</i>) is a white-flowered
-chicory with low spreading stems. It is abundant in West Texas and
-New Mexico.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_193">193</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig181">
-<img src="images/p098a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="605" />
-<p class="caption">FALSE DANDELION</p>
-</div>
-<p><span class="sc">Many-Stemmed False Dandelion</span> (<i>Sitilias multicaulis</i>) has lemon-yellow
-flower heads which closely resemble those of the true dandelion,
-but the plants grow much taller and are often widely branched. From
-early spring through June, the false dandelion is very abundant on
-the coastal and western prairies. The heads are made up of several
-rows of strap-shaped corollas. The fruits are narrow and have attached
-a spreading tuft of bristles which makes the head in fruit
-look like a puff ball of lace. This tuft is a parachute device for
-scattering the seeds far and wide.</p>
-<p><span class="sc">White Dandelion</span> (<i>Pinaropappus roseus</i>) has flower heads very
-much like those of the yellow dandelions, but the flowers vary in color
-from white to pale pink, and the heads are larger. It is very abundant
-in March and April in Southwest-Central Texas.</p>
-<p>Several garden plants belong to the chicory family, among them
-being lettuce, salsify, and chicory. The orange hawkweed is often
-cultivated for ornament.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_194">194</div>
-<h2 id="c7">FINDING LISTS</h2>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr><td colspan="7" class="c"><b><a class="ab1" href="#sk1">AIR PLANTS</a></b></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="7">WATER PLANTS</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk2">RED</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk3">PINK</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk4">BLUE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk5">WHITE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk6">YELLOW</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk7">PURPLE</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="7">SHRUBS OR SMALL TREES</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk8">RED</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk9">PINK</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk10">BLUE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk11">WHITE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk12">YELLOW</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk13">PURPLE</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="7">EARLY SPRING</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk14">RED</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk15">PINK</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk16">BLUE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk17">WHITE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk18">YELLOW</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk19">PURPLE</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="7">SPRING</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk20">RED</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk21">PINK</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk22">BLUE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk23">WHITE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk24">YELLOW</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk25">PURPLE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk26">GREEN</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="7">LATE SPRING AND SUMMER</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk27">RED</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk28">PINK</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk29">BLUE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk30">WHITE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk31">YELLOW</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk32">PURPLE</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="7">SUMMER</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk33">RED</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk34">PINK</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk35">BLUE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk36">WHITE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk37">YELLOW</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk38">PURPLE</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="7">LATE SUMMER AND EARLY FALL</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk39">RED</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk40">PINK</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk41">BLUE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk42">WHITE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk43">YELLOW</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk44">PURPLE</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="7">FALL</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk45">RED</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk46">PINK</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk47">BLUE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk48">WHITE</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk49">YELLOW</a> </td><td class="c"><a class="ab1" href="#sk50">PURPLE</a></td></tr>
-</table>
-<p>The following lists are given to assist the reader in identifying
-plants. Several special groupings are first given according to conditions
-and habit of growth. If the plant sought does not qualify for these
-lists, then the longer seasonal and color lists should be consulted. Several
-wide-spread plants which the author had to omit because of lack of
-space have been mentioned in the lists; these may be recognized by
-the absence of a page reference. Several related species, not mentioned
-in the text and which may be recognized as close relatives of
-those illustrated although they may differ in color and season of
-growth, have been included in the lists.</p>
-<p>Opposite each name is given the number of the page on which the
-plant is described and a symbol which designates the place of growth.
-The section of the state is not given in the lists, as prairie plants
-are much the same throughout the state as are the plants in the sandy
-soil of post oak woods. However, climatic conditions of moisture and
-temperature limit the range of many plants, and the text should be
-consulted for the distributional range.</p>
-<p>The time of flowering in Central Texas has been taken as the basis
-for listing the plants according to seasonal distribution. Quite frequently
-the season in North Texas will be a month later than that
-of Central Texas, and in South Texas it will be a month earlier.
-Hence it may be necessary to consult the lists for adjoining seasons
-if the desired plant is not found in the first list to be checked. Some
-plants, especially many herbaceous perennials on the western plains,
-have flowering seasons in both spring and fall; others bloom throughout
-the warmer months after heavy rains. If a plant cannot be located
-in the fall list, the spring list should be consulted.</p>
-<p>The month of April shows the greatest profusion of flowers in
-nearly all parts of the state. At some of the wild flower exhibits
-held at the University of Texas, nearly 500 species from Central and
-Southeast Texas have been shown at one time. Therefore the reader
-is warned not to expect to find every flower he picks up among the
-257 illustrations given in these pages.</p>
-<p>The plants are listed in the following color groups: red and orange,
-pink and rose, blue, white, yellow, purple, and green. Under white
-flowers are grouped those delicately tinted with green, yellow, blue,
-pink, or lavender. Blue flowers are seldom a true blue but are usually
-a combination of blue and purple which may be interpreted by some
-people as blue and by others as purple. Hence if a plant considered
-as blue-flowered cannot be found in the blue list, then the purple
-list should be consulted.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_195">195</div>
-<h3>FINDING LISTS</h3>
-<p>The reader may find the following distribution of pages and symbols
-helpful in identifying plants:</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr><td class="l">2-16 </td><td class="l">Mostly lily-like, succulent plants.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">17-91 </td><td class="l">Petals of flowers usually not united.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">92-151 </td><td class="l">Petals usually united into tubular, bell-shaped, funnelform, or salverform corollas.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">152-193 </td><td class="l">Composites: many tubular flowers, often of two types, growing in a head-like cluster.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">P </td><td class="l">Prairies.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Pc </td><td class="l">Coastal prairies.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Ps </td><td class="l">Sandy prairies.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Pb </td><td class="l">Blackland prairies.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">L </td><td class="l">Limestone hills.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">W </td><td class="l">Woods and thickets.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Wo </td><td class="l">Post oak woods.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Wp </td><td class="l">Pine woods.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">M </td><td class="l">Water or moist places.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">C </td><td class="l">Chaparral.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">T </td><td class="l">Trans-Pecos or mountainous region.</td></tr>
-</table>
-<p class="center">(See map <a href="#Page_xvi">p. xvi</a>)</p>
-<h3><a id="sk1">AIR PLANTS</a></h3>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>Spanish moss</dt>
-<dt>Ball moss</dt></dl>
-<h3>WATER PLANTS</h3>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><a id="sk2">RED</a></dt>
-<dd>Iris, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dd>
-<dt><a id="sk3">PINK</a></dt>
-<dd>Pogonia, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dd>
-<dd>Smartweed, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dd>
-<dt><a id="sk4">BLUE</a></dt>
-<dd>Iris, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dd>
-<dd>Water lily, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dd>
-<dd>Nama, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dd>
-<dt><a id="sk5">WHITE</a></dt>
-<dd>Arrowhead, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></dd>
-<dd>Spider lily, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></dd>
-<dd>Water lily, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dd>
-<dd>Violet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dd>
-<dd>Water pimpernel, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dd>
-<dd>Water pennywort</dd>
-<dd>Water mist-flower</dd>
-<dd>Bur-head</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk6">YELLOW</a></dt>
-<dd>Spatterdock, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dd>
-<dd>Water lily, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dd>
-<dd>Buttercups, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dd>
-<dd>Pitcher-plant, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dd>
-<dd>Sedum, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dd>
-<dd>Water primrose, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dd>
-<dd>Bur-marigold</dd>
-<dd>Bladderwort</dd>
-<dd>Yellow-eyed grass</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk7">PURPLE</a></dt>
-<dd>Water hyacinth, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></dd>
-<dd>Pickerel-weed, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></dd>
-<dd>Iris, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dd>
-<dd>Bladderwort</dd>
-<dd>Mud-plantain</dd></dl>
-<h3>SHRUBS OR SMALL TREES</h3>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><a id="sk8">RED</a></dt>
-<dd>Buckeye, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dd>
-<dd>Indigo plant, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dd>
-<dd>Coral bean, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dd>
-<dd>Flame acanthus, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dd>
-<dd>Bouvardia, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd>
-<dd>Coral honeysuckle, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dd>
-<dd>Mexican apple, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_196">196</dt>
-<dt><a id="sk9">PINK</a></dt>
-<dd>Prairie rose, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dd>
-<dd>Redbud, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dd>
-<dd>Dalea, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dd>
-<dd>Pavonia, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dd>
-<dd>Mexican buckeye</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk10">BLUE</a></dt>
-<dd>Texas mountain laurel, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dd>
-<dt><a id="sk11">WHITE</a><a class="fn" id="fr_2" href="#fn_2">[2]</a></dt>
-<dd>Yucca, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></dd>
-<dd>Rose, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dd>
-<dd>Dewberry, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dd>
-<dd>Mesquite, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dd>
-<dd>Yaupon, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dd>
-<dd>Dogwood, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd>
-<dd>Tree-huckleberry, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dd>
-<dd>Mexican persimmon, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dd>
-<dd>French mulberry, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd>
-<dd>Honeysuckle, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd>
-<dd>Mist-flower, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dd>
-<dd>False willow, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dd>
-<dt><a id="sk12">YELLOW</a></dt>
-<dd>Agarita, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dd>
-<dd>Buckeye, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dd>
-<dd>Huisache, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd>
-<dd>Retama, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dd>
-<dd>Porophyllum</dd>
-<dd>Sea ox-eye</dd>
-<dd>Flourensia</dd>
-<dd>Gymnolomia</dd>
-<dd>Damiana</dd>
-<dd>Creosote bush</dd>
-<dd>Yellow elder, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dd>
-<dt><a id="sk13">PURPLE</a></dt>
-<dd>Texas mountain laurel, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dd>
-<dd>Walking-stick cactus, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dd>
-<dd>Cenizo, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dd>
-<dd>Desert willow, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dd>
-<dd>Dalea, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dd>
-<dd>Eve&rsquo;s necklace</dd></dl>
-<h3>EARLY SPRING</h3>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><a id="sk14">RED AND ORANGE-RED</a></dt>
-<dd>Buckeye, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Poppy mallow, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Copper mallow, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk15">PINK AND ROSE</a></dt>
-<dd>Mexican buckeye, L, T</dd>
-<dd>Redbud, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>-W, L</dd>
-<dd>Pink prairie star, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>-Ps, M</dd>
-<dd>Least bluet, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk16">BLUE</a></dt>
-<dd>Anemone, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-W, P</dd>
-<dd>Mountain laurel, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-L</dd>
-<dd>Small bluet, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-Ps, M</dd>
-<dd>Lobelia, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk17">WHITE</a></dt>
-<dd>Anemone, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-W, P</dd>
-<dd>Acacia, C</dd>
-<dd>Blackfoot daisy, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>-L, P</dd>
-<dd>Dwarf white aster, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>-W, Ps</dd>
-<dd>Spanish bayonet, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-CT</dd>
