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diff --git a/old/53480-0.txt b/old/53480-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6750c05..0000000 --- a/old/53480-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3637 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Leardo Map of the World, 1452 or 1453, by -John Kirtland Wright - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Leardo Map of the World, 1452 or 1453 - In the Collections of the American Geographical Society - -Author: John Kirtland Wright - -Release Date: November 9, 2016 [EBook #53480] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEARDO MAP OF WORLD, 1452 OR 1453 *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - [Illustration: Fig. 1—The Leardo Map of the World, 1452 or 1453.] - - AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY - LIBRARY SERIES NO. 4 - - - - - THE LEARDO MAP OF THE WORLD - 1452 OR 1453 - - - _In the Collections of the - American Geographical Society_ - - BY - JOHN KIRTLAND WRIGHT, Ph.D. - Librarian, American Geographical Society - - WITH A NOTE ON THE REPRODUCTION OF THE MAP - BY - A. B. HOEN - - [Illustration: AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK 1854] - - AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY - BROADWAY AT 156TH STREET - NEW YORK - 1928 - - COPYRIGHT, 1928 - BY - THE AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK - - RUMFORD PRESS - CONCORD, N. H. - - - - - CONTENTS - - - PAGE - The Leardo Map of the World, 1452 or 1453 1 - The Calendar and the Inscription Beneath It 2 - The Map Disk 4 - Sources of Leardo’s Geography 6 - The Known World According to Leardo 10 - Asia 10 - Africa 15 - The Mediterranean 16 - Europe 17 - Notes 21 - Appendix: Detailed Comments on the Map 31 - Explanation 31 - I. Northern Asia 32 - II. Far Eastern Asia 35 - III. India 37 - IV. Central Asia 40 - V. Persia 41 - VI. Mesopotamia and Syria 42 - VII. Arabia 44 - VIII. Asia Minor 45 - IX. Armenia, Caucasia, and Southeastern Russia 46 - X. Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea 47 - XI. Southern Africa 47 - XII. Middle and Lower Nile Region 49 - XIII. Upper Nile Region and West Africa 50 - XIV. North Africa 52 - XV. Black and Mediterranean Seas 54 - XVI. Southwestern Europe 55 - XVII. Atlantic Ocean and Islands 56 - XVIII. Central Europe 56 - XIX. Italy 57 - XX. Southeastern Europe 57 - XXI. Baltic Sea 58 - XXII. Scandinavia 58 - XXIII. Eastern Europe 59 - XXIV. Far North 60 - List of References 63 - The Reproduction of the Leardo Map, by A. B. Hoen 71 - - - - - ILLUSTRATIONS - - - FIG. PAGE - 1. The Leardo map of the world, 1452 or 1453 _frontispiece_ - 2. Passage from mid-eighteenth century manuscript of the Doge - Marco Foscarini referring to Leardo map of 1447 23 - 3. Passage from mid-eighteenth century manuscript of Giovanni - Agostini referring to Leardo map of 1447 23 - 4. General key map _at end of book_ - 5. Detailed key map; northeastern section _at end of book_ - 6. Detailed key map; east-central section _at end of book_ - 7. Detailed key map; southeastern section _at end of book_ - 8. Detailed key map; northwestern section _at end of book_ - 9. Detailed key map; west-central section _at end of book_ - 10. Detailed key map; southwestern section _at end of book_ - - - - - THE LEARDO MAP OF THE WORLD - 1452 OR 1453 - - - The notes will be found on pp. 21-28. - -In 1906 Archer M. Huntington, Esq., presented to the American -Geographical Society one of three known maps of the world signed and -dated by the Venetian, Giovanni Leardo. Of these, the oldest, as well as -the crudest and simplest, is preserved in the Communal Library at Verona -and carries the date 1442.[1] The second (1448), somewhat more elaborate -in design, belongs to the Civic Museum at Vicenza.[2] The Society’s -map,[3] the largest of the three, bears the signature in the lower -right-hand corner: _Johanes Leardus de Venetteis me fezit abano domini -145_[?]. The last digit in this inscription is partly mutilated; the -date, however, is probably either 1452 or 1453.[4] - -The Society’s map is of primary interest as revealing a conception of -the earth’s surface typical of the century preceding the discovery of -America. In its blending of colors and pleasing general composition it -forms a work of art of no slight decorative value. Furthermore, the -encircling calendar and many details on the map proper are distinctly -unusual.[5] The Society has therefore undertaken the publication of a -full-sized colored facsimile, in explanation of which the present book -was prepared. Drawn on a piece of parchment measuring 28½ by 23⅜ inches -(72.4 × 59.4 cm.), the original is in a fair state of preservation -except for two pieces torn from the left-hand side, for discolorations, -and for the fading of some of the inscriptions. Fortunately, no part of -the map itself has been seriously injured. - - - The Calendar and the Inscription Beneath It - -The calendars encircling Leardo’s three maps constitute exceptional -additions. Of these calendars, the one on the Society’s map is the most -interesting. The inscription in the panel below the circles, in part an -explanation of the calendar, is somewhat awkwardly phrased in the -Venetian dialect of the fifteenth century, but, although it lacks the -beginning of each line, the meaning is fairly clear, especially when -certain of the missing lines are reconstructed from the corresponding -inscription on the map in Vicenza.[6] - -In the first two lines the cartographer makes an excursion into the -realm of theology. According to Dr. Arthur C. McGiffert, to whom the -present writer submitted the passage, this part of the inscription is -“evidently not the work of a theologian, for it makes God the creator -‘of all things created and _un_created’ (the credal phrase is ‘things -visible and invisible’), and in the next clause runs the Trinity (‘three -persons and one common substance’) and the person of Christ together as -if they were the same thing. There are reminiscences of the Nicene -creed, but the whole is theologically a hodge-podge.” - -This passage is followed by a statement that the map shows how the land -and islands stand in relation to the seas and how the many provinces and -mountains and principal rivers are distributed on the land. Then, on the -asserted authority of Macrobius, “a very excellent astrologer and -geometrician,” figures are given for the dimensions of the earth and of -various heavenly bodies. These are quite fanciful, bearing little -relation to the corresponding figures actually cited by Macrobius.[7] - -The astronomical details are followed in the third paragraph by the -explanation of the calendar. The latter consists of eight concentric -circles, of which the innermost gives the dates of Easter for -ninety-five years, from April 1, 1453, to April 10, 1547; when Easter -falls in April, _A_ is written in the small compartment, when in March, -_M_; leap years are designated by _B_ (“bissextile years”). - -The second circle shows the names of the months, beginning with March, -which was officially reckoned the first month of the year in the -Republic of Venice until as late as 1797[8]; it also tells the day, -hour, and minute when the sun enters each of the twelve signs of the -zodiac. - -The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth circles enable one to calculate the -phases of the moon. In the third circle the first nineteen letters of -the alphabet represent in order the years of the Metonic lunisolar -cycle. These years were usually designated by the golden numbers, but -before the Gregorian reform letters were frequently employed in place of -the numbers. Leardo explains that _C_ stands for 1453, _D_ for 1454, and -so on until _T_ is reached, after which we begin over again at _A_.[9] A -letter is placed opposite the figures (in the fourth, fifth, and sixth -circles) showing respectively the day of the month, the hour of the day, -and the “point of the hour” at which the “conjunction of the moon” (i. -e. new moon) will take place in the years to which the letter refers. -For example, there will be a new moon on April 8, 1453, at 16 hours, 200 -points.[10] Leardo adds that there are 1080 points in an hour.[11] - -The seventh circle gives the dominical, or “Sunday,” letters; these are -indicated opposite the days of the month (fourth circle) on which Sunday -falls in the years designated by the seven first letters of the -alphabet. If we know the dominical letter for any particular year, we -may thus determine the days of the week.[12] Leardo, however, does not -specify the years to which the dominical letters in his calendar refer. - -The eighth and ninth circles give the lengths of the days in hours and -minutes.[13] From this we see that the vernal equinox fell on March 11, -inasmuch as the calendar was constructed before the Gregorian reform. -Finally, in the tenth circle saints’ days and other religious festivals -are shown.[14] - -The four figures in the spaces between the calendar and the outer edge -of the parchment represent the four evangelists: the lion for St. Mark, -the bull for St. Luke, the angel for St. Matthew, and the eagle (of -which only the head shows) for St. John.[15] - - - The Map Disk - -It should be noted first that east is at the top of the map and -Jerusalem at the center; hence the long axis of the Mediterranean runs -vertically up the southern half of the disk. - -With the exception of the Red Sea, appropriately colored, the seas are -uniformly blue. The lands are left the natural color of the bleached -parchment except for a fiery red region in the far south bearing the -legend: “Desert uninhabited because of heat,” and a dreary brown waste -in the far north marked: “Desert uninhabited because of cold.” Islands -are tinted either red or yellow, with green patches in the interior of -Great Britain and Ireland. The only other natural features depicted are -mountains, rivers, and lakes, although certain deserts are mentioned in -legends. Mountain ranges are represented by rows of mounds, alternately -red, green, and blue, and each rising symmetrically in two or three -steps. Rivers are blue and, as frequently on medieval maps, sometimes -connect one sea with another, or at least have common sources. A yellow -lake, labeled “Sandy Sea,” lies in the midst of the Sahara. - -Vignettes of castles, walled towns, and churches stand for cities, -kingdoms, and regions. In most cases the names have been written upon -the vignettes themselves; since the latter are also colored pink or -green, the letters are frequently obscured and quite illegible. Many -towns and districts are shown by red dots beside which the names are -written in ink, once black but now faded with age. These names were -inserted after the vignettes were drawn, for in many instances they are -tilted or compressed to fit the available space. The draftsman did not -venture to write any name to the left of the dot to which it belongs; as -he could not write on the blue of the seas, he was obliged to invert the -map in the case of places on south-facing coasts. Names of islands and -seas, which had to be written on water surfaces, are inclosed in small -yellow panels. The names of the continents, the two inscriptions -relating to the polar and equatorial deserts, and the words “Terrestrial -Paradise” are in red capitals; but all other names are in minuscule, -usually without an initial capital. Besides place names there are a few -longer legends. - -Winds blowing from the four cardinal and four intermediate points of the -compass are shown by eight faces around the edge of the disk. Those to -the north, northwest, and northeast are blue, suggesting cold blasts -from these quarters; the other faces are ruddy. - -Although decorative, the Leardo map lacks many of the pictorial -elements—animals, birds, preposterous monsters—that enliven the blank -spaces on other medieval maps. With the exception of the eight wind -faces and the symbolic figures of the evangelists no living creatures, -whether animals or men, are graphically represented. - - - Sources of Leardo’s Geography - -Briefly stated, the sources of Leardo’s geography are to be sought in -the information accumulated by the Greeks and Romans, as added to and -altered during the early Middle Ages by the Church Fathers on the basis -of the interpretation of the Bible and as later augmented by the work of -medieval travelers, merchants, and sailors. - -At a very early period the Greeks developed the idea (borrowed, perhaps, -from the Babylonians[16]) that the earth is a flat disk surrounded by -the Ocean Stream. This conception seems to have given rise to a -cartographic tradition followed by certain ancient and medieval -map-makers who had long outgrown the belief that the earth is actually -flat. Thus Leardo draws a circular land mass, or _oikoumene_, surrounded -by a narrow hem of water. We cannot, however, question his belief in the -sphericity of the earth, for otherwise he could hardly have held the -views expressed in the panel below the calendar. Furthermore, his two -legends relating to the fiery and frozen deserts echo a theory that was -propounded in classical times and based on the hypothesis of a spherical -earth. This theory, worked out in detail by Crates of Mallos, is briefly -as follows.