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<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 53643 ***</div>

<div class='tnotes covernote'>

<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber's Note:</strong></p>

<p class='c000'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p>

</div>

<div>
  <h1 class='c001'><span class='xlarge'>TWO VOYAGES</span><br /> <br /> <span class='small'>TO</span><br /> <br /> NEW SOUTH WALES<br /> <br /> <span class='small'>AND</span><br /> <br /> VAN DIEMEN’S LAND,<br /> <br /> <span class='small'>WITH</span><br /> <br /> <span class='large'>A DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THAT INTERESTING COLONY:</span><br /> <br /> <span class='small'>INCLUDING</span><br /> <br /> <span class='large'>FACTS AND OBSERVATIONS RELATIVE TO THE STATE AND MANAGEMENT</span><br /> <br /> <span class='small'>OF</span><br /> <br /> <span class='xlarge'>CONVICTS OF BOTH SEXES.</span><br /> <br /> <span class='small'>ALSO<br /> <br /> REFLECTIONS ON SEDUCTION<br /> <br /> AND<br /> <br /> ITS GENERAL CONSEQUENCES</span>.</h1>
</div>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c002'>
    <div><span class='xlarge'><span class='sc'>By THOMAS REID</span>,</span></div>
    <div class='c002'>MEMBER OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN LONDON, AND SURGEON IN THE ROYAL NAVY.</div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c000'>“He who thinks he sees many around him, whom he esteems and loves, labouring
under a fatal error, must have a cold heart, or a most confined notion of benevolence,
if he could withhold his endeavours to set them right, from an apprehension of incurring
the imputation of officiousness.”-—<span class='sc'>Wilberforce.</span></p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
  <div class='nf-center'>
    <div><span class='xlarge'>London:</span></div>
    <div class='c002'><span class='large'>PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN,</span></div>
    <div>PATERNOSTER-ROW.</div>
    <div class='c002'><span class='large'>1822.</span></div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class='pbb'>
 <hr class='pb c002' />
</div>

<div class='chapter'>
  <span class='pageno' id='Page_iii'>iii</span>
  <h2 class='c003'><span class='large'>TO</span><br /> MRS. ELIZABETH FRY.</h2>
</div>

<div class='lg-container-l c004'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'><em>MADAM</em>,</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='drop-capa0_0 c000'><em>My late voyage in the Morley, female convict ship,
having been undertaken chiefly at your instance; an
account of it could not with propriety, in my opinion,
be addressed to any person but yourself. A faithful
relation of every circumstance connected with the
voyage has rendered occasional mention of your name
unavoidable, for which I have to entreat your indulgence.
In soliciting your protection to the following
pages, I am anxious to secure for them an attention
and respect which, perhaps, their own intrinsic
merit could not justly claim: of their object few
are better qualified to judge than you are, and certainly
none will feel a livelier interest in promoting
it.</em></p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_iv'>iv</span><em>Much of your valuable time has been devoted to
the cause of humanity; and the results of your efforts,
with those of your amiable coadjutors, need no
assistance from the journalist or historian to give
them durability; they live in the grateful hearts of
those who were blest with your salutary instructions:
and from the solicitude evinced by many of those unfortunate
persons, as I have often seen, to impress
this feeling on the pliant minds of their children, it
is not, I think, presuming too much to say that it
will be cultivated and cherished, in distant parts of
the world, by generations yet unborn.</em></p>

<p class='c000'><em>To appreciate duly the benevolent and happy labours
of the <span class='sc'>Ladies’ Committee</span>, one must have
witnessed human misery in its pitiable extremes; in
all the pollution and loathsomeness of the licentious
gaol; and patiently contemplated the benign influence
of moral precept, meliorating such condition, as
reflected in the melting heart and the hallowed tear
of the sincere penitent, retracing the devious path that
first led from innocence and peace.</em></p>

<p class='c000'><em>Admiration of that zeal which urged you, regardless
of all personal inconvenience, to explore the long
neglected recesses of the friendless prison; to awaken
the minds of its forlorn inmates; to rouse the dormant
<span class='pageno' id='Page_v'>v</span>principles of virtue; to teach them to reflect;—and
veneration for that unwearied philanthropy which
has lifted from despair so many drooping hearts;
impelled me to give your grand experiment a fair
trial; to prove how far the system of kindness and
confidence, so auspiciously commenced in Newgate,
could be made to answer under other circumstances.
Accordingly, the measures employed in the Morley
were, as nearly as possible, the same as those used by
the Committee; with what success, it is not for me
to determine. If however, it be found that my observations,
as detailed in the present volume, should
contribute in any degree to facilitate the truly Christian
design of the Committee, it will afford me lasting
satisfaction to know that my endeavours have not
been in vain.</em></p>

<div class='lg-container-r'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'><em>I remain</em>,</div>
      <div class='line in8'><em>Madam</em>,</div>
      <div class='line in6'><em>Your faithful servant</em>,</div>
    </div>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line in12'><em>THOMAS REID.</em></div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class='chapter'>
  <span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span>
  <h2 class='c003'>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
</div>

<p class='c005'>The general state and condition of those unfortunate
persons whose crimes had brought them under
the severe cognisance and judgement of the laws, and
whose lives only had been spared by the late happily
increasing liberality of modern opinion and feeling,
have for a long series of years occupied little public attention.
Those, indeed, who bestowed any thought
at all upon the final treatment of convicts, viewing
the provision made for safely securing them on board
of Hulks, or within the walls of Houses of Correction,
or having them afterwards removed altogether to remote
countries, thus restrained apart from general society
for a certain time, and so long withheld at least
from depredation, seem to have indulged with a degree
of selfishness in the idea of personal security only
as affecting themselves, or at most as extending to
the other branches of the community. It seems to
have appeared to the minds of such people, quite generous
enough that the offender’s absolute wants were
provided for, and that all was effected when he was
put out of the way of doing further harm: beyond
<span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span>that, the condition of the convict was without consideration<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c006'><sup>[1]</sup></a>.</p>

<p class='c000'>Who can fail to observe without pleasurable emotion
and interest, that a far different spirit is now stirring
in the minds of mankind, and that the times have
become happily enlightened, not by the dissemination
of irreligious, under pretended philosophical principles,
but in the diffusion of Christian truth and knowledge?
The present age will ever be distinguished by
the temperate, disinterested, and steady efforts made
to communicate to the great mass of the population
the blessings of Gospel instruction; and in the forcible
<span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span>example of persons in elevated life, on every public
occasion, attended with important advantages; and under
the auspices of some members of the present Administration,
who have lent the aid of power to this
great undertaking, the all-interesting cause of morality
is firmly and rapidly advancing. It is not for the
writer of this, perhaps, to indulge in eulogium, though,
in the present instance, the cause would strongly invite
to grateful and liberal expression.</p>

<p class='c000'>The same benevolence which shed a ray of celestial
light over the poor African’s horizon, has also held up
the Gospel beacon to the benighted sinner of its own
climes, and forbidden despair. Mercy, commuting
capital punishment for transportation, had snatched
the criminals from the vengeance of the statute law;
and it then became matter of inquiry, whether imprisonment
in Hulks, or Houses of Correction, or mere
transmission to distant colonies, was not the ultimate
and only good, which, in due regard to the permanent
security of society, could be fitly provided for those
degraded and unhappy persons. But that wakeful care
which ever attends the proceedings of the truly good,
sought out with anxiety a further means of relieving
their miserable condition; and thus that useful employment
on board the Hulks, and, latterly, a better
regulated management in the Houses of Correction,
have originated and tended to produce the present visible
beneficial effects.</p>

<p class='c000'>The societies for the propagation of the Scriptures,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_x'>x</span>and of moral and religious tracts, have opened the
ready means of putting useful publications into the
hands of the prisoners, which have also so much tended
to soften down their obduracy, and generally to meliorate
their disposition and manners. The lot of the
convicts meanwhile under sentence of transportation
was not quite so happy.</p>

<p class='c000'>Cooped up in prison, waiting for the period at
which they were to be shipped off, these hapless
creatures of either sex remained immersed in all the
turpid influence of that guilt which had brought them
to such a state, and still wholly occupied their minds.
The listlessness of mind resulting from their escape
of capital punishment, the dreadful suspense of death
removed, and their poignant oscillations of hope and
fear subsided, produced a calm and satisfaction bordering
on pleasure; and to the unrestrained indulgence
of this they freely gave way. But their thoughts long
inured in the ways of wickedness, and too willingly
withdrawn from reflection on their recent danger, presented
no other mental employment than again traversing
in idea the schemes they had practised, the
gains they had successfully secured, and the merry
scenes which those guilty gains enabled them to enjoy.
No friendly counsel was near to hold up to their
view the enormity of their crimes; even the humane
admonitions of the venerable judge who found relief
in assigning to their offences the mild punishment of
transportation,—all was forgotten where no sort of
<span class='pageno' id='Page_xi'>xi</span>industrious employment was found to fill up the wasteful
vacuum of imprisonment till the time of their departure.</p>

<p class='c000'>Their conversation and conduct became thus daily
more depraved and corrupt. The same inclination to
riot and licentiousness continued unabated, and in
most instances seemed refined to a more subtle and
pernicious degree. The voice of admonition, if its
warnings reached them, was received with insult or
contemptuous derision; and every means and opportunity
was sought for the indulgence of the wildest
depravity. The suggestion of religious reflection only
excited impious raillery, or blasphemous mockery; and
in this polluted state did they remain contaminating
and corrupting each other, until the order from Government
ultimately came for their departure.</p>

<p class='c000'>This was an event always desired by the keepers,
yet in a certain degree dreaded on account of the disorders
which the convicts usually committed on the
occasion. It was their practice then to give a fling to
all kinds of frantic violence, tearing down every thing
within their reach, destroying their beds, breaking
the prison windows, and with hideous clamour effecting
as much mischief as possible. Handcuffs and
chains became indispensable to restrain their fury;
and thus secured they were conveyed on board the
transport ship, in a manner truly more like ferocious
wild beasts than human beings. This latter regulation
was invariably observed in male convict ships,
and has never yet been departed from. With regard to
<span class='pageno' id='Page_xii'>xii</span>female convicts, the precaution of a military guard
was not thought necessary: yet, in some instances of
daring violence, it has been held out as a threat in
case of continued non-submission.</p>

<p class='c000'>In the latter end of 1817, I received orders to take
charge of the <em>Neptune</em>, as Surgeon and Superintendent
of the male convicts put on board for transportation
to New South Wales, and entered on the duties
of that situation immediately, though at the time fully
aware of its embarrassing and difficult nature. It was
indeed generally known and acknowledged, that a
convict ship presented such constant scenes of violence,
and even systematic insubordination, that the
management was not without extreme hazard, while
all idea of producing a moral change amongst these
unhappy beings was utterly hopeless. This, however,
was not a representation capable of causing me to
shrink from the attempt: I was strongly actuated by
a desire to exert my humble endeavours to put in
practice a system which I had devised long before,
for bettering the condition of convicts generally; on
which account I the more eagerly acted upon the
commands of Government.</p>

<p class='c000'>On my return from this first voyage, I found a great
many of my friends and acquaintances anxious to obtain
information respecting the general management
of convicts during transportation, which the opportunities
of ordinary conversation would not permit
me fully to satisfy. Glad to observe such interest
evinced by persons whose opulence and well-known
<span class='pageno' id='Page_xiii'>xiii</span>worth must give weight and respectability to any cause
they may espouse, I determined that my humble mite
should not be withheld, where the great and desirable
object in view was to meliorate the condition, and to
resuscitate the forgotten virtue, of wretched beings,
for whom philanthropists had long indulged in feelings
of commiseration. I therefore formed the resolution
that, whatever inconvenience might arise to
my private affairs, from loss of time or otherwise, I
would give to the public all the information I had acquired
on the subject.</p>

<p class='c000'>My private representations on this subject having
proved to the satisfaction of all those of my friends
who find pleasure in doing good, and experience having
furnished evidence abundantly, that even convicts
are not dead to the feelings of gratitude, or destitute
of many other estimable qualities, evincing that vice
has not always an indissoluble tie upon the heart, I
was very warmly urged to try what could be done towards
improving the deplorable condition of <em>female</em>
convicts. To this solicitation I consented with the
less reluctance, as it would afford the best opportunity
of proving unequivocally, to what extent hope might
be indulged as to the possibility, from due exertion,
of lessening the wretchedness of their lot, and allowing
them to become again useful in society. I was
influenced also by a desire thus to have the ability of
gratifying the promoters of this design, with an impartial
account of the management of female as well
as male convicts. For this reason only was the account
<span class='pageno' id='Page_xiv'>xiv</span>of the former voyage deferred, in order that
both might appear together before the public, faithfully,
in an associated view.</p>

<p class='c000'>The success which happily attended the measures
employed in the Neptune, was sufficiently encouraging
to induce me to give a full trial how far a similar
system might avail with the females, under such modifications
as a regard to their sex, and attention to
occasional circumstances, might render necessary. For
several years my thoughts had been directed to every
investigation that could contribute to the stock of information
previously acquired, and consequently assist
in the development of vicious principle in some of
its most powerful and mischievous ramifications, to
be enabled thus possibly to trace it step by step to its
primary source. The results of some of these inquiries
appeared to me important; and I thought
their connexion with the present subject so close, that
its interest would be lessened had they all been suppressed.
These considerations have led to discussions
which at first sight may seem extraneous or irrelevant,
such as <em>Seduction</em>, &amp;c.; but I hope, on reflection,
the present arrangement will not be found objectionable.</p>

<p class='c000'>I had been very early in life impressed with the conviction
that the bountiful hand of the Creator implants
in the mind of man the seeds of virtue, which seldom
totally perish during his lifetime, although they may
remain long unproductive: an experience of the world
more than commonly extensive, perhaps, has every
<span class='pageno' id='Page_xv'>xv</span>day tended to confirm the justness of that conviction.
This position I have always considered as involving
a question of the first interest to society, whether it be
taken in a moral, political, or philosophical point of
view; and I hope it is not arrogating too much to
say, that the opportunities I have had, opportunities
not unimproved, of making observations, give me a
claim to form an opinion not wholly without authority.</p>

<p class='c000'>In the authenticity of the sources whence my information
has been derived, and the identity of facts
as occurring in real life, thus following with the observations
from actual experience, the peculiar merit
of the following pages consists, if indeed any merit
shall be allowed them. It would afford but little interest
to know the difficulties by which I was surrounded,
and the many distressing feelings by which
I was harassed, during the composition. I may, however,
obtain some indulgence from the liberal-minded,
by stating, as I can with great truth, that my time
was almost incessantly occupied in attendance to professional
duties and the avocations of superintendence,
with many intervening hours of painful indisposition,
and other unavoidable circumstances, during the voyage,
by which my thoughts were distracted and attention
diverted. The haste with which I was often obliged
to write, or lose the impressions of the occasion,
leaves me little hope but that incorrectness of style,
with rough and inartificial periods, will be exposed occasionally.
I beg, however, that it may be distinctly
understood, that my opinions have, at least, not been
<span class='pageno' id='Page_xvi'>xvi</span>formed from crude, superficial, or transient observation;
but, on the contrary, are grounded on due application
of patient reflection and laborious determination.</p>

<p class='c000'>Although it may appear that advantage has been
taken of the thoughts of some eminent authors, yet it
can by no means be admitted that the present work is
the offspring of a library. Any one acquainted with
the space allotted for the Surgeon’s use in a small
convict ship, must know the impossibility of having
books of reference always at hand; and even had this
want not existed, my time would not allow of consulting
them. Many of the quotations are from memory,—some,
indeed, of very distant recollection. I
am sensible that critical vigilance may find abundant
materials for animadversion: nor do I wish that the
reader should glance superficially over it; on the contrary,
a hope is indulged, that the candid critic will
examine its principles minutely, and point out its
errors. The frequent mention made of myself, and
the introduction of letters written by the convicts of
whom I had charge, will incur, perhaps too justly, the
imputation of vanity and egotism;—the coarseness of
description necessarily used in the sketches made of
crime from actual observation, may be censured as
improper in a work addressed to a lady;—and the
journal will exhibit numerous instances of repetition
of the subject; of these objections I was fully aware
at the time of writing, but found them unavoidable.
I had pledged myself to record facts exactly as they
<span class='pageno' id='Page_xvii'>xvii</span>occurred, without decoration or disguise; and in no
instance has truth been sacrificed to courtesy or private
feeling.</p>

<p class='c000'>To promote the happiness both temporal and eternal
of an unfortunate portion of the community,—a
class too long neglected,—is my only aim. In the
management of convicts I am not wedded to any particular
system; I have described that which at present
appears to me preferable, and I believe I may
fairly consider it my own, no other, so far as I know,
having been proposed or acted on before: but if any
one will bring forward a better, so far from regarding
him with an eye of jealousy as a rival, I shall hail him
as a fellow-labourer, a benefactor, and a friend.</p>

<p class='c000'>Without further trespassing on the reader’s patience,
the following sheets are now submitted, with all due
deference, to public revision. My object is to excite
inquiry, and draw to the subject the attention of those
who can command the means of redressing the evils
pointed out, a task which every good man, surely, will
consider of vital importance to the morals and happiness
of the community. Animated with a wish only
to be useful in the humble station in which it has
pleased Providence to place me, I shall thankfully acknowledge
such improvements as the more extended
experience of the benevolent, intelligent, and liberal
may henceforth enable them to communicate.</p>

<div class='lg-container-l'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>Vigo Lane, Dec. 1821.</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<hr class='c007' />

<div class='footnote' id='f1'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r1'>1</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class='pageno' id='Page_xviii'>xviii</span>As there appears a strong coincidence between this opinion
and one expressed in the preface to the “Rules for the Government
of Gaols,” I beg leave to add an extract from that excellent
publication, which appeared in 1820, but had not been seen by me
until long after the above was written. “It must be apparent to
all who have directed their attention to this subject, that the system
of Prison Discipline too generally prevalent in England was
confined to a single object, the safe custody of the prisoner; and
to one method of accomplishing that object, severe and sometimes
unnecessary coercion: if the prisoner could be retained within the
walls of a gaol by bars, by chains, or by subterraneous and unventilated
dungeons, by the use of any rigour or privation, this plan,
aiming only at his personal security, was deemed sufficient: the
possibility of reforming the criminal seems never to have been contemplated;
no rule was in force, no arrangement existed, which
could be referred to such a purpose: the attempt to disengage the
culprit from long formed habits of vice, and to rekindle in his breast
the latent sparks of virtue, were schemes known indeed by the
writings of Howard, but generally regarded as the visionary efforts
of an excessive philanthropy.”</p>
</div>

<div class='chapter'>
  <span class='pageno' id='Page_xix'>xix</span>
  <h2 class='c003'>CONTENTS.</h2>
</div>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div>CHAPTER I.</div>
    <div class='c002'>ON TRANSPORTATION.</div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='drop-capa0_0 c009'>Capital punishment, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>. Royal mercy, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>. Origin of transportation, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>.
Convicts become settlers in America,—American Revolution, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.
Hulks and houses of correction instituted, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>. First expedition
to New South Wales, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>. Colony established, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>. Progressive
arrangements, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>. Judicious regulations, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>. Encouragement
to convicts,—crimes often committed for the purpose of
getting transported, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>. Convicts liberally fed and clothed during
the voyage, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>. Victualling scheme, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>. Prison sufficiently
roomy, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>. Extra stores, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>. Hospital furniture, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>. Articles
of comfort in female ships, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>. Clothing and books provided for
children, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>. Military guard allowed too much spirits, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>. Scheme
for victualling guard, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>. Convicts’ regret on leaving the ship, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.
Arrangements for juvenile offenders, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>. Efforts to reform them, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.
Many of them grossly ignorant, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>. Effects of previous idleness, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>.
Employment considered, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>. Probability of mutiny among convicts
considered, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>. Their gratitude and attachment, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>. Ladies’
Committee, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>. Their humane attention to prisoners, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>. School
established, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div>CHAPTER II.</div>
    <div class='c002'>VOYAGE IN THE NEPTUNE.</div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Influence of moral principle, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>. Abstract view of the Convicts’
crimes and characters, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>. Convicts considered irreclaimable, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.
Mutiny in a male convict ship, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>. Insubordination among females, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.
Repentance and reformation, how and when to be aimed
at, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>. Regulations, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>. System of management commenced, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.
False alarm of the convicts rising, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>. Religious worship, its apparent
effects, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>. Punishment inflicted, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>. Prisoners reconciled
<span class='pageno' id='Page_xx'>xx</span>to their banishment, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>. A school formed for young offenders, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.
Their progress in learning, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>. Inherent love of liberty, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>. Refractory
conduct of a sailor, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>. Laws respecting seamen, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>. Relative
situation of the guards and prisoners, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>. Soldiers intoxicated,
<a href='#Page_53'>53</a>. Conduct of their wives, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>. Quarrel between the
guards and sailors, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>. Bad behaviour of a convict, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>. Allowance
of spirits to the guard recommended to be reduced, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>. Women
and children to have none, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>. Improvement among the
boys, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>. The convicts generally behave well, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>. Their letter to
Lord <span class='sc'>Sidmouth</span>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>. Two mutinous seamen discharged, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>. Interview
with Lord <span class='sc'>Charles Somerset</span>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>. Interview with the
<em>Deputy Colonial Secretary</em>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>. <em>Agent for Transports</em> visits the <em>Neptune</em>,
<a href='#Page_70'>70</a>. Sixteen convicts are embarked, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>. Apprehensions of
disease from this increased number, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>. Official application not
noticed, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>. Precautions to prevent communication between the
new and old prisoners, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>. The latter generously share their wine
with the former, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>. Prisoners express their gratitude for being
kindly treated, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>. Neptune’s arrival at Sydney; the convicts
write a letter, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>. Governor <span class='sc'>Macquarie’s</span> opinion of the voyage, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.
Observations in the colony, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>. Departure with dispatches,
<a href='#Page_82'>82</a>. Loss sustained by a hurricane, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>. Return to England,—letter
to Navy Board, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div>CHAPTER III.</div>
    <div class='c002'>VOYAGE IN THE MORLEY.</div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Mrs. <span class='sc'>Fry’s</span> exertions, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>. Visit to the Morley, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>. Arrangements
for a school, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>. Religious books liberally supplied, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.
Regulations, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>. Crimes, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>. Characters, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>. Sentence, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.
Address, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>. Mrs. <span class='sc'>Pryor</span> visits the convicts, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>. Application
to the Secretary of State to permit a convict’s child, above the regular
age, to be embarked; which is granted, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>. Convicts appear
too familiar with the sailors, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>. Some of the convicts behave
ill, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>. Captain <span class='sc'>Young</span> visits the ship, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>. Mr. <span class='sc'>Capper’s</span>
visit, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>. Bank Solicitor gives five pounds to every woman under
sentence for forged notes, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>. The Keeper of Newgate gives half
a crown to each convict from that prison, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>. Mrs. <span class='sc'>Fry</span> visits
the ship, and admonishes the prisoners, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>. Improved behaviour
of the prisoners, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>. Two ladies and a gentleman visit a young
<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxi'>xxi</span>prisoner, to whom they give good advice, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>. Their perilous situation
after leaving the ship, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>. Three invalid females removed
by order of the Navy Board, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>. Dispatches and sailing-orders
arrive; riotous behaviour of some of the convicts, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>. Morley
sails, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>. Arrives in the Downs, where the pilot leaves her, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>.
Boisterous weather, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>. Address to the convicts after leaving
their native country, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>. They request permission to copy it, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>.
Death and interment of two convicts’ children, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>. Feelings of
the convicts during a violent squall, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>. Inflammatory fever appears
among the prisoners, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>. A quarrel, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>. Death of a convict’s
child, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>. Great improvement in a convict, produced by
employment, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>. Two old enemies become reconciled, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>.
Sailors attempt to break into the prison, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>. They threaten to
murder one of the women, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>. Captain <span class='sc'>Brown</span> remonstrates
with them, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>. They make another effort to communicate with
the women, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>. First prize won, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>. Continued impropriety
of the sailors, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>. Second and third prizes won, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>. A violent
quarrel between two women, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>. The sailors open a passage into
the prison, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>. Exertions of Captain <span class='sc'>Brown</span> to discover and defeat
their purpose, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>. They behave with more caution, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>.
Conduct of the chief officer, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>. Capt. <span class='sc'>Brown</span> musters the refractory
sailors, and admonishes them, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>. Effects of keeping
watch in the prison, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>. Cooking prevented by rough weather, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.
Conduct of the prisoners from Newgate, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>. A
letter, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>. Injury done to the prison, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>. A sermon read by
the Rev. Mr. <span class='sc'>Reddall</span>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>. A letter from the convicts, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>.
Arrival at Van Diemen’s Land, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>. The sailors get four females
out of the prison, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>. The Lieutenant Governor visits the ship, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>.
A police magistrate and military guard sent on board, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>. Farewell
admonition, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>. Humane attention of the Lieutenant Governor
to the convicts, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>. Fifty convicts landed, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>. Lieutenant
Governor’s certificate, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>. Seven women sent on board
the Morley to be conveyed to the Factory at Parramatta on account
of bad conduct, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>. Departure from Hobart-Town, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>. The
seven females behave well, and receive encouragement, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>. Arrival
at Sydney, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>. His Excellency the <span class='sc'>Governor</span> and the
Honourable <span class='sc'>Commissioner of Inquiry</span> visit the Morley, and
inspect the convicts, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>. Convicts are mustered, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>. Progress
of the school on board, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_xxii'>xxii</span>CHAPTER IV.</div>
    <div class='c002'>MANNER OF DISPOSING OF CONVICTS.</div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>The principal Superintendent takes charge of the prisoners, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>.
His extensive knowledge, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>. The manner in which the duties
of his office are discharged, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>. Convicts readily form connections,
<a href='#Page_254'>254</a>. Persons of indifferent character chosen to act as turnkeys,
<a href='#Page_256'>256</a>. Public-houses too numerous, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>. Convicts’ reception
at the Factory, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>. Want of order in that establishment, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>.
Two women sent back to England, being too bad to remain in the
colony, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>. Proposed marriage of a female, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>. Reduced number
of public-houses, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>. Little hope of reformation, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>. Manner
of disposing of male convicts, and their general condition, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>.
Want of regulation in the barrack, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>. Convicts purchase their
liberty from their masters, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>. Punishment, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div>CHAPTER V.</div>
    <div class='c002'>SITUATION AND DUTIES OF THE SURGEON SUPERINTENDENT.</div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Government contract for the conveyance of convicts, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>. Former
manner compared with the present, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a>. Difficulty of managing
convicts, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>. Surgeon Superintendent unsupported, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.
His numerous duties, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>. Obstacles opposed to his return after
landing the convicts, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>. Character of the commanders and
medical men in convict ships, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a>. The Surgeon Superintendent
not allowed a servant, <a href='#Page_290'>290</a>. Liability to disagreement between
him, the Master, and military officer, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a>.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div>CHAPTER VI.</div>
    <div class='c002'>GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.</div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Proposed alteration in prisons, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>. Other opinions, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>. Moral
instruction hitherto neglected, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>. State of female prisons
further considered: possibility of reformation contended for, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>.
Behaviour of the prisoners in the colony, who went out in the
Neptune, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>. Employment recommended, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>. Check to population,
<a href='#Page_304'>304</a>. Proportion of males to females, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>. Unhappy
connexions often formed, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>. The assertion that women from
<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxiii'>xxiii</span>Newgate behave worse than those from other prisons, examined,
<a href='#Page_307'>307</a>. State of the rising generation, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>. Formation of Bible and
other useful Institutions, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>. Cursory view of the French revolution,
<a href='#Page_314'>314</a>. Early education recommended, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>. Devotedness
of Governor <span class='sc'>Macquarie</span> to the welfare of the colony, <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>. Inaptitude
of the Factory establishment to the reformation of its
wretched tenants, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>. Alterations suggested, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>. <span class='sc'>Conclusion</span>,
<a href='#Page_320'>320</a>.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div>APPENDIX.</div>
    <div class='c002'>REFLECTIONS ON SEDUCTION.</div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Influence of the British Constitution, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>. The characters of a
felon and seducer, compared, <a href='#Page_323'>323</a>. The history of a seducer, from
real life, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>. His birth and prospective talent, <a href='#Page_328'>328</a>. Education,
<a href='#Page_329'>329</a>. Character of his travelling companion, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>. Exploits in
Paris, <a href='#Page_331'>331</a>. Occurrences in Bourdeaux, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>. Journey to Marseilles
and Toulon, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>. Thence to Naples, <a href='#Page_337'>337</a>. Description
of a hurricane, <a href='#Page_338'>338</a>. Lands at Leghorn, <a href='#Page_341'>341</a>. Visits Naples; returns
to England; and is about to be married, <a href='#Page_342'>342</a>. Excessive
grief occasioned by the death of a friend, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>. Goes to London,
and thence to Scotland, <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>. His father’s death, <a href='#Page_349'>349</a>. Interview
with his mother, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>. Base attempt, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>. Change of disposition,
<a href='#Page_354'>354</a>. Extreme misery, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>. Extravagant conduct, <a href='#Page_357'>357</a>. Elopement
with a young lady, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>. His dying moments, <a href='#Page_362'>362</a>. Law of
honour and men of the world, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>. The seducer’s character further
sketched, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>. Sufferings of unhappy women, <a href='#Page_370'>370</a>. Murder
sometimes committed, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>. The victim of seduction generally
abandoned, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a>. Notorious rakes received and countenanced in
society, <a href='#Page_377'>377</a>. Prostitution an inevitable consequence, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a>. Waste
of happiness, <a href='#Page_380'>380</a>. Remedy proposed by Doctor <span class='sc'>Colquhoun</span>, examined,
<a href='#Page_386'>386</a>. State of morals in Holland, Italy, and India, <a href='#Page_388'>388</a>.</p>

<div class='ph1'>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c010'>
    <div>TWO VOYAGES</div>
    <div class='c002'>TO</div>
    <div class='c002'>NEW SOUTH WALES,</div>
    <div class='c002'><em>&amp;c.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

</div>

<div class='chapter'>
  <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span>
  <h2 class='c003'>CHAPTER I.<br /> <br /> <span class='large'>ON TRANSPORTATION.</span></h2>
</div>

<p class='drop-capa0_0 c005'>The frequency of capital punishment in this country
has long excited a general feeling of abhorrence,
not merely from the removal of a malefactor from the
stage of life, but the distress produced in the display of
a scene relieving the unfortunate sufferer from worldly
troubles, yet leaving a too painful impression on
the mind of the spectator. There is a hallowed reverence
thrown around the grave of even the hardiest
offender whose crimes have been expiated by his
death. The execution of his sentence protects not
only against insult and upbraiding, but also secures
a degree of pity for his sad condition. But when
<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>the Royal mercy, expunging the severe sentence of
the law, and obliterating the obnoxious record, bids
the wretch to live and “sin no more,” all the more
pleasing ideas arising from seeing him restored to society
and alienated from crime, are indulged by the
humane. Hence arose a question of solicitude, whether
the offender might not be made, in all possible cases,
some way useful to society, or at least have the chance
of effecting some expiation; thus securing to him the
means of amendment in this life, and the hope of future
mercy by a sincere repentance and sorrow for his
past crimes.</p>

<p class='c000'>In the place of Death, the punishment of Transportation
to remote lands under the dominion of the
British Government, at first to North America, and
subsequently to New South Wales, was adopted. To
these places of banishment all persons were sent whose
sentence had been commuted from death for transportation,
as next in degree of severity in the criminal
code, which (in happy as absolute rejection of all barbarous
refinement in punishment) admitted no middle
term between actual removal of the offender in loss of
life, and the political annihilation of all his rights as
a member of the state, for the term of his natural life,
or a determinate period, during which, consequently,
his services were to be useless but to the Crown or its
assigns; and his condition, therefore, and its comfort
altogether independent of his own arbitrament and
volition.</p>

<p class='c000'>The convict was thus torn from every tie of relationship;
and as even the depraved have their kindred
affinities and private affections softened by some of
<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>the endearments of life, the separation rendered the
fulfilment of the sentence painful, and in this respect
satisfied one intention of the law. Indeed the very
worst offender seems not so divested of the character
of humanity, but that the possession of life is still held
by some link of nature to him of strong association.</p>

<p class='c000'>The transport with which the condemned malefactor
receives the reprieve or the news of pardon, proves
the estimation in which he holds life, not more on his
own account, than as it concerns his future hopes of
benefiting his children or relations. With what rapturous
emotion must the robber feel his bosom swell,
when informed that his pardon was given because
the life of the person he had robbed was spared!—that
because in the career of his maddening plunder, whilst
with one hand he grasped the purse, and with the other
the devoted throat of his unresisting victim, a sudden
thought of his own little ones flashed across his brain,
and made him cast away the deadly pistol!—Grateful
for the extension of life, one cannot but think he will
carry with him in his exile a strong tendency to
amendment, and impress on the mind of other offenders
that sense of humanity which saved and opened
to him so great a consolation.</p>

<p class='c000'>The original intention of disposing of convicts by
transportation was most likely to break off all existing
connexions, and to estrange the mind from all former
associations, so as to render the prisoner as abstracted
as possible from every consideration but that of the
immediate duty or discipline imposed. The expense
attending their removal made it necessary that it should
be repaid out of the convicts’ labour; and every possible
<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>chance of a return before their time, and all thought
of home, or as much as could be, were carefully removed,
that their whole time should be given for the
above purpose. The punishment of exile had other
terrors for the convicts themselves, which served to
render their banishment a temporary slavery.</p>

<p class='c000'>The ingenious Doctor Colquhoun gives the following
on the origin of <em>Transportation</em>: “Parliament authorized
this species of punishment in 1718, when
the general plan of sending convicts to the American
plantations was first adopted. This system continued
for 56 years, during which period, and until the commencement
of the American war in 1775, great numbers
of felons were sent chiefly to the province of
Maryland. The rigid discipline which the colonial
laws authorized the masters to exercise over servants,
joined to the prospects which agricultural pursuits,
after some experience was acquired, afforded to those
<em>outcasts</em>, tended to reform the chief part; and after
the expiration of their servitude, they mingled in the
society of the country, under circumstances highly
beneficial to themselves, and even to the colony.
Possessed in general (as every adroit thief must be)
of good natural abilities, they availed themselves of
the habits of industry they acquired in the years of
their servitude; became farmers and planters on their
own account; and many of them succeeding in those
pursuits, not only acquired that degree of respectability
which is attached to property and industry, but
also in their turn became masters, and purchased the
servitude of future transports sent out for sale.”</p>

<p class='c000'>When the American revolution prevented the further
<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>transmission of convicts to that country, the
system of the <em>Hulks</em> and <em>Houses of Correction</em> was
substituted. However, from the increasing number
of delinquents, arising not only from the increase
of vice but that of population, that mode soon became
inadequate to the augmented demands for disposing
of the prisoners, as of course to the enforcement of
that labour to which for their offences they had been
sentenced. Plans were then acted upon for building
extensive prisons, penitentiaries, and asylums for their
reception: but the enormous expense and comparative
inefficacy of those establishments, which it appears
were mostly conducted in the old miserable mode of
gaol discipline, the evils of which became now universally
acknowledged, soon raised loud complaints
against the system.</p>

<p class='c000'>The attention of Government, still directed to this
necessary and important relief of the community from
those who would subvert its comforts and security,
caused the coast of Africa to be explored for a fit situation
for a colony: but that research proved fruitless,
on account of the unhealthiness of the climate, or
hostility of the natives of those situations which remained
unoccupied by other European nations, rendering
it imprudent to risk an establishment in that
country. The discovery of the vast territory of New
South Wales by Captain <span class='sc'>Cook</span> in 1770 and 1777,
opened a new field for disposing of those refractory
characters. The following is recorded by <span class='sc'>Collins</span>
as the commencement of the present colony there:</p>

<p class='c000'>“The Commissioners of His Majesty’s Navy, toward
the end of the year 1786, advertised for a certain
<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>number of vessels to be taken up for the purpose of
conveying between seven and eight hundred male and
female felons to Botany Bay, in New South Wales,
on the eastern coast of New Holland, whither it had
been determined by Government to transport them,
after having sought in vain upon the African coast for
a situation possessing the requisites for the establishment
of a colony.</p>

<p class='c000'>“Six transports and three store-ships were accordingly
engaged to convey the persons designed to form
the new settlement, with the stores and provisions
necessary for their use and consumption. Of the
latter, sufficient for two years were put on board;
and among the former were tools, implements of
agriculture, and such other articles as were considered
necessary to a colonial establishment.</p>

<p class='c000'>“The government of the country was intrusted by
His Majesty to Arthur Phillip, Esq. a Post Captain
in the service.—The convicts for whose disposal this
speculation was undertaken, consisted of 565 men
and 192 women; and every necessary arrangement
having been made by the naval and military commanders,
which seemed best calculated to ensure a fortunate
termination to the voyage, on Sunday the 13th
of May 1787, the little fleet, which had previously
collected at the Mother Bank, sailed with a leading
wind through the Needle passage, accompanied by the
Hon. Captain de Courcy in the Hyena frigate.</p>

<p class='c000'>“This expedition anchored in Botany Bay, after a
voyage of eight months and one week. The Governor
employed a short time in examining, but had not seen
any spot to which some strong objection did not apply.
<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>If in one place he met with a promising soil, it
was deficient in that grand essential, fresh water, and
was besides too confined for their numbers. He therefore
determined on examining the adjacent harbours
of Port Jackson and Broken Bay, and for that purpose
set off in three open boats accompanied by some
of the officers of the settlement.</p>

<p class='c000'>“The coast as he drew near Port Jackson wore a
most unpromising appearance, and the natives every
where greeted the fleet with shouts of defiance and
prohibition, the words “Warra, warra,” Go away, go
away, resounding wherever they appeared. The Governor’s
utmost expectation, as he drew near the harbour,
being to find what Captain Cook, as he passed
by it, thought might be found, shelter for a boat,
he was most agreeably surprised at discovering, on his
entrance, a harbour capable of affording security for a
much larger fleet than would probably ever seek shelter
or security within its limits.</p>

<p class='c000'>“In one of the coves of this noble and capacious
harbour, he determined to fix the future seat of his
government, it having been found to possess a sufficiency
of water and soil. Having completed his research
in three days, he returned to Botany Bay, and
gave directions for an immediate removal thence; a
circumstance which gave general satisfaction, as nothing
had been discovered in that place which could
excite a wish to pass another day in it.”</p>

<p class='c000'>The place of settlement thus fixed on is the present
town of Sydney, which has since then increased in a
very remarkable degree. In Van Diemen’s Land, also
under the jurisdiction of the Governor of New South
<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>Wales, a similar establishment has been subsequently
formed. Both these colonies are increasing rapidly;
moderate encouragement having been held out to free
settlers, and many of them have become highly prosperous
there: the convicts too, after the termination
of their banishment, having become accustomed to
the country, and informed of its great natural advantages,
induced also by the fineness of the climate and
the luxuriance of its soil, have, rather than return
home, determined to become settlers,—and wisely so,
as some of them are already in a very thriving way.</p>

<p class='c000'>The original mode of transportation was, that merchants,
or agriculturists of property, might contract
for the conveyance of the convicts to their destination,
under an act of parliament, removing them to their
estates in the colony; and appropriating to their own
benefit their services, they found their work in the
plantations during the term of their sentence an indemnification
for the expenses incurred by their voyage,
clothing, and subsequent maintenance.</p>

<p class='c000'>It seems, however, that Government did not finally
approve of contracts made in this manner by private
individuals, as the authority of such persons, or its
management, was found too weak to enforce proper
obedience, and secure from the evils of insubordination.
Moreover, the management of the convicts remaining
exclusively in the hands of the contractors,
the convicts might, at the expiration of their time,
feeling themselves no longer restrained by their former
task-masters, have emancipated themselves with regard
to their employers, and, if opposed violently, have
shaken off all submission to their jurisdiction. Hence
<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>anarchy might ensue, and the bad disposition of the
convicts would then burst forth with increased violence,
and the peaceable and industrious settlers around
be annoyed and plundered. Such incidents have occurred
in Van Diemen’s Land, where convicts, denominated
Bush-rangers, who had broken away from the
restraint placed over them, have for several years led
a vagabond, marauding life, harassing and plundering
the peaceful colonists.</p>

<p class='c000'>On Government, therefore, would devolve, in consequence
of the feebleness or incapacity of private
management, the unpleasant duty of beginning the
work of reformation over again, to reclaim the convicts
from their mad schemes, make them honest subjects,
and thoroughly obedient to the laws; or allow the laws
again, in all the severity of former measures, to visit
them with summary punishment.</p>

<p class='c000'>In order to obviate this inconvenience, and to avoid
the expenses which under such circumstances must
be thrown away, Government itself has taken the contracts
for transportation, and, from the superior national
resources, provides a more comfortable supply
of necessaries and accommodations than any which
could have been obtained under the former arrangement.</p>

<p class='c000'>After the sentence of the law has been fulfilled in
the colony, those who remain are still amenable of
course to the authority of the local Government. During
their servitude, care is taken to promote their habits
of industry, if they have acquired or shown any
such; and, particularly if they manifest an improvement
in moral character, and conduct themselves with
<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>propriety, every facility is afforded them to become
settlers, and useful members of the colony; or, if they
be desirous of returning to Europe, a passage home
is readily permitted, but at their own expense, and a
certificate granted descriptive of character during the
term of transportation.</p>

<p class='c000'>Lately this benignant purpose has been carried further;
for, if the father of a family have had the misfortune
to fall under the frowns of justice, and should
his conduct subsequently in New South Wales merit
the approbation of the Governor, he will obtain His
Excellency’s recommendation, and is sure of being
favoured with an order from the Government at home
for his wife and children to go out to him in that
country, where in a short time they have been known
to form comfortable and prosperous establishments.
A very liberal provision is made for the free women
and children during the voyage, for which no charge
whatever is made against them, or their father, on the
part of the Government.</p>

<p class='c000'>The inducements to form a settlement in New
South Wales are so numerous, and the advantages so
great and inviting, particularly to laborious industry,
that numbers have applied for the sanction of Government
to be sent out to that country; but, having no
apparent sufficient funds, have been refused, on account
of the great length of the voyage, and the necessary
and unavoidable expense. It is however well
known, and the fact has been ascertained beyond
question, that many instances have occurred of persons,
so refused, having afterwards committed some offence
which subjected them to transportation, and thus
<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>effected their purpose at the expense of the Government.</p>

<p class='c000'>The liberality with which convicts destined for
transportation are clothed and victualled for the voyage,
now usually of four months duration, is highly deserving
of praise, many of the persons so circumstanced,
or rather the majority of them, living more
comfortably, by many degrees, during that period,
than they had been used to do for many years before.
Although, according to the present regulations, they
unfortunately have nothing in the way of employment
to occupy their time on the way out; still as the greatest
care is taken of their health, at the same time that
they are abundantly fed, they generally look well, and
are in perfect health, by the period of their arrival,
and fully capable of proceeding to any work without
delay.</p>

<p class='c000'>As the public may not, perhaps, be generally informed
of the minor particulars of the preparations
and reception of convicts, and the outfit necessary for
the voyage, it may not be deemed out of place to set
forth here the comforts provided for them during their
conveyance to New South Wales or Van Diemen’s
Land. Every convict received on board the ship
which is to convey the number determined by Government
for transportation, is provided with one suit
of clothes and a change of linen, besides a flock bed,
pillow, and blanket; and the following weekly supply
of provisions is regularly served out to a mess of six
persons in each.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c004'>
    <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span><em>Plan of Rations for each Mess per Week.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<table class='table0' summary='Plan of Rations for each Mess per Week.'>
  <tr>
 <th class='btm bbt blm brt c011' colspan='2'>Days of the week.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Bread lbs.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Flour lbs.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Beef lbs.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Pork lbs.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Peas pints.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Butter lbs.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Rice ozs.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Suet lbs.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Rais<sup>ns</sup> lbs.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Oat<sup>l</sup>. pints.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brm c011'>Sugar oz.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
 <td class='bbt blm brt c012'>Sunday</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>1</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>4</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>4</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>8</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>½</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>1</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brm c013'>&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
 <td class='bbt blm brt c012'>Monday</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>2</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>4</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>3</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>½</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>4</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>2</td>
 <td class='bbt brm c013'>2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
 <td class='bbt blm brt c012'>Tuesday</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>3</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>4</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>4</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>½</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>1</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brm c013'>&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
 <td class='bbt blm brt c012'>Wednesday</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>4</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>4</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>6</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>3</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>½</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brm c013'>&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
 <td class='bbt blm brt c012'>Thursday</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>5</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>4</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>4</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>½</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>1</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>2</td>
 <td class='bbt brm c013'>&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
 <td class='bbt blm brt c012'>Friday</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>6</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>4</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>8</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>3</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>½</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brm c013'>&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
 <td class='bbt blm brt c012'>Saturday</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>7</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>4</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>3</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>4</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbt brt c013'>2</td>
 <td class='bbt brm c013'>2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
 <td class='bbm blm brt c011' colspan='2'>Total</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c013'>28</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c013'>12</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c013'>16</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c013'>6</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c013'>12</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c013'>1½</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c013'>8</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c013'>1½</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c013'>3</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c013'>6</td>
 <td class='bbm brm c013'>4</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<p class='c000'>Besides the above liberal allowance, there is a further
issue, each week, of one quart of vinegar to each
mess, and after the ship has been at sea three or four
weeks, one ounce of lemon juice and an equal quantity
of sugar is also to be issued to each convict daily.
The period for which it has been usual to put the provisions
on board the transport ships has been eight
months; besides this, each convict is allowed one hundred
and twenty gallons of water, and two gallons of
wine, the latter to be distributed specially at the Surgeon’s
discretion, and under his immediate superintendence.
The women are allowed wine in the same
proportion as the men convicts, and subject to the
same restriction in its use: they have also a like proportion
of provisions, with an addition of three pounds
of muscovado sugar, and half a pound of black tea,
per week, for each mess of six women.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>When fresh beef is issued, one pound is equal to a
pound of salt beef, and one pound and a half of fresh
beef to one pound of pork. If vegetables are supplied
on pork days, then no peas are to be issued; but if
not, the peas are to be served. There can be no mistake
as to the correctness of this statement, as it is
copied from the printed document called the Victualling
Scheme, which is addressed to the Master of
the Convict Ship from the Transport Office, Deptford,
regularly before the voyage is begun.</p>

<p class='c000'>The sleeping place assigned the convicts is within
that part of the ship called the prison, taking the whole
space of the ship between decks, except the necessary
accommodation for the Master, Officers, and Seamen,
expressly fitted up for their reception: it is divided
into, what in sea-phrase are termed, <em>births</em>, each to
contain four persons, for which purpose, whatever has
been represented, it is sufficiently roomy. The bedding
is carefully brought upon deck every morning to
be aired, when the weather will permit, and is stowed
regularly for that purpose in the netting, where it may
be kept dry, should any rain unexpectedly fall.</p>

<p class='c000'>Besides the suit of clothes given to each prisoner on
coming aboard, another is provided, which is intended
to be given them on landing at their place of destination:
this, as well as the former, is of a uniform fashion
and colour, to distinguish them from the free settlers,
and to render them easily recognisable by the police.
It should be also mentioned, that the free women sent
out to join their husbands, are allowed two thirds of
a seaman’s ration <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per diem</span></i>, and the children one half
the women’s allowance.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>There is, besides the ample stock of provisions, a
liberal supply of extra stores shipped at the same time,
for the use and accommodation of the convicts, and
also for such as may become sick during the voyage.
As, however, the quantity of these articles is not always
the same, varying in each ship according to the number
of prisoners on board, I shall submit for full satisfaction
a list of such as came under my own observation,
as a proportionate view of the manner in
which the extra supply is generally made. The following
is a correct copy of the list of extra stores and
necessaries allowed on board the <em>Neptune</em>, in which
ship I was surgeon and superintendent in 1817, and
is an undeniable proof of the humane concern Government
takes in the welfare of those unfortunate
persons.</p>

<div class='sidenote'><em>Navy Office,<br />28th Nov. 1817.</em></div>

<p class='c009'>A List of Stores shipped on board
the Neptune Convict Ship, Robert
Carns Master, for the use of 170 male convicts,
guard and passengers, during their voyage
to New South Wales. And of clothing for the
use of the convicts upon their arrival at the colony.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div><em>Articles of Comfort for Use during the Voyage.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Mustard, 170 lbs.: Soap, 510: combs, 31 large, 31
small, No. 62: razors, 10: hone, 1: strop, 1: preserved
meats, 476 lbs., value 42<em>l.</em> 10<em>s.</em>: lemon juice,
242 gallons: sugar to mix with it, 1,939 lbs.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div><em>Articles in case of Sickness.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Tea, 34 lbs.: sugar, 170: chocolate, 10: sago, 20:
<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>Scotch barley, 340: ginger, 1: black pepper, 3: allspice,
6: red port wine, 102 bottles: rice, 24 lbs.:
pearl barley, 24.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div><em>Fumigating Articles.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Tar, 1 barrel: crude brimstone, 60 lbs.: vinegar, 60
gallons: fumigating lamps, 2: extra wicks, 2 boxes:
oil, 4 gallons: oil of tar, 10.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div><em>Hospital Furniture.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Duck frocks, 10: flannel trowsers, 10 pairs: flannel
waistcoats, 10: cotton hose, ——: pocket-handkerchiefs,
20: night-caps, 20: towels, 20: sheets, 34:
calico pillow-cases, 34: pewter pans, 2: urinals, 2:
spitting-pots, 2: pans and buckets, of each 2: tin teakettles,
4: tin saucepans, of sorts, 10: tin japanned
drinking mugs, 20: knives and forks, 20 of each:
water purifier, 1: charcoal, 20 bushels: bathing
tub, 1: airing stove, ventilating, and swing, each 1:
pails 4: kegs (three gallon), 28: spare bedding, 17 sets.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div><em>Clothing for the Use of the Convicts on their Arrival.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Yellow kersey jackets, 170: waistcoats, 170: raven
duck trowsers, 170 pairs: for use during voyage, 170:
shirts, 510: stockings, 340 pairs: shoes, 170: woollen
caps, 170: and neck-handkerchiefs, 170.</p>

<p class='c009'>In addition to the above, 2 cots were also supplied
in case of fractured limbs, besides a proper stock of
medicines from the Apothecaries’ Hall.</p>

<p class='c009'>The extra articles furnished for the female convicts
on board the <em>Morley</em> in the last voyage, and for the
free women and children embarked at the same time
were as follow.</p>
<div class='sidenote'><em>Navy Office,<br />Transport Department,<br />20th April 1820.</em></div>

<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>A List of Stores shipped on
board the Morley Convict
Ship, Robert Brown
Master, for the use of 120 female convicts, passengers,
and 50 children, during their voyage to
New South Wales, or Van Diemen’s Land, and
of clothing for the use of the convicts upon their
arrival at the colony.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div><em>Articles of Comfort for Use during the Voyage.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Mustard, 157 lbs.: soap, 785: combs, large and
small, of each 22: needles, 1,200: scissors, 12 pairs:
moist sugar, 2,072 lbs.: souchong, 452: preserved
meats, 439 and 10 ounces: lemon juice, 252 gallons:
sugar to mix with it, 1,792 lbs.: white thread, 12: coloured
thread, 12: towels, 240.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div><em>Articles in case of Sickness.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Tea, 31 lbs.: sugar, 157: chocolate 9½: sago, 18:
Scotch barley, 314: ginger, ¾: allspice, 6: black
pepper, 3: red port wine, 94 bottles.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div><em>Hospital Furniture.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Calico bed-gowns, 8: petticoats, 8: cotton hose, 15
pairs: linen pocket-handkerchiefs, 15: night-caps, 15:
towels, 15: linen sheets, 12 pairs: pillow-cases, 24:
pewter pans and urinals, of each 2:, and bucket, of
each 2: spitting-pots, 2: tin saucepans, 2: teakettles,
2: ditto to serve as teapots, 21: knives and
forks, 15 of each: bathing tub, 1: water purifier, 1:
childbed linen, 12 sets: charcoal, 20 bushels: water
pails, 3: airing stove, 1: half pint tin japanned
<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>mugs, 120: swing stove, 1: spare beds, 12: kegs<a id='r2' /><a href='#f2' class='c006'><sup>[2]</sup></a>
(three gallons), 27.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div><em>Clothing for the Use of the Convicts upon their Arrival.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Brown serge jackets, 120: petticoats, 120: linen
shifts, 240: linen caps, 120: stockings, 120 pairs:
shoes, 120 pairs: neck-handkerchiefs, 120: beds complete,
170: cots, 4: hammocks slung, 6.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div><em>Clothing for 17 Male Children.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Blue kersey jackets, 17: waistcoats, 17: raven
duck trowsers, 17 pairs: shirts, 51: stockings, 34
pairs: woollen caps, 17: neck-handkerchiefs, 17: shoes,
17 pairs.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div><em>Clothing for 33 Female Children.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>Brown serge jackets, 33: petticoats, 33: linen
shifts, 66: linen caps, 33: stockings, 33 pairs: shoes,
33: neck-handkerchiefs, 33.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div><em>Books.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>New Testaments, 33: prayer books, 46: psalters,
46: Bibles<a id='r3' /><a href='#f3' class='c006'><sup>[3]</sup></a>, 12: manuals of instruction and devotion
for the use of the prisoners, 11.</p>

<p class='c000'>The above ample and truly liberal supply of provisions
and extra articles for the use of the convicts is
well worthy of notice, as it is fully equal to every want
to which they are liable; and the minute particulars
<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>are attended to with a concern highly laudable to the
directors of this supply. Indeed, many persons emigrating
to distant countries would consider themselves
exceedingly at ease were they individually as well circumstanced,
though driven by the pressure or dread of
domestic distress to seek relief far from their early
homes, with an honest name, and unreproving conscience,
yet supplied with accommodations infinitely
short of those thought necessary in providing for the
transmission of the idle, dissolute and criminal, branded
with infamy and crime for which they are driven from
society.</p>

<p class='c000'>The land forces sent to guard the convicts have a
daily allowance of spirits, but are not so well provided
for as the prisoners in respect of several extra articles
served to the prisoners, though the use of spirits on
the voyage (an allowance certainly contributing to no
good purpose whatever, and productive of very serious
bad consequences, particularly as the quantity issued
is too great by one half, allowing even of so unnecessary
an indulgence) is happily not suffered to the convicts.
The wives of soldiers also, and their children,
have a proportionate ration of this baneful liquid,
which over their weaker minds may be said to exert
a most dangerous influence, injurious to their health
and morals, and subversive of good order.</p>

<p class='c000'>Although the matter be not immediately, it is remotely
and intimately connected with the subject of
transportation. I shall therefore place it here, to show
how generously convicts fare comparatively with others.
At the same time I am anxious that nothing advanced
in this comparison may prove injurious to the unfortunate
<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>exile, who is lying at the mercy of that power
which directs his removal to a new world, and an
almost new state of existence, nor withdraw from him
a tittle of that bountiful support he now enjoys.</p>

<p class='c009'>“Rules to be observed by Masters and Commanders
of His Majesty’s hired Transports, in victualling
Land Forces.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c008'>
    <div><em>Six Soldiers’, or four Seamen’s Allowance for every Day in the Week.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<table class='table1' summary='Allowance'>
<colgroup>
<col width='20%' />
<col width='10%' />
<col width='10%' />
<col width='10%' />
<col width='10%' />
<col width='10%' />
<col width='10%' />
<col width='10%' />
<col width='10%' />
<col width='10%' />
</colgroup>
  <tr>
 <th class='btm bbt blm brt c012'>Days of the week.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Bread: lbs.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Beer, gallons: or half pint spirits: or pints wine.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Beef: pieces of 8 lbs.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Pork: pieces of 4 lbs.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Peas: pints.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Oatmeal: pints.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Butter: lbs.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brt c011'>Cheese: lbs.</th>
 <th class='btm bbt brm c011'>Vinegar.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
 <td class='blm brt c012'>Sunday</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>1</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>2</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brm bbm c011 vac' rowspan='7'>One quart in a week.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
 <td class='blm brt c012'>Monday</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>½</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
 <td class='blm brt c012'>Tuesday</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
 <td class='blm brt c012'>Wednesday</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='btm bbm brt c011 vac' rowspan='3'>1 or 6 lbs. of flour, ½ lb. of suet, &amp;amp; 1 lb. of raisins.</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>2</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>½</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
 <td class='blm brt c012'>Thursday</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>1</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>2</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
 <td class='blm brt c012'>Friday</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>2</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>½</td>
 <td class='brt c011'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
 <td class='bbm blm brt c012'>Saturday</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c011'>4</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c011' colspan='2'>1 or as above</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
 <td class='bbm brt c011'>&nbsp;</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<p class='c009'>“The above are to be served out by full weights
and measures.</p>

<p class='c009'>“When flour, suet, and raisins are put on board,
they are to be served in equal proportion with beef,
viz. one half in beef, the other in flour, suet, and
raisins, on each beef day.</p>

<p class='c009'>“Half a pound of rice is equal to a pint of oatmeal;
half a pound of sugar is equal to half a pound of butter,
and a pint of rice is equal to a pound of cheese; a
<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>pint of oil is equal to 1 pound of butter, or to two pounds
of cheese, that is, a pint of oil for the proportion of
butter and cheese.</p>

<p class='c009'>“A pint of wine, or half a pint of brandy, rum or
arrack, is equal to a gallon of beer.</p>

<p class='c009'>“One pound of fresh beef is equal to one pound of
salt beef, and one pound and a half of fresh beef equal
to one pound of pork.”</p>

<p class='c000'>The seamen above alluded to, to whom the rations
of the convict guard are proportioned, are those serving
on board His Majesty’s ships and vessels of war. All
that long list of extra comforts, before mentioned, to
which convicts by their regulations are entitled, are in
the case of the soldiers entirely withheld; for which
reason, and indeed for a great many others, the situation
of the prisoners is much more comfortable than
that of their guard. Of this superiority in point of
living, considering the casualties and uncertainty of
supply many of them had formerly experienced, most
of them express usually a strong regret at the termination
of their voyage, persuaded that few situations
on shore could equal the comfort they had enjoyed on
board. When, after the boisterous stir of stormy
passion has subsided, and that religious and moral instruction
have stifled the last gasp of the insidious
serpent which would whisper them back again to sin
and wickedness, this expression of regret, as I have
known it from the people on board the Neptune, is
infinitely more strong, and the sense of separation
from the favourite scene of their reformation more
acute.</p>

<p class='c000'>Many circumstances connected with the present
<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>system of transportation appear, in my opinion, so
much deserving of attention, that it may be allowed
to introduce them here, in a cursory manner, leaving
their elucidation to the progress of incident, during
the voyage to which they belong.</p>

<p class='c000'>In the first instance I consider the situation of juvenile
offenders, under the present regulations on board
of male convict ships, as less fitly directed than their
peculiar circumstances require. This is, that a portion
of the prison be set apart for them, and confined
so as to prevent any intercourse between them and
the men. The reasons advanced in favour of this separation
seemed to me at first view so plausible, that
I unhesitatingly gave the measure my warm approbation.
It has fallen to me, however, to witness its
pernicious effects, and to know that nothing can be
contrived to injure them more both in health and
morals, than that very regulation; that, so far from
being corrupted by an intercourse with the men, they
are more likely to be checked and improved by their
society. With this conviction on my mind, I would,
in all deference to superior authority, presume to advise
that on board a male convict ship there should
be no separate prison for boys.</p>

<p class='c000'>Any person acquainted with the general depravity
which characterizes most of the boys who are banished
after a few months confinement in prison, will not hesitate
to acknowledge that they are usually more corrupt
and vicious than many of the grown up, and display traits
of acuteness and refinement in knavery sufficient to astonish
older adepts. These boys in general are very deeply
conversant with immorality and turpitude; and the boys
<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>on board the Neptune, according to information I received
which left no room for doubt, exhibited this
disposition in a manner at once shocking to delicacy,
and subversive of every principle of virtue.</p>

<p class='c000'>Taking advantage of the separation, they indulged
in certain wicked practices, and from the privacy thus
secured to them, they became every day more and
more prevalent, and, had the matter not been discovered
in proper time, would have ended in the inevitable
destruction of the unfortunate youths. In
this critical moment I had the separating bars pulled
down immediately, and threw both the prisons into
one. I thought it a further necessary proceeding to
break up the boys’ messes, which before were distinct,
and divide them among the messes of the men; all
which was done without apprizing any of them of my
knowledge of the disgusting cause. One of the most
steady members of each mess was instructed to have
a sharp look-out after his young companion, and let
me know the most minute particulars of his conduct.</p>

<p class='c000'>In this manner a visible change was soon effected,
which was further improved by separating them still
more from each other, placing them to sleep, one in
each of the men’s berths<a id='t22'></a>, sending some men at the
same time to sleep in their places with those who remained
in that part which before was the boys’ prison.
Although this cautionary proceeding effectually put
an end to the odious practice which first drew my attention
to the particular state of the boys, still the
work remained in my mind far from being accomplished.</p>

<p class='c000'>The seeds of vice having once taken root are not
<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>easily removed; some of the fibres will still remain,
and the tares and weeds will again and again, we
know, spring forth and disfigure the best of soils. I
made the theatre of their wickedness a place for their
reformation. Having formed all the boys into a school,
I obtained a number of Bibles and Testaments, there
being no other books of any kind on board fit for the
purpose, and with these I tried to ascertain how many
of them could read. To my utter amazement, I found
that of all these boys, who were so ripe in knavery
and fraud, and were ready and fluent in their own
forms of speech, and were of course totally ignorant
of the contents of the sacred volumes, because not
able to read a syllable of their contents, few of them
could distinguish the letters of the alphabet.</p>

<p class='c000'>One of the elder convicts, whose conduct had secured
my approbation, was selected to be their schoolmaster,
and by his patient perseverance they were
soon brought surprisingly forward. I encouraged
them by representing the great advantages they would
derive from application; and had the pleasure of seeing
them all eagerly engaged in one of the roads at
least to religion and virtue. In this gratifying scene
I took particular interest, and made it an uniform
practice to set apart an hour each day from professional
engagements personally to instruct them.</p>

<p class='c000'>Many advantages were thus obtained by finding
sufficient employment for the greater part of their
time; while, from the nature of the subject which
they were engaged to study, they became regularly
acquainted with moral and religious truths. By this
simple proceeding, also, these boys’ minds became every
<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>day more enlightened, and a visible change for the
better in every respect grew more evident, until at the
end of the voyage I had the high satisfaction of seeing
them, as far as general conduct went, considerably
if not completely reformed; their vicious habits appearing
quite subdued, and the greater number able
to read the Scriptures correctly and fluently. They
had also the advantage of taking with them to their
new modes of life, a knowledge at least of reading well,
which could not fail in some way or other to promote
their future welfare.</p>

<p class='c000'>Nothing is more hurtful, it is well known, to the
human mind than idleness; it is at variance with
every good and noble purpose, depriving the most
highly gifted of their natural energy, and derogating
more almost than any other vice from the dignity of
our nature. The most intelligent and active becomes
under its drowsy power feeble, and in time brutalized:
the brightest portion of intellectual fire which
has risen from the bidding of benignant Deity, becomes
dim, and dwindles in its damping medium.
If then the loftier faculties of the soul lose their fine
tone and tension when paralysed by this humiliating
influence, how easily must the vulgar and selfish fall
supine and unresisting to its mandates! Involved in
habits tending chiefly to the gratifications of sense,
the uneducated and thoroughly depraved relish nothing
which does not pamper their passions, insensible
as the swine in the mire of sensuality into which they
plunge, rarely to rise again. The habits and scenes
familiar to life in common society generally form the
subjects of pleasing reflection or agreeable conversation:
<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>it is natural to the memory actively on all occasions
to bring up its brightest stores to divert the
passing hour of contemplation or association. What
with virtuous minds is thus conducive to the advance
of virtue, becomes in those of vicious life and disposition
a source of further mischief.</p>

<p class='c000'>A voyage of four months, for instance, is to be taken
by a number of convicts; its effects will vary undoubtedly
in age, sex, and moral character. During that
period, what are one hundred and seventy, or two
hundred persons to do? The authority which dismisses
to exile, takes certainly a generous concern for
their bodily health, and no pains are spared to prevent
them from feeling any want. Yet the most essential
part of economical polity, <em>employment</em>, belongs not to
the system, and is without consideration. Without
that simple adjunct, one which most obviously should
suggest itself to the present regulations in the transmission
of convicts to New South Wales, the prisoners
must during the voyage become subject to sickness,
or sink a degree deeper in depravity.</p>

<p class='c000'>That this result is uniformly anticipated I have very
little reason to doubt; rather I might say I have very
good proofs to establish my belief that such an opinion
prevails amongst many who derive their information
from the highest intelligence existing on the subject.
It is not therefore matter of surprise, that such persons
should deride, or rather disbelieve, the possibility
of those degraded beings ever being saved from the
evils of their lot, and becoming better than before.</p>

<p class='c000'>It would doubtless be gratifying to those to direct
at once the removal of the evil of idleness, in devising
<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>and devoting the vacant hours of the convicts to useful
employment during the period of the voyage. I
say useful, for if the employment be of a nugatory
character, the prisoners will feel no desire to proceed
with it: indeed the object might be considerably promoted,
were the work of such a nature as to give them
a personal concern in the execution by allowing them
a small interest in the profits.</p>

<p class='c000'>It must be confessed that the difficulty of finding
proper employment during a voyage of about four or
five months may in some degree occasion embarrassment.
The greater number of those who are subjected
to transportation are of the working class, and many
of them have at one time or other of their lives exercised
some mechanical art, which may perhaps be resumed
with ease. All then who are acquainted with
sedentary trades, might, one would think, be properly
so employed, and also instruct others at the work, or
such parts of it in which their assistance might be
rendered useful.</p>

<p class='c000'>When a man finds himself restored to the exercise
of accustomed employment, his cheerfulness, we find,
returns, and his captivity sits more lightly. Such a
man will become of himself orderly in his conduct,
and exert himself to keep others so. The alarm about
prisoners rising upon their guards will be as problematical
in theory, as it is now in reality; making persons
of weak mind and <em>hobgoblin</em> imagination miserable
at the bare mention of its possibility. In fact, convicts
so circumstanced can never be guilty of an action
so truly foolish in its intent, and fruitless and absurd in
its proposed advantages. They will have time for reflection,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>thus best excited and promoted in such characters,
on the futility of their former designs, and on the
just value of blessings enjoyed in the good effects arising
from obedience and implicit observance of the regulations
by which they are governed.</p>

<p class='c000'>Feeling themselves treated with moderation and
humanity, and that their lives are preserved to them
for rational and useful purposes, they will maintain a
respect for themselves, and take care to avoid reproof,
which to men enduring disgrace, and therefore ever
testy and impatient, ought to be applied as seldom as
possible. Let them be made sensible that their own
welfare is solely in view, and they will listen cheerfully
to the voice of authority, and knowing that in the
moral and religious truths inculcated their peace of
mind and future happiness are intended, they will turn
an attentive ear to instruction.</p>

<p class='c000'>They will evince their gratitude for such care by
submission and deference to every command, and the
transition from that state of mind to attachment is
more easy, and its results more permanent, than may be
supposed. Let not this be considered illusory, or the
offspring merely of imagination; for I have proved it,
and refer in affirmation of the above result confidently
to the narrative of the voyage in the Neptune as extracted
from the journal of daily occurrences. Of this
termination of well applied measures in the management
of convicts during their transmission to the colonies,
am I so fully assured, that I would not hesitate
to commit myself in a ship manned by <em>convicts only</em>,
and, provided they understood the management of
the vessel, with confidence trust to their conducting
her safely without other assistance to Port Jackson.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>A good deal has been advanced against intrusting
mechanics with the implements of their trades for the
purpose of employment. Establish but once the
orderly conduct which is so easy of accomplishment;
attach the people by the ties of gratitude, of their susceptibility
of which satisfactory proofs will be given;
take a prudent care that your confidence in them will
be felt, and the most timorous need not hesitate, I
affirm, to allow them the free use of their tools, and
permit the full exercise of their trades.</p>

<p class='c000'>The aptitude which boys usually display may also
be usefully turned to account, and by instructing and
having them to work in the interval between the hours
of school, they can be made industrious, and harmless
at least on the voyage outwards, and may afterwards
follow on shore the trades they may have learned on
board the ship. At all events, what can be objected to
the experiment being fairly tried of employing the
convicts during their voyage to New South Wales, as
to the success of which I entertain no doubt?</p>

<p class='c000'>The remarks which suit the condition of male convicts
may apply with equal, if not with greater force
to that of females. The happy effects of the memorable
results produced by the <span class='sc'>Ladies’ Committee</span>
in Newgate, are so fully corroborative of this advantage
of employment over idleness, that it must appear
superfluous to detail the proceedings of that benevolent
association, of which satisfactory evidence has already
been made known.</p>

<p class='c000'>As, however, there was provided no stock of materials
with which the women on board the Morley could
apply the industry they had exercised in Newgate, no
preparations being contemplated, by the regulations,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>for any sort of employment, the voyage would have
been rendered extremely irksome and injurious both
to their moral principles and health, as consequent
upon relaxed habits, if they had been supposed wholly
to remain idle.</p>

<p class='c000'>Fortunately the benevolent watchfulness of the Committee
foresaw this inconvenience, and in a considerable
degree provided against it by sending on board
a supply of straw materials for bonnets, hats, and the
like, and other things calculated to employ their time,
to which the closest attention has been occasionally
given. Many other of the prisoners, whose circumstances
could afford it, had provided themselves with
unmade dresses, and these afforded work to fill up many
otherwise more tedious hours.</p>

<p class='c000'>The beneficial effects would undoubtedly be more
obvious, were full work marked out for them with materials
provided before the voyage; for instance, linen
and cotton yarn for stockings, which, to prevent any
imposition, could be weighed out to the workers, and
the manufactured article, which is always certain of
sale, weighed in the same manner when returned.
Numerous contrivances of the same kind could be
suggested, all productive of much advantage to the
prisoners, while the wrought goods could be brought
to a ready and profitable market, so as to suffer no loss
in the application of the raw materials.</p>

<p class='c000'>As my aim is solely practical improvement in the condition
of these unfortunate persons, I would not have
a moment lost in setting them, young and old, to some
sort of employment, and turning their time to useful
account. With this view, and in direct compliance
<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>with the suggestions and co-operation of Mrs. <span class='sc'>Fry</span>, a
school was established on board the Morley for all the
children, as well belonging to the convicts as to the
free women; and one of the latter, whose qualifications
recommended her to the approval of the Committee,
by whom she was employed and remunerated, undertook
to instruct them, male and female, in reading
and a knowledge of the Scriptures. In the course of
the following remarks, the progress of the children in
their school business, and other improvements, will
not pass unobserved.</p>