-<dd>Peppergrass, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Crow-poison, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Whitlow-grass, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Chickweed, Ps, W</dd>
-<dd>Violet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-M, Pc</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk18">YELLOW</a></dt>
-<dd>Agarita, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>-LC</dd>
-<dd>Scrambled eggs, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Huisache, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-C</dd>
-<dd>Buckeye, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-W, L</dd>
-<dd>Small squaw-weed, P</dd>
-<dd>Tansy mustard, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Dwarf flax, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Golden puccoon, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Bladderpod, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Four-nerved daisy, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-P, L</dd>
-<dd>Big squaw-weed, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Lindheimer&rsquo;s daisy, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Huisache daisy, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_197">197</dt>
-<dt><a id="sk19">PURPLE</a></dt>
-<dd>Anemone, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-W, P</dd>
-<dd>Mountain laurel, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-LC</dd>
-<dd>Ground plum, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Purple wood-sorrel, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Poppy mallow, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Violet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-Wp, M</dd>
-<dd>Small bluet, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Venus&rsquo; looking-glass, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>-P</dd></dl>
-<h3>SPRING</h3>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><a id="sk20">RED AND ORANGE-RED</a></dt>
-<dd>Buckeye, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Poppy mallow, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Copper mallow, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Red star-mallow, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Cross-vine, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-Wp</dd>
-<dd>Coral bean, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Leather flower, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Standing cypress, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-Wo</dd>
-<dd>Paint brush, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Red sage, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Gaura, Ps</dd>
-<dd>Beard-tongue, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>-Wo</dd>
-<dd>Indian blanket, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Sand-bur, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Red-brown iris, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Coral honeysuckle, W</dd>
-<dd>Butterfly weed, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>-Wo, Ps</dd>
-<dd>Scarlet pimpernel, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk21">PINK AND ROSE</a></dt>
-<dd>Sensitive briar, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Purple paint-brush, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Wild onion, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Pogonia, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Prickly poppy, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Pink milkwort, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Pink buttercup, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Pink prairie star, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>-Pc, M</dd>
-<dd>Prairie phlox, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Lemon mint, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Baby&rsquo;s breath, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Purple coneflower, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>-W, L</dd>
-<dd>Sand verbena, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk22">BLUE</a></dt>
-<dd>Carolina larkspur, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Celestial, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>-P, Wo</dd>
-<dd>Bluebonnet, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>-P, L</dd>
-<dd>Blue gilia, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-P, L</dd>
-<dd>Spiderwort, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-Pb, W</dd>
-<dd>Dayflower, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-P, W</dd>
-<dd>Psoralea, P</dd>
-<dd>Blue-eyed grass, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>-P, W</dd>
-<dd>Blue Beard-tongue, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>-P</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk23">WHITE</a></dt>
-<dd>Larkspur, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Wild rose, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-Pb, W</dd>
-<dd>Dewberry, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Blackberry, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Poppy mallow, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Beggar&rsquo;s ticks, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Camomile, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>-W, Ps</dd>
-<dd>Prairie lace, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Death camass, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Beargrass, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-P, T</dd>
-<dd>Spanish bayonet, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-CL</dd>
-<dd>Arrowhead, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Chickweed, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Peppergrass, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-P, W</dd>
-<dd>Violet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-W, M, Pc</dd>
-<dd>Dogwood, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Cornel, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Rain-lily, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-W, P</dd>
-<dd>Spider-lily, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Ladies&rsquo;-tresses, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>-M, W</dd>
-<dd>Angel trumpet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Prickly poppy, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-33-P</dd>
-<dd>Greggia, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>White milkwort, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Plantain, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Baby&rsquo;s breath, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-L, Pb</dd>
-<dd>Honeysuckle, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-L, T</dd>
-<dd>Blackfoot daisy, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>-L, Pb</dd>
-<dd>Dwarf white aster, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>-P, W</dd>
-<dd>Lazy daisy, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Fleabane daisy, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-W, Pc</dd>
-<dd>Lamb&rsquo;s lettuce, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Lobelia, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>-Pc</dd>
-<dd>Rabbit tobacco, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-P</dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_198">198</dt>
-<dd>Nodding thistle, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Water pimpernel, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Farkleberry, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Gaura, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Evening primrose, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Mexican persimmon, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-L</dd>
-<dd>Yaupon, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>-W</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk24">YELLOW</a></dt>
-<dd>Wild dill, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Two-leaved senna, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Retama, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Bush pea, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>-Wo, P</dd>
-<dd>Niggerhead, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Englemann&rsquo;s daisy, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Tansy mustard, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Coreopsis, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>-Ps, Pc</dd>
-<dd>False coreopsis, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Buttercups, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Evening primroses, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Square-bud primrose, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Flutter-mill, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-L</dd>
-<dd>Coneflower, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Blackeyed Susan, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Flax, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>-P, L</dd>
-<dd>Yellow star grass, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-Wp</dd>
-<dd>Pitcher-plant, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Mexican poppy, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Bladderpod, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Stonecrop, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>-L, P</dd>
-<dd>Dwarf blue-eyed grass, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Squaw-weed, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Ground cherry, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-W, P</dd>
-<dd>Wild balsam, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>-W, Pb</dd>
-<dd>Huisache daisy, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Indian blanket, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>False dandelion, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk25">PURPLE</a></dt>
-<dd>Leather flower, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Marsh leather flower, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-Pc</dd>
-<dd>Milk vetch, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Climbing vetch, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Poppy mallow, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Wood-sorrel, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Purple paint-brush, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Blue sage, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Texas sage, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Ground cherry, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Large beard-tongue, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-P, L</dd>
-<dd>Small beard-tongue, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-W, Pc</dd>
-<dd>Toadflax, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-P, W</dd>
-<dd>Venus&rsquo; looking-glass, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Lobelia, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>-Pc, Ps</dd>
-<dd>Purple coneflower, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>-W, L</dd>
-<dd>Purple thistle, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>-P, M</dd>
-<dd>Purple dandelion, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Spiderwort, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-P, W</dd>
-<dd>Dayflower, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>-L, M</dd>
-<dd>Wild hyacinth, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Pickerel-weed, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Wild onion, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Blue-eyed grass, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>-P, W</dd>
-<dd>Virginia iris, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Rose poppy, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Stork&rsquo;s bill, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>-L, Pb</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk26">GREEN</a></dt>
-<dd>Milkweed, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>-P</dd></dl>
-<h3>LATE SPRING AND SUMMER</h3>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><a id="sk27">RED AND ORANGE-RED</a></dt>
-<dd>Copper mallow, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Leather flower, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Standing cypress, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-Wo</dd>
-<dd>Paint-brush, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Red sage, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Gaura, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Beard-tongue, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>-Wo, T</dd>
-<dd>Indian blanket, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Sand-bur, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Coral honeysuckle, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Devil&rsquo;s bouquet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-P, L</dd>
-<dd>Bouvardia, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Anisacanthus, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-T, L</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk28">PINK AND ROSE</a></dt>
-<dd>Sensitive briar, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Pink prairie rose, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Pogonia, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Grass pink, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Rouge plant, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-W, L</dd>
-<dd>Prickly poppy, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-P</dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_199">199</dt>
-<dd>Pavonia, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-L</dd>
-<dd>Pink buttercup, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Mountain pink, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-L</dd>
-<dd>Phlox, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-110-L, P, W</dd>
-<dd>Baby&rsquo;s breath, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Purple coneflower, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>-W, L</dd>
-<dd>Star thistle, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk29">BLUE</a></dt>
-<dd>Giant iris, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Water lily, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Blue flax, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Prairie sage, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Blue gilia, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-L</dd>
-<dd>Harebell, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Dwarf blue aster, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>-W</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk30">WHITE</a></dt>
-<dd>Wild rose, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-W, Pb</dd>
-<dd>Milfoil, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-W, P</dd>
-<dd>Poppy mallow, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>White gilia, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Camomile, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>-W, Ps</dd>
-<dd>Prairie lace, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Mesquite, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-P, W, C</dd>
-<dd>Parthenium, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Soapweed, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Yucca, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-P, L, T</dd>
-<dd>Arrowhead, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Peppergrass, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Heliotrope, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Cornel, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Rain-lily, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-W, P</dd>
-<dd>Spider-lily, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Angel trumpet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Prickly poppy, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Greggia, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Spectacle-pod, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Bull nettle, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Moonseed, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Nuttallia, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Milkwort, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Dodder, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Tie-vine, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Baby&rsquo;s breath, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Honeysuckle, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-L</dd>