[17] Around the equatorial circumference of the globe is a -fiery zone so intensely hot that no man can cross it. This zone cuts off -all communication with the southern hemisphere. The north and south -polar caps are uninhabitable because of the cold. An ocean encircling -the globe from north to south intercepts communication with the half of -the northern hemisphere opposite the _oikoumene_. Many maps were made in -the Middle Ages to illustrate this conception. Leardo presumably had it -in mind and did not intend to represent either a flat disk or a complete -hemisphere but merely a circular portion of the earth’s surface lying -north of the equator. - -In its orientation, with east and the Terrestrial Paradise at the top -and with Jerusalem at the center, the map follows the Christian -tradition of the earlier Middle Ages. Other features reflecting the -influence of the Scriptures are Noah’s Ark resting on top of Mt. Ararat, -Mt. Sinai, the exaggerated length of the River Jordan, and an -inscription in the far northeast referring to Gog and Magog. - -Later medieval contacts between Europe and remote lands are revealed in -names derived from Marco Polo and possibly from other Western travelers -who had visited the Orient, as well as in the Arabic names in Asia and -Africa. - -Medieval navigators’ charts also influenced Leardo. Towards the close of -the thirteenth century sailors in the Mediterranean—particularly -Italians and Catalans—began making marine maps (known as portolan -charts) that far surpassed all earlier maps in the accurate delineation -of coast lines. The majority of these show the Mediterranean and -Atlantic coasts of Europe and of north Africa but little of the interior -of the continents and nothing of the farther parts of Asia. Some, -however, were used as the basis for maps of the world. On the latter the -shore lines were derived from the navigators’ charts, and the remaining -regions were compiled from other sources. The Leardo map belongs in this -category. - -Among the existing maps dating from the fourteenth and early fifteenth -centuries our Leardo map is very closely related to the group of maps -drawn by the famous Catalan cartographers of Majorca in the Balearic -Islands. In its general outlines it is so strikingly like a Catalan map -of about 1450 now preserved in the Este Library at Modena[18] that we -must assume a common cartographic ancestor at no great distance back. -There are, however, certain legends on the Este map that Leardo does not -give, particularly the long inscriptions and a multitude of place names -on the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts. Leardo’s map, on the other -hand, has features not shown on the Este map. These are of two sorts: -(1) place names in Asia and Africa, the counterparts of which may be -found on other Catalan[19] and Italian[20] maps of the period; and (2) -river, mountain, and province names taken directly from Ptolemy. There -are also not a few names whose origins or counterparts on other maps I -have been unable to trace. - -Ptolemy’s _Geography_ had been neglected during the earlier Middle Ages, -but the enthusiastic interest in Greek literature which characterized -the early Renaissance had led to its translation into Latin shortly -before Leardo’s time.[21] A strict interpretation of Ptolemy’s data -would have necessitated a complete redrafting of the outlines of the -continents, as was done on the Ptolemaic atlases of the mid- and late -fifteenth century. Leardo made no such attempt. The extent of his -concession to the Ptolemaic geography was to sprinkle a few of Ptolemy’s -names over a medieval base and to add the Rivers Indus and Oechardes in -eastern Asia.[22] - - - The Known World According to Leardo - - The numbers in parentheses correspond to the reference numbers in the - Appendix (pp. 32-60) and on the key maps at the end of the book. - -In the Appendix (pp. 31-67) I have tried to identify as many as possible -of the names and other features shown on the Leardo map with existing -places, or at least with corresponding features on other maps of the -period. Here I propose to conduct the reader on a rapid sight-seeing -tour around the map, pointing out some of the most interesting details -only. - - - Asia - -In the extreme north (left-hand side) there is a large structure which -looks like an Italian church with its campanile (13). The legend -beneath, suggested ultimately by a passage from Marco Polo, runs about -thus: “[This is] the sepulcher of the [Grand Khan] and they do this when -he comes to be carried for interment: he comes accompanied by many armed -men who kill those whom they find on the roads, and they say that the -souls of these are blessed because they accompany the soul of the Grand -Khan to another life.” Marco Polo adds that at the time of the funeral -of Mangou Khan 20,000 persons were thus slain! The actual place of -burial of the Mongol Khans was in Cathay, far away from northern Russia -where Leardo, following the model of Catalan maps, draws it. European -cartographers of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries seem to have -known and cared little about the relative positions of places in Asia; -as Italian merchants by this time had established contacts with the -Mongols in southern Russia, what was more natural than to place the -Mongol overlord’s tomb in the hinterland of the Black Sea? Here there -was more available space than in the Far East, and here on Leardo’s map -the Grand Khan’s tomb could be made symmetrically to balance Prester -John’s palace across the map in Africa (299). - -South of the sepulcher we see the River Volga (6, 7) flowing into the -northwestern corner of the Caspian (250). A branch from the east (8), -perhaps the Kama, joins the Volga where the latter bends at a right -angle to the south. East of the lower Volga is a “desert of thirty days” -(10), Polo’s mysterious demon-haunted desert of Lop, where the traveler -hears ringing bells and other uncanny sounds (possibly “singing sands”). -Like the Grand Khan’s tomb, this desert is also wofully misplaced, since -the actual desert of Lop lies in eastern Chinese Turkestan. The -responsibility is not Leardo’s, however, for the Lop desert is in the -same place on the Catalan Atlas of 1375 and on the Este map. - -Farther east, beyond a row of six castles representing towns on the -borderlands of China (35-40), we come to a gulf of the encircling ocean -and to a great system of mountains. The gulf (11), which contains three -islands, appears in almost the same position and form on the Este map, -where there is a legend explaining that on the islands griffons and -falcons are found and that the natives are not allowed to kill them -without the permission of the Grand Khan of the Tatars. This is also -from Marco Polo, who writes that the islands where the gerfalcons are -bred lie so far north that the North Star is left behind you in the -south! The mountains southeast of the gulf make an enclosure shaped -something like a θ (42-47). Inside the northern half of this θ a legend -tells us that “this is the province of Gog and Magog, where many tribes -of the Jews were shut in” (70), referring to the medieval tradition that -Alexander the Great enclosed Gog and Magog—the terrible hordes of -Antichrist—within the Caspian Mountains. On many maps the mountains of -Gog and Magog in the Far East are named thus. Leardo, however, places -“M^o Gaspio” (Caspiae Montes) (4) north of the Caspian Sea somewhat -nearer the position at which Ptolemy had placed them. To the mountains -of Gog and Magog he assigns names derived from Ptolemy’s northeastern -Asia. Running westward from the southern basin formed by these mountains -Leardo has added a river (49), the Oechardes of Ptolemy. Near the point -where this river emerges from the mountain rim we see a red spot labeled -“Iron gate” (72) and, immediately to the west, two short red marks, -“Statues of Alexander” (73). The iron gate was built by Alexander in the -wall enclosing Gog and Magog, and the statues represent trumpeters set -up by Alexander to keep guard over these unclean hordes. On the Catalan -maps the trumpeters themselves are shown with their trumpets. - -Immediately west of the statues appears “Mount Tanacomedo” (48), an -amusing instance of Leardo’s carelessness; he has here evidently copied -“Montana Comedorum” from a Ptolemaic map, combining the last part of the -first word with the first part of the last! At the extreme eastern edge -of the world disk we see the Terrestrial Paradise (63) surrounded by an -enormous wall to keep out curious intruders. The River Indus flows -southwestward to a great delta near the entrance of the Persian Gulf -(84). Many of the place names in India correspond with those of the -Catalan maps and in turn were derived from Marco Polo. The scene of St. -Thomas’ mission and of the early introduction of Christianity into India -is indicated by the inscription: “Here preached St. Thomas” (113). - -In central Asia, we note two rivers entering the eastern side of the -Caspian Sea, the Jaxartes (117) and Oxus (118). The Lake of Aral, in -which these great streams actually have their outlet, seems to have been -wholly unknown to the geographers both of antiquity and of medieval -Europe. Moslem scholars, however, were aware of its existence. Leardo’s -castles of Organa and of Organzia (Urganj) (120, 121) at the mouth of -the Jaxartes and his place name Orcania (132) on the Oxus recall Matthew -Arnold’s description of the Oxus at the close of _Sohrab and Rustum_: - - But the majestic river floated on ... - Right for the polar star, past Orgunjè, - Brimming, and bright, and large. - -The Tigris and Euphrates (165, 166) join, reaching the Persian Gulf -(267) as a single stream flowing between two large edifices that -represent Susiana (172) and Babylonia (173). To the east of the Tigris a -nameless river (139) having its headwaters in a large lake (138) also -enters the Persian Gulf. This same stream on the Catalan Atlas and on -the Este map rises in a double source, two bodies of water that have -been identified with Lakes Van and Urmia. Leardo connects the Euphrates -(166) with the Mediterranean through the Orontes (168) and with the Red -Sea (268) through the Jordan (167). - -The most prominent feature in Arabia is Mecca (211), a large domed and -towered building in good Italian Renaissance style and presumably -representing a mosque. Several corrupted Turkish place names (227, 228, -229, 232) along with classical names (224, 231, 233-235) appear in Asia -Minor. - -The Indian Ocean is filled with yellow and red islands. A legend -asserting that pepper and spice are found in these islands (275) comes -from Marco Polo’s description of the East Indian archipelago. The -largest of all the islands, lying off the coast of India, is marked -Taprobana (269) and probably represents Sumatra. - - - Africa - -Leardo’s Africa, like that of the Este map, has a very unusual shape. -Two gulfs reach inland from the Indian Ocean and from the Atlantic, -partially cutting off the southern extremity of the continent. On the -Este map the eastern gulf is not as prominent as that of Leardo’s map, -but the western is even deeper. Kretschmer suggests that these features -have sprung from a combination of the ancient doctrine of a vast austral -continent with Ptolemy’s theory that the Indian Ocean is surrounded by -land.[23] Certain Arabic maps show an eastward projection of Africa like -those of the Este map and Leardo, although they do not indicate anything -corresponding to the western gulf. - -Prester John’s castle (299) bulks large in the interior of Africa. In -the twelfth century, reports spread through Europe of the vast realm of -a fabulous Christian monarch in the heart of Asia. By the fourteenth -century, however, Prester John’s empire had been transferred to Africa, -where it became associated with the Christian kingdom of Abyssinia. The -elaborate edifice with which Leardo represents Prester John’s empire may -be intended for the sumptuous palace described in the thirteenth-century -_Letter of Prester John_. - -Like most medieval cartographers, Leardo makes the Nile (312) rise in -West Africa (338). In this he follows Herodotus, Pliny, Mela, and other -ancient authorities. Ptolemy, however, seems to have had a more correct -view, placing the sources of the river in the Mountains of the Moon in -eastern Africa. Nothing daunted, most of the fifteenth-century -cartographers who used the writings of Ptolemy boldly transferred the -Mountains of the Moon to West Africa to suit their theory of the river’s -course. Thus, on the Leardo map we see the Montes Lunae (334) on the -north coast of the West African gulf. Thence four streams flow north -into a lake, out of which the Nile makes its way eastward and another -stream flows westward into the Atlantic. The latter stream represents, -perhaps, a combination of Niger and Senegal, of which some faint -knowledge may have been gained through traders who had crossed the -Sahara. The lower Nile is joined by the River “Stapus” (313), doubtless -the Astapus of Ptolemy or the modern Blue Nile. On the Este map this -tributary rises in the Terrestrial Paradise, there placed in East -Africa. - -To the mountain range of North Africa, the Carena of the Catalan maps, -Leardo has added Ptolemaic names (385-392). - - - The Mediterranean - -The outlines of the Mediterranean (433) and Black Seas (431) are more -correct than any other features which Leardo draws. This, of course, is -due to the fact that they were derived ultimately from the portolan -charts. Leardo preserves the faulty orientation of the Mediterranean -characteristic of the latter. If we assume that the perpendicular line -extending from the wind-blower off the west coast of Spain through -Jerusalem to the wind-blower east of the Terrestrial Paradise is -intended to run due east and west, we see that the axis of the -Mediterranean with the adjoining shores has been turned -counter-clockwise some twelve degrees. This is probably because of -failure on the part of the makers of the original portolan charts to -take into consideration the declination of the compass.