<p class='c000'>By these regulations a saving might be made as to
the colonial expenditure, inasmuch as the convicts, by
following their different arts with industry, some those
they had long known previously to their misfortunes,
and others such as they had acquired during their
voyage, or in the time of their preceding confinement,
might provide abundantly for themselves. They would
therefore be less burdensome to the local government,
and the improvements they will thus necessarily have
made in morality, will ensure a peaceful and steady
demeanour; nor is it extravagant to assert, that men
and women so treated and instructed, will continue
long sensible of the advantages they have derived from
such a rational and judicious management, reflected
in exemplary and generally correct conduct. There
may be one or more still found disorderly; but upon
the whole the best results may with perfect confidence
be anticipated.</p>

<hr class='c007' />

<div class='footnote' id='f2'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r2'>2</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>It has been hitherto the custom to withhold these from the
female convict ships.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f3'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r3'>3</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>There ought to be at least one Bible for each mess.</p>
</div>

<div class='chapter'>
  <span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>
  <h2 class='c003'>CHAPTER II.<br /> <br /> <span class='large'>VOYAGE IN THE NEPTUNE.</span></h2>
</div>

<p class='drop-capa0_0 c005'>On being appointed Surgeon and Superintendent
on board the Neptune, Male Convict Ship, in 1817,
I was anxious to avail myself of the opportunity which
appeared favourable for forming a correct opinion on
the actual state of that duty, and its concerns. It appeared
the more necessary that I should come to a just
understanding of the influence which the moral principle
held over the prisoners’ minds, as on that I intended
to ground my future proceedings. A brief
summary of the crimes marked against the names of
those prisoners committed to my care, extracted from
the list which accompanied them on board, and on
which I made my private observations, is subjoined
for the satisfaction of the reader; and the accuracy of
the statement may be relied on, as it came to me officially
notified.</p>

<p class='c000'>The punishment of transportation for life, undoubtedly
severe, yet less so, one gladly allows, than that
absolute forfeiture of life which the existing laws demand,
affords a melancholy picture of human depravity,
and the lamentable prevalence of crime, which
makes its frequent recurrence necessary, the convicts
transported for life being actually one half, it will be
<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>seen, of the entire number in this instance sent out
of the country. The major part of that number most
probably were respited from capital punishment by the
royal clemency, or owe their lives to the compassion
of the Juries that tried them.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c004'>
    <div><em>List of the Crimes of the Male Convicts per the Neptune, 1817.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<table class='table1' summary=''>
  <tr>
    <th class='c014'></th>
    <th class='c015'>Convicts.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Forgery</td>
    <td class='c015'>8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Housebreaking</td>
    <td class='c015'>6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Robbery in a dwelling house</td>
    <td class='c015'>3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Stealing in a dwelling house</td>
    <td class='c015'>10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Burglary</td>
    <td class='c015'>28</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Highway robbery</td>
    <td class='c015'>7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Horse stealing</td>
    <td class='c015'>8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Felony</td>
    <td class='c015'>44</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Sheep stealing</td>
    <td class='c015'>7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Cow stealing</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Frame breaking</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Desertion</td>
    <td class='c015'>2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Assault and robbery</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Having forged notes</td>
    <td class='c015'>6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Stealing from a person</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Stealing—various small thefts</td>
    <td class='c015'>17</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Grand larceny</td>
    <td class='c015'>10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Larceny</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Capital respite (one of these an infidel)</td>
    <td class='c015'>6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Obtaining goods by false pretences</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Breaking out of prison</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Aiding in ditto</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c015'>———</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c016'>Total</td>
    <td class='c015'>170</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c015'>———</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<p class='c000'>The enormity of the offences, of which these men
had been found guilty, may be estimated by a glance
to the punishments annexed to their names.</p>

<table class='table1' summary=''>
  <tr><td class='c017' colspan='2'><span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <th class='c014'></th>
    <th class='c015'>Convicts.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Transported for life</td>
    <td class='c015'>85</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Transported for fourteen years</td>
    <td class='c015'>33</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Transported for seven years</td>
    <td class='c015'>52</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c015'>———</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c016'>Total</td>
    <td class='c015'>170</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c015'>———</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<p class='c000'>The different offences with which they had been
charged, and for which they were sentenced, were less
a criterion, perhaps, than a report of characters with
which they came accompanied from the Hulks, whence
they were shipped for transportation. Of these the
following is a concise view, being an abstract of the
Report then given.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c004'>
    <div><em>Abstract View of Convicts as to Character.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<table class='table1' summary=''>
  <tr>
    <th class='c014'></th>
    <th class='c015'>Convicts.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Bad character</td>
    <td class='c015'>34</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Old offenders</td>
    <td class='c015'>17</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Good</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Very bad character</td>
    <td class='c015'>10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Orderly</td>
    <td class='c015'>43</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Very orderly</td>
    <td class='c015'>2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Indifferent</td>
    <td class='c015'>4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>An infidel</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>New prisoners not reported on, transported for life</td>
    <td class='c015'>24</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>New prisoners not reported on, transported for 14 years</td>
    <td class='c015'>10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Transported before</td>
    <td class='c015'>6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Second sentence, orderly</td>
    <td class='c015'>6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Belonging to a gang, bad</td>
    <td class='c015'>2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Old thief, orderly</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Noted pickpockets, behaved well</td>
    <td class='c015'>5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Behaved very well, convicts for felony</td>
    <td class='c015'>4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c015'>———</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c016'>Total</td>
    <td class='c015'>170</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c015'>———</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<p class='c000'>These were the materials on which a system of
amendment was to be tried; and it must be confessed
that when every circumstance was considered, the task
<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>could not but be deemed repugnant. A general character
of violence and desperate daring had long been
identified with the inmates of prisons; and here were
presented crimes of a description not likely to remove
such an unfavourable impression.</p>

<p class='c000'>The opinion universally prevailing for many years
of the irreclaimable state of convicts, both male and
female, rendered the superintendence of them on board
the vessels which conveyed them to the colony, in
every respect a heartless undertaking, if any thing
like reform were had in contemplation. If at any time
an experiment to that effect had been made, its failure
only contributed to make a renewal of the attempt
useless, or even mischievous; for the depraved, watchful
of failure in the endeavours to restrain their bad
passions, rarely abstain from enjoying it as a victory
and converting it to wicked purposes.</p>

<p class='c000'>For many reasons, therefore, that situation was
looked upon as one of extreme difficulty, and in many
instances of hazard. The convicts were on this account
treated as irrational beings; in dens like wild
beasts; like them fed and kept in the closest restraint
consistent<a id='t34'></a> with their health. The conduct of the
prisoners in general seemed to justify severe measures
of precaution and confinement. Many accounts of
their having made attempts to regain their liberty;
rising on their guards; and endeavouring to take possession
of the ship, for the purpose of proceeding to
a port remote from their place of destination, had been
in circulation; but in no instance have any of those daring
enterprises even in part succeeded, except in one
which occurred about the beginning of 1798.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>At that time the system of transportation, it appears,
was not so well organized as at present; for
when a ship had been taken up for female convicts, if
the proper number were not ready, the vacant portion
was filled with male convicts to be secured in a separate
prison. The <em>Lady Shore</em> was engaged as a convict
transport on such an occasion, and the consequences
of placing male and female prisoners in the
same ship unfortunately became evident, although the
number of women was inconsiderable. In the course
of the voyage an illicit intercourse had taken place between
the female convicts and the sailors, of which it
seems the male convicts, together with the recruits for
the New South Wales corps which were on board,
took advantage, by making the women induce the
sailors to assist them in taking the ship.</p>

<p class='c000'>The plan was so well laid that the design was not
at all suspected, until one night, when the sailors had
liberated the prisoners both male and female, and
were joined by the recruits, a general mutinous rising
took place. The commander and his first mate were
murdered; and the ship, containing, besides the public
stores, a great deal of private property, (which was a
heavy loss to the colony,) was taken and carried away
to the river <em>La Plata</em>, where she was delivered up to
the Spaniards. The prisoners, however, I believe,
most of them, were afterwards sent again in pursuance
of their sentence.</p>

<p class='c000'>Even when in any attempts of such a nature the
convicts have been disappointed, their plans being detected
before they were ripe for execution, their licentious
and abandoned conduct still frequently continued
<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>to excite alarm, and to keep the guards on constant
and harassing duty. The various artifices to which
some of those desperate and dangerous characters had
recourse, if detailed, would run to great length; but it
is sufficient merely to mention the above incident, to
show that the conveyance of convicts to the colonies
is an undertaking not free from care and anxiety.</p>

<p class='c000'>Instances too have been mentioned, in which some
have risen <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en masse</span></i> in female convict ships, to commit
personal violence on the surgeon superintendent
for the restraint which his sense of duty compelled
him to impose. In one of those it became necessary
for the surgeon to carry pistols for his defence, in consequence
of an attack meditated against him by the
women, who had provided themselves with sharpened
knives for the purpose of performing a surgical operation
of a very unpleasant nature, which would have
entailed upon the gentleman the most dangerous and
melancholy consequences. In other cases the conduct
of the abandoned women has been so unmanageable,
that it was deemed necessary, as in the instance of the
ship <em>Janus</em> at Cork in 1819, to require a military
guard to keep them in subordination and security.
In fact, the undertaking has been ever attended with
circumstances which made the duty at all times extremely
repulsive, and rendered this branch of the
public service disagreeable and irksome.</p>

<p class='c000'>Being fully aware of these circumstances, it became
necessary for me to act upon some method of treating
the convicts committed to my charge, so as to obviate
as much as might be disorders generally prevailing
during the voyage; and, by establishing an undeviating
<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>order, if possible, in their management, prepare
their minds for that moral change which was materially
in view.</p>

<p class='c000'>In the present state of their feelings, humbled in
some degree by shame, and the comparative misery
brought upon them by their own folly and unrestrained
passions; when reflection on their degraded state bitterly
and poignantly occupied all their serious moments;
there appeared then the most favourable occasion
to draw them back to a sense of virtue, which,
although it might have been long banished from the
breasts of some, the example of others more awake to
its influence might assist in reviving. To excite a
feeling of repentance, was the first step: this once gained
would lead to a train of sober reflections; for no
heart can be so thoroughly corrupt as not to exhibit
some pure spot for virtuous reflection to take root, and
produce its salutary blossoms.</p>

<p class='c000'>It is not when the feverish glow of successful plunder
excites the bacchanalian roar around the fell-grouped
table, that the wholesome intrusion of the still
small voice of conscience can reach the ear; when
the drunken participators of his crime inflame the vulgar
vanity of the intemperate wretch, and some vile
<em>Thais</em> intoxicates him with passion. Vain would be
the effort to reclaim the infuriated savage at such a
time as that. But when the dark cell of the prison
has shut out his associates, the mind may involuntarily
turn back upon itself, and the culprit, under the
pressure of infamy, want, and punishment, may open
his heart to the language of religious admonition, inviting
with its peculiar consolations. No longer buoyed
<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>up with speculations, he is naturally disposed to throw
himself on the first humane help that presents itself,
and to seek in moral and religious truths a repose and
security to which he may have been heretofore a
stranger.</p>

<p class='c000'>Many such characters are every day passing before
the watchful eye of justice, and, without a single humane
effort assisting in the way of reformation, moving
on almost imperceptibly to a disgraceful termination
of their career. To many so circumstanced, death
is a relief from that mental suffering which must attend
their neglected and miserable lot; whilst, if the unhappy
being has unexpectedly received a capital respite,
and is allowed afterwards to have his sentence
commuted for transportation, he becomes even more
than before a fit subject for ascertaining whether
amendment be then possible. The number of convicts
on board the Neptune presented abundant materials
for such an experiment; and, although the task
appeared discouraging, I was determined on the undertaking.</p>

<p class='c000'>The first object worthy of attention was the establishment
of a fixed system of order and regularity in
the prison. In this respect I have to acknowledge
the favour of some suggestions received from the Rev.
Mr. <span class='sc'>Price</span> at Sheerness. I drew up, therefore, the
following regulations for their guidance; and on reading
them over before the convicts, assembled for that
purpose, I had the satisfaction of finding none at
least expressed a dissentient voice; on the contrary,
the most cordial concurrence assented to their propriety.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c004'>
    <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span><em>Regulations.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

  <dl class='dl_1'>
    <dt>I.—</dt>
    <dd>You are not to curse or swear,—use obscene or filthy conversation,—fight, quarrel, or
    steal from one another,—use provoking words,—or call any one but by his proper name.
    </dd>
    <dt>II.—</dt>
    <dd>You are to be respectful and obedient at all times to the officer and guards.
    </dd>
    <dt>III.—</dt>
    <dd>Cleanliness being essentially necessary to the health, comfort, and well being of every
    person on board, it is particularly desired that the strictest attention be paid to it on
    every occasion.
    </dd>
    <dt>IV.—</dt>
    <dd>Those to whom the management and care of the messes may be intrusted, are desired to be
    careful in attending to their duties, as they will be held responsible, and, in case of
    failure, punished severely.
    </dd>
    <dt>V.—</dt>
    <dd>Any one refusing to obey the directions of those who have the charge of messes, &amp;c. will,
    on being detected, receive such punishment as the circumstance may deserve. A faithful
    report will be made of every man’s conduct; and those who behave well, though they may
    have come here with bad characters, will be favourably represented.
    </dd>
    <dt>VI.—</dt>
    <dd>The prisoner that shall dare to break through the above rules will be punished in
    proportion to his offence; and any one so offending must never expect to be recommended
    to the notice of the Governor of New South Wales.
    </dd>
    <dt>N.B.</dt>
    <dd>Any one found defacing or destroying these rules will be punished severely.
    </dd>
    </dl>
<hr class='c018' />

<p class='c000'>Copies of the above were placed in conspicuous parts
<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>of the prison, and there they continued throughout
the voyage without the least injury. The convicts had
been previously classed in messes, six persons in each,
one of whom was appointed to superintend the mess.
This sub-division of duty among themselves, was calculated
to inspire confidence in the measures to be
adopted, and gave those temporary officers a considerable
degree of authority among their companions.
The result was satisfactory. Each monitor served as
a check upon the others, whilst the reactive watchfulness
upon one another’s actions produced a kind of
rivalry amongst them in observing my injunctions
most strictly.</p>

<p class='c000'>It remained to commence some moral and religious
system, on which could be safely founded any expectation
of ultimate success: first, if possible, by conciliation
and persuasion; or, that failing, by any such
coercive means as might be prudently adopted on such
an occasion. The native beauty of religion’s truths is
best conveyed to such minds in language of mild and
temperate remonstrance: harsh censure, and severe
reproof, are of too repulsive a nature, and throw a
gloom over the irradiated prospects of repentance, reconciliation,
and reward, held forth in religious influence.</p>

<p class='c000'>Accordingly, having received from Captain Young,
of Deptford, a box containing bibles, prayer books,
and a few tracts, for the use of the prisoners, I distributed
them among the messes; and, at my request,
the Rev. Mr. Price came on board from the <em>Retribution</em>
Hulk at Sheerness, and, after divine service, delivered
an exhortation which very much affected the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>minds of the prisoners. This was evident, from many
of them subsequently retiring apart from their companions,
and reading with serious and apparently devout
attention the religious books given to them.</p>

<p class='c000'>The utmost care was taken at all times to preserve
cleanliness as much as possible in every part of the
ship, and particularly in the prison; for which purpose
the decks were regularly scraped, scoured, and
washed; and the interior of the ship and prison ventilated
or warmed by stoves as occasion required. This
latter proceeding tended greatly to the preservation of
the convicts’ health; although in spite of every precaution,
and the utmost vigilance, some dangerous
complaints, such as dysentery, appeared at intervals.</p>

<p class='c000'>The conduct of the convicts continued to give much
satisfaction, being in general very orderly; yet the
apprehension of some attempt at rising was never
lulled altogether. This circumstance is brought to
my recollection by the following memorandum which
I find in my journal, and transcribe it with all the
<em>alarm</em> it excited at the time.</p>

<p class='c000'>“1818. <em>January</em> 7th.—Was alarmed by a cry on
deck, about 2 o’clock this morning, that the prisoners
were rising. The guards and sailors were immediately
called out, and the carpenter and myself went into the
prison to examine whether any attempt to cut, or get
out, had been made; but nothing of the kind appeared.
Indeed, on the contrary, the prisoners were all
in bed, and every thing seemed quiet. After breakfast,
a strict search was made in the prison, which was
conducted with the greatest vigilance and minuteness;
but nothing was discovered to excite the slightest suspicion
<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>of any mischief having been meditated. At 4
<span class='fss'>P. M.</span> half a pint of wine was served to each convict,
and in the evening I read them one of <em>Blair’s</em> sermons,
at which the Master and some of the officers
attended, during which the utmost regularity and attention
prevailed.”</p>

<p class='c000'>The prisoners expressed no sense of dissatisfaction
at the above scrutiny, but rather appeared more submissive
in order to preclude all possibility of suspicion;
and in reference to the attention paid to their health
and comforts, they unanimously declared that their
treatment far exceeded their expectations. Having
distributed a further supply of testaments and religious
tracts to all the messes, I soon after had the gratifying
pleasure of noticing that many of the convicts perused
them with earnestness and attention.</p>

<p class='c000'>In conformity with my instructions, I transmitted
to the Navy Office a weekly return of the sick, and
accompanied it with a statement of the plan adopted
for the management of the convicts, together with observations
on the good effects likely to result from
<em>having the duties of religion frequently and invariably
performed</em>. It could not be expected that the manners
of confirmed reprobates, long established by habit,
could be suddenly reformed. Such an alteration could
only be expected from the combined effects of time
and perseverance: of course, many instances occurred
of departure from strict discipline, which, in some
cases, were necessary to be restrained by putting on
handcuffs, and sometimes by inflicting slight corporal
punishment upon the juvenile offenders.</p>

<p class='c000'>This occasional resorting to punishment was shown,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>chiefly with an intent to let them understand, that it
would certainly be inflicted if any should be rash
enough to provoke it. On one occasion a convict,
named Samuel Marriott, was detected fighting with
one of his messmates; which being contrary to the regulations,
and his character being quarrelsome and insolent,
he was punished with twelve lashes.</p>

<p class='c000'>In order to extend the benefits of the system, if possible,
to the guards and sailors, with a view to harmonize
the minds of all on board, I read occasionally
upon deck a sermon of Dr. Blair’s to the seamen
and soldiers: encouraged by the attention they showed,
I determined to persevere, and frequently on the
same day read to them some religious discourse after
having done so to the prisoners below. That these
were not without good effects, seemed obvious from
the reading of religious books on every occasion observable.
In this manner the state of their moral improvement
was attempted; the demeanour of every
one of the convicts certainly became serious and
thoughtful; and religious reading became every day
more desirable and in use generally amongst them.</p>

<p class='c000'>On the 16th December 1817, final orders having
been received, the Neptune put to sea, and proceeded
on her voyage. Some days afterwards I was desirous
of ascertaining the state of the convicts’ feelings on
the prospect of a long and lasting separation from
home and kindred. Many of them were fathers of
families, upon whom a deep concern for the fate of
their offspring would naturally weigh heavily:—the
younger delinquents, whose attachments must have
been warm and lively, would also suffer much from
<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>the idea of their inevitable loss of many a tender tie;
for even the most depraved cannot be divested of those
feelings, which, in dispositions better regulated and
guided by virtuous precept, constitute the happiness
of social life. Even the infidel, whom unhappy waywardness
has rendered unfit for Christian society, may
have had some connexion to sweeten his cup of misery,
and enlighten the gloom that shrouds his soul;—the
dissipated felon, whose lightly-acquired wealth procured
him many an hour of delusive jollity, must, at
such a prospect, sigh after his idle and profligate companions:—all
seemed to me likely to have their particular
grounds of sorrow, grief, regret, or lamentation.
On visiting them, with the intention of administering
consolation to those whom I presumed to
find distressed, to my very great surprise, and indeed
pleasure, all seemed thoroughly reconciled to their
situation, and almost to a man signified the satisfaction,
and even pleasure, they felt at the idea of the
voyage, removed from temptations and dangers of the
worst kind, surrounded as they were with every comfort,
and every want bountifully supplied.</p>

<p class='c000'>I took this opportunity of reading to them an appropriate
sermon, and never have I witnessed more
respectful attention, correctness and regularity of
conduct, than on that occasion. I remarked with much
satisfaction the daily visible improvement which every
individual appeared to make in morals and behaviour.
Having adopted and put in effect the only means of
reformation, I left its perfection to time and circumstances,
watching their progress with the most
anxious care. Of one point, however, I was always
<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>very mindful, never to fatigue their attention with
tedious harangue, or sour their disposition by unnecessarily
finding fault, or seeking out trivial or unnecessary
causes for censure. I rather wished to encourage
them always to have a good opinion of themselves;
which, if not strictly deserved, at least urged
them to attain it.</p>

<p class='c000'>The next great object of my concern was to attend
to the state of the junior convicts, who amounted to
twenty-three, most of whom were mere boys, the
whole of them being under twenty years of age, and
some of them so young as thirteen. Whilst the elder
convicts, to whom particularly the system applied,
were receiving the benefit of religious instruction, it
would appear cruel and highly censurable to withhold
similar advantages from those unfortunate children.
I therefore had them all mustered, and examined
them individually, to ascertain if any of them could
read: to my great surprise and disappointment, as has
been already mentioned, not more than five out of the
entire number were found possessed of that attainment,
and but few of the others could distinguish the letters
of the alphabet. This discovery, however, did not discourage
my purpose; I immediately formed them into
a school, under the care of a convict whose remarkable
regard of good order at the time induced me to trust
him, he accordingly superintended the school, and
taught the boys regularly every day. To give as much
vigour as possible to the work, I regularly attended,
and taught lessons from 11 till 12 every day, encouraging
them by all the means in my power to exert themselves,
and vie with each other in application.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>The deplorable neglect shown to the early state of
the minds of those boys forcibly excited compassion.
They never had had the slightest attention paid to their
education; if they had been instructed in aught, it
was in those infamous arts which brought them into
their present situation. The profligate wretches who
were the means of giving existence to those children,
had their pursuits most likely directed to gain possession
of other persons’ property unjustly, and had neither
leisure nor inclination to attend to the cultivation of
their youthful minds; but rather shrunk from the
contrast they must have observed, if they were capable
of so judging, between their children and themselves.
They must then be sensible of their own miserable
degradation in character, from their vicious
mode of living, and would tremble with horror at the
superiority of their offspring above themselves, had
they been blessed with a virtuous education. To avoid
even this tacit condemnation of their conduct, their
little ones are generally neglected by their brutal father,
or flung into the vortex of their unhappy mother’s
vices and gross indulgences. Little can the
grief of those unnatural parents avail, or excite sympathy,
when their children, in imitation, perhaps, of
their parents’ pernicious example, or probably instigated
by their bidding, have committed those acts
which bring them rapidly into disgrace and punishment.</p>

<p class='c000'>However rude and unpromising the state of these
miserable young creatures appeared, still a lingering
hope was cherished of doing something for their good,
and the business of the school was carried on without
<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>intermission. The result of the design far exceeded
expectation. From the assiduous attention of the person
appointed as schoolmaster, and my own constant
attendance every day at noon, a strong emulation was
excited amongst them. Although a few copies of the
Bible and Testament formed the only medium of instruction
I could command, yet, in a space of time
incredibly short, I succeeded in having all the members
of this little community not only able to read the
Scriptures with tolerable facility, but also enjoyed the
greater gratification of believing that their minds
were impressed with the wholesome truths of the sacred
volumes.</p>

<p class='c000'>This improvement continued progressively to the
end of the voyage; and at the time they were delivered
over to the authority at Sydney, each of these boys
could read the Bible fluently, and many of them in
a superior manner, also evincing a familiar acquaintance
with the principles of the Christian gospel. By
this measure I had the sincere hope of leading these
youthful votaries of vice into the paths of knowledge
and happiness, enabling them to become hereafter
useful to the community, by exhibiting in their conduct
the good effects of religious education.</p>

<p class='c000'>With regard to the progress of morality, meantime,
among the senior sinners, I find in my journal the
following memorandum; and as the record of those
occurrences was written at the moment, under full
and active impression, it may be allowed perfect credit
for accuracy.</p>

<p class='c000'>“1818. <em>January</em> 25th.—Mustered the convicts’
clothing, &amp;c., and those who were not dressed clean
<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>were not permitted to receive this day’s allowance
(half a pint) of wine, which was given to the others.
Mustered, also, the bibles, prayer books, &amp;c. At noon,
read a sermon in the prison, during which the attention
and feeling evinced by many of the convicts
gratified me exceedingly. On all occasions of this
kind their conduct has been marked by the utmost regularity;
and I cannot avoid expressing the heartfelt
satisfaction it gives me to find my efforts to lead many
of these deluded victims of vice from misery, to reflect
seriously and with tranquillized minds regarding a future
state, and to administer the healing balm which
revealed religion is capable of imparting to the soul,
have not been entirely unsuccessful.”</p>

<p class='c000'>All my watchfulness, notwithstanding, could not
prevent some portion of the old leaven from bursting
forth. Some would occasionally quarrel and fight:
one of these turbulent and troublesome characters
being detected in a flagrant instance of delinquency
of this kind, twelve lashes were inflicted on him with
salutary effect.</p>

<p class='c000'>Reconciled as the prisoners were to their immediate
condition, still the love of liberty naturally clung
to them, imbittered recollection, and made many anticipate
that severer evils awaited them than any they
had been accustomed to endure. Although convinced
of the justice of their sentence, and the leniency of the
laws, and that they really merited the captivity to
which they were consigned, yet an instance occurred
which showed that their doom was irksome to them,
and that liberty was the feeling most near to their
heart under circumstances of any kind.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>Private information had been conveyed to me that
a sailor had been tampering with one of the convicts.
I had the convict brought immediately into the cabin,
and on being interrogated he acknowledged that
<em>Waterson</em> (the seaman) had frequently sought for opportunities
of speaking to him when brought on deck
for air and exercise; that a few days previous he had
said, that for twenty pounds he would procure his escape
from New South Wales, by concealing him in a secret
part of the ship, and giving him half of his own allowance
of provisions and grog.</p>

<p class='c000'>The sailor above mentioned had been confined for
daring misconduct about three weeks before, and had
been released on his expressing contrition for his fault
and promising to amend in future. It is very probable
that he had a more dangerous object ulteriorly in
view, if he could calculate on finding successfully means
of tampering in this way with the prisoners. To all
his plans Captain Carns thought it advisable to appear
blind, as the ruffian was both daring and dangerous:
and as nothing could be gained by driving him into
open mutiny, we determined, to keep a strict watch
upon his future actions, and further agreed on the propriety
of giving him up to the Governor on our arrival
at the Cape of Good Hope.</p>

<p class='c000'>The security of convicts going to New South Wales,
or elsewhere on a long voyage, has a much greater
dependence on the regularity and integrity of the seamen
than may at first view be supposed, and even
more than upon the vigilance of the guards. The
careless, easy, and familiar manner of the seaman
sooner enables him to form an intimacy with the convicts,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>than the stiff, formal, and forbidding air the
soldier assumes, whose unbending attention to his
duty forms his chief characteristic. The mutinous
disposition just noticed was not confined to Waterson
alone; for I had an opportunity of witnessing myself
conduct exceedingly reprehensible in another of the
seamen, which I cannot refrain from relating.</p>

<p class='c000'>About noon on the 24th of February, I heard Serjeant
<em>Bisset</em> (one of the troops) complaining to Captain Carns
of some foul language which he said one of the sailors
(<em>Wraite</em>) had used to his wife. The Captain ordered
the sailor on deck to have the matter investigated; and
when he came, nothing could be more disrespectful or
subversive of good order than his behaviour was towards
the Master. He blustered, and said there was
no living with these soldiering *—*, and used a great
deal of other infamous expressions to the same effect.
He was joined by <em>Anderson</em>, who was then at the
helm, and used language if possible still more abominable
than the other had done; and although repeatedly
desired by Captain Carns to be silent, he paid no
attention whatever. His conduct became outrageous,
and he offered to fight any of the soldiers, and swore
he would be revenged of them.</p>

<p class='c000'>This Anderson had been for some time showing
marks of discontent, and seemed very desirous of
making a quarrel. His manner on this occasion was
altogether violent, and, in my opinion, most decidedly
mutinous. He said all he could to excite a general
misunderstanding and immediate quarrel between the
soldiers and sailors; but by the prompt and united efforts
of Captain Carns and Lieutenant <em>Bunney</em>, commanding
<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>the troops, peace was at length restored, and
all attempts at violence completely suppressed.</p>

<p class='c000'>The nature of a seaman’s engagement on board a
merchant ship is a certain source of mischief and insubordination;
for, should the situation not be agreeable
to his mind, which it certainly will not if he be of a
depraved and vicious disposition, a wide door is open to
disorder, and no provision is made by law to curb his
licentiousness, and punish him for disobedience. It is
true that the seaman enters into a written engagement
with the Master, before the voyage is begun, by which
he consents to a forfeiture of his wages in case of disobedience:
but as that regards the ship’s duty only, the
sailor, if so inclined, can be very troublesome to the
Master personally, and by a due exercise of cunning,
for which many of that class are remarkable, may interrupt
the peace of the ship without subjecting himself
to loss of wages.</p>

<p class='c000'>The law is more severe if the seaman attempt to
control the actions of the Master, by laying violent
hands on his person, or offering him any opposition in
his proper duties: such a case would amount to
felony; but to determine that offence, a regular trial
before a competent authority, is indispensable: until
that can be had, the Captain has to endure the refractory
conduct of the sailor, without any means of repressing
it, unless he choose to hazard exposure to a
prosecution, to which the sailor may have recourse on
shore, and to which many interested dabblers in the
law are ever ready to urge.</p>

<p class='c000'>As this appears to me matter of much concern to
the mercantile and shipping interest, and as it involves
<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>much of the security and comfort of the convict service,
I would willingly pursue its further discussion
to an extent commensurate with its importance, but
for the present must defer that subject, and pass to
others of more immediate consideration. Another
circumstance, however, regarding the behaviour of the
military placed over the convicts to maintain order,
and prevent any attempt at violence, is of such a nature
that it cannot escape remark.</p>

<p class='c000'>The relative situation of the guards and their prisoners,
as to their opportunities of conversation, being
placed in immediate contact with each other throughout
the voyage, makes it extremely necessary to watch
the slightest communication that may take place between
them, or in which either of them may be concerned.
The serious consequences, arising at first
probably from some insignificant affair, might have
been easily prevented, had a due discretion been employed
in time; but from a neglect undeserving of
exculpation, or in a false security, the evil may be
allowed to proceed,—the mischief at length becomes
very serious.</p>

<p class='c000'>It has been customary, doubtless originating in
mere indulgence, to give an allowance of spirits, most
commonly rum, to the soldiers on duty in convict
ships: by referring to the scheme given in a former
chapter, this quantity will be found half a pint <em>per
diem</em> to each man. In merchant ships there is no
stipulation, it seems, for seamen to receive any such
allowance: in this branch of service at least, although
usually given for particular services of hardship or
hazard performed, it is always in the Master’s power
<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>to withhold this favour at discretion, or, in the sailor’s
phrase, “to stop his grog,” in case of neglect or disobedience.</p>

<p class='c000'>Sobriety has at all times been strictly insisted on
with soldiers; and it seems somewhat problematical
to understand how a quantity of spirits, admitted
only to be necessary under the severities of a campaign,
can be deemed equally so, allowing it so to be,
to a soldier on board a ship, surrounded with every
accommodation, and furnished with a plentiful supply
of food. It cannot be even imagined, without violating
probability, that a man of previously sober
habits can be as steady a guardian of propriety of conduct
with half a pint of maddening spirits hurrying
through his veins, and running away with his reason,
as when full of cool determination, and awake in his
sobriety to the duties assigned him. A sentinel is
quite a different man when intoxicated or sober: the
one will break his duty, and his officer’s head; and
afterwards get sorry and repent of what he has done;
but the other will do nothing unbecoming the character
of his proper duty.</p>

<p class='c000'>Were the evil to be limited to the soldiers, even reflection,
or some of the repressing passions, might in
some degree operate as an antidote against the consequences
of intoxication: an apprehension of incurring
the displeasure of their officer might also prevent
an abuse of this indulgence. It is not, however, considered
enough that this ill-directed allowance should
be given to the soldiers on duty, in “the hour of honour
stirring watch;” the women, forsooth, must be
<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>taken <em>care</em> of in the same way, and the effects may be
easily foreseen.</p>

<p class='c000'>The married females permitted to accompany their
husbands on board of convict ships, and the women
of choice, whom the laxity of public morals permits to
take the name of wives, are indulged with spirits in
half the proportion given to the men; and the children
belonging to them are besides allowed one half the
quantity of the women: so that the latter, who are
careful to be store-keepers to their infants, (for the
youngest baby is allowed the same as those children
grown strong in years,) can easily appropriate to their
individual use every day a quantity of spirits only one
fourth less than what is permitted to be consumed by
the men; and if she happen to have several children,
the expenditure will be enormous.</p>

<p class='c000'>Imagination can scarcely form such a picture as one
of these females when indulged with this immoderate
supply of spirits. In a word, one of these women gets
drunk, dead drunk, and is harmless only until the first
effects of the narcotic poison have subsided, and then—But
in honour to the sex, and out of respect to delicacy
which virtue only knows, I shall forbear a description.
Scenes which I have been compelled to witness in this
way might lead to a minuteness of delineation, to do
them justice in all their exquisite loathsomeness, as
neither the eye of the reader could bear to scan, nor
would recital produce aught but disgust and distress.</p>

<p class='c000'>Few mothers could avoid shuddering to see such a
female lay her infant baby across her lap, and pour
the liquid poison, (rum) into the poor thing’s vitals,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>continuing that diabolical nursing until the nerves of
the unconscious and miserable child are incapable of
sensation, and it drops senseless from the hands of its
inhuman parent. The counterpart to such a monstrous
picture, which also is unfortunately, like that,
too often true, is that of the husband, who meantime
mounts guard in his turn, having very probably just
partaken of the deleterious draught with his spouse,
with whom he has had, perhaps, quite sufficient bickering
to set his bad passions at work, and in a disposition
to be quarrelsome.</p>

<p class='c000'>There is little of cordiality generally between a
soldier and a sailor. The wife of the soldier under
the stimulus of drink, is in the way of the sailor’s ready
joke; willing or unwilling to understand or seem to
hear it, the pride of this Lucretia takes fire, easily no
doubt when in that situation; she announces herself
the wife of a soldier, and a man—one who is able to
take her part, and knows how to defend his wife:—with
such sentiments and expressions, the husband
becomes infuriated against the sailor, and quarrels are
every now and then produced.</p>

<p class='c000'>I wish I could stop here to avoid exposing the shameless
want of reserve with these women towards the
sailors. Those occurrences almost entirely are to be
attributed to that unwise use of spirits. From this
erroneous indulgence I am perfectly convinced that
all the evils alluded to arise: the consequences, if placed
fully before the authority that permits the custom,
must excite those conclusions which will ensure its
recall. I am unwilling to acknowledge it, but must
however declare, that on every occasion wherein a misunderstanding
<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>has occurred on board the Neptune,
during this voyage, its origin could be instantly traced
to the mischief or jealous disposition of those troublesome,
drunken frail ones.</p>

<p class='c000'>A record or two from my journal will serve to elucidate
this assertion and maintain its accuracy, and
exhibit the singular ingenuity with which the principal
movers of the scene generally contrived to keep
themselves screened from personal recognition.</p>

<p class='c000'>“<em>February</em> 4th.—At 8 <span class='fss'>P. M.</span> the ship was disturbed
by Serjeant Bisset quarrelling with one of the
soldiers (Taylor). On inquiry, it appeared that Taylor
had just come off deck and was quietly going to
bed, when Bisset struck him: I had occasion to be in
the barrack-room on professional duty about five minutes
before the riot happened; Serjeant Bisset was
then talking in a very loud and angry tone, and certainly
appeared to me not sober. The commanding
officer settled the matter as he thought sufficiently,
and Bisset went to his birth. At 9, cries and screams
issued from the soldiers’ sleeping-place, which were
audible all over the ship; this was occasioned by Bisset
beating his wife. He swore the most dreadful oaths
that he would “massacre her.” So much noise and
disorderly conduct attracted many of the convicts to
the after-hatchway to witness the scene. The second
and third mates went below to endeavour to restore
tranquillity, but the serjeant seized the third mate and
struck him several times. At this moment I went to
the hatchway, and saw one of the sailors lay hold of
Bisset, saying he would not allow his officer to be
struck; upon which Corporal Kerr came to the assistance
<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>of Bisset, and swore he would take his serjeant’s
part. Fortunately, at this moment the commanding
officer interfered, and put an end to the affray, which
had like to be attended with more serious consequences.
It is to be observed, that the corporal who volunteered
in the support of Bisset used to have frequent quarrels
with him.”</p>

<p class='c000'>“<em>March</em> 8th.—About 5 in the evening Lieutenant
Bunney was engaged in endeavouring to suppress riot
and disorder amongst the soldiers, several of whom
were confined for drunkenness. Here was a proof of
the bad effects of allowing such a mischievous quantity
of spirits to the men, whose duty was comparatively
light and easy,—full half a gill each day beyond
what is distributed to the guards on duty in a transport
ship. One of the above put himself in an attitude
of offence, and showed all the inclination in his
power to strike me, in the presence of Captain Carns,
for having in the mildest manner remonstrated with
him on the impropriety of his conduct.”</p>

<p class='c000'>“<em>March</em> 25th.—At half past 5 this evening, on
coming out of the prison, I found the commanding
officer and Captain Carns trying to suppress a quarrel
that had arisen among the soldiers’ wives, which was
likely to become serious from the husbands’ interfering.
Serjeant Bisset seemed transported with passion, and
in my hearing talked something of a sword to Captain
Carns, and said he would be d—d if he would obey
any of his orders. Inquiring into the cause of this
outrageous conduct, I was informed that Captain
Carns, who is remarkable for a humane and kind disposition,
in trying to pacify Bisset, took hold of his
<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>coat gently, on which the intoxicated man with fury
swore that if he had his sword he would run him
through. This part of Bisset’s behaviour I had not
an opportunity of witnessing; but I came sufficiently
in time to see him act in the most disrespectful and
insolent manner towards Captain Carns.”</p>

<p class='c000'>These are a few of the mischievous effects arising
from the unnecessary allowance of liquor among men
whose lives and habits may have been previously sober
and orderly. The evil was undoubtedly increased by
the women’s participating in the intoxication, as they
were under no restraint whatever, except the brutal
correction inflicted by their infuriated husbands.
These women <em>having no employment</em>, and influenced
by drink, have too much leisure to indulge in licentiousness;
disorderly quarrels must be the constant
and inevitable consequence.</p>

<p class='c000'>Here it may be asked, Will convicts witnessing those
excesses, remain indifferent spectators of what is passing
before them? Such is the manner in which a convict
ship is laid out, that every thing almost occurring
among the soldiers between deck, is within view of
the prisoners. Will any of them in whose bosom
there still lurks the spirit of licentiousness, fail to
catch at the opportunity of again indulging in his favourite
propensity? One cannot help shuddering to
contemplate the horrible consequences which follow
the footsteps of a female of those abandoned habits in
such a situation. If not at once successful in his
plans, either to secure a base gratification, or carry
into effect a conspiracy for escaping; still circumstances
will grow out of this guilty correspondence
<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>with the women, which will overturn all endeavours to
produce moral impressions, and the inveterate habits of
crime will again be cherished. The contagion did not
remain among the soldiers and sailors alone, as will
appear from the following extract from my journal,
which more fully explains my meaning.</p>

<p class='c000'>“<em>April</em> 10th.—Numerous complaints were made
this morning in the prison against William Bamford,
(bad character, convicted of forgery, transported for
life), for being drunk the previous night, and conducting
himself in a most riotous and disorderly manner,
to the great annoyance of every one near him. At
half past 10 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> I had him and his accusers brought
upon deck, in order to give the matter an ample and
fair investigation. It was clearly proved, that Bamford
was in the state complained of, and had used expressions
of the most shocking and abominable nature;
and had, in other respects, behaved most shamefully
and disgracefully. He was interrogated respecting
the way he had obtained the liquor; but on this
head he would give no information whatever. For
this multiplied offence he was punished with three dozen
lashes.”</p>

<p class='c000'>On this case of Bamford I have to remark, that I
subsequently obtained proof of his having received the
spirits from the wife of one of the soldiers; that between
these two there existed a guilty understanding,
which was plainly evinced after the convicts had been
landed in the colony. This Bamford had been one
of the persons engaged in the traffic of forged notes;
and, like all those who follow that iniquitous occupation,
was possessed of abundance of money. The
<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>soldier’s wife above mentioned, on the arrival of the
ship at Sydney, contrived to conceal herself from her
husband all the time the vessel remained at that place,
until it sailed with the detachment for India. This
woman was afterwards known to join Bamford and
live with him in a domestic way, thereby consummating
her abandoned character with the additional crime
of adultery.</p>

<p class='c000'>Little doubt remains on my mind, that all these unhappy
results might have been prevented by regulations
regarding the allowance of rum, better than those
at present adopted. Were I permitted to offer a suggestion
on a subject connected with the military service,—and
I would obtrude an opinion only respecting this
particular department,—I would advise the quantity of
spirits distributed to each soldier on duty in a convict
ship to be but one half of that now given; and that the
women, if any were suffered to embark, should not be
allowed spirits on any account, as they have not to undergo
any fatigue or distressing labour; above all, that
no share whatever should be set apart for the children.</p>

<p class='c000'>By this simple regulation the disorders complained
of as now prevailing would be prevented, and the health
of the soldiers preserved; which was not the case during
the voyage in question, as scarcely a day passed
without the name of one or more soldiers appearing
in the sick list. This circumstance was the more remarkable,
as the disposition to disease continued as
long as the rum lasted; but a visible improvement in
their general health became evident as soon as the
spirits were expended, which happily took place shortly
after leaving the Cape of Good Hope.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>One circumstance, which hitherto escaped my recollection,
I shall here introduce as being in some measure
connected with the preceding facts. The irregularities
arising from a practice the soldiers had of conveying
below the spirits they received as their ration, and there
bartering them with one another, or with the women,
became seriously great: many of the soldiers were observed
to be orderly and sober; but in proportion as
these were correct, the others and the women were
the more drunken and dissolute,—the poisonous beverage
having been in the former case not swallowed
at all, and in the latter drunk beyond all moderation.
An expedient was of necessity adopted, which was
found somewhat beneficial in correction of the above
improper behaviour. This was, that each soldier was
obliged to come to the tub for his allowance of grog,
there to remain until he drank it: by this means no
unfair transfer of the spirits could take place.</p>

<p class='c000'>With regard to the women and children, I would
recommend a moderate supply of wine to be placed in
charge with the Surgeon Superintendent, to be distributed
at his discretion, according to their necessities
or wants in sickness; this, I will venture to say, will
in a great measure put a stop to the evils which now
so deplorably exist.</p>

<p class='c000'>I now revert to the more cheerful task of recording
the advancement of the convicts in the paths of order,
decency, and religious duty. No occasion was let slip
to seize upon every moment when any circumstance
presented itself conducive to the main object in view.
I read to them regularly every Sunday, and on other
suitable days, a sermon selected for the occasion, and
<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>adapted as much as possible to the state of existing
circumstances; and afterwards generally read the
same discourse to the guards and sailors upon deck,
as I considered that the surest means of preventing
them from making an ill use of such opportunities as
they should chance to have of conversing with the prisoners,
and therefore maintaining any improper communication.
I have much reason to believe that the
wholesome moral arguments of Dr. Blair, and other
divines whose writings I made use of, carried a degree
of lasting conviction to the minds of the prisoners,
and that the good impressions were afterwards improved
during the moments of reflection.</p>

<p class='c000'>The boys, too, continued to advance considerably
in the reading of the holy scriptures, and the happiest
results might be presaged from their assiduity, and
their observance of the strict discipline instituted in
the school. I had also the heartfelt satisfaction to
find that their behaviour, at such hours as they were
not engaged in the school, was correct; that the persons
whom I had appointed to watch over them reported
favourably of them; and, above all, that the
unfortunate cause which induced me to separate them
from each other no longer existed,—in fact, every trace
of it had disappeared. There was a silent submissiveness
in their manner, which formed a pleasing contrast
to that forwardness and unblushing confidence for
which they were before remarkable; nor was an indecent
expression, oath, or obscene song, ever heard
amongst them.</p>

<p class='c000'>Many of the convicts continued sickly, and afflicted
with chronic diseases, which were often aggravated by
<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>the damp occasioned by the heavy working of the ship
through high seas and boisterous weather. The greatest
care was taken to stop the temporary leaks which
thus appeared; and the stoves were kept in daily and
constant use, to prevent any bad consequences arising
from wet decks and damp bedding.</p>

<p class='c000'>A certain number of the healthy prisoners were
allowed to exercise a sufficient time every day upon
deck, for the benefit of the fresh air; these were regularly
succeeded by another division, usually one third
of the whole; these afterwards by another, so that all
enjoyed air and exercise a certain number of hours
every day. This arrangement also produced a good
deal of bustle amongst them, by removing from the
prison to the deck, and relieving each other in a manner
from the irksomeness of confinement; and formed
a sort of substitute for employment during the day,
by the temporary movements and changes it created
among themselves. The convalescents were not limited
to any particular number of hours upon deck,
and whenever the weather would permit, they were
allowed to remain as long as they liked.</p>

<p class='c000'>The conduct of the convicts generally was such in
every respect as to merit approbation. A muster of
the different articles, books, &amp;c. belonging to each
mess was regularly observed; and on such occasions
correctness and cleanliness were so observable as almost
invariably to preclude censure; rarely was there any
necessity of now withholding their allowance of wine,
or inflicting any other punishment.</p>

<p class='c000'>On approaching the Cape of Good Hope, I was
agreeably surprised by a request, very respectfully made
<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>by the convicts, to take charge of a letter written by
some of themselves, and signed by the entire number,
addressed to Lord Sidmouth, and to forward it as soon
as might be convenient. With this request I cheerfully
complied; and as the letter may afford the reader
as much pleasure as it has done myself, it is imparted
freely, being copied from the original by one of the
convicts, and presented to me at the same time. Its
contents are as follow.</p>

<div class='lg-container-r c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line in4'>“On board the Neptune,</div>
      <div class='line'>Cape of Good Hope, March 3, 1818.</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class='lg-container-l c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>“<span class='sc'>My Lord</span>,</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>“Degraded as we are in our own estimation, it is
with feelings of diffidence and respect that we presume
to obtrude ourselves upon your Lordship’s notice.
Trusting to that liberality of sentiment which
has so long characterized your lordship’s conduct, both
in public and private life, we hope your lordship will
pardon this trespass on your valuable time. It is not
our intention to try to extenuate those crimes for
which we are justly driven from the society and endearments
of our native country. Deeply feeling our
situation as convicts, having violated laws both human
and divine, it behoves us to reflect seriously on our
past conduct, and endeavour to make such reparation
as is still within our humble power. Animated with
these sentiments, we consider it our first and paramount
duty to pay that homage and adoration to the
supreme Ruler of the universe, which the Creator expects
from the creature. When all our visionary plans
had terminated in disappointment, shame, and misery,
the just sentence of exile made our wretched condition
<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>incapable of receiving any increase. In this situation
many of us received consolations from religion which
we had never before experienced. It is with joyful feelings
we acquaint your Lordship of the encouragement
we have received at all times from the officers of this
ship to persevere in religious duties. The countenance
and example of the Captain and Surgeon have
preserved respect for those who were seriously disposed,
drawn some from the paths of vice, and maintained
order and regularity throughout. Since the time of
our embarkation, divine service or a discourse from
Dr. Blair’s Sermons has been read to us every Sunday
by the Surgeon, the beneficial effects of which are most
conspicuous; and we doubt not will continue to be felt
by some of us for the remainder of our lives. There
is nothing which tends to soften stubborn dispositions,
and inspire the mind with such awe and reverence, as
a constant attention to those duties which we owe to
our Maker. It is he alone who can subdue and console
the human heart; and most of us, my Lord, are
now persuaded of this great truth, that if we are constantly
and habitually in the practice of violating his
commandments, we cannot reasonably expect prosperity
in this world, or happiness in the next. It would
be great presumption in us to point out to your Lordship
the advantages and blessings of having the mind
even a little enlightened by education; but we cannot
suppress the pleasure it gives us to notice that a school
has been established under the auspices of the Surgeon,
who has appointed people properly qualified to instruct
the boys, of whom there are upwards of twenty in the
ship. What exertions and progress have been made
<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>in releasing these children of nature from the darkness
of ignorance, we submit to the opinion of the Surgeon,
who superintends them; and in his official report
of us we are well convinced that impartial justice will
be done to the conduct and character of every one; and
we confidently hope and think, that that report will be
as satisfactory to His Majesty’s Government, as creditable
to those who are the objects of it. We further
hope, that by the time we reach our ultimate destination
there will be very few of us unacquainted with the
consoling truths of revealed religion. The idea of
being instrumental in effecting so happy a change will
be a rich reward for any pains or assiduity it may cost.
That it may be our lot, is the sincere and ardent prayer
of our hearts; so that all of us may exclaim in the language
of the publican, ‘Lord, be merciful to us sinners.’
We would here, my Lord, take the liberty of
expressing our most sincere and grateful acknowledgements
for those comforts that have been provided for
us, which, with the unwearied attention and assiduity
of the Surgeon and Captain, have proved so truly beneficial
to our health. With great deference and respect
we humbly subscribe ourselves</p>

<div class='lg-container-r c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line in10'>“Your Lordship’s</div>
      <div class='line'>“Most obedient and truly devoted servants.”</div>
    </div>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line in13'>(<em>Signed by one hundred and seventy.</em>)</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class='lg-container-l c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>“To the Right Hon. Lord Viscount Sidmouth,</div>
      <div class='line in12'>Secretary of State, &amp;c.”</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c000'>The above may afford a tolerably correct idea of the
state of mind in which these people were, even at that
part of their voyage, and of the benefits which they derived
<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>from the moral system instituted. It certainly
exhibits proof of considerable feeling, and no small
share of talent, existing among this degraded community.
To the above document were affixed one hundred
and seventy signatures; and as the matter was
altogether of their spontaneous doing, I wished to encourage
the spirit in which it originated: to their wish,
therefore, to have it forwarded as they desired, as it
became to me a pleasing duty to comply with it, I acceded,
the more willingly, from a feeling of humanity
towards their unfortunate situation.</p>

<p class='c000'>The above letter was forwarded to the Secretary of
State for the Home Department by an early conveyance
from the Cape of Good Hope, where the Neptune stopped
for some short time for the purpose of recruiting
her stock of water, and obtaining a supply of fresh provisions
for the convicts and guards. An application
was made in person by Captain Carns to the Governor
at the Cape, to have the two mutinous seamen, Waterson
and Anderson, put on shore, as it was dangerous
to take them any further; but the Governor did not
seem to think that the matter came under his cognizance.
However, some time after this, the business
was so arranged that those dangerous men were allowed
to take their discharge, and being paid their wages were
set on shore at Cape Town, and finally dismissed.</p>

<p class='c000'>The great object I had in view, and the system
adopted for the management and well-being of the
convicts on board, were seriously affected, and in some
degree materially embarrassed, by an occurrence which
took place whilst the Neptune was lying at the Cape.
As this matter appears to me to concern the situation
<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>of the prisoners, the relation, taken from the journal
in the precise manner in which the transaction passed,
is here introduced.</p>

<p class='c000'>“<em>March</em> 5th.—At 11 <span class='fss'>P. M.</span> the master having
signified that it was the Governor’s wish to see us on
shore, we waited on His Excellency. His Lordship’s
manner at this interview, for such it may be strictly
called, as conversation was out of the question, appeared
so singular that it seems well worthy of a place in
this journal. On our being announced, the doors were
thrown open and we advanced, when we had the honour
of <em>seeing</em> His Lordship, who on the instant waved
his hand,—turned on his heel,—muttered something
about ‘Colonel Bird,’—and disappeared: such was the
substance of our interview with the Governor by his
own appointment.”——“It might be asked, Would His
Excellency have treated his <em>groom</em> and his <em>jockey</em> with
that sort of politeness as on this occasion he thought
proper to show towards a respectable master of a London
merchant ship and a surgeon of His Majesty’s navy,
engaged to attend him, at his own desire, in an affair
of public duty?”</p>

<p class='c000'>On being thus referred to Colonel Bird, then deputy
secretary to the colony, that gentleman acquainted
us of the Governor’s intention of sending on board
the Neptune <em>sixteen convicts</em> who had escaped from
New South Wales, in the <em>Harriet</em> just arrived from
that country. We represented the impossibility of
accommodating so many. The agent for transports
was sent for to have his opinion on the case, and he
confirmed the report we had made. About an hour
after this we again saw Colonel Bird, who said the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>Governor had made up his mind to send us the sixteen
convicts. To this I replied, The instructions of the
Navy Board neither required nor authorized me to receive
more prisoners than I thought the ship could accommodate.
The Colonel then observed that the Governor
would give a positive order for them to be received,
and take all the responsibility on himself. I
lost no time in writing to the colonial secretary, stating
my decided opinion, that the ship had neither room
nor accommodation for so many, and requesting a survey
to be held on board of her before the additional
number of convicts should be sent.</p>

<p class='c000'>“Of this letter no notice whatever was taken, as it
appears, nor any answer returned. Our application to
the Government naval commissioner, and fiscal, for
the removal of the mutinous seamen had been equally
unsuccessful, every one in authority evading these necessary
and important requests by shifting the matter
from one to another’s hands,—every one saying that
the affair did not come within his department; so that,
in fact, an applicant at any office of those ‘departments’
would find it necessary to make himself acquainted
with all their etiquette and routine, before he
could understand how to prefer a petition properly for
the redress of any grievance or the removal of any inconvenience
how pressing soever, or the rectification
of any error however urgent its nature might be. Let
this mode of conducting public business be applied to
the concerns of the port of London, or any of the great
commercial towns, and say what would be its consequence.”</p>

<p class='c000'>“<em>March</em> 6th.—At half past six this morning the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>under sheriff brought two colonial convicts on board,
for whom accommodation had been provided, though
even that was effected with considerable inconvenience.
The above officer stated, that the Governor had altered
his intention, and had sent those two instead of the
sixteen deserters who had come in the Harriet. The
master gave the usual receipt for them, and they were
victualled accordingly. About 3 <span class='fss'>P. M.</span> the same person
returned to the ship, saying the fiscal had ordered
him to take the two prisoners back; but this was refused
until an order was produced from some one legally
empowered by the Government to do so.</p>

<p class='c000'>“<em>March</em> 7th.—At half past 10 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> the agent for
transports came on board and informed me, that he
was desired by the commissioner to get a copy of the
charter-party and my instructions, both of which and
a copy of Captain Carns’s I procured for him. He
also brought with him a carpenter from the shore to
build an apartment in the prison, for the sixteen convicts
already mentioned. In the same boat with the
agent came a Captain Gill, who delivered to the master
the order of the Governor to receive those men. The
colonial secretary left altogether unnoticed, my letter
to him requesting a survey of the ship to be made before
any order should be issued for sending so great
an additional number of convicts on board. In this
manner was I reluctantly compelled to acquiesce,
against my judgement, in receiving more convicts than
the ship could accommodate; which involved the manifest
risk of exposing the whole to much inconvenience,
if not serious danger, during the remainder of
the voyage.”</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>“<em>March</em> 8th.—Several carpenters from the shore
employed in building a bulk-head in the prison. At
10 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> seven private invalid soldiers from the shore belonging
to the 83d regiment came on board, as an extra
guard. At 12 I read a sermon in the prison, at which
Captain Carns and the commanding officer attended;
after which I expressed to the prisoners my entire approbation
of their conduct, and exhorted them to persevere;
at the same time stating it as our determination
to give them every indulgence in our power. They
all expressed their thanks, and seemed highly grateful.”</p>

<p class='c000'>“<em>March</em> 11th.—At half past 10 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span>, the weather
having moderated a little, a boat was manned and
armed, in which I went to the Harriet to arrange for
the conveyance of the convicts to the Neptune. The
master of the Harriet either could not or would not
afford a boat, consequently we were obliged to make
two trips between the ships before the transfer was
accomplished. When they were all on board, I had
their hair cut off, and ordered them each to be washed
in the bathing tub. After this very needful operation
they all received, according to the Governor’s order,
two suits of slop clothing, and the rags in which they
came were thrown into the sea.”</p>

<p class='c000'>Several reasons offer themselves to justify one in
pronouncing this proceeding at the Cape, on the part
of the local authorities, respecting the obtrusion of the
sixteen additional prisoners, as being, at the very least
that may be said of it, <em>harsh</em>. This is stated not from
any personal inconvenience which could arise to myself
from an increase of professional duty; but the term
is applied to that proceeding from reference to the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>former number of convicts even more than the ship’s
proper number,—the Neptune in a subsequent voyage
having carried out only one hundred and fifty-six,
that being, it appears, the complement proper for her
accommodation.</p>

<p class='c000'>Lest my opinion of this transaction should seem in
any respect unjust, I am desirous of explaining why
I consider the putting such an extraordinary number
into a vessel already overcrowded, as must appear from
her having one hundred and seventy prisoners on board,
instead of her proper complement of one hundred and
fifty-six, highly injudicious and dangerous. A convict
ship laid out for a certain number of prisoners cannot
prudently be altered for the reception of more, without
a manifest risk of inconvenience and danger;—the
former, on account of confining their sleeping-places,
seats, exercise, &amp;c. and the latter, from the foulness
of the atmospheric medium, in which the crowd
must respire the doubtful or perhaps diseased exhalations
from each other’s lungs.</p>

<p class='c000'>In the present case this was the more striking, as
even with all the care, regular exercise, and the most
careful attention to the daily state of the convicts;
even with all my experience of their constitutions and
disorders, during the time the ship was proceeding
from the Thames to the Cape of Good Hope; still an
extreme hazard was incurred by the admission of a
fresh number of men, besides including the seven invalids,
all of course strangers to the regimen previously
used; and perhaps, as might be suspected, tainted
with infectious diseases.</p>

<p class='c000'>These sixteen men having escaped from New South
<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>Wales, must have endured such hardships and privations
as would be likely to superinduce contagious disease,
and the miserable state in which they were when
taken on board, excited strong apprehensions to that
effect. Having made minute inquiry from one of the
number, I learned that these wretched men had contrived
to secrete themselves in the hold of the Harriet,
where they lay concealed for more than a month
before they were discovered; having subsisted that
time on some miserable matters they had brought
away with them, and on a small store belonging to the
owner, to which they had penetrated privately. In this
wretched state they continued in a horrible and disgusting
condition, so that they were of an appearance
extremely forbidding when brought on board.</p>

<p class='c000'>But a circumstance more imperative on my attention
was, how to dispose of them in such a way as to
guard against the principles they might possess, and
to prevent their commixture with such seeds of error
and vice as might be only suppressed in the original
convicts. All these unpleasant consequences grew
out of the crude intimation of the Governor’s,—for
His Excellency does not seem to have thoroughly known
his own intentions, even after it was signified that he
had “made up his mind” to send the sixteen convicts
on board the Neptune. How else can it be comprehended,
that the positive order of sending sixteen prisoners,
as was spoken of, had been altered for the shipment
of the two colonial convicts from the Cape district
only? Can it be that the sheriff in bringing those
two on board acted under the single authority of the
fiscal?—or was that authority of such preponderating
<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>power, at the seat of government, as to weigh down
against every other?</p>

<p class='c000'>This latter unaccountable experiment having been
tried, another was resorted to, to obtain from the ship’s
charter-party whether any objection lurked in that instrument,
or in the copy of my instructions. Special
care was taken that the person sent for that purpose
should be allowed to copy those documents freely, as
it was the desire of the Naval Commissioner; and the
spirit of accommodation went further, by giving also
a copy of the Master’s instructions: for all this, what
complaisance was shown in turn? My letter, requesting
a survey of the ship to be made before the Governor’s
“<em>positive</em>” should be issued, was not at all attended
to, although it was exclusively on the public
service; nor was it treated with that common politeness
which every communication of the sort is generally
entitled to.</p>

<p class='c000'>His Excellency deigned to convey his intentions
through the agency of a third person, who was allowed
to express them in his stead, although I had the honour
of waiting on him for that purpose, it is presumed,
by his own appointment. His pleasure, when
made known, was issued in the teeth of the report
made by the agent for transports, “That the ship could
not accommodate the increased number which was intended
to be sent;” yet were sixteen, besides the additional
guard of seven invalids, thrust upon a crowded
ship, without the least deference to the judgement of
those who were most competent to decide on an affair
in which the lives of one hundred and eighty-six prisoners
were concerned.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>I am at a loss to think whether it be proper or not
to state the strange yet bold declaration of His Excellency
Lord Charles Somerset, the governor at the Cape
of Good Hope, when he understood that my objections
to the reception of the deserters were not to be
removed unless by the power of a “positive order,”
that His Excellency was pleased to signify his willingness
to take upon himself the responsibility of the affair,
and “<em>were all the prisoners to die, he would be
answerable for the consequences</em>.” Thank Heaven!
the men all came safe to their destination, and I had
the gratification to leave His Excellency to enjoy in
full security the pleasure of having so nobly enforced
a measure, which appears to have engaged much of his
serious intentions as to a determined exercise, at any
risk, of his supreme authority.</p>

<p class='c000'>Every precaution was now adopted to prevent communication
with the deserters. This was desirable
for two motives: to prevent either moral or physical
contagion, and to preclude conversation altogether
between the old and new prisoners. The body of the
prison was occupied by the old prisoners, and the
usual attention to bathing, exercise in the fresh air,
airing beds, &amp;c. was observed; they were strictly enjoined
to abstain from all communication with the sixteen
on any account, and this I never knew one of them
to violate. The deserters were kept confined in a separate
prison by themselves, and were totally and effectually
excluded from the society and conversation
of the others. Books of a religious kind were supplied
to them, and they also had the benefit of bathing
and exercise in the open air, but always at times when
<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>the other convicts were put out of the way. Indeed
the prison door of the deserters was never upon any
occasion opened but when I was present. By this
arrangement the whole prisoners were kept firm in the
moral improvement they had made, and served as a
pattern to the new ones, whose conduct became so
good as to exceed every hope I had formed respecting
them. The poor fellows had smarted sorely for their
rash imprudence in withdrawing from the colony, and
now returned back execrating the folly which had seduced
them, declaring their determined purpose to
make every atonement for their offence, and to endeavour
at a thorough amendment in future.</p>

<p class='c000'>The sixteen were not allowed any wine during their
return to New South Wales; I was therefore agreeably
surprised one day when a paper was put into my hand,
in a very respectful manner, by one of the old prisoners,
as they were called, in which they unanimously
and earnestly requested permission to share their allowance
of wine with the new prisoners. Being much
pleased with this generous and considerate offer, I indulged
them accordingly in their humane effort of
contributing to the comfort of their brethren in bondage.</p>

<p class='c000'>By this strict management the conduct of the sixteen
convicts became correct and even exemplary. To
them also I addressed some select moral discourse regularly,
and every individual among them seemed to
vie with his companions in avoiding every thing verging
on impropriety; and the language of passion, anger,
or indecency, became quite strange among them.</p>

<p class='c000'>The boys had made a considerable advancement in
<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>their school business, and it was pleasing and edifying
to observe their demeanour, and the correctness with
which they read the holy Scriptures. Constant application
had made many of them familiar with the sacred
pages; and it was to be hoped that the divine
truths contained in them had imparted happy influence
to their hearts, as not a word of a corrupt, obscene,
or improper nature was now heard uttered by any one
of them.</p>

<p class='c000'>The conduct of one young man was particularly
praiseworthy; and although it may be looked upon as
rather trifling, I beg leave to say something of it here.
This youth, William Roberts, urged by an ardent desire
to make himself useful, wrote a letter marked by
an uncommon neatness of expression, in which he entreated
to be allowed at some time out of the school
hours, to read to the younger boys who appeared least
proficient, and by his additional exertions enable them
to get forward more rapidly in the study of the Bible.
This young man had also produced much good effect
by a remarkable willingness of manner, as the rest
were in a great measure led by his example.</p>

<p class='c000'>The gratitude constantly expressed by these unfortunate
youths fully testified their sincerity, and proved
their sense of the valuable advantages derived from
the kind treatment showed them, and the instructions
they had received. Nor was their example lost upon
the men, who were unanimous in declaring how much
happier they felt themselves in the circumstances of
their exile, than they had ever known, even when
most successful in the career of crime. Their minds
seemed now at ease,—their wants were alleviated by
<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>a liberal provision,—while a sense of their good behaviour
encouraged them to hope for a favourable reception
from the Governor of New South Wales.</p>

<p class='c000'>In this improved and comparatively happy state the
Neptune proceeded without any accident to her destination,
and on the fifth of May we saw Botany
Bay. At half past 10 the same day we entered the
Heads of Port Jackson, and shortly after received a
pilot on board. At noon we anchored to wait for the
tide, and in half an hour the Naval Officer came on
board. Captain Carns accompanied me to wait on the
Governor with the dispatches from England. Soon
after I had the few remaining invalids removed to the
hospital on shore, and some days afterwards the principal
superintendent of convicts came on board, and
received the sixteen whom we had from the Harriet at
the Cape of Good Hope.</p>

<p class='c000'>The convicts whom I originally brought out from
England, had among themselves agreed to express
their sentiments as to the voyage, in a letter which
was delivered to me by one of them. A copy of this
document is subjoined, not from any consideration of
its value with regard to myself, but merely to show
the state of mind in which these people arrived at
their place of exile. This letter was communicated
previously to the landing of the sixteen deserters, who
signed it in common with their other fellow prisoners.</p>

<div class='lg-container-r c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line in4'>“On board the Neptune,</div>
      <div class='line'>“Sydney Cove, 8th May, 1818.</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class='lg-container-l c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>“<span class='sc'>Sir</span>,</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>“Being now safely arrived, through the merciful dispensation
of an all-wise Providence, at the place of
<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>destination to which the laws of our country have consigned
us; and being perfectly sensible of the great
attention you have on every occasion paid us during
this long and tedious passage, we cannot help availing
ourselves of the present opportunity of presenting
to you our unfeigned and grateful acknowledgements
for the kind, condescending and benevolent disposition
you have invariably manifested to supply our
wants, redress our grievances, and render our situation
as happy and comfortable as circumstances would admit
of: that in the faithful discharge of your public
duty as Surgeon and Superintendent of this ship, we
must beg leave to bear ample testimony of your assiduous
care, and unremitting attention, which has ever
been guided by the dictates of humanity, and which
we are well convinced must and does emanate from a
noble mind, and generous heart. These, Sir, are not
the ebullitions of flattery, but the genuine sentiments
of our hearts, filled with admiration of your eminent
virtues and transcendent abilities, which cannot be
obliterated from our memory till time itself shall be
no more. We take the liberty, Sir, of requesting you
to accept our sincere wishes for your health, happiness,
and prosperity, being the only tribute within our
humble power. May the Almighty, in his infinite
goodness and mercy, shower down his blessings upon
you, is our sincere and ardent prayer. With every
sentiment of deference and respect, we are, Sir,</p>

<div class='lg-container-r c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>“Your ever obliged and grateful servants.”</div>
    </div>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line in8'>(<em>Signed by one hundred and eighty six.</em>)</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class='lg-container-l c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line in2'>“To Mr. Thomas Reid,</div>
      <div class='line'>“Surgeon and Superintendent.”</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>Shortly after the arrival of the ship, Mr. Secretary
<em>Campbell</em> came on board and mustered the whole of
the prisoners. He interrogated them individually respecting
their health and their usage on board, to which
their answers were most satisfactory and gratifying.
The usual regular exercises of religious reading, and occasional
exhortation, were continued as before without
intermission until the convicts were finally removed
to the shore, and disposed of according to the Governor’s
commands. It was at their departure from the
ship that they first seemed to feel the distressing effects
of banishment: they left it with tears and sorrow, as
if it had been their cherished home; and moved away
in silent grief like the members of a family which had
been overwhelmed with a sudden calamity.</p>

<p class='c000'>His Excellency was pleased to express his opinion
of this voyage in the following terms, which he wrote
himself in my journal.</p>

<p class='c009'>“I have perused with peculiar interest and satisfaction
the foregoing journal of Thomas Reid, Esq.,
Surgeon and Superintendent of the Neptune male
convict ship.”</p>

<div class='lg-container-r c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>(Signed) “<span class='sc'>L. Macquarie.</span>”</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class='lg-container-l c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line in2'>“Government House, Sydney,</div>
      <div class='line'>“New South Wales, 6 June, 1818.”</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c000'>Thus happily terminated a voyage of considerable
length, the circumstances of which were of deep interest,
as involving the solution of a problem, whether
male convicts are susceptible of being reclaimed from
long established habits of idleness, immorality, and
<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>wickedness. Here was obtained irrefragable proof that
the human heart never can be so thoroughly debased
by vice, but still a portion remains uncontaminated;
and that there are still left the seeds of improvement
in the human breast, which require only a timely and
careful cultivation to bring again into the state of reproducing
good and wholesome fruits.</p>

<p class='c000'>During my stay in the colony, which was only
for a few weeks, in order to prosecute some inquiries
on subjects of Natural History with which that country
is eminently abundant, many of my leisure hours
were passed in the society of men distinguished by
their elevated situations, and still more by their very
engaging manners, fund of useful knowledge, and
that urbanity which bids the stranger feel himself at
home.</p>

<p class='c000'>I should deem myself to act most unworthily, did
I not here declare my obligations to Governor
<span class='sc'>Macquarie</span> for the truly polite and invariable attention
I received during my stay. Indeed I shall never
forget the acknowledgements I stand indebted for his
kindness in affording to my inquiries every desirable
facility in the researches I had occasion to make. For
His Excellency’s hospitable reception, and the numerous
friends with whom I thus enjoyed the social converse,
and the happy absence of reserve, make me
look upon and value that short period as among the
most pleasant days of my existence.</p>

<p class='c000'>I made many excursions from Sydney into the interior
of the country, and found my researches well
rewarded by valuable specimens in almost every branch
of Natural History, particularly Geology, to which
<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>my principal attention was then directed. Of these
specimens I made a very considerable collection for
the gratification of some esteemed friends in London.
The observations made on those occasions I had
thrown into a concise arrangement in the form of
notes, suited to the collection of each day’s excursion,
intending to transcribe them at large in a scientific
form, during the voyage home. An awful occurrence,
however, defeated my intentions in that respect.</p>