-<dd>Blackfoot daisy, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Dwarf white aster, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>-W, Ps</dd>
-<dd>Lazy daisy, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Fleabane daisy, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Milfoil, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>-W, Pb</dd>
-<dd>Ragweed, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Water pimpernel, M, L</dd>
-<dd>French mulberry, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Horsemint, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Gaura, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Evening primrose, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-P</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk31">PURPLE</a></dt>
-<dd>Leather flower, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Prairie clover, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-P, L</dd>
-<dd>Milk vetch, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Climbing vetch, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Phlox, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-110-P, W</dd>
-<dd>Giant iris, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Water hyacinth, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Prickly poppy, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Loosestrife, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-P, M</dd>
-<dd>Bluebell, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Phacelia, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-112-L, P</dd>
-<dd>Skullcap, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-W, P, L</dd>
-<dd>Verbena, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-W, P</dd>
-<dd>False dragon-head, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Nightshade, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Ground cherry, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Paint-brush, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dd>
-<dd>Desert willow, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Tansy aster, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Purple thistle, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Star thistle, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Purple dandelion, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Pennyroyal, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>-P, L</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk32">YELLOW</a></dt>
-<dd>Two-leaved senna, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dt class="tu">Partridge pea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>-Ps</dt>
-<dd>Wild dill, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Retama, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Golden parosela, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-L</dd>
-<dd>Bush pea, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>-W, P</dd>
-<dd>Yellow-elder, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Engelmann&rsquo;s daisy, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Spiny-leaved aster, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-P, T</dd>
-<dd>Thyme-leaf, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>-Ps, T, L</dd>
-<dd>Niggerhead, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Coreopsis, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_200">200</dt>
-<dd>False coreopsis, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Yellow nightshade, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Ground cherry, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Yellow sleepy daisy, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Bitterweed, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Indian blanket, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Squaw-weed, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Zinnia, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Berlandier&rsquo;s aster, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>False dandelion, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Coneflower, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Blackeyed Susan, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Sunflower, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Orange sunflower, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Paper flower, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-P, T</dd>
-<dd>Bahia, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Four-nerved daisy, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-P, T, L</dd></dl>
-<h3>SUMMER</h3>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><a id="sk33">RED AND ORANGE-RED</a></dt>
-<dd>Copper mallow, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-P, T</dd>
-<dd>Standing cypress, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-Wo, T</dd>
-<dd>Trumpet creeper, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Leather flower, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Red sage, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Gaura, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Indian blanket, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-P, Wo</dd>
-<dd>Devil&rsquo;s bouquet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Bouvardia, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Anisacanthus, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-L, T</dd>
-<dd>Butterfly weed, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>-Wo</dd>
-<dd>Turk&rsquo;s cap, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-W</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk34">PINK AND ROSE</a></dt>
-<dd>Dwarf four o&rsquo;clock, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-P, T</dd>
-<dd>Rouge plant, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-L, W</dd>
-<dd>Talinum, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-P, L</dd>
-<dd>Pavonia, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-L</dd>
-<dd>Mountain pink, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-L</dd>
-<dd>Baby&rsquo;s breath, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-P, L</dd>
-<dd>Marsh fleabane, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Rose aster (Polypteris), P, W</dd>
-<dd>Loosestrife, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Smartweed, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>-M</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk35">BLUE</a></dt>
-<dd>Water lily, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Prairie sage, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Blue sage, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Harebell, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Bluebell, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>-P, M</dd>
-<dd>Nama, M</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk36">WHITE</a></dt>
-<dd>Grandfather&rsquo;s beard, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-L, T</dd>
-<dd>White gilia, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Mesquite, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Parthenium, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Stenosiphon, P, L</dd>
-<dd>Yucca, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Arrowhead, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Heliotrope, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-Ps, L</dd>
-<dd>Rain-lily, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-P, W</dd>
-<dd>Spider-lily, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-W, M</dd>
-<dd>Prickly poppy, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Bull nettle, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Moonseed, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Spectacle-pod, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Nuttallia, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-T, Ps</dd>
-<dd>Dodder, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-P, M</dd>
-<dd>Tie-vine, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Snow-on-the-mountain, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>-P, L</dd>
-<dd>Baby&rsquo;s breath, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Parthenium, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-P</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk37">YELLOW</a></dt>
-<dd>Retama, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Golden parosela, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-L</dd>
-<dd>Niggerhead, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Yellow elder, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Spiny-leaved aster, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-Pb, T</dd>
-<dd>Thyme-leaf, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>-P, T</dd>
-<dd>Coreopsis, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>False coreopsis, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Evening primrose, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Wild gourd, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Broomweed, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Indian blanket, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Sleepy daisy, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Camphor daisy, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Bitterweed, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-P</dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_201">201</dt>
-<dd>Squaw-weed, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Berlandier&rsquo;s aster, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Zinnia, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Sunflower, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Paper flower, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-P, T</dd>
-<dd>Bahia, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Four-nerved daisy, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Nuttallia, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-P, T</dd>
-<dd>Horsemint, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Purslane, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Copper lily, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-L, Pb</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk38">PURPLE</a></dt>
-<dd>Leather flower, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Prairie clover, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Wood sorrel, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Water hyacinth, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Blazing star, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-P, W</dd>
-<dd>Eryngo, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Horsemint, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Bluebell, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>-P, M</dd>
-<dd>Morning-glory, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Verbena, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Tansy aster, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>-P, T</dd>
-<dd>Blue sage, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Nightshade, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Ground cherry, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Desert willow, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Wild petunia, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dd>
-<dd>Ironweed, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-P, W, L</dd>
-<dd>Polypteris, P, W</dd>
-<dd>Diapedium, L</dd></dl>
-<h3>LATE SUMMER AND EARLY FALL</h3>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><a id="sk39">RED AND ORANGE-RED</a></dt>
-<dd>Copper mallow, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Trumpet creeper, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Unicorn plant, T</dd>
-<dd>Red sage, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Gaura, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Devil&rsquo;s bouquet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Bouvardia, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Anisacanthus, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Turk&rsquo;s cap, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-W</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk40">PINK AND ROSE</a></dt>
-<dd>Smartweed, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Four-o&rsquo;clock, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-P, T</dd>
-<dd>Rouge plant, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-W, L</dd>
-<dd>Pavonia, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-L</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk41">BLUE</a></dt>
-<dd>Water lily, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Prairie sage, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Mistflower, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>-W, M</dd>
-<dd>Blue sage, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>-P, L</dd>
-<dd>Nama, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-M</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk42">WHITE</a></dt>
-<dd>Grandfather&rsquo;s beard, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-L, T</dd>
-<dd>White gilia, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Mesquite, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Parthenium, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-P, T</dd>
-<dd>Crow-poison, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Arrowhead, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Heliotrope, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Rain lily, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-P, W</dd>
-<dd>Ladies&rsquo; tresses, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Buckwheat, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Spectacle-pod, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Bull nettle, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Moonseed, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Nuttallia, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-P, T</dd>
-<dd>Tie-vine, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Baby&rsquo;s breath, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Blackweed, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-P, M</dd>
-<dd>Resin willow, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>-W, M</dd>
-<dd>Thoroughwort, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>-M, L, W</dd>
-<dd>Frost-weed, W, M</dd>
-<dd>Parthenium, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dd>
-<dd>Asters, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-W, M</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk43">YELLOW</a></dt>
-<dd>Retama, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Thyme-leaf, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>-P, T</dd>
-<dd>Two-leaved senna, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-L, Pb</dd>
-<dd>Nuttallia, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dd>
-<dd>Broomweed, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Camphor daisy, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_202">202</dt>
-<dd>Bitterweed, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Squaw-weed, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Berlandier&rsquo;s aster, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Zinnia, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Sunflower, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Paper flower, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>-P, T</dd>
-<dd>Bahia, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Four-nerved daisy, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Copper lily, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>-L, Pb</dd>
-<dd>Partridge pea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Goldenrod, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-W, M</dd>
-<dd>Big gumweed, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Iron flowers, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>-W, P, T</dd>
-<dd>Maximilian&rsquo;s sunflower, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Barnyard daisy, P</dd>
-<dd>Gumweed, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>-P, L</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk44">PURPLE</a></dt>