[24] - -Leardo’s place names along the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts are -all derived from the portolan charts, although Leardo wrote names only -where it was easy to do so without crowding. The least successful -portion of Leardo’s Mediterranean coast is that of Spain: the shore is -here unduly elongated as compared with that of the Este Catalan map, -Barcelona (475) and Ampurias (476) being placed too far northeast on -what ought to be the French shore line. - - - Europe - -As on the Catalan maps, the geography of northwestern Europe is badly -distorted. The Seine (448), Rhine (487), and Elbe (488) all flow -parallel with one another but slightly to the south of west. The course -of the Danube (552) with its southern branches is more true to nature. -The Baltic Sea (577) and Scandinavia are drawn much as on the Este map. - - - - - NOTES - - -[1]Giuseppe Crivellari, _Alcuni cimeli della cartografia medievale - esistenti a Verona_, Florence, 1903, pp. 5-28. - -[2]This map was discovered by Vincenzo Lazari in 1850. A detailed - description and interpretation of it will be found in Santarem, Vol. - 3, pp. 398-442 [fuller bibliographical details regarding this and - other abbreviated references in these notes will be found on pp. - 63-67]; black and white reproduction in Santarem’s _Atlas_, Part 3, - No. 49; also in A. E. Nordenskiöld, _Periplus_, p. 61. - -[3]The map was discovered in 1879 by Major Friedrich von Pilat, Imperial - Counsellor of the Austro-Hungarian Legation and Consul-General of - Austria-Hungary in Venice. At the time it was presented to the - Society a brief anonymous description appeared in the _Bulletin of - the American Geographical Society_, Vol. 38, 1906, pp. 365-368. This - was based upon a sixteen-page pamphlet by Dr. Guglielmo Berchet, _Il - planisfero di Giovanni Leardo dell’ anno 1452_, Venice, 1880, - accompanying a photographic facsimile constituting No. XIV of the - series _Raccolta di mappamondi e carte nautiche del XIII al XVI - secolo_ published by Ferdinand Ongania, Venice. Dr. Berchet’s paper, - while useful to the present writer, has on the whole proved - disappointing because of its many inaccuracies in transcriptions and - also because almost no attempt was made to deal with the place - names, in many respects the most interesting features of all. - -[4]As much of this digit as remains might be the upper part of either a - 2, a 3, or a 7. Since the Easter calendar begins with 1453 the date - could hardly be earlier than Easter, 1452. For the same reason, it - is not likely to have been as late as 1457, the only possible date - after 1453. On the Vicenza Leardo map the Easter calendar begins - with the year in which the map is dated, 1448; on the Verona map of - 1442 the calendar begins with the preceding year, 1441. A - discrepancy of four years between the beginning of the calendar and - the date of the map, however, is most improbable. - - Santarem, Vol. 3, p. 399, and Berchet, _op. cit._, p. 6, cite two - mid-eighteenth century MSS in the Library of St. Mark’s, Venice, - which contain entries relating to a map by Giovanni Leardo dated - 1447. One of these MS is that of the Doge Marco Foscarini (Codex - ital., XI, 123, p. 42), the other that of a contemporary scholar, - Giovanni degli Agostini (Codex ital., VII, 291, p. 542; this and the - preceding reference were furnished to the present writer by the - Chief Librarian of the Library of St. Mark’s; they do not agree - exactly with the references as given by Santarem and Berchet). - - The passage from the Foscarini MS (Fig. 2) may be translated thus: - “Gio. Leardo, who flourished in 1440, made a planisphere on - parchment on which was written _Leardius de Venetiis me fecit anno - 1447_. It was at the house of (_era presso_) Bernardo Trevisano. - Apostolo Zeno saw it many times and marveled at seeing the exactness - of the design.” The passage from the Agostini MS (Fig. 3) runs as - follows: “Giovanni Leardo: This (man) lived shortly before the - middle of the fifteenth century, and he delighted in geography and - spheres. In the Trevisan Library was preserved a planisphere by him - on parchment on which could be seen delineated the whole terraqueous - globe with all the signs and celestial constellations, beneath - which, according to his assertion, every part is placed. At the - bottom of this parchment these words may be read: _Joannes Leardius - de Venetiis me fecit ab anno 1447_. It is curious to see how in his - time, when not many discoveries had been made and navigation was so - little advanced, the positions of the provinces and of the seas were - conceived.” - - Berchet, _op. cit._, p. 7, points out that the arms at the top of - the parchment of the Leardo map now belonging to the American - Geographical Society are those of the Trevisan house. He reads - incorrectly, however, the date given by Agostini as 1452, concluding - therefrom that the map mentioned by the latter was the same as the - Society’s map, the date of which he also reads as 1452. In view of - the actual difference in the dates, we may conclude that Leardo - constructed two maps for the Trevisan family, and that the one dated - 1447 is yet to be rediscovered. - - Figs. 2 and 3—Passages from mid-eighteenth century manuscripts in - the Library of St. Mark’s, Venice, in which reference is made to a - map by Giovanni Leardo, dated 1447. See note 4. - - [Illustration: Fig. 2—from manuscript of the Doge Marco Foscarini.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 3—from manuscript of Giovanni Agostini.] - -[5]Although the Society’s map is not, perhaps, one of the great, - outstanding monuments of medieval cartography, the assertion of - Theobald Fischer (_Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten_, - Venice, 1886, p. 104) that the Leardo maps of 1448 and 1452 were - “von geringem Wert,” seems too harsh. - -[6]There follows a transcription of this legend. Missing passages - supplied from the Vicenza map as transcribed on Santarem’s - reproduction are given in square brackets: - - _... chreatore de Tute le Cose chreate et non chreato et E En 3 - persone et una medexima sustanzia et uno Idio El quale En .i.inita - (divinita?) E Incomprensibelle aiomeni et aianzelli quanti uisono - dal zentro per sino Ala zirconferenzia En umanita ... | ... ene - Maria et farsi homo pasibelle et sostener morte per Redimer Lumana - zenerazione et resusito Il Terzo zorno et asexe ... (en?) ziello ala - destera del padre et al nouisimo di zudigera zusti et pechatori. Al - nome de quel dio che cosi veramente chre ... at_| - - _... como La Tera et le Ixole stano nel mare et Molte prouinzie et - monti et fiumi prenzipalli sono nela Tera El diamitro dela Tera sie - meglia 6857 secondo Macobrio ezelentisimo Astrologo et geumetrico. - El diamitro de Laqua| [sie meia 14796. El diametro de laiere sie - m]eglia 31929¹/₇. E diamitro del fuoguo 68191²/₇. El diamitro de La - Luna sie meglia 147149. El diamitro de mercurio sie meia 20(?)7533. - El diamitro de venus sie meglia 692703. El diamitro del solle sie - meia 1494781. El diamitro de mar(te) |... eia 6532374¹/₇ (Jupiter). - El diamitro de saturno sie Meia 13997942⁴/₇. diamitrus horbis - signiorum sie meia 29995591. diamitrus horbis aplanes sie meia - 64276266⁵/₇. diamitrus horbis christalini sie meia 137724(?)856. - pitagora dize che da La |...._ - - [El primo zircholo che zirconscrisse Il sopra schri]_to mapamondo - sie de la raxon de la pasqua de la Rexurezione per Ani 95. Comenza - nel 1453 adi primo aprille conpie nel 1547 adi 10 Aprille. quando si - Troua nele caxelle Letera M aueremo La pasqua de marzo, quando si - Trouera Letera A Aueremo| [quando la viene daprille. quando si troua - letera B que]lano aueremo Bixestro. El segondo zircolo sie de I12 - mexi dellano et quando Il sole Entra En cadauno dei 12 segni - zelesti. El Terzo zircollo sie de 19 Letere de lalfabeto per Atrouar - la raxon de La Luna. El quarto zircollo sie dei numeri (?)| [di - zorni de mexi. El quinto sie de le ore.] El sesto zircollo sie - Iponti de le hore. El setimo zircollo sie Le Letere dominicale. - Lotauo zircollo sie Le ore de La grandeza del di En tututo (sic!) El - tenpo de lano (?). El nono zircolo sie dei menudi che auanza oltra - Le ore ne la grandeza del di. El dezim |... uoler sapere quando - rinoua La Luna de Zugnio del 1453. nel dito mileximo Abiamo per - letera concorente Letera C. Auoler atrouar La conioncion de la Luna - dobiamo Atrouar Letera C nel mexe de zugnio E alincotro se trouera - di.. |... (rin) ouera La Luna de cadauno mexe del dito mileximo. El - mileximo comenz(a) de Zenaro nel 1454 aueremo concorente Letera d - ecosi se schore ogniano 1 Letera de lalfabeto. Et quando sizunze - aletera T l’Altro ano drieto sitorna Aletera A. |... raxone comenza - Ala Leuar del solle e intendese atanti di et Atante hore et atanti - (?) ponti. ponti 1080 sintende 1 hora. Ale fiade En uno mexe si - troua 2 fiade una Letera en quel mexe La luna rinoua 2 fiade etc._ - -[7]By the “diameters” of the sun, moon, and planets Leardo obviously - means the diameters of the orbits. Macrobius, _Commentaria in - somnium Scipionis_, I, 20: 20, gives the diameter of the earth as - 80,000 stades, which might, if converted into Arabic miles, be - approximately the 6857 miles of Leardo. According to Macrobius the - radius of the sun’s orbit is 4,800,000 stades (_ibid._, I, 20: 21); - the diameter of the sun’s orbit would therefore be 9,600,000 stades, - or 120 times that of the earth. The diameter of the sun’s orbit - according to Leardo is 218 times that of the earth. On the authority - of Porphyry, Macrobius (_ibid._, II, 3: 14) gives the relative - distances between the planets; but Leardo’s figures bear no relation - to these. I have not been able as yet to trace the origin of - Leardo’s figures. - -[8]H. Grotefend, _Zeitrechnung des deutschen Mittelalters und der - Neuzeit_, Vol. 1, Hannover, 1891, p. 203 (reference kindly suggested - by Dom Hugh G. Bévenot of Weingarten Abbey, Württemberg, Germany). - -[9]Grotefend, _op. cit._, p. 113, asserts that O was usually omitted to - avoid confusion with zero. Leardo, however, includes O. J and I are - counted as one letter. The golden number of 1453 is 10; Leardo’s A - corresponds with golden number 8. - -[10]The following is a comparison of the times of the new moon on - certain dates as indicated by Leardo with the actual times as - determined for the meridian of Venice from Th. von Oppolzer, _Canon - der Finsternisse_ (constituting _Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. der Wiss. - in Wien, Math.-naturw. Classe_, Vol. 52, 1887). - - Leardo’s Times Actual Times - - 1453 Dec. 1 ? hrs. 203? pts. Nov. 30 2.40 P. M. - 1455 Apr. 16 21 hrs. ? Apr. 17 12.22 A. M. - 1456 Apr. 6 7 hrs. 229 pts. Apr. 5 4.25 A. M. - 1461 Jan. 11 21 hrs. ? Jan. 11 8.44 P. M. - 1468 Feb. 23 14 hrs. 747 pts. Feb. 23 10.15 P. M. - - The discrepancies are too great and too variable to enable us to - come to any very definite conclusions as to the place or manner of - origin of Leardo’s figures. - -[11]The division of the hour into 1080 points (3×6×60, as Dom Bévenot - points out) is puzzling. More usually the hour was subdivided into - four points. See Grotefend, _op. cit._, p. 188. - -[12]The dominical letter for 1453 was G. - -[13]On the basis of certain of the figures given by Leardo for the - lengths of the days at about the times of the solstices, I have - estimated that this table was worked out for about lat. 42° 45′ N, - which is more nearly the latitude of Orvieto than that of Venice - (45° 30′). (This calculation was made with the _Smithsonian - Meteorological Tables_, 4th edit. (constituting _Smithsonian Misc. - Colls._, Vol. 69, No. 1), Washington, 1918: Table 87, “Duration of - Sunshine at Different Latitudes,” and Table 88, “Declination of the - Sun for the Year 1899.” The difference in the declination of the sun - for 1452 and 1899 is negligible.) Dom Bévenot writes: “I fancy day - lengths were reckoned roughly for degrees. Here in Weingarten about - 1490 they used tables drawn up for lat. 45° N, though the place is - actually 47° 40′.” - -[14]I am indebted to Dom Bévenot for the following comment: - - “Concerning the calendar of saints I find the good Venetian has - inserted besides the usual feast of St. Mark, patron of Venice, on - April 25 two more: that of his apparition and the finding of his - relics on June 25 and a third feast on Jan. 31 (translation). The - last two were special for the diocese of Venice (Aquileia). The - calendar for Aquileia is given at the beginning of Grotefend, _op. - cit._, Vol. 1, but does not quite tally with Leardo’s list of - saints. Perhaps this is because Grotefend has modernized the - calendar. It may be that Leardo, living perhaps elsewhere than in - Venice or its diocese, put in feasts that were dear to him. Indeed, - in view of your findings for latitude from the length of the days - [see preceding note], Rome is the most likely place, perhaps, for - the Venetian embassy. It lies nearly in lat. 42° N; if we allow for - Leardo measuring the length of the days according to the apparent - sunset and sunrise, this may well explain a discrepancy of the - greater part of a degree.” - -[15]Berchet, _op. cit._, p. 7. - -[16]See H. F. Lutz, _Geographical Studies Among Babylonians and - Egyptians_, in _Amer. Anthropologist_, Vol. 26 (N.S.), 1924, pp. - 160-174. - -[17]See Appendix, Nos. 305, 619. - -[18]Kretschmer, CE see p. 63. - -[19]Particularly the famous Catalan Atlas of 1375 see p. 63. - -[20]For the names of and for bibliographical references relating to some - of these maps see the list of references on pp. 63-67, _sub_ CD, - Mauro, Piz., Vat., Vilad. - -[21]This Latin translation of Ptolemy’s _Geography_ was begun by the - Byzantine scholar Emmanuel Chrysoloras and completed by Jacopus - Angelus in 1410; manuscripts of this translation were accompanied by - maps, which, however, differ from the well-known maps in the - Ptolemaic atlases of the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The - latter were the work of Dominus Nicolaus Germanus, known as Nicholas - Donis. See A. E. Nordenskiöld, _Facsimile Atlas to the Early History - of Cartography_, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and Clements R. Markham, - Stockholm, 1889, pp. 9-10. - -[22]Like the Leardo map of 1452, the map of Walsperger, 1448, reveals - Ptolemaic influence in some of its names although all the - topographical features are strictly medieval. The Genoese world map - of 1447 in its elliptical form is the result of a more serious - attempt to reconcile the Ptolemaic geography with the traditional - views. See Kretschmer, CE, pp. 76-77; on the Walsperger map, - Kretschmer, _Eine neue mittelalterliche Weltkarte der vatikanischen - Bibliothek_, in _Zeitschr. Gesell. für Erdkunde zu Berlin_, Vol. 26, - 1891, pp. 371-406, reference on pp. 376-377. On the Genoese world - map see the extended commentary of Fischer, _op. cit._, pp. 155-206. - -[23]Kret., CE pp. 82-83. - -[24]See Kret., Port., pp. 81-93; see also E. L. Stevenson, _Portolan - Charts: Their Origin and Characteristics, with a Descriptive List of - those Belonging to the Hispanic Society of America_, New York, 1911, - p. 19, where it is suggested that the faulty orientation of the - Mediterranean may be in part