<p class='c000'>Having been intrusted with the dispatches of Governor
Macquarie to the Government at home, it was
necessary to return to Europe with as little delay as
possible: accordingly, taking advantage of the opportunity
afforded by the Neptune, which was going to
India, I went thither, and there embarked in the first
vessel which was about to sail for England. Near
the island of Mauritius a dreadful hurricane came on,
which nearly caused the destruction of the vessel, and
reduced her to a wreck. Almost every thing on board
was destroyed, and with the greatest difficulty were
my exertions sufficient to preserve the Government
dispatches at the utmost risk of my life. My whole
collection of specimens was unfortunately lost; my
clothes, books, and papers, except some private memoranda,
shared the same fate; and I found myself
on the shore of Port Louis destitute of every personal
comfort, and deprived of many very valuable matters
independently of the losses above enumerated. Among
these I had to regret the loss of my remarks on the
Natural History of New South Wales, collected from
my own observations during the time I had remained
in that country. A very valuable set of surgical instruments
<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>also was unfortunately carried away during
the awful visitation of that storm.—The recollection
of this misfortune always brings distressing
thoughts to my mind.</p>

<p class='c000'>With respect to my losses on that occasion, I felt
some consolation in the hope that the Government
would direct some indemnification for them, as I
might, perhaps, have saved some things of value belonging
to myself during the tempest, had not my
endeavours been exclusively devoted to the preservation
of the dispatches. With the result of my expectations
of being thus indemnified I have no reason
to congratulate myself; for, although the claim was
couched and urged in the most respectful language,
it did not appear to be considered a fit application, and
I was obliged to reconcile myself to the loss and disappointment<a id='r4' /><a href='#f4' class='c006'><sup>[4]</sup></a>.</p>

<p class='c000'>Previously to that unfortunate occurrence, I had
made notes of some observations regarding the treatment
of the convicts during the voyage, and the effects
of the system which I found it proper to employ.
Those papers being of considerable extent occupied
much of my time and attention on the passage from
New South Wales; but they too became involved in
the above disaster off the Mauritius. I had the greater
reason to regret this latter circumstance, as my intention
<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>was thereby defeated of laying before the Commissioners
of the Navy a full and detailed account of
the voyage, for the “information of His Majesty’s
Secretary of State.”</p>

<p class='c000'>I considered it, however, an indispensable duty to
draw up a statement from such materials as memory
could furnish, agreeably to the instructions received
from the Navy Board; and in compliance, immediately
on my return to London, I made a hasty sketch of my
remarks in the form of a letter addressed to that Board;
but as I have not since been favoured with any intimation
of its ever having been received, I am compelled
to think that it never came to hand. As this
document may be interesting to those who bestow
consideration on the subject of these remarks, I beg
leave to subjoin a copy of it from the rough draught
which happened to remain with me.</p>

<div class='lg-container-l c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>“<span class='sc'>Gentlemen</span>,</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class='lg-container-r c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>“London, 3rd September, 1819.</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>“I have the honour to acquaint you of my return
from New South Wales, whither you were pleased to
send me as Surgeon and Superintendent of the late
convict ship Neptune. In obedience to your instructions,
I took occasion to give a sketch or outline of the
measures I employed for the management of the convicts,
in a letter I had the honour to address you from
the Cape of Good Hope, dated 8th March 1818.
On this head I have only to add, that we received sixteen
more convicts at that colony, and seven soldiers
additional guard, which crowded us considerably; but
I am happy to say we performed the voyage without
losing a man.</p>

<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>“In the letter above alluded to, I mentioned having
formed twenty-three of our juvenile depredators into
a school, of whom only three knew the alphabet. I
found it an agreeable relaxation from other duties, to
instruct, and to the best of my power reclaim, these
children of error; and I am glad to say my endeavours
were not unavailing; for, before we arrived at Sydney,
they could all read the Scriptures gracefully, some indeed
elegantly.</p>

<p class='c009'>“In forming a few regulations for the guidance of
the convicts while on board, I was desirous of trying
the influence of religious exhortation; and I thought
the dejected state of mind into which vice and folly
had plunged them, a favourable opportunity for evincing
its powers. I did not aim at too much at first;
but by endeavouring to recall known truths to their
minds, and impress a firm belief that the exercise of
those virtues which still remained within their power,
would contribute to meliorate their condition in a future
state, I proceeded with facility and success far
beyond the most earnest hope I had ever entertained.
Indeed, so much did this plan improve their conduct
and morals, that during the last two months they were
on board, I am confident half a dozen oaths or obscene
expressions were not uttered in the prison.</p>

<p class='c009'>“It may not be irrelevant to mention, that such exemplary
behaviour enabled us with safety to increase
their comforts. Accordingly we had their irons struck
off, and allowed the prison doors to be left open during
the day, as marks of confidence which it was their interest
to merit, and which they never abused. I do
<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>not mean to say that this plan might always be followed
with impunity, or that the same means would
always produce the same effects; but certain I am,
that even convicts are susceptible of gratitude, which,
when sincere, is not less binding than chains; and I
think the subject thus attached is more likely at some
future period to be useful to society, than he whose
mind, unused to the language of consolation, sinks into
pitiable imbecility, or too often is driven by despair to
horrible deeds. I shall urge this subject no further
than simply to state, that if your Board wish for a
more detailed account of my system, it will give me
great pleasure to particularize every circumstance that
occurred during the voyage, that may appear worthy
of its notice.</p>

<p class='c009'>“I owe it to justice here to state, that during the
voyage I received every possible assistance from Mr.
Robert Carns, Master of the Neptune. On every occasion,
his humanity and readiness to promote the
comforts of the prisoners were most eminently conspicuous;
and I am glad to have an opportunity of
acknowledging, that, without his willing co-operation
and excellent discipline, my endeavours could not
have been so successful:—indeed, no man could have
discharged a public duty with more zeal and fidelity.</p>

<p class='c009'>“In obedience to the sixteenth article of Instructions
furnished by your Honourable Board, I beg permission
humbly and earnestly to solicit your attention
to a few observations which, I think, would in some
measure tend to reduce the mass of wretchedness that
generally exists in a convict-ship. What I have to
<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>propose has this recommendation, That, while it contributes
to suppress vice and immorality, it will also
be some little diminution of the public expenses. I
therefore trust that the following remarks will not be
deemed entirely destitute of interest, how trifling soever
they may appear.</p>

<p class='c009'>“<em>First</em>:—I think the allowance of spirits to the
soldiers composing the guard in a convict-ship is too
much by half. I am confident there was not a night,
while they had full allowance in the Neptune, but some
were intoxicated; and on some occasions more than half
of them were found quite unfit for duty, notwithstanding
their commanding officer did all he could to keep them
in good order. This scene of debauchery was heightened
by the very abandoned conduct of their wives,
who, in fits of intoxication, would offer themselves indiscriminately
for prostitution; which kept up constant
jealousy, and excited quarrels between the soldiers and
sailors that often assumed a very serious aspect. The
commanding officer of the guard at length found it
necessary to order the spirits to be drunk on deck at
the tub, and none to be carried from thence; which
certainly had a good effect; though I have seen the
mothers urge their children to drink till they fell down
totally insensible. These disgraceful excesses, which
undermine and corrode every noble faculty of the soul,
would be most effectually prevented by lessening the
quantity of spirits to the soldiers, and allowing their
wives and children none at all. I am sure it never improves
their health; and it undoubtedly corrupts their
morals. It is difficult to conceive what necessity a
young child can have for spirits; and yet, in this service,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>it is allowed a certain quantity from the hour of its
birth<a id='r5' /><a href='#f5' class='c006'><sup>[5]</sup></a>. The fact is, the child’s allowance helps to
make the mother drunk, in which state the dearest
ties of nature are forgotten, and too often the wretched
offspring falls a victim to the worse than brutal intemperance,
and consequent neglect, of its unnatural parent.
I shudder to say that two infants in the Neptune
were sacrificed in this manner.</p>

<p class='c009'>“I must beg leave to relate one fact, which I hope
will be considered a satisfactory proof that this evil
might be avoided. A few days after the Neptune sailed
from the Cape of Good Hope, it was discovered that
the quantity of spirits put on board for the guard was
nearly expended, and it was then impossible to procure
more: the consequence was, that for the last five
weeks of the voyage they had none at all; and it was
really surprising how much better they behaved during
this period than they had done before. I took occasion
to mention these facts to Governor Macquarie,
who requested me to lay a statement of them before
your Board. I had the honour of bearing his
dispatches to Earl Bathurst, in which I am willing to
hope he has enforced something on this subject.</p>

<p class='c009'>“<em>Secondly</em>:—The next thing on which I would beg
permission to remark, is the quantity of water allowed
to a convict, viz. two quarts per day, which in warm
latitudes is by no means sufficient; and, agreeably to
the scheme for victualling, the Surgeon cannot direct
<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>any more to be given, let the necessity be ever so great.
That a number of men crowded together in a prison,
and panting under a vertical sun, will suffer more inconvenience
from thirst than others differently circumstanced,
is a truth too obvious to need any illustration;
and its force may be increased by stating, that the mercury
of a thermometer in the prison uniformly ranged
nine degrees higher than in any other part of the ship,
though ventilation and every other cooling means were
attended to very carefully, and upwards of fifty prisoners
were always on deck twelve hours in the day. As
every ship is required to have eight months’ water on
board before she sails from England, this inconvenience
might easily be obviated.</p>

<p class='c009'>“While on this subject, it may not be improper to
say a word or two on the quality of the water, to which
sufficient attention is seldom or never paid. The filling
of it in the river is always intrusted to the mate
of the ship, who generally consults his own convenience,
without much regarding the state of the tide, or
whether it is salt or muddy; and in very many cases
before the ship has been three weeks at sea it becomes
both putrid and offensive. I would therefore humbly
recommend, that not a cask be suffered to be filled
without being carefully inspected by the Surgeon Superintendent.
I have seen so much mischief result
from inattention to this simple precaution, that humanity
obliges me to represent it as an indispensable duty.
I am persuaded no medical man who is anxious for
the welfare of his charge, and values his own reputation,
will think this remark unimportant or superfluous:—a
<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>strict observance of it would in the end spare
him a great deal of trouble, and save many lives.</p>

<p class='c009'>“<em>Thirdly</em>:—Two pudding-bags ought to be allowed
to each mess. At present there is only one, which
is always worn out before the voyage is half over,—sometimes
before it is commenced; and the poor
creatures are exposed to much inconvenience. As
prisoners, they are secluded from all the little resources
of which a sailor can avail himself; and often their
allowance of flour is rendered useless for want of something
to boil it in.</p>

<p class='c009'>“<em>Fourthly</em>;—I am of opinion that in every ship
there ought to be separate cooking places for the
guards and convicts. To save a little expense, the
owners generally provide but one boiler with a partition
in it, one end of which is intended for the guards,
the other for the convicts; but this very ill answers
the purpose. Both dinners cannot be cooked at the
same time, and in bad weather it is difficult to cook
one; consequently some party must wait till an uncomfortably
late hour every day, and sometimes go without
entirely; which is sure to produce discontent.</p>

<p class='c009'>“<em>Fifthly</em>:—Were hammocks used in the hospital
in lieu of the cradles, which hitherto have been fitted
up, they would be found very convenient. The cradles
are unwieldy things, and so completely fill the
sick apartment, that room is not left for a patient to
move a step from his bed, and cleanliness is thereby
prevented. On the other hand, hammocks could be
sent on deck in the morning, which would enable the
Surgeon to employ ventilation, and ensure cleanliness
<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>whenever he pleased, on the efficacy of which I need
not expatiate. Certain it is, that no sick person can
ever be considered a fit subject for proving the powers
of medicine, if the strictest attention be not given to
air, diet, and cleanliness.</p>

<p class='c009'>“It is with much diffidence that I have ventured
to submit the foregoing remarks, which are deduced
from faithful and accurate observation. I sincerely
hope it will not be thought that I have offered my
opinion with unbecoming confidence, or represented
my own humble endeavours too presumptuously. My
most ambitious wish is to contribute my mite to promote
the cause of morality and Christian virtue; and
should any thing I have here proposed be fortunate
enough to meet with public approbation, and be carried
into effect, I shall consider it a reward far beyond
any other gratification I can derive from the service.</p>

<p class='c009'>“I am sorry for having trespassed so long on your
time; and it is with deep regret that I feel it necessary
to solicit your further indulgence, to state the
cause of my very tedious voyage from Sydney hither.
When I received Governor Macquarie’s dispatches, he
left it to my own judgement to proceed to Europe by
the shortest route. I left Sydney the 9th June 1818
in the Neptune, and arrived at Madras in the middle
of September, where, in consequence of the Canadian
war, ships were wanted to carry troops to Ceylon, and
she was chartered for that purpose. This would necessarily
detain her in India two or three months; and
as there was no ship about to sail for England, I proceeded
to Calcutta, where I found one nearly ready to
sail for Liverpool, in which I engaged a passage; but
<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>off the island of Mauritius she was overtaken by a
violent hurricane, totally dismasted, and reduced to a
complete wreck. With extreme difficulty I preserved
Governor Macquarie’s dispatches, and a few private
papers; but every other article in my possession perished.
The ship was got into Port Louis a few days
after, and I reported myself to the commanding naval
officer; but no opportunity offered to enable me to
proceed for nine weeks, when another hurricane came
on that drove on shore or sunk every vessel in the
harbour, which increased my detention sixteen days
longer. Since that time a series of calms and contrary
winds retarded my progress much beyond the
time in which the voyage is generally performed.</p>

<p class='c009'>“I take the liberty to inclose two certificates, that
I hope will show the anxious desire I had to avoid
delay, which, however, has unfortunately been too
great; but, so far from serving any private end, has
been attended with expense, inconvenience and distress,
that I feel I shall long have occasion to deplore.</p>

<div class='lg-container-r c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>“I have the honour to be, &amp;c.</div>
      <div class='line in9'>(Signed)       “<span class='sc'>Thomas Reid</span>,</div>
      <div class='line in11'>“Surgeon and Superintendent.”</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c000'>The article alluded to in the above letter forms a part
of the Instructions given from the Navy Board to every
Surgeon in the convict service, and is as follows:</p>

<p class='c000'>“In case any remark should occur to you respecting
the general management of convicts on their passage,
with a view still better to preserve their health,
you are to communicate them to this Board for the
information of the Secretary of State.”</p>

<hr class='c007' />

<div class='footnote' id='f4'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r4'>4</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Since my late return from New South Wales, I laid a statement
of my losses before the Commissioners for victualling His Majesty’s
Navy; and I am truly grateful for the kindness and attention with
which they were pleased to treat me. The only remuneration <em>they</em>
could grant was, to order the value of my surgical instruments to
be paid; which they did most readily.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f5'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r5'>5</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Since my last return to England, I have heard with sincere
pleasure that this subject has engaged the attention of the Navy
Board; who, with great propriety, have directed tea and sugar to
be issued to the women and children in lieu of spirits.</p>
</div>

<div class='chapter'>
  <span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>
  <h2 class='c003'>CHAPTER III.<br /> <br /> <span class='large'>VOYAGE IN THE MORLEY.</span></h2>
</div>

<p class='drop-capa0_0 c005'>Having in duty reported to the proper authority
the account of my voyage in the Neptune, I was requested
frequently to explain to several persons interested
in the cause of humanity many particulars of
my system of management in the superintendence of
convicts during transportation. The commands of
Mrs. <span class='sc'>Fry</span> in this respect met my warmest wishes;
and as that lady’s exertions were then most actively
devoted to effect a virtuous change in the female prisoners
in Newgate, it was suggested that taking charge
of a female convict ship to New South Wales might
be productive of similar consequences.</p>

<p class='c000'>As this subject, therefore, occupied the benignant
mind of that benefactress of the unfortunate of her
sex, and through them of mankind, and in consequence
of the good likely to result from the endeavour, I determined
to contribute my humble aid in support of a
cause so highly interesting in design, and noble in its
end. It is a characteristic of the truly good and great,
never to relax until the object deemed worthy of attention
is attained. Mrs. Fry lost not a moment in waiting
on the Comptroller of the Navy, who, instantly
coinciding in her views, gave his full support and encouragement;
<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>and ordered my appointment immediately
to the next female transport ship to be taken up
for New South Wales. In many particulars this gentleman’s
attention to arrangements more directly affecting
the comforts of the convicts was conspicuous.
In every instance, indeed, which has come within my
knowledge, a prompt regard to the concerns of humanity
has distinguished the conduct of Sir <span class='sc'>T. Byam
Martin</span>.</p>

<p class='c000'>The <em>Morley</em>, a ship of four hundred and ninety-two
tons register, was taken up for the above purpose,
and ordered down to Deptford to undergo the necessary
preparations. Whilst fitting up at that place, I
was honoured by an invitation from Mrs. Fry, in
compliance with which I accompanied that lady and
two others, Mrs. <span class='sc'>Pryor</span> and Miss <span class='sc'>Saunderson</span>,
members of the Committee, to visit the vessel and see
the preparations going forward. Here the benevolent
wishes of the ladies were met by polite and ready attention
from Captain <span class='sc'>Young</span>, R. N., agent for transports,
under whose direction and superintendence
these ships are fitted up, and whose zeal in the faithful
discharge of every public duty is too well known to
receive any additional honour from my feeble tribute
of well-meant and honest approbation.</p>

<p class='c000'>Many highly useful arrangements had already been
made in the prison and hospital under Captain Young’s
directions, which with some few exceptions were perfectly
approved of; but the plan of an appropriate
place for a school which the Committee were anxious
to have established on board, to be continued throughout
the voyage, had not as yet been attended to:
<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>however, on the suggestions of Mrs. Fry and her
friends, as soon as the matter was fully made known to
Captain Young, that intelligent officer instantly proposed
a mode by which the desired point might be
gained, and on consideration this plan was adopted
and put into execution.</p>

<p class='c000'>In these arrangements, the object of the ladies to
have some convenient place set apart for the school
was fully attained; but unfortunately the general plan
of fitting up female convict ships could not be departed
from, and <em>security</em> was therefore entirely lost
sight of.</p>

<p class='c000'>In a short time the Morley was fully prepared for
the reception of the convicts, and soon after was ordered
down to Woolwich to remain in the river, at anchor
in <em>Galleons Reach</em>, until her complement should be
received, convicts having been ordered to be forwarded
thither from several prisons in England and Scotland.</p>

<p class='c000'>The liberality of Government had allowed a free
passage to a number of females who were permitted
to join their husbands and relatives in New South
Wales; and these, according to order from the office
of the <em>Home Department</em>, were all on board within a
certain day appointed. A considerable time had
elapsed before the convicts, passengers, children, &amp;c.,
were completely embarked, during which interval Mrs.
Fry visited the ship occasionally to see her intentions
fully effected; and this attention to the unhappy objects
of her solicitude was the more valuable, as her
time was then of the most pressing importance to her
<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>own interest and feeling, some valued relatives of hers
being dangerously ill. Her absence, when unavoidable, was
unremittingly supplied to the convicts by the
care and watchfulness of Mrs. Pryor, whom not the
roughest weather or greatest personal inconvenience
could deter from the work of humanity. Her kind
impressive admonitions and consoling advice were
given to the unfortunate exiles without reserve, and
several articles of comfort and convenience, which had
been provided by the Committee, were then distributed
by this amiable character.</p>

<p class='c000'>Whilst these attentions to their personal wants were
sedulously given, a due regard to their spiritual welfare
was not forgotten. Bibles and Testaments, besides
those supplied by the Navy Board, were furnished
from the Committee, and also other books of a religious
and moral description, peculiarly selected for
their circumstances. The kindness of other benevolent
persons contributed sermon books and religious
tracts in the same manner, and merits particular mention
for such generosity. My acknowledgements in
this respect are especially due to Mrs. <span class='sc'>Wilkinson</span>
of <em>Clapham Common</em>, <span class='sc'>Robert Marsden</span> of <em>Doughty
Street</em>, Esq., and <span class='sc'>J. L. Nicholas</span> of <em>Southampton
Row</em>, Esq. By several other persons also whom I
have not the pleasure to know, their names having
been concealed, religious books and useful tracts were
sent me through the same praiseworthy motives. The
number of these publications altogether was so considerable,
as to allow of a liberal distribution to the convicts
and free passengers, who, by the good use made
<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>of their contents, have given ample proof of their grateful
sense of the favours thus conferred<a id='r6' /><a href='#f6' class='c006'><sup>[6]</sup></a>.</p>

<p class='c000'>A supply of books and other things fit for the children
was carefully sent on board from the Ladies’
Committee; and, to complete their benevolent design,
a quantity of straw for plaiting, and some materials
for knitting and sewing, were purchased, as their funds
would allow, in order to afford the convicts employment
on the voyage.</p>

<p class='c000'>Having well considered the mode in which the conduct
of the convicts should be best submitted to the
public, as the voyage was undertaken that the progress
of reformation among these women should be
undisguisedly laid open to observation, be the event
favourable or otherwise to the wishes entertained of
its success; it appeared the most candid course to state
the whole train of occurrences, as they were entered
daily in the journal, with that undeviating observance
of truth which became the general design, and the
most scrupulous attention to accuracy in the circumstances
recorded. In this manner, every change for
better or worse must pass successively under review,
and a correct judgement of the whole be the more satisfactorily
determined.</p>

<p class='c000'>In consequence of this mode of detail, there will
doubtless appear many instances of repetition, nor can
<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>much variety be expected to occur where the subject
is of necessity so extremely limited. Nothing extraneous
to the great object in view (the best means of
reclaiming convicts from their vicious habits) has
been suffered to hold a place in this journal, which is
therefore as much as possible abstracted from my professional
attentions during the voyage, being exclusively
and literally a history of their minds, as well as
it could be ascertained by incessant and close investigation;
and a faithful record of every trait of amendment,
as the system progressively evolves itself in its
effects, discoverable in their behaviour.</p>

<p class='c000'>The plan adopted is founded on strict impartiality.
Where there has appeared cause for censure, reprehension
has not been withheld; and wherever the
behaviour merited approbation, they have received a
just share of praise; but in no regard whatever has
strict justice been intentionally departed from.</p>

<p class='c000'>The efficacy of proper regulations having been
proved on board the Neptune, in restraining the turbulent
from licentiousness, and bringing all under the
influence of order, I drew up the following Regulations,
which being fixed up conspicuously in the prison, presented
daily admonition, and took away all excuse, at
least on the plea of ignorance, for breach of discipline;
and the ready and cheerful manner they were generally
acquiesced in afforded me much satisfaction.</p>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c004'>
    <div><em>Regulations.</em></div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c000'>With a view to ensure the health and comfort of
the prisoners, as also to establish a system of good
order, decency, and religious conduct during the voyage,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>the <em>Surgeon Superintendent</em> has drawn up the
following regulations, which must be most strictly observed.</p>

  <dl class='dl_1'>
    <dt>I.—</dt>
    <dd>The care and management of each mess shall be intrusted to a Monitor, who will be held
    responsible for any irregularities committed by those under her direction: it is expected
    that every one will behave respectfully, and be obedient to the monitor of her particular
    mess.
    </dd>
    <dt>II.—</dt>
    <dd>Cursing and swearing,—obscene and indecent language,—fighting and quarrelling,—as such
    practices tend to dishonour <span class='sc'>God’s</span> holy name, and corrupt good
    manners, will incur the displeasure of the Surgeon Superintendent, and be visited with
    punishment and disgrace.
    </dd>
    <dt>III.—</dt>
    <dd>Cleanliness being essentially necessary to the health, comfort, and well-being of every
    person on board, it is desired that the most scrupulous attention in this respect shall
    be observed on every occasion.
    </dd>
    <dt>IV.—</dt>
    <dd>The monitors are particularly enjoined the utmost vigilance in taking care that nothing
    disorderly shall appear among the members of their respective messes.
    </dd>
    <dt>V.—</dt>
    <dd>Any one convicted of disturbing others whilst engaged in reading the holy Scriptures, or
    other religious exercise, will incur special animadversion, and such misconduct will be
    entered in the journal.
    </dd>
    <dt>VI.—</dt>
    <dd>A proper reserve towards the sailors will be held indispensable, and all intercourse with
    them must be avoided as much as possible.
    </dd>
    <dt>VII.—</dt>
    <dd>A daily account will be kept, and a faithful report made to His Excellency the Governor
    of New <span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>South Wales of the conduct of each individual during the voyage, and
    those who behave well, though they may have come here with bad characters, will be
    represented favourably: the <em>Surgeon Superintendent</em> pledges to use his utmost
    effort to get every one settled in a comfortable manner whose behaviour shall merit such
    friendly interference.
    </dd>
    <dt>N. B.</dt>
    <dd>Any breach of the above regulations, or any attempt to deface or destroy this paper, will
    be punished severely; and the person so offending must not expect to be recommended to
    the kind notice of the Governor of New South Wales.
    </dd>
    </dl>
<hr class='c018' />

<p class='c000'>Before commencing the journal, I shall insert here
a statement of the various offences for which these women
had been sentenced to banishment, with a view
of the characters given with them from the proper authority
as they came on board. This will serve to show
the proportionate expectation, as to moral reformation,
which was to continue connected with their general
and individual conduct, throughout a long voyage
of at least several months. The names of the individuals
are not mentioned, as matter comparatively of
little interest.</p>

<table class='table2' summary=''>
  <tr><td class='c017' colspan='2'><em>Crimes.</em></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <th class='c014'></th>
    <th class='c015'>Convicts.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Burglary</td>
    <td class='c015'>4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Grand larceny</td>
    <td class='c015'>8</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Petit</span> larceny</td>
    <td class='c015'>11</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Felony</td>
    <td class='c015'>3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Stealing in a dwelling house</td>
    <td class='c015'>6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Stealing furniture</td>
    <td class='c015'>2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>Stealing from the person</td>
    <td class='c015'>7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Stealing a watch</td>
    <td class='c015'>3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Stealing linen</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Stealing cheese</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Stealing sheets</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Stealing earthenware</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Stealing wheat</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Stealing two pieces of carpet</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Stealing a purse and money</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Sheep stealing</td>
    <td class='c015'>3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Shop-lifting</td>
    <td class='c015'>10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Forged notes</td>
    <td class='c015'>41</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Receiving stolen goods</td>
    <td class='c015'>10</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Highway robbery</td>
    <td class='c015'>5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Robbing her employers</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c015'>———</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c016'>Total</td>
    <td class='c015'>121</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c015'>———</td>
  </tr>
  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
  <tr><td class='c017' colspan='2'><em>Characters.</em></td></tr>
  <tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Good</td>
    <td class='c015'>6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Bad</td>
    <td class='c015'>61</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Not known</td>
    <td class='c015'>17</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Old offenders</td>
    <td class='c015'>9</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Three times in custody on charges of felony</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Common utterers of forged notes</td>
    <td class='c015'>6</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Disorderly characters</td>
    <td class='c015'>7</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Fifth conviction</td>
    <td class='c015'>2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Kept houses of bad fame</td>
    <td class='c015'>5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Second offence</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Fifth offence</td>
    <td class='c015'>1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>Confirmed thieves</td>
    <td class='c015'>5</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c015'>———</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c016'>Total</td>
    <td class='c015'>121</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c015'>———</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<p class='c000'>Several of those ill-fated creatures had been capitally
respited; <em>twenty-three</em> were sentenced to transportation
<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>for life; <em>fifty</em> for fourteen, and <em>forty eight</em> for
seven years.</p>

<hr class='c018' />

<p class='c000'>“1820. <em>March</em> 24th.—This day I joined the Morley
at Deptford, where she was taking in stores; and
carpenters from the Dock-yard were employed in fitting
her for the voyage<a id='r7' /><a href='#f7' class='c006'><sup>[7]</sup></a>.</p>

<p class='c000'>“<em>April</em> 12th.—Cast off the moorings and dropped
down to Galleons Reach.</p>

<p class='c000'>18th.—About noon four female prisoners from
Devon Gaol were brought on board, and to them were
immediately given that day’s allowance of provisions,
and beds, with other necessary articles.</p>

<p class='c000'>21st.—Seven convicts were brought, at 5 <span class='fss'>P. M.</span>,
from Horsemonger-lane, who were disposed of in
messes along with the former, and the proper attention
in every other respect paid them.</p>

<p class='c000'>22nd.—Two prisoners arrived from the county gaol
of Kent.</p>

<p class='c000'>23rd.—At noon a lighter came alongside with forty
female convicts from Newgate; and shortly afterwards
three more from Exeter were brought on board, and
one also from the Justitia Hulk at Woolwich, all of
whom were classed and victualled.</p>

<p class='c000'>24th.—At 11 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> assembled the convicts in the
prison, and distributed among them some religious
tracts; after which I read to them a moral discourse
which I had prepared for the occasion; when the orderly
<span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>and respectful conduct they evinced gave me
strong hopes of success in future. I distributed printed
copies of the Address, one to each, in order that, by
considering the subject more at leisure in private, they
might better understand its tendency, and avail themselves
of its design.”</p>

<p class='c000'>The following is a correct copy of the Address,
which comprehends some of the fundamental principles
by which it is my intention they shall be regulated
during the voyage.</p>

<h3 class='c020'>ADDRESS.</h3>

<p class='c021'>The object of my calling you together at this time,
is to make a few observations regarding the voyage
which, under Providence, we are about to commence.
On your good and correct behaviour during this voyage
your future happiness will depend in an infinitely
greater degree than, I apprehend, any of you can form
the least conception; let me, therefore, entreat your
undivided attention, and most serious consideration,
to what I am about to offer, as it materially concerns
your own welfare.</p>

<p class='c000'>Your peculiar situation, it is true, excites compassionate
consideration, and the performance of any duty
which requires rigid restraint, and perhaps measures
of severity, must always be painful to a benevolent
mind. It is distressing to contemplate the situation
of the wretched or unfortunate, even at a distance; and
to meliorate their condition must be the first wish and
the most gratifying work of humanity.</p>

<p class='c000'>I trust there is no need of employing arguments to
prove that vicious conduct invariably leads to disgrace
<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>and misery; the unhappy circumstances in which you
are all placed here, must be a more convincing proof
of this than any other I can adduce, though many
thousands might be mentioned. It is far from my
intention to add to your distress by upbraiding you
with the errors of your past life; none of us can recall
the past; but, for the consolation of human nature,
we possess, with the divine aid, over the future an unlimited
and absolute control: to this latter point I am
particularly desirous of directing your attention.</p>

<p class='c000'>The word exile, or banishment, sounds harshly on
the ear, and must ever convey to the heart the most
acute feeling of anguish. Our native land, containing
the scenes of youthful amusements and innocent
pleasures, abandoned perhaps for ever! the dear ties
by which nature had united you to your families, relations
and friends must become lacerated; yes, to be
compelled to separate from parents, children and husbands,
dear as life, and to be parted from them for
ever, is, it must be confessed, a truly bitter thought.
Under this accumulated load of misery is there no ray
of hope, no relief to be obtained? Yes, my unfortunate
friends, not only relief, but consummate happiness,
even joys unspeakable are within the reach of
every one of you.</p>

<p class='c000'>The Holy Scriptures abound with merciful promises
of forgiveness, and gracious invitations to sinners of
every sect and degree. Our blessed Redeemer addresses
his consolations more immediately to those
who are languishing under the horrors of a guilty conscience.
His language is that of a tender father earnestly
soliciting a wayward child, on whom his fond affection
<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>is lavished, to return to its duty and avert
the punishment awarded to disobedience. Who can
meditate on his boundless offers of mercy and forgiveness
without being<a id='t105'></a> filled with grateful admiration of
the divine attributes? In the xith chap. of St. Matthew,
28th verse, we hear this most consoling invitation,
“<em>Come unto me, all ye that labour and are heavy
laden, and I will give you rest</em>.” It is impossible to
appreciate fully the intrinsic value of these heavenly
words; many times, in my own person, have I experienced
their soothing effects on the pillow of sickness,
and their tranquillizing power in moments of the keenest
affliction: I wish, from my soul, that every one of
you may derive as much happiness from those words
as I have done.</p>

<p class='c000'>The word of a mortal creature may deceive; but
the promise of Christ, who died for our salvation,
must stand: it is utterly impossible for any one, how
incredulous soever he may pretend to be, to doubt that
a single jot of God’s promises will be left unperformed.</p>

<p class='c000'>With a firm conviction, then, of divine righteousness,
let us piously meditate on the words of the text,
and endeavour to apply to our minds the healing balm
they convey. I shall explain, according to the best
of my judgement, what preparation is most advisable
and necessary to enable us to avail ourselves of this
most gracious invitation. The first great step towards
it is <em>Repentance</em>. By repentance I do not wish you
to understand that fleeting and pitiful grief, which suffuses
us in tears for the crimes of yesterday, and, soon
evaporating, will allow us to-morrow to resume the
practice of iniquity. The Almighty is not to be deceived
<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>by mockery and external show; “<em>A sacrifice to God
is that of an humble and a contrite heart</em>;” nor will
that temporary piety which is produced by distress
or fear, render us acceptable before him: it is humility
from a sense of our unworthiness, and profound
contrition of heart for past offences, with sincere purpose
of amendment, and a resolute determination to
resist the slightest approach of temptation, and to return
from the paths of evil, that will gain us favour in
his sight.</p>

<p class='c000'>If, with these sentiments in our minds, we supplicate
the throne of mercy, we have every encouragement
to confide in the divine clemency; for we are assured
that “<em>None who come unto Christ will he in any
wise cast out</em><a id='r8' /><a href='#f8' class='c006'><sup>[8]</sup></a>.” Consoling promise! Suppose any
one under sentence of death were offered a pardon,
the errors of his past life to be for ever buried in oblivion,
and honours and riches to be liberally bestowed
upon him, on condition that he confessed his crime
and pledged himself to lead a virtuous life in future;
surely such a person must be considered mad, should
he obstinately persist in guilt, and allow the sentence
of the law to be carried into execution, when the means
of preservation and of averting his dreadful fate were
in his own hands! Let me ask any of you, whether you
would not gladly have undertaken to renounce for ever
those errors by which you were first led astray from
the pleasing paths of virtue, to prevent your being now
separated from your native country? Undoubtedly you
would. Yet how trifling, how insignificant are loss
<span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>of life and separation from the dearest objects of affection,
compared with an eternal exile from your heavenly
Father, and the destruction of the immortal soul!
The thought is overwhelming.</p>

<p class='c000'>There are some, unfortunately, to be found, who tell
you their lives have been so bad, they have trespassed
so frequently and so enormously, they have gone so
far in vice, that it is useless to think of receding, as
there can be no chance of their being saved, and that
they may, therefore, as well go on to the end. Such
is the degrading, humiliating language that sin dictates
when it has attained its haughty ascendancy over
the human mind, and influences every action. Let
us follow these wretched creatures a step further in
their senseless career; let us view them on a sick bed,
which guilt has converted into a couch of torture;
their fancied pleasures have vanished like a shadow,
and the terrific prospect of a future state is forcibly
and awfully presented to their distempered imagination;
no relief is then in hope, because they had rejected
it before. It has fallen to my lot more than
once, nay more than twenty times, to witness the dying
moments of men whose lives had been misspent; but
I earnestly hope in the divine mercy, that I may never
again be exposed to scenes where my feelings should
be so torn as they were on those melancholy occasions.
It is difficult to imagine any thing equal to the gloom
and horror with which those miserable mortals viewed
their approach to the presence of a just God from
whom they expected no favour. Ten thousand worlds
would they have given for a week, a day, even an hour,
to be added to their existence on earth, an existence
<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>which sin and conscious guilt had rendered exquisitely
wretched, and insupportable. It is really shocking
to contemplate the situation of the hopeless sinner
“whose ungodly race is nearly run, and he verging fast
to the brink of eternity. The awful idea of meeting
that God whom he has so often offended, tortures his
already distracted mind. Conscience is at this moment
his bitterest enemy, it fills his drooping heart
with poignant remorse, and self-condemned, his hell
begins even before life ends.” Infatuated, unthinking
beings! how could guilty passions, or the allurements
of sinful pleasures, so much blind your reason as never
to allow you a moment of serious reflection on a future
state, until you are incompassed by the jaws of
death, until you hear those appalling words thunder
in your ears, “Give an account of thy stewardship, for
thou mayest be no longer steward!”</p>

<p class='c000'>Let me admonish you, my friends, not to reserve
repentance for a death-bed; depend upon it that the
pangs of dissolution will be enough for human nature
to bear, without adding the indescribable tortures of
a troubled conscience: besides, the efficacy of repentance
at the moment of death has been questioned,
doubted, and denied by some of our ablest and most
learned divines. In all cases of doubt or difficulty it
is wise and prudent to choose the safe side; we have
the declaration of the Saviour himself expressly, that
“Except ye be converted and become as little children,
ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven<a id='r9' /><a href='#f9' class='c006'><sup>[9]</sup></a>.” We
have, moreover, the divine authority that our efforts
<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>will receive divine aid, and be ultimately crowned with
success. “Come now, and let us reason together,
saith the Lord; though your sins be as scarlet, they shall
be white as snow; though they be red like crimson,
they shall be as wool. If ye be willing and obedient, ye
shall eat the good things of the land; but if ye refuse
and rebel, ye shall be devoured with the sword; for
the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it<a id='r10' /><a href='#f10' class='c006'><sup>[10]</sup></a>.”</p>

<p class='c000'>Hence you may clearly understand how all those
who labour and are heavy laden may come unto Christ
and find rest. Let me exhort you to implore unceasingly
God’s mercy with penitent and humble hearts,
and you will assuredly find comfort in your souls; for
you will experience his bounteous mercy, ever open to
receive and cherish the truly repentant wanderer. He
is more ready to give than the sinner is to ask; in
chap. lv. 7th verse of Isaiah, he says, “Let the wicked
forsake his way, and the unrighteous man his thoughts;
and let him return to the Lord, and he will have mercy
upon him; and to our God, for he will abundantly
pardon.”</p>

<p class='c000'>By keeping these consoling truths constantly before
your minds, and losing not a moment in cultivating
the precious opportunities of being reconciled to your
heavenly Father, you will doubtless soon experience
an ineffable delight and tranquillity infused into your
souls: but, that great good being effected, I think it
my duty to offer you some further advice, lest you
should lose the advantages you will have acquired by
repentance.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>It would not, I think, be difficult to show, that even
were there to be no future state, virtuous actions tend
more, infinitely more, to promote our happiness in
this world, than the most successful career of vice.
For proofs of this assertion I will confidently appeal
to the experience of your own lives. Let any one present
look back to the days of peaceful innocence, and
compare them with the present. Her meal may have
been frugal, perhaps it was scanty, and necessity may
have compelled her to unceasing toil; but conscious
innocence secured a blessing, and diffused a comfort,
that may be sought for in vain at the guilty banquet,
or in the useless and baneful luxury of sinful dissipation.
On this subject Dr Blair has with equal truth
and beauty made the following apposite observations:</p>

<p class='c000'>“Were the sinner bribed with any certain and unquestionable
advantage, could the means he employs
ensure his success, and could that ensure his comfort,
he might have some apology for deviating from the
paths of virtue. But he is not only liable to that disappointment
of success, which so often frustrates all
the designs of men, but also liable to a disappointment
still more cruel, that of being successful and miserable
at once. The advantages of this world, even when innocently
gained, are uncertain blessings; when obtained
by criminal means, they carry a curse in their bosom.”</p>

<p class='c000'>I hope enough has been said to relieve your minds
from all doubt as to the influence of religion on our
happiness in this world and that which is to come.
The sincere penitent is commanded to hope for salvation,
and it is criminal to despair. “As I live, saith
the Lord God, I have no pleasure in the death of the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>wicked, but that the wicked turn from his way and
live; turn ye, turn ye from your evil way, for why will
ye die, O house of Israel<a id='r11' /><a href='#f11' class='c006'><sup>[11]</sup></a>?”</p>

<p class='c000'>It is now time to direct our attention more immediately
to the situation in which you are placed here
as prisoners, and to point out the best possible means
by which you may be not only comfortable, but comparatively
respectable. It ought to afford you great
gratification to hear that the means of obtaining both
these desirable objects are perfectly and entirely within
your own reach. Your behaviour during the short
period of the present voyage will, in a great measure,
decide your future destiny. The prospect before you
may now wear a forlorn and gloomy aspect; some,
perhaps, think they are inevitably consigned to shame
and misery; but it shall be my care to lay before you
a correct and more cheering view of the case. Call
to your remembrance the consoling language of him
whose blood was shed for the remission of all our sins,
and cherish it in your hearts. “The sufferings of
this present time are not worthy to be compared with
the glory that shall be revealed<a id='r12' /><a href='#f12' class='c006'><sup>[12]</sup></a>.”</p>

<p class='c000'>In the first place, I may assure you that the country
to which you are going is healthy and delightful
beyond description. New connexions and friendships
may there be formed to supply the place of such as
have been just dissolved; and to those who were
plunged in vices which ruin both soul and body, separation
at this instant is perhaps the greatest blessing
<span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>that heaven could bestow: “Lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from evil;” so may those repeat
with thanksgiving of heart who have been so unfortunate.
An opportunity is now offered to bury in oblivion
the errors of your past lives. The instructions
furnished by Government require me to keep a journal,
in which must be inserted the occurrences of every day;
and whether the conduct of an individual be good or
bad, it is imperiously my duty to record it as such.
In this arduous task I shall have the watchful and
zealous co-operation of Captain Brown; so that not
the slightest movement can possibly take place without
our immediate knowledge. This journal will be
perused by the Governor of New South Wales before
any of you can be admitted into his presence; and I
do most sincerely hope that you will all leave it in my
power to give such an account as will ensure for you
his approbation and favour. In addition to this, it is
my intention to present to the Governor a private list
also of all those who behave eminently well, and
strongly to recommend them to his friendly notice.
I have the pleasure to inform you, for your encouragement,
that, on a former occasion, there was not one
whom I recommended in that manner that did not
receive some mark of his kindness.</p>

<p class='c000'>I am unwilling to wound the delicacy of any of you
by adverting to a vice, the commission of which will
imperatively and inevitably require the painful necessity
of inflicting immediate punishment, and cut off
every possibility of intercession with the Governor in
behalf of the offender. I mean <em>prostitution</em>, a crime
the enormity of which it is painful to explain, but which,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>it must be obvious, is peculiarly reprehensible and
disgraceful to any one in your present unhappy situation,
and of which, I trust, you all <em>now</em> entertain a
strong abhorrence. It is sufficient to know that it is
a direct violation of the laws of God, of which I persuade
myself in the hope that none of you can be ignorant.
The words of God are expressly against it,
and a single word from the divine authority is conclusive.
“For out of the heart proceed evil thoughts,
murders, adulteries, fornications, thefts, false witness,
blasphemies; these are the things which defile
a man<a id='r13' /><a href='#f13' class='c006'><sup>[13]</sup></a>.” “Know ye not that the unrighteous shall
not inherit the kingdom of God? Be not deceived;
neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor effeminate, nor
abusers of themselves with mankind, nor thieves,
nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners,
shall inherit the kingdom of God<a id='r14' /><a href='#f14' class='c006'><sup>[14]</sup></a>.” In the
fifth chapter to the Galatians, 19th and following
verses, are these words: “Now the works of the flesh
are manifest, which are these; adultery, fornication,
uncleanness, lasciviousness, idolatry, witchcraft, hatred,
variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions,
heresies, envyings, murders, drunkenness, revilings,
and such like: of the which I tell you now, as I
have also told you in time past, that they who do
such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God.”
And again, in the 13th chapter to the Hebrews, and
4th verse, he says, “Marriage is honourable in all,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>and the bed undefiled; but whoremongers and adulterers
God will judge.”</p>

<p class='c000'>Reflect seriously on those tremendous denunciations
of the vengeance of offended Heaven: give them the
consideration their importance deserves. Put this
question to yourselves individually: “Shall I gratify
a gross and silly propensity, and thereby consign my
immortal soul to perdition? or shall I resist the brutal
importunity of a sensual human beast, and by a
virtuous life ensure the inconceivable joys of an endless
eternity?” O my friends! death and eternity are awful
sounds to an unrepenting, woe-stricken sinner. Picture
to yourselves the life of a prostitute, lost to shame,
in the streets; abandoned by her seducer, and her soul
harrowed by remorse for her fall from innocence, and
the infamy of her abject state; her tender frame shrunk
with the ceaseless gnawings of hunger; houseless,
friendless and unpitied! After a little time, and a series
of necessitous guilt, behold this metamorphosed wretch,
almost consumed by disease, crawling into some dismal
hovel to yield up her life of pain and sorrow,
without a creature to administer the <em>last</em> sad office of
friendship. No father nor mother near to shed the
hallowed tear of sympathetic commiseration! her undutiful
behaviour most likely has sent them both to
an untimely grave.—I cannot longer pursue the dreadful
detail; my soul sickens and recoils from the contemplation
of such complicated misery.</p>

<p class='c000'>I can state, for your comfort, that I know of many
women in New South Wales who are happily married,
and mix in the most respectable society; and those
<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>estimable females were formerly unfortunate, and once
placed in the same situation as yourselves. I think,
were there no other inducement, the knowledge of
this circumstance alone ought to stimulate you to the
practice of morality and virtue. Should there be,
however, any one present so hardened in guilt, so
abandoned to all sense of propriety, as to persist in
this profligate vice, I must now inform her that the
utmost vigilance of both myself and Captain Brown
will be directed to the detection of that odious violation
of Christian propriety, and of our determination
to restrain by prompt and efficient means its detestable
occurrence. Although this painful portion of
our duty shall be unremittingly attended to, as well
as every other inviolably discharged, still it is my desire
that you should apprehend no unnecessary measures
of severity; do not deserve them; but rather
look to me, as your friend anxious to promote your
comforts; and from the humane attention of the commander,
I am confident you may anticipate so much
alleviation as is in his power to bestow. If you have
any complaints or grievances at <em>any</em> time, make them
known to me immediately, and you may rest assured
that it will always afford me pleasure to redress them
to the utmost of my power. You shall have every
indulgence that can possibly be granted; my happiness
will be increased by seeing you all comfortable;
but I must solemnly declare myself an enemy to the
vice above mentioned, nor will I allow the commission
of it to escape punishment.</p>

<p class='c000'>To snatch from the overwhelming gulf of destruction
an unthinking, unrepenting fellow-being, is a
<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>duty which I owe to my God, to my country, to humanity,
and to myself: to that effect shall my utmost
efforts be ever exerted, so long as Providence spares
me the power of exertion.</p>

<p class='c000'>I sincerely hope you will not allow the foregoing
observations to be lost or thrown away: if you treasure
them in your hearts, and make a right application
of them, they will give life to feelings of pleasure
and self-approbation in moments of affliction; and
at the hour of death, a consolation which the united
riches of the earth could not purchase. If I can be
the instrument, under Heaven, of rendering you any
real service, and leading your minds to a just sense of
religion and virtuous action, the feelings of my own
heart will be a rich reward for any pains it may cost
me: whether I succeed or fail in my endeavours, the
consciousness of having faithfully discharged my duty
(which with regard to you I consider most weighty in
a moral sense), to the best of my ability, will console
me through life, and in the close will accompany my
spirit to another and, I hope, a happier world.</p>

<p class='c000'>One word further for your good. In the treasures
of the sacred Scriptures you will find exhaustless
sources of comfort to your souls; for which purpose
copies of the Holy Bible will be distributed amongst
you, and the use each of you shall be observed to make
of it will be <em>strictly</em> recorded in the journal.</p>

<div class='lg-container-r'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Thomas Reid.</span></div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<hr class='c018' />

<p class='c000'>25th.—At noon this day Mrs. Pryor came on board;
and after expressing her regret for the disorderly conduct
<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>of the female prisoners, previously to their leaving
Newgate, and reproving them for their ingratitude
in that respect, as well as the injury their unruly behaviour
had done to the cause of benevolence, she distributed
a considerable number of check aprons to
each, with haberdashery and other needful articles.
Having performed this charitable act, she examined
the prison, hospital, &amp;c., and was much pleased with
the regularity that every where prevailed. She then
read to them a suitable portion of Scripture, and dismissed
them with good moral advice.</p>

<p class='c000'>Two women from York were brought on board, and
a few minutes afterwards three more from Winchester.</p>

<p class='c000'>This forenoon I had the messes arranged, also the
sleeping-places allotted, the bedding, bags, and other
things belonging to the convicts permanently marked,
to prevent confusion and irregularity hereafter; I also
distributed to each individual some religious book or
tract.</p>

<p class='c000'>At 6 <span class='fss'>P. M.</span> three women from Newcastle were
brought, one of whom was old, and so infirm as to
require assistance to get up the ship’s side. About
7, a person arrived, saying he had brought four children
belonging to Browning Owen, a convict, but had
left them at Woolwich, being uncertain whether they
would be received on board. One of them unfortunately
happened to be three years above the age permitted
by the Secretary of State. The case of this
poor woman seems one of aggravated distress: About
nine months since, her husband incited her to commit
crime; and, after involving her in guilt and misery, left
<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>her with a helpless family without a friend in the world.
Her conduct having been exceedingly good since she
came on board, induced me to lay a statement of her
case before Mr. Capper, for the consideration of the
Secretary of State, whose benevolence granted permission
for all the children to be embarked and accompany
their mother.</p>

<p class='c000'>26th.—The whole of this day has been spent in arranging
the messes and sleeping-places of several convicts
who arrived from various prisons. Opportunity
was taken to impress upon their minds the necessity
of good conduct during the voyage, and the advantages
that would assuredly result from such behaviour. Many
of the women who arrived to-day, as well as some who
had been heretofore received, appeared to think that
the most licentious behaviour would be the surest plan
to procure countenance and favour in a ship: this opinion
was indicated by the flighty actions and indecorous
expressions of a great many of them, at the very
first moment they got on board. It is hardly necessary
to say, that in these deviations from rectitude
they were always interrupted with rebuke or admonition,
as the occasion best required, and always with
immediate good effects; those lately arrived usually
taking their tone of conduct from those already under
the influence of discipline.</p>

<p class='c000'>It affords me great gratification to be able to state
that considerable progress already appears to have been
made in the moral system. The first three or four
nights after the women began to increase in number,
I was mortified to hear among them, after they had
been locked up for the night, songs of a licentious and
<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>wicked nature: but in every case of such occurrence,
when taking the female the next day to task for the
part she had performed, and representing to her in
the kindest manner the impropriety of such practices,
they have been discontinued, and during the last two
nights there has occurred in the prison nothing of
which the best regulated family need be ashamed.</p>

<p class='c000'>27th.—Nothing can exceed the regularity that prevails
in the prison; not a whisper having been heard,
or any singing last night. At 11 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> I selected a
sermon out of Dr. Blair’s, and read it to them, explaining,
to the best of my power, such parts of it as
they appeared not to understand, and expressed my
approbation of their conduct respecting those things
in which I expected an amendment. After this,
pamphlets on subjects of devotion were delivered to
the women who arrived yesterday, together with a copy
of my Address, and a religious tract to each of the
others. They were reminded of the Prison Regulations,
and enjoined a close observance of them.</p>

<p class='c000'>About 5 this evening, there arrived three convicts
from Shrewsbury, two from Carlisle, and four from
Lancaster, all of whom were cold and wet, the day
having been rainy and exceedingly boisterous. They
were ordered to change their clothes, and after some
refreshment to retire to rest.</p>

<p class='c000'>In the course of this day I took occasion to speak
privately to three or four young, giddy creatures, whom
I had observed conversing rather familiarly with some
of the sailors, and exhorted them to shun every approach
to intimacy with those men. They all expressed
their grateful thanks for the private and delicate
<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>manner in which this advice was communicated,
and promised solemnly that I should not again have
occasion to reprove them upon the same subject.</p>

<p class='c000'>28th.—Eighteen women have arrived to-day, some
of whom while alongside in the boats, and even after
they came on board, exhibited violent indications of
riotous conduct. Those of mischievous disposition
were principally from Lancaster. It required much
to convince them that such behaviour would meet
with certain and serious punishment; and at length
they yielded to remonstrance, becoming somewhat orderly.</p>

<p class='c000'>About half past 12 five convicts arrived from Ilchester,
of a more decent and modest appearance than any
yet seen, and their demeanour was such as to excite a
hope that in them at least virtue may be found not
entirely extinguished. Having observed some of the
prisoners making advances towards an intimacy with
the sailors, I checked them at the moment, and afterwards
admonished the thoughtless creatures, privately,
against every thing of that kind, and advised them to
have a watchful guard over themselves in future.</p>

<p class='c000'>29th.—Eight prisoners arrived to-day from different
country prisons; the conduct of three or four of them,
as they approached the ship, was wild, extravagant,
and disgusting, from its singular wickedness and disregard
of shame: this, however, was readily suppressed
the moment they came on board.</p>

<p class='c000'>Our number is now nearly complete, and the behaviour
of all is kept within such good bounds that
moral feeling and good order generally prevail, and
life is given to the pleasing hope that success will attend
<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>the endeavours made to lead those deluded and
unfortunate women back to virtue.</p>

<p class='c000'>30th.—Shortly after retiring to rest last night, I
was called up to go to the prison, whence, I was informed,
very alarming cries and violent screams were
issuing. I found most of the women so much frightened,
as to make it difficult to ascertain from any one
of them what had occasioned their trepidation. At
length, the assertions of several gave me reason to
believe, that some one of the convicts had out of frolic
walked round the prison, and touched the faces of
some of them with her cold hand. I treated the whole
as an affair of no note, rather as the effects of imagination;
but at the same time severely reprobated the
idle attempt at disturbing the hours of sleep; and assured
them that any recurrence of the kind would be
visited with marks of severe displeasure.</p>

<p class='c000'>At 11 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> this day, Sunday, I read a sermon in
the prison, and expressed a merited approbation of
their general conduct, with a view to show them that
I was anxious to find cause for commendation rather
than censure; thus to make them, on their side, desirous
to merit good opinion, as out of this endeavour
I hoped to see good order result. Afterwards I distributed
religious books and tracts to all those who
had not been previously supplied.</p>

<p class='c000'><em>May</em> 1st.—About 10 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> Mrs. Pryor came on
board, and distributed amongst forty of the prisoners,
two aprons, a black cap, a canvas bag, a pair of scissors,
and articles of haberdashery to each as presents. This
donation was accompanied by sound moral instruction,
delivered with the kindness of maternal advice, and
<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>conveyed in language of encouragement, which seemed
to produce the intended effect on all to whom it was
addressed: from the impression it made upon their
minds, of which I was a silent and minute observer, it
may be fairly said, that not one of those unhappy females
was insensible at least to what they heard, or
withheld the tear of penitence and sorrow, more precious
in the resolution to amend.</p>

<p class='c000'>At 11 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> Captain Young paid us a visit; and,
after inspecting the state of the prisoners very attentively,
expressed his approbation of every thing that
had been done, in terms somewhat more marked than
those of common place assent.</p>

<p class='c000'>Some little misunderstanding and trifling squabbles
took place between some of the prisoners this day,
which on inquiring into, when the momentary fervour
had subsided, were readily adjusted to the satisfaction
of all the parties. Occurrences of this nature are to
be expected in a community in which inclinations and
habits so diversified must coalesce so as to form
something like one mind uniformly obedient to a
settled authority.</p>

<p class='c000'>It was also found necessary to remonstrate privately
in a more serious manner with some of the women,
whom I observed at times conversing familiarly with
the sailors. Such familiarities, although at present
perhaps divested of criminal intention, might, if not
discountenanced in time, lose their character of innocence,
and lead to more intimate and censurable
acquaintance. It is justly considered more easy by
far, and better, to prevent crimes, than to seek redress
or atonement for them after they have been committed.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>2nd.—This morning, before the prisoners had
breakfasted or were allowed to come upon deck, I took
an opportunity of addressing a few short observations
to them collectively, by way of general admonition;
in which I expressed a strong disapprobation of the
light and thoughtless behaviour of some of them towards
the sailors. I pointed out the decided rule on
this head in the Prison Regulations; explained the delicate
manner in which it was expressed, and informed
them, that, notwithstanding that delicacy, my determination
in that regard was peculiarly strong. I stated,
that I had observed with much concern the misconduct
of six or seven, who seemed unmindful of the regulation;
and assured them that a repetition of such
folly would impose on me the very painful necessity of
excluding such offenders from the privilege of the
deck, and be productive of other unpleasant consequences.
This timely admonition called forth their
serious attention, and all evinced its effects in a satisfactory
manner; all became silence, order, industry,
and decorous reserve.</p>

<p class='c000'>Such indeed did their demeanour appear to some
gentlemen who visited Captain Brown in the course
of the day, that it was facetiously observed, “Half the
same number of fashionables at a ball or rout would
render a drawing-room more noisy than the Morley
was at that time.”</p>

<p class='c000'>3rd.—Nothing of a novel nature has this day occurred
in the behaviour of the convicts. One prisoner
was brought in from Coventry, and some of the free
passengers with their children came on board.</p>

<p class='c000'>About 4 <span class='fss'>P. M.</span> Mr. <span class='sc'>Capper</span> paid us a visit; and having
<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>minutely inspected the prison, and conversed with
several of the prisoners, he expressed his entire approbation
of what he saw.</p>

<p class='c000'>6th.—Nothing of importance has occurred since
last report. Quietness and decorum appear now
manifestly to result from the system laid down: and
so far has it answered my expectations, and so subjected
are they already to discipline, that within the
last two days a frown expressive of my displeasure has
been sufficient to prevent every impropriety.</p>

<p class='c000'>At 11 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> Mrs. Pryor and Mrs. Coventry, accompanied
by the Solicitor to the Bank of England,
came on board. <em>The Solicitor was commissioned by
the Bank Company to make a present of five pounds
to every woman who had been convicted of uttering
forged notes, or of having them in possession.</em> The
amount of the money thus gratuitously expended in
favour of the unhappy women, was two hundred and
five pounds sterling, there being <em>forty-one</em> persons at
this time sent out of the country for that offence alone.</p>

<p class='c000'>This donation to the female convicts,—for it is not
given to males in the same predicament,—has, I am
informed, existed for a considerable time, and doubtless
originated in worthy feelings,—to alleviate in some
degree the distresses and want brought upon them by
their prosecution. Whilst one is compelled to approve
this philanthropic condescension in favour of
these unfortunate creatures, many of them surrounded
by groups of children, a suggestion naturally forces
itself into consideration, how far such a proceeding is
consistent with political or moral propriety. It may
be asked, Is honest principle encouraged by such gratuity?
<span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>Is the offender moved to reformation by such
an inducement, or is the property of the donors rendered
more secure by their postliminious generosity?</p>

<p class='c000'>The prosecutions carried on by the Bank of England
for many years past, for forged imitations of their
notes, are too much matter of perfect notoriety. The
victims, as well male as female, that have been immolated
to the demon of gain, have been accumulated to
a truly appalling amount. Human nature shudders at
the numerous sacrifices offered on this altar. Although
the Bank, it is asserted, virtually lose nothing, still
the Moloch is to be appeased; and the Druidical idols
mentioned by Julius Cæsar, in which numbers of human
beings were burned alive, were not more rapacious
than this remorseless spirit. The cry of blood
has at length ascended, and good men are startled at
this destructive system: to the eternal credit of later
Bank Directors, those sanguinary proceedings have
been in a great measure relaxed. In cases now of
simply uttering forged notes, unless under circumstances
of an aggravating character, upon trial, the
judgement Not Guilty to the capital charge is admitted
upon the plea of Guilty to the minor offence of having
them in possession knowing them to be so: thus many
lives are saved under that certain conviction which
would subject them to death: their punishment on
the latter plea is, in general, Transportation for fourteen
years to New South Wales.</p>

<p class='c000'>The two ladies with bountiful hands dispensed their
truly charitable gifts among those prisoners whom
they had not before supplied; and the countenances of
these unfortunates, gratefully affected by being thus
<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>noticed in their outcast state, gave stronger evidence
of their feelings than could have been conveyed by the
most successful eloquence.</p>

<p class='c000'>About 2 <span class='fss'>P. M.</span> Mr. Brown, Governor of Newgate,
came on board, and gave to each of the women who
came from that prison, half a crown, from what fund
I know not; and I am equally unacquainted with what
motive, or for what object, the donation was made.
The effects produced by it, which were almost instantaneously
developed, would argue very unfavourably
of its consequences, as, almost the moment after that
trifle was received, general misunderstanding took
place among them, and this was followed by blows before
I could interpose and put an end to the affray.
The termination of this disgraceful scene was effected
only by confining the combatants from each other,
(two of them were sisters,) and allowing the irritation
to subside: afterwards representing how improper and
disgraceful their behaviour had been, they showed
proofs of shame and contrition, which I am inclined
to hope will long secure me from the pain of witnessing
such another scene.</p>

<p class='c000'>In the afternoon I collected the Monitors of all the
messes, and explained the line of conduct I expected
them to follow during the voyage, and admonished
them to secure obedience from their respective messes
by showing themselves a good example; to each Monitor
I then delivered a Bible, Prayer Book, New Testament,
and Psalter, for the use of the mess to which
each belonged.</p>

<p class='c000'>7th.—This day passed in uninterrupted tranquillity,
and the utmost regard to good order was observable
<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>amongst the convicts. At 11 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> I read a moral
discourse to them, and addressed some pointed animadversions
on the occurrence of the preceding day,
which affected the whole of them most sensibly, and
the offenders, with tears, expressed their sincere compunction
for the misconduct of which they had been
guilty, giving every assurance that the like should not
again take place.</p>

<p class='c000'>8th.—At 10 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> I mustered all the children, and
arranged them in classes for the purpose of carrying
into effect the intentions of the Ladies’ Committee
with respect to the formation of a school, for which
they had taken special care to provide a woman, one
of the free passengers, as a teacher; and had also furnished
a very liberal provision of juvenile books of every
suitable description. Mrs. Pryor visited this morning
and distributed useful gifts among the prisoners,
and some also among the free passengers.</p>

<p class='c000'>About noon Mrs. Fry came on board; and, having
inspected the state of the prisoners, had those from
Newgate assembled separately, and addressed them in
the most feeling manner respecting their conduct
when leaving Newgate. This discourse had visibly
great effect, which appeared strongly impressed upon
their minds. Observing the remarkable order maintained
in this unfortunate community, this lady hinted
that some preparation must have been made previously
to her coming on board: to this I could not avoid
remarking, in reply, that such was by no means the
case, for the history of one hour’s conduct of those
women might serve as the history of a month. This
remark I thought due in strict justice to their merits;
<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>nor could it be considered at all complimentary, as
not one of them was present at the moment.</p>

<p class='c000'>9th.—At noon this day, the five women,—for I
have since determined the actual number of offenders,—who
were noticed to use rather too much familiarity
towards the sailors, were called apart, and reminded in
forcible terms of their rash conduct in breaking through
that reserve which was enjoined by the Prison Regulations;
and that every tittle of their improper behaviour,
however secret they might suppose it to be, was thoroughly
known, and liable to the exposure and punishment
it so deservedly merited. They seemed to feel the
sense of disgrace poignantly at being so detected, of
which they were not at first aware; they promised
most faithfully, in the hope of forgiveness, to avoid
the conversation of the sailors as much as possible;
and requested with fervent solicitation to be allowed
the trial, assuring me that I should find them sincere
and firm in that resolution.</p>

<p class='c000'>11th.—The latter part of yesterday passed in a
manner the most decorous and tranquil; and the
system of discipline assumes a good portion of organized
character. An understanding seems now to
pervade the minds of the convicts, that the more submissive
and circumspect they are, the sooner will their
situation become truly comfortable, as indulgence
must be the fruit of good behaviour only: many of
them besides, by contrasting their present circumstances
with what they had recently experienced in
the prisons where they had been, feel increased gratification
from the manner in which they are treated on
board the ship.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>About 3 <span class='fss'>P. M.</span> two ladies and a gentleman came to
inquire after a misguided young creature, one of the
convicts, the daughter of a man who had lived in their
family (I think they said) upwards of thirty years, having
always maintained an unspotted character. The
girl, Eliza Nixon, was sent for to them in the cabin,
when the admonition of these good ladies to the object
of their humane attentions, was of that kind and
conciliatory description which ever finds a ready way
to the heart. The young culprit shed tears abundantly;
an indication of repentant feeling I had never
before observed in her, though she had been many
times reproved for levity and flippant behaviour, and
on such occasions,—indeed not three hours before,—she
bore rebuke without the least emotion.</p>

<p class='c000'>The purpose of their visit being accomplished, these
ladies inquired more particularly into the system employed
for the government of the convicts generally;
which being explained, they expressed a wish to visit
them below, and were not a little gratified by seeing
the regularity every where prevailing; but their admiration
was particularly engaged in observing the children
at school.—It is not indeed matter of surprise
that this novel institution should elicit the noblest
feelings of a generous and virtuous mind. To witness
attentively the first dawning and gradual expansion of
the mind, is, in my opinion, more deserving of the attention
of philosophers who study the true interests of
humanity, as more important and conducive to the
welfare of society, than all the wordy lucubrations with
which metaphysical writers have for ages amused themselves
and the world.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>It is impossible not to admire the benevolent zeal
that could induce ladies of rank to undertake a journey
of some length, and venture on the water in a very
boisterous day, for no other purpose than to awaken a
vitiated mind to a just and lively sense of its error.
At the time these visitors left the ship, both wind and
tide happened unfortunately to be contrary to their return,
and the watermen were unable to make any progress;
their efforts were further frustrated by their boat
getting aground, which rendered the situation of the
passengers alarming and dangerous. In this state of
things the active humanity of Captain Brown was
strongly displayed;—he immediately ordered his own
boat to be manned, and went off himself to extricate
the amiable sufferers; which he effected, and towed
their boat up to Woolwich, though he was at the time
labouring under severe indisposition.</p>

<p class='c000'>12th.—About 4 <span class='fss'>P. M.</span> the Bank Solicitor came on
board, and completed the distribution of the donation
to certain of the prisoners. This money had been expected
for some time, and several of the women had
even made purchase of various useful articles on the
faith of its being paid them; these debts they afterwards
correctly discharged.</p>

<p class='c000'>13th.—At noon Mrs. Pryor came to visit the convicts;
and, having exhorted them in a very impressive
manner, distributed moral tracts, and many useful
necessaries intended as materials for industrious employment,
a proceeding in every point of view most
advantageous and important to the prisoners.</p>

<p class='c000'>14th.—This day Mr. Capper paid a short visit at
the ship, to ascertain fully and finally the state of the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>prisoners, children, free passengers, &amp;c., and to make
arrangements for removing to the convict hospital ship
some sick women whom I considered quite unable to
undergo the fatigues of the voyage.</p>

<p class='c000'>15th.—The women this day received another visit
from Mrs. Pryor, accompanied by Lord Lilford and
the Rev. Mr. Hornby, a magistrate of Lancashire.
Those gentlemen came to inquire into some alleged
abuses, which were said to have occurred in the gaol
of Lancaster, previously to the removal of the female
convicts from that place. Having ascertained that
such abuses had existed, they departed, the Rev. Mr.
Hornby pledging himself to prevent a recurrence of
the like abuses in future. Agreeably to the directions
of the Navy Board, three sick convicts, Frances Alcock,
Frances Pattison, and Isabella Dennison, were
removed to the convict hospital ship.</p>

<p class='c000'>16th.—This day was productive of no incident
worthy of record, except a trifling event that happened
to one of the sailors, whom I remarked taking improper
liberties with one of the prisoners. On mentioning
the circumstance to Captain Brown, he immediately
decided on the propriety of discharging him, and
accordingly the thoughtless fellow was sent on shore
this evening.</p>

<p class='c000'>18th.—Regularity and good order prevail undisturbed.
The prisoners are at present employed in
making up the articles supplied by the Committee of
Ladies, or in perusing the religious books sent for
that purpose by private friends. The apprehension
that the industry of these creatures must be soon suspended
for want of materials to work upon, damps in
<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>some measure the sanguine expectation I had formed
of keeping them out of mischief.</p>

<p class='c000'>About half past 8 this morning, the Rev. Mr. <em>Reddall</em>
with his wife and family came on board, passengers
to New South Wales. The weather is very
boisterous, rendering every approach to the vessel extremely
dangerous. Captain Brown came down from
London, where he had been to sign the necessary documents
for the Government, preparatory to sailing,
and was nearly swamped as he came alongside.</p>

<p class='c000'>19th.—About noon this day arrived dispatches from
Earl Bathurst for New South Wales, also directions
from the Navy Board to proceed on the voyage.</p>

<p class='c000'>20th.—At 3 this morning weighed anchor and proceeded
to Gravesend, where we arrived about 7 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span>
The state of the convicts was steady and orderly until
about noon, when a <em>bum-boat</em> came alongside,
managed by one old man, who offered beer, milk, and
other such articles for sale. An understanding was
made, I am informed, between this old man and some
of the prisoners, who clubbed, it appears, a subscription
of thirty or forty shillings, and with that money
purchased spirits from the old man clandestinely and
in spite of every risk. They unfortunately eluded
vigilance, and succeeded in smuggling this dangerous
poison into the ship in bottles and bladders.</p>

<p class='c000'>The effects broke out in the evening at rather a late
hour, when many of them were stupidly intoxicated,
and some gave way to their old licentious habits,—quarrelling
among themselves, exhibiting the most
deplorable and hideous features of drunkenness and
depravity. Although excessively ill at the time, I was
<span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>obliged personally to interfere, and put a stop to a
shameful boxing between Mary Kelly, a Newgate girl,
and a woman whose character previously had advanced
much in my estimation.</p>

<p class='c000'>Both the combatants were pinioned and confined;
at length tranquillity and order were restored, but for
a short time only. About 10 <span class='fss'>P. M.</span> the most horrible
screams issued from the prison, to which place I immediately
proceeded accompanied by Captain Brown.
We soon came to the place where the disturbance was
going forward, and found Sarah Downes and Elizabeth
Cheatham both nearly exhausted from a battle in
which they had just been engaged. These women
were both intoxicated and furiously riotous, declaring
themselves determined to murder one another; on
which we bound them back to back, and fastened them
to a post in the hospital. All my endeavours were
insufficient, however, to quell their disposition to
noise, which during several hours they continued with
ceaseless annoyance to every one near them peaceably
disposed.</p>

<p class='c000'>21st.—About 1 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> weighed anchor and stood
down the river with a light breeze. This day I found
myself exceedingly indisposed; but having several
patients ill of the measles, I made an effort to see
them about half past 4 in the morning, but was soon
compelled to retire to bed. Being Sunday, my indisposition
was the more distressing: however, the Rev.
Mr. Reddall offered to read to the prisoners, which relieved
me from all anxiety as to neglecting that most
important duty. The reading was followed by an exhortation,
in which their behaviour on the preceding
<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>evening was forcibly reprehended, which I understand
excited unaffected feelings of shame and sorrow.</p>

<p class='c000'>22nd.—Arrived in the Downs about 4 <span class='fss'>P. M.</span>, where
the pilot left us; and the wind being fair, we continued
our course under all possible sail.</p>