-<dd>Wood-sorrel, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Blazing-star, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd>
-<dd>Blackweed, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-P, M</dd>
-<dd>Wild petunia, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>-W, P</dd>
-<dd>Desert willow, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Purple nightshade, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Blue sage, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Water hyacinth, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Pickerel weed, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>False purple thistle, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Morning-glory, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Verbena, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Ironweed, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-P, M</dd>
-<dd>Gerardia, P, W, M</dd></dl>
-<h3>FALL</h3>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><a id="sk45">RED AND ORANGE-RED</a></dt>
-<dd>Copper mallow, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-P, T</dd>
-<dd>Trumpet creeper, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Red sage, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-W</dd>
-<dd>Anisacanthus, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Turk&rsquo;s cap, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-W</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk46">PINK AND ROSE</a></dt>
-<dd>Parosela, L, T</dd>
-<dd>Smartweed, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Rouge plant, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>-W, L</dd>
-<dd>Pavonia, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>-L</dd>
-<dd>Marsh fleabane, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>-M</dd>
-<dd>Polypteris, P, W</dd>
-<dd>Blazing star, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-P, W</dd>
-<dd>Four-o&rsquo;clock, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-W, P</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk47">BLUE</a></dt>
-<dd>Mist flower, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>-W, M</dd>
-<dd>Blue sage, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>-P, L</dd>
-<dd>Prairie sage, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk48">WHITE</a></dt>
-<dd>Crow-poison, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Heliotrope, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-P, W</dd>
-<dd>Rain-lily, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-P, W</dd>
-<dd>Ladies&rsquo;-tresses, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Buckwheat, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Spectacle-pod, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Parthenium, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Milkwort, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Tie-vine, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Blackfoot daisy, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Asters, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-P, W</dd>
-<dd>Blackweed, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Thoroughwort, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>-W, M, L, T</dd>
-<dd>Frostweed, W, M</dd>
-<dd>Ragweed, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>-P</dd>
-<dt><a id="sk49">YELLOW</a></dt>
-<dd>Broomweed, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Camphor daisy, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>-Ps</dd>
-<dd>Bitterweed, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Squaw-weed, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Zinnia, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Sunflower, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Paper flower, P, T</dd>
-<dd>Bahia, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Four-nerved daisy, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-T</dd>
-<dd>Goldenrod, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-W, M</dd>
-<dd>Iron flowers, W, P, T</dd>
-<dd>Maximilian&rsquo;s sunflower, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Barnyard daisy, P</dd>
-<dd>Gumweeds, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>-P, L</dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_203">203</dt>
-<dt><a id="sk50">PURPLE</a></dt>
-<dd>Tansy aster, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Asters, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-W, P, M</dd>
-<dd>Blazing star, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-W, P</dd>
-<dd>Wild petunia, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>-W, P</dd>
-<dd>Purple nightshade, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Blue sage, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-Pb, L</dd>
-<dd>Morning glory, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-P</dd>
-<dd>Verbena, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-Pb</dd>
-<dd>Gerardia, P, W, M</dd>
-<dd>Polypteris, P, W</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_204">204</div>
-<h2 id="c8">INDEX</h2>
-<p class="center"><a class="ab" href="#index_A">A</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_B">B</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_C">C</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_D">D</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_E">E</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_F">F</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_G">G</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_H">H</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_I">I</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_J">J</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_K">K</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_L">L</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_M">M</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_N">N</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_O">O</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_P">P</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_Q">Q</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_R">R</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_S">S</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_T">T</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_U">U</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_V">V</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_W">W</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_X">X</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_Y">Y</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_Z">Z</a></p>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_A"><b>A</b></dt>
-<dt>Abronia, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt>
-<dt>Abutilon, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dt>
-<dt>Acacia, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Acanthaceae, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-141</dt>
-<dt>Acanthus family, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-141</dt>
-<dt>Achillea, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></dt>
-<dt>Acleisanthes, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt>
-<dt>Actinella, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt>
-<dt>Adam&rsquo;s needle, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></dt>
-<dt>Aesculaceae, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt>
-<dt>Aesculus, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Agarita, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt>
-<dt>Agave, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
-<dt>Ageratum, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>
-<dt>Agrito, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt>
-<dt>Alismaceae, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></dt>
-<dt>Allionia, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt>
-<dt>Allium, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Alsinopsis, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></dt>
-<dt>Amaryllidaceae, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
-<dt>Amaryllis family, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
-<dt>Amblyolepis, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>
-<dt>American star thistle, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>
-<dt>Ammiaceae, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt>
-<dt>Amphiachyris, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></dt>
-<dt>Amsonia, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt>
-<dt>Anemone, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt>
-<dt>Angel&rsquo;s trumpet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt>
-<dt>Anisacanthus, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dt>
-<dt>Anthemis, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
-<dt>Aphanostephus, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>
-<dt>Apocynaceae, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt>
-<dt>Argemone, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>
-<dt>Arrowhead, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></dt>
-<dt>Artemesia, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
-<dt>Asclepiadaceae, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>-101</dt>
-<dt>Asclepias, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt>
-<dt>Asclepiodora, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dt>
-<dt>Aster</dt>
-<dd>Dwarf blue, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dd>
-<dd>Dwarf white, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></dd>
-<dd>Golden, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dd>
-<dd>Late purple, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></dd>
-<dd>Roadside, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dd>
-<dd>Spiny, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dd>
-<dd>Tansy, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dd>
-<dd>Yellow, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dd>
-<dt>Astragalus, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
-<dt>Atamosco, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></dt>
-<dt>Azalea, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_B"><b>B</b></dt>
-<dt>Baby blue-eyes, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
-<dt>Baby&rsquo;s breath, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
-<dt>Baccharis, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
-<dt>Bahia, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt>
-<dt>Ball moss, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></dt>
-<dt>Balmony, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
-<dt>Balsam, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dt>
-<dt>Baptisia, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Barberry family, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt>
-<dt>Barometer bush, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>
-<dt>Barrel-cactus, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt>
-<dt>Basket flower, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>
-<dt>Bean, tepary, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt>
-<dt>Beard-tongue, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
-<dt>Beargrass, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></dt>
-<dt>Beggar&rsquo;s ticks, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt>
-<dt>Bellflower family, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></dt>
-<dt>Berberis, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Bergamot, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt>
-<dt>Berlandier, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></dt>
-<dt>Bifora, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt>
-<dt>Bignonia, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Bindweed, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>
-<dt>Bird-of-paradise, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>
-<dt>Bird&rsquo;s nest carrot, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt>
-<dt>Biscuits, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt>
-<dt>Bitterweed, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>
-<dt>Blackberry, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt>
-<dt>Black-Eyed Susan, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
-<dt>Blackfoot daisy, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dt>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_205">205</dt>
-<dt>Blackgum, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dt>
-<dt>Blackweed, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dt>
-<dt>Bladder-pod, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt>
-<dt>Blazing star, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>
-<dt>Bluebell, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></dt>
-<dt>Bluebonnet, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt>
-<dt>Blue-curls, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt>
-<dt>Blue-eyed grass, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></dt>
-<dt>Blue-flag, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt>
-<dt>Blue gentian, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt>
-<dt>Blue marsh lily, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt>
-<dt>Blue star, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt>
-<dt>Bluets, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
-<dt>Blueweed, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
-<dt>Borage family, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt>
-<dt>Borraginaceae, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt>
-<dt>Bosque blue gentian, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt>
-<dt>Bouvardia, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Brauneria, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Brayodendron, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Brazoria, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dt>
-<dt>Brazos Mint, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dt>
-<dt>Brookweed, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt>
-<dt>Broomweed, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></dt>
-<dt>Buckeye, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt>
-<dt>Buckwheat, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt>
-<dt>Buckwheat family, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt>
-<dt>Buena mujer, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dt>
-<dt>Buffalo-bur, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>
-<dt>Buffalo-clover, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt>
-<dt>Bull nettle, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt>
-<dt>Bumble-bee bush, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>
-<dt>Bunch moss, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></dt>
-<dt>Bush pea, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt>
-<dt>Buttercups, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>-84</dt>
-<dt>Butterfly weed, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt>
-<dt>Button snakeroot, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_C"><b>C</b></dt>
-<dt>Cactaceae, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt>
-<dt>Cactus family, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt>
-<dt>Calabacilla, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt>
-<dt>Callicarpa, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt>
-<dt>Callirrhoe, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dt>
-<dt>Camass, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></dt>
-<dt>Campanula, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></dt>
-<dt>Campanulaceae, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>-151</dt>
-<dt>Campsis, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
-<dt>Cancer-weed, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt>
-<dt>Candelabrum plant, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt>
-<dt>Cardo del valle, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>
-<dt>Carduus, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dt>
-<dt>Carrot, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt>
-<dt>Carrot family, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-91</dt>
-<dt>Caryophyllaceae, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt>
-<dt>Cassia, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>