connected with the persistence since - the time of Ptolemy of the practice of placing Constantinople on - maps “too far to the north by at least two degrees.” - - - - - APPENDIX - DETAILED COMMENTS ON THE MAP - - - Explanation - -The following commentary is divided into sections numbered with Roman -numerals corresponding to the Roman numerals on the general key map -(Fig. 4, at end of book). Each item is given an Arabic numeral which -corresponds to the Arabic numerals on the detailed key maps (Figs. 5-10, -at end of book). - -For each feature which bears a place name and for each longer legend on -the Leardo map the transcription is given below in italic. Many of these -transcriptions, particularly of names written on edifices (castles, -churches, etc.), are mere guesses, owing to the obscurity of the -original. Particular difficulty was encountered in distinguishing -between the letters _a_, _e_, _o_, _c_, and _t_, and between _s_ and -_f_. A clue to the reading of many names, however, was furnished by -other maps contemporary with or earlier than that of Leardo. Illegible -letters are indicated by dots; doubtful readings by (?); interpolated -letters are enclosed in square brackets. Illeg. means “wholly -illegible.” - -No data beside the transcriptions are given for such names as _f. -tigris_, _corsicha_, _galizia_, etc., the meaning of which is obvious. - -In the case of the less familiar names, the forms in which they appear -on certain other medieval maps are supplied. In general, if a name -occurs on the Catalan Atlas of 1375 (CA), on the Catalan map in the Este -Library at Modena (CE), or on the Ptolemaic maps (Ptol.), no attempt is -made to indicate its occurrence elsewhere. - -Each doubtful identification with a medieval name is preceded by ?. For -names along the coast of the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the -Atlantic, references are given to the pages in Kretschmer’s _Die -italienischen Portolane des Mittelalters_ (= Kret., Port.) where the -variant spellings of these names as they are found in the more important -portolans and portolan charts are listed and the places identified with -modern localities. - -Identifications with modern localities are indicated by =, or =mod.; -with well-known ancient localities by =anct. Suggested but doubtful -identifications are preceded by =?, and names for which I have been -unable to find or to suggest any identification with a modern locality -are indicated by =? standing alone. - -With the identification of Ptolemaic and medieval names in the Far East, -in Africa, and in Scandinavia, we enter upon a hazardous and -controversial field. While in many instances I have indicated -identifications that have been made by competent scholars, needless to -say, these should not be accepted as final. One cannot but feel that -where an identification is based upon mere similarity in sound it is -often a case of one man’s guess being as good as another’s. The scope -and purpose of the present study does not permit of an exhaustive -examination of these questions of detail. - -For more complete bibliographical data relating to publications referred -to in abbreviated form in the key and for an explanation of the -abbreviations, see pp. 63-67. In bibliographical references volume -numbers are indicated in lower case Roman, book numbers in upper case -Roman, and chapter and page numbers in Arabic type. - - -On the key maps where there are long rows of place names the first and -last numbers only are indicated, with an arrow connecting them. This is -done to avoid overcrowding. - -The Arabic numerals are in general placed in positions corresponding to -those of the legends on the original. This leads in some instances to -the separation of the numbers from the symbols to which they relate -(_e.g._, 73). - - - I. Northern Asia - - - Mountains - -1 _M^o. alani_: Alani Montes in Scythia intra Imaum Montem, NE of -Caspian Sea, Ptol. (VI, 14: 3 (FA 22));=Mugodzhar hills in the Kirghiz -steppes, a southern continuation of the Ural Mountains (PW, i, 1281). - -2 _M^o. ripei_: Rhipaei Montes, in which the Don rises, between Sea of -Azof and Baltic, Ptol. (III, 5:15 (FA 17)). See also 596 and PW, 2nd -ser., i, 902-904. - -3 _M^o. norosus_: Norossus Mons, NE of Caspian Sea, Ptol. (VI, 14:5 (FA -22)). - -4 _M^o. gaspio_: Caspii Montes, between Greater Armenia and Media, Ptol. -(V, 13:3 (FA20)); transferred to the far northeast as the haunt of Gog -and Magog on medieval maps, including CA and CE. See Kret., CE, 202-206. - - - Rivers - -5 _f. Tanai_: Tanais Fluvius, Ptol. (V, 9:1, etc. (FA17));=Don. - -6 _f. rumus_: ?Rhymmus Fluvius, which enters the Caspian E of the Rha -(Volga), Ptol. (VI, 14:2, 4 (FA22));=Volga. - -7 _f. ras_: Rha Fluvius, Ptol. (V, 9:12, etc. (FA22)); see PW, 2nd ser., -i, 1-8;=upper Volga. - -8 Unnamed eastern tributary of the Ras;=Kama or Viatka. - - - Other Natural Features - -9 _zizera_: Zizera, shown as an island on CD and CA;=the _jazira_ or -island of Peskov in the Volga near Tsaritsin (Yule, Cath., i, 308); Hamy -(395) suggests Sizran. - -10 _dixerto de zornade_ | _trenta_ (desert of thirty days). Marco Polo’s -desert of Lop, said to take one month to cross (Polo, i, 196); a long -inscription on CA in the same locality describes this desert and the -devils’ voices heard in it. See 33. - -11 On this gulf as it is shown on CE appears the legend: “On these -islands there are many beautiful griffons and falcons, and the -inhabitants of the islands do not venture to seize them without the -permission of the Grand Khan, lord of the Tatars” (Kret., CE, 208; from -Polo, i, 270). - - - Edifices - -(A) North of the River Ras and its Eastern Tributary - -12 _zimachi_|_a_(?): ?Sarmatia;=Russia. See also 600. - -13 Tomb of the Grand Khan, beneath which an inscription reads thus: _q -... li sie El sepulchro del_ | [gran can] _et fano questa_ | ... _che -quando El uen_ | _portato a sepelir El uen acom|pagniato da_ _molti -homeni | armadi Iquali ozideno queli(?) | Itrouano su le strade et -| dicono che le anime de coloro sono Benede|te per che Le -aconpa|gniano Lanima del gran | can aunaltra uita_. Similar inscription -in corresponding position on CE (209-210) from Polo (i, 246, 250-251). - -14 _R^o. de mas_ ... (?): ?Moscaor, CD;=Moscow (Hamy, 394). - -15 _cast. | ra._(?): ?Castrama, CA; Castrema, CE;=Kostroma (Hamy, 395). - -16 _ezina_(?): ?duplicate of 18. - -17 _alla_ ... (?): ?Allania, N of Black Sea, CA;=country of the Alans -(Hallb., 13, 14). See also 604. - -18 _etzi|na_: Polo (i, 223-225); Cordier (Ser M. P., 53-55) places -Polo’s Etzina in SW Mongolia, “on the river Hei-shui, called Etsina -[=Etsin Gol] by the Mongols.” See also 16. - - (B) Between the Rivers Ras, Rumus, and Tanai - -19 _trachia_: Torachi, CA;=Torjok (Hamy, 395). - -20 _tufer_: Tifer, CA;=Tver, capital of an important Russian -principality and seat of a bishop in the Middle Ages. - -21 _botnia_(?):=?Bothnia; ?duplicate of 608. - -22 _zitere|ae_(?): ?[Ar]çetreca, Vat.;=Astrakhan (Pullé, Vat., 8). - -23 _racoba_(?): =? - - (C) South Side of East Branch of River Rumus - -24 _borga_: Borgar, CA; Bolgara, Polo (i, 4, 6-8);=med. Bolghar, on the -Volga 90 m. below Kazan (Yule, Polo, i, 7). - -25 _Iornâ_: Ioram, CA;=?Churmansk (Shurminsk) on the Viatka (Yule, -Cath., i, 307). - -26 _paschati_(?): Pascherti, CA;=Bashkir. See Hallb., 69-70; Yule, Polo, -ii, 492. - -27 _fasa_(?): Fachatim, CA; =?Viatka (Yule, Cath., i, 307). - -28 _sebur_(?): Sebur, CA;=?Sibir, Siberia. See Hallb., 465-466; Yule, -Cath., i, 307. - - (D) North and Northeast of Mt. Gaspio - -29 _Marm|orea_: Marmorea, CA;=? See Yule, Cath., i, 308. - -30 _la ... |te_(?):=? - -31 _fugur_(?): Sugur, CA. See Hallb., 489;=? - -32 _zin.. |lel_(?): Cigicalas, CA; ?Province of Chingintalas, Polo, (i, -212-213);=?region between Lake Baikal and Kamul (Yule, Polo, i, 214-215; -Cordier, Ser M. P., 51-52). - -33 _Lop_: On CA Ciutat de Lop N of Lake Yssicol; also a long legend -(from Polo, i, 196-197) describing Lop as a city where travelers rest -themselves and their beasts and supply themselves with provisions before -crossing the desert. See Hallb., 316-318;=vicinity of Lob Nor between -Chinese Turkestan and the Gobi. See also 10. - -34 _findaz|ion_: ?Sindachu, Polo (i, 285); Sinacius, CA;=modern -Hsüan-hua, not far from Kalgan on the Great Wall (Yule, Polo, i, 295). - - (E) Row West and South of the Gulf of the Three Islands - -35 _canp|iton_: Campicion, Polo (Pauthier’s edit., i, 165); Campichu, -Polo (Yule’s edit., i, 219); Campicion=Chancjo of CA (Cordier, CA, -35);=?Kan-chou in Kan-su (Yule, Polo, i, 220; Pauthier, l. c.; Cordier, -l. c.; see also Hallb., 107). - -36 _sia ... r_(?):?Siacur, CA;=? - -37 _tand|uc_: Tanduch, CA; Tanduc or Tenduc was the name of a plain, a -province, and a city belonging to Prester John; in the province was the -country of Gog and Magog (Polo, i, 240, 284);=? See Yule, Polo, i, -285-288; Paul Pelliot in Journ. Asiatique, May-June, 1922, pp. 595-596. - -38 _suchc|hur_(?): ?Sukchur in Tangut, Polo (i, 217);=Su-chou in Kan-su -(Yule, Polo, i, 218). - -39 _rabo|.ibi_(?):=? - -40 _tign|infor_: ?Chingianfu, Polo (ii, 176-177);=Chinkiang-fu (Yule, -Polo, ii, 177-178). - - - Legend Between Rivers Ras and Tanai - -41 _Idolatri_: On CE a legend applying to city of Castrema (see 15) -explains that idolaters there worship a metal idol without head or hands -(Kret., CE, 210). - - - II. Far Eastern Asia - -The surface of the map northwest of the Terrestrial Paradise has been -rubbed in such a way that many of the names are illegible. - - - Mountains - -The mountain system here corresponds essentially with that of CE; -Ptolemaic names have been given to mountains and rivers. - -42 _sa ... s_(?):=? - -43 _M^o. osmire_(?): Asmiraei Montes in Serica, Ptol. (VI, 16: 2 -(FA23));=?eastern end of T‘ien Shan with the small low hill chains to -the south (PW, ii, 1702). - -44 _M^o. Tagurus_: Tagurus Mons in Serica (Θάγουρον ὄρος), Ptol., l. c. - -45 _M^o. otorocoras_: Ottorocoras Mons in Serica (ibid.). - -46 _M^o. semantinus_: Semanthini Montes in India intra Gangem, Ptol. -(VII, 2:8 (FA26));=?coast range of Annam (PW, iv, 2050; see also Gerini, -376). - -47 _M^o. anibi_: Annibi Montes, Ptol. (VI, 16:2 (FA23));=?eastern T‘ien -Shan above Qara Shar and Turfan (PW, i, 2258). - -48 _M^o. Tanacomedo_: ?[Mon-]Tana Comedo [rum] (ἣ ὀρεινὴ Κωµηδών) in -Sogdiana, Ptol. (VI, 12: 3 (FA22)). - - - Rivers - -No rivers are shown in this region on either CA or CE; Leardo was -evidently impelled to add them by the study of Ptolemy’s Geography. - -49 _f. ocardis_: Oechardes Fl. of Serica, Ptol. (VI, 16: 3 (FA23)). - -50 _f..._(?)=? - -51 _f. danas_: Demus Fl. of Sogdiana, a branch of the Jaxartes (see -117), Ptol. (VI, 12: 3 (FA22)). - -52 _f. bascatis_: Bascatis Fl. of Sogdiana, also a branch of the -Jaxartes (ibid.). - - - Lake - -53 Illeg.: Lacus Issicol, Leardo, 1448; Yssicol, CA;=?either Lake -Balkash or Issiq Köl (Hallb., 563-564). - - - Edifices - -(A) Northwest of the Terrestrial Paradise - -54 _sachai_: ?Sacae, Ptol. (VI, 13 (FA22)). - -55 _s ... de | iaca_(?): =? - -56-62 All illeg. - -63 _PARADIXO TERESTO_: The Terrestrial Paradise is placed in Africa on -the earlier Leardo maps as well as on CE. See Wright, Lore, 261-263. - - (B) West of Terrestrial Paradise - -64 _sina_: ?Sinae, Ptol. (VII, 3 (FA26));=China (see Wright, op. cit., -271). - -65 _R^o de ...|.ge_(?): =? - -66 _Tango | ... ti_(?): ?Tangut, Polo (i, 203-205);=Kansu and southern -Mongolia (Hallb., 507-508). - -67 _R^o Tarse_: CA and CE have legends to the effect that from Tarsia -came the three Magi (Kret., CE, 197-198; Hallb., 515-517, -267-268);=vicinity of the T‘ien Shan (Hallb., l.c.);=eastern Turkestan -(Kret., l.c.). - - - Place Names - -68 _pinca_(?): ?Pinzu, Mauro (Zurla, 36; name omitted on Santarem’s copy -of Mauro map in his Atlas, 45); ?Piju, Polo (ii, 141; see Hallb., -409);=P‘ei-chou (Yule, Polo, l.c.). - -69 _ruoenci_(?):=? - - - Longer Inscriptions - -70 _prouinzia de og magog doue | foron(?) serati molti Trib ... de -| Judei_ (province of Gog and Magog where many tribes of Jews were -enclosed): Related legends on CA (Buchon and Tastu, 145-146) and CE -(Kret., CE, 202-206); see Hallb., 260-265. On legend of Gog and Magog -see also Wright, Lore, 287-288. - -71 _Idolatri_: A reflection of the idolaters of the Grand Khan’s domains -frequently mentioned by Marco Polo. - -72 _porte de fero_: The iron gates erected by Alexander the Great to -enclose Gog and Magog, shown on CE; see 70. - -73 _statoe de alesandr^o_: The statues of trumpeters set up by Alexander -to keep guard over Gog and Magog, shown on CA and CE; see 70. - -74 _dixerto doue eno | molti grifoni_: Griffons were placed in Scythia -by many classical and medieval writers; see Hallb., 232-234. - -75 _qu ... si manza | carne de omo_ (here they eat the flesh of man); -Cannibals were placed in these regions by many classical and medieval -writers; they were often associated with Gog and Magog; see Hallb., -30-32. - - - III. India - - - Mountain - -76 _M^o. meandrus_: Maeandrus Mons in Farther India, Ptol. (VII, 2:8 -(FA26));=?Mahudaung mountains in Upper Burma (Gerini, 51, 832). No -corresponding mountain shown on either CA or CE. - - - Rivers - -The river system is more elaborate than, although somewhat analogous in -its general pattern to, that of CA and CE. The Indus and its branches -seem to be lacking on the Catalan maps. I am unable to trace the origin -of several of the river names. - -77 _f. priolada_:=? - -78 _f. tindarus_:=? - -79 _f. masa|rus_:=? - -80 _f. sumas_:=? - -81 _f. bindas_: Bindas Fl. of India intra Gangem Fluvium (Ptol., VII, 1, -6 (FA25)); possibly the name is related to that of Bhiwandi near -Bassein, N of Bombay (Tomaschek, in PW, iii, 268-269). - -82 _f. madus_: Namadus Fl. of India intra Gangem Fluvium, Ptol. (VII, -1:5 (FA25)). - -83 _f. amarus_: Amarus is given as another name for the Indus on Vat. -(Pullé, Vat., 16-17); no Amarus Fl. in Ptol. - -84 _f. Indicus_: The course of the Indus as Leardo draws it is derived -from Ptol. (VII, 1:2 (FA25)). - - - Edifices - -85 _predon | corcon_(?): =? - -86 _terisin|ti_(?): =? - -87 _zatin_(?): ?Zayton, CA; Zaytom, CE; Zayton, Polo (ii, 234-237), an -important medieval Chinese seaport;=? See Yule, Polo, ii, 237-242; -Cordier, CA, 