<p class='c000'>I thank God, my health is sufficiently recovered
to-day to enable me to resume my duties in the prison
and the hospital. Two women and seven children are
now labouring under the measles. On entering the
prison this morning, I was surrounded by those women
who had behaved irregularly on Saturday night, whom
I had ordered to be released from their confinement
as soon as their violence should have subsided. They
confessed with tears the enormity of their misconduct,
and besought forgiveness, which I felt every disposition
to concede; but with regard to three of them who
had been most distinguished in their display of pugilistic
prowess, I deemed it indispensably necessary to
fix on them some mark of disapprobation, and accordingly
ordered them not to go on deck any more.</p>

<p class='c000'>23d.—The breeze still continues fair, but very light:
unusual tranquillity now reigns in the prison. I have
made it an invariable rule, that every one of the prisoners
should bring up her bedding every morning, to
have it exposed to the air upon deck whenever the
weather will permit; and as the beds, &amp;c. are all marked,
this daily exercise is conducted with the greatest regularity.</p>

<p class='c000'>24th.—About 2 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> the breeze died away, and
shortly afterwards sprung up from the WNW: in consequence
of this change, the weather has become wet,
cloudy, and rather boisterous, with a rough sea, which
<span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>occasioned sufficient motion to make most of the women
sick: on this account, and the wet state of the
weather, I allowed their beds to remain below.</p>

<p class='c000'>26th.—During these two days the weather has been
boisterous, rainy, and uncomfortable, with a heavy sea.
The women are all affected with sea sickness, and utterly
incapable of making any exertion. Every precaution
has been used to prevent the prison from getting
wet, as that would have rendered their situation
very distressing.</p>

<p class='c000'>27th.—The same unpleasant state of weather still
continues;—most of the women are in bed, suffering
severely from the sea-sickness. Ordered one quarter
of a pound of mustard to be served to each mess.</p>

<p class='c000'>28th.—The weather is, if possible, still more severe
than before, and the wind has become contrary. At
11 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> I mustered together as many women as were
able to get out of bed, and read them a sermon; afterwards
made some observations on their general behaviour,
and stated my intention to allow each of them,
as an indulgence, a gill of wine twice a week, on Sunday
and Thursday, with a hope that they would endeavour
to improve their conduct, and confirm sincere
disposition to amendment: should the contrary
appear in any individual, I assured them that the whole
mess would be deprived of it; to which they all agreed,
seeming quite satisfied with the conditions proposed.</p>

<p class='c000'>29th.—The wind still continuing unfavourable, the
motion of the ship is very rough, and distressing in the
extreme to most of the prisoners, who still remain
much affected with the sea sickness,—many of them
to an alarming degree, in consequence of debility
<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>brought on by incessant retching; so that not any
thing, even a necessary dose of medicine, can be found
to remain on the stomach for an instant. The barometer,
however, indicates a favourable change of
weather, which may assist in affording them some relief.
The measles are spreading among the children
very rapidly, thirteen of whom are at present affected.</p>

<p class='c000'>30th.—No change in the weather promises alleviation
to the distress which the prisoners continue to
feel:—two are so much debilitated as to be quite incapable
of voluntary motion, and their stomachs so
excessively irritable that medicine and food continue
to be rejected in a moment after swallowing.</p>

<p class='c000'>31st.—The weather is somewhat more favourable,
but the ship’s motion is still considerable, and the distress
of the women is very little abated: the two mentioned
in yesterday’s journal are very ill. Warm fomentation
to the region of the stomach, and frictions
with anodyne liniment have afforded a good deal of
relief,—still they suffer very much.</p>

<p class='c000'><em>June</em> 1st.—This day the weather is clear and exhilarating;
but the motion of the vessel, which rolls
and pitches very much, is still productive of uneasiness
among the women. The two who were most affected
are recovering by the means employed, and are now
able to take some nutritive preparations given them
in small quantity, with judicious care.</p>

<p class='c000'>At the accustomed hour I read a sermon to the prisoners,
during which their conduct individually was
decent, serious, and attentive. The system established
is now advancing without any sensible interruption,
and its success, as I must candidly acknowledge, thus
<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>far has exceeded the most sanguine expectation I had
ventured to entertain of it. So regular and excellent
is the behaviour of all the prisoners, that scarcely any
incident now occurs to afford subject for a journal.</p>

<p class='c000'>4th.—This day an address, written in a manner
adapted to the immediate condition of the convicts,
according to my best understanding of the subject,
and touching on many points most worthy of notice
in their circumstances, particularly the moral improvement
evinced by them since the commencement of
the voyage, was read in the prison, in presence of the
Reverend Mr. Reddall. The religious seriousness and
respectful demeanour of the whole, who were all
cleanly dressed, became the occasion. Nothing could
exceed the earnestness with which every word of the
address was received, and it was gratifying to observe
the course of its effects upon their minds.</p>

<p class='c000'>To the gospel truths quoted in the address the most
lively attention was displayed, whilst their flooded
cheeks and sobbings evidently and forcibly exhibited
the sincerity of that impression which was produced
by the moral deductions and observations made on the
sacred words. Their minds were, at times, drawn to
the consideration of their past transgressions, and a
call made on their feelings, to ascertain their different
states as to repentance and rejection of sin, which was
answered by the most lively expressions of sorrow
among them, testified individually, without regard to
the chilling influence of having any witness of their
feelings.</p>

<p class='c000'>But when allusion was made to the probability of
an eternal separation from kindred, friends, and home,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>their feelings, wound to the highest pitch by the poignancy
of reflection, exhibited a scene of distress of the
deepest interest.—The thoughtless, giddy votary of
vice became a Magdalen in heart; and no sacrifice, it
may be confidently said, would have then been deemed
too great to redeem, were that possible, the opportunities
of grace they had lost or spurned, and the happiness
which it was evident they were conscious of
having compromised by their insensate conduct.</p>

<p class='c000'>The scene was altogether to me the most edifying;
and, however vain the declaration may cause me to be
considered, I felt at this instant well rewarded for the
labours I had taken for the good of these forlorn females.
Now that the minds of these “outcast” creatures
seem subdued by repentance and gospel precept,
and aware that nearly one third of the voyage has been
completed, there is satisfactory cause to presume that
they will continue in the way of improvement, and endeavour
not only to qualify themselves to appear fully
deserving of good opinion, but to lay up a store of
virtuous resolution, from the instructions they have
received, for a happy and correct guidance of their future
conduct. The following is a copy of the Address
which I read on this occasion.</p>

<h3 class='c020'>ADDRESS.</h3>

<p class='c021'>At our first meeting I took occasion to lay before
you a few observations, which a leisure hour had allowed
me to put together, for your guidance during
the present voyage; and I fondly indulged the hope
that they might awaken in your minds the principles
of virtue, which a longer or a shorter career in the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>devious paths of vice had suffered to slumber too long.
Since that time, many eventful circumstances have occurred
to produce in my mind reflections of a very serious
nature, which, as they tend to strengthen and
improve every estimable virtue, it may not be quite
unprofitable to myself or you to give a sketch of.</p>

<p class='c000'>Many of the observations, which I now intend to
offer to your consideration, have arisen out of your
own behaviour; while the remainder owe their existence
to a lively feeling of humility in my own breast,
and of dependence upon the Author of all good, lately
elicited by a sick bed. I refrain from adverting to
the cause of my recent illness, because I am unwilling
to give any of you unnecessary pain even for a moment,
and because your behaviour since that time convinces
me, that most of you are sorry for the error you then
so thoughtlessly committed<a id='r15' /><a href='#f15' class='c006'><sup>[15]</sup></a>. On a sick bed the mind
is forcibly led to the contemplation of a future state;
and a question, of the first degree of importance, will
very frequently present itself to the languishing sufferer,
which, if I may judge from my own feelings, he
will find extremely difficult, if not quite impossible, to
get rid of, unless the actions of his past life furnish
him with an answer. The question, as it forced itself
upon my mind, is this—“Should it please Heaven to
remove me from this sinful world, what is to be my
lot in the next?” I here take it for granted that you
all truly believe in a future state beyond the grave, and
<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>in a just God who will punish the wicked and reward
the righteous. Indeed, I think it would be a mere waste
of words and time to urge any arguments on this subject;
for there is no fact, either moral or physical, of
which I am more firmly convinced than this, that there
is not a human being this day living, who in his heart
sincerely doubts the existence of an all-protecting
Deity. Although the contrary of this has sometimes
been asserted by learned men, who have only disgraced
the human shape and character, yet I firmly believe
in my soul, that not one of them ever succeeded in deceiving
himself into a belief of the gloomy doctrines
he had so long and so zealously laboured to propagate.
It would be no very difficult task to expose the weakness,
and entirely refute the principles, of this false
philosophy; but the argument would be uninteresting
to you, and a victory over those who have degraded
the dignity of the human character so low as to consider
themselves no better than a dog or an ass, and
like them entirely to perish with death, would, in my
opinion, afford but a puny triumph.</p>

<p class='c000'>Without any further notice of infidels, or their dark
doctrines, I shall endeavour to point out a few plain
thoughts in the order, as nearly as I can, they occurred
to my own imagination. It has afforded me great
pleasure to notice that most of you have perused my
former little Address with care and attention; and it
gives me infinite gratification to be assured, as I am,
that it has been the means of bringing more than one
or two amongst you to repentance, who are now leaning
for support upon their Heavenly Father, and, having
fixed their hope on that immoveable rock, are now
<span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>enjoying tranquillity and peace of mind, to which they
were before strangers. The knowledge of this happy
change has encouraged me to devote another hour to
your service; and if God shall be pleased so far to bless
my feeble endeavours as to make me instrumental in
reclaiming another wanderer, and restoring her to the
fold of Christ, the proudest wish of my heart will be
gratified.</p>

<p class='c000'>It has been to me matter of surprise, to observe
that mankind generally are unwilling to indulge in
reflections on death and a future state, as if, by excluding
the subject from their thoughts, they expect
to secure themselves from the unwelcome visits of this
all-destroying enemy. For my own part, I have often
passed a solitary hour very profitably in meditating
upon this subject, and considering how death might
be entirely divested of terror. Amidst the many uncertain
events which every where surround human
life, and in which we are all here particularly involved,
there is one thing we have too much reason to believe,
namely, that of us who have commenced this voyage,
and who are now present, there are some, I fear, who
shall not survive to see it finished; but which of us
it may please God to call, he alone can tell.</p>

<p class='c000'>Respecting the certainty of death, all the nations
of the earth are agreed, however opposite their sentiments
may be in other respects. Since, then, “it is
appointed unto all men once to die<a id='r16' /><a href='#f16' class='c006'><sup>[16]</sup></a>,” and as no power
on earth can reverse or retard this decree, it behoves
us, one and all, timely to prepare for an event concerning
<span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span>which we only know, that happen soon it must;
but whether within a few years, a month, or a day, we
are totally ignorant. Who amongst us can say with
confidence that we shall live to see the sun rise to-morrow,
or set this evening? If life at best is but a
span, and in every case uncertain; and if our happiness
or misery hereafter is to depend upon our actions
during this life, which I shall endeavour presently to
prove they do, how very important must its concerns
appear!</p>

<p class='c000'>I candidly confess to you, that I cannot help sometimes
shuddering at the thought of eternity; it is impossible
that any one can reflect on it seriously, and
be unmoved. If the torments of hell were to last but
a week, a month, or a hundred years, they might be
endured; but, alas! when hundreds, thousands, and
millions of ages shall have crept slowly away, how
agonizing the thought that our misery is hardly then
commenced! O my friends! this is not an imaginary
picture, invented by man to frighten sinners from
their evil ways, and induce them to repent; it has
been proclaimed a thousand times by the voice of God,
and who dares to doubt his authority? How ought
the following declarations to appall the heart of an unrepenting
sinner, whose conscience terribly assures
him that he is included in the awful denunciation,
Acts, 17th chapter 31st verse, “Because He hath appointed
a day in the which he will judge the world
in righteousness by that man whom he hath ordained;
whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that
he hath raised him from the dead!” Again; 2nd
Corinthians, 5th chapter, 10th verse, “For we must
<span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>all appear before the judgement seat of Christ; that
every one may receive the things done in his body,
according to that he hath done, whether it be good or
bad.” Again; John, 5th chapter, 28th &amp; 29th verses,
“Marvel not at this: for the hour is coming, in the
which all that are in the graves shall hear his voice,
and shall come forth: they that have done good, unto
the resurrection of life; and they that have done evil,
unto the resurrection of damnation.” Again; Matthew,
13th chapter, 49th &amp; 50th verse, “So shall it
be at the end of the world: the angels shall come
forth, and sever the wicked from among the just, and
shall cast them into the furnace of fire: there shall be
wailing and gnashing of teeth.” Again; Matthew,
25th chapter, 31st and following verses, “When the
Son of man shall come in his glory, and all the holy
angels with him, then shall he sit upon the throne of
his glory: and before him shall be gathered all nations;
and he shall separate them one from another,
as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats: and
he shall set the sheep on his right hand, but the goats
on the left. Then shall the King say unto them on
his right hand, Come, ye blessed of my Father, inherit
the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of
the world: for I was an hungred, and ye gave me
meat; I was thirsty, and ye gave me drink; I was a
stranger, and ye took me in; naked, and ye clothed
me; I was sick, and ye visited me; I was in prison,
and ye came unto me. Then shall the righteous answer
him, saying, Lord, when saw we thee an hungred,
and fed thee? or thirsty, and gave thee drink? When
saw we thee a stranger, and took thee in? or naked,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>and clothed thee? Or when saw we thee sick, or in
prison, and came unto thee? And the King shall answer
and say unto them, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch
as you have done it unto one of the least of these
my brethren, ye have done it unto me. Then shall
he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from
me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the
devil and his angels: for I was an hungred, and ye
gave me no meat; I was thirsty, and ye gave me no
drink: I was a stranger, and ye took me not in; naked,
and ye clothed me not; sick, and in prison, and ye
visited me not. Then shall they also answer him saying,
Lord, when saw we thee an hungred, or athirst,
or a stranger, or naked, or sick, or in prison, and did
not minister unto thee? Then shall he answer them,
saying, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye did it
not to one of the least of these, ye did it not to me.
And these shall go away into everlasting punishment:
but the righteous into life eternal.” Again; Romans,
2nd chapter, 6th and following verses, “who will
render to every man according to his deeds: to them
who by patience in well doing seek for glory and honour
and immortality, eternal life: but unto them that
are contentious, and do not obey the truth, but obey
unrighteousness, indignation and wrath, tribulation
and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil,
of the Jew first, and also of the Gentile; but glory,
honour and peace to every man that worketh good,
to the Jew first, and also to the Gentile.” Again;
Psalm ix. verse 17, “The wicked shall be turned into
hell, and all the nations that forget God.”</p>

<p class='c000'>Who is so hardened in iniquity as to hear these
<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>threats without trembling, ignorant, as he must be,
what moment the thunderbolt of God’s judgement
may descend upon his guilty head? Can any of you
doubt the purity or truth of that fountain whence
these terrible assurances flow?—Suppose it should so
happen, that the unembodied spirit of some departed
friend were this night permitted to appear before you;—some
one who had been the bosom companion of your
earliest youth, before the fair blossoms of innocence
were blasted and consumed by the pestilential breath
of iniquity: or suppose the apparition of a father,
mother, sister, brother, or husband, whose death was
occasioned by your undutiful, graceless, or ungrateful
behaviour, should present itself to your imagination,
and assure you, in a voice of thunder, that a life of
sin tends to misery on earth, and endless torments
after death; would not such a visitation make a deep
impression on your minds, and a total change in your
lives? I really fear that with some of you it would
not; for, if you will not believe the word of God, we
are assured, “You would not believe, though one rose
from the dead<a id='r17' /><a href='#f17' class='c006'><sup>[17]</sup></a>.”</p>

<p class='c000'>Were it in the power of eloquence to pourtray, or
could fancy represent, the horrors of that gloomy dungeon
which is prepared for the punishment of condemned
souls, “where their worm dieth not, and the
fire is not quenched<a id='r18' /><a href='#f18' class='c006'><sup>[18]</sup></a>;” where a single ray of joy will
never be permitted to illumine the dark abode of the
hopeless captive; where the wrath and indignation of
<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>a justly offended God will burn for time everlasting,
without consuming the wretched sufferer; could any
power of human language bring these things fairly
before the imagination, the picture would be too
shocking for the contemplation even of the most
callous depravity. Should any of you give this tremendous
situation a moment’s serious thought, you
would surely be induced to renounce sin for ever.</p>

<p class='c000'>In the foregoing observations I have endeavoured
to address myself to sinners in general; but I have a
few remarks to offer, which apply peculiarly to yourselves.
Respecting the errors which have led to your
present misfortunes I shall be silent. There are few
or none of us, on taking a retrospective glance of life,
but will perceive many wonderful instances of God’s
goodness, many unmerited mercies. This, perhaps,
some of you are unable to recognise, or unwilling to
acknowledge, erroneously imagining that, because sin
and folly have subjected you to disgrace and punishment,
all the other favours of Heaven are withheld.
But, my friends, we ought not to forget the many
innumerable blessings and privileges we are still permitted
to enjoy. We ought to be earnest in thanksgiving
to the Author of all mercies, for bearing with
our infirmities so long, and granting us time for repentance.</p>

<p class='c000'>I cannot avoid reminding you of the great advantages
you have enjoyed since you came to this ship:
the means of grace are of inexpressible value, and I
think you have had them in great abundance. The
Scriptures have been constantly read and expounded
to you according to the best of my ability; the utmost
<span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>facility and encouragement have been held out
to every one of you to persevere in religious worship;
and all the avenues to vice and immorality have been
guarded with vigilant care. Whenever we are visited
with the dispensations of Heaven, we may rest assured
that it is for wise purposes; and in the afflictions
which you are now enduring, the warning hand of
Divine Providence has been obviously stretched forth.
Let me now ask you, What influence have all these
had upon your minds? Are you more enlightened?
Are your affections more raised from the world, and
fixed on your Father in heaven? Have you ever, at
the close of a day, or the end of a week, examined
your own hearts to ascertain whether you had broken
any of those cruel chains by which you were so fatally
bound to iniquity? Believe me, my friends, frequent
self-examination is of infinite value. It will stimulate
you to acts of virtue, and insensibly lead to repentance,
without which you cannot advance a single step towards
a merciful Redeemer. Let it be engraven upon
your minds, that in proportion as your opportunities
of salvation have been numerous, so will your condemnation
be grievous, if you allow them to pass
unimproved and unheeded. Remember that the doors
of mercy will not always be open. Oh! let me admonish
you to draw near to God while he has promised
to be gracious. The parable of the Fig-tree is wonderfully
applicable in the present case<a id='r19' /><a href='#f19' class='c006'><sup>[19]</sup></a>: “A certain
man had a fig-tree planted in his vineyard, and he
came and sought fruit thereon, and found none. Then
<span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>said he to the dresser of his vineyard, Behold, these
three years I come seeking fruit on this fig-tree, and
find none: cut it down; why cumbreth it the
ground?” In this you may observe that God marks
attentively how long we have been unprofitable and
unfruitful. The fig-tree evidently had reference to
sinners, who for a certain time disregarded the means
of grace, and obstinately resisted his frequent invitations;
which induced him at length to direct that
the tree should be cut down, that is, that those sinners
should be destroyed.</p>

<p class='c000'>I said, in a former part of this discourse, that your
situation was peculiar; it does indeed differ widely
from that of most persons to whom divines have had
opportunities of addressing the consoling doctrines
of Jesus Christ. You have now bid adieu to your
native land, the pleasures of which most of you must
make up your minds to relinquish for ever. It is indeed
very natural that the land which gave us birth,
the spot where we first beheld the light of Heaven,
should long be remembered with tenderness the most
endearing. That we should cherish the finest feelings
of affection for our native land, is directed by a great
and irresistible law of nature, which was first implanted
in our breasts by the hand of the Creator
himself; and I can easily fancy the emotions that
must swell your hearts, when the fond recollection of
youthful joys, and innocent pleasures, returns upon
your memory. To be thus cut off from your country,
relations, friends, and acquaintances, is indeed a
heavy affliction; and if your hope be placed on nothing
above this earth, I pity you from my soul: but, if
<span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>you can repose on the promises of God, and seek
refuge in the merits of his blessed Son, our Redeemer,
the proudest individual in this world has cause to
envy you.</p>

<p class='c000'>I think enough is comprised in the foregoing observations,
to deter all rational beings from the commission
of crime, and thereby exposing themselves
to the vengeance of that awful Majesty that can crush
them in an instant. Before I quit this subject, it
may be expected that I mention a few of the motives
that ought to incite us to virtue. These are so obvious,
even to the most superficial observer, that it is
hardly possible for any one who thinks at all, to hesitate
which is to be chosen in preference, vice or
virtue—happiness or misery. A good life is the
surest pledge of a happy death. The promises of God
are not less encouraging to the righteous, than disheartening
to the wicked. In the 3d chapter and
33d verse of Proverbs, we read, “The curse of the
Lord is in the house of the wicked, but he blesseth
the habitation of the just.” Again, of the same
13th chapter, and 21st verse, “Evil pursueth sinners:
but to the righteous, good shall be repaid.” The
faith of a righteous man drawing towards the close of
life, is beautifully expressed in the 23d Psalm, 4th and
following verses. The Psalmist, reposing securely under
the shelter of divine protection, says, “Yea,
though I walk through the valley of the shadow of
death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy
rod and thy staff they comfort me. Thou preparest a
table before me in the presence of my enemies: thou
anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over.
<span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span>Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the
days of my life; and I will dwell in the house of the
Lord for ever.” By the Scripture term <em>faith</em>, I understand
the inspired writers to mean, that a sinner,
after forsaking the corruptions of sin and the flesh,
and steadily persevering in the course of virtue and
obedience, which the Christian religion points out,
shall place entire reliance in the mediation of Christ,
for pardon of his offences, and acceptance with God.</p>

<p class='c000'>It might here very properly be asked, whether you
ever knew of any one who, having led a virtuous life,
had cause to repent of it at the hour of death? But,
on the contrary, have you not all seen many flying to
God in the hour of sickness and keen affliction, as
the only certain source whence the true penitent may
always derive consolation? Even in this life the
righteous man has cause to believe that the blessing
of Heaven will be extended to him. This expectation
is confirmed to him by the assurance of the Psalmist,
who says, in the 37th Psalm, 23d and following
verses, “The steps of a good man are ordered by
the Lord: and he delighteth in his way. Though he
fall, he shall not be utterly cast down; for the Lord
upholdeth him with his hand. I have been young,
and now am old; yet have I <em>not</em> seen the righteous
forsaken, nor his seed begging bread.” In the 16th
chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, 22d and succeeding
verses, we have a wonderful instance of God’s
providence, in the protection and deliverance of two
of his servants, which I consider highly deserving of
your notice: “And the multitude rose up against
them; and the magistrates rent off their clothes, and
<span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>commanded to beat them. And when they had laid
many stripes upon them, they cast them into prison,
charging the jailor to keep them safely; who having
received such a charge, thrust them into the inner
prison, and made their feet fast in the stocks. And
at midnight Paul and Silas prayed, and sang praises
unto God: and the prisoners heard them. And suddenly
there was a great earthquake, so that the foundations
of the prison were shaken: and immediately
all the doors were opened, and every one’s bands were
loosed. And the keeper of the prison awaking out
of his sleep, and seeing the prison doors open, he
drew out his sword, and would have killed himself,
supposing that the prisoners had been fled. But Paul
cried out with a loud voice, saying, Do thyself no
harm; for we are all here. Then he called for a
light, and sprang in, and came trembling, and fell
down before Paul and Silas, and brought them out,
and said, Sirs, what must I do to be saved? And they
said, Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt
be saved, and thy house.”</p>

<p class='c000'>Would my time admit of making further extracts
from Scripture, I could fill a multitude of pages with
accounts of the loving-kindness and patient forbearance
continually exercised by God towards his creatures;
but the Bible is in the hands of you all, and I
earnestly entreat you to make yourselves acquainted
with the salutary and cheering precepts which you will
find inculcated in every line of that sacred volume.
It abounds in consolations with which the thirsty soul
of the weary traveller, who is seeking salvation, may
be feasted and refreshed. The careful perusal of this
<span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>most excellent book is not only granted to us as a
privilege, but God enjoins it as a duty: He says, in
the Gospel according to St. John<a id='r20' /><a href='#f20' class='c006'><sup>[20]</sup></a>, “Search the
Scriptures; for in them ye think ye have eternal life:
and they are they which testify of me.”</p>

<p class='c000'>I fear I have already trespassed too long on your
patience; but I feel a resistless impulse to give you a
brief account of the dying moments of two persons
with whom I was acquainted, and from which, beyond
all doubt, the most impressive moral lesson may
be learned. I select these from a great many similar
cases which came under my observation in the course
of professional avocation in various parts of the
world.</p>

<p class='c000'>These men through life professed sentiments very
different from each other; and at the awful hour of
dissolution, their feelings were indeed very opposite.
They were both snatched away in the prime of life,
one being twenty-four, and the other twenty-seven
years old. A long and disinterested friendship with
the former, induced him to request my attendance
professionally; but all human skill was vain: the
cold hand of death had seized him. Never, in my
life, did I see the cheering effects of a religious life
more strongly exemplified than on this occasion. His
wife, his mother, and his five sisters, with myself,
were present. Observing his female relations in tears,
he requested them to come near, and, after a little
pause, addressed them in nearly the following words:
“Beloved friends, I perceive with regret the anguish
<span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>of your souls; I say regret, because I had promised
myself nothing but tranquillity and happiness, while
the partition is breaking down that separates me from
my God. I am entering on my last journey, which,
so far from being terrible, is inviting and delightful.”
A paroxysm of pain here interrupted the interesting
account, and for a minute he lay apparently insensible;
but opening his eyes again, with a placid smile, he
said, “I feel the infirmity of nature, but my sense of
pain is lost in my ardent hope of salvation. I have
heartily repented of all my sins, and firmly believe,
through the benignant mercies of my God, and the redeeming
merits of my <em>blessed Saviour</em>, I shall in a
few minutes be numbered with the chosen of God.
O my wife! my mother! my beloved sisters! I beseech
you not to mourn my departure. I feel happiness
unspeakable opening on my soul, as it bursts from
this wretched tenement.” Then grasping my hand,
he faintly exclaimed, “Ah, my friend! virtue is its
own reward. See the effect of a religious life, and
the blessed composure of a dying Christian:” he continued,
“My lamp is nearly out; but, blessed be God,
I feel that it has not burned in vain, O Lord God!
excuse my impatience, I am ready to obey thy call,
and anxious to receive thy promised rest.” Here his
voice failed,—his tongue faltered,—and his spirit took
its flight to the bosom of its Father in heaven.</p>

<p class='c000'>The picture of my other unhappy friend was just the
reverse of the above. He had indulged freely in all
the fashionable gaieties of the world; and if ever a serious
or useful thought obtruded on his disordered fancy,
it was immediately stifled by some idle debauchery.
<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>In this mad career he quaffed away life to the dregs,
and, before he arrived at the meridian of manhood, he
was verging fast to the brink of eternity. A bacchanalian
surfeit in a distant country brought on a fever,
which threatened a speedy dissolution of life; and in
this state I saw him for the first time for several years,
and I am certain I shall never forget the painful feelings
I endured throughout this melancholy interview.
It is absolutely impossible to give even a faint idea of
the horror, the agony, the heart-rending terror that
harrowed up his soul, whenever the thought of death
flashed across his mind. He received me with phrensied
ardour, in which hope and fear were strongly depicted.
“Alas!” he exclaimed, “you have come
too late, for I am lost—<em>every way lost</em>.” I immediately
perceived that life was ebbing fast; and being
convinced that nothing short of divine interposition
could retard his fate, I endeavoured to console him by
drawing his attention to the mercies of God, and the
saving mediation of a gracious Redeemer: to which
he replied, with asperity and violence, “If you have
any friendship left for a degraded, self-polluted wretch,
torture not his last moments. My life has been spent
in iniquity—foolishly spent, because it never yielded
one hour of solid happiness. I have lived without
thinking of God, and why should he <em>now</em> think of
me, unless it be to judge me—to damn me?—Oh,
God!—I shall go distracted!” A fainting fit intervened,
and fortunately broke this mournful chain of reflection;
but, alas! sensibility too soon returned, and
with it fresh trains of gloomy despondency. He stared
wildly, and roared out, “I have broken from him—but
<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>he is coming again—there—there—death!—Oh!
save me—save me.” After nearly an hour passed in
this dreadful state, he again became capable of reflecting;
but every moment added to his dejection. “I
have been so bad,” he exclaimed, “that God can
never forgive me. I have blasphemed and dishonoured
his holy name a hundred times, when my heart inwardly
smote me. I have ridiculed and denied his
existence, that my companions in error might think
well of me; but I never was sincere in my wickedness.”
His mind became so agitated that all reasoning
was lost:—he was unable to repent; and the
thought of death rent his very soul. In this perturbed
state he languished for about four hours, from the
time of my first seeing him; till at length, overwhelmed
by despair, a paroxysm of fever closed the tragic
scene. The last words he uttered, that I could distinctly
hear, were, “God will not, cannot forgive!—”
The remainder was lost in a murmuring groan.</p>

<p class='c000'>Oh! my friends, could I convey to you any idea of
the awful feelings which the wretched death of this
wretched man produced upon my mind, it would, I
think, deter the most thoughtless of you from those
practices which ruin both soul and body. Would to
God that you had been present! My description
may not penetrate beyond the ear: but had you witnessed
the dreadful original, it would have pierced your
hearts.</p>

<p class='c000'>Before concluding these observations, I cannot refrain
from indulging myself in a single remark on
your conduct lately, which I have infinite pleasure in
saying merits the highest approbation of both Captain
<span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>Brown and myself. Believe me, I lost no opportunity
of acquainting all my benevolent friends of your good
behaviour before we left England; and if you persevere
to the end of the voyage in this praiseworthy manner,
I promise you that all the well disposed inhabitants
of the country to which you are going shall be informed
of it; and in my best offices with the Governor
you may most religiously confide.</p>

<hr class='c018' />

<p class='c000'>5th.—At the earnest solicitation of several of the
prisoners, I allowed copies of the above address to be
taken by them, having the greater inclination to comply
with this request, as I wished to see its effects rendered
permanent. Their general conduct continues
exemplary.</p>

<p class='c000'>8th.—The same unvarying scene now presents itself
every day. The women show no inclination whatever
to hold conversation with the sailors. In every
part of the ship to which the prisoners are allowed access,
I have the gratifying opportunity of seeing some
one of them reading a portion of Scripture, or some
religious tract, to a group of her companions collected
round to hear the consoling doctrines of the gospel.
It now requires little or no entreaty to induce them
to the practice of religious worship, in which I am persuaded
many of them engage with sincere piety.</p>

<p class='c000'>At 11 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> being somewhat indisposed, the Rev.
Mr. Reddall did me the favour to read a sermon in
the prison, during which I was summoned to a child
that had long lingered from water on the brain, and
was then dying. When the sermon was finished, I
took occasion to address the women on the subject of
<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>death, as mentioned in my last address. The child’s
dissolution, which had just taken place, gave an opportunity
of impressing the subject on their minds;
and, if one may judge by the burst of feeling it produced,
it will not be speedily obliterated, the circumstances
of life and death being immediately present to
the imagination of each every moment of the voyage.
Between 4 and 5 <span class='fss'>P. M.</span> the funeral service was read by
the Rev. Mr. Reddall, and the body of the child was
committed to the deep.</p>

<p class='c000'>10th.—About half past 10 last night, an infant belonging
to one of the prisoners died from the effects of
a blood-vessel of the lungs ruptured about five weeks
previously. About half past 3 this evening the reverend
Mr. Reddall read the funeral service, and the
body was committed to the deep. The reverend gentleman
afterwards addressed the women (who were present
as well on this as the former occasion) in an impressive
moral exhortation, to which they paid the
most respectful attention. Their conduct has been
generally so good as to admit of no opportunity of
using one word of animadversion as heretofore.</p>

<p class='c000'>11th.—At 11 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> the Rev. Mr. Reddall read to
the women in the prison a sermon which he had written
for the particular occasion, admirably adapted to
their situation. It was intended as an appeal to their
feelings, and realized the expectations formed of its effects:
there was not in fact a dry eye present. When
he had concluded, I made a few observations expressive
of my approbation of their general behaviour, and
how much it gratified me to observe their gradual reformation.
I now entertain scarcely a shadow of doubt
<span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>that the great design of the <em>Ladies’ Committee</em> will be
crowned with complete success.</p>

<p class='c000'>14th.—Nothing remarkable has occurred since last
date, the conduct of the prisoners being uniformly
correct. The increasing heat of the weather,—the
ship having advanced considerably within the tropics,—together
with the full diet, have produced inflammatory
symptoms among the prisoners, which it was necessary
to treat with copious depletion, and other advisable
means. I have satisfaction in observing them
relieved by the above treatment.</p>

<p class='c000'>15th.—This day, according to the usual rule, the
prisoners were assembled to hear religious instruction;
but as the weather was very hot, it appeared most proper
that I should read the discourse to them on deck,
where the Reverend Mr. Reddall, Captain Brown, and
his officers, attended. The behaviour of the women
was discreet and orderly: their manners have assumed
a certain sedateness which recommends them to particular
notice. Several have been employed in plaiting
straw, and doing needle-work; many are quite
devoted to reading and conversing on the Scriptures,
thus filling up their time very usefully.</p>

<p class='c000'>16th.—This day, about 11 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span>, there came on a
heavy squall from the S.E., which blew with tremendous
fury for nearly an hour, accompanied with very heavy
and incessant rain. Being aware of its approach, I had
ordered the beds to be carefully covered in the netting.
As this was the first appearance of any thing like a
storm, many of the women from a motive of curiosity
remained upon deck until the hurrying exertions of
the sailors, and the loud voices of the Captain and officers
<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>giving the necessary commands for the management
of the ship, excited their terror and drove them
all below drenched with rain.</p>

<p class='c000'>I had been occupied in the hospital with the sick
patients when the confusion on deck was in its height,
and on coming into the prison was presented with a
sight which, I must confess, gave me inexpressible
gratification. Most of the women were on their knees
devoutly engaged in prayer;—they did not appear to
notice me, so great was their abstraction;—all was
silence, and religious awe. The apprehended danger
seemed to have brought forth the feelings of fervent
devotion, and their appearance, as they were then to
be viewed, was similar to that of a well ordered assembly
at church.</p>

<p class='c000'>The matter, altogether, made an impression on my
mind which will not soon be removed; because at that
instant I had the most satisfactory proof of the results
I had always anticipated from the system adopted.
Here, for instance, was a moment to try their faith.
All the feelings seemed now absorbed in religious
thought, and they appeared firm in reliance on the
protection of Divine Providence;—an idea to which
many of them had been hitherto strangers, and the
majority of them did not dare to indulge. The shallow
sceptic, who would despair of producing religious
impression on the minds of convicts, might, in this
happy and unexpected occurrence, find enough to convince
him of his error, and to make him change his
opinion, were his ignorance formed even of the most
stubborn materials.</p>

<p class='c000'>A subsequent circumstance also persuaded me that
<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>the alarm created by the squall was the means of calling
up in their minds more lasting reflections of a religious
nature; for, about 4 in the evening, Sidney
Williams, whose conduct in Newgate was so extravagantly
wicked as to induce the Surgeon of that establishment
to propose her removal to Bethlehem Hospital,
came to me with a hymn, which I had given her
some time before to learn, with a promise of some
mark of approbation in case of attention, and recited
the whole with feeling and correctness. I engaged
her immediately to commit to memory my first address,
and have very little doubt of her performing the
task.</p>

<p class='c000'>The example of Sidney Williams was followed by
many others, to the number of twenty nearly, who
have also undertaken to commit the same address to
memory, in expectation of gaining the proposed reward.
I must not omit to mention here another trait
of improvement noticed and reported to me by Captain
Brown:—Within the last few days some of the
younger convicts, who appeared more volatile than
others, were in the habit of using sacred words in ordinary
conversation, not as oaths, but as harmless expletives:
but now, however, all such expressions have
been laid aside.</p>

<p class='c000'>18th.—Sunday.—The weather being fine, the convicts
were assembled on deck, and a sermon read to
them by the Reverend Mr. Reddall, to which they gave
undivided attention, and appeared to acknowledge the
force of the arguments by correspondent feeling. After
sermon I addressed them in a concise exhortation on
the necessity of frequent self-examination, urging its
<span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>important advantages in the guidance of every part of
their conduct, and have reason to hope the admonition
was not lost upon them.</p>

<p class='c000'>Having long considered that some mode of keeping
their minds in constant action could not fail of producing
good moral effects, and as a state of idleness had
been generally attended with injurious consequences
when they were imprisoned in England, it appeared
to me manifest that nothing could be more desirable
than to devise some means of producing that activity
with as little delay as possible. As every day now
seemed to bring forth in their conduct the dawning
of some good quality which had been obscured in the
darkness of their former lives, and as their minds
appeared strongly attached to religious reflection, I
thought it most expedient to employ them in committing
to memory some short moral or religious composition,
proposing, as an inducement, a copy of the Bible
with the name of the successful candidate for the first
place of merit, in my own hand-writing; and to the two
next, a copy of some religious book, one to each, marked
in the same manner; also to the next seven, another
small favour, with a similar mark of approbation.</p>

<p class='c000'>I further informed them, that an account of their
success should be entered in the journal with their respective
names, which would be submitted to the Governor
at Sydney, backed with particular commendation
from myself, as they deserved; and that a copy
of those names should also be transmitted to London.
They unanimously and cheerfully presented themselves
in competition for the proposed reward; and I had the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>pleasure of understanding that many would undertake
the task purely from a sense of duty, and gratitude for
the care which they experienced during the voyage.
This latter feeling was evinced by many of the Newgate
prisoners, among whom I was particularly gratified
in seeing Sidney Williams. The change in this
girl is astonishing, not only as it regards herself individually,
but as her altered conduct serves as an useful
lesson and example to others.</p>

<p class='c000'>I cannot refrain from repeating my firm conviction,
that the very best consequences would be found to result,
during the voyage to New South Wales, were
the convicts provided with means of constant employment
in some useful and light way befitting their sex;
as I find uniformly their minds much more tractable
and obedient when they are so employed. One obvious
benefit would attend such a provision,—they
would thereby, having their attention profitably engaged,
avoid allurements to improper or useless conversation,
and would rather turn their thoughts, as
these do at present, to religious or moral subjects. This
latter intention might be promoted by grouping the
workers into certain classes, according to their employment,
and appointing one of their number best
qualified to read from some edifying book, instructive
discourses, or such passages of moral entertainment as
might be selected for that purpose; in time, use would
render this custom familiar and pleasing.</p>

<p class='c000'>Some time after the women had been sent below
this evening,—which is a proceeding always observed
at a certain hour, and attended to by them with the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>utmost decorum,—Mrs. Brown and Mrs. Reddall
walking on deck to enjoy the delightful cool, which
was made more pleasing by moonlight and a gentle
breeze,—their ears were struck with agreeable sounds
coming from the prison. On approaching cautiously,
not to disturb any person below, they found the sounds
were produced by several of the women singing hymns
in symphony in a very low key. The stillness of the
hour, and the contrast of a religious exercise of that
pleasing character among women heretofore the objects
of pity, punishment, or contempt, were calculated
to produce a combined effect of the most satisfactory
kind.</p>

<p class='c000'>20th.—At 9 this morning a complaint was made
against Mary James for abusing a fellow prisoner
without provocation. On investigating the case, the
statement was found to be correct, and also that she
had wantonly used the most foul and disgusting language.
I represented to her the impropriety of such
behaviour, and rebuked her for it, threatening her
with punishment if it were repeated. So far from expressing
any regret for her irregularity, she declared
her intention to do so as often as any one gave her
cause, nor would she listen to the consequences of
such insubordination. She was proceeding with some
indecent and offensive language in my presence, and
would not desist in spite of every remonstrance. I
therefore tied her hands and gagged her, declaring she
should not be loosed until she returned to a proper
sense of her duty. In about an hour afterwards, she
signified deep sorrow for her error; on which she was
immediately released, and pardoned formally on promise
<span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span>of more regular behaviour in future. At noon
the prison, having been cleaned out as usual, was
sprinkled with vinegar.</p>

<p class='c000'>21st.—This day was given to cleaning and fumigating
the prison. Being desirous to let the women
have the benefit of bathing, the <em>tub</em> was sent below
for that purpose, but was found rather large for admission
by the doors; which being of slight materials,
and hastily put together, were unable to withstand the
most trifling shock, and were, consequently, much
shaken and injured by forcing in the bathing-tub.
This is not the only instance in which the carpentry
work of the prison was found deficient;—the locks
are usually of the commonest kind, and insecure, as
well as liable to be put out of order by the most simple
accident,—even by the pressure of the adjacent woodwork,
when the vessel happens to roll heavily.</p>

<p class='c000'>22nd.—At 11 this day, according to custom, I read
a sermon to the convicts, whose whole behaviour on
the occasion merited praise. In their general conduct
they are decent and orderly, while their constant cheerfulness
makes them appear not to feel their separation
from former acquaintance very heavily. Many of the
prisoners are every day employed in working straw
plait, and in various other light occupations, such as
sewing and knitting,—the materials of which were
supplied by the Ladies’ Committee.</p>

<p class='c000'>23rd. Many of the women are attacked with inflammatory
fever.</p>

<p class='c000'>25th.—Sunday. This day severe illness prevented
me from reading to the prisoners according to custom;
and, as I was confined to bed, the Reverend Mr. Reddall
<span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>kindly officiated on the occasion, and read to them
one of his own sermons, their attention to which afforded
much satisfaction. Mr. Reddall alluding to my
illness, excited strong marks of feeling and concern
amongst them on that account. In the afternoon I
made an effort to see the sick persons, and administered
the necessary remedies.</p>

<p class='c000'>26th.—The inflammatory fever has been subdued
in the cases mentioned, and the other patients in the
hospital are doing well. The women are constantly
engaged upon deck in the usual industrious employments.</p>

<p class='c000'>27th.—This day passed as heretofore in the most
orderly and decent manner on the part of the prisoners,
although my illness interrupted that watchfulness
which I wished invariably to observe. Their conduct,
indeed, has been so uniformly correct as to present a
sameness of record too tiresome, were it not for the
pleasure afforded by witnessing their regular advancement
in those principles of religion and virtue which
I was anxious to see established in full influence
amongst them.</p>

<p class='c000'>This evening, after the beds had been sent below, a
scene of rather a novel nature presented itself, and
served to convince me that perfection had not as yet
been attained by the convicts. The circumstance is
inserted, as presenting an alteration of feature in this
journal, rather than from its appearing seriously worthy
of notice. Ann Williams being in familiar conversation
with the elder Farrell, had contrived to pick her
pocket, but was instantly detected; when all the bitter
upbraiding of Farrell’s merciless tongue was levelled
<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>at the delinquent. This was resented in a way rather
rude, as soon as they were all sent below to bed; and
the clamour brought Captain Brown and the Reverend
Mr. Reddall to the spot, when the assailant was secured,
and tied up during the night, and every thing
became tranquil.</p>

<p class='c000'>28th.—On opening the prison this morning at daylight,
according to custom, I released Williams without
speaking much to her, reserving my observations
until my health might allow of the exertion. The women
have been all this day grave, silent, and evidently
concerned for the occurrences of last evening.</p>

<p class='c000'>29th.—This day Samuel Brown, a convict’s child,
died in the hospital; and the funeral service having been
read as usual by the Reverend Mr. Reddall, the body
was committed to the deep. At 11 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> the same
gentleman read a moral discourse to the women, at
which, though extremely ill, I endeavoured to be present,
and, after it was ended, addressed them briefly
on the very disgraceful conduct of some of them on
Tuesday evening. My observations were tempered
with mildness, and were chiefly directed to the warm
concern which I was informed they had expressed for
my illness, which I assured them had made a strong
impression on my mind. I exhorted them to persevere
in good and virtuous conduct; as, to see them
moral, and happy from that cause, was my greatest
comfort; that the only reward I sought was that very
sense of gratitude which they had shown for my
attentions, and that, so long as health would permit,
I should exert myself for their welfare. They
all appeared orderly, attentive, and respectful, and
<span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>seemed generally to censure the conduct of the late
offenders.</p>

<p class='c000'>30th.—Frequent squalls, with rain, occurring this
day, kept the prisoners for the greater part below,
where they were all usefully employed, and such as
had no work to do, filled up the vacant hours by religious
reading.</p>

<p class='c000'><em>July</em> 2nd.—Sunday.  This day the Reverend Mr.
Reddall read a sermon on deck to the women, at which
I endeavoured to be present, although my state of health
was very indifferent. The orderly behaviour of the women,
and their decent, and even neat appearance, afforded
me much pleasure.</p>

<p class='c000'>6th.—The preceding four days have passed in uninterrupted
tranquillity;—not a single circumstance
having occurred to excite disapprobation. It is extremely
gratifying to observe little groups of the prisoners,
both in the prison and upon deck, reading the
Scriptures, and devoutly worshiping their Maker. At
first many of them showed considerable reluctance and
shyness to be seen in acts of devotion; but that false
shame has happily disappeared. This day, at the
usual hour, I read to them a sermon, which was followed
by an exhortation by the Reverend Mr. Reddall
of a serious, impressive, and appropriate nature.</p>

<p class='c000'>8th.—The occurrences of these two days correspond
with those of the preceding, except that hence a manifest
argument for the necessity of employment
among the convicts may be drawn, as to the advantages
obtainable by daily occupation, in the singular
alteration for the better in the conduct of Ann Newton,
who, since she commenced working articles of straw
<span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>manufacture, seems entirely to have lost her disposition
to licentious romping and careless expressions,
for which she, more than any of her companions, used
to be remarked. Her demeanour now is much more
steady, and that activity of mind which would have
vented itself in mischief, is now in a very particular
manner directed to industry; her appearance also,
which used to be that of a slattern, and exhibited almost
a studied want of cleanliness, is become, even in
her plainest dress, neat and decent;—every thing about
her, in fact, bespeaks a marked amendment. Another
circumstance in the conduct of this young woman is
particularly deserving of notice; she every day chooses
a retired seat apart from her companions, where she
assiduously pursues her work in silence and remarkable
reserve, yet appearing cheerful and contented.</p>

<p class='c000'>9th.—This day, Sunday, being wet and uncomfortable,
the prisoners were unable to enjoy the advantages
of the air on deck, as usual; and this disappointment
seemed to be felt considerably, as they had all dressed
themselves very neatly, many wearing new dresses
which they had made up during the week. At the accustomed
hour the Reverend Mr. Reddall accompanied
me to the prison, where he read to them an excellent
discourse written for the occasion, on the advantages
arising from perseverance in “well-doing,”
which contained some affecting allusions to their situation,
of which they testified the most lively feeling,
particularly of gratitude towards their good friends of
the Committee, and all those whose kind attentions
were exerted for their welfare. I offered a few observations
approving of their general conduct, and holding
<span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>out inducements for further improvement: the
burst of strong feeling universally expressed throughout
this penitent community was overwhelming;
their sobs and tears were to me the best reward I could
possibly be presented with, nor could I proceed without
a painful emotion mingled with pleasure. Were
the benevolent ladies, who have done so much for these
poor contrite sufferers, then present, they would doubtless
have been much gratified. These women are no
longer the wild and abandoned creatures known
throughout the prisons of England;—they are now
an orderly company, more like sisters in one family than
persons thrown together by accident or misfortune.</p>

<p class='c000'>13th.—Throughout the last few days the weather
has continued boisterous, cold, and wet, proving extremely
uncomfortable to the prisoners; for which reason
they mostly remain below, exercising themselves
in such work as they can,—cleaning the prison and
making every thing dry and snug about them. The
greater number were engaged at times to-day in learning
hymns, or reciting, and afterwards singing them
with grave attention. It having blown a violent gale
during the night, they were all greatly harassed, and
many of them are still seriously alarmed by the extraordinary
rolling of the ship.</p>

<p class='c000'>At the accustomed hour I read to them a short discourse,
and followed it up with some observations applicable
to the state of their fears on the preceding
night, with which they were much affected. As a mark
of approbation for their care in studying the hymns,
and so laudably singing them, one copy of Watts’s
Collection of Hymns was given to each mess, accompanied
<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>with such remarks as were likely to confirm
their pious purposes. This little favour was gladly
and gratefully received: hence the full assurance that
they will derive much benefit from having those small
books, as they have ever since been collected in groups
to hear them read.</p>

<p class='c000'>As further marks of encouragement, I distributed
among the most deserving some more straw, and such
other materials for industry as had been supplied by
the Committee: from their great diligence in working
these, I feel the more strongly impressed with a conviction
of the propriety and necessity of putting on
board for the voyage a sufficient quantity of materials
to provide constant employment for the convicts on
the passage to the colony. The best proof of this is
the superior correctness of conduct manifested by such
as are so employed, even on the present very limited
scale.</p>

<p class='c000'>14th.—This day the prisoners were confined below
by the severity of the weather, the wind still continuing
to blow a heavy gale. Their situation was rendered
the more uncomfortable, from the wet occasioned
by the sea sometimes breaking over the netting,
and making its way into the prison: besides, the wind
having carried away the cover of the boiler, it became
very difficult, almost impossible, to get any thing
cooked: to those little hardships, however, they submitted
without a murmur. An extra allowance of
wine was issued, to relieve as much as possible these
inconveniences.</p>

<p class='c000'>15th.—Nothing of importance has occurred this
day. The weather having become more favourable,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>the convicts were employed in cleaning the decks of
the prison, and making themselves as comfortable as
possible.</p>

<p class='c000'>16th. Sunday.—The Rev. Mr. Reddall and Captain
Brown accompanied me this day to the prison,
where Mr. Reddall read to the convicts a discourse
on the conversion of St. Paul. Some thoughts having
suggested themselves as appropriately applying to
their immediate condition, I offered a few brief observations
to that effect, which I have reason to hope
were heard by them with serious interest.</p>

<p class='c000'>A recent circumstance may here be introduced, to
show the happy influence already extending over the
minds of these forlorn females. Mary Hough, one
of those sent from Stockport, was married to a man
of dissolute character, who not only, as she asserted,
induced her to commit the offence for which she was
sentenced to her present punishment, but had taken
up with another female, whose misfortune in knowing
him was similar to her own; for the same woman is
also a convict in this ship, with a young child by
the same man, of which she was pregnant at the time
of her commitment to prison. Mary Hough was at
first, she acknowledges, full of resentment and rage
against this unfortunate woman; but she has latterly
become so altered in her mind, from the effects of
religious exercises, that she has made the most sincere
declarations of forgiveness to the object of her
jealous enmity, and even sends a part of her own ration
of wine to assist the poor mother in supporting
the infant in health. This Hough is exemplary in
<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>her behaviour, and frequently expresses anxious wishes
for her wicked husband’s reformation.</p>

<p class='c000'>17th.—The sameness which has hung over the reports
in the preceding weeks, has at length met some
variation from an occurrence which has just taken
place. In consequence of a regulation which had been
long organized and established, I had, at the earliest
moment possible after opening the prison this morning,
intelligence of a transaction which happened
shortly after last midnight. During yesterday a secret
arrangement, it appears, had been made by three of
the sailors, in pursuance of which they watched a convenient
opportunity of going down to the prison-door
at the fore hatchway, which is always secured with
two locks, and there endeavoured to open a passage
for three of the convicts, Ann Farrell, Ann Newton,
and Ann Harwood, who had consented to accompany
them below. After some feeble endeavours, the sailors,
fearing detection, desisted, and retired in savage disappointment.</p>

<p class='c000'>Having received this information, on the truth of
which I could rely, I lost not an instant to confer
with Captain Brown, who offered the most prompt
assistance. I sent for the three offending prisoners,
who, with the utmost plausibility and perseverance,
insisted that they had no participation in the design.
Being, however, convinced of their criminal intention
in the affair, I placed them in strict confinement, positively
forbidding any one of them to appear again
on deck during the remainder of the voyage; which
must operate upon them as a heavy punishment.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>The greatest precautions were used at the same
time, by Captain Brown, to place a grating, and more
secure fastenings, over the hatchway, where the attempt
had been made; and more strict regulations
were issued for the conduct of the sailors. It may be
recollected that Newton, one of the offenders in the
present instance, had lately shown strong inclination
to amendment, having applied herself assiduously to
working straw-plait; but, unfortunately, the materials
being all worked up, the mischief of idleness returned
upon her volatile disposition, and the effects are, her
being involved in the above improper conspiracy. Let
this suffice, without further comment, to prove the
unhappy consequences that result from the convicts
not having means of permanent employment during
the voyage.</p>

<p class='c000'>19th.—This morning a woman, who conducted herself
throughout the voyage with exemplary propriety,
solicited my protection against the insulting abuse
and infamous threats of two of the sailors, which she
declared had been quite unprovoked. Having investigated
the case, I found her statement correct. These
fellows, who had attempted to break into the prison
on the night of the 16th, believing it was this woman
who communicated to me the facts of that infamous
transaction, took this opportunity of venting their low
malice against her, using the most dreadful oaths
and imprecations, that they would throw her overboard
before the voyage was over; or that they would
most certainly kill her in the colony; one of them at
the same time seizing her as if he was about to put
the threat into execution.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>I soothed the poor woman’s alarms, as well I could,
with promises of protection to the utmost of my ability,
and represented the affair to Captain Brown, declaring
to him, that any injury done to the prisoners
should be followed with punishment, to the utmost
extent and rigour of the law, on our arrival in the
colony:—from him I experienced the most ready and
friendly co-operation, in no degree marked by the
lukewarm impulse of mere duty, but by the elevated
principle of moral rectitude. He represented to the
men what I had said, and assured them, that such
disgraceful and unmanly behaviour should not only
be discountenanced, but be visited with all the punishment
he had the power to inflict. Unfortunately,
however, in vessels of this description, the law has
provided no remedy against the most unbridled licentiousness;
and sailors may, in fact, commit any crime
short of mutiny, or injury to the ship’s concerns,
without the least apprehension of penal consequences,
while they almost always act up fully to the extent of
this unreasonable immunity.</p>

<p class='c000'>The rest of the prisoners expressed their feelings
respecting the misconduct of the three thoughtless
females in terms of bitter indignation;—they declared
such behaviour unworthy and disgraceful to beings
on whom such care had been lavished. Scoffs and
insults from every part of the prison were poured
on the now mournful offenders, who complained piteously
of their sufferings, and declared they were so
wretched that life was not worth preserving. I had
to entreat and command the others to desist from
persecuting them; but on this occasion my authority
<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>had weight no longer than I was present to enforce it,
although on every other occasion my orders met with
the most prompt obedience. To screen them from
personal violence, and preserve peace among them, I
found it necessary to remove the offenders into the
hospital. This circumstance proved the strong feeling
that habit, if not a better state of mind, had given
birth to.</p>

<p class='c000'>20th.—An effort was made last night, by two of the
sailors, to break into the prison, to communicate with
the three girls in confinement; but it does not appear
that any effort on their side was made to encourage
such proceeding: one of the fellows threw down a
letter through an opening in the deck made for the
admission of air to the hospital, but it was torn without
having been read. I have strong expectations that
these weak creatures are becoming again sincerely
steady, having conversed with them almost every hour
since their separation from the others, and found them
constantly in tears, without expressing a wish to have
their confinement relaxed.</p>

<p class='c000'>At noon, Captain Brown and the Rev. Mr. Reddall
accompanied me to the prison, where I read a
sermon, and made a few remarks, approving of their
prudent behaviour in avoiding such solicitations as
had involved the others in the disgrace of the late
transaction, and commending them for the reserve
shown generally towards those who sought only to
lead them again astray from virtuous obedience. I
advised them also to cultivate that peaceful and
friendly disposition towards one another, which heretofore
formed so praiseworthy a feature in the character
<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>of their little community. This appeared to allay
all acrimonious feeling, and appease every discontent:
a spirit of harmony is again restored, to experience,
it is hoped, no further interruption: still, however, it
seems prudent, under every consideration of the circumstances,
to keep the three offenders in duresse.</p>

<p class='c000'>23rd.—These last three days proceeded without any
further annoyance from the sailors, who appear to
conduct themselves with a greater regard to decency,
acting more under controul, seemingly, than might be
expected from persons ignorant in the extreme of
moral virtue, slaves to their passions, and amenable
in scarcely any degree to discipline of any form, evidently
aware of their power to act in every manner as
suits their inclination. The exertions of Captain
Brown, in finding the sailors constant employment,
which their selfishness forbids them to refuse, and the
vigilance constantly exercised over both them and the
women, have changed the scene very much for the
better.</p>

<p class='c000'>The conduct of the three secluded females is, generally
speaking, marked with sincere repentance, their
manner being sorrowful and extremely submissive.
Their confinement is still continued, in order to keep
them in this state of mind, and to render the amendment
already manifested secure and permanent. They
were admitted to-day into the prison, and had the
benefit of a religious discourse and exhortation from
the Rev. Mr. Reddall, at which Captain Brown attended.
The little assembly was remarkable for an
appearance of cleanliness, and their demeanour showed
evident signs of advancement in religious and moral
<span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>feeling. It is barely justice to them to say, that in
no part of the voyage had I greater reason to approve
of their conduct, than since the affair of their three
companions took place.</p>

<p class='c000'>After sermon I spoke a few words, recommending
to their strict attention the subject of the sermon they
had just heard, adding a very brief admonition on
their religious duties generally, to which they gave a
marked and silent hearing: that they carry these
things constantly in mind, is evident from the tenour
of all their actions, almost every one of them being
seen occupied with some of the religious books given
them; nor is levity of manner in the slightest degree
observable amongst them.</p>

<p class='c000'>This day I had the pleasure of conferring the promised
mark of approbation, proposed some time since,
as a reward to the one who should first commit to
memory the address with which the voyage was commenced.
It is peculiarly gratifying to say, that the
successful candidate is Sidney Williams, who, it may
be recollected, was characterized in most alarming
colours for her conduct in Newgate. Now, however,
let the change in her behaviour be considered, and
surely every one who loves to see the erring sinner
reclaimed, advancing first in the path to virtue and
excellence, must feel a sympathy in her misfortunes,
and rejoice in her extraordinary recovery from wickedness.</p>

<p class='c000'>On Friday last this girl applied to me with modest
confidence to repeat the Address, requesting me to
hear her in the attempt; which being complied with,
she recited it with ease and accuracy. I deferred to
<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>give the promised reward till the present day; and
after sermon I called Sidney Williams forward by
name (a circumstance quite unusual), and having
read aloud the inscription, which, according to promise,
was in my own hand-writing, I presented her
with a large copy of the Bible, accompanying it with
expressions of warm approbation, and of encouragement
to further virtuous endeavours. The effect
of this little affair upon the other prisoners was, as it
were, electric: they hastened to give assurances of
their desire for the like distinction, but at the same
time expressed no envy of Sidney Williams’s success.</p>

<p class='c000'>27th.—This day, Thursday, at the usual hour, I
read a sermon to the prisoners: the behaviour of all
was as usual sedate and attentive. Their minds seem
now, as far as it can be discerned, completely abstracted
from all those pernicious subjects of a vicious
nature which formerly occupied their thoughts, and a
fixed and settled manner, according to their various
tempers, characterizes every one of them. The three
offenders were admitted to the sermon, and their appearance
is quite lowly, and strongly bespeaks repentance.
Every means that can be resorted to is
employed to prevail on me to alter their sentence, and
withdraw the prohibition of their appearing upon
deck, promising the most rigid observance of decorum
and prudent conduct, if once more tried:—but,
every circumstance being duly considered, it appears
most advisable to continue them still longer in their
present place of security.</p>

<p class='c000'>28th.—The behaviour of the prisoners continues
<span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>orderly, sedate, and tranquil; all seeming anxious to
arrive at their destination, rather from a desire to commence
industrious and honest occupations than from a
weariness of the voyage. Their whole conduct is such as
to call forth approbation in every instance; and I find
their attention and watchfulness particularly exerted
to avoid any blameable action, since the late misfortune
of their three companions. These latter are still continued
in confinement, avoiding the frequent attempts
of the sailors to induce them to a conversation.</p>

<p class='c000'>Another gross instance of impropriety on the part
of these men has this day been discovered, which is
as strongly marked for its unmanly meanness as it is
for its barbarity. Having no longer the opportunities
of conversing with the women, as formerly they used
to do in spite of every restraint, and in violation of
their commander’s positive orders,—not content with
annoying the confined females with their gross assiduities,
they now direct their cowardly malice against
the other women, watching the opportunities of the
night-time,—stamping over the prison about the fore-hatchway,—making
hideous noises, and crying out
“The ship is sinking,”—and in every possible way
disturbing the prisoners’ sleep, in alarming their fears.
Sometimes their vulgar ingenuity tries the idea of a
ghost stalking about the prison, and this they endeavour
to communicate to them through the prison-grating,
to the great distress of such as are weak
enough to believe them; but the majority of the
women have too much good sense to notice such rude
and idle attacks.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>As these malignant ruffians in this manner insult
and torment the poor prisoners, who have no means
of resisting or avoiding the abuse, is it not to be
deemed unfortunate that no power exists to punish, or
at least control, such base conduct? When spoken to
concerning such proceedings, they make light of the
matter, saying they merely jump about for nothing
but amusement,—not offering to deny that they have
done so. Were no other proof existing, the fact of
such things having occurred, ought to make the establishment
of some appropriate and efficient regulations
in these circumstances as sure of adoption as
they are imperiously requisite.</p>

<p class='c000'>Captain Brown has severely reprimanded the sailors
for their misconduct; but to this they showed the most
careless indifference, still persevering in their shameful
practices in defiance of his strict injunctions, and
in open opposition to the officer of the watch; so that
the disposition of those men, so obstinately evinced,
may be productive of consequences still more serious,
as no means of compelling them to alter their behaviour
can be resorted to at present. Having consulted
with the commander on this state of things, we have
determined to avoid openly censuring them as much
as possible, and allow the affair to pass without further
notice, as the least mischievous proceeding they may
put in practice.</p>

<p class='c000'>30th.—This day a discourse was read in the prison.
The decent appearance of the prisoners, who were as
clean and neat as their circumstances would permit,
was highly praiseworthy. After sermon I remarked
<span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>on the necessity there was for an active co-operation
on their part, by reflection and meditation, to give effect
to the discourses they heard from time to time,
as otherwise it would be a useless application of those
valuable compositions barely to hear them read, unless
they turned them to good account;—that the reading
of sermons would, in fact, become an idle ceremony,
should they not with earnestness and attention endeavour
to benefit by the excellent advice they contained;—that
in this way their time would be most
profitably exercised, and every hour thus devoted would
be found of increased value. I was gratified in observing,
by their manner, that these hints were not
thrown away, as they gave evident signs of being impressed
with their truth.</p>

<p class='c000'>Their general behaviour is in every respect unexceptionable,
and I more certainly than ever, nay I may
venture to say decidedly, calculate on final success in
landing them, with the help of a kind providence, perfectly
in health, and furnished with some sound and
lasting principles of moral rectitude, and religious
knowledge, in future to guide them in all their actions.
The three confined females continue extremely submissive
in their behaviour, and the reserve they show
every day gives me greater cause to be satisfied of the
propriety of keeping them still confined, the good effects
of the mild yet cautious treatment they receive
being so very evident. As little intercourse as possible
now occurs between the other women and the
sailors, although the latter seem but little ashamed of
their disgraceful conduct, and behave with insolent
freedom towards the prisoners whenever they can,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>though they meet with silent disregard. The insolence,
however, of some of these men carries them frequently
beyond the bounds of toleration, threatening the women
and making use of infamous language without
any just cause or pretence whatever.</p>

<p class='c000'><em>August</em> 1st.—This day the competition for the
other prizes was decided,—Mary Broom, about ten
years old, daughter of a convict, having gained the
second; whilst the third was won by Mary St. John,
a respectable-looking elderly prisoner, both of whom
recited the address without making a mistake. The
success of this trial, which was made as a substitute
for employment, is the more remarkable from the
previous history of the competitors;—Sidney Williams
having been notorious for her profligacy,—the second
worthy of notice from her youth, and unfortunate situation,—and
the third, a grave matronly woman,
whose example has some influence: yet, far from producing
envy among the rest, these examples have
served to stimulate them to similar exertions, and forty
others, at least, are now busily engaged in committing
the address to memory. Their endeavour to succeed
affords a good deal of employment, which is the most
difficult matter to invent, as all the materials furnished
from the Ladies’ Committee have been long since
worked up: this exercise, besides filling up some of
their time, helps of course to keep in their minds a
lively remembrance of the principles inculcated from
the beginning.</p>

<p class='c000'>Were it not for this lamentable want of employment,
I would encourage myself to hope that the great
work of their reformation might be fully effected. They
<span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>are now as much under the regulation of religious
precept and moral propriety, almost, as they are capable
of being brought; it only remaining to be shown,
as I apprehend, by their actions when again introduced
into the world, that they are seriously determined on
continuing this new life, heartily renouncing all their
former unfortunate habits and inclinations. Of this
I have satisfactory and gratifying assurances in many
communications conveyed to me from several of these
poor penitents, hitherto considered intractable, and
who are indeed still looked upon by their less reflective
companions as if they were the same giddy
thoughtless beings as formerly. In these communications
I am requested to continue my care of them
as usual, and explain to them, at a convenient leisure,
portions and texts of Scripture which they could not
of themselves comprehend. It is needless almost to
add, that I lose no opportunity of cultivating this
disposition, and encouraging them by every means in
my power to persevere in their good purposes.</p>

<p class='c000'>Ann Newton and her companions continue to prove
the sincerity of their amendment by the most correct
behaviour: yet still my determination remains unchanged,
not to have them exposed to the same risk
again, and therefore they are constantly secluded in
the hospital. Some of the sailors continue the nocturnal
annoyance over the prison, as before, in defiance
of remonstrance. Were it not for the misfortune of
having to guard against the wicked daring of these
men, I should now have nothing to concern myself
about, relative to the moral conduct of the prisoners,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span>as I may, without presumption, consider that I have,
with the assistance of a gracious Providence, redeemed
my engagement with regard to this truly important
object. It would be a task of some difficulty to depict
in true and just colours the detail of their state as it at
present stands. They seem all of one family,—perfectly
coalescing, and harmonized to a simplicity and reciprocal
gentleness of manner, that, considering their former
lives, would seem almost foreign to their nature.</p>

<p class='c000'>2nd.—In the record of the preceding day I congratulated
myself on the state of improvement for which
the prisoners were remarkable, and described their demeanour
as being more gentle than seemed indicated
by their natural disposition. Whilst I would iterate
the same opinion with confidence respecting the behaviour
of the generality of them, it must not be denied
that there are some few among them, whose characters
I have studied to know, but whose stubborn
temper there is reason to fear has not been as yet subdued,
or scarcely can be so, although their minds are
undoubtedly much under the influence of moral discipline.</p>

<p class='c000'>Shortly after opening the prison this morning, I
had painful evidence of this uncontrollable disposition,
finding Mary Linch, a woman of ferocious character,
mauling and abusing a fellow prisoner, of timid disposition
and peaceful conduct, for some trifling matter of
dispute; but so enraged had the latter become by the
attack, as almost to equal the other in fury; and both
proved so ungovernable, that I was compelled to
resort to the only effectual means of coercion within
<span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>my reach, that of tying the combatants together. This
process in a short time brought them to reflection;
they acknowledged their offence in the most humble
terms, and prayed forgiveness; which, after some delay,
was allowed, with an admonition in the public
hearing of the other prisoners. This trifling irregularity,
by disturbing the sameness of the scene, may be
productive of some good, as it will make the whole
more strictly observant of decent and orderly behaviour.</p>

<p class='c000'>3rd.—This day, as usual, I read an appropriate discourse
in the prison, all appearing attentive to the
subject, as also to the remarks which it occurred to me
to make on Linch’s late conduct. The same opportunity
served to contrast her behaviour with that of the
child and woman to whom I presented the prizes they
had so meritoriously obtained. This affair has increased
an emulative spirit among the others, who are
exerting themselves to gain similar distinction.</p>

<p class='c000'>The manner in which the three hospital prisoners
are going on affords me much satisfaction; but I still
consider them most securely placed out of the way of
temptation where they are; and there they shall remain,
as I am anxious to land them at their place of
destination in a state of mind as pure as it is in my
power to effect. Little doubt is on my mind that
they might be safely set at large again: but for example’s
sake it is best their confinement should continue;
the situation of the hospital renders them
healthy and comfortable. Linch also, for her savage
conduct, is forbidden to appear on deck.</p>

<p class='c000'>6th.—At the usual hour, this day, I read a sermon
<span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>in the prison; and as the subject was chosen with reference
to the recent misconduct of Mary Linch, and
was calculated to enforce peaceable and quiet disposition
generally, it was heard with remarkable attention.
I alluded to the circumstances of the late affray, but
avoided making it appear extravagantly wicked; my
design being rather to make them love good order and
meekness of mind, and to excite a dislike of discord
and quarrelling. The observations were therefore of
a mild and conciliatory nature;—That, as they were
all driven by an irresistible necessity to continue together
for a certain time, and as they must less or
more feel themselves the children of misfortune and
misery, it would better become them as Christians to
love one another, than by indecent and useless discontents
add to each others distress;—that nothing was
so likely to create unhappiness as dissentions and disputes
among themselves; and that the continuance of
such silly squabbling would infallibly sour their minds,
and deprive them of that tranquillity and decent steadiness
which would secure them credit and comfort, and
particularly dispose them for those different situations
which awaited them among strangers, who would receive
them with friendly and paternal care if they
showed themselves well conducted and good, but who
would naturally look upon them with abhorrence or
distrust if their character appeared otherwise. These
remarks had a tendency which did not disappoint expectation,
and the desired effect could be easily perceived.
On turning to go away, in a direction not
usual, I was surprised and pleased to find an individual,
who was looked upon as one of the least careful, sitting
<span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>as retired as possible behind her companions and
bathed in tears of repentance for her errors; I have
since received from her a letter expressive of such being
the state of her mind, and soliciting forgiveness for
her faults. It is in this manner the effects of the system,
incessantly pursued from the beginning, may be
perceivable in consequences such as these.</p>

<p class='c000'>7th.—With indignation and painful concern I must
acknowledge a conviction possesses my mind, that the
barriers of propriety which now so long protected the
prisoners from the evil designs of the sailors are broken
down, as, in spite of every precaution, and ever wakeful
exertion, some of those men have succeeded in seducing
four of the prisoners from their duty. The
mischief having taken place, I owe it to truth and justice
to state the facts as they have this day been detailed
to me.</p>