-<dt>Cassie, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt>
-<dt>Cassine, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt>
-<dt>Catalpa, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
-<dt>Catch-fly, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt>
-<dt>Caterpillar flower, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt>
-<dt>Cathartolinum, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></dt>
-<dt>Cebatha, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt>
-<dt>Celestial, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt>
-<dt>Cenizo, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>
-<dt>Centaurea, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>
-<dt>Centaury, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Century plant, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt>
-<dt>Cerastium, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt>
-<dt>Cercis, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
-<dt>Chacate, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt>
-<dt>Chaetopappa, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></dt>
-<dt>Chamaecrista, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>
-<dt>Chaparral berry, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt>
-<dt>Chapote, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt>
-<dt>Chaptalia, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></dt>
-<dt>Chewing gum, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dt>
-<dt>Chickweed, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt>
-<dt>Chilicoyote, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt>
-<dt>Chilopsis, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
-<dt>Cholla, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt>
-<dt>Chrysopsis, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt>
-<dt>Clematis, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Cloth-of-gold, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt>
-<dt>Cnidoscolus, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt>
-<dt>Commelina, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></dt>
-<dt>Commelinaceae, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-5</dt>
-<dt>Commelinantia, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></dt>
-<dt>Compositae, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-193</dt>
-<dt>Composite family, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>-193</dt>
-<dt>Coneflower, Purple, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dt>
-<dt>Coneflower, Yellow, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>-174</dt>
-<dt>Conium, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt>
-<dt>Convolulaceae, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>
-<dt>Convolvulus, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>
-<dt>Cooperia, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
-<dt>Copper mallow, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt>
-<dt>Coral bead, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt>
-<dt>Coral bean, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dt>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_206">206</dt>
-<dt>Coral vine, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt>
-<dt>Coreopsis, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>
-<dd>False, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dd>
-<dt>Corkscrew plant, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
-<dt>Cornaceae, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-86</dt>
-<dt>Cornel, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dt>
-<dt>Corn salad, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></dt>
-<dt>Cornus, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-86, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Corydalis, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt>
-<dt>Crane&rsquo;s bill, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt>
-<dt>Crape-moss, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></dt>
-<dt>Crape myrtle, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt>
-<dt>Crassulaceae, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt>
-<dt>Creamcup, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></dt>
-<dt>Cross-vine, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
-<dt>Croton, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt>
-<dt>Crowfoot family, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-29</dt>
-<dt>Crow poison, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
-<dt>Cruciferae, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>
-<dt>Cucurbita, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt>
-<dt>Cucurbitaceae, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt>
-<dt>Cudweed, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>
-<dt>Cuscuta, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt>
-<dt>Cuscutaceae, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt>
-<dt>Cynoxylon, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Cypress, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_D"><b>D</b></dt>
-<dt>Dagger-flower, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></dt>
-<dt>Daisy</dt>
-<dd>Cut-leaved, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></dd>
-<dd>Fleabane, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dd>
-<dd>Four-nerved, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dd>
-<dd>Huisache, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dd>
-<dd>Mountain, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dd>
-<dd>Saw-leaf, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></dd>
-<dd>Silver-leaf, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dd>
-<dd>Texas star, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dd>
-<dd>White lazy, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dd>
-<dd>Yellow sleepy, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd>
-<dt>Dalea, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt>
-<dt>Dandelion</dt>
-<dd>Pink, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></dd>
-<dd>Purple, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dd>
-<dd>White, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></dd>
-<dd>Yellow, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></dd>
-<dt>Daucus, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt>
-<dt>Dayflower, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></dt>
-<dt>Dead nettle, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt>
-<dt>Delphinium, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt>
-<dt>Dendropogon, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Desert holly, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>
-<dt>Desert willow, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
-<dt>Devil&rsquo;s bit, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>
-<dt>Devil&rsquo;s bouquet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt>
-<dt>Dewberry, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt>
-<dt>Dew flowers, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
-<dt>Dicentra, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt>
-<dt>Dichondra, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt>
-<dt>Dichondraceae, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt>
-<dt>Dicrophyllum, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Diospyros, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Dithyraea, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt>
-<dt>Dock, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt>
-<dt>Dodder, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt>
-<dt>Dodecatheon, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt>
-<dt>Dogbane, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt>
-<dt>Dogbane family, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt>
-<dt>Dog fennel, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
-<dt>Dog&rsquo;s camomile, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
-<dt>Dogwood, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dt>
-<dt>Draba, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>
-<dt>Dracopis, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dt>
-<dt>Dragon-head, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dt>
-<dt>Drummond, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
-<dt>Drummond&rsquo;s phlox, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt>
-<dt>Dutchman&rsquo;s breeches, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_E"><b>E</b></dt>
-<dt>Ebenaceae, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt>
-<dt>Ebony family, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt>
-<dt>Echinachea, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Eichhornia, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Engelmannia, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></dt>
-<dt>Epilobiaceae, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>-84</dt>
-<dt>Ericaceae, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
-<dt>Erigeron, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>
-<dt>Eriogonum, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt>
-<dt>Erodium, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt>
-<dt>Eryngium, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt>
-<dt>Eryngo, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt>
-<dt>Erysimum, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt>
-<dt>Erythraea, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Erythrina, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dt>
-<dt>Eupatorium, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>
-<dt>Euphorbia, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Euphorbiaceae, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-66</dt>
-<dt>Euplocca, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Eustoma, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_207">207</dt>
-<dt>Evening primrose family, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>-84</dt>
-<dt>Evening star, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_F"><b>F</b></dt>
-<dt>Fabaceae, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt>
-<dt>Fairy lily, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
-<dt>Fairy thimbles, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
-<dt>False foxglove, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
-<dt>False indigo, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt>
-<dt>False purple thistle, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>-89</dt>
-<dt>Farkleberry, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
-<dt>Fiddle-neck, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt>
-<dt>Field lily, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
-<dt>Filago, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dt>
-<dt>Firewheel, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>
-<dt>Flag, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt>
-<dt>Flannel breeches, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
-<dt>Flax</dt>
-<dd>Blue, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dd>
-<dd>Yellow, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></dd>
-<dt>Fleabane daisy, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>
-<dt>Fleabane, marsh, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>
-<dt>Florida moss, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></dt>
-<dt>Flutter-mill, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dt>
-<dt>Four-o&rsquo;clock, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt>
-<dt>French mulberry, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt>
-<dt>Fumariaceae, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt>
-<dt>Fumitory family, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_G"><b>G</b></dt>
-<dt>Gaillardia, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>
-<dt>Gallitos, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
-<dt>Garlic, false, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></dt>
-<dt>Garrya, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dt>
-<dt>Gaura, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>
-<dt>Gay feather, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>
-<dt>Gentian</dt>
-<dd>Family, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>-98</dd>
-<dd>Pink, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dd>
-<dd>Purple, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>-97</dd>
-<dt>Geoprumnon, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
-<dt>Geraniaceae, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt>
-<dt>Geranium, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt>
-<dt>Geranium family, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt>
-<dt>Ghost-weed, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt>
-<dt>Gilia, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-105</dt>
-<dt>Gnaphalium, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>
-<dt>Goat&rsquo;s beard, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt>
-<dt>Golden eye, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt>
-<dt>Goldenrod, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>
-<dt>Golden wave, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>
-<dt>Gooseberry, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
-<dt>Gourd, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt>
-<dt>Gourd family, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>-149</dt>
-<dt>Grandfather&rsquo;s beard, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt>
-<dt>Grass-pink, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
-<dt>Gray-beard, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt>
-<dt>Greggia, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt>
-<dt>Grindelia, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt>
-<dt>Ground cherry, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></dt>
-<dt>Ground plum, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
-<dt>Groundsel, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
-<dt>Groundsel-tree, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
-<dt>Guayule, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dt>
-<dt>Gumweed, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>-159</dt>
-<dt>Gutierrezia, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_H"><b>H</b></dt>
-<dt>Hamosa, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt>
-<dt>Harebell, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></dt>
-<dt>Hartmannia, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>-81, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Haw, black, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
-<dt>Heath family, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
-<dt>Helenium, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>
-<dt>Helianthus, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
-<dt>Heliotrope, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt>
-<dt>Hemlock, poison, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt>
-<dt>Henbit, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt>
-<dt>Herbertia, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt>
-<dt>Heterotheca, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt>
-<dt>Holly, desert, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>
-<dt>Holly family, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt>
-<dt>Hollyhock, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dt>
-<dt>Honeysuckle</dt>
-<dd>Coral, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dd>
-<dd>Family, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>-146</dd>
-<dd>White, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd>
-<dt>Honeysuckle primrose, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>
-<dt>Horehound, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt>
-<dt>Horsebean, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
-<dt>Horsemint</dt>
-<dd>Dwarf, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dd>
-<dd>Green, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dd>
-<dd>Purple, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-125</dd>
-<dt>Houstonia, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-144, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Huckleberry, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
-<dt>Huisache, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt>