48-49. - -88 _cansai_(?): Ciutat de Cansay, CA; Kinsay, Polo (ii, 185-193, -200-208, 215-216);=Hangchow (Yule, Polo, ii, 193; Cordier, CA, 41-42). - -89 _India._ - -90 _R^o de col|onbi_: Pruuinesa Columbo, CA; Coilum, Polo (ii, 375-376); -see Hallb., 153-156;=Quilon (Yule, Polo, ii, 377-380). - -91 _balesan_: Balaxan (Polo, Ramusio’s edit., 1583, according to Hallb., -62); Cjutat de Baldassia, CA; Baldacia, CE;=Badakshan (see Yule, Polo, -i, 157-163). - -92 _taseta_: ?Rey del Tauris, CA; Rey Tauris, CE;=Tabriz (Hallb., -518-522). - - - Place Names on Coast - -93 _penta_: Penta, next place E of Bangala, CA; Pentam, an island, Polo -(ii, 280); see also Hallb., 411-413;=Bintan (Yule, Polo, ii, 280);=“the -Be-Tumah (Island) of the Arab Navigators, the Tamasak Island of the -Malays; and, in short, the Singapore Island of our day” (G. E. Gerini, -in Journ. Royal Asiatic Soc., July, 1905, p. 509; see also Cordier, Ser -M. P., 105); Gerini, 740, suggests that Penta of CA “might have been the -historical continuation of the Ptolemaic” Pentapolis (Ptol., VII, 2:2), -which he places near the mouth of the Chittagong, at the head of the Bay -of Bengal. - -94 _taine_: ‘cjutat de cayna | acj finis catayo,’ CA; see Cordier, CA, -39. - -95 _bangala_: Bangala, CA; Polo (ii, 98-99);=Bengal. - -96 _ianpa_: Janpa, CA; Chamba, Polo (ii, 266-268); see Hallb., -173-174;=Annamite coast (Cordier, in Yule, Polo, ii, 270);=C‘ha-ban, the -ancient Cham capital (Gerini, 240). - -97 _ligo_: Lingo, CA; ?Locac, Polo (ii, 276) (this identification -suggested by Pullé, CE, 46);=?Siam, Borneo, or Malay Peninsula (see -Yule, Polo, ii, 277-280; Hallb., 486; Cordier, Ser M. P., 104-105). - -98 _macabin_: ?Mahabar, Mauro; Maabar, Polo (ii. 331-332);=Coromandel -Coast (Hallb., 320-323). - -99 _gr_ ... (?): =? - -100 _darsi_: =? - -101 _caruzia_: =? - -102 _butifilli_: Butifilis, CA; Mutfili, Polo (ii, 362);=Motupalli -(Yule, Polo., ii, 362). - -103 _caclur_(?): =? - -104 _coluto_: =Quilon (see also 90). - -105 _cormos_: ?Hormuz (see 158) misplaced: “The c is constantly -substituted for an aspirate by the Italian travellers (e.g. Polo’s -Cormos for Hormuz)” (Yule, Cath., ii, 242). See Hallb., 242-246;=Ormuz. - -106 _elli_: Elly, CA; Ely, Polo (ii, 385-386);=Mt. D’Eli or Delly (Yule, -Cath., iv, 74-75). - -107 _maganor_: Manganor, CA;=Mangalore (Yule, Cath. iv, 73). - -108 _diegei_: Diogil in interior of India, CA;=Deogiri, med. name of -Daulatabad (see Yule, Cath. i, 310; iv, 21). - -109 _cora_: ?Cory Promontorium, Ptol. (VII, 1:11(FA25));=Cape Calymere -(E. H. Bunbury, A History of Ancient Geography (2 vols., London, 1879), -ii, 474). - -110 _pez.mor_(?): Pescamor, CA;=“perhaps Barçelor” (Yule, Cath., i, 309; -iv, 73). - -111 _zitabor_: Chintabor, CA;=St. John’s Point (Yule, Cath., i, 309; iv, -64-65). - -112 _parzinar_(?): Paychinor, CA;=Barkur (Yule, Cath., i. 309; iv, 73). - - - Longer Inscriptions - -113 _qui predico | san Tom|axo_ (here preached St. Thomas): On the -traditions regarding St. Thomas in India see Yule, Polo, ii. 353-359; -Wright, Lore, 74, 272, 275, 279. - -114 _qui nase|le noxe | dindia_ (here grow the nuts of India): In the -Ramusian version of Polo (ii, 354) occurs the following statement in -connection with the shrine of St. Thomas: “The Christians who have -charge of the church have a great number of Indian Nut trees, whereby -they get their living.” - -115 _India dixer|ta._ - - - IV. Central Asia - - - _Mountain_ - -116 _M^o. caropanus_: Paropanisus Mons, Ptol. (VI, 11:5, etc. -(FA25));=Hindu Kush (Hallb., 393). See also 123. - - - Rivers - -117 _f. Ixartes_: Jaxartis Fl., Ptol. (VI, 12:1, etc. (FA22)); shown but -not named on CE; Flum d’Organçi, CA; see Hallb., 280-281. On ancient and -medieval knowledge of the Aral Sea, into which the Jaxartes flows, see -W. Barthold, Aral, in Encycl. of Islam, Vol. 1, Leiden and London, 1913, -pp. 419-420. - -118 _f. Oxius_: Oxus Fl., Ptol. (VI, 9:1, etc. (FA22)); ?Flum Amo, CA; -not shown on CE; see Hallb., 24-26. - -119 _f. rius_: Areios or Arius Fl., Ptol. (VI, 17:2 (FA24)); see Hallb., -25, 47; PW, ii, 623;=?Hari Rud. - - - Edifices - -120 _organa_: ?Dupl. of 121. - -121 _organ|zia_: Flum d’Organçi, CA; see Hallb., 547-549; Yule, Cath., -iii, 82;=Urganj, famous medieval city of Khorasmia on the lower Oxus. - -122 _sagom|oa_(?):=?Samarkand (see Hallb., 445-448). - - - Place Names - -123 _paraponixa_; Paropanisades, Ptol. (VI, 18, etc. (FA24));=northern -Afghanistan (Besnier, 573). See also 116. - -124 _archuxia_: Arachosia, Ptol. (VI, 20, etc. (FA24));=Afghanistan -(Besnier, 69). See Hallb., 33-34. - -125 _arzeglia_: =? See 129. - -126 _dragiana_: Drangiana, Ptol. (VI, 19, etc. (FA24));=Seistan (Hallb., -192). - -127 _margana_: Margiana, Ptol. (VI, 10, etc. (FA22));=environs of modern -Merv (Besnier, 464). - -128 _archuxia_: Dupl. of 124. - -129 _arzegia_: Dupl. of 125. - -130 _mesagit_: Massagitae, Ptol. (VI, 10:2 (FA22)); a people of Scythia -mentioned also by Pliny, Solinus, etc. (Hallb., 339-340). - -131 _bocasan_: ?Bocar, CA;=Bukhara (Hallb., 79-80). - -132 _orcania_: Probably a repetition of 120 and 121; might, however, be -Hyrcania, Ptol. (VI, 9 (FA22)); see Hallb., 253-254;=part of Mazanderan -(Besnier, 376). - -133 _samaria_:=?Samarcand (see 122); Hallb., 448, suggests Samaria in -Palestine misplaced, but adds: “pourtant la chose n’est pas probable.” - -134 _zagaspia_: Zaraspa, CA; Zariaspa or Zarispa in Bactriana, Ptol. -(VI, 11:7 (FA22));=Balkh (Besnier, 117). See also Kret., Walsp., 385. - -135 _amol_: This name is applied to various towns and to a river in -central Asia on CA and Mauro. Perhaps it represents a confusion of the -name of the town of Amol in Mazanderan with that of the Amu Daria -(Oxus). See Hallb., 24-26. - -136 _seno_: ?Sena or Sina in Margiana, Ptol. (VI, 10:3 (FA22)). - -137 _lidazel_:=? - - - V. Persia - - - Lake and River - -138, 139 Unnamed lake and river. On CA and CE the river rises in two -lakes, the eastern and western being named on CA Mar Dargis (=Lake Van) -and Mar de Marga (=Lake Urmia) respectively (Hallb., 43-44, 337-338). On -Piz. the river is Flum Chexi; if Chexi is Khuzistan (see 164) the river -possibly represents the Karun. - - - Desert - -140 _Sarmania | dixerta_: Carmania Deserta, Ptol. (VI, -6(FA20));=interior of the modern Kerman. See also 153. - - - Edifices - -(A) South Shore of Caspian Sea - -141 _dise.n_(?): Deystam, CA;=?Dehistan, a district of Mazanderan -(Hallb., 188). - -142 _mexa|ndra_: Masandra, CA;=Mazanderan. - -143 _galen_: Cap de Cilan, Cillam, Gellam, CA;=Gilan (Hallb., 217-218). - -144 _aspaur_(?): Achdio, CA; Asidio, CE;=? - -145 _godasp|i_: Gudaspu, Con. (59); Codaspi, Piz.;=? - -146 _Turis_: Rey del Tavris in central Persia, CA;=Tabriz (Hallb., -518-522). See also 92. - - (B) Interior - -147 _trachse_: ?Dupl. of 67. - -148 _zarma|tia_: ?Sarmatia, misplaced; see, however, 12, 600. - -149 _siria_: Ciutat de Ssiras, CA; Siras, CE;=Shiraz (Hallb., 470-471). - -150 _parthi|a_: Parthia, Ptol. (VI, 5 (FA20));=Khurasan (Hallb., -394-395) - -151 _R^o odmi|n_(?): =? - -152 _R^o de persia_: Persis, Ptol. (VI, 4 (FA20));=Persia. - - (C) Persian Gulf Coast - -153 _Sarmania abitada_: Carmania, Ptol. (VI, 8 (FA20));=Kerman. See also -140. - - - Place Names, North Coast of Persian Gulf - -154 _semenar_: Femenat, CA; Semenat, Polo (ii, 398-399);=Somnath (Yule, -Polo, ii, 400). - -155 _demonela_: Damonela, CA;=Daibul (Yule, Cath., i, 309). - -156 _chetimo_: Chetimo, CA;=Kij (ibid.). - -157 _oncon_: Nocran, CA (omitted on Choix de doc. reproduction of -CA);=Makran (ibid.). - -158 _ormixon_: Hormision, CA;=“Old Hormuz on the Continent” (ibid.). See -105. - -159 _traman_: Creman, CA;=Kerman. See 153. - -160 _usu_: Ussn, CA; “Husn Amarat? (see Edri., 1, 379 [this reference is -to P. A. Jaubert, Géographie d’Edrisi, traduite de l’arabe en français -(Recueil de voyages et de mémoires publié par la Société de Géographie, -Vols. 5 and 6, Paris, 1836-1840), i, 363, 390]) Any castle is Husn” -(ibid.);=Essina (Lelewel, ii, 55). - -161 _cadome_(?): =? - -162 _seros_: Serans, CA; Sustar, Piz.;=?Siraf (Yule, l.c.); Sustar, -Mediceo;=Shushtar (ibid.);=?“rivière Schirin” (Lelewel, l.c.). - -163 ... _ch_ ... (?): =? - -164 _chesi_: Chesi, CA;=Khuzistan (Yule, Cath., i, 308); shown as an -island on Piz.;=“Scheich”(?Sheikh Shu‘aib Island) (La R., i, 65). - - - VI. Mesopotamia and Syria - - - Rivers and Lakes - -165-168 The river system is more accurately drawn than on CA and CE, -inasmuch as the Euphrates and Tigris join before reaching the Persian -Gulf. On CA they enter the Gulf separately; on CE the Euphrates swings -around into Egypt, entering the Nile just above Babilonia (Cairo). All -three maps show a connection between the Euphrates and Mediterranean -through the Orontes, but only Leardo makes the Jordan communicate with -the Euphrates. On CA and CD an island, Zizera (see also 9), on CD said -to be the site of Nineveh, is shown in the Euphrates, but on CE and -Leardo this has become a lake. On CA the three lakes along the Jordan -are labeled from N to S: Aquaron (=Lake Hule), Mar de Gallilea (=Sea of -Galilee), and Mar Gamora (sea of Gomorrah,=Dead Sea). - -165 _f. tigris_. - -166 _f. eufrates_. - -167 _f. Jordano_. - -168 _f ... soldi|no_: =Orontes (Kret., Port., 670). - - - Edifices - -(A) Along the Tigris - -169 _moxor_: Moror, CA; Moxor, Dalorto map (La R., i, 64);=Mosul -(ibid.). - -170 _apfes_: Aipsa, Vat.; Suq al-Ahvaz of the Arabic itineraries (Pullé, -Vat., 13, 31, 34). - -171 _Inporio | asiriorum_ (empire of the Assyrians); Assyria, Ptol. (VI, -1 (FA20)). - -172 _seruxia|na_: Susiana, Ptol. (VI, 3 (FA20));=Khuzistan (Besnier, -726). - -173 _babilo_ ...(?): Babylon or Babylonia. See also 323. - - (B) In Syria - -174 _ga_ ...| _a_(?). - -175 _Jeruxalem_: On the placing of Jerusalem at the center of the -earth’s surface see Wright, Lore, 259-261. - -176 _c ...r_(?): =? - - - Place Names - -(A) In Mesopotamia - -177 _baldac_: Ciutat de Baldach, CA;=Baghdad. - -178 _mexapo_: =?Mesopo[tamia]. - -179 _birzi_: =?Birejik. - -180 _megan_: ?Mogan, Jordanus of Sévérac (Jourdain Catalani de Sévérac, -Mirabilia descripta: Les merveilles de l’Asie, edit. by Henri Cordier, -Paris, 1925, 93-94; Hallb., 356-357);=plain of Mugan near junction of -Araxes and Kur. - -181 _malaxim_: Malasia, CA:=Malatia. - - (B) Interior of Syria - -182 _alepo_: =Aleppo. - -183 _antozia_(?): =?Antioch. - - (C) Syrian Coast - -184 _soldin_: =Suweidiyeh, near ancient Seleucia (Kret., Port., 670). - -185 _laliza_: =Latakia (ibid.). - -186 _tortoxa_: =Tartus (ibid.). - -187 _tripoli_: =Tripoli (ibid., 671). - -188 _zibele_: =Jebeleh (ibid.). - -189 _baruto_: =Beirut (ibid.). - -190 _achre_: =Acre (ibid., 672). - -191 _gafo_: =Jaffa (ibid.). - -192 _larixa_: =El-‘Arish (ibid., 673). - - - VII. Arabia - - - Mountains - -193 _M^o. sinai_. - -194 _M^o. felizis arabie_: Montana Arabiae Felicis, which, according to -Ptol. (V, 17: 3; V, 19: 1 (FA19)), divides Arabia Petraea and Arabia -Deserta on the north from Arabia Felix on the south;=Ash-Shera’ -mountains (see Alois Musil, The Northern Heǧâz, New York, 1926, 255; the -same, Arabia Deserta, New York, 1927, 502-503). - -195 _M^o. prionous_: Prionotus Mons on S coast of Arabia, Ptol. (VI, -7:10 (FA21));=? - - - Edifices - -(A) On Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean - -196 _bazar_: Bassara, CA;=Basra. - -197 _golfta|ta_: Golfaca, CA; Golfathan, Con. (42);=? See Jiménez de la -Espada, 205. - -198 _Ieita_ (?): Jepta, CA; Egepta, Con. (42);=? - -199 _cabat_: Cabat, CA; Con. (42); ?Calatu, Polo (ii, 449-451);=Qalhat -in ‘Oman (Yule, Polo, ii, 451; Hallb., 97-98). - -200 _letrob_(?): Ietrib, CA;=?Yathrib, the ancient name for Medina, -misplaced. - -201 _arabia_. - - (B) Red Sea Coast - -202 _senea_: Seneha, CA;=San‘a (Hallb., 468-469). - -203 _fidom|at_: Adromant, CA;=?Hadhramaut. - -204 _amei_: Mey, CA; =? - -205 _ald.|p_(?): Adep, Adem, CA;=Aden (Hallb., 8-10). - -206 _eta_|...(?): =? - -207 _gaida_(?): Guja, CA;=?Jidda. - -208 _naba|tes_: =Nabataeans (Besnier, 509). - -209 (?) Illeg.: =? - - (C) Interior - -210 _sabea_: Arabia Sebba, CA (which gives an illustration and legend -relating to the Queen of Sheba);=Saba or Sheba. - -211 _La mecha_: Ciutat de Mecha, with legend, CA;=Mecca. - - - Regional Names - -212 _Arabia | dixerta_: Arabia Deserta, Ptol. (V, 19 (FA19)). - -213 _Arabia | petroxa_: Arabia Petraea, Ptol. (V, 17 (FA19)). - - - VIII. Asia Minor - - - River - -214 _ff. rosso_: Odoric of Pordenone, Palatine version (Yule, Cath., ii, -102, n. 4); Pegalotti, 7 (ibid., iii, 164);=“the tributary of the -Araxes, the Kizil Chai which waters Khoi” (Cordier, in the same, iii, -164, n. 1). - - - Edifice - -215 _Tr..._(?): Troia;=Troy. - - - Place Names - -(A) Interior - -216 _saustia_: Sauasto, CA;=anct. Sebastea, mod. Sivas. - -217 _Tabaca|san_: =? - -218 _suilia_ (?): =? - -219 _sis_: Scisia, CA;=Sis. - -220 _almesia_: =Amasia. - -221 _laranda_: =anct. Laranda, mod. Karaman. - -222 _anguri_(?): =Angora. - -223 _aladachia_: =anct. Laodicea Combusta, mod. Ladik. - -224 _filadelfi|a_: =anct. Philadelphia, mod. Ala Shehr. - -225 _castamena_: =Kastamuni. - -226 _congre_: =Changri. - -227 _achrioteri_(?): =?Ak Shehr. - -228 _Jachrie_(?): =? - -229 _Janisari_: =Yeni Shehr. - -230 _cariacasar_: =?Afiun Qarahisar. - -231 _nicomidia_. - -232 _bursa_: =Brusa. - -233 _lizia_: =anct. Lycia. - -234 _perga|mo_: =anct. Pergamum. - -235 _licn|ia_(?): =?anct. Lycaonia, misplaced. - - (B) Black Sea Coast - -236 _Tripoli_: =Tireboli (Kret., Port., 648). - -237 _cirisonda_: =Kiresün (ibid.). - -238 _lauatiza_: Lauona, CA;=Vona Bay (ibid.). - -239 _simiso_: =Samsun (ibid.). - -240 _sinopi_: =anct. Sinope, mod. Sinob. (ibid.). - -241 _do..s..l.._(?): Docastelli (ibid., 650);=Kidros (ibid.). - -242 _borli_: =?Boli (which, however, is in the interior). - -243 _samastro_: =Amasra (ibid.). - -244 _chio_: Thio, CA;=anct. Thios Prom. (ibid.). - -245 _punta rachia_: =anct. Heraclea Pontica, mod. Bender Ergli (ibid.). - -246 _algiro_: =Anadoli Kawak (ibid.). - - (C) Aegean coast - -247 _lesm_|_ire_: =Smyrna (ibid., 653). - - - IX. Armenia, Caucasia, and Southeastern Russia - - - Mountain - -248 Mt. Ararat is labeled _larche de noe_. - - - Rivers - -249 A river connecting the Sea of Azof with the Caspian is shown on CA -and CE, but without the branches reaching the Black Sea; on Piz. this -river is named Flm’ Cicopo (the Cicopa of CA and other portolan maps -being a north branch of the Kuban delta; Kret., Port., 646);=Kuban River -(ibid.). - - - Caspian Sea - -250 _Mare de Abachu_(?) (Sea of Baku): Mar de Sarra e de Bacu, CA; Mar -de Sala e de Bacu, CE. - - - Edifices - -(A) West Coast of the Caspian Sea - -251 Illeg.: =? - -252 _famach_|_i_: Siamachi, Vat. (Pullé, 9);=?Shemakha (ibid., 8, n. 4). - -253 _baram_|_achi_: Barmachu, CA;=? - -254 _abachu_: Bacu, CA;=Baku. - - (B) Between the Black and Caspian Seas - -255 _porte_ | _deuee_(?): ?Porte de Fer (see 72 and Hallb., 414). - -256 _armin_|_ia_. - -257 _armin_|_ia_: Dupl. of 256. - - (C) Coasts of Sea of Azof and Black Sea - -258 _..na_(?): =?Tana, important medieval commercial city at mouth of -the Don;=mod. Azof (Kret., Port., 645; Hallb., 503-504). - -259 _trab_|_exon_|_da_: =Trebizond (Kret., Port., 648). - - - Place Names in Southeastern Russia - -260 _seuastopoli_: =anct. and med. Sebastopolis on coast of Abkhasia -(Kret., Port., 647). - -261 _auogaxi_: =Abkhasia (ibid., 646). - -262 _mengreli_: Mingrelians or Mingrelia (ibid., 647). - -263 _zichia_: =“regional name of Circassia” (ibid., 646). - -264 _copa_: =Copa (ibid.). - -265 _matraca_: =Matrega, Genoese trading town on Taiman Peninsula -(ibid.). - - - X. Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea - -266 _Ma....dicho_: Mare Indicho. - -267 _Mare de persia._ - -268 _M......._: Mare rosso. - -269 ... _Taprobana_: Trapobana, CA, CE; the Taprobane of the ancient -geographers was Ceylon; in the Middle Ages the name was probably applied -to Sumatra (Cordier, CA, 57-58; Kret., CE, 107; for suggested -identifications of places shown in Trapobana on CA see Gerini, 646-647). - -270 _famda_|_bo_(?): ?Regio Femarum (for Feminarum) on island of Iana, -CA, which is perhaps a reflection of Polo’s story of the Male and Female -Islands (ii, 404-405); see also Gerini, 647, n. 2. - -271 Illeg.: =? - -272 _m..._(?): ?Malao, on both Trapobana and Iana, CA; Mallao, on Jaua, -CE:=?. - -273 _leuia_: Leroa, on Trapobana, CA;=? - -274 _y. caina_: Caynam, CA, CE;=?Andaman Islands (Buchon and Tastu, p. -137). - -275 _ixole doue na_[se] _p_ | _et altre spe_[z] _ie_ (islands where -pepper and other spices are produced): Legend on CA runs: “In the sea of -the Indies are 7548 islands of which we cannot enumerate here the -marvelous riches, not only in gold and silver but also in spices and -precious stones”; from Polo (ii, 264), who also, like Leardo, mentions -pepper. - -276 _y^a de ceridus_: Ceredim, CE; ?Serendib, Arabic name for Ceylon. - -277 _y ..corto_(?): ?Setrocha, CE;=?Socotra. - -278 Nameless island, corresponds in shape and position to the Iana of CA -and Jaua of CE;=Java (Cordier, CA, p. 61);=Sumatra (Gerini, p. 834). - -279 Legends on this island illegible; it is, however, similar in shape -to Salam or Silan of CE;=?Ceylon. - -280 Illeg.: =? - -281 _y .. siliraoil_(?): =? - - - XI. Southern Africa - - - Mountains - -282 _M^o elefans_: Elephas Mons on the east coast of Africa, Ptol. (IV, -7:10 (FA15));=Ras el-Fil (Vivien de St. Martin, 288). - -283 _Monti doue se caua m ... ro_ [molto oro, Leardo, 1448] (mountain -where much gold is mined): Pliny (Nat. hist., VI, 189) mentions the -abundance of gold in Ethiopia between Napata and the Red Sea. - - - Edifices - -(A) South Shore of the Red Sea - -284 _gobari_: Zobar or Gobar, Leardo, 1448;=?Zanzibar (Santarem, iii, -437). - -285 _uigie_: ?Vuigie, in interior of Prester John’s realm, Mauro;=? - -286 _tobo_|_let_(?): =? - -287 _scuendn_(?): Stuendi, Mauro;=?Suakin. - -288 _traged_|_it_(?): Tragoditi, Mauro; Troglodytica Regio, in East -Africa, Ptol. (IV, 7: 27 (FA 15));=country along W coast of Red Sea -between Egypt and Abyssinia (Vivien de St. Martin, 471-474). - -289 _satoris_(?): Catoris, Mauro;=? - -290 _basag .._ |_r_(?): =? - - (B) Eastern “Horn” of Africa - -291 _acoan_: Aicoum de Afra, Leardo, 1448 (Santarem, iii, 437); Hascum, -Mauro;=?Axum in Abyssinia (La R., ii, 115). - -292 _safola_: Sofrala, Mauro;=?Sofala. - -293 _medi_|_fola_: =?—294 _prouinzie_ | _dofir_: P. Davaro, -Mauro;=?Dawaro in Abyssinia (La R., ii, 113, 132). - -295 _gfen_|_uj_(?): =? - -296 _flmodo_(?): =? - -297 _dela .._ (?): =? - - (C) Central Region - -298 _milua_|_s_(?): =? - -299 _Inperio del_ | _presto Jani_ (Empire of Prester John): Prester John -is shown in this part of Africa on CA and CE. On the origins of the -legend of Prester John and on the transference of the realm of this -mythical potentate from Asia to Africa in popular tradition see Kret., -CE, 99-101; Wright, Lore, 283-286. - -300 _ta . . ._ |_n_(?): =? - -301 _grafai_: =? - -302 _fe . . ._(?): =? - -303 _mesa_: Con. (36) says that Prester John always resides at Malsa -(Jiménez de la Espada, 222; La R., i, 61). - -304 _carap_(?): =? - - - Longer Legends - -305 _DIXERTO DEXABITADO PER CALDO_ (desert uninhabited on account of -heat): Leardo, 1448, Walsperger, 1448, and Borgia, 1452, “all show a -similar torrid zone, though the theory was protested against by Fra -Mauro, Diogo Gomez, and doubtless by others” (A. Rainaud, Le continent -austral: hypothèses et découvertes, Paris, 1893, 199); on the -development and history of this theory see especially Rainaud, passim; -also Wright, Lore, 18, 157-161. - -306 _dixerto_. - -307 _qui nase homeni | che ano Il uolto | nel petto_ (here are born men -who have the face in the chest): Such monsters are described by Solinus, -31,5; Isidore, Etym., XI, 3, 17; and shown on the Hereford map (Miller, -Mappaemundi, iv, 45). - - - XII. Middle and Lower Nile Region - - - Mountains - -308 _M^o. dimas_: Mons dimas, Mauro;=? - -309 _M^o. libuzio_: Montes Libyci, Ptol. (IV, 5: 19 (FA14));=escarpment -overlooking Nile Valley on W (PW, xiii, 148). - -310 _M^o. pilazi_: Mons Pollaza, Mauro; ?Pylaei Montes in Ethiopia, -Ptol. (IV, 7: 26 (FA15));=? - -311 _M^o. arazas_: Arangas Mons, in Lybia Interior, Ptol. (IV, 6: 12 -(FA15));=? - - - Rivers and Lakes - -312 _f. nillo_: The course of the Nile and its tributaries corresponds -essentially with that of CE (Kret., CE, 89-91; see also 338). - -313 _f. stapus_: Astapus Fl. in Ethiopia, Ptol. (IV, 7:24 (FA15));=Bahr -al-Azraq, or Blue Nile (PW, ii, 1775-1776; Besnier, 96). - - - Other Natural Features - -314 _Etiopia dezito_: Ethiopian desert. - -315 _Libia dixerta_; Deserta Libya, Ptol. (IV, 3:27 (FA13)). - -316 _dixerta arenoxa | qui nase animali quat|rupedi che ano Il uolto -| domo_ (sandy desert where are born quadruped animals which have the -face of a man): Possibly refers to the mantichora of Pliny (Nat. hist., -VIII, 21; see Wright, Lore, 468). - -317 _y^a. meroe_: Island of Meroë, Ptol. (IV, 7 (FA15)). - - - Edifices - -(A) West Coast of Red Sea - -318 _filistina_: =Palestine. - -319 _aid . p_(?): Aydip, CA;=Aidhab. - -320 _cidor_(?): =? - -321 _climas_: Climas, Mauro;=? - - (B) On the Nile and Stapus - -322 _alesan|dria_: Alexandria, CA. - -323 _babilonia_: Babillonja, CA; Babilonia, CE;=the medieval name of Old -Cairo. - -324 _sacon_: Sohan, CA; Soan, CE;=anct. Syene, mod. Aswan. - -325 _bac ._(?): =? - -326, 327, 328, 329 Illeg. - - (C) On North Shore of West African Gulf - -330, 331 Illeg. - - - Place Name, West Coast of Red Sea - -332 _tes_ (or _tos_): ?Chos, CA; Con.;=?Qoseir - - - XIII. Upper Nile Region and West Africa - - - Mountains - -333 _M^o. Bardtion_(?): Bardetus Mons in Ethiopia Interior, Ptol. (IV, -8: 6 (FA15)). - -334 _M^o. Lune docho | nasitur nillo_ (Mountains of the Moon from which -the Nile rises): According to a long legend on CE these mountains are -called “Gibel Camar by the Saracens, which means Mountains of the Moon -in our tongue”; they are so high that although they lie on the equator -both poles may be seen from them. The famous Mountains of the Moon were -first mentioned by Ptolemy (IV, 8: 3); see also Kret., CE. 91-92. - -335 _M^o. capis_: Caphas Mons in Libya Interior, Ptol. (IV, 6: 9 -(FA15)); see PW, x, 1892. - -336 _M^o. deo ue | chulum_(?): ?Deorum Currus Mons in Libya Interior, -Ptol. (IV, 6:9 (FA15)); farthest point south on W coast of Africa -reached by Hanno;=Mt. Sagres in Sierra Leone (Vivien de St. Martin, -394-396);=Cameroons Mountain (see articles by J. de Hart in Journ. -African Soc., xxv, 1926, 264-277 (noted in Geogr. Rev., xvi, 1926, -661-662), and by R. Hennig in Geogr. Zeitschr., xxxiii, 1927, 378-392). - - - Island - -337 _y^a. de prenje_: ?Insula Palola, Carignano, Piz. (Fischer, 141);=? - - - Rivers, Lake, Seacoast - -338 The upper course of the Nile with the great lake and its tributaries -rising in the Mountains of the Moon (334) corresponds essentially to CE -(Kret., CE, 89-91); CE, however, shows a subterranean passage of the -river W of Meroe. On ancient and medieval theories regarding the course -of the Nile, see Simar, passim; Langenmaier, 47-48; Wright, Lore, -304-306. See also 312, 334. - -339 The bay with the red, cross-shaped island is represented on CE by an -island in the delta of the West-African river. - - - Desert - -340 _mare | arenoxe_ (Sandy Sea): On CE there are two legends indicating -sandy areas in West Africa (Kret., CE, 96). - - - Edifices - -(A) North of Nile-Senegal - -341 _R^o doga|n ._(?): ?Organa, CA; Rey dOrgana, CE;=empire of Ghana or -Kanem (La R., i, 136). - -342 _R^o....._(?): =? - -343 _almesia_: Almesia, CA;=Mzab (La R., i, 136). - -344 _ma .._ (?): =? - - (B) South of Nile-Senegal - -345-349 Illeg. - -350 _R^o m...|nel_(?): =?. - -351 Illeg. - - - Place Names - -(A) Between Mt. Bardtion and the Mountains of the Moon - -352 _elcor_(?): Probably an Arabic name with article, el;=? - -353 _anesa_: =? - -354 _elundia_: see 352;=? - -355 _dendenie_: ?Dendi of Antony Malfant’s narrative of a voyage to Tuat -in 1447 (La R., i, 154). - -356 _dris|na_: =? - -357 _solla_: Soll, CE; ?Sala, Idrisi;=?Sele, S of Timbuktu (Miller, -Arab., 162). - -358 _burga_: Burga, CE, a mountain in Gotonye, Con. (34);=?Burda, -“mountain region of the Sudan E of river Shari, which flows into Lake -Chad, and S of town of Kengas” (Jiménez de la Espada, 186). - -359 _quilan_: Quilam, CE;=? - - (B) North of Headwaters of the Nile - -360 _ganugia_: ?Geugeu, CA;=Gâo (La R., i, 136). - -361 _geuene_: Ginyia, CA; Guineua, CE;=Ghana (La R., i, 135; Kret., CE, -96-97). - -362 _atelas_: =? - -363 _ansica_: Anzicha, CA;=In Ziza (La R., i, 136, 138). - -364 _tablet_: Tabelbelt, CA; Tibalbert, Con. (30);=Tabelbert (La R., i, -118). - -365 _artixe_: =? - -366 _tocor_: Tacort, CA;=Tuggurt (La R., i, 136). See also 368. - - (C) Eastern Row of Names N of River Senegal - -367 _tutega_: Tutega, Vilad.;=Tijikja (La R., i, 135). - -368 _tocor_: Dupl. of 366. - -369 _udam_: Sudan, CA;=Sudan (La R., i, 136). - -370 _tusont_: =? - -371 _tagaza_: Tagaza, CA;=Teghaza (La R., i, 136). See also 373. - -372 _getulla_: Gaetulia, Ptol. (IV, 6: 15 (FA15));=desert region S of -Morocco. - -373 _tagase_: Dupl. of 371. - -374 _temenadis_: Temenasin, CA;=?Tlemsen. - -375 _Regnio de belemon_: Rex Belmarin, Bianco; “dynasty of Beni Marin -which ruled in Fez in the thirteenth century and at Tremcen [Tlemsen] -until 1407” (Simar, 295, from Santarem, iii, 368). - - (D) Western Row of Names N of River Senegal - -376 _Fisengan_: Ihsengam, Vilad.; “name now used by the negroes to -designate the sandy regions on the west bank of the Senegal” (La R., i, -134). - -377 _uilodesci_: This name is so much like that of the map-maker, Mecia -de Viladestes, that one is almost tempted to believe that his signature -has somehow found its way as a place name to Leardo’s map. - -378 _tasu_: =? - -379 _mascarota_: Mascarota, CA; Masquarota, CE;=Tamgrut (La R., i, 137). - -380 _agof_: =? - -381 _dunardin_: ?Tarudant, Idrisi (Miller, Arab., 177);=?Tarudant. - -382 _ubêda_: Ubaâduch, CA;=? - -383 _altamar_: Alamara, CA; Zichialhamara, Con. (29);=the Saghuiet -el-Hamra in northern Rio d’Oro (La R., i, 134). - -384 _safinet_(?): =? - - - XIV. North Africa - - - Mountains - -To the mountain range of North Africa, a stock feature on medieval maps, -Leardo adds at random garbled Ptolemaic names. - -385 _M^o. Jouis_: Dios vel Jovis Mons in Province of Africa (Tunisia), -Ptol. (IV, 3: 18 (FA13)), badly out of place;=?Jebel Zaghwan, SW of -Tunis (Müller, i, 635). - -386 _M^o. galcas_: Zalacus Mons in Mauretania Caesariensis (Algeria), -Ptol. (IV, 2, 14 (FA12));=a part of the Lesser Atlas SW of Algiers (see -Müller, i, 601). - -387 _M^o. usalatu|s_: Usalaetus Mons in Province of Africa (Tunisia), -Ptol. (IV, 3:18 (FA13));=Jebel Usselet near site of Hadrumetum (Müller, -i, 635). - -388 _M^o. masarus_: Mampsarus Mons in Province of Africa (Tunisia), -Ptol. (l. c.). - -389 _Mons. bur.ea_(?): Buzara Mons where Mauretania Caesariensis, the -Province of Africa, and Libya Interior meet, Ptol. (IV, 2:16; IV, 3:16 -(FA13));=?Jebel bu-Kahil, S of Bu-Saada, Algeria (PW, iii, 1094). - -390 _M^o flruxu_(?): Phrouraesus Mons in Mauretania Caesariensis -(Algeria), Ptol. (IV, 2:16 (FA12));=?Jurjura, SE of Algiers (Müller, i, -602). - -391 _M^o. garis_: Garas Mons in Mauretania Caesariensis, Ptol. (l. c.). - -392 _Alta mons_: Atlas Mons Minor on Atlantic coast of Mauretania -Tingitana (Morocco), Ptol. (IV, 1:2 (FA12)); see PW, ii, 2119.