<p class='c000'>The sailors had contrived to effect a passage secretly
from their own <em>birth</em> into the store-room beneath,
through which, by opening a way in a manner completely
eluding suspicion, they got forward into the
ship’s hold, and ascended to the entrance of the prison
at the fore-hatchway, where, by means of a duplicate
key, (which to locks of this description was easily procured,)
or by picking the locks, they met the females,
who had previously consented to accompany them if
they succeeded in getting them out. It may be recollected
that the former attempt of this kind, which
failed, was made at this very place; but all endeavours
to get into the prison from the deck that way had been
frustrated by the caution used in fastening it down
every evening.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span>The state of the locks at this door of the prison, and
indeed at the other also,—for in this respect they are
alike,—made this precaution of fastening down the
hatchways necessary; for the padlocks, which alone
had been put on by the Government carpenters,—one
only to each door,—were soon rendered useless by the
action of the weather: besides, they were fitted up in
such a wretched, slovenly manner, that the force of a
man’s finger applied to the staple could draw it from
the wood. When the women first began to come on
board, there was not any lock for the doors of the prison,
and I was under the necessity of fitting on two
which had been sent with the medicine chests. Captain
Young with great kindness supplied two stock-locks
of plain construction, although the matter did
not belong to his department: besides these, there
were other padlocks put on, furnished by Captain
Brown, as those in use became spoiled with wet and
rust, to which they were constantly exposed. By the
former attempt at the fore hatchway, the locks there
were rendered useless; and as others furnished by Captain
Brown were set on in their stead, I considered
every thing secure.</p>

<p class='c000'>In that opinion, however, I have been unfortunately
mistaken, deceived by the ingenuity and perseverance
of the persons against whom I was endeavouring to
guard. I cannot sufficiently express my sense of satisfaction
at the spirited and prompt activity of Captain
Brown on this, as well as on the former occasion.
Every search which I suggested, as necessary to be
made in the interior of the ship in reference to the
information I had received, was instantly and personally
<span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>made by him with prudence and vigilance; when
with much difficulty he discovered the secret passage,
and the confirmation of the transaction was made
manifest. With readiness and earnestness, which
marked the benevolence of his character and his kind
disposition, he offered to accompany me when I signified
my determination to remain in the prison every
night till the termination of the voyage, to defend
the prisoners from every further violence, even at the
peril of my life;—and in this determination I am immoveably
resolved.</p>

<p class='c000'><em>Thus</em> are we placed completely at the mercy of
these vile men, who now, incited by their worst passions
and this success, may further extend their daring
to acts of mutiny, and gratify themselves by open
violence, considering us, as they may, unable to oppose
any effectual resistance to any such villainous
design. Moreover, the whole of the sailors, with a
doubtful exception of four, seem to be all of one
mind; they having, as I understand, refused yesterday
their Sunday’s allowance of grog ordered by the
Captain.</p>

<p class='c000'>It would be unjust to withhold the fact, that four
of the women only were concerned in this affair, not
one of the others being in any way whatever implicated.
In order to come at the full evidence of this
transaction, I was obliged to make promise of some
concession to one of the females who went below from
the prison on that occasion, and by that means discovered
the whole, and was the better prepared to
defeat further attempts. The most secure means were
<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>used to shut up the secret passage, and the door of
the prison was made fast with a thorough iron bolt,
and closed up for the remainder of the voyage. The
carpenter of the ship, who had been concerned, was
of necessity employed in securing these fastenings,—a
duty which he performed with evident reluctance. The
offending females are in confinement.</p>

<p class='c000'>11th.—The weather yesterday being exceedingly
rough, and the state of the ship highly inconvenient
and uncomfortable to the prisoners, a violent gale
blowing, I was constrained to merely read a religious
discourse as usual, deferring my remarks on the occurrences
of the passing time until another opportunity,
as during the reading of the sermon the vessel
shipped some heavy seas, much of which made its way
into the prison.</p>

<p class='c000'>The conduct of the sailors, since the late affair,
having assumed a more cautious appearance, and information
having been given that another attempt
upon the prison was intended, I found it necessary,
therefore, to redouble my vigilance, in order to unmask
any design they might have formed. They had
been heard to use the most violent language regarding
myself, accompanied with threats, all which I
despised; but seeing the safety of the prisoners about
to be assailed, a sense of duty, and a determination to
protect them at any hazard, made me form the resolution
of keeping watch in the prison during the
night, armed with a brace of pistols to repel intrusion.
This appeared the more imperiously necessary, as no
security could be placed in their commander’s authority
<span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>over them, further than as concerned their immediate
duty in the management of the ship: accordingly
I took my station below.</p>

<p class='c000'>I remained there with a light during the night, but
no attempt was made to enter: the fellows, however,
amused themselves the whole night with making hideous
noises through the grating at the fore hatchway, and
endeavouring to provoke my angry feelings by their
rude abuse. It was shocking to decency to hear their
beastly language, which was much too gross for expression
even in writing. It was evident they felt sore
with disappointment, which makes me more than ever
determined on keeping watch.</p>

<p class='c000'>Notwithstanding the rancour with which these headstrong
men persecute the prisoners by alarming their
minds as much as they can, the assurance of protection
they receive from my presence tranquillizes their
minds considerably. Many of them of delicate constitution,
whose minds were under the strong influence of
religious feeling, no longer hardened by sinful habits
long and sincerely renounced, felt undoubtedly all the
natural concern of returning virtue, and consequently
dreaded the threatened visits of the sailors, who must
in such case enter the prison with open violence, and
might therefore seriously abuse them;—even, as they
expressed it, murder every one, and throw me overboard.
I must, in justice, acknowledge that this evil
is in some measure partial, one division of the men
showing less active disposition to annoy, than is observable
in the other. To the steady, correct and unceasing
endeavours of Mr. John Moncrief, chief officer,
in repressing licentiousness and maintaining good
<span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>order, in support of my views, it gives me sincere
pleasure to bear testimony; and to his unwearied vigilance
and gentlemanly conduct throughout the voyage,
not a little of the beneficial results are owing.</p>

<p class='c000'>12th.—The sailors last night continued the noise,
with additional circumstances of malicious intent,
which argue a determination to persevere:—for instance,
forcing a cat down to the door of the fore
hatchway, fastened by a cord, they contrived to torture
the animal, causing it to make the most piteous
cries so as to disturb the women’s rest. Their daring
disposition went much further; for, by means of a
boat-hook staff, they broke down two of the bars
which inclose the prison at the fore hatchway, making
a considerable opening, which might be taken advantage
of at that moment, perhaps, but that they were
apprized of my being on the watch below, determined
to fire on any one who should have the temerity to
venture in.</p>

<p class='c000'>In this almost defenceless state are the prisoners
still obliged to remain, because no other means of security
can be devised besides what have been employed,
and no resource appears at hand to oppose the<a id='t192'></a> outrage,
if the sailors <em>choose</em> to be so criminally adventurous.
Captain Brown, being much concerned for
the existence of abuses which he has not power either
to restrain or punish, shows every desire to aid my
intentions, even proposing to watch with me in turn,
to share the fatigue, and let me have repose occasionally;
but his attention to the navigation and management
of the ship is so constantly required, that I
cannot with propriety avail myself of his obliging offer.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>This morning the Captain mustered the second
mate’s watch upon deck, and in an animated manner
reproved them very severely for their cowardly and
shameful attacks on poor female prisoners, which they
would not dare to do if the objects of their annoyance
had the power of resistance. The behaviour of some
of these men, on this occasion, was singularly insolent,
audaciously denying the whole charge, the proofs of
which it was not then thought fit or necessary to open
to them. I candidly warned them of the danger they
incurred if any of them were found attempting the
injury of the prisoners, or breaking into the prison;
so that if any of them met with misfortune in such
circumstances, he would have himself alone to blame.
Captain Brown advised them in the most impressive
manner to desist for the future, and dismissed them.
It remains to be seen how they mean to act after this
caution; but my resolution is as fixed as ever to persevere
in keeping watch and protecting the prisoners
at any risk, according to my sense of duty.</p>

<p class='c000'>13th.—Last night was spent as before; but the
warning they had received operating on their fears
kept them from repeating the annoyance, and the
night passed without disturbance. This day, in consequence
of fatigue, I felt unable to read in the usual
manner to the prisoners, and the Reverend Mr. Reddall
kindly officiated. I seized the moment after its
conclusion, and addressed them, charging them with
laxity of manners, as unfortunately witnessed in some
of them on a recent occasion;—pointed out to them
the unhappy state of mind which must attend a relapse
from virtue, and the misery which those women
<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>must now feel for having forsaken their duty;—showed,
that vice and virtue, as they must well know, are
irreconcileable, and that the hearts of those unhappy
frail ones must now make them painfully sensible
how degraded and wretched their misconduct must
have rendered them. A burst of sorrowful feeling
announced their conviction of this truth, and one
would gladly at least suppose, that with this impression
on their minds, nothing could induce them to
transgress again.</p>

<p class='c000'>They appeared to reproach themselves for the sacrifice
of rest and comfort they made me endure.
Taking advantage of this state of mind, I entreated
them to reflect seriously on their duty, keeping constantly
in mind the absolute necessity there was, now
more than ever, to avoid, under every pretence whatsoever,
the company and conversation of the sailors.
I assured them that any found unmindful of this line
of conduct, should be instantly confined, and not allowed
a moment from the prison until they were
handed over to their sentence, which should visit
them in all its heaviness, as no effort would be made
to lighten the burden of their misfortunes,—and that
they must go forth to their lot tainted with characters
more black and odious than what their former crimes
had brought upon them. I was afterwards under the
necessity of using harsh measures with one of the late
offenders, Mary Linch, who, disregarding the injunction
imposed on her for beating one of her fellow-prisoners,
had the temerity to break through her confinement
and go upon deck.</p>

<p class='c000'>15th.—The personal inconvenience to which I have
<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>subjected myself by keeping watch in the prison, and
which I mean to continue in order to defeat every
machination which the licentiousness of the sailors
may attempt, however distressing in its effects upon
myself it may prove, has been attended with much
advantage; as, by breaking up any plans they may
have formed, their insolence has been repressed, and
their forwardness to mischief overawed. Besides, the
conduct of the women, such I mean as may have had
a leaning towards a dereliction of duty, and of those
sentiments of returning virtue acquired on the voyage,
were checked in their relapse, and brought by a sense
of shame to a proper recollection and recovery of
themselves; so that nothing at present exists to disturb
a harmony as perfect seemingly as what I had recently
congratulated myself upon, previously to the late occurrence.
On account of the severe weather, a heavy
gale blowing with constant rain, the women could not
get their cooking done, and to show them a little indulgence
I issued an additional ration of wine.</p>

<p class='c000'>16th.—The restoration of order and proper conduct
among the prisoners, the sailors also having discontinued
their nocturnal annoyance, had led me to think
my watching in the prison any longer was unnecessary;
but accident has put in my way a paper which
has considerably altered my mind on that point. This
paper, which I found last night in the prison, appears
to have been written to one of the prisoners by a
sailor concerned in the late attempted breach into
the prison: the hand-writing is evidently disguised,
but the contents betray a determination to break down
the bars of the prison as soon as they should perceive
<span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>that I was become weary of watching. “<em>There are
plenty of us to do it</em>,” says this curious document,
and its intimations in general are so direct, that I
think myself imperatively bound to persevere in the
arduous duty I have proposed to myself.</p>

<p class='c000'>The contents of this paper should have been inserted
here at length, but that many expressions in it
are too indecent for publicity: however, if any person
have a wish to inspect it, I have preserved it for that
purpose, as the best evidence of the fact, that violence
may be threatened with impunity on such an occasion.
It contains also a threat against myself, which of
course I despise;—in this respect, however, they appear
to have an eye towards my pistols, as the same
important paper plainly shows.</p>

<p class='c000'>17th.—At the usual hour this day I read a sermon
to the prisoners, to which they were all exceedingly
attentive. The remarks which it appeared necessary
to make on passing occurrences, produced a strong
impression on their minds, and many shed tears of
painful remembrance over those crimes which brought
them to their present wretched state, and found in
their sorrow relief from their reflections.</p>

<p class='c000'>The weather being excessively cold and inclement
from the nature of the season, and the high latitudes
through which the ship’s course lay, the cooks found
it difficult to dress the victuals: I therefore signified
my intention to allow them wine four times a week,
should their conduct merit such indulgence.</p>

<p class='c000'>Many of the prisoners had worked up the straw
and the other materials for industrious employment;—some
into decent bonnets for themselves,—others
<span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>the like for sale, out of which they hoped to make as
much as would help to equip them respectably on
landing, and for that purpose solicited my interference
to procure them purchasers.</p>

<p class='c000'>20th.—The constant system of keeping watch at
night in the prison, has completely disconcerted the
designs of the sailors, who, having committed themselves
in a wilful breach of propriety which they cannot
now turn to the base purposes they had proposed,
are evidently filled with disappointment and vexation,
and they appear the more annoyed as there is no possible
way for venting their dastardly malice. Besides,
they are ashamed of their late behaviour in worrying
the women during the night, from the contempt cast
upon such unmanly tricks. At all events, they seem
to have given up that part of their plan, as no disturbance
now takes place during the night: yet I have
sufficient cause to believe they will renew their attempts
on the prison, should any opportunity offer.</p>

<p class='c000'>This day a discourse on the mischiefs of idleness
was delivered in the prison, and the remarks with
which it was followed appeared to act forcibly upon
their minds, if a judgement may be formed from the
tears of contrition which some of the late delinquents
copiously shed, when I desired them to ask themselves—whether
it was not in a moment of idleness they had
unfortunately given way to that temptation which led
them into their late transgression against religion,
virtue, and order. To the others I addressed some
advice on the value of time, and the necessity of not
letting a moment pass without doing something useful;
and to avoid every thing which could tend to
<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>disunite them, or sour their minds against one another,
as by cultivating good-will and friendly feeling
among themselves, now, they would be the better fitted
for those employments which they will have to resort
to during the term of their sentence. The transition
to the idea of their unfortunate circumstances drew
reflection to their situation, and gave a favourable
moment to impress upon them a thorough sense of
those duties by which they must be regulated in that
country in which they were now nearly on the point
of being landed. The behaviour of the sequestered
females is satisfactorily humble and correct.</p>

<p class='c000'>21st.—The tranquillity of the prison continues undisturbed
by the sailors at night, although circumstances
occurring during the day betray their intention
of further mischief, should an opportunity be open
to encourage the attempt. The conduct of the penitent
offenders continues to exhibit unequivocal marks
of sincere return to virtuous reflection; and in proportion
as the voyage draws near to its termination,
the interest excited by their compunction increases.</p>

<p class='c000'>Their companions from Newgate, who have remained
unblemished, and progressively improving,
use the most earnest intercession for the offenders,
praying to have them united with them once more.
In this instance, the recollection of the danger they
had incurred made me unwilling to listen to this charitable
advocacy; but they, with a kind perseverance
which does them credit, applied to the Reverend
Mr. Reddall, and this amiable man lent his assistance
to their wishes, putting into writing the prisoners’ sentiments,
which he this day presented to me in the form
<span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>of a letter, in the name of all the females from Newgate,
signed also by the penitents.</p>

<p class='c000'>With this entreaty my compliance was easy, both
in compliment to the intercessor, and from a wish to
cultivate the disposition shown by the petitioners. I
accompanied the reverend gentleman to the hospital,
where, having called them together, I remarked with
much earnestness on their general state, gave them
my hearty forgiveness, and promised to befriend
them in every possible way. It would be difficult to
express the feelings of gratitude they displayed;—it
was signified in sobs and tears;—it was eloquent in
the interruption of their emotions. One, the most distinguished
for habitual levity, was the most fervent in
her expressions of mingled joy, shame, and sorrow; she
fell on her knees, and repeatedly asked for that pardon
which had already been pronounced. The scene was
affecting to those present. I encouraged them to persevere
in their present resolutions, and told them that
they were now at perfect liberty to mix with their companions,
but forbade them positively to go on deck,
which I assured them was purely for their own welfare.
They with one voice requested to be continued in their
present sequestered situation, as best suiting their
state of mind; to which request they had my ready
consent. The following is a copy of their letter:</p>

<div class='lg-container-r c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>“Morley, at Sea, Aug. 21, 1820.</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class='lg-container-l c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>“<span class='sc'>Honoured Sir</span>,</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>“It is in the deepest sorrow of soul we presume to
pray your regard to our wretched situation. We never
till now knew what it was to be completely unfortunate,
because we have drawn it all upon ourselves
<span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>by listening to the false persuasions of the wicked
sailors, who have led us astray from our duty to God
and you. We scarcely dare ask your forgiveness, our
crime has been so bad, and our ingratitude so great;
and yet we cannot bear the distress we are in at the
thought of having acted as we have done.</p>

<p class='c009'>“If our repentance can at all wipe away our offence,
we beg most earnestly that you will bear witness to its
sincerity; and at least be assured that we will not any
more give you cause to be offended with us. But if
your goodness will pardon our weakness, and overlook
this transgression, our whole lives shall be given to
make amends for what we have unfortunately done.
We do not desire to go upon deck any more, but we
humbly hope you will not send us away in anger; and
although we merit a poor character from you, we hope
you will pity us, and be as lenient as you can.</p>

<p class='c009'>“We venture to offer our most grateful thanks for
the goodness and care you have always shown to,</p>

<div class='lg-container-r c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line in12'>“Honoured Sir,</div>
      <div class='line'>“Your penitent and unhappy servants.”</div>
      <div class='line in21'>(Signed by seven.)</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class='lg-container-l c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line in4'>“Thomas Reid, Esq.</div>
      <div class='line'>Surgeon, &amp;c. Ship Morley.”</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c000'>22nd.—About two hours past the last midnight, the
men of the same watch, whose indecent and unlawful
doings have been so often already noticed, being on
deck in turn, prepared to avail themselves of an advantage
arising from an injury done to the bars of the
prison, at the fore-hatchway, which had been crushed
and displaced by the striking of a small cask, as it was
hoisting from the hold. This damage, which occurred
yesterday, could not then be effectually repaired, and
<span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span><em>this almost paper edifice</em> had no protection except the
wretched locks upon the hatchway. Of this I was aware,
and remained on the alert in case of any attack.</p>

<p class='c000'>At the hour above mentioned I heard the hatchway
locks at the grating distinctly opened and shut, no
doubt by means of duplicate keys, and afterwards a
rustling noise was heard as if the fellows were descending.
This noise suddenly ceased,—no attempt further
was made, nor any more annoyance given during the
rest of the night. During this affair the utmost tranquillity
prevailed throughout the prison, not one of the
women having stirred; nor does it appear that any of
them were aware of the circumstance.</p>

<p class='c000'>24th.—At the usual hour I read a sermon in the
prison, and have much cause to bestow commendation
on the propriety generally evinced by the women. In
my remarks I adverted to their behaviour latterly, bestowing
merited praise on those who continued to observe
the rules of moral and religious instruction which
they had heard so frequently and with such evident benefit,
since the beginning of the voyage, and who had
uniformly testified their love for good conduct by never
swerving from their duty. To those who had unfortunately
relapsed, but whose subsequent contrition had
cancelled their offence, I held forth the language of
commiseration and forgiveness, exhorting them never
to confide again in themselves alone to guard against
sin, but with fervent and frequent prayer to entreat
the aid of divine grace, when their reformation could
not fail to be perfect, and their peace of mind ensured.</p>

<p class='c000'>The sailors in appearance show less hostility than
<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>heretofore, and no further annoyance is offered during
the night; the women also seem in no instance whatever
to hold communication with them, even in passing
conversation.</p>

<p class='c000'>27th.—Matters continue progressively interesting,
as the period approaches when the final separation is
to take place between those intended for the colony at
Van Diemen’s Land, and those proceeding afterwards
to Sydney. A thoughtfulness marks every turn and
action, mingled with sadness in some, and resignation
in others; whilst many openly regret the termination
of the voyage, as putting an end to comforts of mind
and condition which they had not before enjoyed, and
had not to expect in the place to which they were going.
Still, however rarely, a trace of wild temper breaks in
spite of all sincerity of intention to the contrary. This
unhappy tendency of early habit was shown this morning
by one of the younger prisoners, (Ann Farrell,)
who for some very trifling cause quarrelled with and
beat one of her companions. In the fervour of the
confusion my presence put an end to animosity, which
was instantly succeeded by tears of sorrow.</p>

<p class='c000'>A sermon on the immortality of the soul was this
day read in the prison by the Reverend Mr. Reddall.
After its conclusion, I drew their attention forcibly to
the subject, by reminding them of a similar discourse
having been addressed to many of them in Newgate
by Mrs. <span class='sc'>Fry</span>. This allusion to their beloved benefactress
called forth a flood of tears, with the strongest
expression of feelings I ever witnessed among them,
the whole exhibiting a scene highly complimentary to
the revered object of their affectionate remembrance,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>and creditable to the poor women themselves: the effusion
was spontaneous, full, and general; for most of
them had known the lady’s goodness and humane exertions
from their own experience, and the others
mingled sympathetic tears with theirs. One moment
such as this, even in the minds of those proud ones
whose disdain for their former offences would spurn
the unhappy wretches, would restore them surely to
pity and protection. The haughtiest contemner of
the sinner must, in this genuine display of gratitude
and sorrow blended together, have instantly forgotten
the errors of the past, and have felt confidence in the
renovated purity bespeaking such humble declarations
of contrition and fervent affection towards that bright
and happy benevolence, which with sweet persuasion
first led them back from the ways of sin and death, and
taught them to cherish a hope of happy immortality.</p>

<p class='c000'>28th.—In a former part of this volume I stated my
firm belief, that even convicts are susceptible of gratitude;
and in this opinion am I further confirmed by
the feelings of the unfortunate creatures committed to
my care, as expressed in the following letter addressed
to me, and presented by the Reverend Mr. Reddall.
The zealous and unwearied benevolence of this gentleman
induced him often to visit them in the prison,
for the humane purpose of giving useful counsel to
those who might be disposed to receive it: on one of
those occasions they solicited him to write this letter,
expressive of their sense of obligation; they afterwards
put their names to it, to be delivered to me before any
of them left the ship.</p>

<div class='lg-container-r c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span>“Morley, at Sea, Aug. 28, 1820.</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class='lg-container-l c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>“<span class='sc'>Honoured Sir</span>,</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>“As the voyage, through Divine Providence, is now
near its close, and feeling as we do, indeed as we
ought, the full force of your good-will towards us, it
would ill accord with the impressions on our minds,
fixed there by your faithful performance of every good
office for the promotion of our comfort and our good,
did we not assure you of our gratitude, and offer you
our thanks.</p>

<p class='c009'>“These latter, it is true, are but of little worth; but
they are the offerings of sincerity, and we know you
will not despise them: the former will, we trust, be
kept fresh within us to the latest days of our pilgrimage
below, by thinking on your many virtues, and by
the recollection of your truly benevolent and unceasing
attention to our various wants and best interests during
the passage. If, Sir, we consider the numerous
cases which required your professional skill and attendance
among us, we are reminded of your promptitude
and attention, whether required by day or by night.—If
we reflect on your zeal for our moral and religious
improvement, we feel how much we owe, and how
little we can ever repay you.—If we place you before
us as our protector, your unshaken firmness in the face
of danger,—your rectitude of conduct, which the virtuous
alone possess,—and the great deprivations of rest
and comfort we are grieved to say you are enduring
on our account, entitle you to every good feeling, in
return, of which our hearts are capable.</p>

<p class='c009'>“Honoured as we have thus been by you, and favoured
by your sympathizing distribution of those
comforts tenderly and humanely provided for us by
<span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>the Government of our beloved country, the grief of
mind our unhappy cases must naturally have excited
within us has been greatly assuaged; and we trust
that, through the grace of God, your good advice and
able instruction in moral virtues and religious truths
will not be lost upon us, but that we shall benefit by
your counsel, when you will be in happier climes:
and, Sir, if through your instrumentality we shall again
become worthy members of society, wherever we may
be placed, we shall have continual cause to bless you,
and to offer up our prayers for that Government which
has placed us under your valuable protection.</p>

<p class='c009'>“Receive then, most respected Sir, our united best
wishes for your every good, temporal and eternal; and
permit us to be, with a grateful sense of our obligation,</p>

<div class='lg-container-r c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>“Your faithful and dutiful servants.”</div>
    </div>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line in11'>(<em>Signed by one hundred and twenty-one.</em>)</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class='lg-container-l c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>“To Thomas Reid, Esq. Surgeon, &amp;c.</div>
      <div class='line in4'>From the female Convicts</div>
      <div class='line in4'>on board the ship Morley.”</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c000'>29th.—In the afternoon of yesterday Van Diemen’s
Land came in sight; but the Captain deeming it safest
kept the ship laid to, and this morning again making
sail, we arrived with a favourable wind in the Derwent,
and anchored before <span class='sc'>Hobart-Town</span> about half-past
three in the afternoon, when the Naval Officer came
on board. Soon after I waited on His Honour
the Lieutenant Governor with dispatches from the
Secretary of State for the Colonial Department, and
was informed that a considerable number of the convicts
would be received at this destination. The conduct
<span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>of the women since the last date has been highly
meritorious, with the exception of a trifling irregularity
charged upon an elderly prisoner, which not having
been sufficiently substantiated deserved no further
notice.</p>

<p class='c000'>30th.—Captain Brown having had occasion to go
on shore this morning on the ship’s concerns, and it
being necessary for me to wait upon the Lieutenant
Governor, it appeared best to delay until the Captain’s
return. In the afternoon I went ashore to see the
Lieutenant Governor, who signified his intention of
coming on board the Morley to-morrow. There
having been a very heavy fall of snow, which continued
the greater part of the day with sleet and
squalls, the women were obliged to remain below.
Nothing in their conduct has occurred to lessen my
good opinion of them. They appear all in excellent
disposition, and quite resigned to their situation. The
anxiety of many of them is extreme to ascertain who
are to be left at Hobart-Town; but though I am
aware, from conversation with the Lieutenant Governor,
that fifty at least will be required for this colony,
still it seems more prudent to withhold that information,
as they might otherwise feel themselves released
from accustomed restraint, and, if so disposed, might
be tempted to give loose to some irregularities.</p>

<p class='c000'>However favourable the present state of circumstances
be, I shall continue my nightly watching, until
the termination of the affair is more satisfactorily decided
by the removal of such women as are used to
attract the attention of the sailors. The state of the
prison is singularly tranquil, and the conduct of the
sailors is remarkably quiet and reserved.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>31st.—Having watched over the conduct of the
prisoners throughout the day, I was detained by various
concerns in the prison until half-past eight last
evening, when I retired to my cabin to prepare the
necessary papers for the women who were to go on
shore. This did not occupy me more than one hour
and a quarter; and on returning to keep watch for the
night, I found that the sailors had, in my absence,
taken four females out of the prison. Having made
immediate search, assisted by Captain Brown and the
chief mate, I discovered three of them in the hammocks
of three of the sailors; the fourth, who was elsewhere
concealed with a sailor, came from her hiding-place;—the
four were of course put immediately in proper
restraint.</p>

<p class='c000'>At an early hour this morning I waited on the
Lieutenant Governor, and laid the whole affair before
him, when he entered warmly into the merits of the
case, and promised his full support. This circumstance
hastened His Honour’s determination to come on board,
as he had previously intended. About 11 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> the
Lieutenant Governor came and inspected the condition
of the prisoners, expressing in strong terms his approbation
of their appearance, and also the satisfaction
he felt, and the conviction he entertained of their
moral improvement. Agreeably to promise, I interested
myself in their behalf, and obtained a comfortable
settlement for many of the most deserving, and
enabled the others destined for this dependency to indulge
in the most pleasing expectations as to the same
effect.</p>

<p class='c000'>The Lieutenant Governor having returned, a constable
<span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>came on board by order of His Honour, and took
into custody the four sailors with whom the women
had been found, also a fifth who was principally concerned
in taking them out of the prison: he was
about taking them away, when the remaining crew, in
the most violent and mutinous manner, broke off their
work; three of them forced the constable to take them
also as prisoners along with the other five; to which
the constable felt himself compelled to submit. The
rest refused to return to their duty, and to a man
went below. The Police Magistrate, Mr. Humphrey,
who was not in town when I waited on the Lieutenant
Governor in the morning, now came off to the ship,
followed by a serjeant with a file of soldiers. On his
coming aboard, the sailors were commanded by Captain
Brown, by the advice of the Magistrate, to go to
their duty; but they obstinately refused. The Magistrate
in the most mild and liberal manner advised them to
reflect on their imprudence, and pointed out to them the
serious consequences they incurred by such behaviour.
Still they persisted, directing their whole violence of
abuse against me for having, as they said, threatened
to shoot any of them who should come in my way,—with
other strange and unfounded clamours of the
same kind. To the remonstrances of the Magistrate
they appeared to pay but little attention, although the
soldiers were drawn up under arms beside them. Upon
their alluding to me, I openly challenged them then or
at any other time to advance any charge they might
have against me, as I was perfectly amenable to the
laws, if my conduct were not correct; but, at the
same time, I renewed my warning to them in the most
<span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>solemn manner, not to be found trespassing on the
precincts of my duty, else, if they did not keep in recollection
this salutary caution, they would with positive
certainty have to repent of their folly. After much
silly and vulgar rodomontade, they suddenly changed
their tone, and one by one, in the most ungracious
manner, laid aside their stubbornness and returned to
their work.</p>

<p class='c000'>In the mean time the three sailors who had forced
themselves on the constable, and were conducted to
prison, having been humanely reprimanded by the Lieutenant
Governor and sent back, came again on board
and went to work like the rest: the soldiers, however,
were ordered to remain on guard upon deck during the
night. The sullen manner in which the sailors returned
to their duty convinced me that they harboured
evil designs, and from information received, I had been
previously assured that they had formed an intention
of offering to me serious personal injury; I have
therefore determined to keep watch in the prison as
before, and in the most effective manner to repel their
aggressions.</p>

<p class='c000'>Nothing can be more plainly demonstrative of the
deplorable state of insubordination existing among
sailors in the merchant service, than the occurrences
of this day have proved; for, over such selfish and ungrateful
beings the master can exercise no authority
whatever of a coercive nature, whilst they, acting on
an arbitrary code of regulations formed among themselves,
can insult him with impunity, the law allowing
him no redress. In this state of things the voyage
must depend for its comforts, security, and in some
measure for its success, on their capricious combinations.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span><em>September</em> 1st.—Last night passed away without
further disturbance on the part of the sailors, and the
guard was this morning recalled. Having to wait on
the Lieutenant Governor, by appointment, in the forenoon,
I was obliged to anticipate my usual hour, and
shortly after 9 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> assembled the women in the prison,
accompanied by the Reverend Mr. Reddall and
Captain Brown, to read to them the following farewell
address prepared for the occasion.</p>

<p class='c000'>On many former occasions of this kind their behaviour
demanded from me the strongest approbation;
but I must confess that on the present the feeling
evolved in the course of this duty was such as would
be creditable to any Christian assembly whatever.
Their expressions of grief and contrition for the errors
which had placed them in their present unhappy situation
were poignant in the extreme, and would indeed
be difficult of description. The keen sense of virtue
acquired by fruitful repentance made them look down
upon themselves as deeply degraded by vice, and cast
an additional gloom and disgrace over their punishment.
That hour I found indeed full reward for all
the pains I had taken in their improvement, because
it showed me that, however frail and erring some of
them might still prove, the far greater number were
sensibly, and I would hope permanently, reformed.</p>

<h3 class='c020'>FAREWELL ADMONITION.</h3>

<p class='c021'>Having now arrived at that destination to which
many of us have for some time looked forward
with anxious solicitude and uncertainty, I wish to
<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>avail myself of the present opportunity to offer a
few reflections which have at different times occurred
to me, respecting your future conduct and welfare in
life. In putting together my thoughts upon this subject,
it has been my aim to frame an advice for the
moral guidance of you all, but more particularly of
those whose tender years and inexperience may unfit
them for performing a part on the great theatre of life,
to which they will very soon be introduced. To use
this world so as not to abuse it, is decidedly the most
important lesson that either religion or philosophy inculcates;
but it must not be denied, at the same time,
that it is one of considerable difficulty.</p>

<p class='c000'>It is not my intention to entertain you with a dissertation
on speculative philosophy, or a discussion of
theological arguments; I shall simply, for the sake of
perspicuity, endeavour to observe a certain order in
the arrangement of my subject; but my sole object is
to solace your minds by explaining, as well as I can,
the pleasing advantages which every one of you
may receive from the doctrines of the Christian religion.</p>

<p class='c000'>First, then, let me request your attention to the
behaviour of one of your own sex, in whose situation,
as a sinner, many of you, perhaps, will perceive a
strong resemblance to your own. The transaction is
recorded in the Gospel according to St. Luke, 7th
chapter 37th and following verses, in these words:
“And, behold, a woman in the city, which was a sinner,
when she knew that Jesus sat at meat in the
Pharisee’s house, brought an alabaster box of ointment,
and stood at his feet behind him weeping, and
<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>began to wash his feet with tears, and did wipe them
with the hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and
anointed them with the ointment. Now when the
Pharisee which had bidden him saw it, he spake within
himself, saying, This man, if he were a prophet,
would have known who and what manner of woman
this is that toucheth him: for she is a sinner. And
Jesus answering said unto him, Simon, I have somewhat
to say unto thee. And he saith, Master, say
on. There was a certain creditor which had two
debtors: the one owed five hundred pence, and the
other fifty. And when they had nothing to pay, he
frankly forgave them both. Tell me therefore, which
of them will love him most? Simon answered and
said, I suppose that he to whom he forgave most.
And he said unto him, Thou hast rightly judged. And
he turned to the woman, and said unto Simon, Seest
thou this woman? I entered into thine house, thou
gavest me no water for my feet: but she hath washed
my feet with tears, and wiped them with the hairs of
her head. Thou gavest me no kiss: but this woman
since the time I came in hath not ceased to kiss my
feet. My head with oil thou didst not anoint: but
this woman hath anointed my feet with ointment.
Wherefore, I say unto thee, her sins, which are many,
are forgiven; for she loved much: but to whom little
is forgiven, the same loveth little. And he said unto
her, Thy sins are forgiven. And they that sat at
meat with him began to say within themselves, Who
is this that forgiveth sins also? And he said to the
woman, Thy faith hath saved thee; go in peace.”</p>

<p class='c000'>This interesting little narrative presents to us one
<span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>of the most affecting pictures to be met with any
where in Scripture. The life of this woman had been
stained by the commission of crimes of the deepest
dye in the sight of Heaven. Her heart was now
filled with bitter anguish, and the keenest remorse,
which left no room for hope in her bosom. She had
long endured the wretchedness of a sinful life; the
scorn of the world had often lacerated the finest feelings
of her heart; her sense of shame was intense,
and with the most profound humility she fell at the
feet of her Redeemer, but dared not to supplicate or
indulge a hope of mercy: she never ceased to wash
the feet of Jesus with her tears, and to dry them with
the hairs of her head; thus showing her repentance
to be sincere: and she found mercy. Jesus did not
reject her; but, with the tenderness of an affectionate
father, pronounced those encouraging words,
“Daughter, thy sins are forgiven thee.” Can any of
you imagine the inexpressible joy, the heavenly rapture,
that thrilled upon the heart and illuminated the
hitherto darkened soul of this deluded sinner, when
the eternal Son of God signified her pardon? It is
quite certain, that, however greatly we may magnify
the idea of her happiness, we shall fall short, infinitely
short, of the delightful reality; for we are assured by
divine authority<a id='r21' /><a href='#f21' class='c006'><sup>[21]</sup></a>, that “Eye hath not seen, nor ear
heard, neither have entered into the heart of man, the
things which God hath prepared for them that love
him.”</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>We have every reason to believe that the shame,
confusion, and sorrow, with which this unhappy woman
was overpowered, were entirely removed at the
very instant of pronouncing her forgiveness: for
these soul-harrowing feelings belong to guilt; they
are the price which must be paid for sinful pleasures;
they are, in short, the only certain fruit that sin produces.
These very feelings were intended by our
Maker to stop us in the career of vice; from which
having fairly turned, they disappear, and give way to
that real, inward satisfaction which is the happy effect
of sincere virtue.</p>

<p class='c000'>I think we shall do well to pause here a moment,
and inquire whether there were any other means by
which this woman could have been released from the
bondage of sin, and enabled to break the galling fetters
in which she had long been bound in the slavery
of Satan? To this it may be confidently answered,
Undoubtedly not. There is no possibility of our heavenly
Father being reconciled to us while we continue
in the practice of sin. It does not even follow as a
natural or necessary consequence, that our own mere
repentance gives us any claim to demand forgiveness;
it is alone to the wonderful goodness of God we are
indebted for that mercy, who has been graciously
pleased to promise pardon to the true penitent, on account
of the atonement which Christ made for the
sins of us all by his own sufferings.</p>

<p class='c000'>Although in my former addresses, the subject of
repentance was treated more at length, and made, I
hope, clear to the understanding of you all, yet I am
<span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>not aware that it is in my power to render you a more
important service, than again to take here a cursory
view of its most important advantages.</p>

<p class='c000'>I enter on the consideration of this subject with the
greater pleasure, because I am satisfied that my former
arguments were not thrown away, and that with many
of you the great work of repentance is already begun.
If the conviction exist in your minds, that sin is odious,
and destructive to the soul, no matter how alluring
soever and deceitful its appearance may be, what
can prevent you from extending your abhorrence of it
a step further, which will bring you to conversion?
To render penitence complete and effectual unto salvation,
we must first discover the nature and enormity
of our offences, in a perfect and lowly consciousness
of our own sinfulness. A confused belief that we are
not what our Maker intended we should be, will
never produce that change in our hearts which is necessary
to real repentance: we must have a particular
and distinct knowledge of all our vices, and a thorough
conviction of our iniquities. It is not enough that,
with frigid soul and unmoved heart, we acknowledge
in general terms that we are excessively wicked and
corrupt,—that there is no good in us, and then to
indulge in transient sorrow for a moment. This mode
of action does not certainly deserve the name of repentance,
and in the end, I greatly fear it will prove
worse than useless; for it never fails to harden the
heart, and to conceal from the sinner the true state
of his soul.—<em>In the Christian religion there is no
composition, no arrangement, no trifling, no fluctuation,
no dalliance with duties, no deference to darling
<span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span>vices: if the eye offend us, we must pluck it out; if
the hand is sinful, we must cut it off. Better to merit
Heaven by every suffering, than eternal punishment
by every gratification.</em></p>

<p class='c000'>It is no very uncommon thing to see persons deeply
affected with sorrow and contrition for past misconduct,
and sincerely resolve to lead a new life for the
future, and yet their resolution fall to nothing in a
very short time. This, I am apt to believe, will always
happen whenever the love of the world predominates
over the more sublime desire of inheriting eternal
life. To make repentance sincere and efficacious,
we must have constant recourse to self-examination,
and a candid, impartial inquiry into the state of our
own hearts. For this purpose, you must seek frequent
opportunities of retiring from the bustle of the world,
and accustom yourselves to meditate in secret. Should
your poverty or occupation prevent you from setting
apart a particular hour in the day or the week, you
can subtract a few minutes from the ordinary time allowed
for sleep, “to commune with your own heart,
upon your bed<a id='r22' /><a href='#f22' class='c006'><sup>[22]</sup></a>.”</p>

<p class='c000'>Reflect seriously, that another day or week of your
life is gone; then examine how much you have
gained by that time. “Have you conquered any bad
passion to which you were addicted? Are you more
pure and holy in your own eyes? Look back on
your past life; trace it from youth, and put to yourselves
the question, What have been its happiest moments?
Were they those of quiet and innocence, or
<span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span>those of riot and intrigue? Has success in almost
any instance realized your expectation? Where you
reckoned upon happiness in the highest degree, have
you not many times been disappointed and found
least? Wherever sin or guilty pleasure formed a
part of your projected schemes, did they not leave
some unhappy impression on your minds that remained
when the gratification was forgotten? Are
you more the children of grace, than you were before
you shed a tear for your transgressions? In a word,
do you think you have made any progress in the
journey of salvation?” These are questions of too
much importance to the eternal welfare of every one
of you to be regarded with indifference, or carelessly
overlooked, because answers to them may excite confusion,
or cover your cheeks with the blushes of guilty
shame.</p>

<p class='c000'>There is no dungeon cell so miserable, or no retreat
so unsheltered, as not to afford some corner where
prayer and devotion, the exercise of every duty of religion,
may be practised. The sincere penitent will often
be found to select the most humble and retired apartment
as the hallowed spot for devoutly worshiping his
Maker; and his earnest supplications for mercy and
forgiveness, will be as acceptable as if they had issued
from the most magnificent palace. Even in the darkest
solitude of prison-gloom the inspiration of religion
can be felt, and its operation on the heart acknowledged
by the silent tear of contrition, and the melting
of the soul in grateful adoration of its beneficent
Creator.</p>

<p class='c000'>That the assistance of the divine spirit is necessary
<span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span>to complete the work of repentance, and support our
virtue, must not be forgotten. Without God we are
utterly incapable of performing any good act. But this
ought by no means to discourage us from undertaking
and persevering in the glorious struggle; for we are
assured that we shall not be left alone, but have the
divine spirit always near and ready to assist us. If our
own effort to repent and reform be sincere, we have
no reason whatever to doubt that God will graciously
aid our endeavours. “True repentance produces an
entire change of heart and life; of views, desires and
actions; a complete renunciation of all vicious pursuits
and gratifications, with a firm resolution to keep the
commandments of the living God; any degree of it
that falls short of this, is not that repentance to which
God has annexed the promise of pardon.”</p>

<p class='c000'>Were my limits less contracted, I should endeavour
to give some little description of the condition of the
hardened sinner, and contrast his gloomy expectations
and distracting fears of eternal punishment with the
glorious hope of salvation, that heavenly sunshine
which continually illumines and cheers the soul of the
blessed penitent. Even as it is, a brief sketch of some
of the most prominent features by which these two
characters are distinguished may be allowed.</p>

<p class='c000'>Here, then, I would beg leave to ask whether any
of you really believe that the life of a wicked person
can, under any circumstances, be truly happy? To this
very important question past experience enables you
all to return a direct answer: let me solemnly advise
you, my friends, to put it seriously to your own hearts.
Methinks, in the painful conflict that agitates and confuses
<span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span>your minds, I hear the still small voice of conscience
answering for you, and whispering <em>No</em>. Do
not, I beseech you, attempt to stifle these virtuous
struggles of conscience to rouse the spirit within you
from the fatal slumber of sin; but regard them as the
warning voice of your merciful Creator and Redeemer.</p>

<p class='c000'>But to return from this little digression: Let us suppose
a bad man possessed of great affluence, and enjoying
good health; let him mix with the giddy multitude,
and drink as deeply as he pleases from the poisoned
streams of sinful gratification, yet could we hear
the true language of his heart, we should know from
his own confession that he was far from being happy;
that in the words of the wise king of Israel, “even in
laughter the heart is sorrowful, and the end of that
mirth is heaviness<a id='r23' /><a href='#f23' class='c006'><sup>[23]</sup></a>.” His mind is perpetually haunted
with misgivings and slavish terrors, because guilt is
always attended with suspicious alarm. He is afraid
of his companions in crime, lest they betray him; and
of those on whom he commits depredations lest they
detect and punish him on the spot; and, what is still
more cruel, he is afraid of himself. His conscience,
when he does reflect, makes him tremble at the thought
of divine vengeance directed against him for his sins,
like the guilty king Belshazzar, who saw his dreadful
doom traced by a hand upon the wall whilst he was
impiously rioting in the midst of worldly pleasures<a id='r24' /><a href='#f24' class='c006'><sup>[24]</sup></a>.</p>

<p class='c000'>Such reflections as these, are the certain attendants
on a life of sin whenever the mind is roused into action;
<span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>and there is no opiate that can keep the guilty imagination
always asleep. There must be periods in the
life of every wicked person, when he or she will be
made dreadfully sensible of their degraded state; when
they will be forced to drink to the dregs the nauseous
cup of woe, in which a double portion of bitterness
has been infused by the poisoning influence of sin. It
is of such persons the sacred writer speaks, when he
says, “The wicked are like the troubled sea when it
cannot rest, whose waters cast up mire and dirt. There
is no peace, saith my God, for the wicked<a id='r25' /><a href='#f25' class='c006'><sup>[25]</sup></a>.” To be
alone compelled to brood over this black picture of
human misery, would surely be dreadful punishment
in this life; and, O my friends! can any of us fancy
what it will be in that which is to come?</p>

<p class='c000'>How infinitely more gratifying is the contemplation
of the character and disposition of a truly good man,
whose mind has been fortified by religion against every
vicissitude of this uncertain life! His peace is not at
the mercy of the varying circumstances of a world perpetually
changing. He is well acquainted with the
nature of true happiness. Afflictions do not overtake
him unprepared; he knew that his Maker assigned him
a particular duty during his pilgrimage on earth, and
he is determined to perform it, whether it be pleasant
or disagreeable, for he is certain that his labour will
not be of long duration. He is taught by divine wisdom
to form a true estimate of this world’s gifts, and
he enjoys them with moderation and thankfulness:
neither elated by success nor enervated by sensual indulgence,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span>he meets adversity with the firmness of a
Christian, and the confidence of a son of God.</p>

<p class='c000'>From the above imperfect outlines, which are
rudely and hastily traced, some idea may be gathered
of the comparative condition of the hardened sinner,
and the sorrowing penitent; and it is for yourselves to
say which of them you prefer;—whether you will
choose to exist for ever under the avenging displeasure
of your omnipotent Father, surrounded by devils and
infernal spirits, writhing under the most agonizing
torture which you are assured will never end; or inherit
a glorious crown of eternal salvation, and live for
everlasting in the refulgent beams of heavenly favour,
in company with the saints and angels, and the souls
of the righteous purified and made perfect.</p>

<p class='c000'>Is it possible that any of you can hesitate which of
these conditions you would wish to be your own, at
the awful hour of death, and the still more awful day
of judgement? The question does not admit of a moment’s
doubt. <em>Who among us shall dwell with the
devouring fire? Who among us shall dwell with everlasting
burnings?</em> Let me once more advise you, my
dear friends, to persevere in the godly work you have
so happily begun, that you may at the last day hear the
Saviour of the world pronounce those ecstatic words,
Daughter, thy sins are forgiven thee.</p>

<p class='c000'>The next subject to which I am desirous of directing
your attention, is the manner in which you ought
to conduct yourselves towards your superiors; and the
way in which your leisure hours can be most usefully
employed: on both these points my observations must
necessarily be brief. Moral government was ordained
<span class='pageno' id='Page_222'>222</span>by God to maintain good order, and promote happiness
among his creatures upon earth; and the end
of society is mutual convenience and safety. The existence
of society can only be preserved by judicious
arrangement of its members, by assigning to each some
necessary employment for the performance of which
he may be better qualified than his neighbour, while
he, on the other hand, engages in some useful service
which the former did not understand, or was unable to
perform. In this manner the business of life is executed,
by one working and another instructing and directing.</p>

<p class='c000'>Mankind has ever been disposed to pay respect to
superior knowledge or wisdom; hence arose the distinction
of rank, which it is our duty still to respect,
for without it society would soon degenerate, and present
nothing but confusion, or superiority secured by
ferocious wickedness. Respect to our superiors implies
obedience to the lawful commands of those who
are placed over us. This duty is enjoined by the express
direction of our Saviour himself. In the first
epistle of Peter, chap. ii. verse 17, he says, “<em>Fear God,
honour the King</em>;” and in the next verse, “<em>Servants,
be subject to your masters, with all fear; not only to
the good and gentle, but also to the froward</em>.” Seeing
then that it is our duty to submit to the divine will, let
us do it without murmuring, and resolve cheerfully
and faithfully to perform our allotted part. To oppose
the decrees of God we know is useless; and although
providence may have given us an humble station in
this world, let it be our consolation that in the next
all earthly distinctions will be destroyed.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_223'>223</span>With respect to the employment of your time, very
little need be said; indeed all I wish to urge might
be comprised in the single gospel advice, “Be not
weary in well doing<a id='r26' /><a href='#f26' class='c006'><sup>[26]</sup></a>:” and to this you have all shown
a disposition during the voyage that does you infinite
credit, and affords me inexpressible pleasure. The
materials you had to work on were scanty; yet you
managed to be seldom idle. Idleness is the bane of
every social virtue; it corrodes the soul, poisons every
innocent joy, and is the polluted fountain whence the
foulest crimes are continually springing. Were we all
to scrutinize our past conduct, there is not one of us
but would be compelled to acknowledge that the hours
of idleness were those in which we first meditated a
departure from the peaceful paths of virtue. Whatever
has occurred once, is liable to happen again: therefore
our only security against temptation in future, will be
honest employment. It was commanded by the
Apostle Paul, that, “if any would not work, neither
should he be allowed to eat<a id='r27' /><a href='#f27' class='c006'><sup>[27]</sup></a>.” If we do not contribute
our part to promote the good of society, we cannot
reasonably expect to be allowed a share of its privileges
and advantages. Any occupation that is not
absolutely vicious is preferable to idleness. I shall
close my remarks on this head with the testimony of
Solomon, who says, “In all labour there is profit, but
the soul of the sluggard desireth, and hath nothing<a id='r28' /><a href='#f28' class='c006'><sup>[28]</sup></a>.”</p>

<p class='c000'>I think a few moments may here be profitably spent
<span class='pageno' id='Page_224'>224</span>in considering the sabbath, and meditating on the important
duties we are called on to perform on that
hallowed day of rest. To every one whom Providence
in its infinite wisdom has placed in situations that require
labour, it must be gratifying to reflect, that one
day in seven is, in all Christian countries, fixed for
them to rest from their daily employment, and in some
degree to be on a level with those of more elevated
rank and fortune, by furnishing to both an opportunity
to supplicate the throne of mercy for pardon of their
transgressions, and of uniting their voices in pious
adoration of the divine Author of Nature.</p>

<p class='c000'>Public worship holds out so many inducements and
advantages, particularly to the lower classes of society,
that it has always been matter of great surprise to me
that they should ever be absent when they have it in
their power to attend. In the tabernacle of the Lord,
the high and the low, the prince and the pauper, the
captive and the free, meet to perform the same labour,
to discharge the same duty, and with the hope of receiving
the same reward. God is no respecter of persons.
That the public worship of the Almighty is
an indispensable duty, no one dares deny who has not
the hardihood to deny the Scriptures, and all divine
authority. In 10th chapter 25th verse of the Hebrews
we are expressly commanded “not to forsake the
assembling of ourselves together:” and in Deuteronomy,
31st chapter 12th verse, is said, “Gather the
people together, men, and women, and children, and
the stranger that is within thy gates, that they may
hear, and that they may learn, and fear the Lord your
God, and observe to do all the words of this law.”</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_225'>225</span>Some careless and unhappy persons, who, at the
risk of eternal misery, trifle away their lives and spend
the Lord’s day in frivolous, indecent, or sinful amusements,
endeavour to patch up some lame excuse, such
as, If they were to go to church they could learn nothing,
for they already know all that would be said;
and with respect to their amusements, If they were not
engaged in that way, they should be doing something
much worse. The conscience must be very dull and
wretched indeed, that can be satisfied with such flimsy
apologies. God will not pardon crimes merely because
we might have committed still greater ones.
Suppose a man were accused of robbery, and the crime
clearly proved, would a judge and jury be satisfied of
his innocence, and acquit him, because he did not also
commit murder? Such arguments are too absurd to
require serious refutation.</p>

<p class='c000'>God himself has commanded a particular regard to
the sabbath, and enjoined strict attention to public
worship, and it is highly criminal in us to question
his authority, or disobey his mandates. We may, however,
be very regular attendants at divine worship, and
yet be very bad Christians. It is not hearing a sermon,
or muttering a few words as prayers, that will obtain
for us the blessing of God. It is only the prayer of the
heart truly pious, and the effusion of devout contrition,
that can reach the throne of grace.</p>

<p class='c000'>The object of religious institutions is to have our
souls awakened and impressed with a just sense of our
own unworthiness; to subdue the influence of bad
passions; to have our minds stimulated to acts of
charity, and our virtue strengthened against the temptations
<span class='pageno' id='Page_226'>226</span>of the world and the flesh. I am firmly persuaded
that none of you will ever be so impious as to
make light or turn into ridicule the ordinances of religion
and the attributes of your Creator; you may
however meet with hardened wretches who will endeavour
to destroy the last refuge of the miserable, their
hope of salvation, by scoffs and jeers; let me counsel
you against hearkening to such enemies. What can
they offer that will compensate for the eternal destruction
of your souls? Show the profligate scoffers that
you defy their sneers,—that you are not such fools as
to be cheated out of happiness by coarse jokes, or profane
ribaldry. Prove to the world, that although you
were deceived into error, in an unguarded hour, still
the seeds of virtue are alive in your hearts, and that
your greatest, your first, your last desire is to be reconciled
to your heavenly Father.</p>

<p class='c000'>All these salutary ends would be greatly promoted
by acts of private devotion at regular and stated periods.
I would therefore advise you never to retire to sleep
without humbling yourselves before your Maker in
prayer and thanksgiving for having preserved you
through the day, and the first thing every morning to
implore his blessing and protection. I am indeed
more anxious to promote your welfare than I can possibly
express, and the only return I expect for the care
I have taken of you during the voyage is, that you will
all continue attentive to religious duty; in which case
you must all be happy.</p>

<p class='c000'>I regret that time will only allow me to make a few
superficial admonitory remarks on the propensity for
drinking intoxicating liquors. The effects of this evil
<span class='pageno' id='Page_227'>227</span>are so pernicious to society, so destructive of human
happiness, and so entirely subversive of moral order
and social virtue, that I deem it of the first importance
to warn you explicitly against its poisonous and seducing
influence. Were human beings desirous of degrading
themselves below the level of the most grovelling
animal that crawls on the earth, it would be
impossible for them to adopt a plan so ready as that
of drowning their faculties in stupifying spirits.</p>

<p class='c000'>Drunkenness may very justly be termed the prolific
parent of every vice and crime that can corrupt the
soul, or disgrace the dignity of man; for in fits of
inebriety what horrid deeds and hellish debaucheries
have not been committed?—robbery, murder, incest,
treason, and others still more shocking, by persons
who in cooler moments, in a sober state, would have
shuddered at the bare mention of such wicked and
abandoned turpitude! It is not necessary that the
bacchanalian votary should carry his extravagance the
length of brutal, deadly drunkenness, to produce all
the mischiefs I wish you to avoid. Long ere it gains
this disgusting pitch, the worst passions of our nature
will become inflamed to madness,—a state more dangerous
to virtue than even confirmed sottishness. In
proof of this, it need only be observed that the one is
an incentive to every species of criminality by which
the peace of society is disturbed, while the evils of the
other are confined principally to the debased individual
who gives himself up to such disgraceful practices.
Who is there among you that has not experienced,
either in her own person or some of her acquaintances,
the ruinous effects of indulgence in this
<span class='pageno' id='Page_228'>228</span>odious vice? Can one half of you lay your hands upon
your hearts, and say, that indulging in this very propensity
was not the cause of all the errors and misfortunes
for which you have been dragged from the
bosoms of your parents, husbands, and families, and
for which you are now forced to seek refuge among
strangers, far from the land that gave you birth?</p>

<p class='c000'>Drunkenness in a man is so disgraceful that it can
neither be defended nor excused; but in a woman it
is always associated with abandonment and detestation.
If I may be allowed to express my own feelings,
I declare to you truly and candidly, that I would as
soon see an infernal imp as a woman deprived of her
reason by means of this deluding poison. It is hardly
necessary to adduce proofs that this vice is forbidden
by the command of God. In Ephesians, 5th chapter,
18th verse, St. Paul says, “Be not drunk with wine,
wherein is excess;” and in 1st Corinthians, 6th chapter,
9th and 10th verses, “Be not deceived: neither
fornicators nor drunkards shall inherit the kingdom
of God.”</p>

<p class='c000'>Those persons who abandon themselves to strong
drink suffer, from spasms of the stomach, a degree of
torture that cannot be borne, and to relieve which
they must have recourse to a larger quantity, and this
must be repeated and increased at stated periods,
until the frail machine sinks under the constant stimulus,
the infatuated victim having in fact committed
self-murder. Of the innumerable mischievous effects
and deadly consequences which every moment arise
from drunkenness, I shall only mention two, namely,
swearing and prostitution. On each of these sins I
<span class='pageno' id='Page_229'>229</span>intend to offer a few brief observations, without any
further reference to the iniquitous source in which
they originate.</p>

<p class='c000'>Persons who indulge in the vulgar habit of cursing
and swearing, cannot, it is true, be accused of interested
or selfish motives; they volunteer to drudge
hard in the service of the devil, without fee or reward;
without the least prospect of a moment’s satisfaction
in this life or pleasure in the next. Could the common-place
excuses of pleasure, profit, or any other
temptation, be urged, there might be some shadow to
obscure the reason for an instant: but here a sin is
wantonly committed, which will powerfully assist to
seal the condemnation of the wretch before his Maker,
and can only render him despicable in the eyes of all
who witness his impiety.</p>

<p class='c000'>In the discourses which I have hitherto prepared
for your use and instruction, I have been anxious that
none of the opinions I advanced should rest on my
own authority alone, which will account for the Scripture
quotations with which they are every where interspersed.
In obedience to this rule, I need only refer
you to the 3rd article of the Decalogue, to prove
the enormity of profaning God’s holy name: “Thou
shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain,
for the Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh
his name in vain.” This sacred prohibition of the
third commandment was recognised by our Saviour
in the sermon he delivered on the mount, wherein he
says, “I say unto you, Swear not at all; neither by
heaven; for it is God’s throne: nor by the earth; for
it is his footstool: neither by Jerusalem; for it is the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_230'>230</span>city of the great king. Neither shalt thou swear by
thy head, because thou canst not make one hair white
or black<a id='r29' /><a href='#f29' class='c006'><sup>[29]</sup></a>.” Is it not shocking to see creatures
formed after the image of God, and endowed with
reasoning faculties, venting their insignificant rage in
curses upon those around them, as well as on themselves;—often
consigning their organs to the devil,
and hideously imploring damnation upon their own
souls?</p>

<p class='c000'>Suppose God were pleased always to punish execration
by granting the prayer of the wicked, how
many wretches should we see with limbs and other
members rotting off; with eyes melting out of their
heads, and every other part essential to life, withering
and consuming at their own unhallowed request!
Could any be astonished if the earth were to open,
and swallow up those depraved beings, who dare thus
to provoke the vengeance of Heaven, and wantonly defy
the majesty of God, as it did formerly upon Kora,
Dathan, and Abiram, with all their followers? I recommend
every one of you to read this interesting account;
you will find it, I think, in the 16th chapter
of the book of Numbers.</p>

<p class='c000'>The next and last subject for our consideration is
prostitution, which is more intimately connected with
the text than any of those which I have attempted to
discuss in the foregoing observations. Your behaviour
on board has been so excellent, and in this particular
so very exemplary, with scarcely even the shadow of
suspicion, that it may seem cruel and unjust to touch
<span class='pageno' id='Page_231'>231</span>upon it again. I confess to you candidly it has this
appearance to myself; and were it not for the temptations
to which I know many of you will be exposed,
and the infamous arts which brutal sensual men will
employ to seduce you from the pure paths of virtue
and honour, into the devious ways of sin and death,
I should not now awaken in your minds those agonizing
feelings, which I hope and believe have long
been tranquillized by the soothing influence of sincere
repentance.</p>

<p class='c000'>Believe me, my friends, I would most willingly spare
any remark that can tend to excite a painful thought
in any of your minds, could I in any other way
strengthen your virtuous intentions, and the resolutions
you have formed to resist every approach of
vice, how alluring soever the appearance may be in
which it can present itself. I am much more disposed
to reprobate the atrocious artifices which designing
men wickedly employ to ensnare innocent young girls
into their hellish grasp, than to condemn the unsuspecting
confidence which is too often reposed in their
most serious promises and solemn oaths, and which
has proved the ruin of many a well inclined and really
virtuous woman. In the ill-advised steps which led
to your present situation, and now cover you with
shame and sorrow, have not many of you to accuse
some foul seducer, some partner in your guilt, some
false friend who deceived you with promises of pleasure
and wealth, perverting your understanding, and
blinding your judgement with idle dreams of ambition
and happiness? And did not this deceitful monster,
after he attained his own vile purpose, and plunged
<span class='pageno' id='Page_232'>232</span>you into an abyss of misery, desert you? Nay, worse;
have not the very men to whom you sacrificed your
honour, been often the first to turn your enemies
and open accusers? I am well assured that they have
done so, and your present confusion corroborates the
unhappy statement.</p>

<p class='c000'>Such are the enemies by whom you may expect
again to be assailed, to be again betrayed. If you
value honour and happiness in this life, if you love
virtue, if ever you expect to meet a just God in judgement,
I conjure you, by every thing sacred, listen not
to their artful tales,—be not entangled in their destructive
net, for hell is open to receive every wretch
whom they make captive.</p>

<p class='c000'>I believe there are very few of you who have not
pondered over your crimes; and your reflections, I
doubt not, have given life to feelings of the deepest
sorrow;—your tears have flowed,—tears of unfeigned
penitence will ever be precious in the sight of your
Maker;—I hope they will obtain for you mercy, forgiveness,
and grace.</p>

<p class='c000'>Are any of you acquainted with the indescribable
sorrows to which unfortunate females are exposed?
Yes; some, I fear many of you are; and can any of
you think of following a life so accursed, without
shuddering? It is impossible for those who happily
are unacquainted with this worst and lowest species
of infamy, to form any adequate idea of the misery of
prostitutes—driven forth by an abominable procuress
into the streets, where they are obliged to endure
the pelting of the storm, and, while they shiver under
the inclemency of a frosty atmosphere, are compelled
<span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span>to affect a smile of happiness which their hearts cannot
feel, and to solicit the unhallowed embrace of a
beast whom their souls abhor. The dismal receptacles
to which they retire, after the weary and worse than
slavish hardships of their nocturnal excursions are
ended, are not less forbidding. They are forced by
necessity to herd with loathsome wretches to procure
a little morbid warmth, tainted perhaps with noxious
effluvia, on a miserable uncovered pallet, where they
lie crowded together, ghastly with hunger, stupified
with poisonous spirits, rotting with loathsome disease,
and nauseous with accumulated filth.</p>

<p class='c000'>This is not an imaginary picture. Professional
avocations have often made it necessary for me to
witness scenes if possible more shocking. Many a
time has my heart bled while contemplating the ravages
of disease on young creatures withered in the
spring of life, who once were lovely, and cheerful, and
innocent, and good. I have a better opinion of you
all, than to believe that your minds are so degenerate,
that your souls are so truly base, as to wish to spin
out a wretched existence, and die the most hopeless
of all deaths in such polluted charnels. Would any
of you wish a younger sister, or a beloved innocent
daughter, brought up in a school so detestable? I
am sure you would not. If there be any one present
with feelings so unnatural, I hope God will give
her a new heart. Are your own souls, then, less precious
than those of your friends? Why should you strive to
bring down that damnation on your own heads, that
you could not wish to fall on your worst enemy?</p>

<p class='c000'>Let me advise you, my friends, to give the foregoing
<span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span>thoughts some portion of reflection; they merit at least
your attention, for they have been arranged entirely
for your use, and put together under circumstances of
considerable difficulty. Look back on your past lives,
from which you may learn an excellent lesson, and
then cast a glance on that portion of time which you
may yet be permitted to enjoy; whether it shall be long
or short, God only knows. What part will you then
wish that you had acted? Not that of idleness and
profligacy, assuredly.</p>

<p class='c000'>It has been observed to you, by my good friend Mr.
Reddall, that by good behaviour in the colony you
may make reparation for the injury done to society,
and benefit those of your fellow creatures who may
have the misfortune to be similarly situated with yourselves,
by securing to them the blessings which you
have so happily enjoyed. If it can be satisfactorily
proved that religious instruction is capable of working
an entire and permanent reform in those ill-fated
mortals who have forfeited the protection of their
country’s laws, the attention of Government, and of the
Nation generally, will be directed to the investigation
of means to lessen the hardships they have hitherto
been doomed to suffer; and the demonstration of a
fact so desirable would give infinite delight to those
benefactresses who take so much interest in your welfare.
Can your minds be so depraved, as ever to lose
the remembrance of the noble exertions used by these
amiable ladies, particularly Mrs. Fry and Mrs. Pryor,
to restore your peace of mind in this life, and secure
your happiness in the next? Can any of you be insensible
to that benevolent zeal which induced Mrs.
<span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span>Fry to visit you in this ship at times when several of
her nearest relations were on their death-bed? Perhaps
at this very moment she is supplicating Heaven
that you may become thoroughly reformed, and, although
the morning of your lives has been clouded
by guilt, that joy and gladness may surround your setting
sun. Perhaps also, at this very time, some of
you have a parent, brother, sister, or some dear friend,
lamenting your folly, and in secret silence offering the
unavailing tribute of heart-rending and corroding tears
over your sacrificed virtue. Are your souls so hardened
that you will not do your best to dry up their tears?
or will you by vicious practices infuse new bitterness
into the cup of misery, and bring down their grey
hairs with sorrow to the grave?</p>

<p class='c000'>During my stay in the colony I shall have opportunities
of hearing how you behave, of which, as well
as of your behaviour during the voyage, I promise you
I will make a faithful report to your friends in England,
if God be pleased to allow me life to return
thither. Virtue is now calling on you to walk in her
salutary paths, and I beseech you, my friends, do not
reject her heavenly invitation. Listen to the divine
promise in 2nd Corinthians, 6th chapter, 17th and 18th
verses, “Come out from among them, and be ye separate,
saith the Lord; and touch not the unclean
thing; and I will raise you, and will be a Father unto
you, and ye shall be my daughters, saith the Lord Almighty.”</p>

<p class='c000'>In the foregoing observations it has been my wish
to avoid deep or abstracted argument, and I have urged
<span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span>no doctrine that is not supported by gospel authority
or moral deduction. I thought myself bound, before
we part, to give you such wholesome counsel as the
promises of God hold out to repentant sinners, and
my knowledge of the world enables me to lay before
you. From the hour you came under my care, I have
considered it as much my duty to protect your morals
as to preserve your health; and I do not think that
any of you are now sorry for the restraints that I
deemed it necessary to impose on your actions. In the
3d chapter of Ezekiel, 18th and 19th verses, you will
find the following solemn declaration: “When I say
unto the wicked, Thou shalt surely die; and thou givest
him not warning, nor speakest to warn the wicked
from his wicked way, to save his life; the same wicked
man shall die in his iniquity; but his blood will I require
at thine hand. Yet if thou warn the wicked, and
he turn not from his wickedness, nor from his wicked
way, he shall die in his iniquity; but thou hast delivered
thy soul.”</p>

<p class='c000'>On every man to whom the charge of many souls
is confided, the above declaration imposes an awful responsibility,
which if faithfully discharged gives him a
claim to their gratitude. If any of you think yourselves
benefited by my humble services, you can in no way
show your gratitude so well, nor oblige me so much,
as by making the substance of this discourse the rule
of your future lives. Believe me, it will be of more
intrinsic value to you than all this world’s riches.</p>

<p class='c000'>It only remains for me to speak of the promise I
made to you at the commencement of the voyage, that
<span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span>an impartial account of your conduct, while under my
direction, would be given to the proper authorities under
which you are to be placed.</p>

<p class='c000'>A few there are who have, in some instances, transgressed
against my directions; but by their unaffected
sorrow, and subsequent good behaviour, I think
atonement has been made. I have therefore the pleasure
to say, that not one of you will be sent out of the
ship <em>at this place</em> with an incorrigibly bad character.
In making this report, favourable to you all generally,
it is gratifying to myself particularly, since neither the
feelings of my own conscience, nor the strictest truth,
will be violated in the slightest degree. Some of you
will be particularly recommended as meritorious characters:
and if, during my stay in the colony, it may
be in my power to be further useful to you, I desire
every one of you to come to me, and make known
your wishes; you will always find me most willing and
anxious to contribute to your welfare to the utmost of
my power.</p>

<p class='c000'>I have trespassed a great deal too long upon your
patience, and yet, I feel a painful reluctance to bid
you farewell. In all human probability, this is the last
time I shall have an opportunity of offering you, collectively,
advice. I hope in God you will not stand in
need of it.—That you may set an example worthy to
be imitated by those who are to come after you, is,
believe me, the most anxious wish of my heart.</p>

<p class='c000'>And now, my dear friends, I must bid you farewell.
May the Almighty God bless and defend you from
every evil: and, although it is likely that I shall soon be
far removed from you, I beg you to believe that I
<span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span>shall often think of you, and offer my humble but
sincere prayer to Heaven for your prosperity here, and
your happiness hereafter.</p>

<hr class='c018' />

<p class='c000'>After the reading of the address, I waited on the
Lieutenant Governor with a number of the women
whom he had selected as servants for his own family,
and at my particular recommendation also for his
friends: this gave me the gratification of seeing thirty-six
of them comfortably provided with situations, and
the remainder, making in all the number of fifty, in a
fair way of being soon disposed of to their advantage.
On this as well as on every other occasion I was deeply
impressed with the urbanity of the Lieutenant Governor,
and his uncommon attention to the most minute
circumstance connected with the comforts of the
prisoners, reconciling them to their situation, and
urging them to honest and industrious pursuits. In
the several interviews I had with His Honour, I could
not but observe that quickness of intelligence, and
soundness of understanding, which contribute so much
to the happiness and prosperity of the infant colony
over which he so advantageously presides, and to whose
interests he appears so deeply devoted.</p>

<p class='c000'>About 2 <span class='fss'>P. M.</span> Mr. Humphrey came on board
and examined Mrs. Josephson, a free passenger to
Sydney, who had heard the denunciation of the sailors
to take away my life; when her deposition was taken
accordingly.</p>

<p class='c000'>2nd.—The last night, like the former, passed in
tranquillity, the sailors having made no further attempt:—this
<span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span>my constant watching in the prison
every night affords me personally the best opportunity
of knowing. The early hours this forenoon were
given to necessary preparations for the removal of the
women ashore, agreeably to an arrangement previously
made: in order to prevent the prisoners from
meeting any interruption, or conversing with improper
characters, on the way, they were removed in small
parties under proper guard of His Honour’s confidential
officers: by this careful proceeding they were all
safely landed about three in the afternoon.</p>

<p class='c000'>I had frequently endeavoured to impress on the
minds of the prisoners, how little reliance could be
placed in the promises of any man whose baseness of
heart could allow him to seduce a returning penitent
from the path of virtue: to-day I had a plain proof
of that cowardly deceit which generally attends the
commission of crime. My deposition complaining
of those men who had stolen the women from the
prison and threatened my life, had already been taken;
but it was necessary for me to appear before the Bench
of Magistrates, where the five sailors were also brought.
Those men could not deny having the women in their
company, but asserted, with contemptible baseness,
that the women were common prostitutes, and had
come unsolicited to them. Thus would they, without
remorse, consign to infamy and every degree of punishment
the unhappy creatures to whom, I am well
assured, they held out at the time the most extravagant
promises, in order to screen themselves from the
consequences that might result.</p>