-<dt>Huisache daisy, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>
-<dt>Hyacinth, wild, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></dt>
-<dt>Hydrophyllaceae, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_208">208</dt>
-<dt>Hymenocallis, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></dt>
-<dt>Hypoxis, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_I"><b>I</b></dt>
-<dt>Ibervillea, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dt>
-<dt>Ibidium, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
-<dt>Ilex, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt>
-<dt>Indian</dt>
-<dd>Blanket, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dd>
-<dd>Fire, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd>
-<dd>Mallow, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dd>
-<dd>Pink, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></dd>
-<dd>Plume, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dd>
-<dt>Indigo-plant, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt>
-<dt>Indigo squill, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></dt>
-<dt>Ink-berry, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt>
-<dt>Ipomoea, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>
-<dt>Iridaceae, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt>
-<dt>Iris, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt>
-<dd>Pleated-leaf, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dd>
-<dt>Iron flower, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt>
-<dt>Ironweed, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_J"><b>J</b></dt>
-<dt>Judas-tree, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
-<dt>Jerusalem thorn, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_K"><b>K</b></dt>
-<dt>Keerlia, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></dt>
-<dt>Kindling weed, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></dt>
-<dt>Kisses, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>
-<dt>Kiss-me-and-I&rsquo;ll-tell-you, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>
-<dt>Krameria, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Krameriaceae, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt>
-<dt>Krameria family, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_L"><b>L</b></dt>
-<dt>Labiatae, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-127</dt>
-<dt>Laciniaria, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>-155, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Ladies&rsquo;-tresses, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
-<dt>Lagerstroemia, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt>
-<dt>Lamb&rsquo;s lettuce, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></dt>
-<dt>Lamium, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt>
-<dt>Lantana, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt>
-<dt>Larkspur, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt>
-<dt>Leather flower, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></dt>
-<dt>Lechuguilla, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt>
-<dt>Lemon mint, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt>
-<dt>Lemon monarda, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt>
-<dt>Lepidium, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>
-<dt>Leptoglottis, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Lesquerella 37</dt>
-<dt>Leucophyllum, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>
-<dt>Liatris, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>
-<dt>Liliaceae, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></dt>
-<dt>Lily family, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>-9</dt>
-<dt>Limodorum, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
-<dt>Linaceae, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dt>
-<dt>Linaria, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt>
-<dt>Lindheimer, Ferdinand, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dt>
-<dt>Lindheimera, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dt>
-<dt>Linum, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></dt>
-<dt>Loasaceae, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dt>
-<dt>Loasa family, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dt>
-<dt>Lobelia, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></dt>
-<dt>Lobelia family, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></dt>
-<dt>Long moss, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></dt>
-<dt>Lonicera, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>-146</dt>
-<dt>Loco-weeds, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
-<dt>Loosestrife, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt>
-<dt>Love-in-the-mist, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt>
-<dt>Love-vine, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt>
-<dt>Lupine, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt>
-<dt>Lupinus, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt>
-<dt>Lygodesmia, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dt>
-<dt>Lythraceae, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt>
-<dt>Lythrum, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_M"><b>M</b></dt>
-<dt>Machaeranthera, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Madder family, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dt>
-<dt>Magoty-boy-bean, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>
-<dt>Mahonia, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Mallow family, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dt>
-<dt>Malo mujer, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt>
-<dt>Malvaceae, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>-73</dt>
-<dt>Malvastrum, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt>
-<dt>Malvaviscus, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt>
-<dt>Mandrake, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt>
-<dt>Margil, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt>
-<dt>Marrubium, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt>
-<dt>Marsh fleabane, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>
-<dt>Marsh pink, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt>
-<dt>May apple, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt>
-<dt>Mayweed, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
-<dt>Meadow pink, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt>
-<dt>Megapterium, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dt>
-<dt>Melampodium, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dt>
-<dt>Menispermaceae, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt>
-<dt>Mentzelia, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Meriolix, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></dt>
-<dt>Mesquite, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_209">209</dt>
-<dt>Mexican</dt>
-<dd>Apple, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dd>
-<dd>Hat, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dd>
-<dd>Persimmon, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dd>
-<dd>Poppy, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dd>
-<dd>Primrose, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dd>
-<dd>Tea, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd>
-<dt>Milfoil, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></dt>
-<dt>Milk vetch, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt>
-<dt>Milkweed family, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>-101</dt>
-<dt>Milkweed, green-flowered, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dt>
-<dt>Milkwort, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dt>
-<dt>Mimbre, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
-<dt>Mimosa, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>
-<dt>Mimosa family, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-46</dt>
-<dt>Mimosaceae, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-46</dt>
-<dt>Mistflower, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>
-<dt>Mock orange, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt>
-<dt>Monarda, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>-125, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Moonseed, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt>
-<dt>Morongia, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Morning-glory family, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>
-<dt>Morning-glory, purple, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>
-<dt>Mountain daisy, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dt>
-<dt>Mountain laurel, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt>
-<dt>Mountain pink, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dt>
-<dt>Mulberry, French, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt>
-<dt>Mustard family, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-38</dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_N"><b>N</b></dt>
-<dt>Nama, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
-<dt>Nemophila, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
-<dt>Neopieris, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
-<dt>Neptunia, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>
-<dt>Niggerhead, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>-173</dt>
-<dt>Niggertoe, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
-<dt>Nightshade, purple, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt>
-<dt>Nightshade, yellow, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>
-<dt>Nothoscordum, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></dt>
-<dt>Nuphar, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Nuttallia, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dt>
-<dt>Nyctaginia, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt>
-<dt>Nymphaea, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Nymphaeaceae, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_O"><b>O</b></dt>
-<dt>Odostemon, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Oenothera, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Oil willow, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
-<dt>Old man&rsquo;s beard, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt>
-<dt>Onion, prairie, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></dt>
-<dt>Opoponax, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt>
-<dt>Opuntia, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-77</dt>
-<dt>Orchidaceae, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
-<dt>Orchid family, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
-<dt>Orpine family, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt>
-<dt>Ovalidaceae, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt>
-<dt>Oxalis, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt>
-<dt>Oxytropis, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_P"><b>P</b></dt>
-<dt>Paint-brush, purple, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>
-<dt>Paint-brush, scarlet, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>-133</dt>
-<dt>Painted-cup, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>-133</dt>
-<dt>Palmillo, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></dt>
-<dt>Palo verde, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
-<dt>Papaveraceae, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>
-<dt>Paper flower, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dt>
-<dt>Parkinsonia, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
-<dt>Parosela, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt>
-<dt>Parsley, prairie, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt>
-<dt>Parthenium, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dt>
-<dt>Partridge pea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>
-<dt>Pavonia, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dt>
-<dt>Pea family, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-58</dt>
-<dt>Pea, <a href="#Page_i">i</a>ndigo, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt>
-<dt>Pencil-tree, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
-<dt>Pennyroyal, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt>
-<dt>Pentstemon, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-137, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Peppergrass, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>
-<dt>Perezia, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>
-<dt>Persicaria, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Persimmon, common, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt>
-<dt>Persimmon, Mexican, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt>
-<dt>Petalostemon, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt>
-<dt>Petunia, wild, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>-141</dt>
-<dt>Phacelia, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-112</dt>
-<dt>Phlox, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-110</dt>
-<dt>Phlox family, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-110, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Physalis, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Physostegia, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dt>
-<dt>Piaropus, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Pickerel-weed family, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></dt>
-<dt>Pimpernel, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt>
-<dt>Pinaropappus, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></dt>
-<dt>Pineapple family, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></dt>
-<dt>Pine needle, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt>
-<dt>Pink family, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt>
-<dt>Pink prairie gentian, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt>
-<dt>Pitcher-plant, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt>
-<dt>Plantain family, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_210">210</dt>
-<dt>Plantago, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt>
-<dt>Pleiotaenia, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Pluchea, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>
-<dt>Pleurisy-root, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt>
-<dt>Podophyllum, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt>
-<dt>Pogonia, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
-<dt>Poinciana, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>
-<dt>Pokeberry, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt>
-<dt>Pokeweed family, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt>
-<dt>Polygala, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dt>
-<dt>Polytaenia, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Pontedariaceae, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></dt>
-<dt>Popinac, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt>
-<dt>Poppy mallow, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dt>
-<dt>Portulaceae, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt>
-<dt>&rsquo;Possum plums, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt>
-<dt>Potato family, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-130</dt>
-<dt>Poverty-weed, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dt>
-<dt>Powder puffs, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>
-<dt>Prairie clover, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt>
-<dt>Prairie-lily, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dt>
-<dt>Prairie lace, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt>
-<dt>Prairie rose, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-42</dt>
-<dt>Prairie stonecrop, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt>
-<dt>Prickly pear, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>-77</dt>
-<dt>Prickly poppy, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>
-<dt>Prickly potato, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>
-<dt>Prionopsis, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></dt>
-<dt>Primulaceae, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt>
-<dt>Primrose, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt>
-<dt>Primrose family, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt>
-<dt>Prosopis, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>