— - - - River - -393 A river rising SW of the Atlas Mountains and entering the western -Mediterranean is shown on many fourteenth and fifteenth century maps. On -CA, instead of rising in a lake with three tributaries, as Leardo -represents it, the river encircles the city of Sigilmessa (=Tissimi, in -oasis of Tafilet, Miller, Arab., 177), where it is entered by four -tributaries from the south; a branch is also shown entering the -Atlantic. On CE the river corresponds essentially to that of CA, except -that the branch to the Atlantic has been made the main stream and the -arm leading to the Mediterranean has been separated from that sea and -converted into a doubled-channeled tributary of the main stream. - - - Edifices - -(A) On or Near the Mediterranean Coast - -394, 395 Illeg. - -396 _africa_(?): The Roman Province of Africa (Tunisia), Ptol. (IV, 3 -(FA13)). - -397 _tunixi_: =Tunis (Kret., Port., 679). - -398 _bona_: =Bône (ibid., 680). - -399 _se ..._(?): Septa of Portolan charts;=Ceuta (ibid., 683). - - (B) Interior, Along Northern Base of Mountain Range - -400 Illeg. - -401 _bizesta_(?): ?Bichest, CA;=?Biskra. - -402, 403 Illeg. - - - Place Names - -(A) On Mediterranean Coast - -404 _lucha_: =“A place near Cape Lukka” or Ras el-Melh (Kret., Port., -675). - -405 _c. bonand|rea_: Cape Bonandrea of Portolan charts;=Ras el-Hillil -(ibid.). - -406 Illeg. - -407 _bnicho_(?): Bernicho of Portolan charts;=anct. Berenice, mod. -Benghazi (ibid., 676). - -408 Illeg. - -409 _licodia_: =Ras el-Omja (ibid.). - -410 _siden_: ?Sidra, CA;=island of Abu Sheifa (Bu Sceifa of Italian -maps) (ibid.). - -411 _casero sensor_: =Sensur (ibid., 677). - -412 _rasimabaxi_: =Ras el-Makhbez (ibid.). - -413 _stora_: =Stora (ibid., 680). - -414 _ancol_: =Collo (ibid.). - -415 _zizeri_: =Jijeli (ibid.). - -416 _buzia_: =Bougie (ibid., 681). - -417 _titelis_: =Cape Tedless (ibid.). - -418 _arzeia_: =Arzeu (ibid., 682). - -419 _or.m_(?): =Oran (ibid.). - -420 _serem_: =?River Senam (ibid.). - -421 _om.e_(?): =Honain, Cape Noe (ibid.). - -422 _milela_: =Mellila (ibid., 683). - -423 _larandie_: Larcudia of the Portolan charts (ibid.);=? - -424 _molc|mar_(?): Molcemar of Portolan charts;=Alhucemas Islands -(ibid.). - - (B) Interior of Morocco - -425 _manosa_: ?Manora of Portolan charts;=Mehedia (Kret., Port., 684). - -426 _mosa_: ?Messa of Portolan charts;=?Massa (ibid., 685). - -427 _maran_: =? - -428 _zemar_: Zamor of Portolan charts;=Azammur (ibid., 684). - - (C) Coast of Morocco - -429 _ninfe_: Niffe of Portolan charts;=Casablanca (ibid.). - -430 _sofin_: =Safi (ibid.). - - - XV. Black and Mediterranean Seas - - - Names of Seas - -431 [Mare] _mauro_(?): Unnamed on CA and CE;=Black Sea. - -432 [Mare] _de adriano_: =Adriatic Sea. - -433 _Mare Me_[diterr]_ano_. - -434 _Mare de Leone_: =Gulf of Lions. - - - Islands - -435 _Cip_[ro]: =Cyprus. - -436 _rodo_: =Rhodes. - -437 _sio_: =Chios (Kret., Port., 660). - -438 _arcipellago_. - -439 _negropo_[nte]: =Euboea. - -440 _y^a de chrete_ (?): =Crete. - -441 _crsicha_. - -442 _sardignia_. - -443 _minoricha_: =Minorca. - -444 _Maioricha_: =Majorca. - -445 Illeg. - - - XVI. Southwestern Europe - - - Rivers - -446 The Guadalquivir: similar course on CA and CE. - -447 _f. lizer_: =Loire. - -448 _f. stequana_: =Seine. - -449 _f. rode|nus_: =Rhône. - - - Edifices - -450 _gr ..._ (?): =Granada. - -451 Illeg. - -452 _span ..._ (?): =Spain. - -453, 454 Illeg. - -455 _bart.|nia_: =Brittany. - -456 _fr ... |a_: =France. - -457 Illeg. - -458 _. ugn ..._(?): =?Avignon. - -459 _proui|.._(?): =?Provence. - - - Place Names - -(A) Atlantic Coast - -460 _sibilia_(?): =Seville. - -461 _lisbo|na_. - -462 _galizia_. - -463 _astora_: =Asturias. - -464 _ganti|et_: =? - - (B) Mediterranean Coast - -465 _malica_: =Malaga. - -466 _sarauignia_: =Salobrena (Kret., Port., 581). - -467 _al_(?)_meria_. - -467a _carta._(?)_enia_: =Cartagena. - -468 _lacantera_:= Alicante (ibid., 584-585). - -469 _denia_. - -470 _toloxa_: =Tolosa. - -471 _ualenza_: =Valencia. - -472 _tortoxa_: =Tortosa. - -473 _sale_: =Salou. - -474 _taragona_. - -475 _barzelona_. - -476 _anpurie_: =Ampurias. - -477 _coliuro_: =Collioure - -478 _narbona_. - -479 _monpolier_: =Montpelier. - -480 _aquemorte_: =Aigues Mortes. - - - Regional Name - -481 _guascognia_: =Gascony. - - - XVII. Atlantic Ocean and Islands - -482 _Mare de spagnia._ - -483 Illeg.;=Canary Islands. - -484 _Ingilterra._ - -485 _Schoz._(?): Scotia;=Scotland. - - - XVIII. Central Europe - - - Mountains - -486 The Alps run due north from northern Italy. - - - Rivers and Lake - -487 _f. renus_: =Rhine. - -488 The Elbe, unnamed (see, however, 513); similar course on CE, CA, -Bianco, and other maps. - -489 _f. prexant_: =? - -490 _f. sudum^r_(?): Sudumera, CA;=river of Sandomir, or Vistula (Hamy, -402). - -491 _lacus senire_(?): ?Lacus Alech, CD; Lacus Nerja, CA;=?Bay of Putzig -(Hamy, 400). - - - Edifices - -492-497 All illeg. - -498 _polana_: Polonia, CA;=Poland. - -499 _panon|ia_: =?anct. Pannonia. - -500 _carcou|ia_(?): Cracouja, CA;=Cracow. - -501 _podol|.a_: =Podolia. - - - Place Names - -(A) On the Rhine - -502 _austrua_(?): =Austria. - -503 _colognia_. - - (B) Between Rhine and Elbe and on Elbe - -504 _bemia_: =Bohemia. - -505 _praga_: =Prague. - -506 _drensna_: =Dresden. - -507 _misen_: =Meissen. - -508 _guse_: Guise, CA;=Würtzen (Hamy, 407). - -509 _aquis_: =? - -510 _mogropes_: Mangobror, CA;=?Magdeburg. - -511 _argenimon_|_de_: Argent Munde, CA; Tangermünde (Buchon and Tastu, -49). - -512 _stendar_: =Stendal. - -513 _albia_: River name made into a place name;=Elbe. - - (C) Between Elbe and Baltic - -514 _gara gorda_(?): Garagona, CA;=Glogau (Hamy, 403). - -515 _schlauonia_: =Sclavania, the name applied to the Slavic frontier -region of Germany in the Middle Ages (Spruner-Mencke, Histor. Atlas, -Mittelalter, No. 31). - -516 _sasonia_: =Saxony. - -517 _ludus|maior_: Ludis Magna, CA; Lundis Magna on Ptolemaic maps of -the type called Scandico-Byzantine by Nordenskiöld (Periplus, 88); -Bondismaguc, Con. (7; see Jiménez de la Espada 184-185);=?Lüdershagen, -near Stralsund (Lelewel, ii, 65; Hamy, 400). - -518 _dazia_: =Denmark. - -519 _prusia_: =Prussia; see 523. - -520 _colbera_: =Kolberg. - -521 _alec_: Alech, CA;=Hela (Lelewel, ii, 65). - -522 _stetin_. - -523 _pursia_: Dupl. of 519. - -524 _godanse_: Godansse, CA;=Danzig. - -525 _scheipe_(?): Scorpe, CA;=?Stolp (Hamy, 400). - -526 _Sudana_: Sudona, CA;=Sandecz (ibid., 402). - -527 _pante|nia_: Prutenja, CA;=Königsberg on the Pregel (ibid., 401). - -528 _eue_(?): =? - -529 _albig_: Albing, CA;=Elbing (ibid., 402). - - - XIX. Italy - - - River - -530 _f. po_. - - - Edifices - -531 Illeg.: =?Genoa. - -532 Illeg.: =?Florence. - -533 Illeg.: =?Rome. - -534 Illeg.: =?Naples. - -535 Illeg.: Vignette represents St. Mark’s and the Campanile;=Venice. - - - Place Names - -536 _. . g . ._ (?): =?Reggio di Calabria. - -537 _cotron_: =Cotrone (Kret., Port., 618). - -538 _taranto_. - -539 _o_[t]_ranto_. - -540 _brandizo_: =Brindisi. - -541 _manfredonia_. - -542 _guasto_: =Vasto (ibid., 621). - -543 _ortona_. - -544 _ancona_. - -545 _fano_. - -546 _pexara_: =Pesaro. - -547 _rimano_: =Rimini. - -548 _zexen^o_: =Cesenatico (ibid., 623). - -549 _rauena_: =Ravenna. - -550 _ferara_. - -551 _chioca_: =Chioggia (ibid.). - - - XX. Southeastern Europe - - - Rivers - -The river system corresponds generally with that of CA and CE. - -552 _f. donoia_: =Danube. - -553 _f. morana_: =Morava. - -554 _f. drina_: =Drin. - -555 _f. moree_(?): =?Moldau. - -556, 557, 558: Three unnamed islands in the Danube; on CA these are -named: Insula de Jaurim, Insula Buda, Insula de Sermona(?). - - - Edifices - -559 _bu . . ._(?): =?Buda. - -560 _m . . l . ._(?): =? - -561 _ongar_|_ia_: =Hungary. - -562 _serui_|_a_: =Serbia. - -563 _bosn_|_a_(?): =Bosnia. - -564 _ulachia_: =Wallachia. - -565 _bulga_|_ria_. - - - Place Names - -566 _dalmazi_. - -567 _albania_. - -568 _modon_: =Methone (Kret., Port., 635). - -569 _coron_: =Corone (ibid.). - -570 _salonichi_. - -571 _filipopoli_. - -572 _sofia_. - -573 _andernopolli_: =Adrianople. - -574 _garipolli_: =Gallipoli. - -575 _pera_. - -576 _costantinopoli_. - - - XXI. Baltic Sea - -577 _Mar de alemani_: =Baltic Sea. - -578 _y^a_(?) _gotlandia_: =Gottland. - -579 Illeg. - - - XXII. Scandinavia - - - Mountains - -580 The mountain system is a simplification of that shown on CE. - - - Rivers - -581 _f. netur_: Flū Nectir, CE; Fl. Vectur, CD;=Motala, outlet of Lake -Vettern (Hamy, 387). - -582 _f. turontes_: Turuntus Fl. in Sarmatia, Ptol. (III, 5:2 -(FA9));=Dvina (Müller, i, 412). - - - Longer Legends - -583 _in q_[uesta par] _te si caualca su zervi_ | _tori et montoni et su -queli fano le_ | _loro bataie_ (in this region they ride on deer, bulls, -and sheep, and on these they make their battles): Compare legend on CE -(Kret., CE, 214). - -584 _In questa parte sta zente che non uide_ | _Il sole 4 mexe de lano_ -(in this region there are people who do not see the sun for four months -of the year): Santarem (iii, 409, note 2) suggests a relation between -this and a passage in Jordanis, De rebus Geticis (Monumenta Germaniae -historica, Auctorum antiquissimorum, Vol. 5, Part 1, Berlin, 1882, p. -58) descriptive of the Adogitae of Scanzia, who enjoy uninterrupted -sunshine for forty days and darkness for an equal period each year (see -also Fridtjof Nansen, In Northern Mists, New York, 1911, i, 130-134). - - - Place Names - -585 _nouega_: =Norway. - -586 _sechamor_: Scamor, CD;=Skanör (Hamy, 426). - -587 _scarsa_: Scarsa, CD:=Skaraborg (Hamy, 383). - -588 _zedina_: ?Andine, CD, which is possibly “nundinae,” with reference -to the fairs of Skanör and Valsterbode (Hamy, 385). - -589 _selandia_: =?Zealand, misplaced. See Nansen, Northern Mists, ii, -219. - -590 _suzia_: Suecia, CD;=Sweden (Hamy, 383, 426). - -591 _stochi_: Stocol, CD; Stocoll, CE;=Stockholm (Hamy, 386, 427). - -592 _Erma_: ?Kalma, CD;=Kalmar (Hamy, 386, 427). - -593 _sadezeflingt_(?): Suderpigel, CD; Sudechping, CE;=Söderköping -(Hamy, 387, 427). - -594 _saglat_: Asillang, CE; Assingland on fourteenth century map in -Museo Borbonico, Naples (Hamy, 427);=? - -595 _roder_|_in_: Roderin, CD; CE;=Roden, ancient name for the east -coast of Sweden;=Rosladen (Hamy, 387, 427). - - - XXIII. Eastern Europe - - - Mountains - -596 _M^o. ripei_: Dupl. of 2. - - - Rivers - -597 Leardo’s unnamed river entering E extremity of Baltic is called Flum -Nu on CD; Flum de Mi, CE;=Volkhof and Neva, confused (Hamy, 390). - -598 _f. axiazes_: Axiaces Fl. of Sarmatia Europae, Ptol. (III, 5:18 -(FA9)). - -599 _f. turllo_: Kretschmer (Port., 642) records Flumen Turle only on an -anonymous fifteenth century map in the Museum für Meereskunde, Berlin -(ibid., pp. 133-135);=Dniester (ibid., 642). - - - Edifices - -(A) North of Neva - -600 _zimachia Inferior_: ?corruption of Sarmatia, Ptol. (passim (FA9)). -See also 12. - -601 _rosia_: =Russia. - - (B) Between Don, Neva, and Black Sea - -602 _Lordo_, applying to a group of tents;=the Golden Horde of Tatars -(Hallb., 318-319). - -603 _nogard_|_ia_: Nogorado, CD; Nogorodo, CE;=Novgorod (Hamy, 390). - -604 _alana_: Allania, CA;=the Alans (Hallb., 13-14). - -605 _albana_: Albania, NW of Caspian Sea, Ptol. (V, 12 (FA18)); see -Hallb., 14-15;=Shirvan and Daghestan (Besnier, 29). - -606 _br . . ica_(?): Branchicha, CA; Brancica, Piz.;=Briansk (Hamy, -392). - -607 _brachi_|_at_: ?Dupl. of 606. - -608 _bthnia_: =?Bothnia. - -609 _rossia_: Dupl. of 601. - -610 _transil_|_uana_: =Transylvania, misplaced. - - - Place Names - -(A) Crimean Peninsula - -611 _gotia_: =“A small stretch of land between the Yaila Range and the -coast, in the hands of the Genoese after the fourteenth century” (Kret., -Port., 643); see also Yule, Polo, ii, 492. - -612 _soldaia_: =Sudak, important trading post in Genoese hands after -1365 (ibid., 644). - -613 _gafa_: =Kafa, Feodosia (ibid.). - -614 _soronti_(?): =? - -615 _uospe_|_ro_: =Kerch (ibid.). - - (B) At Eastern End of the Baltic. - -616 _piaha_(?): =?Pinsk. - -617 _letefa_|_n_ _paga_|_n_: Litefanie Pagans, CA;=Lithuania (Hamy, -398-399). - - (C) On Lake at Headwaters of Neva, Don, and Volga - -618 _perana_: Perum, CA; CE=Murom (Hamy, 394). - - - XXIV. Far North - -619 _DIXERTO DEXABITADO PER FREDO_ (desert uninhabited because of cold): -See 305. - - - - - LIST OF REFERENCES - - -The publications listed here are those to which frequent reference only -is made in the Notes and Appendix. The abbreviations there employed -precede each reference. - -Besnier: Maurice Besnier, _Lexique de géographie ancienne_, Paris, 1914. - -Buchon and Tastu: J. A. C. Buchon and J. Tastu, _Notice d’un atlas en -langue catalane, manuscrit de l’an 1375, conservé parmi les manuscrits -de la Bibliothèque Royale sous le N^o 6816, fonds ancien, in-folio -maximo_, in _Notices et extraits de manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du Roi -et autres bibliothèques_, Vol. 14, Paris, 1841, pp. 1-152. - - Only complete transcription and commentary on the Catalan Atlas. See - CA. - -CA: Catalan Atlas (i. e. map divided into six parchment sheets) of 1375; -sometimes called Catalan Atlas of Charles V, to whose library it -belonged. Facsimile in: _Choix de documents géographiques conservés à la -Bibliothèque Nationale_, Paris, 1883. - - See Kret., Port., pp. 123-124; Buchon and Tastu; Cordier, CA. - -CD: Map of Angellino Dulcert, 1339. See E. T. Hamy, _La mappemonde -d’Angelino Dulcert, de Majorque_ (1339), 2nd edition, Paris, 1903 (with -photographic reproduction). - - See Kret., Port., pp. 118-119. - -CE: Catalan map of fifteenth century in Biblioteca Estense, Modena. -Colored reproduction accompanying Konrad Kretschmer, _Die Katalanische -Weltkarte der Biblioteca Estense zu Modena_, in _Zeitschr. Gesell. für -Erdkunde zu Berlin_, Vol. 32, 1897, pp. 65-111, 191-218 (=Kret., CE). -Photographic reproduction in F. L. Pullé, _Studi italiani di filologia -indo-iranica_, Vol. 5, Atlas, Florence, 1905. - -Con.: _Libro del conosçimiento de todos los reynos y tierras ... escrito -por un franciscano español à mediados del siglo XIV._ Our references are -to the pages of Sir Clements Markham’s translation and edition (of -Jiménez de la Espada’s edition, q. v.) entitled _Book of the Knowledge -of all the Kingdoms...._, Hakluyt Society [Publs.], Ser. 2, Vol. 29, -London, 1912. - -Cordier, CA: Henri Cordier, _L’Extrême-Orient dans l’atlas catalan de -Charles V, Roi de France_, in _Bulletin de géographie historique et -descriptive_, Vol. 10, 1895, pp. 19-64. - -Cordier, Ser M. P.: Henri Cordier, _Ser Marco Polo: Notes and Addenda to -Sir Henry Yule’s Edition, Containing the Results of Recent Research and -Discovery_, London and New York, 1920. - -FA: See Ptolemy. - -Fischer: Theobold Fischer, _Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und -Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs und aus italienischen Bibliotheken und -Archiven herausgegeben und erläutert_, Venice, 1886. - - Text accompanying Raccolta. - -Gerini: G. E. Gerini, _Researches on Ptolemy’s Geography of Eastern -Asia_ (_Further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago_), constituting -_Asiatic Society Monographs No. 1_, London, 1909. - -Hallb: Ivar Hallberg, _L’Extrême Orient dans la littérature et la -cartographie de l’Occident des XIII^e, XIV^e, et XV^e siècles: étude sur -l’histoire de la géographie_, Göteborg, 1906. - - Alphabetical list of place names throughout Asia as a whole (not - merely the Far East) with variant forms, references to the sources, - and identifications. - -Hamy: E. T. Hamy, _Les origines de la cartographie de l’Europe -septentrionale_, in _Bulletin de géographie historique et descriptive_, -Vol. 3, 1888, pp. 333-432. - -Jiménez de la Espada: Márcos Jiménez de la Espada, editor, _Libro del -conosçimiento de todos los reynos y tierras ... escrito por un -franciscano español á mediados del siglo XIV_, Madrid, 1877. - - See also Con. - -Kret., CE: See CE. - -Kret., Port.: Konrad Kretschmer, _Die italienischen Portolane des -Mittelalters, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Kartographie und Nautik_, -constituting _Veröffentlichungen, Instit. für Meereskunde und -Geographisches Instit. an der Universität Berlin_, No. 13, Berlin, 1909. - - This fundamental study includes a descriptive list of the principal - portolan charts and a list of the names shown on them along the coasts - of the Mediterranean and Atlantic, with identifications with modern - names. - -La R.: Charles de La Roncière, _La découverte de l’Afrique au moyen âge, -cartographes et explorateurs_, Vols. 1 and 2, Cairo, 1925. - -Lelewel: Joachim Lelewel, _Géographie du moyen age_, 5 vols. and atlas, -Brussels, 1852-1857. - -Mauro: Fra Mauro’s map of the world, c. 1458, in Doge’s Palace, Venice. -Much reduced photographic reproduction in Raccolta, No. 15; copy in -Santarem, Atlas. - - See Zurla; Kret., Port., p. 140. - -Miller, Arab.: Konrad Miller, _Mappae arabicae: arabische Welt- und -Länderkarten des 9.