<p class='c000'>Throughout the day I had frequent communication
<span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span>from the Lieutenant Governor, who in the most kind
and earnest manner exerted himself personally in behalf
of the unfortunate exiles, arranging their several
assignments. Having thus provided for no less a
number than forty-four in the first instance, and with
the most humane and almost paternal care, the six remaining
were placed in a safe lodging, furnished with
comfortable accommodation, until proper places could
be procured in which to employ them. Even poor
Sidney Williams had a large share in his generous solicitude;
more out of concern for her unhappy failings,
than her demerit in point of character. His Honour
favoured me with a gratifying testimonial of his sentiments
regarding the state of the convicts in the certificate
given of their having been landed; a copy of
which is here inserted, as more fully expressive of the
real circumstances on their departure from the Morley,
than the bare recital of a journal may be calculated to
convey.</p>

<div class='lg-container-r c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line in4'>“<span class='sc'>Van Diemen’s Land</span>,</div>
      <div class='line'>Government House, Hobart Town,</div>
      <div class='line in6'>September 2, 1820.</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>“I do hereby certify, that fifty female convicts have
been landed in this settlement from the ship Morley,
the whole being in the best state of health and order.</p>

<p class='c009'>“I visited the ship Morley after her arrival, prior to
the landing of any of the prisoners, and saw the whole
number, as well those destined for Port Jackson as
for this settlement, and I was equally surprised and
gratified at their healthy appearance and their becoming
and grateful demeanour.</p>

<p class='c009'>“It appeared to me impossible to carry the branch
<span class='pageno' id='Page_241'>241</span>of service, which has been intrusted to Mr. Surgeon
Superintendent Reid, to higher perfection: I consider
the admirable condition, both moral and physical,
in which these unfortunate females have been brought
out, to reflect the highest credit on the humanity, attention,
and judgement of that officer.”</p>

<div class='lg-container-r c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>(Signed) “<span class='sc'>Wm. Sorell</span>,</div>
      <div class='line in4'>Lieutenant-Governor, Van Diemen’s Land.”</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c000'>About 4 <span class='fss'>P. M.</span> there arrived on board seven female
convicts belonging lately to the <em>Janus</em>, who had been
landed at Hobart Town from that ship by a colonial
trader, and whom the Lieutenant-Governor ordered to
be conveyed to the factory at Parramatta. The document
accompanying those women was very unfavourable
as to character; I therefore addressed to them a
few brief observations relative to their conduct, and
placed them separately in the hospital, with a view to
prevent their communicating with the other prisoners.</p>

<p class='c000'>3rd.—A young child belonging to one of the remaining
women, which had long been ill with diseased
lungs, died since coming into harbour, and the body
was this day interred ashore, the service being performed
by the Reverend Mr. Knopwood. This gentleman’s
health requiring indulgence, the Reverend
Mr. Reddall took on himself the duty of the day
(Sunday) on shore, and addressed a numerous congregation
of more than five hundred persons, from
one of his own discourses, adapted to the occasion
at a short notice, and directed with a truly powerful
effect to the circumstances of the infant colony. A
rapid and luminous review of its rise and advancement,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_242'>242</span>led to a very handsome and justly merited eulogium
on the local government of this new and
prosperous settlement; whilst at the same time the
unfortunate victims of British justice were taught to
feel for their delinquency, and value to the full the
blessings they were permitted to enjoy in this favoured
land. Having paid my respects to the Lieutenant-Governor,
I read to the prisoners as usually. The
seven women received yesterday were present, and
showed the most respectful attention to the discourse.
If circumstances do not greatly deceive, these women
are likely to be entitled to a share of good opinion.</p>

<p class='c000'>Captain Brown, having arranged his ship concerns,
weighed anchor this afternoon, and made sail for
Port Jackson, two men having been previously embarked
by the Lieutenant-Governor’s order to work
the ship in place of the others who remain at Hobart
Town, until they can be sent to Sydney by the first
conveyance. Circumstances not having tended to excite
greater confidence than before, I proceed to keep
my accustomed watch in the prison.</p>

<p class='c000'>7th.—The weather during the last day or two has
been delightfully fine, and the tranquillity of my little
community has not experienced any further disturbance.
At noon this day I proceeded to the prison
with the Reverend Mr. Reddall, and read a sermon
of Dr. Blair’s, “on the misfortunes of men chargeable
to themselves;” after which Mr. Reddall made
some explanatory observations, placing their situation
in a light so clear, and in a manner so impressive,
yet so consoling, that not one present could withhold
the tribute of a painfully joyous tear. The good man
<span class='pageno' id='Page_243'>243</span>himself was not unmoved;—hard indeed must be the
heart that could be insensible to a scene so affecting.
I viewed with peculiar pleasure the seven females received
at Hobart Town mingling their tears with the
rest. On visiting them within half an hour afterwards
in the hospital, I found that the impression had not
been momentary or transient;—they were still in
tears, which their efforts to hide from me left little
doubt of believing unfeigned.</p>

<p class='c000'>Throughout the whole of this voyage I have uniformly
found good effects to result from conferring
some mark of approbation on every meritorious action
the moment it came under my notice:—in addition
to some little necessary articles, such as needles,
thread, scissors, and the like, which I distributed
amongst the seven, I permitted them to walk on deck
some hours, and had no cause to be displeased with
their behaviour. This morning I served out to the
women the remainder of a small quantity of thread
put on board for their use by order of Government.</p>

<p class='c000'>10th.—Contrary winds and calms, since leaving
Van Diemen’s Land, have protracted the voyage beyond
expectation; but the same cause has given me
additional opportunities of witnessing the most satisfactory
conduct in the women destined for the settlement
at Sydney and its neighbourhood. Although a
great number of those left at Hobart Town were of
exemplary character, besides those of a less steady description,
yet those now proceeding with me behave
themselves in a manner so discreet and quiet, that one
would suppose there were not more than ten women
in the ship;—no noise,—no romping, nor any trace
<span class='pageno' id='Page_244'>244</span>of indiscretion observable. Even the seven recently
received have in a great degree coalesced in the discipline
established: the four offenders also remain in
strict confinement, overwhelmed with shame and sorrow,
appearing more afflicted by their own sense of
bad conduct, than the restraint imposed on them by
forbidding every communication with their fellow prisoners.</p>

<p class='c000'>According to custom, the women were assembled
this day; and at my request the Reverend Mr. Reddall
read to them a select discourse, to which I added
some remarks on their future conduct in the situations
to which they were destined; endeavouring to
impress on their minds as strongly as possible, that
their hope of happiness here and hereafter could repose
only upon virtuous conduct, which if they ever
kept sacredly in view, they would most assuredly enjoy
in a degree far beyond any thing they had ever yet
known. It was moving to observe how strongly their
feelings testified a love for the influence of virtue;
whilst tears, the evidence of sincerity, because excited
from internal conviction, abundantly made known
what was passing in their minds.</p>

<p class='c000'>A veneration for truth, a love of order, peace, and
simplicity of heart, appear to be the objects of their
constant concern and feeling: from a knowledge of
such being truly their state of mind, the best future
behaviour may reasonably be anticipated from every
one of them; and, being allowed to express my own
individual opinion, I cannot hesitate to declare my
conviction, that, if duly protected, and not exposed
to more than common temptation, they will realize
<span class='pageno' id='Page_245'>245</span>the most favourable expectations, and even for ever set
an example of propriety to others in their situation.</p>

<p class='c000'>This tedious delay in our approach to Sydney protracts
my keeping watch as before; but although little
cause now appears to exist for an absolute necessity
of persevering in this duty, some of the most daring
of the sailors having been removed, still an inextinguishable
impulse compels me to proceed in that
course which alone can afford me the certain assurance
of its due success,—as, in case of any further
attempts being made upon the prison, I am fully persuaded
that even my individual resistance, such is the
dastardly spirit of these licentious knaves, would be
sufficient to defeat them. They know I am on the
watch every night,—for they see me going regularly
to my post;—they are also well aware of my means
of defence, and only in consequence are unwilling to
try any experiment of the kind.</p>

<p class='c000'>12th.—In the afternoon of yesterday, the wind
coming favourable, the Morley ran down the coast
freely, and in the evening entered the Heads of Port
Jackson in fine weather, and proceeded towards Sydney
with a light breeze;—all, under divine Providence,
being in the best possible state of health. At
half past 5 <span class='fss'>P. M.</span> the Naval Officer came on board,
and received the dispatches.</p>

<p class='c000'>13th.—This morning the Morley anchored in the
Cove before Sydney.</p>

<p class='c000'>14th.—At the usual hour this day I read a sermon
to the prisoners, adding a brief advice for their guidance
generally, and endeavoured as much as possible
to impress upon their minds a due regard of their
<span class='pageno' id='Page_246'>246</span>future duties. The sailors offer no annoyance further,
at least in any way which can be directly noticed.</p>

<p class='c000'>15th.—This morning His Excellency the Governor,
accompanied by the Honourable the Commissioner of
Inquiry, came on board to inspect the prisoners, in
pursuance of a polite note from the Commissioner,
to that effect, sent me the preceding evening. The
state of the prison, and every circumstance concerning
the health, morals, comfort, and <em>security</em> of the
prisoners, was minutely investigated: whilst the
condition of the women called forth unqualified approval,
the structural defects of the prison excited no
ordinary surprise. His Excellency expressed himself
much pleased with the appearance of the prisoners;
and their humble, respectful, and decent demeanour
obtained his peculiar notice. The Governor signified
his intention to have them landed early in the ensuing
week.</p>

<p class='c000'>17th.—This being the sabbath, I read a sermon
to the women, and afterwards explained the absolute
necessity there was for guarding with the utmost vigilance
against the numerous snares which seductive
villainy would again and again lay around their every
step;—that on virtue alone, firm and persevering,
could their hope of happiness be placed. I explained
to them also the dangers and difficulties which surrounded
their new state of life, but carefully avoided
to excite any unnecessary alarm, whatever might be
the foreboding which at that moment I entertained
on their account.</p>

<p class='c000'>It was then that they tasted in <em>full bitterness</em> the
consequences of their unfortunate departure from honest
<span class='pageno' id='Page_247'>247</span>and virtuous life; every little circumstance appeared
in anticipation an aggravation of their unhappy
lot, and filled them with awful fears. My heart
bled for their affliction;—their grief was suppressed
and silent, but its silence was truly and painfully expressive.
Who possessing even the common feelings
of humanity could be present on such an occasion,
and remain insensible? It was indeed distressingly affecting
to see so many defenceless females, recently
reclaimed from the very worst state of vice and criminality,
and from a thorough sense of repentance abhorring
wickedness of every kind, now about to be
sent adrift among an abandoned and dissolute male
population, and amidst others of their own sex, who
rarely, if ever, felt a blush for those misdeeds which had
deprived them of early home, and in their banishment
have rather, it is feared, cherished than renounced
their former vicious propensities.</p>

<p class='c000'>18th.—At 10 <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> this day the Secretary to Government,
accompanied by Lieutenant-Governor Colonel
Erskine, came on board and mustered the prisoners.
Their general appearance was decent and modestly
reserved. Their dresses were slightly objected
to, as being rather fine for their condition; but this
was by no means unusual, arising from a habit of
cleanliness, which was constantly maintained throughout
the voyage, with a view both to the preservation
of health, and to encourage them to cultivate a proper
respect for themselves,—it being invariably known
from experience, that a slovenly disposition tends to
the injury of health, and the deterioration of moral
sensibility.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_248'>248</span>19th.—At 9 this morning, according to a Government
order received last evening, the prisoners were
landed and conducted to the gaol, in the yard of which,
as the weather was remarkably fine, His Excellency
the Governor inspected them; and having given them
much excellent advice, and admonished them impressively
on the necessity of maintaining, by the strictest
propriety of conduct, the very high characters with
which they came before him, gave directions for the
disposal of such as had got situations at Sydney, and
ordered proper care to be taken of the rest until they
could be removed to the Factory at Parramatta.</p>

<h3 class='c020'>OF THE SCHOOL ON BOARD.</h3>

<p class='c021'>It was stated at the commencement of this journal,
that a school was to be formed on board for the children
of the convicts, as also for those of the free passengers;
and that the Committee of Ladies had provided
at their own expense a school-mistress to have
charge of them under my immediate direction. It now
remains to give some account of the manner in which
this undertaking was conducted, and to explain the
motives which induced me to defer noticing its progress
among the daily occurrences in my journal of
the voyage.</p>

<p class='c000'>Some weeks after the formation of the school, the
Reverend Mr. Reddall with his family embarked in
the vessel for a passage to New South Wales, whither
he was proceeding with the very laudable intention of
introducing Dr. Bell’s system of education into that
colony. This gentleman recommended that system
<span class='pageno' id='Page_249'>249</span>to be adopted on board, and most obligingly offered
to demonstrate it himself. Availing myself of this
kind proposal, I had his suggestions strictly enforced,
and his assistance proved of very great benefit to every
one old enough to admit of their receiving instruction,
as soon became evident from the proficiency made by
many of them under this admirable system, which far
exceeded any expectation that could have been reasonably
indulged.</p>

<p class='c000'>It was really delightful to witness the eagerness with
which the children applied, and the rapidly corresponding
progress they made,—several of them having
become acquainted with the rudiments of spelling and
reading before they could distinctly articulate the
words. In proportion as their proficiency in the principles
was ascertained, their moral instruction was attended
to by making them familiar with easy hymns,
and also teaching them to commit to memory psalms,
and chapters from the New Testament, to an extent
almost surpassing credibility. Memorial lessons of
this description have been recited to myself, to the
number of two hundred and thirty-eight in all, during
the voyage, by children <em>every one of whom was under
ten years of age, and some not quite five</em>.</p>

<p class='c000'>My approbation of their diligence was always accompanied
by some small present, such as a hymn or
tract; and some of those interesting young creatures
evinced an emulation to be thus distinguished, in a degree
scarcely to be expected from children more than
twice their age, bred up under much greater advantages
and in circumstances far more favourable. Many
of them, indeed, exhibited marks of intellect, which,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_250'>250</span>under proper cultivation, promised to make them distinguished
in future life.</p>

<p class='c000'>Several of the prisoners too, influenced by the example
and improvement of the children, respectfully
requested to be furnished with elementary books, which
were immediately issued; and the use made of them
may be estimated from the very gratifying fact, that
nine or ten of the number thus supplied had learned
to read more or less before they landed in the colony.
It is to be observed, however, that they did not join
the school, but were taught in the prison by their companions:
nor should it pass without note, that of those
who thus exerted themselves to acquire a little instruction,
<em>all but one were from Newgate</em>.</p>

<p class='c000'>I cannot dismiss this subject without expressing the
deep sense of obligation I entertain for the zealous
exertions and friendly co-operation shown by Mr.
Reddall in his devoted attentions to the children, as
well as on every other occasion when his ready services
could be available. It is but justice also to state, that
Mrs. Josephson, to whom the care of the school was
intrusted, discharged that duty in a manner highly
creditable, having been uniformly decent, orderly, and
attentive.</p>

<hr class='c007' />

<div class='footnote' id='f6'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r6'>6</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>It is due to those charitable donors to state, that after the convicts
had been abundantly supplied, a good many remained, which
I committed to the care of the Honourable Judge Advocate <span class='sc'>Wylde</span>,
who most obligingly offered to distribute them to such persons as,
from his very extensive acquaintance with the state of the population
in the colony, he knew would be most likely to benefit by them.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f7'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r7'>7</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Where any intermission of regular dates may appear in this
journal, it is to be understood that nothing of importance occurred
during the time of which no mention is made.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f8'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r8'>8</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>John, chap. vi. 37th verse.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f9'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r9'>9</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Matthew, chap. xviii. 35th verse.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f10'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r10'>10</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Isaiah, chap. i. 18th verse.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f11'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r11'>11</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Ezekiel, chap. xxxiii. 11th verse.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f12'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r12'>12</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Romans, chap. viii. 18th verse.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f13'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r13'>13</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Matthew, chap. xv. 19th verse.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f14'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r14'>14</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1 Corinthians, chap. vi. 9th verse.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f15'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r15'>15</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>The illness alluded to was excited by excessive exertion to
suppress riot and quarrels among the prisoners, occasioned by the
clandestine introduction of spirits, as may be seen on reference to
the journal of the 20th of the preceding month.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f16'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r16'>16</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Hebrews, chapter ix. verse 27.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f17'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r17'>17</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Luke, chap. xvi. 31st verse.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f18'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r18'>18</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Mark, chap. ix. 44th verse.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f19'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r19'>19</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Luke, chap. xiii. 6th and 7th verses.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f20'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r20'>20</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Chapter v. 39th verse.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f21'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r21'>21</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>1 Corinth, chap. ii. verse 9.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f22'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r22'>22</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Psalm iv. 4th verse.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f23'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r23'>23</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Proverbs.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f24'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r24'>24</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Daniel, chap. v. verse 5.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f25'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r25'>25</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Isaiah, chap. lvii. verses 20, 21.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f26'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r26'>26</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Galat. chap. vi. verse. 9.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f27'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r27'>27</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>2 Thess. chap. iii. verse 10.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f28'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r28'>28</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Proverbs, chap. xiv. verse 23; ch. xiii. verse 4.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f29'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r29'>29</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Matthew, chap. v. 34th verse, &amp;c.</p>
</div>

<div class='chapter'>
  <span class='pageno' id='Page_251'>251</span>
  <h2 class='c003'>CHAPTER IV.<br /> <br /> <span class='large'>MANNER OF DISPOSING OF CONVICTS.</span></h2>
</div>

<p class='drop-capa0_0 c005'>The preceding pages exhibit a faithful account of
the progress towards reformation made by the convicts
under the system observed in their management during
removal to New South Wales. The moment they
were disembarked, my public functions regarding them
terminated of course; yet the interest excited in my
mind by the dawning of renovated moral feeling, which
appeared general, made me still anxious to cultivate
and keep alive amongst them, as much as possible, the
influence of those salutary impressions which they appeared
to have received during the voyage; and for
this purpose I visited them frequently during their
stay in the prison at Sydney.</p>

<p class='c000'>According to the regulation at that place, convicts,
on being disembarked, are placed immediately under
the superintendence of a person appointed to keep
them in charge until such time as they can be placed
in situations. This person is always present at the
mustering of the prisoners after their arrival; and
keeps a book, in which are entered the name and age,
and also the character, of the convicts, such as they
may have merited while under the management of the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_252'>252</span>Surgeon Superintendent, and also a description of the
employment for which each prisoner is qualified.</p>

<p class='c000'>The Superintendent of convicts is thus perfectly apprized
of every thing requisite for directing a just and
satisfactory assignment of the prisoners; and as, when
once they are placed in his hands, no other authority
interposes, much good or evil is to be expected from
his management. Mr. Hutchinson, the person now
exercising that office at Sydney, was himself formerly
a convict; and from his various means of obtaining
intelligence, well may he be supposed,—so far as the
ample jurisdiction he exercises can extend,—to possess
information universally correct regarding the circumstances
of every family: he is therefore fully competent
to determine what description of convict is best
suited for any particular service: too often, however,
does caprice, if not motives more unworthy, appear to
influence him in the performance of this important
duty.</p>

<p class='c000'>It might be expected that the passions of prisoners,
whether male or female, sentenced to transportation,
having been long kept under by discipline, a sense of
guilt, and repentant reflection during the voyage,
would not easily be roused again into mischievous action;
but a momentary consideration even of what is
human nature, and how prone it is to evil, as also the
former state of these persons, will forbid a too confident
expectation that the mind long accustomed to
habitudes of vice, and subdued only by a powerful
sense of shame, or religious feeling, can be at once
thoroughly reformed, and secure from relapse. It was
doubtless with a view to prevent any thing of that unhappy
<span class='pageno' id='Page_253'>253</span>tendency, that the local Government instituted
the confinement of the prisoners, as already mentioned.
The following circumstance will show how careful the
Superintendent is to maintain this humane intention.</p>

<p class='c000'>There were two of the females under my care, whose
behaviour during the voyage was so profligate, that,
besides the character with which they were handed
over at the muster, I was induced to point them out
to the notice of the Governor, with a request that they
might be separated from the others: to this His Excellency
paid immediate attention, and gave orders to
that effect. I mentioned the same matter, moreover,
to the Superintendent of convicts, who made a note of
it in his book, in my presence; yet on that very same
evening these wretched creatures were permitted to go
at large in the streets of Sydney, where necessity, or
their own abandoned propensities, must have driven
them to infamous practices.</p>

<p class='c000'>About one-half of the female prisoners were disposed
of in Sydney and its neighbourhood, and the remainder
were kept in a separate place in the gaol, until
an opportunity should offer for removing them to
Parramatta, whither the Governor had directed they
should be sent by water, to prevent improper conversation
with straggling prisoners of the other sex, who
are continually infesting the roads. It is to be remarked,
however, that those whose behaviour or disposition
had most frequently incurred censure on the
voyage, and consequently least merited favourable report,
were singled out as the fittest objects for assignment,
while many of those whose conduct had been
uniformly deserving of approbation, whose names also
<span class='pageno' id='Page_254'>254</span>were conspicuous for excellent character, were left to
be transmitted to the Factory!</p>

<p class='c000'>Another circumstance, though of itself unimportant,
may be deemed worthy of notice, as throwing some
further light on those proceedings. A settler, named
<em>Cooper</em>, made application to have an elderly woman,
whose relatives he knew formerly in England, assigned
him as a servant, but was refused. He repeated the
request, and was again refused on the plea that her
character was very infamous. Mr. Cooper not believing
this dogmatical assertion, and being unable to
investigate the Superintendent’s real grounds for objection,
applied to me for an account of the woman’s
conduct, which during the voyage had indeed been exemplary.
The poor woman herself appealed to me,
and begged that I would do her justice. I assured her
that her character should be fully vindicated before the
Governor; but the Superintendent, not wishing the
matter to be investigated, or his motives explained, before
that tribunal, assigned the woman without further
delay as desired.</p>

<p class='c000'>Connexions too spring up unexpectedly between the
female convicts and pretended relatives by whom they
are recognised, as it were, on their landing. This
practice had grown to such mischievous extent in former
years, that it was found necessary to order that
no person from the shore should be allowed to visit
the ship, or hold communication with the prisoners,
without permission signified in writing: and now a
guard boat is commonly stationed in the Cove, to prevent
any unauthorized persons from approaching a
convict ship after her arrival, until the prisoners are
<span class='pageno' id='Page_255'>255</span>disembarked. Previously to this order, it was usual
for persons from the shore to go alongside those ships,
and even on board, and choose from among the female
prisoners, wives, sisters, or other relatives, as circumstances
would suit, for themselves and others;
and these claims they used afterwards to substantiate
<em>on oath</em>; on which the prisoners were accordingly assigned
them.</p>

<p class='c000'>In most of these cases, it is well known, no relationship
whatever exists, the parties having never before,
perhaps, known or heard of each other. It must of
necessity follow, that connexions thus formed cannot
be in unison with truth or justice, and that the obligations
of marriage can hardly escape violation. In
fact, the language which female convicts on landing
in the colony are accustomed to hear from every
tongue, must have a predisposing effect upon minds
ordinarily weak as theirs must be, anxious for protection
in a strange country. It is usual to tell them,
that they must now consider themselves in a new
world,—that whatever may have been their offences,
their former conduct would not now be considered
for a moment;—that they should look upon every
thing past as quite forgotten;—that they should begin
life anew;—that if they behaved themselves prudently
<em>they should soon get husbands</em>, and no doubt
do well.</p>

<p class='c000'>From representations such as these, it is not surprising
that they should feel themselves encouraged to
indulge in notions of fresh happiness: new hopes are
kindled, and associations easily entered into without
much regard to the propriety of the action. The Superintendent
<span class='pageno' id='Page_256'>256</span>of convicts, and the fellows to whom he
confides the secondary concerns of his office, are never
at a loss to cultivate the opportunities to which such
lessons tend; and as they all are or have been convicts,
they dexterously keep up an intercourse ramifying
through all that vast fraternity; and a <em>marriage</em> is contracted
without difficulty or delay, doubtlessly very
much to the happiness of the female, as well as the
edification of the community!</p>

<p class='c000'>One of the greatest evils, in my opinion, attending
imprisonment, is when the character of the turnkeys
and the other persons in authority about a gaol is corrupt
or villainous. In the best constituted prisons in
England, this is a subject of painful note, which even
the utmost vigilance of the most upright and excellent
Governor cannot always rectify. Persons formerly of
infamous character are often selected for that situation,
from a mistaken notion of prudential policy,—“Set a
thief to watch a thief;” for, while their official care is
directed to secure the person of the prisoner, his mind
too often is sunk more deeply, and confirmed in depravity
by their wicked agency or connivance. This
is best illustrated by fact.</p>

<p class='c000'>On visiting the gaol in Sydney, the morning after
the prisoners had been landed, I found that many of
them spent the night in noise and indecent revelry,
occasioned by beer and spirits which had been introduced,
and that could not have been done without the
knowledge of the keepers. Here then is a lamentable
source of mischief to the convict on the very threshold
of her exile. In the population of such a town as Sydney,
the mass of which is formed of persons transported
<span class='pageno' id='Page_257'>257</span>for their crimes, much moral turpitude may
be supposed to prevail, which not all the existing regulations,
however excellent they be, even were they
maintained with exactness, are sufficient to repress.
The number of houses licensed for the sale of beer
and spirits, besides those where the like are vended
clandestinely, by feeding the bad passions with dangerous
incentive retard the growth of moral reserve,
and that rectitude of principle necessary to the existence
of a well-ordered community.</p>

<p class='c000'>Hence, therefore, derives a constant flow of licentiousness;
and the consequences will, it is feared, long
continue to characterize the infant colony. Females
banished to a place of this description must be formed
of materials exceedingly pure, to withstand temptations
such as are every moment spread before them. Can
it be reasonably hoped, that one the whole tenour of
whose life has been corrupt, debased, and almost remorseless,
will be influenced by the salutary care of
transient benevolence, and the precepts of religious
instruction recently imbibed, to shut her eyes and ears
against what is still grateful to slumbering passion,
and as yet pleasurably tingles on every sense? How
odious, then, and afflictive must be corrupt example
and temptation at such a time, which in the absence
of discipline proceed a step further than inclination,
warping the firmest purpose, and fomenting every bad
propensity! Wretched indeed, and greatly to be pitied,
is the female in such a situation, whose heart still
cherishes a spark of virtue which reflection and pious
resolution were again fanning into life, but through
a direful necessity, from which there is no escaping, is
<span class='pageno' id='Page_258'>258</span>dragged down again into the turpid mire, and smoulders
in pollution!</p>

<p class='c000'>Four days elapsed before the wind became favourable
for conveying the remaining women to Parramatta,
a water passage of about twenty miles, where I took
occasion to visit them at the Factory on the morning
after their arrival. It would indeed be a difficult task
to give an adequate notion of the miserable state in
which I found them. They all collected around me,
and for several minutes not one of them could utter
a word; but their streaming eyes and deep sobs sufficiently
expressed the state of their feelings. Some of
them gave a shocking account of the manner in which
the last night had been spent. On their arrival the
preceding evening, they had not got within the Factory
before they were surrounded by hordes of idle fellows,
convicts, who came provided with bottles of spirits
some, and others with provisions, for the purpose of
forming a banquet according to custom, which they
assured themselves of enjoying without interruption,
as a prelude to excesses which decency forbids to
mention. They calculated, it seems, on this security,
in consequence of a guilty understanding between
themselves and the constables, whom they found little
difficulty of reconciling to remissness on such an occasion.</p>

<p class='c000'>Those guardians of public morals are selected from
the convict ranks, and, as in this instance, rarely
possess qualities superior to those over whom they
are placed in authority. The best institutions must
fail in their design when supported by materials of
this description; and although it is probable that a
<span class='pageno' id='Page_259'>259</span>better system could not be devised than that adopted
by the present Governor, yet, for want of men of probity
and firmness to carry his views into effect, the
worst abuses, it is apprehended, must ensue. This is
indeed so manifest, that the Sydney Gazette frequently
announces the dismissal of those officers for
misconduct.</p>

<p class='c000'>At first I was unwilling to credit the account which
these women gave of this strange and disorderly visit
of the convicts; but they soon convinced me by pointing
out several of these half-naked, half-starved, miserable-looking
wretches, who were still lurking around
this receptible of misery,—the well-known theatre of
infamous excesses. Several of the women, whose dispositions
had been particularly improved on the voyage,
and who still retained a strong sense of propriety,
exclaimed with tears of anguish, “O God! Sir, we
are all sent here to be destroyed.” They declared it
to be quite impossible to remain virtuous amidst the
concentrated immorality, and the various forms in
which temptation was presented to them. I endeavoured
to support their resolution with every argument
against despair, which was evidently seizing on
their minds, and tried to recall to their recollection
the lessons they had heard so often during the voyage;
but they again burst into tears, and with one
voice declared, “Were angels from heaven placed
here as we are, they would in three nights be corrupted.”</p>

<p class='c000'>The <em>Factory</em> is a square stone building of inconsiderable
dimension, having an upper story: here are
crowded all the workshops for converting the wool of
<span class='pageno' id='Page_260'>260</span>the colony into cloth; one side being appropriated
to picking, carding, and spinning; the other to weaving;—the
males employed in this service mixing, in
the hours of work, indiscriminately with the females.
It is locked at night, and the key intrusted to a porter,
who has a lodging-place at the entrance. In this
building the female convicts, whose behaviour after
coming into the colony may have brought them under
the notice of the police, and is deemed deserving of
particular punishment, are <em>ordered</em> to be confined and
kept to hard labour: they are to sleep within it at night,
and are <em>supposed</em> to have no communication with any
one outside the walls. How well these orders and expectations
are fulfilled, may be seen hereafter.</p>

<p class='c000'>Detached from the Factory is a wooden building, in
a state of decay, open almost at every point; “all
the elements of nature may enter in:” unfortunately,
too, it is permeable to the unhallowed step of drunken
licentiousness in its vilest garb. In this crazy mansion
the women from the Morley were placed on their
arrival; and during the day-time were not allowed to
stray far from it, at least not before they had done a
certain quantity of work; but this being performed,
they were at liberty to go whither they pleased, do
what they pleased, and entertain whom they pleased.
This information does not rest on hearsay, or on authority
which could excite my distrust: I visited the
place at all hours, to ascertain the fact, and have the
evidence of my own senses in proof of the assertion,
that the women had free egress and ingress at all
times.</p>

<p class='c000'>It has just been stated, that females confined in the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_261'>261</span>inclosed Factory, by way of punishment, are not permitted
to pass the gate without the knowledge of the
Superintendent. Whether this permission be easily
obtained, or otherwise, I pretend not to know; but
that women so confined are frequently seen outside
the walls,—as it is expressed, “beating the rounds,”—is
undeniably certain. This I have myself had the mortification
to witness in the case of one of the women
who had been under my care, but whose bad conduct
subsequently had subjected her to “confinement in
the Factory.”</p>

<p class='c000'>Undoubtedly, where the disposition of the individual
placed under punishment of that kind is very dissolute,
restraint must have a salutary tendency. It may
then be supposed, of course, that some means, besides
that of confinement and the labours of the place,
would be employed to repress their licentiousness, and
recall their minds to serious reflection: moreover, the
present Superintendent, Mr. Oakes, did formerly belong
to the Missionary Society, who have pushed their
zealous labours among the unenlightened savages of
the southern hemisphere. Upon most strict inquiry,
however, regarding this point, I have not been able to
ascertain that any extraordinary or efficacious means
had been used, or in fact any care whatever taken, to
recover these daughters of vice and error from their
depraved condition, and give them back in an amended
state to the situations they had recently forfeited by
their misconduct; or render them profitable examples
for the others.</p>

<p class='c000'>That this observation is lamentably true, may be
proved by reference to a recent instance, wherein two
<span class='pageno' id='Page_262'>262</span>women, both then free, who had become so infamously
wicked, and outrageously reprobate, as to be thought
irreclaimable, and utterly unfit for the colony, or rather
subjects too hard for the superintendency, were
actually re-shipped, and sent home to England for
reformation, on board the ship Shipley, in 1818. One
of these incorrigibles is wife to Mr. Hutchinson, the
principal Superintendent of convicts.</p>

<p class='c000'>A visitor on entering this penitentiary, this prison
house, let his familiarity with gaol scenes be what it
may, would be shocked at the noise, depravity of
speech, disgusting freedoms, obsceneness, filthiness
of person, and general degradation of character, which
in every direction strike upon his senses. Indeed, so
clamorous and importunate are they in their rude requests
to strangers, for “something to drink,” that
the benevolent few who would give salutary instruction
are deterred from going among them. A friend
whom I asked to accompany me to the place, refused
on that very account, stating, that he had visited
them some time before, and could not get away without
extreme difficulty, although he had distributed
twenty shillings to rid himself of the annoyance.</p>

<p class='c000'>It was to this worse than London Newgate, even
in all its former wickedness, the penitent exiles from
the Morley were transmitted! It is true, the detached
building mentioned was assigned them as a sleeping-place;
but here they were surrounded by ruffians
more destructive to females in their circumstances,
than a pack of wolves would have been. Spirits obtained
by iniquitous means, brought as an incentive
to the worst purposes, enabled those ragged wretches
<span class='pageno' id='Page_263'>263</span>to drag down into the same level of licentiousness and
vice as themselves, poor, unprotected, weak, defenceless
women, whose minds were just recovering from
the worst effects of sin, and had but just tasted of the
sweets of virtue. Driven again into a state of ungovernable
passion, maddened by intoxication, it is easy
to perceive,—although the thought is painful in extreme,—that
a dereliction of duty must have been the
certain consequence, and that even if any had firmness
to resist such temptation, their preservation
must be attributed to some cause more powerful than
the protection afforded them in such an asylum.</p>

<p class='c000'>The sleeping-place assigned in this detached
building was not, for very obvious reasons, much
liked, it appears, by many of them; and they sought
to procure lodgings in the neighbouring cottages
with such means as they had still preserved in their
misfortunes. Those confined and humble habitations
are generally constructed of wood, not having more
than two rooms, one of which, as on occasions such
as the present, is reserved as a kitchen, and usually
contains a bed, the other serves as bed-chamber and
store-room: such is the common abode of the convict
during the time of sojourning in a state of banishment!</p>

<p class='c000'>Rations, as usual, were delivered to them from the
stores; and if they were destitute of money wherewith
to pay for the comfort of lodging, either this supply
of food must be curtailed, or infamous means resorted
to in order to make up the deficiency. In this
situation, surrounded by men of the most profligate
and hardened habits, what woman can be supposed
capable of resisting vice, when impelled to that horrible
<span class='pageno' id='Page_264'>264</span>extremity by a necessity absolute beyond the
possibility of controul? Is it to be expected that
minds like theirs, which had in many instances formerly
been accustomed to wickedness, will now be able
to guard against those seductive arts, that first launched
them into crime, and of which, it is feared, some of
them still cherish a familiar remembrance?</p>

<p class='c000'>Many and praiseworthy were the contrivances by
which some of those women strove to disentangle
themselves from this odious spot, replete with mischief,
subversive of those principles of virtue and propriety
which they yet felt an inclination to cultivate.
To these, marriage held out the best and surest hope.
Accordingly, several were on the eve of being married
at the time I last visited Parramatta. On the propriety
of this step I was consulted by not less than eleven of
those who had been under my care, who evinced their
grateful feeling towards me by soliciting a continuance
of that cautionary counsel, which they had so often
heard during the voyage. The particulars of one of
these, having produced at the time emotions too strong
to be easily forgotten, render the case peculiarly affecting,
and are given here simply as they occurred.</p>

<p class='c000'>A woman about thirty years of age, whose repentant
manner and excellent conduct during the voyage
had merited particular notice, and being accompanied
by four young children, excited more than a common
degree of interest: she was married, and left her husband
living in England at the time she was sent away.
At the Factory she had not sufficient means of supporting
her children, the ration for them being only one
third in proportion to those of adults. Having disposed
<span class='pageno' id='Page_265'>265</span>of several articles of wearing apparel to supply their
cravings, she formed the desperate resolution of uniting
herself to one of those fellows who had offered to
maintain them on that condition.</p>

<p class='c000'>This wretched woman described the painful embarrassments
in which she was involved; but the state of
her mind, and the genuine features of her case, will
best appear from her own words. “I know,” she said,
“that to embrace the mode of life to which I am now
driven, is a great crime in the eyes of my Maker: but
to see my children starving”—at this moment two of
them were crying bitterly for something to eat—“is
more than I can bear. I know that <em>I</em> have done wrong,
but they, poor unhappy things, are innocent.” Here a
gush of tears deprived her of utterance: when she regained
composure, she continued: “I have no means
of providing for them, and to keep them alive I must
either steal, or do what my soul abhors.” This heart-rending
narrative was again broken by a flood of tears.
I was about to go away; but she implored me for God’s
sake not to depart without giving her some advice, by
which she declared her conduct should be governed,
let her fate be what it might.</p>

<p class='c000'>It can scarcely be imagined that there is a being in
human form, how hardened soever his heart may be,
that could contemplate a scene like this, and be unmoved.
It was well observed by an ancient writer,
“that a virtuous man struggling against adversity was
an object worthy of the admiration of the Gods”; what
then shall we think of a woman, a frail woman, driven
from the society of every friend, and the endearments
of her native land, in whom the principles of virtue
<span class='pageno' id='Page_266'>266</span>are as it were resuscitated, making a noble stand against
the most powerful inducements that can influence
the mind, but at last forced to yield to a necessity
that would have relaxed the most rigid nerve, that
would have subdued the most vigorous resolution?</p>

<p class='c000'>Is it fair to thrust weak women into such a state,
and afterwards expect their lives to be pure? Who
would rationally look for uncontaminated minds among
females who were driven, in some measure, to an indiscriminate
association with thieves of the worst description,
men whose unlawful gains enable many of
them to live in a manner as dissolute and far more
luxurious than they had ever done at home?</p>

<p class='c000'>It may at first view appear strange, but the fact is
indisputable, that the public-houses in Sydney, although
fortunately reduced recently from sixty-seven
to twenty-five, still evidently too numerous in proportion
to the population, are as much frequented as almost
any of those in the British metropolis. A notion
of the customary run of those houses may be formed
from the gains of the persons who keep them being
sometimes so enormous as to enable them to accumulate
in about three years’ time what they consider a
fortune. How the persons frequenting those houses
obtain money to purchase beer and spirits, both of the
worst kind, at a price vastly beyond the London rates,
is matter of astonishment; yet so constant among the
convicts is the habit of drinking, that one can scarcely
pass through the streets of Sydney without meeting
some of them in a state of intoxication. They are,
it is true, under the watchfulness of a police said to
be extremely active,—and in many respects this representation
<span class='pageno' id='Page_267'>267</span>is correct; but the fact is as above stated; I
have seen women in a state of inebriety too shocking to
describe, and this occurring at almost every hour of
the day.</p>

<p class='c000'>This account has reference to the respectable parts
of the town of Sydney; but there are other divisions of
that place which would be difficult of description. In
those portions designated the <em>Rocks</em>, scenes of drunkenness,
shameless debauchery, and open profligacy are
so frequent and disgusting, that they cannot be seen
without abhorrence; and such is the absolute want of
common decency, that even in the day time a person
of respectable appearance is there liable to be abused
and maltreated; but at night it would be extremely
imprudent to attempt passing through even the extreme
parts of this fortress of iniquity, as there is a
hazard, or rather a certainty, of being stripped and
plundered. The ruffians treat one another in the same
manner; hence broils and boxing-matches are perpetually
occurring in that quarter. The low public-houses,
many of which are permitted in those purlieus,
present a ready way of converting the plunder into
means of intemperate jollity; whilst the occasion is
commonly heightened by the presence of one or more
of those degraded females, who minister to the mischief
of the moment, and are thereabouts constantly
resident in great numbers.</p>

<p class='c000'>The condition and conduct of those last-mentioned
graceless wretches are a constant theme of animadversion
to those inclined to draw comparisons unfavourable
to female convicts generally, an inclination
which unfortunately prevails very much at Sydney,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_268'>268</span>even among persons who should at least have learned
charity from a sense of misfortune. Is it then matter
of surprise, that the unhappy women transported to
the colony under those disadvantages of comparison,
should continue so depreciated and despised as they
are at present? A recollection of similar circumstances
such as must ever have attended the same state of degradation,
though still fresh in the memory even of
many of themselves, produces hardness of heart towards
these children of affliction; and, strange to say,
some even of their own sex who have become wives out
of the same situation, and now are further advanced in
life, and live in circumstances of comfort and opulence,
are among the first to vilify and asperse their convict
servants for the slightest deviation from rectitude, exacting
from them more than would be expected from
female circumstances in more respectable stations,
whose characters had never been tainted by judicial
sentence.</p>

<p class='c000'>When, therefore, a woman of this miserable class,
torn from former connexions by the severity of her
lot, yet cherishing a hope that amendment of life may
obtain for her friends and protectors in her new country,
arrives in the colony, she finds a disheartening reverse:
thrown into a common estimation with such
abandoned wretches. The settlers have to supply themselves
with servants from the convict ships arriving
every year; but if circumstances, such as those mentioned,
intervene before they make a choice, it is not
very consistent with probability that they will find their
morals improved after arrival.</p>

<p class='c000'>Whatever religious or honest principles they may
<span class='pageno' id='Page_269'>269</span>have recovered or imbibed, either under a humane and
reforming system in the prisons at home, or in the
course of the voyage outwards, all are likely to be obliterated,
leaving a dismal blank to be filled with repetition
of crime, a certain consequence of the discredit
in which they are held, even before they can have been
known, and the vile contamination into which they are
turned as they arrive. No matter how repentant soever
they may have become, nor how sincere soever
may be their resolutions of amendment, they are nevertheless
looked on with contempt; and being received
into families with this feeling, the slightest deviation
from the severe rules of rectitude is scrutinized, and
seized upon with an avidity implying studied intention.
Rarely is allowance made for the infirmity of human
nature; the good resolves of the convict are shaken
for want of confidence; despair of doing good so as to
be approved, and disregard of well doing from want of
due encouragement, fasten too frequently on the mind,
and criminality again brings punishment, disgrace, and
inevitable ruin of character.</p>

<p class='c000'>It is not too much to say, that the immorality or
dishonesty which appear among convicts, especially
females, subsequently to their arrival in the colony,
may often be traced, among the many other causes, to
this harshness and want of confidence in the situations
to which they are at first assigned. There will, however,
be a great number of those annually transported,
who will retain traces of their old habits in defiance of
all the influence of moral instruction,—who are, it
may be said, incapable of reformation; but it is impossible
that individuals of such a disposition can pass unnoticed
<span class='pageno' id='Page_270'>270</span>through all the stages of ordeal, from their first
apprehension to trial and final judgement, and be unknown
as to genuine character. They must of course
be marked and recorded in their progress, and, if found
incorrigible, can very easily be distinguished from the
penitent and well conducted, and a separation be effected
accordingly. Some badge of distinction should
in all fairness be set upon them; and it would be highly
honourable to the wisdom of that authority whose will
is to be their guide, to hold out this segregation of
the penitent from the profligate, were it only as a reward
for good conduct, and an encouragement to the
deserving.</p>

<p class='c000'>The foregoing statements have reference more particularly
to the manner in which female convicts are
treated in the colony: the condition of males is less
severe. The mode of disposing of them in the first
instance, does not differ in any considerable degree
from that of the females. Like those, the men are
marched into the prison yard for the Governor’s inspection,
when His Excellency inquires minutely how
they have been treated on the voyage, and whether
they have any complaints against the Surgeon Superintendent,
or the Captain and his officers, and had
their full rations of provisions. Should any one fancy
himself aggrieved in those points, or in any other respect,
he is desired to come forward, and prefer his
charge; to which the Governor gives a patient hearing,
and decides as he thinks proper.</p>

<p class='c000'>If it appear that the Surgeon and the Commander
have been careful, and have humanely discharged their
respective duties, His Excellency fails not to pay a
<span class='pageno' id='Page_271'>271</span>compliment to their assiduity: but should any neglect
or harshness appear justly alleged, they are publicly
reprimanded at the instant; and if further inquiry be
deemed necessary, a bench of magistrates is ordered
to investigate the case, and report their proceedings
in writing to His Excellency, who sometimes transmits
it to England for the consideration of the Government,
the parties being sent home under arrest,
should he think the affair deserving of such serious
notice, to answer for their conduct.</p>

<p class='c000'>Having inspected the condition of the prisoners,
and redressed their complaints, if any, His Excellency
gives them all a salutary and solemn admonition. He
assures them, that no application in their favour from
home or elsewhere will be attended to, unless their own
behaviour in the colony be correct; that they must
now consider themselves in a new world, where their
lives are, as it were, beginning; and that their future
prosperity, or misery, will depend upon themselves.</p>

<p class='c000'>It occasionally happens that ill-fated individuals arrive
in the colony, as convicts, who have been brought
up as gentlemen, and in whose cases there may appear,
perhaps, more of misfortune than moral delinquency:
such persons are generally indulged by His
Excellency with tickets of leave, and opportunities allowed
them to do well. The number of persons, however,
to whom tickets of leave are granted on their arrival,
is by no means so great as has been represented.</p>

<p class='c000'>The convicts are now transferred to the care of the
principal Superintendent, to whom all persons who
want servants must apply. Some demur regarding
the assignment of the individual for whom the application
<span class='pageno' id='Page_272'>272</span>is made, not unfrequently occurs in this quarter.
Persons of the first respectability, well informed regarding
matters of this kind, have assured me, that
the settlers have frequently complained of the difficulty
they experienced in obtaining the acquiescence of
the Superintendent of convicts to allow them servants
of their own particular choice, and that there was,
under such circumstances, only one way of procuring
what they desired. Having no personal knowledge
of the manner in which this extraordinary agency is
effected, I do not pledge myself for the correctness of
the statement; but I am well aware that the difficulty
complained of does exist. Every settler to whom a
convict servant is assigned, is required, by authority
of the local Government, to pay as wages ten pounds
sterling per annum to a male, and seven pounds to a
female, besides board and lodging.</p>

<p class='c000'>The male convicts not disposed of as servants, or
by tickets of leave, are formed into gangs, which are
stationed in different parts of the country in Government
employ, such as making and repairing roads,
and various other public works, and are maintained
from the stores. Those employed at Sydney and its
vicinity are lodged in a barrack, which has lately been
erected, and is fitted for the accommodation of about
eight hundred persons. There is another building of
the same kind, at Emu Plains, but on a smaller scale,
which want of time prevented me from visiting. The
barrack at Sydney is spacious and lofty, erected in a
healthy and appropriate situation; it is thoroughly
ventilated, is kept exceedingly clean, and has many
other advantages.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_273'>273</span>I visited this building several times, and could not
avoid remarking the cleanliness of the different wards,
and the respectful attention of the persons who showed
me over them: the great objection I observed in
the management was the entire want of classification,
an obvious evil in every such establishment, and that
nothing appeared of the nature of an organized system
of morality. It was truly shocking and disgusting to
hear the oaths, execrations, and language the most indecent,
which issued from every side; nor did any of
them appear to be intimidated by the presence of those
in authority over them: indeed quite the contrary
was observable; they seemed to me rather to be encouraged
by those persons in practices so utterly repugnant
to order and decency. Mr. Hutchinson,
principal Superintendent of convicts, was with me on
one of those occasions; but so far was he from checking
with rebuke what, to say the least of it, was want
of respect to one in his situation, that his own expressions
outstripped and completely eclipsed theirs in
wickedness and revolting filthiness.</p>

<p class='c000'>Endless would be the task of commenting on the
deterioration, if not total ruin, of moral principle, that
must result from this want of classification and religious
care among a community so constituted as this
just noticed. How futile then must be every undertaking
to reclaim men of this description under circumstances
so inauspicious! I fear the hope of their
reformation, therefore, is extremely distant, unless
some means of an efficient nature like that alluded to
be soon adopted. Sanguine indeed must be the mind
that can expect improvement in a mass so heterogeneous,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_274'>274</span>composed of delinquents of every age; a
commixture of guiltiness of every shade and degree,—without
any controlling influence over depravity
however extravagant,—without any humane friend to
warn against error, or direct to the paths which alone
lead to peace and happiness.</p>

<p class='c000'>Until the erection of this barrack, the convicts had
to provide their own lodging, for which purpose they
were allowed half of each day to work for themselves,
or employ that time otherwise as they thought fit; but
this was attended with manifest inconvenience both to
themselves and their neighbours. The advantages of
having them locked up at night, which is done regularly
at eight o’clock, are incalculable, and it is as
highly applauded by the sober part of the community
as regretted by themselves, the public-house keepers,
thieves, and receivers of stolen goods. Their labour
must now be much more productive to Government
than formerly, as they are obliged to work from six
in the morning till six in the evening, Saturday excepted,
when they are allowed half a day to receive
their weekly rations of provisions.</p>

<p class='c000'>Regarding the issues from the stores a salutary ordinance
exists, making it criminal to purchase any
part of a convict’s rations; which is a means of preventing
many bad consequences: it cannot be denied,
however, that circumstances often occur which render
a breach of this order unavoidable. When fresh meat,
for instance, is served out in hot weather, which embraces
two thirds of the year, it will become putrid in
a time inconceivably short: consequently the convict
would want or starve during the greater part of the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_275'>275</span>week, were he not to make some such arrangement
privately, as must by its abuse have occasioned the
present regulation. In general the male prisoners live
well, if they conduct themselves properly, and observe
sobriety; the regulations adopted for the maintenance
of good order among them being efficient in a remarkable
degree, when their great numbers, and also
their former and present modes of life, are considered.</p>

<p class='c000'>The convict Superintendents, and their numerous
followers, as well as most of the constables, and many
of the settlers of the inferior class, have adopted a
practice of compounding with convicts assigned them
as servants, by which they derive a certain income
from those convicts for allowing them respectively the
free disposal of their own time. This compromise is
usually productive of a revenue amounting weekly to
a sum varying from five to twenty shillings per head,
or even more, as the circumstances may allow; as,
for instance, when the convict is a mechanic, who, by
being apparently on his own hands, can easily earn
more than double the sum he pays in consideration to
his master, who, from a necessary connexion with the
Superintendent, generally knows the surest way to
have those of any trade he chooses assigned him.</p>

<p class='c000'>In such cases, it is always understood that the person
to whom the convict is assigned, is responsible for
the conduct of his servant; but, generally speaking,
this responsibility is worse than nominal. Hence great
inconvenience to society is the almost certain result;
for many of those so assigned are known to levy contributions
on the industrious inhabitants; and in this
respect some of them exercise their wonted arts with
<span class='pageno' id='Page_276'>276</span>surprising and successful dexterity. There can be little
doubt that many support themselves wholly in this
manner, as idle fellows are to be met with constantly
prowling about, under various pretences, but notoriously
intent on plunder, or mischief of some kind,
which is still dear to their hearts. Of this description
chiefly were the wretches whom I noticed skulking
around the Factory at Parramatta, corrupting some of
the women there, and persecuting others.</p>

<p class='c000'>Various means have been adopted to restrain the
irregularities of convicts thus at large, and punishments
of a summary kind are frequently inflicted. Of
these, the most severe next to that of death is <em>transportation
to the Coal River</em>, which is ordered usually
by His Honour the Judge Advocate, or a Bench
of Magistrates, for a term of years, or for life, as the
enormity of the offence may require. Convicts dread
this mode of punishment very much, because they
are there compelled to work in chains from sun-rise
till sun-set, and are subject also to other restrictions
of a highly penal description. The rigour of this sentence
is, however, frequently relaxed in degree, as the
criminal shows signs of amendment; and in very few
cases is it found necessary to subject any of the convicts
to a repetition of that sentence. Punishment
by <em>flogging</em> is sometimes resorted to, and the infliction,
which may be ordered by any Magistrate on conviction,
seldom exceeds twenty-five lashes.</p>

<p class='c000'>For females, it is considered sufficiently severe to
confine them for a limited time to constant labour in
the <em>Factory</em> at Parramatta; but enough has been said
on that subject to satisfy that they can benefit but
<span class='pageno' id='Page_277'>277</span>very little from such a discipline. The restraint produced
by those punishments generally has some effect
in preventing crime; but that of sending offenders
to the <em>Coal River</em>, to which punishment females
as well as males are liable, appears the most
dreaded, and crimes are evidently less frequent than
might be expected in a population composed of such
mischievous materials.</p>

<div class='chapter'>
  <span class='pageno' id='Page_278'>278</span>
  <h2 class='c003'>CHAPTER V.<br /> <br /> <span class='large'>SITUATION AND DUTIES OF THE SURGEON SUPERINTENDENT.</span></h2>
</div>

<p class='drop-capa0_0 c005'>As the welfare of the convicts, and their advancement
or retrocession in moral reformation, depend
materially upon the exertion, apathy, or capability of
the Surgeon Superintendent, it may not be out of
place, or destitute of interest, to say something regarding
the duties attached to that appointment.</p>

<p class='c000'>The transportation of convicts to the colony seems
entirely a mercantile concern, in which the Government
contracts, as a private individual would, with
the ship-owner for the conveyance of a certain number
of tons, at a fixed rate, and the tonnage is estimated
according to the ship’s register. In this case,
Government supplies provisions for the prisoners, besides
other necessary stores, which are placed under
the charge of the Master, to be afterwards issued on
proper occasions.</p>

<p class='c000'>A premium of fifty pounds is held out to the Master
for a faithful discharge of his duty; and satisfactory
vouchers for the correctness of his conduct, and humane
treatment of the prisoners while on board, signed
by the Governor of the colony, and the Surgeon Superintendent
of the ship, must be produced for that
<span class='pageno' id='Page_279'>279</span>purpose. This part of his duty is independent of his
concerns as Commander, and the proper treatment of
his sailors, with which the Government have no right
to interfere, save as far as it relates to the state of discipline
maintained on board, to prevent mutiny, or
improper conduct of the sailors, by which the security
and management of the prisoners may be endangered
or interrupted.</p>

<p class='c000'>The following extract from the printed Instructions
furnished by the Navy Board to the Master, may
serve to show the exactness required of him in this
respect. “For your guidance in the particular line
of duty allotted to the Surgeon of the Morley, we inclose
a copy of our Instructions to him, in order that
you may regulate yourself accordingly; and we refer
you to the 24th article of those Instructions against
the prostitution of the female convicts in the vessel
under your command, which you are to consider as
equally applying to yourself, and of which we enjoin
your strictest observance, both in your own conduct, and
in the exercise of your authority over all the persons
under your controul; and the like certificate from the
Governor of New South Wales, of your adherence to
these directions, will be required before the gratuity
allowed on your return will be taken into consideration.”</p>

<p class='c000'>The article in the Surgeon’s Instructions, to which
the above has reference, runs as follows: “In consequence
of a communication from the Secretary of
State, relative to the state of prostitution in which it
is represented the female convicts, during the passage
to New South Wales, have been permitted to live with
<span class='pageno' id='Page_280'>280</span>the officers and seamen of the ships in which they
were embarked, we desire that you will take the most
particular care to <em>prevent</em> the prostitution of the female
convicts who may be embarked, as far as possible,
and, independently of showing a good example in
this respect, that you will <em>not</em>, under any pretence
whatever, <em>suffer</em> any officer or seaman to live with a
woman on the passage; and we inform you that instructions
have been given by the Secretary of State
to the Governor of New South Wales, to examine
whether these directions have been fully complied
with; and that to enable you to receive your gratuity,
it is necessary that you should procure a certificate
from His Excellency, as to the measures taken by you
to <em>enforce</em> these regulations through the ship; when it
will be considered how far your conduct entitles you
to such gratuity.”</p>

<p class='c000'>In former times the owners of ships chartered for
the conveyance of convicts to the colonies, and used
also to contract for victualling them during the voyage,
and were even at liberty to provide persons of
their own choice to act as surgeons. With what qualifications,
intellectual or moral, those <em>medical gentlemen</em>
entered on the duties of this most important
branch of the service, it is not my purpose here to inquire.
But the ship-owner in those days contracted
for a certain number to be embarked, without any
stipulation being entered into for landing them safely
at the place of destination;—a material distinction,
as is evident when it is considered, that it was by no
means uncommon for a ship of this description to
have from forty to seventy deaths, and upwards, in the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_281'>281</span>course of a voyage. The following statement, extracted
from Collins’s History of New South Wales,
is illustrative of this assertion.</p>

<p class='c000'>“A contract,”—he says, page 102, “had been entered
into by Government, with Messrs. Calvert,
Cambden, and King, merchants of London, for the
transporting of one thousand convicts; and Government
engaged to pay 17<em>l.</em> 7<em>s.</em> 6<em>d.</em> per head, for every
convict they embarked. This sum being as well for
their provisions as for their transportation, no interest
for their preservation was created in the owners,
and the dead were more profitable (if profit alone was
consulted by them, and the credit of their house was
not at stake,) than the living. The following accounts
of the numbers who died on board each ship were given
in by the Masters:</p>

<table class='table1' summary=''>
  <tr>
    <th class='c014'></th>
    <th class='c016'>Men.</th>
    <th class='c016'>Women.</th>
    <th class='c022'>Children.</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>On board the Lady Juliana</td>
    <td class='c023'>0</td>
    <td class='c023'>5</td>
    <td class='c015'>2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>On board the Surprise</td>
    <td class='c023'>42</td>
    <td class='c023'>0</td>
    <td class='c015'>0</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>On board the Scarborough</td>
    <td class='c023'>68</td>
    <td class='c023'>0</td>
    <td class='c015'>0</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c014'>On board the Neptune</td>
    <td class='c023'>151</td>
    <td class='c023'>11</td>
    <td class='c015'>2</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<p class='c000'>All possible expedition was used to get the sick on
shore; for even while they remained on board many
died.” Again, at page 436, the same author, speaking
of the Hillsborough, which arrived the 26th
July, 1799, says, “Ninety-five died during the voyage,
and six more were added to the number in a few
days after they were landed.”</p>

<p class='c000'>Within the period since Naval Surgeons have been
appointed to the superintendence of convict ships, the
calamity has been considerably lessened; and now, if
two or three deaths occur in a voyage, it is thought
<span class='pageno' id='Page_282'>282</span>very unfortunate indeed. I may add of my own knowledge,
that in 1818, when I was first in New South
Wales in that service, out of 1,059 convicts embarked
in England and Ireland, 1,057 were landed at Sydney
in tolerably good health. This favourable result may
have been influenced considerably, perhaps, by much
greater attention having been given to ventilation and
cleanliness, and the convicts being less crowded than
they used to be for many years after the settlement
of the colony.</p>

<p class='c000'>Such, it appears, was formerly the mode in which
the transportation of convicts used to be conducted;
but at present, under the superintendence of men regularly
educated in the profession, it has become a
point of duty for the Surgeon to take cognizance of
every circumstance connected with the care of the
convicts. To this intent, the Instructions issued to him
from the Navy Board require the strictest attention
to ascertain that the convicts’ stores are economically
expended, and to see that every tendency to waste,
irregular distribution, and improper application of the
Government property, is instantly checked and prevented.
Under these circumstances, his professional
respectability becomes unavoidably merged, in some
degree, in the character of a spy, in which odious
light he is liable to be viewed by the commander, over
whose actions he is directed to exercise this disagreeable,
and in many cases unnecessary, controul.</p>

<p class='c000'>The situation, therefore, of a Surgeon in a convict
ship, besides being one of great responsibility, is subject
to serious inconvenience and embarrassment from
many existing circumstances, which are independent
<span class='pageno' id='Page_283'>283</span>of his power or choice, and which, deriving influence
from long established custom, have become inveterately
incorporated with the present system of the service,
and render the appointment by no means a <em>sinecure</em>.
This is more strikingly evident in a female convict
ship, where delicacy of management must be combined
with a firmness of discipline bordering upon severity,
which is at all times disagreeable, but becomes
peculiarly odious when enforced, as must generally be
the case, where corporal punishment is excluded. To
regulate and duly restrain minds of ordinary purity
and habitude of obedience, is not unattended with
difficulty: but the duty is palpably irksome, though
exercised with the utmost discretion, over dispositions
vitiated and turbulent, as those which are generally
found among female convicts; so much so, indeed,
that few, knowing the extent of this painful responsibility,
will be found willing to give the trial a repetition.</p>

<p class='c000'>If he sanction, for instance, or connive at, the prostitution
of the women, he is liable not only to severe
animadversion, but even to be cashiered, and otherwise
punished, by the authority under which he serves.
On the other hand, his embarrassments are equally
pressing; for, if he “enforce” the orders of the Navy
Board, which will often involve the commission of an
act of violence, he may subject himself to a criminal
prosecution, the consequences of which may be fatal.
Strange as this may sound, it is perfectly correct.
During the <em>forty nights</em> I kept watch in the prison of
the Morley, it was my firm determination to obey the
letter and spirit of the orders I received in my Instructions,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_284'>284</span>persuaded then that in so doing I should
have acted <em>legally</em>; and had any of the seamen broken
in, as they frequently threatened to do, I would most
assuredly have shot at the first that entered; which as
I have lately learned, would have been felony. Here
is <em>Charybdis</em> on one hand, and <em>Scylla</em> on the other.</p>

<p class='c000'>In fact, the Surgeon in those ships has no means
whatever but his own physical strength to carry his
instructions into effect; and should the opposition he
meets with in the discharge of his public duty be formidable
enough to trample down his authority, he can
obtain no redress, as the law has provided no remedy
against the licentiousness of sailors: consequently, to
prefer complaints so as to give grounds for prosecution
against them, would only be a useless waste of his time.
It will, perhaps, be expected that the authority and co-operation
of the Master will be effective in support of
the Surgeon’s intentions; such expectation can only
arise from the supposition that the Master’s authority
over his seamen is absolute, or at least that his orders
are promptly obeyed; but this supposition has been
shown, in the journal, to be unfortunately without
foundation.</p>

<p class='c000'>To act up closely to his Instructions, a Surgeon must
examine every bale, cask, parcel, or article which is to
enter the ship, as will appear from the subjoined extract
from the Instructions.</p>

<p class='c000'>“You are to take particular care that neither the
Master nor any other person be suffered, under any pretence
whatsoever, to put on board any private goods
or articles of any kind, without the special permission
of the Board; and as the whole of the tonnage of the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_285'>285</span>stores which may be permitted to be shipped will be
reported to the Governor of New South Wales, the
ship will be liable to seizure, if any greater quantity
should be found on board.”</p>

<p class='c000'>Would not this duty be better performed by a Custom-house
officer during the continuance of the ship
at any British port? If the vessel do not depart without
the stipulated quantity of water, which ought to
be determined by previous inspection, there will seldom
be occasion to touch at any other place during the
voyage, and consequently no opportunity can occur to
take in goods without permission. The time which
must be given to matters of this nature, will be found
to interfere with the more immediate and important
claims upon his attention as Superintendent, such for
instance as the following: “You are to be careful
that the convicts and passengers have their due rations
of provisions without any deduction whatever, and to
see that the victuals are properly cooked, and regularly
issued at the usual meal-times, as also that they have
a sufficient proportion of water. You are also to attend
the opening of every cask of provisions supplied
to the vessel by Government, and to notice in your
journal its mark, numbers, and contents.”</p>

<p class='c000'>In the discharge of duties so multifarious as are
those of the Surgeon Superintendent in a convict ship,
any leaning to remissness justly subjects him to the
displeasure of the Board from whom he has the honour
of receiving his appointment and instructions; or he
incurs the liability of quarrelling perpetually with the
Commander, when ever the conduct of the latter may
be thought to require his interference; which becomes
<span class='pageno' id='Page_286'>286</span>a constant source of uneasiness and vexation. Some
men might be driven by such annoyance to study their
own comforts, and self-interest grow importunate for
a large share of consideration: in this case, sense of
public duty may perhaps become weak in proportion
as self predominates, and necessity, which rarely admits
of compromise, compels to an acquiescence with
the Master’s views, in order to conciliate his friendship,
and cultivate a disposition to reciprocal concession on
his part.</p>

<p class='c000'>Should this mutual understanding fail to be established
very early in the voyage, there is likely to be
continual bickering between them, and endless thwarting
on every trifling occasion, until at length an open
rupture takes place, and the Master takes his revenge
by dispensing with the Surgeon’s future services as soon
as the convicts have been disembarked, and leaves him
on shore to find a passage home in the best manner
he can. It is fair, however, to state, that the Navy
Board so far makes the Surgeon independent of such
an unpleasant casualty, as to allow him fifty pounds by
way of passage money returning from the colony: but
whether this liberality be an equivalent for the severe
discharge of an ungracious duty, by which he is subject
to that emergency, is more than questionable, as it is
a well known fact, that the sum demanded for a passage
from New South Wales to England is from one hundred
and fifty to two hundred pounds. To remain at
the colony is productive of manifold inconvenience, as
the allowance of fifty pounds will soon be expended for
the necessaries of living, while the same demand and
difficulty to return will still continue.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_287'>287</span>This representation, although a bare recital of facts,
may be objected to as being the very worst state of the
case supposed, and that the argument rests upon a
contingency which has but seldom occurred: but this
objection, far from weakening the position, gives an
additional weight to the statement, and claims for it
a greater degree of attention. For it can be said without
fear of refutation, that nineteen out of twenty of
the Surgeons who go out in convict ships would return
involved in debts, which it would be utterly beyond
their power to discharge by any other means than
an apprenticeship in the King’s Bench, were they to
rely solely on the fifty pounds to meet the expenses
of the passage home, which it may be seen requires
four times that sum.</p>

<p class='c000'>It should be considered, moreover, that convict
ships return very rarely from New South Wales directly,
as they are mostly chartered to distant ports in
India, or are directed by their owners to proceed in
quest of cargo, after their engagement with Government
is completed. In this case, a considerable time
usually elapses in preparing for this fresh destination
before the vessel can leave Sydney; and should the
Surgeon be entered as a passenger, he must abide by
the regulations existing on those occasions, by which
he is bound to maintain himself on shore as long as
the ship remains in any port. The heavy expenses
which this must create, in addition to that of passage,
must be seriously felt by the time the vessel will have
arrived in England. Either, then, the Surgeon must
subdue his honourable feelings by silencing scruples
as to the duties of Superintendent, or he must abide
<span class='pageno' id='Page_288'>288</span>by such consequences as leave him the inmate of a
prison.</p>

<p class='c000'>In order to avoid this horrible alternative, he generally
enters into an engagement with the ship-owners,
before the vessel sails from England, to give his
professional attention to the crew during the voyage,
and thus secures a passage home without much expense;
but this, it should be observed, is to be effected
only when no misunderstanding has taken place between
himself and the Commander, as otherwise he is
liable to be removed at the pleasure of that officer on
the passage home. This arrangement is doubtless
convenient enough for both parties: but it may be
questioned whether the public service is benefited by
it; for it can hardly be expected, that the same vigilance
and firmness which would characterize the conduct
of a Surgeon Superintendent, were he perfectly
independent, will be observed when bound by interest,
by private compact, and by necessity, to obey the Master’s
orders, or at least give implicit attention to his
suggestions, thereby compromising that dignity of character
which properly belongs to his rank<a id='r30' /><a href='#f30' class='c006'><sup>[30]</sup></a>.</p>

<p class='c000'>I wish this observation not to be construed into an
insinuation against the honour or honesty of the Masters
<span class='pageno' id='Page_289'>289</span>of convict ships generally. If all may be judged
of from those with whom I had the pleasure of being
connected, they ought to stand very high indeed in
public estimation; for I firmly believe, that there
could not be found in Britain men possessed of more
upright and honourable principles than they are; and
an acquaintance moderately extensive with others in
that particular service has impressed me strongly with
sentiments of respect for their integrity and general
character.</p>

<p class='c000'>On the other hand, it is very remote from my intention
to throw the slightest shade on the character
of those professional gentlemen who have been latterly
employed in this service. Many of them possess well
cultivated minds, and are meritorious and valuable
members of society; actuated by that high sense of
honour which would detain them in obscurity for life
rather than forfeit their principles; but some of them
have, at the same time, wives and children looking up
to them for support, to provide which, and to give
them the advantages of education, the utmost exertions
of industry and economy are required. The
procedure, however, having been dictated, and in some
<span class='pageno' id='Page_290'>290</span>degree made general, by necessity, has never been
considered disreputable.</p>

<p class='c000'>There are one or two other points regarding the
situation of Surgeons on board of convict ships, which
seem to me worthy of consideration: and as they
concern the respectability of the service, and the efficiency
which ought ever to attend that branch of duty,
the mention of them, it is hoped, will not be
deemed disrespectful to the authority that watches
over such affairs.</p>

<p class='c000'>According to the regulations now existing, the Surgeon
is not allowed a servant, which reduces him to
the alternative of applying to the Master to permit
one of the ship’s company to do that duty; and this
favour, if granted, necessarily places him under personal
obligations to the man whose actions he is required
to inspect, and often to control; or else he
must perform those offices himself; which cannot be
less repugnant to his feelings as a gentleman, than it
must eventually prove injurious to the service.</p>

<p class='c000'>Let the situation of a Surgeon Superintendent in a
convict ship be compared with that of an officer in
the army of the same rank, and it will readily be
seen how widely different are their comparative comforts
and respectability. A naval Surgeon ranks
with a Captain of the land forces; but this equality
of rank, if not an absolute inconvenience, is, under
the presently existing circumstances, nothing but an
empty name. For instance, while the lowest commissioned
officer in the army is allowed a servant,
exclusively of the attentions he can command from
<span class='pageno' id='Page_291'>291</span>his guard, the Surgeon Superintendent in the same
ship enjoys the proud privilege of ministering to his
own wants.</p>

<p class='c000'>Who would not sympathize with a gentleman driven
to the necessity of discharging the office of a menial,
and that, too, in the presence of those very persons
of whom he has charge, and over whom he is
commissioned constantly to exercise authority? I
beg to be understood distinctly, in drawing the above
comparison, not to imply any thing of an invidious
nature towards officers of the army doing duty in
convict ships, every one of whom, I am persuaded,
justly merits whatever comfort can be enjoyed in such
a situation.</p>

<p class='c000'>It is in place here to observe, that misunderstandings
are likely to occur from the first moment of sending
the convicts on board. The Master of the ship
having signed a bond making himself responsible for
the safe custody of the prisoners, he alone is held accountable
in the event of any of them escaping; which
would seem to give him a strong claim to regulate
them as he may think necessary during the voyage,
while the instructions given to the Surgeon appear to
have a different import, thus: “You are not to consider
yourself as Naval Agent for Transports, nor authorized
in any way to interfere with the management
or navigation of the ship, your duty as Surgeon
and Superintendent extending only to the <em>care</em> and
<em>management</em> of the convicts, and to see that the Master
fully complies with the terms of his charter party,
a copy of which is inclosed for your information.”</p>