-<dt>Psilostrophe, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dt>
-<dt>Ptiloria, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dt>
-<dt>Puccoon, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt>
-<dt>Purslane family, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt>
-<dt>Purslane, lance-leaved, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt>
-<dt>Purple thistle, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dt>
-<dt>Purple thistle, false, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>-89</dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_Q"><b>Q</b></dt>
-<dt>Quamasia, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></dt>
-<dt>Queen Anne&rsquo;s lace, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt>
-<dt>Queen&rsquo;s crown, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt>
-<dt>Queen&rsquo;s wreath, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_R"><b>R</b></dt>
-<dt>Rabbit tobacco, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dt>
-<dt>Ragweed, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dt>
-<dt>Rain-lily, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
-<dt>Ranunculaceae, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-29</dt>
-<dt>Ranunculus, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt>
-<dt>Rattlesnake master, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt>
-<dt>Redbud, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
-<dt>Retama, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
-<dt>Resin willow, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
-<dt>Rhododendron, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
-<dt>Ribwort, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt>
-<dt>Riverraft, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></dt>
-<dt>Rivina, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt>
-<dt>Rose moss, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt>
-<dt>Rose family, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>-42</dt>
-<dt>Rose, pink prairie, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt>
-<dt>Rose, white prairie, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt>
-<dt>Rouge plant, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt>
-<dt>Rubber plant, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dt>
-<dt>Rubiaceae, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-144</dt>
-<dt>Rubus, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt>
-<dt>Rudbeckia, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dt>
-<dt>Ruellia, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Rumex, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_S"><b>S</b></dt>
-<dt>Sabbatia, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt>
-<dt>Sagebrush, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
-<dt>Sagittaria, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></dt>
-<dt>Salvia, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>-127</dt>
-<dt>Salviastrum, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></dt>
-<dt>Samolus, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt>
-<dt>Sampson&rsquo;s root, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dt>
-<dt>Sand-bells, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
-<dt>Sand-bur, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt>
-<dt>Sand verbena, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt>
-<dt>Sarracenia, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></dt>
-<dt>Sarraceniaceae, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt>
-<dt>Scarlet pea, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt>
-<dt>Scrambled eggs, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt>
-<dt>Scrophulariaceae, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-137</dt>
-<dt>Sea-holly, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt>
-<dt>Sea-star, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt>
-<dt>Sedum, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt>
-<dt>Seed-ticks, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt>
-<dt>Senecio, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></dt>
-<dt>Seniso, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>
-<dt>Senna, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt>
-<dt>Senna family, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>-50</dt>
-<dt>Sensitive briar, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>
-<dt>Sensitive pea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>
-<dt>Shame vine, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>
-<dt>Shaving brush, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-190</dt>
-<dt>Shooting-star, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_211">211</dt>
-<dt>Sida, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></dt>
-<dt>Sideranthus, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt>
-<dt>Silene, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt>
-<dt>Silkweed, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dt>
-<dt>Silver puffs, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>
-<dt>Sisyrinchium, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></dt>
-<dt>Sitilias, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></dt>
-<dt>Skullcap, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt>
-<dt>Skunkflower, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt>
-<dt>Smartweed, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt>
-<dt>Snail-flower, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt>
-<dt>Snake-mouth, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
-<dt>Snapdragon, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt>
-<dt>Sneezeweed, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>
-<dt>Snow-on-the-mountain, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt>
-<dt>Soapweed, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></dt>
-<dt>Solanum, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-129</dt>
-<dt>Solidago, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>-156</dt>
-<dt>Sophia, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt>
-<dt>Spanish bayonet, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></dt>
-<dt>Spanish dagger, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></dt>
-<dt>Spanish moss, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></dt>
-<dt>Sparkleberry, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
-<dt>Specularia, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></dt>
-<dt>Spectacle-pod, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt>
-<dt>Sphaeralcea, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt>
-<dt>Spider-flower, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt>
-<dt>Spider-lily, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></dt>
-<dt>Spiderwort, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></dt>
-<dt>Spiderwort family, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-5</dt>
-<dt>Spurge family, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>-66</dt>
-<dt>Spurge-nettle, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt>
-<dt>Squaw-weed, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></dt>
-<dt>Stagger-bush, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
-<dt>Standing cypress, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>-105</dt>
-<dt>Star-mallow, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt>
-<dt>Stenorrhyncus cinnabarinus, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
-<dt>Stellaria, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></dt>
-<dt>Stickerweed, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>
-<dt>Stonecrop, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt>
-<dt>Stork&rsquo;s bill, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt>
-<dt>Strangle-weed, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt>
-<dt>Straw, flowering, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dt>
-<dt>Straw, milk, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>-193</dt>
-<dt>Sunbonnet babies, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>
-<dt>Sunflower, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
-<dt>Svida, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Swamp honeysuckle, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
-<dt>Sweet sultan, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_T"><b>T</b></dt>
-<dt>Tansy aster, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></dt>
-<dt>Tansy mustard, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt>
-<dt>Talinum, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt>
-<dt>Tallow-weed, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt>
-<dt>Tassajillo, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt>
-<dt>Tecoma, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
-<dt>Tetraneuris, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt>
-<dt>Texas nettle, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>
-<dt>Texas pride, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt>
-<dt>Texas star, blue, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt>
-<dt>Texas star daisy, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dt>
-<dt>Texas star, pink, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt>
-<dt>Texas star, red, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt>
-<dt>Thamnosma, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt>
-<dt>Thelesperma, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
-<dt>Thimble flower, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
-<dt>Thistle, American star, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>
-<dt>Thistle, nodding, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>
-<dt>Thistle, purple, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dt>
-<dt>Thistle, spineless, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>
-<dt>Thoroughwort, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>
-<dt>Thrysanthema, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></dt>
-<dt>Thyme-leaf, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt>
-<dt>Thymophylla, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt>
-<dt>Tie-vine, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>
-<dt>Tillandsia, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Tiny Tim, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt>
-<dt>Toad-flax, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt>
-<dt>Toxicoscordion, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></dt>
-<dt>Tradescantia, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></dt>
-<dt>Tread-softly, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>
-<dt>Tree-huckleberry, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
-<dt>Trumpet-creeper, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
-<dt>Trumpet-creeper family, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
-<dt>Trumpets, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt>
-<dt>Turkey pea, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt>
-<dt>Turk&rsquo;s cap, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt>
-<dt>Twisted-stalk, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_U"><b>U</b></dt>
-<dt>Umbrella-plant, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt>
-<dt>Umbrella-wort, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_V"><b>V</b></dt>
-<dt>Vachellia, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Valerianella, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></dt>
-<dt>Valerian family, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></dt>
-<dt>Venus&rsquo; looking-glass, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></dt>
-<dt>Verbena, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-117, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></dt>
-<dt>Verbenaceae, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-118</dt>
-<dt>Verbena family, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-118</dt>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_212">212</dt>
-<dt>Vervain, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dt>
-<dt>Vetch, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt>
-<dt>Viburnum, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
-<dt>Vicia, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt>
-<dt>Violaceae, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dt>
-<dt>Violet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dt>
-<dt>Violet family, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dt>
-<dt>Viorna, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>Virgin&rsquo;s bower, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt>
-<dt>Viznaga, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_W"><b>W</b></dt>
-<dt>Walking-stick cactus, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt>
-<dt>Wampee, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></dt>
-<dt>Wapato duck potato, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></dt>
-<dt>Watches, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt>
-<dt>Water cup, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt>
-<dt>Water-leaf family, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-112</dt>
-<dt>Water hyacinth, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></dt>
-<dt>Water lily, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dt>
-<dt>Water lily family, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dt>
-<dt>Water plantain family, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></dt>
-<dt>Water potato, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></dt>
-<dt>Water pimpernel, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt>
-<dt>Wedelia, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></dt>
-<dt>White-leaf, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>
-<dt>Whitlow-grass, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>
-<dt>Wild belladonna, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
-<dt>Wild carrot, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt>
-<dt>Wild currant, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt>
-<dt>Wild dill, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt>
-<dt>Wild balsam, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dt>
-<dt>Wild gourd, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt>
-<dt>Wild heliotrope, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt>
-<dt>Wild petunia, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dt>
-<dt>Wild quinine, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dt>
-<dt>Willow, flowering, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
-<dt>Willow, oil, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
-<dt>Willow, resin, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
-<dt>Windflower, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt>
-<dt>Wine-cup, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dt>
-<dt>Woodbine, Southern, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
-<dt>Wood-sorrel, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>-63</dt>
-<dt>Wool-crape, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></dt>
-<dt>Wright, Charles, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_X"><b>X</b></dt>
-<dt>Xanthisma, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dt>
-<dt>Xanthoxalis, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_Y"><b>Y</b></dt>
-<dt>Yankee-weed, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
-<dt>Yarrow, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></dt>
-<dt>Yaupon, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt>
-<dt>Yellow-elder, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
-<dt>Yellow star grass, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt>
-<dt>Yucca, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center" id="index_Z"><b>Z</b></dt>
-<dt>Zephyranthes, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></dt>
-<dt>Zinna, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dt>
-<dt>Zygadenus, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<h2 id="c9">FOOTNOTES</h2>
-<div class="fnblock"><div class="fndef"><a class="fn"  id="fn_1" href="#fr_1">[1]</a>Outline and localities used by permission of the <i>Texas Almanac</i>.
-</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn"  id="fn_2" href="#fr_2">[2]</a>There are numerous white-flowered shrubs in the state, but only those illustrated are included here.