-13. Jahrhunderts_, 6 vols. (of which Vols. 3, 4, and -5 have not yet appeared), Stuttgart, 1926-1927. - -Miller, Mappaemundi: Konrad Miller, _Mappaemundi: die ältesten -Weltkarten_, 6 vols., Stuttgart, 1895-1898. - -Müller: Carl Müller, editor, _Claudii Ptolemaei geographia_, Vol. 1, -Parts 1 and 2, and Atlas, Paris 1883, 1901. Covers Bks. I-V only. See -Ptol. - -Nordenskiöld, Periplus: A. E. Nordenskiöld, _Periplus, an Essay on the -Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions_, transl. by F. A. -Bather, Stockholm, 1897. - -Piz.: Francesco Pizigano’s map, 1367, in National Library, Parma. Copy -in [E.-F.] Jomard, _Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil -d’anciennes cartes...._ Paris, [1862]. - - See Kret., Port., pp. 121-122. - -Polo: Marco Polo, _The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian Concerning -the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East_, translated and edited with notes -by Sir Henry Yule, 3rd edition revised by Henri Cordier, 2 vols., -London, 1903. - - Except where otherwise indicated all references are to volumes and - pages of this edition. - -Ptol.: Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus), _Geographia_, edited by C. F. A. -Nobbe, 3 vols., Leipzig, Vol. 1, 1898; Vol. 2, 1913; Vol. 3, n. d. - - References are to book, chapter, and section of this edition. - References indicated by FA are to the plates on which reproductions - from the Rome, 1490, edition are given in A. E. Nördenskiöld, - _Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography with - Reproductions of the Most Important Maps Printed in the XV and XVI - Centuries_, translated from the Swedish Original by J. A. Ekelöf and - C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889. - -Pullé, Vat.: See Vat. - -PW: _Paulys Real-encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft_, -new edition begun by Georg Wissowa. 15 vols, and 4 supplements have -appeared (1927), Stuttgart, 1894-. - -Raccolta: _Raccolta di mappamondi e carte nautiche del XIII al XVI -secolo_, (H. F. and M. Münster, succeeded by) Ferd. Ongania, Venice, -(1869?), 1881. (Series of photographic facsimiles of 17 maps, also known -as Ongania Collection. See Fischer.) - -Rainaud: Armand Rainaud, _Le continent austral: hypothèses et -découvertes_, Paris, 1893. - -Santarem: Le Vicomte de Santarem, _Essai sur l’histoire de la -cosmographie et de la cartographie pendant le moyen-age...._, 3 vols. -and atlas, Paris, 1849-1852. - -Spruner-Menke: K. von Spruner and Th. Menke, _Hand-atlas für die -Geschichte des Mittelalters und der neueren Zeit_ (third edition of -Spruner’s atlas revised by Menke), Gotha, 1880. - -Vat.: Map in Vatican Library, fondo Museo Borgiano, No. V. Photographic -reproduction with commentary in: F. L. Pullé, _Una carta itineraria del -secolo XV_ [_Vaticana Borgiana_], constituting _Studi italiani di -filologia indo-iranica_, Vol. 5, _La cartografia antica dell’ India_, -Part 2, Appendix 4, Florence, 1905 (=Pullé, Vat.). - -Vilad.: Map of Mecia de Viladestes, 1413. Colored reproduction of -African portion as frontispiece of La R., Vol. 1. - - See Kret., Port., p. 126. - -Vivien de St. Martin: [Louis] Vivien de St. Martin, _Le nord de -l’Afrique dans l’antiquité grecque et romaine: étude historique et -géographique_, Paris, 1863. - -Wright, Lore: J. K. Wright, _The Geographical Lore of the Time of the -Crusades: a Study in the History of Medieval Science and Tradition in -Western Europe_, constituting _American Geographical Society Research -Series No. 15_, New York, 1925. - -Yule, Cath.: Sir Henry Yule, _Cathay and the Way Thither_, 2nd edit., -edited by Henri Cordier, 4 vols., Hakluyt Society [Publs.], Ser. 2, -Vols. 33, 37, 38, 41, London, 1913-1916. - -Yule, Polo: See Polo. - -Zurla: Placido Zurla, _Il mappamondo di Fra Mauro Camaldolese_, Venice, -1806. - - - - - THE REPRODUCTION OF THE LEARDO MAP - - - By A. B. Hoen - A. Hoen & Company, Baltimore, Md. - -[One of the first things usually asked in regard to the reproduction or -facsimile of an old map is: “How was it made?” To answer this question -and to give some idea of the difficult technical problems involved, Mr. -Hoen, under whose direction the Society’s reproduction of the Leardo Map -was made, has been kind enough to furnish the following note.—J. K. W.] - - -The Leardo Map is painted on parchment. Some of the colors have faded, -and others here and there have separated from the skin, leaving blanks -in the painting. The latter defects are especially noticeable in the -yellow zones encircling the map proper. To avoid the injection of the -personal element into the reproduction, no attempt was made to restore -the missing letters or symbols. It is further to be noted that in cases -of partial legibility the very palest parts of the faded manuscript may -have failed to register in the reproduction, although great care was -bestowed on this part of the work. - -As a first step in the reproduction of the map, color separation -negatives were made on photographic plates sensitized for all the -colors. By interposing proper light filters and by making separate -exposures for each color, negatives giving red, yellow or green, and -blue or purple values were made, together with a fourth negative giving -neutral tones—black and grays. - -As the last negative comprehends almost the entire base of the map, -special attention was devoted to its conversion into a printing plate. -The process employed is known in Germany as “Albertype” or “Lichtdruck,” -in England as “collotype,” and in America as “heliotype” or -“photogelatin.” Of these names, “collotype” seems to be the most -fitting. Briefly, this process consists of sensitizing a gelatin film -with a chromic salt and exposing it to light under a negative. In -proportion to the amount of light passing the negative there will be a -reaction in the chromated gelatin. In this reaction the gelatin loses -its power of absorbing water and takes on the opposite property of -holding “non-watery” substances, such as printing ink. The action of the -light is a graded one, varying from full effect under the clear parts of -the negative to nil under the very dense parts. A similar gradation in -ink-retaining powers is acquired by the exposed gelatin film. Thus, -where the light exerts full effect the gelatin will be completely -hardened and will hold the ink in its greatest intensity (solid); the -parts which receive less light or none at all will hold the ink in -attenuated quantity. The lights and shades of the monochrome picture are -thus reproduced. - -In order that the film may exercise this selective power of taking on or -rejecting ink it is necessary that the unaltered parts be kept moist. -Therefore, after exposure under the negative, the film is washed to free -the gelatin of the unused chromates. While still moist it is rolled with -a roller carrying printing ink. This roller will discharge its ink on -the hardened parts of the film in proportion to the amount of light that -each part has received through the negative. If a sheet of paper is then -pressed on the inked film it will lift the ink and the resulting -impression will be of the same character as the base color of the Leardo -Map. - -It is of interest to note that as the light-affected and hardened -surface of the film accommodates itself to the unaffected underlying -gelatin (as the latter swells in washing) it breaks up into a net of -lines. This reticulation is barely perceptible in the high lights of the -picture but gradually increases in strength until the mesh fuses into -the solid color of the deepest shades. - -It will now be apparent that the feasibility of printing these colloid -plates hinges on the fact that the graded ink-attracting mesh is -separated by inversely graded ink-repelling, interstitial, unaltered, -and moist gelatin. - -Its mesh not being apparent to the unaided eye, the collotype approaches -the fidelity of a true photograph in the rendering of details. For this -reason, the collotype process has been selected as best suited for the -reproduction of the Leardo base. - -The coloring of the map was done by overprinting, in lithography, as -many colors as were deemed necessary to convey a fair idea of the -original. Lithographic plates were made from the color separation -negatives mentioned above. The principles underlying the lithographic -process are, broadly, similar to those described for gelatin printing, -the essential elements in the process being a water-absorbing ground -mass (limestone) in place of the gelatin and a water-repelling and -ink-attracting surface affection similar to that created by the action -of light on the chromated gelatin film. - -Lithographic stone is an amorphous carbonate of lime of fine, close -texture. It has an affinity for water—that is, it is easily kept damp. -This affinity may be destroyed by changing the carbonate of lime to some -water-resisting salt, such as the oleate, or by adding to the surface of -the stone a film having the same power. Both of these methods were -utilized in making the color plates of the Leardo Map. - -A number of lithographic stones were properly surfaced and this surface -covered with very thin, light-sensitive, colloid films. The color -separation negatives were exposed over these sensitive films and the -resulting photographs on stone gave the red, yellow, blue, and other -values of the original as they had been analyzed by the light filters. - -No color separation process, however, can eliminate from the areal -coloring the black and grays of the base. Similarly, the colors -themselves absorb a certain amount of white light so that the effect of -the areal coloring is also felt in the monochrome reproduction of the -base map (e. g., gray lettering is lost in heavily colored areas). For -this reason, it is necessary to correct by hand the unnatural effect -produced by the overprinting of all the color plates in the darker -portions of the picture. Lithography is best suited for the control of -these difficulties, and for this reason the color plates were made on -stone. - -The mechanical printing of the edition from gelatin or stone embraces -three essential operations: (1) moistening the plate by damping rollers; -(2) inking the plate by inking rollers; (3) pressing of suitable paper -on the inked plate. After the base is printed, the base plate is taken -from the press, another plate, carrying one of the map colors, is placed -in position, and the proper color put on the inking rollers. The -printing of the second color is then done as was that of the base. -Similar changes of the printing plates and colored inks follow in order -for each of the colors which make up the complete map. - -Eight color printings in addition to the base color were found necessary -for the proper rendering of the Leardo painting. One of these, a light -gray-buff, covers the area of the parchment and serves to bring it out -from the white paper background. - -In selecting a suitable paper for this reproduction, certain qualities -had to be considered. Among these were good printing surface, -durability, and as much strength as could be had along with the above -essentials. A chart plate paper of high rag content was made especially -for the work. - - - - - KEY MAPS - - - [Illustration: Fig. 4—General key map. The numbers correspond to - those of the main center heads in the commentary on pp. 32-60.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 5—Detailed key map: northeastern section. The - numbers in this and in Figs. 6-9 correspond to the Arabic numbers on - pp. 32-60.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 6—Detailed key map: east-central section.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 7—Detailed key map: southeastern section.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 8—Detailed key map: northwestern section.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 9—Detailed key map: west-central section.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 10—Detailed key map: southwestern section.] - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—Corrected a few palpable typographical errors. - -—In the Detailed Contents, broke paragraphs up so that each number - (label) is on a separate line. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Leardo Map of the World, 1452 or -1453, by John Kirtland Wright - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEARDO MAP OF WORLD, 1452 OR 1453 *** - -***** This file should be named 53480-0.txt or 53480-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/4/8/53480/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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