<p class='c000'>A military officer is ordered on board in command
<span class='pageno' id='Page_292'>292</span>of a guard, without any instructions whatever, it appears,
as to his particular line of duty; and he naturally
enough imagines that the prisoners and every
other person in the ship are under his charge. Each
of these, desirous of securing respect for his authority,
regards any interference of the others with a jealous
eye; which has given rise to many unpleasant incidents,
that have ultimately led to investigations in the
colony, where it was decided that the Surgeon Superintendent
has the sole charge over the prisoners. It
would prevent much inconvenience, were the respective
duties of these officers clearly defined before the
commencement of the voyage; for at the end of it
information must always be too late for any useful
purpose.</p>

<p class='c000'>In consequence of a late regulation, Surgeons in
this branch of the service, before they can receive
their pay, are obliged to produce a certificate from the
principal Surgeon of the Colony, “stating, that no
unnecessary expenditure was made of the medicines
and necessaries supplied for the voyage.” There
is something excessively derogatory of that respect
which is due to professional character, in compelling
a Surgeon to apply for such a certificate as that here
required. The very application, moreover, involves
an unbecoming insinuation, that neither the word
nor the oath of the individual is to be believed; for
every Surgeon, before he obtains his pay, is obliged
to make affidavit that the medicines and necessaries
have been <em>faithfully</em> expended: but it is evident that
even this solemn testimony, although squaring with
every cautionary purpose for which it was originally
<span class='pageno' id='Page_293'>293</span>designed, is questioned as to its truth, the recent
regulation making it requisite to produce another
stronger voucher to the same purport. With the profoundest
deference to superior wisdom and official prudence,
an additional document of this nature appears
superfluous; and no absolute necessity therefore existing
to demand its production, such a requisition, it
is presumed, might be omitted without injury to His
Majesty’s service.</p>

<p class='c000'>It would seem trifling and ridiculous to dwell longer
on a subject of such apparent insignificance; but let
it not be forgotten, that of such trifles is the greater
part of human happiness or affliction composed: neither
ought it to be looked upon as an unreasonable
wish, that those professional men who have devoted
the prime of life to their country’s service, should, at
least in some degree, be screened from unnecessary
humiliation.</p>

<hr class='c007' />

<div class='footnote' id='f30'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r30'>30</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>The Commissioners of His Majesty’s Navy, finding that the
allowance of fifty pounds is wholly inadequate to satisfy the demand
for a passage home, have lately increased it to one hundred and ten
pounds, and also granted ten shillings a day during the time a
Surgeon is obliged to remain in the colony. Since these sheets
were put to press, I have ascertained, that the subject of convict
management, generally, has received considerable attention, and
undergone some improvements. The structural weakness, and consequent
insecurity, <em>so severely felt in the Morley</em>, have in some degree
been remedied in fitting up the last female convict ship, Mary
Anne. Some of the locks supplied to that ship were fitted in a
more efficient manner, and appeared of a better quality than those
which were formerly furnished. Those useful and highly necessary
arrangements reflect credit on their authors, and cannot fail to benefit
the service. It is earnestly to be hoped that they will be followed
up with others which are still very requisite.</p>
</div>

<div class='chapter'>
  <span class='pageno' id='Page_294'>294</span>
  <h2 class='c003'>CHAPTER VI.<br /> <br /> <span class='large'>GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.</span></h2>
</div>

<p class='drop-capa0_0 c005'>In the account given of the transmission of convicts
to New South Wales, I have endeavoured, “nothing
extenuating, nor setting down aught in malice,” to
describe the true state of morality in that country. A
wish to avoid prolixity prevented the mention of some
few particulars, which from the weight that attaches
to their consideration, as affecting the security and reformation
of the prisoners, seem to be not destitute
of interest, and may without impropriety, it is hoped,
be briefly mentioned here. In these remarks I shall
simply state circumstances as they came under my notice
in their practical effects, leaving the question of
remedy exclusively in the hands of those who best can
obviate the existing inconveniences, and remedy the
mischievous results arising from the present mode of
transportation.</p>

<p class='c000'>In the first instance, then, I would respectfully direct
attention, immediate and effective, to the present
plan of fitting up prisons on board of convict ships.
The manner in which those places are erected for the
detention of male prisoners is less objectionable in regard
to security than those for females. In the one
case, the protection of the persons in authority over
the confined appears principally designed, as opposed
<span class='pageno' id='Page_295'>295</span>to any violence meditated on the part of the male prisoners,
as also for the security of the ship. But in the
other, these circumstances, if they are at all allowed to
occupy consideration, appear of but little moment, because
it seems to be an opinion commonly received,
<em>that improper intercourse between the female convicts
and the sailors must continue as a matter of course,
and that all endeavours to prevent it will be fruitless,
and therefore any precaution in fitting up a prison
for females, with that view, is superfluous</em>. As far as
it regards the safety of the ship and stores, that may
perhaps be the case, as from women, merely, no such
danger need be apprehended; and this notion has probably
led to the present specious manner of construction,
in which the semblance of confinement only appears
to be consulted.</p>

<p class='c000'>The present alarming increase of crime renders
every precaution for the safe lodgement of male convicts
both wise and salutary, particularly so long as no
pains are taken to subdue their predilection for plunder
and profligacy, by informing their minds with
moral truths, and showing them the just and happier
resources of honest life. With regard to this class of
prisoners, however, there is little to recommend by
way of strengthening the rigour of the system of confinement,
as sufficient care is taken in that respect,
that as little chance as possible is allowed of their resorting
to violence with any hope of success, even were
they so disposed: when in addition to the fetters and
the strong prevention of their prison, the military
guard placed over them is a balance more than sufficiently
countervailing to any such design.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_296'>296</span>The situation of a female convict prison claims attention
in a peculiar degree, if the main purpose of
reformation, the object originally in the contemplation
of their sentence, be kept in view. Revolting in the
extreme to every feeling of propriety, is the idea of
abandoning these miserable women to indiscriminate
intercourse, among the crews of those ships in which
they are ordered to be conveyed to their place of banishment.
They are humanely removed from their
former mischievous connexions; but who would say
that this is a mode in which they can be reclaimed?
Prostitution has been the bane of many of them; will
they thus become less impure?</p>

<p class='c000'>By the very unaccountable neglect of moral instruction
heretofore prevailing, independently of other
causes, every sailor, nay the officers on board, could
take advantage of the defenceless state of the female
convicts; and so grossly did these excesses increase
by indulgence, that the commonness of the practice
flung a familiarity over the evil, concealing its disgusting
odiousness, and making it looked upon as an
affair of course, of ordinary, of necessary occurrence!
The Government, being made acquainted with its existence,
have interfered and forbidden the abuse. Has
that been sufficient to root it out, or even put a stop
to its abominable recurrence? It is seriously to be
feared that it exists in full vigour, and that, generally
speaking, so far from being circumscribed, it is unlimited.</p>

<p class='c000'>Under a system of organized depravity and abandonment,
which is too disgusting to be depicted, can
any one be surprised,—can anyone expect otherwise,—than
<span class='pageno' id='Page_297'>297</span>that the female convicts should arrive in the colony
contaminated and hardened in turpitude and profligacy
to the last degree,—so absolutely vitiated as
scarcely to retain the consciousness of a single virtuous
thought? Suppose a simple country girl were one
of these, convicted of her first offence; it surely is
not unreasonable to imagine, that, if sheltered from
such iniquitous association, decently treated, and rather
encouraged by mild remonstrance, and timely
humane counsel, aided too by good example, she
might be reclaimed from error, and again become a
useful member of society. But, in a school so destructive
of moral feeling, as that which a convict ship has
hitherto been permitted to present, will any such salutary
result in her favour be expected? Can any
thing less than miracle save her from hopeless ruin?
The hope of moral reformation is quite idle, so long
as such detestable doings exist; nor will it ever be
made a consideration in the necessity of their removal,
whether they owe existence to connivance or
laxity of discipline. If, then, the reformation of female
convicts be still made a portion of the public
concern, some arrangements different from those
hitherto employed, or some more efficient application
of such as at present so miserably obtain, are indispensably
necessary: if otherwise, too much has already
been done, and useless restraints have been imposed.</p>

<p class='c000'>The state of the prison in female convict ships
should be such that no ingenuity, or any effort short
of open violence, could be sufficient to command a
communication with the prisoners. In this case, the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_298'>298</span>construction of the prison ought to be as firm at least
as that for males; nor should the minuteness of accommodation
in the interior, concerning personal
comfort, cleanliness, and decent reserve, be overlooked.
It is essentially necessary that a small apartment
be fitted up securely, for the seclusion of any
female whose profligate or refractory disposition may
render solitary confinement necessary. This place
should be thoroughly ventilated, and kept clean, but
every thing carefully excluded except the absolute necessaries
of life; which, during confinement, ought to
consist of bread and water only. There may be some
few in every ship, too hardened in iniquity, to be influenced
by kind treatment and moral admonition,
who would be intimidated by the fear of punishment
like this. The want of such a place in every female
convict ship is felt and acknowledged by all persons
conversant in such affairs. The only objection to the
general adoption of this measure is, that it would deprive
the prisoners of part of that space which is at
present sufficiently limited. But room may be allowed
for it without inconvenience, by making the
number to be transmitted less by six or eight than the
usual complement: the advantages would then be
found greatly to outweigh the difference in expense,
which at most could be but a trifle. The locks, moreover,
should be of a durable and well contrived description;
neither liable to be picked, like the common
clumsy things now in use, nor spoiled by the effects
of moisture; and two or three spare sets, at least,
should be supplied, to replace such as may be injured
on the voyage.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_299'>299</span>It will be seen, on reference to the journal, that the
system of moral restraint and instruction adopted, and
the vigilance with which it was enforced, prevented
the sailors from making any aggression until the voyage
was more than half over; and that they were invited
then only by the weak state of the prison; presenting
scarcely any opposition to those who might
wish to gain admission. It will also appear that some
of the sailors were removed from the ship at Hobart
Town, Van Diemen’s Land, for disorderly behaviour
towards the prisoners: these men were afterwards
sent up to Sydney, as prisoners, in another ship, but
on their arrival there were set at liberty, without a
single question being asked them, or the slightest investigation
instituted. I confess I was desirous that
the affair should have been inquired into at the time,
when the allegations might have been confirmed or
disproved by the testimony of those who had been
eye witnesses of the transactions for which those men
had been arrested; and satisfactory evidence of the
circumstances of the whole voyage would then have
been obtained, those who were most competent to
give information being on the spot. This is the more
to be regretted, because the practicability of moral reformation
in those ships would have been proved beyond
the possibility of cavil, <em>if the prisons be properly
secured, and the Surgeon Superintendent supported
in the discharge of his duty, and in his endeavours
to accomplish an object of such desirable
and paramount importance</em>.</p>

<p class='c000'>It is not from the impregnable structure of the prison
<span class='pageno' id='Page_300'>300</span>in a convict ship, that the great object of transportation
is alone to be sought. The arm of the law,
which deprives the convict of the power of committing
mischief by sanctioning the coercive bolt or massy
bar, can be as effectual in restraining the licentious
seaman from transgressing the bounds of duty, and
committing acts of violence towards the persons confined;
such are powers of ordinary and every day
efficacy. Will they, in the silent hour of night, in
the lowering retreat of meditated guilt, reach the mind
in its secret recesses, and confine its aberrations from
rectitude? No: recourse must be had to means
much more potent,—boundless as created space, which
will embrace all the deviations of the soul, and, with
a shepherd’s care, prevent its dangerous wanderings.
Religious influence, the enlivening, all-pervading
force of conscience must be called up to aid in checking
criminal intention, to recall grave recollections
of the past, and turn the soul to chastening, penitent
reflection. Vain are all endeavours to amend, unless
error be struck at by a fundamental, unshowy energy,
to clear away effectually the noisome weeds that choke
the paths of virtue.</p>

<p class='c000'>Impressed with this conviction, I endeavoured to
establish a moral and religious system of management
on board the ships intrusted to my care; and as nothing
of the kind was before in use<a id='r31' /><a href='#f31' class='c006'><sup>[31]</sup></a>, I feel ambitious
to witness the general adoption of that, or any improvement
<span class='pageno' id='Page_301'>301</span>upon it which will have the same humane
purpose in view. Many well disposed and charitable
persons, I know, have expressed their apprehension that
permanent good from such a system cannot be established
within the short period in which a voyage is
performed from England to the colony: and that even
could it be effected, the impression would be speedily
effaced by the corrupting association with those less
under the influence of reformation there. It must be
allowed that the objection may have some weight, but
I hope not so as to discourage the laudable attempt;
for, were the good resulting even partial, operating to
the reformation of a few only, yet how gratifying must
it be in such a case! When, however, a better supported,
more extensive trial is given to the system, I
trust it will appear that the harvest will be bountiful,
and will well repay the toil of cultivation.</p>

<p class='c000'>The following facts may aid in giving incitement to
future exertions of the same kind. In my recent visit
to New South Wales, I availed myself of every means
to ascertain how the prisoners who went out with me
in the Neptune had behaved since their arrival, and I
could hear of nine only, out of one hundred and seventy,
who had been called before the magistrates to answer
for ill conduct, during a period of two years and a half.
Several of the number were recommended to situations
of service immediately on their landing, and I
did not learn that any of them had merited turning
away. One individual came upwards of forty miles
to see me, and brought a very satisfactory testimonial
from his master, which I laid before the Governor,
and requested that some indulgence might be given
<span class='pageno' id='Page_302'>302</span>him; with which His Excellency most obligingly and
readily complied. So far it is gratifying to know that
the attempt at reformation, however feeble, has not
been entirely without success.</p>

<p class='c000'>On the subject of employment for prisoners during
the voyage, much might be said; but its necessity and
advantages are too numerous, and would render observation
tedious, however appropriate. If employment
be found useful in the Hulks, why should not
its benefits be also tried on board of convict ships?
Convicts will certainly be better fitted for industrious
occupations in the colony, having been so employed
upon their passage thither; and as they are sent to
that country not to be maintained in idleness, why
not inure them to habits of application previously?
In the colony they have inducements to work,—food
and an annual stipend; let them on board ship be so
employed, as that a portion of what they earn may
revert to themselves, and they will work cheerfully.
Prisoners engaged at work are as much under the
power of restraint as ever; they will, it is presumed,
be much more orderly; nor can any reasonable fear
be entertained of their contemplating mischief, when
steadily occupied with what they must be convinced
is intended to benefit themselves, especially if, at the
same time, the effects of a moral and religious system
operate upon their minds.</p>

<p class='c000'>Of the same nature is the establishment of a school,
not alone for children belonging to convicts, but for
the instruction of junior offenders; for it will be found
in almost every case of this description, that early depravity
and ignorance are concomitants. The generality
<span class='pageno' id='Page_303'>303</span>of young culprits derive their hardening career
in crime, almost entirely from the want of religious
instruction: it must therefore be not only wise and
humane, but also a pleasure demanded by prudence
and sound policy, to furnish them with the means of
gaining moral instruction from its source, by teaching
them to read that best of books, the Bible. Neither
should those children be left without regular employment:
they also will long enjoy the blessings thus
arising from habits of industry.</p>

<p class='c000'>Every one who has an interest in the welfare of the
colony, as well as the friends of humanity, must feel
some degree of anxiety on the subject of convict management,
previously to their entering on those duties
which are prescribed by their sentence. With regard
to males, less concern is usually entertained, from
their capability of sustaining severity of punishment,
if necessary, in a higher degree; but as to females,
corrective applications of that nature cannot be resorted
to, to produce reformation of life. In proportion,
then, as the difficulty of applying penal treatment
exists, the more is prevention requisite to preclude
its necessity: but unfortunately this is too little
regarded; and to this circumstance may be, in a great
measure, attributed that deplorable state of habitual
dissoluteness, aggravated by heinous indulgence in
open violation of decency, which prevails in the voyage
to New South Wales.</p>

<p class='c000'>The evil consequences to the colony, from this
abuse, are innumerable. The continual disturbance
of social connexions, and disregard of moral obligation,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_304'>304</span>are not its only bad effects; the great hope of
colonization is defeated: population is undoubtedly
checked in its advance by such pernicious practices.
This fact is proved by the concurrent testimony of all
nations, and various arguments have been urged in
illustration: but the correctness of the opinion needs
very little to maintain its accuracy; the position may
indeed be pronounced incontrovertible. In reply to
this it may be said, that population in New South
Wales has increased in a ratio greatly beyond that of
any other country. The extraordinary salubrity of
the climate, and other circumstances, may have contributed
in a great degree to that remarkable increase,
which appears unquestionably without parallel even
in the periods of American colonization; but, were
female virtue better protected, and cherished with
becoming care, there can be not a shadow of doubt,
that the population would be much greater than it is
even now.</p>

<p class='c000'>But the state of morals in the colony is not such as
to encourage a hope that this respect for the sex is likely
to be a prevailing sentiment, at least for some time
to come; and, until that change shall have arrived, it
is feared that few of the corrupt females who are
transported thither will become reformed there: indeed
it is hardly to be expected that they should, unless
their minds have been fortified by salutary management
previously to their arrival, as afterwards
there is not a moment allowed them for reflection.
The same violent passions which raged uncontrolled
before and during the voyage, so far from subsiding,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_305'>305</span>are worked up to excess by wretches of the very worst
description, many unhappily of their own sex, who
beset them with temptation to their utter ruin.</p>

<p class='c000'>From the best information I was able to obtain, it
appears that the proportion of males to that of females
is somewhat above <em>six</em> to <em>one</em>. It will be asked, perhaps,
Why is not marriage encouraged, and how happens
it that any woman can remain single for any
time, the proportion being so small? Marriages certainly
do take place to the utmost extent of propriety;
and investigation of the circumstances in many cases,
if deemed necessary, would, it is apprehended, painfully
prove that those limits are frequently exceeded.
Marriages are continually taking place between men
and women whose wives and husbands are living in
England; some, it is asserted on good authority, in
the colony under fictitious names. But although this
breach of law is punishable at home by transportation,
little inquiry or complaint is made concerning
it in the colony, and punishment is seldom inflicted
for its commission, owing probably to its being rarely
brought under judicial cognizance by those concerned.</p>

<p class='c000'>Marriage occurs also very often for the purpose of
getting a woman out of the Factory; that is, letting her
loose on society, without the least intention of the parties
living together, save for a few days to cover appearances.
It is known to happen sometimes, that
such connexions are formed by making a contract beforehand,
that the woman, wife so called, should appropriate
a certain quantum of the wages of sin for
the support of the man who thus espouses her! In
this state the degraded victim of sensuality is often
<span class='pageno' id='Page_306'>306</span>transferred from one master to another, bandied about
in this shocking and unnatural way, until the mere
figure is all that remains of the human being. Should
intemperance, which is always observable in such cases,
and excessive extravagance, impair or totally destroy
the scanty means of the <em>protector</em> for the time being,
the female so engaged looks without concern on the
misfortune of which she, perhaps, has been the principal
cause, and if another paramour offer, she attaches
herself to him with indifference, and so the career
of guilt meets with but little interruption.</p>

<p class='c000'>In several conversations on this disgraceful subject
with some well informed men, whose judgement in
other matters is deserving of respect, I was assured
that no remedy of immediate efficacy could be applied
to these evils; that time alone could weaken their
malignancy, and that they would wear out of themselves!
This shocking conclusion, almost amounting
to despair of their eradication, was made by men
who daily witnessed these vile practices, and lamented
their enormity and prevalence, fully sensible of their
miserable consequences.—But the performance of
these odious tragedies is not left entirely to the convicts.
Others, whose stations ought to claim some
degree of respect, seem to vie with those degraded
captives for the pre-eminence in guilt, many of them
proudly wearing the laurels thus <em>honourably</em> acquired:
for these enormities, which depravity has made familiar,
even palliation is insolently attempted, and
that too on grounds sometimes unpardonably offensive
to decency.</p>

<p class='c000'>I have heard men of reputed good sense and discrimination,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_307'>307</span>both here and in New South Wales, argue
with much earnestness, and a feeling of exultation
which I would willingly consider not real, that
the females who have been under the management of
the <em>Ladies’ Committee</em> generally behave worse during
the voyage, and after their arrival in the colony, than
those from any other prison whatever; inferring that
all the disinterested and zealous exertions of that amiable
association have been unproductive of any the
least good.—Among those in the colony holding, or
at least professing to hold, this opinion, a general feeling
seemed to prevail, that all efforts made to form
those unfortunate females to habits of virtue, propriety,
and industry, were nugatory, and calculated
rather to injure than promote the interests of the colony.
The very endeavours to prevent illicit intercourse
upon the voyage were treated as if they had a
tendency to render the women unfit for their proper
situations in the places to which they were going!
They maintained that the character of these females
is utterly reprobate, beyond the possibility of being reclaimed,
and that it is therefore useless to think of
reforming them,—that they should be abandoned to
their wretched lot.</p>

<p class='c000'>So  long as persons holding such sentiments, and
acting upon them, would render the subjects of their
obloquy incapable of improvement by rekindling their
profligacy and contributing to their misfortune, and
that such conduct can be followed as an example, so
long indeed it is vain to hope that any instruction in
prisons can effect permanent reformation. It would
not be doing violence to probability, nor, I think, exceeding
<span class='pageno' id='Page_308'>308</span>the bounds of charity, to assert that the principles
by which such abettors of vice are actuated are
referable to licentious propensities, which the most
<em>liberal</em> of them would, perhaps, be unwilling to acknowledge
as belonging to himself. Why then would
they,—for the evidence is strong against them,—desire
to continue those wretched women in a state of
debasement? Is it that themselves may be allowed
to pass unnoticed amidst the general depravity which
must be the certain consequence of such a state of
things? These men would be stout advocates for the
baneful principle of <em>utility</em> described by <em>Hume</em>, or the
still more pernicious one of <em>general good</em> so strenuously
recommended by <em>Godwin</em>.</p>

<p class='c000'>While such principles are deemed the basis of moral
law, it is impossible to calculate on any other than
the most destructive results, as no other can be reasonably
expected from a demoralized population,
amongst whom honesty and decency are in perpetual
violation. Can any reprobation, then, be thought too
severe, of that unmanly, ungenerous conduct, which, by
fostering vice in the advocacy of self-example, would
render a future generation more immoral than the
past, and lead to complete anarchy of all the rational
powers of the mind? It has been well observed by a
late anonymous writer, that “whoever weakens in society
the veneration for morality, is a traitor to his
country; and whoever diminishes the influence of religion
in the world, as a rule of daily conduct, is a
traitor to his God.”—The language is as forcible as
the truth is incontrovertible.</p>

<p class='c000'>The assertion, however, on which so much stress
<span class='pageno' id='Page_309'>309</span>is laid,—that the women from Newgate behave worse
than those from other prisons,—is deserving of some
examination. If we reflect on the state of society in
London, and how infinitely more numerous are the
opportunities to crime and its consequences than elsewhere;
the dissoluteness which always exists in a
crowded metropolis; and the daring depravity that
there marks the gradations of offence; if we carefully
survey the life of “a regular London female thief who
has passed through every stage of guilt, who has spent
her youth in prostitution, and her maturer age in theft
and knavery; whose every friend and connexion are
accomplices;” one of those who are “the refuse of the
capital; that is, the very worst description of criminals,
committed for the very worst excesses of crime;
women who had been frequent inmates of a prison,
and with whom thieving was ‘their daily bread:’” if
these circumstances, I say, are duly considered, they
must be admitted, by every unprejudiced individual, to
form grounds of difficulty in the endeavours to reclaim
offenders from their wickedness in such a society, beyond,
greatly beyond the less hardened habits of provincial
iniquity; and should it even appear that the
former behave much worse than the latter on board a
ship, it can afford very little cause for ill-judging malignity
to triumph. Could aught else, even then, be
shown, but that the time those unfortunate women
were under the guidance of the Ladies’ Committee
was too short for the completion of their benevolent
purpose? Is it reasonable to expect that long-rooted
habits of idleness and vice, impressed on the mind from
the first dawning of perception, can be broken through,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_310'>310</span>and the salutary work of reformation perfected in the
few weeks or months they may have been favoured
with those pious attentions? But should it be proved
that the conduct of the women from Newgate is at
least as good, if not better than what is exhibited by
those from the country prisons, to what cause shall be
ascribed an alteration so rapid, and so little to be expected;—an
alteration amounting to almost an entire
change of natural disposition? It is impossible for
scepticism, or prejudice itself, to assign any other cause
than the influence of moral precept so kindly and unceasingly
inculcated by the Committee.</p>

<p class='c000'>The women from Newgate formed one third of the
entire number sent out in the Morley; and I can declare
conscientiously that their conduct was <em>not worse</em>
than that of an equal number of the others: on the
contrary, the effects of exhortation were more observable
in their manner, in a very remarkable degree;
and during the voyage, whenever it was found necessary
to rebuke any of them, the mere mention of any
of the Ladies of the Committee had the effect of bringing
them to a sense of their error, which in almost
every instance was attended with profound sorrow, a
circumstance certainly not always observable in their
companions. I can further assert that there was
infinitely more riot, wickedness, and abandonment,
amongst <em>seven</em> women who were permitted to accompany
the soldiers that formed the guard in the Neptune
in 1817, than amongst <em>all the female convicts</em> in
the Morley put together: nay, in stating this fact, I
feel<a id='t310'></a> that the latter are injured by being brought into
such a comparison.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_311'>311</span>In a conversation on this subject at Van Diemen’s
Land with Doctor Bromley, who was Surgeon Superintendent
in the <em>Lord Wellington</em>, he assured me that
he had less trouble in that ship with the women who
came from Newgate than all the rest. Three of these
very women on their arrival were received into the service
of Mrs. Governor <span class='sc'>Macquarie</span>, where their conduct
was so uniformly correct as to merit that lady’s
approbation; a circumstance so uncommon, that she
felt it a duty to acquaint Mrs. <em>Fry</em> of the happy
change. Mrs. Macquarie was prevented from writing
by ill health at the time I left the colony, but desired
me to communicate the fact as she had herself intended.
That several of those who went out in the Lord
Wellington behaved very ill after their arrival, does
not militate against the system of reform adopted by
the Ladies’ Committee; nor would my opinion of its
invaluable efficacy be altered in the least, were I told
that every one of those who were under my care has
been ruined in the colony, because I know what a state
of depravity prevails there. Minds much stronger
than theirs have yielded to temptation; and in no
country is that evil more concentrated and destructive
than in New South Wales.</p>

<p class='c000'>With respect to the rising generation in the colony,
I have not sufficient data to enable me to speak with
certainty; but it may be stated that, notwithstanding
the boundless depravity of the parents, the children,
generally speaking, are well disposed, given to industry,
and of religious habits. They are represented as
being passionately fond of instruction; and many of
them, who are not blessed with the means of obtaining
<span class='pageno' id='Page_312'>312</span>information from more direct and legitimate sources,
known to make successful efforts to learn to read and
write, without any assistance.</p>

<p class='c000'>This statement so much resembles that of a bitter
fountain producing sweet water, that credence to its
accuracy can hardly be expected; yet I had opportunities
of satisfying myself of its truth in four or five
instances; and I was told of a great many others on
testimony which I have no reason to disbelieve, but I
would not be pledged for their authenticity. An anecdote
related by the Reverend Mr. <em>Cartwright</em>, when
he and I accompanied the Governor in his late excursion
to the newly discovered country, may be relied on.
This gentleman is the resident clergyman at Liverpool,
where on Sunday evening he usually gives instruction
to all the children who choose to come to
his house. It happened on one of those occasions,
that heavy rains had caused an overflow of the river,
so as to render it impossible for any one to wade across,
consequently he did not expect any of those children
whose parents lived on the opposite side: to his astonishment,
however, some of them came. On inquiring
how they got over, it appeared that they had tied
their clothes upon their heads, and swam across, intending
to return also in the same manner when the
instructions they came to receive were finished.</p>

<p class='c000'>In more advanced age, these principles are further
developed, and a great many of the young men show
themselves desirous of avoiding the errors of their parents:
but the impression on my mind, from the best
information I could collect, is not so favourable with
regard to the grown-up females, who, probably from
<span class='pageno' id='Page_313'>313</span>want of that instruction which is more accessible to the
other sex,—I speak of the lower classes,—are corrupted
by baneful association and bad example. In this particular,
indeed, the statements of some respectable persons,
desirous rather of extenuating than magnifying,
are strongly corroborative of the fact. It was not extraordinary,
they assured me, to see a young woman
of this description living a few months, first with one
man, then with another, and so on with five or six,
fixing on one at last, whom she thought proper to
marry.</p>

<p class='c000'>In this state of midnight gloom, which envelops
this new and interesting portion of the world, who will
not delight to find that the light of the Gospel is about
to shed its refulgence, to dispel the dark clouds of ignorance
and irreligion which blind the understanding,
and, withering in their deadly shade the energies of the
mind, pervert the noblest impulses of the heart?
Bible Societies, benevolent associations, and schools
both public and private, are springing up in the midst
of this unhallowed chaos, by means of which the pure
principles of Christianity will be disseminated, and
their benign ascendency over corrupt temptations diffused
through many hardened and profligate minds.</p>

<p class='c000'>The British public generally, and the colonists individually,
are under the most heavy obligations to
those persons whose active benevolence and liberal
contributions have laid the foundation of establishments
on which general prosperity and happiness will
eminently rise. It would be as unjust as difficult to
conceal the distinguished leading exertions of <em>the
Honourable Judge-Advocate</em> <span class='sc'>Wylde</span>, in forming
<span class='pageno' id='Page_314'>314</span>these excellent institutions: to his transcendent talents
and unwearied zeal every lover of social happiness
must hold himself indebted. For it is impossible that
any man possessing the faculty of reason, be his rank
and fortune ever so great, can feel indifferent as to the
state of the great body politic: it is, indeed, those of
large property who should feel the strongest interest
in the propagation of those principles which alone can
render possession even for an hour perfectly secure.
What would be the consequence in that respect, were
a whole community to shake off all the restraints imposed
by the consciousness of moral obligation?</p>

<p class='c000'>A retrospect of the revolution in France will furnish
an answer to this question,—one which ought to fill
the most insensible with awful reflection. The baneful
writings of Bayle, Voltaire, Rousseau, Hume, and
others of that stamp, prepared the minds of the French
people for the reception of infidelity and irreligion; and
their impious labours were further aided by those of
Helvetius, D’Alembert, Condorcet, Raynal, Diderot,
Paine, &amp;c. These enemies of God and man achieved
their hellish work under the specious pretext of <span class='fss'>LIBERTY</span>,
or “<em>perfecting the new philosophy</em>.”—Accordingly,
Christianity was abolished; the existence
of the Deity denied, and even the mention of His
Name, except in blasphemy and execration, proscribed
and punished with death, by a law which the rage of
impiety kept in force nearly four years. At that dreadful
period, marriage was declared an unsocial monopoly,
whilst by another <em>law</em>, as if such enactments
could decide the truth of the case, death was declared
nothing but an eternal sleep. What an admirable
<span class='pageno' id='Page_315'>315</span>salvo to the guilt of the catastrophe!—And what has
been that catastrophe? They murdered their legitimate
King,—butchered the nobility and clergy,—and
sluiced the scaffold with the blood of thousands
of every age, sex, and denomination. Property of every
kind abandoned, became the spoil of those assassins,
who without regard to “general good” divided the
whole among themselves.</p>

<p class='c000'>With those scenes of blood fresh in his recollection,
who in this country could rest in security, or feel assured
that either his life or property was out of danger,
if every wretch or ruffian deaf to religion and moral
duty were allowed to follow the impulse of guilty
passion, without alarm, or dread of the Divine vengeance?
Farewell the influence of law and justice
when such is the state of immorality in a populous
community, that impiety is the order of the day, and
no regard is paid to the dictates of conscience and its
obligations. Even Voltaire, when among his associates,
used to prevent them from uttering impious and blasphemous
expressions before servants, “lest,” said he,
“they should cut all our throats.”</p>

<p class='c000'>No person, surely, will pretend to say that physical
power and daring intrepidity do not exist in as great
a degree in England as they ever were known in
France; or that an infuriated mob here would be less
dangerous than in that country. This narrowed view
of the question extends so far only as regards worldly
prudence: if examined more broadly, the duty will
be found paramount and imperative on all, to guard
with jealous care the principles on which our social
edifice is raised, and which under the British Constitution
<span class='pageno' id='Page_316'>316</span>deservedly excites the admiration of the world.
But if the bases of this glorious structure be shaken
or impaired, that which is the production of the aggregate
wisdom of ages must crumble into dust.
Society could no longer then exist, there being no
bond to link together the disunited members; there
would in fact be nothing for which existence could be
desirable. Odious anarchy would stifle in blood every
feeling that could render our labours useful, and life
a blessing: the affections between parents, children,
and brethren, would be deadened, and the treasures
of friendship devastated by selfish rapacity.</p>

<p class='c000'>“Crimes of every description,” says Dr. Colquhoun,
“have their origin in the vicious and immoral habits
of the people; in the little attention paid to the education
of the inferior orders; and in the want of some
plan for regulating the morals of this useful class of
the community.” No one, it is presumed, will controvert
the truth of this sentiment; but while the necessity
of <em>educating the inferior orders</em> is generally
admitted, very few come forward willingly to engage
in that important task, nay, I will call it positive duty.
Should it be attributed to the lower class as a <em>crime</em>,
that their parents were too poor or too profligate to
procure for them the benefits of education, sufficient
at least to enable them to peruse the Scriptures, and
thereby be impressed with the obligations of Christianity,—their
duty to God and their neighbour?</p>

<p class='c000'>It will be said, perhaps, that the inculcation of those
duties belongs exclusively to the Clergy. Persons
maintaining this opinion are, I fear, but little influenced
by the true spirit of charity, although the <em>letter</em> or
<span class='pageno' id='Page_317'>317</span>external signs of it may be familiar to them. It is,
in truth, the duty of every one who is qualified for the
task, whether clergyman, or layman, whether Protestant
or Catholic, Episcopalian or Presbyterian,
Methodist or Independent, or be his Christian creed
what it may, to instruct his fellow creature “in the
way he should go,” and, if found ignorant or erring, to
put him right if he can: no sect or denomination of
Christians can, without manifest injustice, be excluded
from the labour of philanthropy.</p>

<p class='c000'>Having described the condition of the females sent
to the Factory at Parramatta, it would be as unnecessary
as painful to comment further on the inaptitude
of that establishment, in its present circumstances, to
produce any reformatory effects; particularly as a hope
is confidently indulged that the existing evils will soon
be lessened, if not wholly obviated, by the erection of
another Factory in the same neighbourhood. This building,
which was expected to be ready for the reception
of the female convicts about last February, has given
rise to expectations of its utility very sanguine indeed,
but in no respect exceeding what I would look for,
were it in the power of the local Government to ensure
its success commensurately with the design. The very
liberal manner in which His Excellency <em>Governor</em>
<span class='sc'>Macquarie</span> has invariably come forward with his
purse, as well as patronage, on all occasions to advance
any measure conducive to public good, must convince
every one of his devotedness to the welfare of the colony
over which he presides, and which has undoubtedly
acquired, under his administration, innumerable
benefits highly important and imperishable. But when
the character of those persons is considered, to whom
<span class='pageno' id='Page_318'>318</span>of necessity, for want of better, the execution of what
by them are thought <em>trifling</em> concerns is intrusted, an
apprehension will strongly intrude, that many of the
evils now complained of in the old Factory will be
transferred to the new, under the <em>care</em> of the present
overseers.</p>

<p class='c000'>As matters now stand, to indulge a hope of reformation,
if the present management be persisted in,
would be only to court disappointment: the necessity
of substituting some other more efficacious must be
evident. With a view of contributing some little assistance
to accomplish this most desirable end, I beg
leave to offer a few suggestions, which it is hoped will
be considered as given disinterestedly.</p>

<p class='c000'>I would therefore venture to recommend that choice
be made of some elderly man and woman of respectability,
in England, whose moral and religious character
can be steadily relied on, to be sent out and have
charge of the new Factory. Two such persons might
readily be found, who for a moderate remuneration
would discharge the duties of that important trust with
fidelity; and being independent of local connexions,
prejudices and interests, their appointment would at
once put an end to those iniquitous collusions by
which the vile projects in speculation, and the whole
tissue of existing abuses are maintained.</p>

<p class='c000'>Strongly convinced by experience of the necessity
and advantages of classification, I would advise its
adoption as a preliminary and indispensable step to
success, distinguishing thereby the inmates in reference
to the degrees of reformation they evince. A code of
rules should also be prepared, of which undeviating
observance ought to be enforced. Those recommended
<span class='pageno' id='Page_319'>319</span>by the Committee for the improvement of prison discipline,
&amp;c., are admirably calculated to ensure all the
benefits that can reasonably be hoped for from imprisonment,
and with some modification, which local
circumstances will require, may be generally adopted.</p>

<p class='c000'>Some enlightened and well disposed persons whom
I had frequent opportunities of consulting on this and
other such subjects, approved much of the above suggestions,
knowing how greatly their application was
demanded by necessity; and their approbation was
gratifying, particularly that of one gentleman, who is
decidedly the first authority in the colony for legal information
and personal experience. This gentleman,
whose name has been already mentioned, strongly advised
a Factory to be established remote from every
town, in the <em>Cow-pastures</em>, as being on every account
most eligible; where there could be no opportunities
for the persons confined to procure spirits, or be deteriorated
by the seductive influence of temptation, or
vicious example. In that establishment, which should
be altogether probationary, the prisoners, sent from
the ships as they arrive, might be detained, each individual
being obliged to wear an uniform dress distinguishing
her class, which ought not to be laid aside
during the time of continuing at that place.</p>

<p class='c000'>It is also recommended that none of the inmates of
the probationary establishment should be assigned as
servants directly therefrom; but as their advancement
to reformation is proved, and they become distinguished
for good conduct, they should meet with encouragement.
This may be shown by removing them to
the Factory at Parramatta, which ought to be made
a <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">depôt</span> for the well behaved only, whence the settler
<span class='pageno' id='Page_320'>320</span>might have servants supplied them on making proper
application. These arrangements being in perfect
accordance with the sentiments of persons best acquainted
with the true state of affairs, and the wants
of society in the colony, are respectfully submitted for
consideration. The measures are few and simple;
but if they be adopted in time, and duly enforced, little
doubt is entertained of their producing a change beneficial
to the whole community.</p>

<h3 class='c020'>CONCLUSION.</h3>

<p class='c021'>From the foregoing arguments, grounded on facts,
which I am satisfied are irrefutable, the following inferences
may be deduced:</p>

<p class='c000'><em>First.</em>—If the object of transportation to New
South Wales be only the <em>punishment</em> of the criminal,
it is seldom effected in the proportion contemplated
by the law; as many of those deserving the most
rigorous treatment live there much more comfortably
than they could have done at home, and realize large
fortunes: while others, with not a tenth of their turpitude,
are consigned to misery and ruin.</p>

<p class='c000'><em>Secondly.</em>—In the case of Females, the <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">merited
quantum</span></i> of punishment is equally uncertain in its infliction,
though always excessively severe, owing to
their abandoned mode of life.</p>

<p class='c000'><em>Lastly.</em>—But if the scope of transportation be, what
it <em>ought to be</em>,—the <em>reformation</em> of the offender; it
has, with the greater number of males, been unsuccessful;
and with regard to females, it has very rarely
indeed been attained.</p>

<div class='chapter'>
  <span class='pageno' id='Page_321'>321</span>
  <h2 class='c003'>APPENDIX.<br /> <br /> <span class='large'><em>Reflections on Seduction.</em></span></h2>
</div>

<p class='c005'>Seduction, in the various baneful consequences
hence arising to society and its moral disposition, is so
intimately connected with the scope of my present general
inquiries, that I cannot forbear to give a brief
sketch of some of its most obvious evils, though a full
description of the character would far exceed the limits
of my present purpose; and to describe the pernicious
consequences of that crime in all its baseness of effect
would, I candidly confess, require abilities far superior
to mine.</p>

<p class='c000'>The British Constitution, and the salutary statutes
made for the protection of life and property, have for
many ages, one delights to contemplate, become deservedly
the boast of every true-born Englishman:
under the benignant influence of their mild atmosphere,
the most extensive field has been opened for the cultivation
of all those virtues that aggrandize a state, or
can render private life amiable; and the combined
powers of both, have united to excite the admiration
and call forth the envy of surrounding nations.</p>

<p class='c000'>The politician and the moralist behold with equal
pleasure the glorious era, which a few years since successfully
crowned our efforts to break the detested
chain that tyranny had forged for the general enslavement
<span class='pageno' id='Page_322'>322</span>of the world. The lover of science and the patient
investigator of nature’s hidden laws, in other
countries, must acknowledge with mingled feelings of
pleasure and regret, that in no climate under heaven
does genius flourish as in Britain; and under the influence
of this impression, and in quest of knowledge,
they are travelling daily from every corner of the globe
to our favoured shores.</p>

<p class='c000'>While, however, we exultingly contemplate our advancement,
and that distinguished eminence we have
risen to in the scale of kingdoms, shall we inertly fail
to examine if some wheel or new power might not yet
be added, that would tend to the improvement and
perfection of the vast machine? In the multiplicity of
legislative measures prudently enacted by our forefathers
for the defence of our property, and the protection
of liberty both civil and religious, is it not surprising
that they should have thought it unnecessary
to pass some law to guard, and some barrier to fence
around, that greatest and most interesting of national
glories, the chastity of our daughters? To me, I confess,
this oversight, as it seems to be, is utterly unaccountable.</p>

<p class='c000'>Let any dispassionate and well regulated mind take
into active consideration the injury arising from the
commission of those crimes which the statutes denominate
<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">petit</span> and grand larceny, or even felony, with
the overwhelming misery into which thousands of
amiable and industrious families are plunged by the
destructive seducer, and conscientiously declare which
of them he thinks most pernicious to the peace and general
interests of society; or which of those abhorred
<span class='pageno' id='Page_323'>323</span>characters he would least dread to suffer from himself:—whether
he would rather be deprived of part of
his property, or have a lovely daughter, the pride of
his life, ruined and debauched. Let us suppose a case
as every day it too unhappily occurs in real life.</p>

<p class='c000'>The miserable father of a family, worn down by misfortune,
poverty and ill health, has to look upon a
virtuous wife, and an interesting group of innocent
children, whom his utmost industry cannot save from
the merciless pressure of squalid rags worse than
nakedness, and starvation worse than death. He beholds
them pining away without a friendly hand near
that will supply a morsel of bread, or even administer
the imaginary relief of consoling pity: their reiterated
cry for food pierces his agonized heart, and in feelings
bordering on distraction he rushes forth to procure
for them a temporary respite from the grave, determined
to seize the first eatable that falls in his way:
perhaps he breaks into a neighbour’s field, whence he
carries off a sheep, or a pig, to protract the immediate
destruction of his perishing family. For this, on detection,
the laws of his country may sentence him to
death, or at best the timely mercy of his gracious Sovereign
may remit the punishment to transportation.</p>

<p class='c000'>On the other hand, mark the seducer. Destitute of
the principles of religion and humanity, he may wantonly,
and with relentless soul, destroy the happiness
and peace of a whole family, in basely undermining
the virtue of an innocent and valued daughter, the
flattering, brightest hope of their life,—the prop of
their age, and on whose talents or industry the whole
family were perhaps then immediately depending for
<span class='pageno' id='Page_324'>324</span>bread. Insidiously and cautiously has the infamous
attack been carried on; and if foiled in his first cruel
attempt, her faith must be shaken, and her understanding
perverted by specious arguments, wicked sophistry,
and the deadly poison of irreligion, before
she can be led by imperceptible degrees into guilt,
misery, and certain present perdition, whatever fears
may belong to the hereafter. What punishment can
be found for the miscreant who thus deliberately and
maliciously poisons the heart’s blood of unoffending
innocence? Why, in nine cases out of ten, none
at all! Humanity stands abashed.—Justice answers
not.—Pity, in surprise and indignation, exclaims, Can
it be?—In England too?—Can it, alas! be true?</p>

<p class='c000'>Cold-blooded monster! with refined cruelty he often
selects his intended victim from that station where
fortune has denied not only the luxuries but the necessaries
of life; and where the want of those comforts
can only be compensated and rendered tolerable
in heaven’s choicest blessing, a virtuous and contented
mind. The abandoned sensualist knows but too well
the poor man’s inability to vindicate in a court of
law the violated purity of his once innocent and happy
daughter. But what redress could he obtain even were
he opulent? An action can only be brought against
him who has unmercifully shut out every ray of future
joy, for the mere loss of his child’s personal services,
quaintly denominated “<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per quod servitium amisit</span></i>;”
and at best recover but a paltry adjudication in money
for that which is above all price:—a sorry remuneration,
truly, for such a loss! It is in fact a cruel mockery
of justice, and the triumph of crime.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_325'>325</span>Contrast the narrow and grovelling spirit that seems
to characterize this most miserably defective principle
of legal justice, with that noble independence
and manly defence which dictated <span class='sc'>Magna Charta</span>
and the <span class='sc'>Bill of Rights</span>! It is far from my intention
to cast the slightest shade on the memory
of our ancestors, many of whom thought no price
too great for liberty, often indeed purchased even
with their own blood, that they might bequeath it
to posterity unsullied and unfettered, the legitimate
birthright and glory of their future sons. But where
our forefathers have done so much for us, shall we
not, in kindred spirit, attempt to do something for
ourselves, or for our children? Shall we suffer the
seducer to walk forth in open day, or at the midnight
hour, to carry devastation into every cottage, and to
ravage with impunity the sacred sanctuaries of virtue?
Forbid it justice,—forbid it humanity,—forbid it
Heaven!</p>

<p class='c000'>I cannot believe that one father in a thousand has
ever turned his mind to the contemplation of the direful
effects on society, of indulgence in this ferocious
and unlawful passion; or the general voice of mankind
would have been raised to hunt from their
abodes the hellish tiger in human form: the hand of
power, too, would surely have been lifted up to shield
the innocent from his fell assault. Might not the seducer,
in strict justice, be classed in malice prepense
and principle with the most sanguinary murderer?
On comparison, it is my firm conviction that the
former is the author of more pain and misery to the
great family of mankind.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_326'>326</span>In the sketch of such a character my labour might
be in some degree facilitated by a short account of one
who, a very few years since, figured very conspicuously
in the gay world; and presuming, therefore, on
the idea, I venture to insert it. Would to God! that
the miseries I shall have to unfold existed only in
imagination; but, alas! fancy will have no place in
the working of the dark picture.</p>

<p class='c000'>The detail was written by the gentleman himself,
principally during a twelvemonth’s confinement from
a wound received in a duel. Of this he ultimately
died; but not before the hideous forms of vice and
crime had been exposed to his terrified view in all
their naked deformity. At the time this melancholy
scene took place I was in India; and on my return a
packet containing his journal, and an elegant copy
of the Bible, which I had many years before advised
him to peruse, was put into my hand by a friend
of his. This bequest, with the following letter, was
marked for me by his own hand a few days before his
dissolution:</p>

<div class='lg-container-r c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>“——, May 15th, 1816.</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c009'>“However widely, my much valued friend, the
theory and practice of our lives may have differed, I flatter
myself that at this moment our sentiments are the
same. That there is a just God, I never once doubted;
and that he is merciful, and willing to pardon the sins
of the penitent, it is now my interest firmly to believe.
My career is nearly finished—I have languished long,
and been very miserable; for, until within a few
months, I never dared encourage a hope of pardon
from Heaven; and although my mind is become more
<span class='pageno' id='Page_327'>327</span>tranquil, I still fear that I am a great way from salvation,
though I feel I am but a step from the grave.
I can now see that your reasons for avoiding me were
just, but I think they were cruel. Great God! What
have I been—what am I to be? Gracious Heaven!
If the very little you knew of me could make you
avoid me, what will you think after reading my journal?
I have often intended to burn it—I wish you
would do so: yet, it may be useful in warning some
fellow-creature of the damnation which the labours of
my life had industriously prepared. If you think so,
dispose of it as you like.—My false shame is all
gone. I care not now who knows my wickedness.
But should you ever make it public—oh! spare my
family—my beloved, wretched mother:—happy for us
both had I never been born. I wish you were now
with me; but, it was my misfortune through life never
to have a friend—and I neglected Him who in
death would not have forsaken me.</p>

<p class='c009'>“I leave this, together with the journal of my perdition,
and the blessed book you so long ago recommended,
in the care of L. G., who promises to deliver
them to you. Have I fallen so low in your estimation
that you exclude me entirely from calling you
friend? Alas! I never had a friend. My proud
heart could never sue for any man’s pity; but I beseech
you not do deny me yours. O pray for me.—May
your life be as happy as mine has been miserable.—Adieu,—Adieu!</p>

<div class='lg-container-r c019'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>“—— F——.”</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<p class='c000'>The only regret I feel in giving these interesting
<span class='pageno' id='Page_328'>328</span>memoirs to the public is the fear, indeed almost the
painful certainty, that the wounds of his respectable
family may thus be made to bleed afresh, in the recollection
of his errors. I persuade myself, however,
that they will acquit me of any unworthy motive,
much less wanton desire to inflict unnecessary pain:
rather a thousand times would I pour into their afflicted
bosoms the healing balm of friendly sympathy
and pity; and whilst I pursue the dismal narrative,
my own heart will remain no stranger to the feelings
of sorrow due to the fate of my unfortunate hopeless
friend.</p>

<p class='c000'>Before I proceed to any extract from this curious
biography, it may not be out of place just to glance
at his early life and education.</p>

<p class='c000'>F—— was the only child of a country gentleman of
large fortune, and ancient family, still more distinguished
for morality and virtue. At the early age of five
years, this youth gave extraordinary proofs of mental
energy, having in the short space of four days committed
to memory one hundred and five verses of the New
Testament, which he used to repeat to his father without
a single mistake. With increasing years his genius
expanded, and evinced a readiness and power of
conception clearly reflecting talents of the first order.
It was natural for parents to be proud of such a child,
and to determine that his education should be fitted
to his capacity. A tutor was accordingly provided, well
qualified for the important task, who discharged the
duty with honour and fidelity.</p>

<p class='c000'>At fourteen, having read the whole of the classics,
he was already qualified for entering the university,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_329'>329</span>and made considerable progress in mathematics, logic,
history, and painting. Being considered too
young for college, a year was suffered to elapse, during
which he was instructed in music, dancing, and
fencing, and also became acquainted with French.
In every thing he undertook, the utmost expectation
was realized. Thus unusually accomplished, he went
to college, and remained there five years; during
which period his industry appears not to have relaxed;
his avidity for knowledge, on the contrary, increased
until he had drunk deeply of every source of information
and knowledge.</p>

<p class='c000'>On his return home he applied himself with such
diligence to the cultivation of science, particularly
chemistry and astronomy, that his health became
impaired, whole nights being spent in a little observatory
that had been constructed under his own direction.</p>

<p class='c000'>That his mind should have all the polish it was capable
of receiving, his father wished him to travel; to
which, as in every thing else, he at once implicitly
yielded. The short peace of Amiens furnished an
opportunity for gratifying this wish, which they were
the more anxious to see carried into effect, as an elderly
gentleman of great scientific and literary attainments,
about to proceed to Paris, offered the advantages
of his experience and protection.</p>

<p class='c000'>Dazzled with the lustre which accompanies the
high-sounding term “philosopher,” the parents never
inquired into the religious sentiments of the man
whom they had chosen as the companion of their
highly-gifted son: this sad inadvertence, in the issue
<span class='pageno' id='Page_330'>330</span>proved his ruin. The religious principles, in truth,
of this man, if religious principles he could be said to
have, hung so very loosely about him, that he might
be said to live in a sort of practical atheism: every
action of his life evinced his belief that there could be
no God, nor Governor of the universe; openly abjuring
all dependence on that great Being by whose
goodness and mercy alone he was permitted to exist.</p>

<p class='c000'>The first lesson he endeavoured to impress on the
generous mind of his pupil, was the non-existence of
any omniscient eye to observe, or any omnipotent
arm to punish; and that, as life was short, wisdom
chiefly consisted in filling it up with as much pleasure
as possible. Here it must be acknowledged he was
treading upon tender ground; for though religion is
by far the most important part of education, in the
present case it had been the only one that had been
neglected, and here alone could the assault have been
made with any hope of success.</p>

<p class='c000'>Introductory letters and other necessary documents
being procured, the travellers commenced their journey.
They were amongst the first from England who
arrived in Paris, where their introductions, together
with that politeness for which the French people have
ever been remarked, and the unbounded festivity
which always attends cessation of hostilities between
contending nations, ensured them a reception not
less hospitable than distinguished. Endowed with
uncommon talents that gave an irresistible charm to
their conversation, the society of both was courted;
and neither of them showed much reluctance to drink
deep at the voluptuous spring, which too often contaminates
<span class='pageno' id='Page_331'>331</span>the morals of the unreflecting and gay in all
countries, and by which the higher ranks of the
French have been found to be particularly corrupted.</p>

<p class='c000'>The accomplishments and agreeable qualities of the
reputed philosopher made the pupil at first look up to
him as an oracle; but, often staggered by his openly
avowed sentiments of infidelity, he could not immediately
reconcile that philosophy which destroys all
distinctions between right and wrong: for, although
his religious education had been so little attended to,
still that little furnished many stumbling-blocks, which
for a long time could not be got over; and he could
not easily be brought to think that debauching the
wife, or seducing the daughter, of a friend or benefactor,
were not crimes. In maintaining these opinions,
his arguments were often troublesome and embarrassing
to the learned sceptic, who would either
artfully evade the question, or decline the argument
by some dogmatical assertion, which, if it did not convince,
at least always silenced his young opponent.</p>

<p class='c000'>Encircled by temptation in every form of allurement,
seduced by pleasure the most bewitching, and blinded
by passions at all times strong, but now more highly
still inflamed by the sophistry and example of his vile
associate, he, in a fatal moment of precipitate impulse,
destroyed the peace of one who had treated him with
the tenderness of a son, committing, it must with
pain be confessed, the most deadly injury that human
friendship can suffer, or hellish wickedness inflict—the
violation of the marriage bed.</p>

<p class='c000'>Thus was the noble faculty of reason disgracefully
sacrificed on the polluted altar of sensuality. In
<span class='pageno' id='Page_332'>332</span>a few hours, however, reflection returned, and conscience
began to resume her empire, and remorse to
sting his soul. He would have made the only reparation
in his power by a speedy retreat; for he could
not, as he declared, again look on the friend whom he
had so injured, without the danger of annihilation.
His own words are forcibly expressive:</p>

<p class='c000'>“The sense of this crime,” he says, “was twisted
round my heart like a serpent of hell, and the recollection
still freezes my soul. The enormity of my
guilt was magnified by the unexampled hospitality
and friendship I experienced from them both. Their
confidence was unlimited, and I repaid it with base
ingratitude. For weeks afterwards an idea haunted
me, that the first time the husband’s eye met mine,
the wrath of God would consume me from the face
of the earth. I would have fled from the fatal spot,
as from a devouring pestilence; but I foolishly allowed
myself to be overruled by W., who has been the murderer
of every soul that had the misfortune to fall in
his way. This is not the language of invective, nor
do I think it uncharitable, for his crimes are of so
deep a dye as to put all power of exaggeration at defiance.
Most men endeavour to frame some excuse
for their errors, but even this negative virtue W. never
arrived at: he had no other motive for his villainy,
than the malignant pleasure of seeing misery widely
diffused.”</p>

<p class='c000'>Upwards of a month had elapsed before this execrable
old monster W. could give up a pursuit almost
as infamous, though not quite so destructive in its
effects, as that which scaled the debasement of his pupil,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_333'>333</span>and the amiable family in which they had both
been entertained for nearly three months. Several
circumstances had occurred to render any longer stay
in Paris exceedingly irksome, and he prudently suggested
to his pupil the propriety of visiting Bourdeaux,
whither they retired somewhat abruptly.</p>

<p class='c000'>On their arrival in that city, they found that letters
of introduction, which they expected from England,
had not arrived: this they thought would occasion no
great inconvenience, as W. was quite at home here,
having formerly spent some years amongst the learned
and the dissolute, to whom he now repaired: but,
to his disappointment, some of them were dead, and
many of the rest dispersed in various parts of the
world. The travellers were therefore obliged to seek
that accommodation at a hotel, which ill-requited
hospitality had so readily afforded them in Paris.</p>

<p class='c000'>The innkeeper had a young niece of interesting
appearance, who was on the eve of being married to a
man whom she tenderly loved. Returning from the
house of God, where she had been attending divine
worship, and where she had received the holy sacrament,
the unsuspecting girl in a luckless moment
fell under the basilisk glance of this veteran in iniquity,
who immediately destined her for destruction.
Flushed with the greatness of his project, <em>so worthy
of a philosopher</em>, he hastened to his less hardened
companion, and unfolded the grand scheme with as
much self-exultation as if he had discovered a new
planet. The generous mind of his pupil, once noble
and pure, was not yet sufficiently corrupted to hear
the diabolical disclosure without indignation. He declared
<span class='pageno' id='Page_334'>334</span>that the vengeance of a guilty conscience still
rankled in his heart; for, although he had used every
effort to stifle or dispel the painful remembrance of
his crimes in Paris, he was tormented continually.
He applied the golden rule of “doing to others as
he would that others should do unto him,” which for
the present put an end to the discussion.</p>

<p class='c000'>Meanwhile the expected letters from England had
arrived, which procured them admission into the
higher walks of life, and apparently diverted their attention
from meaner objects: but this was not the case.
W. was inflexibly bent on robbing the innocent girl of
what could not enrich him, yet would leave her “<em>poor
indeed</em>.” An unforeseen accident favoured his purpose.
The intended husband was taken dangerously
ill; and W., who had studied medicine not only as an
amusement but also as an accomplishment, was induced,
by motives of pure humanity of course, to give
his opinion in consultation with other physicians. He
used often to call at the Inn to console the weeping
bride elect, and by enumerating the favourable changes
in her lover’s complaint he succeeded in securing to
himself her friendship and gratitude. Sleepless nights
and anxiety of mind brought on an affection of the
eyes, for which, in a friendly way, he gave her a prescription,
and most kindly offered his further services.
She got better; but her general health declined, and
he recommended her removal to some convenient cottage
in the outskirts of the city, where she might have
the benefit of country air, and the society of her
friends.</p>

<p class='c000'>This was the master-stroke of his plot. The proud
<span class='pageno' id='Page_335'>335</span>virtue of his pupil was now greatly subdued; but, to
fit him for his infernal purpose with double certainty,
W. engaged him in a party of pleasure, from which
he took care he should not return sober, and, after inflaming
his lustful passions, introduced him to the
chamber of his unconscious victim. Thus was accomplished
the ruin of a virtuous girl prepared for destruction
by the <em>medicinal</em> agency of this broker in
turpitude.</p>

<p class='c000'>During the perpetration of this outrage, the unhappy
sufferer was in a state of total insensibility; but
when the effects of the drugs that had been given to
her began to subside, and returning day exposed her
situation, in the arms of a man whom she had never
before seen, her heart died within her. The involuntary
instrument of her undoing endeavoured to restore
her; but his efforts proving ineffectual, he dispatched
a messenger for W., who on his arrival administered
some stimulus, and carried his pupil to a <em>cock-fight</em>.
They both returned in the evening, for the purpose,
it would appear, of repeating the scene of the former
night. They found the wretched girl recovered from
her swoon, it is true; but they also found that her reason
had forsaken the polluted tenement: a state of
the most deplorable idiocy had supervened!</p>

<p class='c000'>Here the journal is abruptly broken off, and in no
part of it is the infamous W. again mentioned, except
in a note on a slip of paper written in red ink and affixed
with wafers to the last leaf, which may best, perhaps,
be<a id='t335'></a> inserted here.</p>

<p class='c000'>“The conduct of W., from the unfortunate day I
<span class='pageno' id='Page_336'>336</span>quitted England with him, was such as I could not
have expected from a fiend of hell. His breath was
contagious, and he never opened his mouth but to
wither and consume.”</p>

<p class='c000'>How soon after this base transaction the travellers
separated, I have no means of ascertaining; but it is
certain they did not leave Bourdeaux together; for,
about three weeks afterwards, W. returned to England,
and his unfortunate pupil embarked for Marseilles,
where he arrived with satisfaction after a short
voyage. His time at this place appears to have been
spent more rationally and usefully than it had hitherto
been in France. His remarks on the state of literature
and science, together with the “empty-headed, would-be
philosophers,” as he terms them, of Marseilles, are
strikingly demonstrative of the force of his mind when
directed to any worthy pursuit. After a stay of about
three weeks, (he is seldom minute in dates,) he embarked
for Toulon, where he staid ten days, and made
a drawing of the harbour and fortifications, unobserved
by any of the officers or soldiers by whom he was always
attended.</p>

<p class='c000'>An English ship about to sail for Naples accommodated
him with a passage, for which, he observes,
the Master would not accept of any recompense. His
own words are significantly expressive on this occasion:
“This rude but worthy son of Neptune possessed
the inestimable treasure of a truly honest English
heart; insensible of personal danger even to hardihood,
but feelingly alive to another’s woe; often bestowing
a generous tear, the tribute of his manly
<span class='pageno' id='Page_337'>337</span>heart, on affliction’s monument. In the breast of this
unlettered man there was moral virtue enough to outweigh
all I ever met in France put together.”</p>

<p class='c000'>His voyage to Naples was tedious, and fraught with
disaster. He says, “We had a fine view of Genoa
and Leghorn, the weather being beautifully fine; the
sky serene and cloudless, water perfectly smooth, and
scarcely any wind. The prospect at midnight was inexpressibly
sublime. The majesty of the moon slowly
emerging from the deep, its diameter to appearance
immensely increased; the peculiar brilliancy of the
stars, together with awful flashes of lightning, and meteors
shooting in every direction, exhibited a scene exquisitely
grand.” The day following he has this remark,
“The face of nature is changed, and the hand
of God is now stretched out to punish my guilt.”</p>

<p class='c000'>His fears of an approaching storm must have been
unfounded; for the next day he gives an animated description
of the appearance of Genoa, and the people
who crowded to the beach to see the ship as she
passed slowly within a league of the shore. The
calms and westerly currents, which for many months
in the year prevail on that coast, prevented them from
making any progress for some days longer, when a
storm visited them in reality. His fearful conscience
represents every adversity as the finger of Providence
pointed against him.</p>

<p class='c000'>On the 9th day after leaving Toulon he says, “My
evil destiny still pursues me. The enchanting beauty
in which nature smiled so lately, is now changed to
the alarming appearance of offended Heaven. Lowering
<span class='pageno' id='Page_338'>338</span>clouds gathering from every point threaten an
awful crisis to both fear and hope.</p>

<p class='c000'>“The wind increasing to a hurricane, drives the
ship with impetuosity irresistible; and the dreadful
heaving of the sea, as the watery mountains recede
from their convulsed pursuers, leaves a tremendous
chasm resembling the abrupt valleys interposed between
highest alpine summits, which speedily meeting
in all the agitation of confused conflict portend
immediate destruction.</p>

<p class='c000'>“The mariners, dismayed, can no longer exert themselves
for the safety of the crazy vessel; a wave has
just broken over her and washed away two of them,
who, but a moment before, were blaspheming the sacred
name of their Maker. Alas! alas! who dares
stand in his dread presence!</p>

<p class='c000'>“An awful crash, accompanied by faint cries ‘She
is sinking’, has just reached my ear, and thundered
on my soul. O God! how badly prepared!—A few
minutes explained the disaster. A body of electric
fluid struck the foremast, and shattered it into pieces,
at the same moment depriving one of the sailors of
life, and bruising two others most deplorably. The
flash of lightning was so painfully vivid as to deprive
most of us of vision for several seconds: but, to a man
stationed on the bowsprit to look out ahead, it disclosed
an object quite appalling—a rock towards which
the ship was driving with fatal rapidity. A frantic
shriek communicated the terrific fact.</p>

<p class='c000'>“Despair seized on every heart, for the helm had
ceased to produce its wonted power in directing the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_339'>339</span>ship’s course. The Master, mistaking our situation,
could not be persuaded of the danger until another
immense sheet of lightning again exposed the dreadful
evil. The helm was moved, and endeavours made
to turn a remnant of sail which had not been blown
away. A ray of hope appeared for a moment to illumine
the drooping hearts of the seamen by the cry
‘<em>She goes off</em>’, which was eagerly caught and repeated
by all.</p>

<p class='c000'>“The lightning now becoming more vivid and frequent,
contrasted with the intense darkness of the
night,—the roaring of the wind,—the foamy rushing
of the sea,—the noise of the ropes, and the indistinct
cries of the despairing mariners, together with reiterated
peals of thunder rolling over our heads for an
amazing length of time and ending in a tremendous
crash, gave existence to the most frightful picture that
human imagination is capable of painting, or perhaps
that human nature could sustain.</p>

<p class='c000'>“Fear, when guilt is the cause, is indeed shocking.
My apprehensions of danger may magnify the evils
by which I am likely soon to be overwhelmed. I have
tried to pray, ‘but the Lord laughed at my calamity.’
I have tried to meet death with philosophic composure;
but, shaken by the angry voice of an avenging
God, and involved in chaos, what sinner can affect to
be unmoved?</p>

<p class='c000'>“Another wave of vast magnitude has broken over
the vessel, which I thought had actually sunk her never
to rise again;—she was certainly a long while ingulfed,
and, as I thought, completely upset. The undaunted
Master endeavoured to cheer us with a hope
<span class='pageno' id='Page_340'>340</span>that, in the event of the vessel foundering, our lives
might be saved by the boat; but in the last afflicting
crush that resource was dashed to atoms, and the
mainmast broken in two. The lightning serves to
unveil that wretchedness which darkness had so kindly
concealed, and the sight is absolutely indescribable:—every
thing floating about and dashing in furious
confusion. When the lightning bursts upon our view,
it appears to rend the heavens, leaving in its stead a
wide gaping gulf of boundless and unutterable gloom.</p>

<p class='c000'>“The long-wished-for day begins at length to appear,
and the horrible spectacle it unfolds defies all
attempt at description. The fury of the wind is unabated;
by its force alone, large bodies of the waves
are torn off, and driven over the vessel like frightful
cataracts, and in smaller quantities resembling a
violent shower of snow, so completely obstructing vision,
as to render it impossible to see any object distinctly
at two yards distance.</p>

<p class='c000'>“Towards 9 o’clock, the storm began to abate, and
a moment’s pause was given to contemplate the wreck.
It was now discovered that when the mainmast broke
and fell on the deck, it bruised the intrepid Master to
death. The sight of the body of this amiable man
will have a place in my recollection for ever. The
mast having fallen on his head, shattered the skull,
several pieces of which were driven into the deck so
firmly that they could not be removed; and several
portions of his brain and hair were still sticking to the
wood!</p>

<p class='c000'>“Within a few feet of this fatal spot, the mangled
remains of him who had been destroyed by lightning
<span class='pageno' id='Page_341'>341</span>were rolling about by the violent motion of the vessel,
and so dreadfully bruised that not a feature of the human
being could be traced. His two unfortunate companions,
who were struck at the same time, being unable
to shift for themselves, were discovered drowned; the
right side and thigh of one of them being literally
burned to a cinder.”</p>

<p class='c000'>In the foregoing narrative, the stinging reproaches
of a guilty conscience appear to have been keenly felt,
as is manfully acknowledged as well as beautifully expressed.
I shall not trespass on the reader’s attention
with a further detail of the miseries of this shipwreck.
By means of a fishing-boat my friend landed
at Leghorn, where he suffered from an attack of inflammation
of the lungs, which again put his life in
danger. Being little satisfied either with his attendant
physicians or visitors, he was induced to embark in
a small coasting vessel for Naples.</p>

<p class='c000'>Of his adventures in this gay city the journal makes
but scanty mention, though he seems to have entered
freely into the dissipation of that enervated and most
licentious court, and was twice engaged in duels.
After four or five months spent or rather killed in this
manner, his golden dreams and extravagancies were
interrupted by the arrival of a special messenger with
directions from his father to return forthwith; but
without assigning any reason for an order so unexpected
and peremptory: with the summons, however,
he cheerfully complied, and in a few days afterwards
embarked for England.</p>

<p class='c000'>The winds were propitious, and the ship had a
speedy passage; but the pleasure he had promised himself
<span class='pageno' id='Page_342'>342</span>in visiting his native shores was greatly alloyed
by the infirm state of health in which he found an
uncle whom he affectionately esteemed, and by whom
he had been adopted in early life. Having no family,
this venerable old gentleman had promised from the
beginning to make F. his heir, which pledge he was
now desirous of redeeming. The regard he bore him
was further shown by a desire to see him settled in the
world before he himself should leave it.</p>

<p class='c000'>There lived in the neighbourhood for upwards of
forty years an old gentleman of exemplary piety and
benevolence, who had two daughters, both highly accomplished.
Brought up and educated in their father’s
house, the uncle of F. was acquainted with their
dispositions and behaviour from infancy, and was
therefore well convinced that they both possessed
every excellent quality that could contribute to a husband’s
happiness, or ensure a blessing on single life.</p>

<p class='c000'>With one of these it was his ardent wish to have
his nephew united, and he candidly communicated to
him the affair; but at the same time he assured him,
that although this union would greatly tend to smooth
his path to the grave, yet would he impose no restraint
on his inclination: let his decision be what it might,
no change should be made in his will. My friend was
deeply penetrated with this noble behaviour of his
uncle, and declared that it should be his study to prove
himself not undeserving such disinterested friendship;
and if, on further acquaintance, he did not find it utterly
impossible to bestow his affections on either of the ladies,
he would endeavour to make himself agreeable
to one of them.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_343'>343</span>The irregularities which F. had committed abroad
had reached the ears of his parents, and given them
many hours of sorrow. As their love for him was
unbounded, their fears lest his happiness might be
shipwrecked amongst the dangerous quicksands of
temptation on the one hand, and indulgence in vicious
passions on the other, were painfully increased; and
they zealously exerted themselves in all their influence
to promote the views of his dying uncle.</p>

<p class='c000'>The behaviour of their son left them no cause now
for uneasiness. He had conversed several times with
each of the ladies, and declared himself much pleased
with them both; but his partiality appeared to predominate
in favour of the elder. His friends constantly
importuned him to expedite the arrangements necessary
for the completion of their happiness: to these
entreaties he would answer, that however anxious he
felt to identify their wishes with his own happiness,
yet while his uncle continued in so doubtful a state,
he would not make that darkness which he was persuaded
the loss of so good a friend would long fix on
his mind, more visible by unseasonably lighting the
torch of Hymen. This answer, while it demonstrated
his growing attachment for the young lady, and the
grateful respect he had for his uncle, was highly pleasing
to all parties.</p>