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2>Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>Corrected a few palpable typographical errors.</li>
-<li>Added heading &ldquo;FINDING LISTS&rdquo; corresponding to Table of Contents.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
-</ul>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of Project Gutenberg's Texas Flowers in Natural Colors, by Eula Whitehouse
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXAS FLOWERS IN NATURAL COLORS ***
-
-***** This file should be named 53647-h.htm or 53647-h.zip *****
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/6/4/53647/
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
-specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
-eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
-for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
-performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
-away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
-not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
-trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country outside the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
-  are located before using this ebook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
-Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
-mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
-volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
-locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
-Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
-date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
-official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-
-    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-    Chief Executive and Director
-    gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/cover.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5bce581..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/cover.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p000.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p000.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 80fee1b..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p000.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p001.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p001.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8676fd3..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p001.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p002.png b/old/53647-h/images/p002.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 53d775d..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p002.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p003.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p003.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 632ebac..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p003.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p003a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p003a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fdb0e5d..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p003a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p004.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p004.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index cb18377..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p004.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p004a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p004a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2db0544..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p004a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p005.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p005.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 4633a61..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p005.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p005a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p005a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2514a75..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p005a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p006.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p006.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 23755de..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p006.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p006a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p006a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c139810..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p006a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p007.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p007.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 51468b8..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p007.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p007a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p007a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f8fde0..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p007a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p008.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p008.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 32d6f65..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p008.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p008a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p008a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 4690564..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p008a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p009.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p009.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 32efc3d..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p009.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p009a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p009a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 089b21e..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p009a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p010.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p010.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9601889..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p010.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p010a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p010a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 373a6bd..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p010a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p011.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p011.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 7621485..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p011.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p011a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p011a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 49e52e8..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p011a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p012.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p012.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2d5972e..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p012.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p012a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p012a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8e459bd..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p012a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p013.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p013.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index d948cc2..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p013.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p013a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p013a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index eb87063..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p013a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p014.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p014.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0356d79..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p014.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p014a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p014a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 76340a8..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p014a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p015.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p015.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ce688df..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p015.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p015a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p015a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c0c0f5f..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p015a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p016.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p016.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0d1f6d5..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p016.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p016a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p016a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index cc8c5f0..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p016a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p017.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p017.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index b0c3f73..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p017.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p017a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p017a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 63ea835..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p017a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p018.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p018.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 977de6c..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p018.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p018a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p018a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 228699f..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p018a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p019.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p019.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c35eb96..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p019.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p019a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p019a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3efda76..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p019a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p020.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p020.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 47fd84c..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p020.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p020a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p020a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index accacbf..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p020a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p021.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p021.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 36a9b02..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p021.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p021a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p021a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fc72812..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p021a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p022.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p022.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index abe6d66..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p022.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p022a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p022a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1877ec4..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p022a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p023.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p023.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index efe7345..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p023.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p023a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p023a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bd9315f..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p023a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p024.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p024.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 54d9082..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p024.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p024a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p024a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 79bf20f..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p024a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p025.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p025.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index a5b3ff3..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p025.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p025a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p025a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e83b1b..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p025a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p026.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p026.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c9d23a..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p026.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p026a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p026a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index d003b13..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p026a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p027.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p027.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9bc282a..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p027.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p027a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p027a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0ce48c3..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p027a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p028.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p028.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index b16b835..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p028.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p028a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p028a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e23d820..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p028a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p029.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p029.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 325c74a..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p029.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p029a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p029a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 75756c7..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p029a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p030.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p030.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index caea7a9..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p030.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p030a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p030a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6aa8ac9..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p030a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p031.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p031.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index d93fe93..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p031.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p031a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p031a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bb19e01..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p031a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p032.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p032.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c9e9c3e..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p032.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p032a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p032a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8e1dca9..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p032a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p033.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p033.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e1557e9..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p033.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p033a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p033a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index df0d144..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p033a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p034.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p034.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index be50085..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p034.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p034a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p034a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ddf0885..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p034a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p035.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p035.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 90ca4c0..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p035.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p035a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p035a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c9518f8..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p035a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p036.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p036.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c213a91..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p036.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p036a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p036a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 89ce371..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p036a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p037.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p037.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 14257ed..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p037.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p037a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p037a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 70f8bce..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p037a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p038.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p038.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index df973d1..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p038.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p038a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p038a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index b25dfca..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p038a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p039.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p039.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 017c240..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p039.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p040.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p040.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 89e56b8..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p040.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p040a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p040a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fdb63d4..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p040a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p041.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p041.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 4c0aa56..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p041.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p041a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p041a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ae658e4..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p041a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p042.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p042.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9929268..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p042.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p043.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p043.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 99fab05..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p043.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p043a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p043a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e2fe52..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p043a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p044.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p044.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 349d3a6..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p044.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p044a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p044a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 967ac21..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p044a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p045.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p045.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2868e53..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p045.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p045a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p045a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b02062..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p045a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p046.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p046.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 09eb2dc..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p046.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p047.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p047.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9678499..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p047.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p047a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p047a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 33a04a5..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p047a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p048.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p048.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c278ed1..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p048.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p048a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p048a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index b45cd86..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p048a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p049.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p049.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index aad4343..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p049.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p049a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p049a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f68e8d9..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p049a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p050.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p050.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f4750a1..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p050.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p051.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p051.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 14a5384..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p051.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p051a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p051a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c242e7a..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p051a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p052.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p052.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3317981..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p052.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p052z.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p052z.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bae172d..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p052z.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p053.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p053.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bd3b2bb..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p053.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p053a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p053a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f41e1be..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p053a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p054.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p054.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 25bbe9e..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p054.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p055.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p055.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bda9e4d..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p055.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p055a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p055a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ba34e1..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p055a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p056.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p056.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e1513c8..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p056.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p056a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p056a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8f36b5b..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p056a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p057.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p057.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ea0ccc..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p057.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p057a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p057a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0d4bba3..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p057a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p058.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p058.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fe0ec3f..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p058.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p058a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p058a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ba28ee9..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p058a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p059.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p059.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ae3baaa..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p059.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p059a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p059a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5cee9f7..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p059a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p060.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p060.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f486a25..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p060.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p061.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p061.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c862e0..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p061.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p061a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p061a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c75675..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p061a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p062.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p062.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 88776e9..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p062.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p062a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p062a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 021592a..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p062a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p063.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p063.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c9d0600..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p063.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p063a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p063a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0dd60ba..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p063a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p064.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p064.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 28098cc..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p064.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p065.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p065.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ae5db47..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p065.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p065a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p065a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f09d9e6..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p065a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p066.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p066.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c9279d..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p066.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p066a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p066a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d9ad0f..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p066a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p067.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p067.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 4864cff..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p067.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p067a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p067a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 84cc031..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p067a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p068.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p068.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e07f259..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p068.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p069.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p069.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6258737..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p069.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p069a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p069a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index edad944..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p069a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p070.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p070.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ba78dc0..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p070.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p071.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p071.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 63c3718..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p071.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p071a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p071a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c61817f..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p071a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p072.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p072.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 00b14aa..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p072.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p073.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p073.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 10912ca..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p073.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p073a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p073a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0812895..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p073a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p074.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p074.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0bf2750..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p074.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p074a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p074a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 177579f..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p074a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p075.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p075.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c8a27c1..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p075.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p075a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p075a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index decf8be..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p075a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p076.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p076.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a8efb5..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p076.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p076a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p076a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 32736a4..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p076a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p077.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p077.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 348728f..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p077.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p077a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p077a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9bf29dd..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p077a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p078.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p078.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6255582..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p078.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p078a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p078a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3700740..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p078a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p079.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p079.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 63157c0..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p079.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p080.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p080.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ce6c558..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p080.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p080a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p080a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 67598ef..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p080a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p081.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p081.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e34d08..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p081.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p081a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p081a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c07d60..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p081a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p082.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p082.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 06855d2..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p082.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p082a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p082a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8873c45..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p082a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p083.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p083.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e686db..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p083.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p083a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p083a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 48b8ba5..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p083a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p084.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p084.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 74c8ba8..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p084.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p084a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p084a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index a3ad646..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p084a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p085.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p085.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f1cb27d..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p085.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p085a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p085a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 99cc281..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p085a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p086.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p086.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6aa7414..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p086.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p086a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p086a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index d06a89c..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p086a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p087.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p087.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0fa6f8d..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p087.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p087a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p087a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ca6c4f9..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p087a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p088.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p088.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 994d1f5..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p088.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p089.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p089.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c8bc99..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p089.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p089a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p089a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index cbe343a..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p089a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p090.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p090.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fd5f1a3..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p090.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p090a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p090a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e986e12..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p090a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p091.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p091.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 611aef7..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p091.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p091a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p091a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0ceeb1d..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p091a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p092.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p092.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3442535..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p092.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p092a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p092a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0d8f1d0..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p092a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p093.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p093.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 058efeb..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p093.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p093a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p093a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c8a9e3..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p093a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p094.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p094.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index d60d585..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p094.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p094a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p094a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8ba7695..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p094a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p095.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p095.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ed92aac..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p095.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p095a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p095a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 15b95ae..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p095a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p096.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p096.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 21d40f0..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p096.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p097.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p097.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fec633d..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p097.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p097a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p097a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ef54fd6..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p097a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p098.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p098.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 77d29a2..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p098.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/53647-h/images/p098a.jpg b/old/53647-h/images/p098a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index d86a79b..0000000
--- a/old/53647-h/images/p098a.jpg
+++ /dev/null