<p class='c000'>Meanwhile his time was spent either in friendly
visits to the young ladies, or in attendance on his
uncle, whose health declined so fast that none of his
friends any longer entertained a hope, and in a few
days he paid the awful debt of nature. On this occasion
F. was a sincere mourner: indeed his grief was
<span class='pageno' id='Page_344'>344</span>often extravagant. To divert his mind, and to dispel
that darkness which he himself had predicted, a journey
to London was recommended, which he consented
to with some reluctance.</p>

<p class='c000'>Under the influence of grief, that elasticity of mind
and naturally complaisant manner for which he was
ever distinguished, entirely forsook him. Irritable, petulant,
dissatisfied with himself and every thing around
him, he suddenly left the country without giving any
notice to his parents, or to her whom it was thought
his own voluntary choice had determined to be the
partner of his joys and sorrows.</p>

<p class='c000'>Three weeks had already elapsed, and all inquiries
to discover his retreat proved unsuccessful. At length
he addressed a letter to his mother, in which was inclosed
another to his bride-elect, informing them of
his being in London, and in somewhat better health
and spirits than when he left the country; and offering
some apology for his conduct. Both his letters
were answered by the ladies, and each had questions
to ask, which in their turn they requested to have answered:
but a fortnight was suffered to pass before he
could find time or inclination to reply; and when he
did, his letters were evasive and unsatisfactory.</p>

<p class='c000'>His father wrote to him and urged the performance
of the promise he had made to his uncle, which he assured
him was registered in heaven, and was in effect
a solemn oath: he finally enjoined him to return to
the country. But his condition was considerably altered
since his father’s last mandate reached him at
Naples; the estate left him by his uncle was more
than sufficient to meet the wants of prodigality.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_345'>345</span>No longer dependent on his father’s bounty, which
heretofore had been liberal even to profusion, he now
ventured to treat him with less ceremony, and determined
to remain in town. His father’s health had
long been imperceptibly declining; and this act of unseasonable
and unaccountable ingratitude affected
him greatly, under the conviction that self interest,
devoid of affection, had hitherto directed the obedience
which had been manifested by his son.</p>

<p class='c000'>The mind of F. had now shaken off all the gloom
and sadness occasioned by his uncle’s death. He had
corresponded very regularly for some months with the
young lady to whom it was expected he would soon
be united, and his letters of late were soothing and
affectionate. She received one from him, stating that
the death of a friend in Ireland would make his presence
there indispensable; that he would return in
three weeks or a month at most, and then “he hoped
she would crown all his wishes, and make him happy.”</p>

<p class='c000'>It is truly painful to contemplate the deep villainy
this letter was intended to conceal. Instead of visiting
Ireland, as mentioned in his letter, he allured an
unthinking creature, “not quite fourteen,” the daughter
of a respectable tradesman in London, to accompany
him to Scotland, under a solemn promise that
he would marry her there. He had calculated that
three weeks would be sufficient to glut his savage appetite,
when the credulous victim of his passion was
to be disposed of to any of his brutal companions, or
in any other way that he could most conveniently get
rid of her.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_346'>346</span>When he disclosed his real purpose, she fell into a
state that occasioned him some apprehension. She
fainted away, but of this he thought little; and, having
profited by experience, he was able to act the part
which the infamous W. had performed for him in
Bourdeaux: accordingly stimulants were speedily procured
and administered. On recovering, he tried to
cajole her, but his sophistry effected nothing. Frantic
with disappointment, and goaded by despair, her
fury became ungovernable, which he allowed to rage
uncontrolled; tritely remarking, Whatever is violent
cannot last long. He was not in this mistaken, for
she fell senseless at his feet, and blood foamed from
her mouth.</p>

<p class='c000'>It was now deemed prudent to call in a professed
practitioner, who on his arrival pronounced her dying
from the rupture of a large blood-vessel of the lungs.
This intelligence startled F. not a little. His humanity
was not entirely dead; besides, he was by no means
ambitious of being thought her murderer. He inquired
eagerly whether any thing could be done; to
which he was answered in the negative.</p>

<p class='c000'>In this state of alarm he evinced more presence of
mind as well as sound therapeutical knowledge than
the regular practitioner; for, the medical man having
given her over, F. begged of him to open a vein as a
<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">dernier ressource</span></i>, which it appears the other never
thought of, as the only means by which her life could
be prolonged. Finding that the cure would be tedious,
or rather that she was likely to linger long, he placed
her in lodgings, and provided a more intelligent medical
<span class='pageno' id='Page_347'>347</span>attendant. He was prevailed on by her tears and
entreaties to remain with her six weeks, which was
double the time he had at first proposed.</p>

<p class='c000'>Arriving at his lodgings in town, he received intelligence
he had not at all expected, and which he was
ill prepared to bear. The very day he left London a
messenger arrived to inform him, that his father was
dying, and desired his immediate attendance. The
servants had been instructed to inform all inquirers
that their master had gone to Ireland. Day after day
messengers arrived, and still the same answer was given.
His afflicted mother, suspecting some cheat, determined
to travel to London herself, to awaken the slumbering
soul of her undutiful son: to her also the same answer
was returned; nor could she obtain any hint or
clue that might enable her to discover his retreat; she
was convinced, however, that he had not gone to Ireland.
Although fatigued and almost exhausted by
the journey, she could not be persuaded to take any
refreshments in town, but hastened back to console
her dying husband.</p>

<p class='c000'>Uncertain what part of Scotland he should visit,
and what stay he might make at each place, he had
directed his confidential servant not to send any letters
after him. A large packet had accumulated in his
absence, which the servant put into his hand at the
time he communicated the above unwelcome intelligence.
Glancing over the letters, his attention was
arrested by one in deep mourning, in the hand-writing
of his mother; he guessed the rest. It contained an
account of his father’s death; but shuddering at the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_348'>348</span>apprehension of its contents, he could not muster resolution
sufficient to break the seal.</p>

<p class='c000'>His carriage was still at the door,—he threw himself
in, and ordered the coachman to drive to the
country; but the horses were fatigued, and fresh ones
must be procured. To fill up the awful interval occasioned
by this delay, he again looked over the packet
of letters, and found three from his affianced bride.
He opened and read one, which was filled with sweet
murmurs and gentle upbraidings for his increased delay;
the other was to the same effect; but the third
was serious and important. It informed him of the
death of her father, who, she said, “expired in an instant,
without a moment’s warning.”</p>

<p class='c000'>This news he declared thrust into his bosom like a
dagger; and, to make his cup of misery overflow, the
certainty of his own father’s death, with the reproaches
of his last breath which he expected, only were wanting:
his mother’s letter would have removed all doubt
on this subject, and no man was more impatient of
suspense, yet he durst not venture on the perusal;
every time he took it up his heart misgave him, and
his soul seemed to die away.</p>

<p class='c000'>In this most awful uncertainty, with the letter in
his hand, he continued till he arrived at his father’s
gate. From a servant who came to open the carriage
he learned the fatal tidings, that his father had been
buried several days, and that his mother was now exceedingly
ill. This was too much for endurance,—the
dreaded letter fell from his paralysed hand, and he
sunk down overwhelmed by racking remorse. The
<span class='pageno' id='Page_349'>349</span>servants conveyed him to his chamber, where he lay
some hours in a state of stupor, which was succeeded
by a fever, or some disease that entirely deprived him
of sense for upwards of three weeks. The journal,
however, was discontinued for as many months.</p>

<p class='c000'>The following is the first paragraph written after
his recovery. “My dear mother and the angelic E.
visited me this morning, and neither of them upbraided
me! Their forgiveness and pity were in effect
refined cruelty. I was prepared to hear their keenest
reproach,—but their kindness took me by surprise,
and wounded me to the soul. My mother wished to
amuse me and attempted to be gay, while tears insensibly
rolled down her cheeks. She said I must now
look upon E. as my own, for her father had bequeathed
her to me, and appointed me sole executor
of his will. She was going to say something of a last
wish of my father’s, when she fainted away.</p>

<p class='c000'>“Miserable, infatuated wretch that I am! not all
the guilty pleasures of a thousand years could compensate
for the torture my soul endured at that moment.—Sainted
father! methinks I hear thee in the
clouds thundering thy abhorrence of my ungrateful
and impious neglect, and threatening me with the
vengeance of indignant Heaven. With what crimes
am I not debased?—Innocence murdered—human
happiness wantonly sacrificed in every spot I could
meet with it—my family dishonoured and my life defiled
by every species of hellish debauchery—the end
of my being perverted—the intention of my Creator
defeated by my own monstrous deeds—Alas! alas!
I see nothing but an interminable gulf before me—God
<span class='pageno' id='Page_350'>350</span>frowning from above—and the jaws of death and
hell extended wide, ready to receive me—and close
upon me for ever!”</p>

<p class='c000'>Who, after reading this soliloquy, would expect to
find the author of it again resuming those vicious
practices which had occasioned him such intense misery?
How humiliating to a proud but virtuous mind
is the contemplation of human nature and reason so
degraded and debased!</p>

<p class='c000'>Notwithstanding his remorse and apparent repentance,
which there is every reason to believe were sincere
at the time, poor unhappy F. had not resolution
to relinquish his licentious mode of life; not, he said,
that it afforded him any pleasure, but because the
presence of virtue confused, and in his own imagination
reproached him. The remembrance of earlier
days, when his growing accomplishments not only put
forth the tender buds of hope, but exhibited fair
flowers approaching fast to perfection—the joy of his
family, and the admiration of his friends—now withered
and decayed, his heart became callous, and he
ingloriously yielded to the empire of sin and the slavery
of passion without a struggle. Brooding over a
thousand evils real and imaginary, his mind assumed
the darkest gloom, and gradually sunk into savage
melancholy.</p>

<p class='c000'>Accompanied by his mother, the “angelic E.,” as
he used to call that young lady, visited him often, for
he had requested her to consider herself his betrothed
wife. They tried various methods to engage his mind
in some useful or even amusing pursuit, but he could
endure nothing that did not present novelty at every
<span class='pageno' id='Page_351'>351</span>instant. The visits of the ladies at length became
irksome to him; and determining to rid himself of
their importunity, he one morning bade them carelessly
farewell, and set out for London.</p>

<p class='c000'>Here he found that some of his old associates had
been obliged, from different causes, to decamp; but
some he still found hovering round those infamous
sinks of lust and misery to which men of pleasure resort
to kill time and escape from themselves: to those
pests of society, and those haunts of dissipation, he
now attached himself.</p>

<p class='c000'>The shock he had sustained by his father’s death
had greatly impaired his health, and the mode of life
he now absurdly made choice of was rapidly destroying
his constitution. After several months passed in
the senseless bustle, and deeply engaged in the <em>important
nothings</em> which occupy so much of a rake’s
time, he applied to me with a mind and body both
wofully diseased.</p>

<p class='c000'>I must here beg to obtrude myself, not through
any motive of personal vanity, but an anxious desire
faithfully to depict the errors that caused the ruin of
my once excellent and happy friend. Knowing the
expectations he had raised, and the engagements he
was under to the lady whom his uncle had recommended,
I inquired whether he had made any definitive
arrangements: to this he replied, “My engagements
with her and every other woman will last while
I can feel myself happy in their society, and not an
hour longer.” He freely acknowledged, that his mind
was made up never to marry, but that he neither could
nor would relinquish E. I expostulated with him seriously
<span class='pageno' id='Page_352'>352</span>on the enormity of seducing any virtuous woman;
but any injury done to E. would in my opinion
be the most heinous crime he could commit, and one
which, I was convinced, God would never pardon.</p>

<p class='c000'>My arguments produced very little effect; for he
gravely replied, “I have long been moving in a magic
circle, and however full the poisoned cup might have
been which the enchantress Pleasure offered, I always
drank to the bottom. My soul is dead, and what have
I now to fear?” Our acquaintance had been of some
standing, and my friendship for him was sincere and
disinterested. During the period of his cure I generally
conversed with him every day on the cruelty of
his design, and the unqualified execration with which
the world would load the author of such wanton barbarity;
but nothing could turn him from his stern
and cruel purpose. “The die,” he said, “is cast;” and
more than once did he declare that, should it cost him
an eternity of perdition, E. must and should be his on
his own terms.</p>

<p class='c000'>While confined to his house by ill health, he regularly
corresponded with the young lady through his
mother, both whom it was equally his wish to deceive.
His health being restored, he disclosed to me his deep
plan for the destruction of E., whose confidence in
him was unlimited; and as the assistance of a confidential
friend would be indispensable, he now implored
my good offices. I assured him that I was very ready
to do him any <em>good</em> in my power, and that I would
now give a proof of my friendship by laying the whole
matter before his mother and E. that very evening;
and this pledge I carefully redeemed.</p>

<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_353'>353</span>In my letter to his mother, the scheme he had
formed to entrap the innocent and confiding E. was
fully developed, and they were of course confounded
and ashamed at its baseness. His plan was, to invite
them both to town, having furnished a house fit for
their reception, where, under his own roof, under the
protecting eye of his amiable mother, the laws of hospitality,
the ties of heaven, and the sacred commands
of God, were to be violated and profaned. Unwilling
to believe, yet hardly knowing how to doubt my statement,
they were consulting what step was most proper
to be taken, when they received a letter from F.,
couched in the most dutiful and affectionate terms,
inviting them both to town. This tended to confirm
their suspicions, and they decided on inclosing to him
my letter, with a request that he would explain its
meaning.</p>

<p class='c000'>On this occasion his self-possession entirely forsook
him. He called on me with the letter, and used the
most unjustifiable language. Led away by the fury
of disappointed passion, he would not listen to reason;
his behaviour became indecently insulting, and I determined
on withdrawing my friendship, and discontinuing
his acquaintance. Almost immediately after
this, professional avocations in the service of my
country called me out of England, and I lost sight of
him for upwards of four years.</p>

<p class='c000'>The following remarks, which I think were written
about the same time, stand in his journal: “Never
was meanness equal to mine—never was contempt expressed
with more poignant insult. This is the damning
consequence of unlawful pleasure.—Pleasure do I
<span class='pageno' id='Page_354'>354</span>call it?—It is pain equal to the severest torture of
hell. How intolerably slavish are the galling chains
with which sin binds her hopeless victims!”</p>

<p class='c000'>Amid the multitude of vices by which his life was
so foully stained, and his heart so deplorably corrupted,
still there were some traits in his character that strongly
demonstrated original nobleness of mind. When
brutal passion was not to be gratified, he was feelingly
alive to the tale of sorrow, and his purse was ever open
to relieve the distressed, and administer comfort to
the afflicted. His style of living was proportioned to
his ample fortune, and in money matters he was always
open, liberal, and generous, sometimes so even
to profuse extravagance. But his mind, long neglected
and vitiated, was now incapable of entertaining a single
virtue, or even a shattered remnant of self-dignity.
His disposition became so entirely changed, that the
original intention of nature appears to have been inverted.
That generosity which formerly excited admiration,
gave place to the most niggardly and despicable
turn of mind, so that he could not bear the idea
of parting with money even to discharge his lawful
debts.</p>

<p class='c000'>Those ephemeral friends to whom crime only had
attached him, now treated him with coolness, and in
many instances with the most cutting contempt.
Despised by all his former acquaintances, both sober
and dissipated, he exhibited the melancholy picture of
a man possessing an excellent understanding, a mind
amply stored with elegant and useful knowledge, and
a princely fortune, isolated in the world, and scornfully
driven, by the common consent of mankind, from
<span class='pageno' id='Page_355'>355</span>that society of which, had he made a right use of his
natural endowments, he would have been a distinguished
ornament.</p>

<p class='c000'>Meanness, marked by dishonesty, was strongly exemplified
in his refusing to honour a bill which the
unhappy girl he left in Scotland, as he supposed on a
death-bed, had drawn to discharge the expense of the
lodgings he had procured for her. The physician’s
bill, too, he refused to discharge. The poor forsaken
creature wrote to him, describing her situation in
terms that ought to have moved the most obdurate
heart; but his, now completely imbruted, was dead
to the description of her misery, and deaf to her entreaties.
She wrote again, but he would not pay
the postage of her letter. The family in which he
had placed her, trusting to the debt thus incurred
for the payment of their rent, which they could not
in any other way make up, were turned out of doors,
and with them the wretched patient, now in the last
stage of consumption, without a penny to procure a
morsel of bread.</p>

<p class='c000'>In this deplorable condition, with no shelter but
the canopy of heaven, she must have perished, had
not the compassion of a poor waggoner been moved
and extended to her. Through the means of this humble
and humane individual she was enabled to reach
London, where languid and sinking she sought the
abode of her father, once her happy home, the scene
of youthful innocence and joy. But, alas! what a
sad change!—No home was there. Her father’s
dwelling-house was now a prison! After her elopement
<span class='pageno' id='Page_356'>356</span>he used every possible endeavour to find her
out, by which means he incurred expenses, neglected
his business, and ultimately became insolvent. The
benevolent waggoner did not, however, forsake her:
he procured her admission into an hospital, where,
within a week, she yielded her last breath.</p>

<p class='c000'>Despised and detested by all who knew him, F.’s
stay in London grew every day more irksome, and he
seriously meditated a return to the country, where he
could gratify his new grovelling passion for saving
money, now indeed his ruling one, though a residence
there he knew would compel him occasionally to encounter
the reproaches of his amiable mother; and
the deadly injury intended for E. made him by no
means anxious to come under her indignant glance.</p>

<p class='c000'>The ancestors of F. had inhabited an elegant mansion
for time immemorial, and the eminent virtues
by which their lives were distinguished rendered it
venerable. This mansion had fallen to him on his
uncle’s decease, and thither he determined to repair,
and make it his residence in a manner corresponding
with the late change in his disposition. He therefore
made up his mind to turn hermit, and accordingly disposed
of his horses, equipages, and entire establishment;
returned to the country, and shut himself up
in complete seclusion.</p>

<p class='c000'>The <em>honour</em> of disgracing the family name, hitherto
unsullied, and of polluting this venerable mansion,
where his ancestors had long maintained an untainted
reputation, was reserved for this their parsimonious
representative; nor was he long in a state of inactivity,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_357'>357</span>notwithstanding his mode of life was so different
from the splendid hospitality which formerly rendered
this residence celebrated.</p>

<p class='c000'>In a village at a short distance lived the widow of
a medical gentleman, with three daughters, the eldest
of whom was “not quite twenty.” This interesting
family managed to live genteelly and comfortably on
a small annuity, until the arrival of F., whose pestilential
influence proved as destructive, and almost as
widely diffused, as the fabulous accounts of <em>privileged</em>
travellers represent that of the Upas tree.</p>

<p class='c000'>It would be horrible and inexpressibly painful to
describe the arts he used to ensnare these innocent,
industrious and unsuspecting females. In somewhat
less than thirteen months he plunged them into guilt
and misery, and kept them all living in his house at
the same time! His next triumph was over the
daughter of a clergyman, for whom he succeeded in
procuring a living in the neighbourhood, to enable
him the more easily to execute his infamous designs
against innocence and peace.</p>

<p class='c000'>The facility with which the ruin of these four young
women was accomplished, encouraged him to make
another attack on the much injured E., an attempt
which must certainly be considered as a master-piece
of impudence and hardened villainy, inasmuch as he
endeavoured to make his mother an efficient agent in
the destruction of her beloved and amiable young friend.
He wrote a long letter to his mother, expressing penitence
and remorse for his former behaviour to E., with
an anxious desire to make all the reparation he could;
<span class='pageno' id='Page_358'>358</span>and finally, that, if she could forgive him, he was ready
to marry her when and where she pleased.</p>

<p class='c000'>The poor mother, thinking him sincere, was very
desirous of taking him at his word, as she believed it
the only chance that was likely to offer for reclaiming
him. She was persuaded in her own mind that his
disposition was originally good, and if his affections
could ever be fixed, she would fain think that he was
capable of making any woman happy; and accordingly
her best offices were employed with E. in his
behalf. On the first introduction of the subject, the
amiable girl shuddered involuntarily, as if she had unexpectedly
been met by some furious beast of prey,
which she apprehended would instantly destroy her;
and although she had every desire to oblige the mother
of F., she candidly declared that it was utterly impossible
for her ever to look upon him again with
favour.</p>

<p class='c000'>The mother did not, however, despair that she
would be made to relent by time and assiduity. But,
while this negotiation was going on, F.’s attention
was attracted by the wife of an industrious young man
who rented a farm on his estate. They had been married
only a few months, and F. describes the wife in
the following glowing terms: “She was lovely as an
angel, a perfect model of exquisite beauty, of unspotted
purity, young and modest.” But virtues like these
had lost all influence, unless to stimulate his guilty and
savage appetite: to every present incitement E. herself
was now postponed. Contrary to his expectations,
her virtue was not to be easily shaken; but every repulse
<span class='pageno' id='Page_359'>359</span>and difficulty he experienced only tended to stimulate
him to greater exertions.</p>

<p class='c000'>His thirst for money had now considerably abated,
and he was fast emerging from that obscure solitude
in which he had remained upwards of three years. His
establishment was splendidly increased, his marriage
with E. was seriously talked of, and his mother had
prevailed on her to consent to see him; but, before
the day fixed on for the interview had arrived, he suddenly
disappeared, and it was soon discovered that the
farmer’s wife was missing also. He had artfully managed
to get the farmer into his power, by means of a
pecuniary accommodation which he knew it would be
impossible for him to discharge: he wrote an infamous
letter soon after to the deluded man, desiring
him not to be uneasy about the money, and scarcely
noticing the deadly wound he had inflicted by seducing
the object of his affections,—the partner of his cares,—the
friend of his bosom.</p>

<p class='c000'>In a few months he returned with her, and kept her
in his house, <em>a fine lady</em>, for nearly a year. Her
agreeable person and artless manner had hitherto kept
alive in his bosom something like affection; but still,
like every other with whom he conversed, she was
ultimately doomed to experience his fickleness and
neglect. He sent for the afflicted husband, and told
him with unblushing effrontery, that he must take her
back, as he himself was about to quit the country, and
could no longer <em>protect</em> her. The unhappy man was
about to remonstrate on the hardship of his case,
when he was effectually silenced by the other blustering
out, “You shall obey my directions, or rot in
<span class='pageno' id='Page_360'>360</span>gaol.” He was forced to comply, and take to his
cheerless home a contaminated wretch, whom he must
ever behold with lacerated and abhorrent feelings.</p>

<p class='c000'>Fortunately for those who were yet uncorrupted,
this was the last exploit of F. in the neighbourhood
to which he was indebted for his birth, and where,
instead of bringing misery and ruin into the peaceful
cottage, his rank, property, and influence, ought to
have constituted him the legitimate local guardian of
its general happiness, morality, and virtue. With
frigid indifference he forsook all those whom he had
debased by making them subservient to his lustful
appetite, and set out for London in quest of new
adventures.</p>

<p class='c000'>In this great metropolis he instituted and organized
a system of infamy and abomination for which it
would not be easy to find an appropriate appellation:
it was, in fact, a kind of repository for vice and crime,
where the most odious scenes that could disgrace human
nature were continually acting. Not less than
five <em>procurers</em>, or agents, were employed; and the
aggregate of human happiness slaughtered in this
temple of hell is truly astonishing, and would hardly
be believed. The concern became too extensive to
be conducted by a single manager, and F. yielded
to the pressing solicitations of an all-accomplished
young gentleman to admit him as a partner. The
expenses and pleasures were to be mutually shared between
them, and their acquaintance became matured
into as close a friendship as vice is capable of admitting.</p>

<p class='c000'>The junior partner had four sisters in the bloom of
<span class='pageno' id='Page_361'>361</span>life, to whom he introduced F., who, after several
visits, expressed his partiality for the third, and begged
permission to pay his addresses in an <em>honourable</em>
way of course. His large fortune was a sufficient
inducement for granting his request, and in somewhat
less than five months he prevailed on her to
elope with him to France. Her brother, who had no
knowledge of the world, except what is to be acquired
at a theatre, a gambling-house, or a sink of vice,
would not at first believe that his “<em>dear friend</em>” F.
could meditate any mischief against his family, much
less the deadly injury that was apprehended by the
more sober and experienced part of his relations. He
said F. was an eccentric dog, fond of frolic, and he
had no doubt was gone to Gretna Green, whence he
would return with his sister, and marry her according
to the established English custom. The mother of
the young lady was by no means of this opinion, and
urged her son to make further inquiries; which he did,
and was soon convinced that he had overrated his
“dear friend’s” generosity.</p>

<p class='c000'>He lost no time in following the fugitives to France,
and after a few days’ search found them in Paris. His
first inquiry was, whether they had got married? To
which being answered in the negative, he insisted on
having that ceremony performed without delay. His
dictatorial manner was exceedingly offensive to F.,
who declared the visit both unseasonable and impertinent,
and, without further ceremony, ordered his
quondam partner out of the house.</p>

<p class='c000'>A duel the following morning was the consequence
<span class='pageno' id='Page_362'>362</span>of this interview, and both were wounded. F. was
from the first moment sensible that his wound was
mortal, and, after lingering nearly fifteen months, the
apprehension was confirmed by his death. During
his confinement, remorse for his past crimes appears
to have seized and constantly agitated him, till he became
completely miserable, and life grew so insupportable
to him, that it forced him more than once to
meditate self-destruction.</p>

<p class='c000'>The tradesman, whose daughter he had seduced
and abandoned in Scotland, hearing of his situation,
waited on him, and related to him the account of her
sufferings and death, as stated before. The contrition
of F. for the injury he had done the daughter, was
exemplified by his conduct to her father, whom he
raised above the power of want for the remainder of
his life. He employed several persons to search for
all the unhappy women whose innocence and peace
of mind he had destroyed; and every one he discovered
of that number had her sufferings alleviated,
as far as pecuniary settlements were capable of soothing
her sorrow. But this he considered very insufficient
reparation, and his unhappiness till the last moment
of his life was extreme.</p>

<p class='c000'>His concluding paragraph is a terrible picture of
his feelings. He says, “My life has been pernicious
to my fellow creatures, and a foul blot on the characteristic
purity of my family. Would to God, that by
my death I could make some reparation to society!—but
all is now nearly over.—What do I say?—To me,
alas! O alas! all is only beginning.—My soul is
<span class='pageno' id='Page_363'>363</span>parched, burnt, and consumed.—O God! save me
from eternal death—for the sake and merits of thy
beloved son Jesus Christ. Amen.”</p>

<hr class='c018' />

<p class='c000'>A retrospect of this man’s life and death must
forcibly recall to the virtuous mind the following beautiful
and apposite observation from the chaste pen of
the enlightened Dr. Blair:</p>

<p class='c000'>“Who but must drop a tear over human nature,
when he beholds that morning, which rose so bright,
overcast with such untimely darkness; that good humour
which once captivated all hearts, that vivacity
which sparkled in every company, those abilities which
were fitted for adorning the highest stations, all sacrificed
at the shrine of low sensuality; and who was
formed for running the fair career of life, in the midst
of public esteem, cut off by his vices in the <em>middle</em>
of his course; or sunk for the whole of it into insignificancy
and contempt!—These, O sinful pleasure,
are thy trophies! It is thus, that, co-operating with the
foe of God and man, thou degradest human honour,
and blastest the <em>fairest</em> prospects of human felicity!”</p>

<p class='c000'>In the gay and fashionable circles in life, too frequently
originate creatures like that whose progress
in crime has just been sketched. Like the cubs of
the lion or tiger, harmless and playful, though sometimes
heavy and insipid, when young they are fondled
and caressed, until the hellish ferocity of their nature
becomes developed and matured; when with remorseless
gripe they seize upon and destroy not only the
unsuspecting but the confiding victim.</p>

<p class='c000'>Like most beasts of prey, the seducer is not found
<span class='pageno' id='Page_364'>364</span>to be fond of a gregarious life, although conformity
to specific laws is indispensable. The principal of
these, the <em>law of honour</em>, is to be obeyed indeed
with scrupulous exactness. This law was first framed
by a number of these <em>elegant</em> monsters, who, without
having any settled or fixed design, merely as a
mark of distinction designated themselves “<em>men
of the world</em>,” and, having heroically dubbed one another
in this manner, agreed thenceforth to look down
with contempt on the peaceful, moral, and industrious
habits of their less ambitious neighbours.</p>

<p class='c000'>To deal no longer in metaphor, though the analogy
may be considered both close and applicable, it may
be allowed me to make an attempt at an explanation
of this all-prevailing <em>law of honour</em>, an aristocratical
code, not less preposterous in conception than dangerous
in tendency. This iniquitous system has for
too long a time served as a nursery or hot-bed for
the propagation of the most odious vices, generated
and nurtured, it may be asserted without its truth
being questionable, equal to the most sanguine expectations
of its infamous supporters. At the head of
these vices stands irreligion: and when once a total
disregard for the attributes of God takes place; when
this great barrier to human presumption is trampled
down; when this invaluable link, which unites civilized
man to his christian fellow, is once broken, the
infatuated votary may well consider himself fully qualified
to become <em>a man of the world</em>. Vain thing!
how short-lived is his mad career!</p>

<p class='c000'>His situation in the world very much resembles that
of a leaky ship in the middle of the ocean, without
<span class='pageno' id='Page_365'>365</span>compass or rudder, gently wafted in the wished-for direction
for a short time while the propitious breeze
continues; but no sooner does this change, than she
is left defenceless to the mercy of the elements, to be
driven by every wind, buffeted by every wave, and ultimately
sure to perish in the gathering storm.</p>

<p class='c000'>As this law was made exclusively for the convenience
of these redoubtable sons of pleasure, it imposes no
obligation but what tends to facilitate that <em>refined</em> intercourse
they wish to subsist between themselves;
nor does it proscribe as criminal, or mean, any thing
that has not a similar tendency. It inculcates the unbridled
indulgence of licentious passions, which the
polished rake alertly may pursue at times when he
ought to be employed in cultivating his understanding;
and, after a longer or shorter tutoring, according
to his capacity, he bursts forth upon the world a
scourge and pest to society.</p>

<p class='c000'>An anonymous writer of distinguished talent has
given an account of one of these pampered beings,
which, so far as it regards the uncultivated state of
their minds, is admirably descriptive. This writer
says, “There is not in the world a more useless, idle
animal than he who contents himself with being merely
a gentleman. He has an estate, therefore he will not
endeavour to acquire knowledge: he is not to labour
in any vocation, therefore he will do nothing. But
the misfortune is, that there is no such thing in nature
as a negative virtue, and that absolute idleness is impracticable.
He who does no good, will certainly do
mischief; and the mind, if it be not stored with useful
knowledge, will certainly become a magazine of nonsense
<span class='pageno' id='Page_366'>366</span>and trifles. Wherefore a gentleman, though
he is not obliged to rise to open his shop, or work at
his trade, should always find some means of employing
his time to advantage. If he makes no advances
in wisdom, he will become more and more a slave to
folly; and he that does nothing, because he has nothing
to do, will become vicious and abandoned, or,
at best, ridiculous and contemptible.”</p>

<p class='c000'>It seems doubtful whether it would not prove more
disgusting than interesting to the delicate mind, to be
made acquainted with some of the artful contrivances
and base stratagems those <em>fine gentlemen</em> practise
every day for the allurement of the innocent into their
fatal snares. But an attempt, perhaps, to unmask
these assassins of virtue, these prowlers after human
blood, even should it not be very successful, might
still be useful to some credulous creatures, thus to apprize
them of the precipices they are standing over,
and the inevitable destruction to which they are continually
exposing themselves in listening to the wily
tales of well dissembled but profane love, delivered
either with all the ardour of fervent passion, or that
whining softness which practised villains know so well
how to command.</p>

<p class='c000'>First, then, I would affirm that the character of the
seducer is cowardly, dishonourable, and base; and I
defy the united sophistry of the whole fraternity to refute
the assertion. Is it not cowardly, I would ask
the most brazen of these unblushing champions, to
invade the retreats of innocence and peace, and, after
trampling down virtue, change them as it were into
the abodes of infernal spirits, because the inhabitants
<span class='pageno' id='Page_367'>367</span>are poor and unprotected, and consequently without
any means of punishing the violator of their happiness?
What prevents them from at least attempting
their ungenerous designs on families of rank, but the
<em>fear</em> that a father or brother would wash away the insult
with the heart’s blood of the foul assailant? Or
is it that the tinsel logic they were taught in the
school of “<em>honour</em>,” succeeds better in blindfolding
the understanding, weakening the faith, and warping
the principles of the unenlightened mind, that they
thus prefer to attack poverty and weakness, and to lay
in ruins that sole refuge of the poor girl—purity and
virtue? What a dignified employment for “a man of
the world”—“a man of honour”—the last, graceless
hope, perhaps, of some ancient, noble, and <em>truly honourable</em>
family!</p>

<p class='c000'>I think the world are pretty well agreed in their abhorrence
of a swindler, though his arts are surely not
half so infamous as those of the seducer; and the effects
of the one, as they are felt in Society, dwindle
into insignificance when compared with the overpowering
misery produced by the conduct and practices of
the other. The swindler at most only deprives us of
our money, which perhaps his own wants, or those of
a starving family, may urge, and for which at some future
opportunity, as instances have occurred, he may
be able to make some reparation. But the seducer
places his victim out of the pale of earthly happiness,
and, it is feared, in this consigns her to eternal ruin.</p>

<p class='c000'>What excuse can he plead? One of two only.
Either, envious of her happiness, he wantonly destroyed
it, or esteemed the short-lived gratification of his own
<span class='pageno' id='Page_368'>368</span>brutal lusts equivalent to the endless torture which he
could not but have so much reason as to believe would
thus be visited on her. An elegant writer likens the
hearts of these men to a stagnant and putrifying lake,
which sends forth its poisonous exhalations to corrupt
and wither every plant that grows on its banks.</p>

<p class='c000'>“The morality of a man of the world amounts to
little more than prudence, and does not always come
up to that; he is aware of the allowance that is made
for him, and sins up to the full extent of his measure;
he must be always ready to sacrifice his own life, or to
take that of another; in gaming, he must observe the
strictest faith, and in general must abstain from all
vices that are neither elegant nor interesting in their
estimation: with these limits, he is let loose upon society
and public happiness, to plunder and debauch
without penalty or shame. Take for instance the happiness
of a private family, as it depends upon the unsullied
dignity and spotless life of its females:—Are there
any of those whom we call men of the world, whom
any thing but fear would prevent from poisoning the
heart, and laying waste the principles and virtues, of
women? Is there one who has religious magnanimity
enough to scare this licentious cruelty from his soul?
Is there one who would not blush to be suspected of
such a virtue? and how often would the indulgence of
the vice meet its punishment in the anger and the
execrations of the world?”</p>

<p class='c000'>The heart sickens in contemplating the waste of
human happiness which is produced by this deadly
evil—Seduction. Almost all the scenes of shameless
depravity, and outraged decency, met with in the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_369'>369</span>streets of London, and other populous towns, are
produced from this vile unhallowed source. The hapless
female who falls into the clutches of one of these
plunderers, eternally on the watch for prey, soon forgets
that natural modesty which forms the brightest
gem in the character of the sex, and, lured by the
villain’s wiles, too easily slips aside from the path of
purity, and becomes consigned to ruin and disgrace,
most probably for life; for too rarely does it happen
that a return to virtue dries up this source of all misfortunes,
or brings back the influence of those virtues
which innocence alone can diffuse over the soul.</p>

<p class='c000'>The smooth-tongued seducer, like him that tempted
our first mother, is every moment at her ear with
dangerous suggestions to wile away her scruples,
whilst by costly presents and too grateful favours,
which he can easily command out of his ready means,
or fruitful speculations, the poor girl is persuaded of
a fixed attachment, of which no thought was ever
entertained: he nevertheless, by his crafty persuasions
and false promises, contrives fully to secure her credulity,
and the unsuspecting victim is left entirely at
the mercy of this ruthless enemy to her peace and
happiness. Mercy!—Has the tiger mercy?—as well
might that heavenly attribute be expected to beam
forth in full influence from a demon, as to suppose
that even for a moment that callous heart could be
sensible of mercy, or even of pity, towards his harmless
prey. No—gloating over the spoil, and exulting
in his success, the licentious savage enjoys his feast
until it palls upon his gross appetite; and then neglect,
insult and base ingratitude prove to the wretched
<span class='pageno' id='Page_370'>370</span>mourner how misplaced has been her weak confidence,
how false her expectations, how baseless all her fond
hopes of happiness, for which she had sacrificed her
all to her relentless destroyer.</p>

<p class='c000'>The child of shame and remorse, devoted now to
misery, no relief appearing to alleviate her distress,
no soothing sound bespeaking a heart sympathizing
in her sorrows, is totally given up to affliction: the
displeasure of relations, if she have any living, the
cold neglect of former friends, and the unfeeling scorn
of the world, forbid approach to consolation; employment
in the common walks of industry even is denied;
and poverty, or the dread of actual starvation, leaves
no alternative but the last direful one—<em>prostitution</em>.</p>

<p class='c000'>The haunts of lewd revelry are ever with open doors,
and the detestable bawds who preside over those disgusting
receptacles are constantly on the look-out for
girls in such a desolate situation. The unhappy creature
quickly gets involved in the snare, sinks into the
mass of corruption, and is carried along in the odious
and deadly flood of intoxication, impiety, and uncurbed
licentiousness, which adds another and another
miserable female to the herds that infest the
public streets, and walk in open day the disgrace of
human nature.</p>

<p class='c000'>“Seduction is never accomplished without the most
villainous frauds, falsehoods, and often perjuries. No
man ever enticed a simple, innocent female from the
paths of virtue, without a complication of lies and
false oaths, that would have rendered him infamous
in the eyes of any virtuous person, had they been
known. The injury he inflicts is aggravated by
<span class='pageno' id='Page_371'>371</span>the consideration that it admits of no reparation,
and can only terminate with the life of the wretched
sufferer.”</p>

<p class='c000'>It would perhaps be impossible to form any thing
like a correct comparative estimate of the quantum of
misery endured by a creature whose native purity of
soul and moral principles have been thus ruined. Few
men, however, are so ignorant as not to know something
of the passionate fondness of a mother for her
offspring; and from this some idea may be conceived
of the agonized and outrageous feelings that can urge
her to its destruction to conceal her guilt and the
shame it occasions. Will any one pretend to say that
this barbarous and unnatural murder is not often occasioned
by seduction? Nay, further, let me ask,
Is not the seducer by profession very frequently provided
with <em>drugs</em>, which he hesitates not to administer
to the wretch whom he has ruined, for the purpose of
producing abortion? and if they fail, have not mechanical
means been at times resorted to to effect the same
damnable purpose?</p>

<p class='c000'>These are facts which they cannot, dare not deny.
What must we think, then, of the man who thus deliberately
covers himself with innocent blood,—who
wantonly takes away the life of a creature that was
utterly incapable of ever having offered him any offence,—a
life, too, of which he himself was the guilty
author, and which by every tie of nature he was imperiously
bound to cherish and protect? I do not
mean to say, that every man who commits the crime
of seduction, would at that same time also commit
murder; but I do affirm, that there is no vice whatever,
<span class='pageno' id='Page_372'>372</span>that so speedily corrupts the heart, debases its
inclination, and so entirely depraves the mind, as an
illegitimate intercourse between the sexes: it is a
melancholy fact, not to be controverted, that even in
the ordinary occurrences of life, the commission of one
crime will often require and lead to many more to conceal
it. The seducer, therefore, of a virtuous woman,
to the enormity of that first offence, will and has been
led on from one criminal act to another for the necessity
of concealment, till murder has been added to the
list of his foul transgressions.</p>

<p class='c000'>The finest feather in a seducer’s plume, and on
which he most prides himself, is the facility and indifference
with which he can abandon his degraded victim.
In this respect, indeed, it must be allowed that
all of them evince considerable coolness and dexterity,
consigning them in a month, or sometimes less, to
rags, hunger, and infamy, leaving to perish the unhappy
objects, whose confidence they had gained by
solemn declarations and plighted oaths of love and
regard, with the most sacred promises of never-failing
protection.</p>

<p class='c000'>Who can withhold the heartfelt, justly-merited tribute
of approbation, from the poor industrious parents
who are seen struggling cheerfully with want, enduring
the chilling blasts of winter, and, after toiling through
the day, retiring at night to a miserable ill-covered
pallet, to stifle the cravings of hunger; and all borne
without a murmur, that thus they may save a pittance
to procure for a beloved child the blessing of ever so
little knowledge, and thus infuse into her young mind
a love of virtue? Who would dare the presumption
<span class='pageno' id='Page_373'>373</span>that these humble honest people do wrong in cherishing
the fond hope that she may contribute something
hereafter towards the support of their declining years?
Or would the seducer rather advise the mind of the
child to remain unenlightened, that she might the
more blindly fall into his snares? In that, will any
man, however depraved and hardened in wickedness,
lay his hand on his breast, and answer fairly, whether
he does not think the ruin of such an innocent being
a more heinous crime than murder, in almost any of
the aggravated circumstances in which it has hitherto
been exposed to public abhorrence? Will not the
shame and sorrow of the parents be infinitely more
afflictive than if they had seen their child deposited in
the silent grave, if but unpolluted? And finally,
will not the friends of human happiness sympathize
more with the heart-broken parents, than if a robber
had carried away the whole of their little property, and
even left them without the last remains of sustenance—a
morsel of bread?</p>

<p class='c000'>That amiable Christian philosopher and excellent
moralist, Dr. Paley, has expressed his sentiments on
this subject in pointed and forcible terms. “Upon
the whole,” says he, for I must be allowed to quote
them, “if we pursue the effects of seduction through
the complicated misery which it occasions; and if it
be right to estimate crimes by the mischief they knowingly
produce; it will appear something more than
mere invective to assert, that not one half of the
crimes for which men suffer death, by the laws of
England, are so flagitious as this.”</p>

<p class='c000'>There are cold-blooded mortals in the world, self-denominated
<span class='pageno' id='Page_374'>374</span>sages or philosophers, who can excuse and
even sanction the most disgraceful excesses, under the
specious plea of what they term reasonable allowance
for youthful levity—the summer of life, when all the
passions flow impetuously through the free channels
of the vital system, though, like other violent streams,
if left to themselves they will soon become exhausted
and dried up. If this sophistical mode of reasoning
deserve not the name of genuine philosophy, it
claims at least the peculiar merit of novelty.</p>

<p class='c000'>Is it not fair to infer, that persons who advocate
principles so hostile to the true interests of society,
have themselves been profligates through life, and
are still in reality the enemies of mankind? Does it
follow, that because the vices of early life in themselves
have in a premature old age brought on their
punishment, other fountains are to be suffered to
exhaust themselves in like wickedness? Whence,
it may be asked, has any man derived the right to
destroy the happiness of his fellow creature? or what
reparation will he be able to make for unprovoked injuries
so wantonly inflicted, so irreparably endured?</p>

<p class='c000'>But unfortunately the perpetration of such crimes
is not confined, in virtuous indignation it must not be
concealed, to the young alone; they are practised also
by men whose hoary locks and tottering steps would
beguile one in charitable thought to hope, that sentiments
of a far different nature should influence them
to prepare for that other world, on the verge of
which they seem already standing. So great indeed
is the general regard I have for grey hairs, that it
sometimes amounts to veneration. How much more
<span class='pageno' id='Page_375'>375</span>congenial, then, would it prove to screen the foibles of
that so much honoured period, than to expose any of
those failings from which no part of our earthly existence
is entirely free!</p>

<p class='c000'>But when we see an old man voluntarily stripping
himself of the dignity of years, and meanly descending
from that eminence on which reverence and regard
had placed him, to vicious indulgences which exhausted
nature and the many infirmities of a debilitated frame
render him incapable even of enjoying,—when we see
him, I say, still hovering around those criminal gratifications
which poison his every sober joy, and of
which he cannot now, except in prurient imagination,
be a partaker, what can or should save him from just
contempt and merited indignation?</p>

<p class='c000'>How many are there in high life, several of whom
I could mention, (and were it done, it would be perhaps
but the discharge of a christian duty,) who live in
a state of unconcealed adultery,—fathers of families
taking up with women young enough to be their
daughters! At the present moment of writing, I know
of two men who have grand-daughters some years
older than two country girls they have under protection,
as it is called, and whom they doubtless pay enormously
for pampering their feeble appetites, and feeding
their silly vanity. Can reformation of the young
be reasonably expected, while the old continue to set
such an example?</p>

<p class='c000'>Suppose some of the sparks of the present day, who
infest and dishonour every place of public amusement,
were to commit the utmost extravagance, even to indulge
in a seraglio, how awkwardly would the fathers
<span class='pageno' id='Page_376'>376</span>of many of them remonstrate, themselves in the daily
practice of like crimes, differing only in degree? In
obscene conversation, too, such antiquated sinners have
left their juvenile rivals far behind. What indeed can
be more shockingly disgusting, than to contemplate
an old wretched offender of this description seated at
his own table, entertaining a large company of old and
young with the infamous exploits of his licentious villainy?
Silence and shame should displace the boasting
that proves him only dead to principle and character.</p>

<p class='c000'>It is an evil of no inconsiderable magnitude, that
vice, be it ever so odious, will find some one or other
of rank to countenance, if not to flatter it. On what
rational principle shall we attempt to account for the
reception which the most notorious seducers find in
society of the first distinction, where they are not only
allowed to make their appearance, but are generally
treated with polite and even marked civility, not unfrequently
the kindest attention, too, paid them by females
who have been considered eminent for religion,
piety, and moral virtue? What is to be said of such
conduct, particularly when many who in this manner
appear to make themselves partisans of seduction, are
themselves mothers of lovely daughters, on whose loss
of happiness those monsters would revel without a
single feeling of remorse, and reduce to the same degraded
level with all the rest of their credulous victims,
some one or other of whom, perhaps, might have that
very day been abandoned to shame, poverty, and misery?</p>

<p class='c000'>An able writer of deserved celebrity has well observed,
that “the confederacy amongst women of
<span class='pageno' id='Page_377'>377</span>character to exclude from their society kept mistresses
and prostitutes, contributes more perhaps to discourage
that condition of life, and prevents greater numbers
from entering into it, than all the considerations
of prudence and religion put together.” Why, in the
name of justice, should these unhappy objects, who
are too often only deluded agents, be excluded from
society, while the real authors of their errors, the men
who have betrayed, and still keep them enslaved in
the vilest thraldom, are received and countenanced
without opprobrium or animadversion?</p>

<p class='c000'>It is really with infinite reluctance and painful feelings
that a single reprehensive glance should be cast at
any part of the conduct of my fair countrywomen, and
nothing but an anxious wish to see every female, rich
or poor, mantled in the pure robes of captivating virtue
and modesty, could induce me to assume the presumptuous
language of reproof; but when the ruin of an
innocent soul is threatened, who can be silent and offend
not?</p>

<p class='c000'>Britain is the only nation, perhaps, that can boast
(as enviously conceded even by sister countries) of
women in whom are united the three uncommon qualities
of beauty, talents, and virtue. Who would not,
then, have them nobly maintain this dignified superiority?
Let their morals not be corrupted by the frivolous
example of their volatile neighbours. Let them
unanimously drive from their presence the notorious
and plausible rake, who, however he may flatter, would
betray and destroy. If enthusiasm can be applauded
in any case, it is where the glory of a nation is the
object; and let it never be forgotten, that from the
<span class='pageno' id='Page_378'>378</span>earliest periods of the world, those countries have always
been the greatest where the female character
was the most virtuous and unsullied.</p>

<h3 class='c020'>PROSTITUTION.</h3>

<p class='c021'>If we refer to the most obvious consequences attendant
on the crime of seduction, we shall observe, that
in almost every case the victim is reduced to the
dreadful necessity of seeking a desultory and precarious
subsistence by <em>prostitution</em>, which can never fail to
expose the ill-fated object to a degree of wretchedness
too painful for sensibility and virtue to picture even in
imagination.</p>

<p class='c000'>Before pronouncing a sweeping sentence, however,
of unqualified condemnation on the horrid life these
miserables lead, it would be just to pause a little, and
inquire whether an alternative is left to them.—Forsaken
and disowned by their relations; cruelly deserted
by their seducers; shunned and despised by those who
formerly were proud, perhaps, to cultivate their acquaintance;
they stand, as it were, alone in the world,
an awful memento of the loathsomeness of sin.</p>

<p class='c000'>If to this state of unhappy feeling be added the resistless
calls of hunger, the effects of cold and wet on
a delicate frame, but thinly clad, and ill-protected against
the severity of season, with the melancholy
prospect of being compelled to perish in the streets,
we may have some idea of their deplorable condition.
But even this picture, dark and dreary as it is, presents
a faint image only of the indescribable gloom, terror,
and dismay, which lower over the tempestuous visitations
<span class='pageno' id='Page_379'>379</span>of the heart-rending conflict of shame, want, and
misery!</p>

<p class='c000'>What exquisite, what pure felicity must enliven
his heart, who in this extremity of vice can become
the instrument, with the divine aid, of restoring to a
sense of religion and virtue, and of bringing back and
restoring to her family, in the spirit of forgiveness and
reconciliation, a poor deluded young female, ere her
mind has been depraved in vicious intercourse with the
abandoned of her sex, who vengefully in turn have become
seducers, and practise upon man the same vile
arts by which they themselves had been betrayed! If
any period indeed of their wretched career be favourable
for reformation, this appears to be the most propitious;
and surely the salvation, the happiness of a
fellow creature are objects too sacred, too glorious to
be given up without at least an effort. But too often,
unfortunately, is this opportunity suffered to slip by;
for the benevolent few, who would promptly and joyfully
extend the hand to save, know not the dangerous
situation in which the object of such benevolence is
placed, while the general mass of mankind looks on
indifferent as to the destructive consequences inevitably
to result!</p>

<p class='c000'>Is it not as humiliating as distressing to reflect,
that for one who has true greatness of soul sufficient
to pity and assist such a poor bewildered girl, there
are a hundred heartless sensualists that would take advantage
of her misfortunes, and plunge her still deeper
in a foul guilt? But she is not allowed long to hesitate
between virtue and vice. Some veteran harpy not
far off, ready to satisfy her keen hunger with a tempting
<span class='pageno' id='Page_380'>380</span>feast, and cover her naked, shivering limbs with
decent dress, soon fairly enlists her under the banners
of <em>prostitution</em>, where she is compelled to endure insults
the most degrading, to hear oaths and imprecations,
and suffer obscenity the most revolting, to which
a little time speedily familiarizes her.</p>

<p class='c000'>Endowed perhaps by nature, for better purposes,
with talent, she becomes easily a proficient in all the
arts and tricks of practised criminality; she gains the
favour and confidence of her mistress, or more properly
her gaoler, who sends her forth to levy contributions
on all whom she can entangle in her toils,
particularly spread with malicious enmity for the open
generosity of unguarded youth. In this manner bankers’
clerks, apprentices to shop-keepers and tradesmen,
and other young men in trust, are often entrapped,
and lavish away money which these females induce
them to pilfer from their masters or parents: neglect
of business, or other irregularity, at length rouses the
suspicion of the hitherto confiding employer, who now
deems it necessary to resolve on dispensing with the
young man’s further services, and turns him upon the
world to live as he can. How often has it happened,
that a desperate effort to regain that respectability
thus justly forfeited, brings him to an untimely and
disgraceful end, or consigns him to distant exile for
life! Hence arises another pitiable waste of parental
affection.</p>

<p class='c000'>Many a valuable young man has thus been lost to
his family and the world: nor is the fate of the poor
unhappy females generally much more enviable. Some
of them, it is true, do occasionally succeed in obtaining
<span class='pageno' id='Page_381'>381</span>settlements from old dotards; and others in appearance
enjoy all the conveniences of ease, luxury
and affluence; but truth will allow the suggestion,
that there is not one in a thousand who does not on
some occasion or other experience every sorrow and
anguish that can contribute to fill up life’s bitterest
cup. Where is there, or ever has been, a woman of
this abandoned class, who did not feel at some sad
hour of reflection most acutely the degradation of her
state? Which of them has not in the cravings of hunger,
houseless and friendless, in feelings of heart-consuming
and unavailing sorrow, tacitly acknowledged
the slavish chains and bondage in which she was inextricably
trammelled and held down by sin?</p>

<p class='c000'>A lingering sense of shame, perhaps, drives some
other of those unhappy and forlorn beings to a lodging
of such a description as suits her scanty means.
There, in a room which is seldom half furnished, the
degraded and desolate object, with a forced and pitiable
cheerfulness badly harmonizing with the settled
marks of sorrow in her countenance, induces the visits
of companions of the other sex, unknowing or careless
that, by this wretched means of obtaining to herself a
subsistence, she is leading him, in whom centre the
cherished hopes, perhaps, of some respectable family,
from the paths of duty into future and unavoidable
iniquity. Thoughtless youths of this description find
it easy to purloin money and articles from home, to
secure the good opinion of their attractive mistress.
The still unhappy creature, though above the dread of
want, puts on a new character, becomes prudent from
<span class='pageno' id='Page_382'>382</span>necessity, and loses no chance of improving her present
harvest.</p>

<p class='c000'>Too often, however, will pity say, the picture is reversed.
Some low, designing wretch, struggling with
want and subsisting by the meanest schemes, contrives
to gain the fair one’s notice, is permitted to visit, and
by dint of assiduities and moving representations of
his altered fortunes, in a well tissued tale of distress
he wins her compassion; and the generous girl (for
the generosity of the confiding female heart is boundless)
admits the plausible miscreant to her table, and
shares with him her purse; nor has the worthless vagabond
the slightest sense of shame or compunction
in subsisting wholly on her miserable gains. Soon,
then, she begins to feel misfortune keenly; her favouring
visitors fail, the sources of her sad emolument are
dried up; her clothes and trinkets go to the pawnbroker’s;
her ingrate <em>protegé</em>, no longer to batten on
her miserable resources, robs her; and the unfeeling
landlord, or his vociferous drunken wife, pretends now
for the first time to have found out her way of life,
and, under the pretence of conscientious abhorrence,
turns her into the street without an article save what
is on her person.</p>

<p class='c000'>O happy, happy daughters of virtue! when you contrast
your situation with that of this frail and wretched
sister, be grateful to Heaven for the blessings you enjoy;
guard your every step with prudent vigilance, lest
at any moment you be tempted to go astray from the
ways of “pleasantness and peace.” Perhaps the misfortune
of this wretched girl has drawn her from a
<span class='pageno' id='Page_383'>383</span>state once as delightful as your own; education and
the seeds of early virtue may have been implanted in
her bosom, and were lovely in their growth, until
blasted by the seducer: observe now her once beautiful
form, worn down and emaciated by want and
sickness, nay worse, tainted with that destructive disease
which is ever attendant on such a course; see
her, in short, pining and wasting away under multiplied
sorrows, and sinking rapidly into a premature
grave!</p>

<p class='c000'>Yet, even before that relief arrives, her wretchedness
is too probably increased by associating with depraved
females of the same class; (for how can she
avoid those amongst whom she must live?) their habit
of drinking spirits becomes familiar to her; the
delusive poison affords a temporary relief, but hastens
on a painful, lingering death, which takes place, perhaps,
in some forsaken shed, or unfurnished weatherbeaten
room: there, without fire, light or comfort of
any kind, there see the emaciated, diseased, starving,
and desolate being sigh out the last breath of a miserable
life;—no friend is nigh to comfort—no accustomed
voice is heard to sooth or cheer her last awful
moments of existence, or, by once pronouncing her
name, to seek assurance that as yet her soul may not
have taken flight!</p>

<p class='c000'>In this faint sketch, which, mark! is from very life,
I have endeavoured to point out some of the innumerable
evils which follow the baneful footsteps of
those flagitious traders in female virtue and happiness.
How many a poor sorrowing female, who has once
listened to the destructive tempter, and suffered her
<span class='pageno' id='Page_384'>384</span>good sense to be blinded by seductive art, has been
obliged to tread in such a painful road of thorns, debasement
and affliction!</p>

<p class='c000'>From the humble, bashful servant-maid, who has
been seduced by the fellow servant, in order to win
her over to a diabolical design laid by another as low
in infamy if not condition as himself, for the ruin of
her young mistress, and which too often through her
persevering wicked agency becomes successful, up to
the dashing woman of pleasure, maintaining a proud
establishment by the base traffic and barter of female
innocence,—all is a bloated mass of wickedness and
falsehood. Most unhappy indeed, and lamentable, is
the lot of those innocent, unpolluted girls who are
drawn within the incantations of such licentious syrens,
smiling but to destroy, while their execrable purpose
is always enveloped in blandishments and charms, to
lull the apprehensions of the modest and virtuous victim,
led along as unsuspecting of danger as the lamb
that licks the slaughtering knife.</p>

<p class='c000'>The humble but industrious and virtuous girl apprenticed
to a respectable dress-maker is marked down
by another class of prowlers, more showy, specious
and experienced. These, to dazzle at once the eyes
of the hapless virgin, make a grand display of equipage,
servants in livery, splendid house and luxurious table;
the softest protestations, the most alluring promises,
and apparently fondest expressions possible, are ever
at hand. Thus, with the aid of presents, and by force
of ever-renewed compliments, against which how few
female minds can be duly guarded! the giddy creature
in an unlucky moment forgets all the precepts of an
<span class='pageno' id='Page_385'>385</span>anxious mother, and of a revered father whose grey
hairs and sacred profession should have protected from
the insult,—all vanish before the wily tempter’s skill,
and disappear until woful experience opens the eyes of
the infatuated girl to a sense of her lost reputation,
and despair prepares her for the worst, the dernier fate
of those in such condition.</p>

<p class='c000'>Turn, inhuman destroyer!—take the last look at
your heart-bleeding victim before you leave her to utter
destruction. If a spark of honour, of even self-regard,
lurk yet among your base unbridled passions, pause
for a moment,—let recollection flash on the youthful
days of your amiable wife;—such a villain as you
have now become would have separated her life from
yours:—You have daughters—cast a father’s look on
them, and judge from your own feelings, if a father’s
feelings can be yours, what you must have inflicted, in
the disgrace of that ruined girl, who, now fallen and
by you debased, clings around your feet, upon the
hearts of a peaceful, respectable, and hitherto happy
family.</p>

<p class='c000'>Can this man make any recompense for his barbarous
crime? He titles as a Lord; but vain are his
immense treasures, his glittering equipages, to restore
her lost innocence: no—no effort of his can sooth the
remorse of her whom his guilt has made so miserable.
Poor is the refuge from a worrying conscience, in the
thought that ample provision has been made for the
sorrower’s support, whose early death will relieve her
at once from his odious bounty and her intolerable
misery.</p>

<p class='c000'>Endless as distressing would be the undertaking to
<span class='pageno' id='Page_386'>386</span>particularize the detestable variety of iniquity thus
practised; or to enumerate all the suicides, child-murders,
and secret crimes which hence originate, in
all their turpitude. Of this one deplorable fact I have
had assurance in the case of the female convicts late
under my care on board the Morley, who invariably
acknowledged, when on the subject of their misfortunes,
that <em>seduction first led the way to guilt</em>, and
that the baneful career in which the sentence of the
law had arrested them, might be decidedly dated from
the fatal moment of their fall from virtue.</p>

<p class='c000'>To arrest the progress of female prostitution, various
expedients and measures have been proposed, and as
numerous arguments urged in favour of their efficacy.
The most ingenious British writer on the subject seems
to be Dr. Colquhoun, whose zealous labours have long
indeed been meritoriously directed to his country’s benefit.
While his active vigilance has in many cases
been successfully devoted to the investigation and repression
of crime, his opinions in the main are correct
and luminous.</p>

<p class='c000'>In the remedy, however, which he proposes for female
prostitution, his love of police system appears to
me to have carried him beyond his depth, further perhaps
than he intended. The measure he recommends
is modestly covered by a few superficial, ingenious arguments,
but, when divested of this learned covering,
presents an appearance not very satisfactory to an
English eye, and to that of stern virtue is even truly
frightful—<em>granting to prostitutes legal licenses</em>!</p>

<p class='c000'>The learned Doctor first endeavours to soften the
scruples of his timid readers by argument both speculative
<span class='pageno' id='Page_387'>387</span>and specious; after which he gravely asks, “Where
then is the objection?” and then immediately answers
his own question, “In vulgar prejudice only.” He
continues, “By those of inferior education, whose peculiar
habits and pursuits have generated strong prejudices,
this excuse may be pleaded; but by the intelligent
and well-informed it will be viewed through a
more correct medium.”</p>

<p class='c000'>It might have the appearance of presumptuous temerity
to oppose an opinion to this sweeping dogma
of the learned Doctor; for, agreeably to his definition,
I must confess that I am one of those <em>of inferior education
and vulgar prejudices</em> whom he so designates.
It may however be permitted me candidly to state,
that I have viewed his proposition in every possible
light, and have had some few opportunities of observing
the effects of such a system, but somewhat modified,
in several parts of the world; and that, after reflection
as close and intense as my mind is capable of
giving to any subject, I have decidedly formed an opinion,
that the result of such an arrangement would be
the very reverse of what he pronounces. It would, I
firmly believe, be impossible for ingenuity to invent
any thing that could contribute more effectually to vitiate
the public opinion, and entirely extinguish the
moral principle, than the open toleration or licensing
of public brothels.</p>

<p class='c000'>The Doctor surely must have forgotten that indulgence
in this sin, more than any other, prepares the
mind for the admission of every vice, and is generally
the forerunner of the most diabolical and desperate
<span class='pageno' id='Page_388'>388</span>depravity in vulgar life; and in the higher walks even
leads to dissoluteness, profligacy, and total disregard
of moral and religious obligations: or would he venture
with confidence “to prescribe rules ‘<em>Thus far
shall you go, and no further</em>?’” Under the superintendence
even of so able a magistrate as himself, would
it be possible to apply this rule? But of this I am confident,
that no plain honest man who wishes to promote
the cause of morality, and the general welfare
of his country, will ever desire to see this experiment
tried in England.</p>

<p class='c000'>In support of the propriety of this salutary measure,
the Doctor adduces examples drawn from Holland,
Italy, and India. In the first of those countries my
own observation has been rather limited, though quite
sufficient to convince me, that under no circumstances
or modifications whatever could the Doctor’s expectations
of the system in its consequences be realized.
That the morals of the people of that country were formerly
as pure, or “the purest of any in Europe,” as
he states, I am nothing loth to admit; but that their
corruption and degeneracy have been in a great measure
occasioned by this very sanction, or connivance,
cannot, I think, be disputed.</p>

<p class='c000'>In Italy, it is true, the system has had a wider range,
and its effects have been fully developed. The Doctor’s
intercourse with that country must have been limited
indeed, else he would have known, that long
established habits of libertinism had indisposed and
incapacitated the majority of them for all useful intellectual
pursuits; and that their minds generally were
<span class='pageno' id='Page_389'>389</span>too enervated to give birth to, much less sustain, any
of those noble virtues which only and irresistibly command
admiration.</p>

<p class='c000'>Of the Italian women it is really an ungracious and
painful task to be compelled at all to speak: but although
I cannot in justice give them my unqualified
approbation; and although censure, if it deserve that
name, be given in gentleness, yet it must be declared
that that prompt and resolute decision against guilt,
and its indulgence, which forms so amiable a portion
of the English character, is not often, I fear, to be met
with in the women of Italy.</p>

<p class='c000'>Against the opposition which he expected would be
raised against his favourite plan, the Doctor urges “<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Plus
apud me ratio valebit quam vulgi opinio</span></i>;” but in
proposing Italy, where morals and chastity have long
dwindled to a name, and are now deplored as nearly
extinct, as a model for British imitation, does he keep
in sight the best part of his own maxim?</p>

<p class='c000'>The introduction of Italian manners and customs
amongst our females, might certainly gratify the utmost
wish of <em>the man of the world</em>, and every professed
rake or libertine; but it would be leaving the husband
most probably no other security for his wife’s fidelity
than the want of a paramour and suitable opportunity.
The people of that country are notoriously licentious,
practising without a blush, in open day, the most immoral
and disgraceful excesses. I regret as deeply as
any one, the vicious propensities of our own countrywomen,
which it is grievous to observe are so extensively
a subject for reprehension: yet it is far from gratifying
or honouring to our nature, to entertain a conviction
<span class='pageno' id='Page_390'>390</span>which follows from the lamentable fact, that the degradation
of female chastity is, beyond all proportion,
greater in Italy than it is at home.</p>

<p class='c000'>I shall detain the reader with only a remark or two
on the unhappy class of females in India, to whom the
Doctor alludes as being devoted to indiscriminate intercourse,
but whose morals in other respects, he says, are
strictly guarded, and whose minds are not susceptible
of that degree of depravity which prevails in Europe.
It is with much reluctance, and no small degree of diffidence,
that I feel it necessary to differ from one whose
shining talents have contributed so eminently to the
public good. However, as I have reason to presume
that he never was in India, he must have had his information
from a second, who probably had his from
a third, and who most likely felt himself authorized
to take advantage of the traveller’s privilege. Be this
as it may, I am well assured that the purity he speaks
of as there existing, is no where to be found, and that
the behaviour of prostitutes in that country is marked
by all the depravity of mind, and corruptness of manners,
that can tend to imbrute the feeling, and fill the
mind of the observer with the most sickening disgust.</p>

<p class='c000'>But allowing the Doctor’s notion of the subject to
be correct, and admitting all the force of his political
maxim, “<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Qui non vetat peccare cum possit, jubet</span></i>,”—still,
I think, it would be extremely difficult, and attended
with the utmost danger, to apply them to practice<a id='r32' /><a href='#f32' class='c006'><sup>[32]</sup></a>.
If the positive commands of God, and the awful
<span class='pageno' id='Page_391'>391</span>denunciations of his wrath, can be violated and disregarded
in one case, what is there to ensure obedience
and respect to them in any other? In the 13th chapter
4th verse of the Hebrews it is declared, “whoremongers
and adulterers God will judge.” If the Legislature
can grant a license to commit this crime with
impunity, and thus far neither judges nor condemns,
why may it not also, as moral principle alone is concerned,
give one for committing murder, or any other
deadly sin? In short, what would there be then to defer
from trampling on the Decalogue, or the Bible itself,
provided the countenance of Government, upon
some view of mere policy, could be obtained in the
shape and denomination of a license?</p>

<p class='c000'>Having thus expressed an entire and unqualified
disapprobation of any measure that could be construed
into a public sanction of brothels, and their wretched
inmates, it may be expected that I should myself substitute
some efficient proposition on the subject. I
should indeed consider such a task a duty, and feel
pleasure in its performance, as far as my competency
might extend, were I not fully satisfied that there are
many, very many, in the country, whose zeal and abilities
more eminently qualify them for a disquisition so
important, while their political influence is such as to
give them a hope, to me not in prospect, of successfully
advocating the cause of innocence, virtue, religion,
and social happiness.</p>

<hr class='c007' />

<div class='footnote' id='f31'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r31'>31</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>A Government order <em>now</em> exists, requiring the Surgeon Superintendent
of every convict ship to establish a school, and perform
divine worship regularly during the voyage.</p>
</div>

<div class='footnote' id='f32'>
<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r32'>32</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>The above observations were written during the voyage to
New South Wales, when the Author was ignorant of the heavy
loss sustained by the public in the death of that highly talented
Magistrate.</p>
</div>

<div class='nf-center-c1'>
<div class='nf-center c004'>
    <div>THE END.</div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class='lg-container-l c004'>
  <div class='linegroup'>
    <div class='group'>
      <div class='line'>Printed by R. and A. <span class='sc'>Taylor</span>.</div>
      <div class='line in4'>Shoe Lane London.</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<div class='chapter'>
  <span class='pageno' id='Page_392'>392</span>
  <h2 class='c003'>ERRATA.<a id='ERRATA'></a></h2>
</div>

<table class='table2' summary='ERRATA'>
  <tr>
    <td class='c016'>Page</td>
    <td class='c023'><a href='#Page_21'>21</a>,</td>
    <td class='c016'>line</td>
    <td class='c023'>7</td>
    <td class='c024'>from bottom, for <em>banisheh</em> read <em>banished</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c016'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c023'><a href='#Page_67'>67</a>,</td>
    <td class='c016'>line</td>
    <td class='c023'>12</td>
    <td class='c024'>from bottom, for <em>the many</em> read <em>them any</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c016'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c023'><a href='#Page_71'>71</a>,</td>
    <td class='c016'>line</td>
    <td class='c023'>12</td>
    <td class='c024'>from top, for t<span class='fss'>A. M.</span> read <span class='fss'>A. M.</span> Same line for <em>weathe</em> read <em>weather</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c016'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c023'><a href='#Page_114'>114</a>,</td>
    <td class='c016'>line</td>
    <td class='c023'>9</td>
    <td class='c024'>from top, for <em>human heart</em> read <em>human beast</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c016'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c023'><a href='#Page_241'>241</a>,</td>
    <td class='c016'>line</td>
    <td class='c023'>7</td>
    <td class='c024'>for <span class='sc'>Sorrell</span> read <span class='sc'>Sorell</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c016'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c023'><a href='#Page_296'>296</a>,</td>
    <td class='c016'>line</td>
    <td class='c023'>14</td>
    <td class='c024'>from bottom, for <em>th mmonness</em> read <em>the commonness</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class='c016'>&nbsp;</td>
    <td class='c023'><a href='#Page_343'>343</a>,</td>
    <td class='c016'>line</td>
    <td class='c023'>1</td>
    <td class='c024'>for <em>ha</em> read <em>had</em></td>
  </tr>
</table>
<div class='pbb'>
 <hr class='pb c002' />
</div>

<div class='c025'><span class='sc'>December, 1822.</span><a id='end'></a></div>

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<div class='tnotes'>

<div class='chapter'>
  <h2 class='c003'>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</h2>
</div>
 <ol class='ol_1 c004'>
    <li>Moved advertising from first four pages to the <a href='#end'>end</a>.

    </li>
    <li>Changed ‘births’ to ‘berths’ on p. <a href='#t22'>22</a>.

    </li>
    <li>Changed ‘consistently’ to ‘consistent’ on p. <a href='#t34'>34</a>.

    </li>
    <li>Changed ‘bing’ to ‘being’ on p. <a href='#t105'>105</a>.

    </li>
    <li>Changed ‘to’ to ‘the’ on p. <a href='#t192'>192</a>.

    </li>
    <li>Changed ‘cel’ to ‘feel’ on p. <a href='#t310'>310</a>.

    </li>
    <li>Changed ‘he’ to ‘be’ on p. <a href='#t335'>335</a>.

    </li>
    <li>Corrected errors mentioned in ‘<a href='#ERRATA'>ERRATA</a>.’

    </li>
    <li>Silently corrected typographical errors.

    </li>
    <li>Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.
    </li>
  </ol>

</div>

<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 53643 ***</div>
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