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<body>
<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 53375 ***</div>

<div class="front">
<div class="div1 cover"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e92width"><img src="images/new-cover.jpg" alt=
"Newly Designed Front Cover." width="480" height="720"></div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div1 frontispiece"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e99width" id="frontispiece"><img src=
"images/frontispiece.jpg" alt="Robert Frank Jarrett" width="466"
height="720">
<p class="figureHead">Robert Frank Jarrett</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div1 titlepage"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e106width"><img src="images/titlepage.png" alt=
"Original Title Page." width="458" height="720"></div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="titlePage">
<div class="docTitle">
<div class="mainTitle">Occoneechee</div>
<div class="subTitle">The Maid of the Mystic Lake</div>
</div>
<div class="byline">BY<br>
<span class="docAuthor">ROBERT FRANK JARRETT</span><br>
Author of &ldquo;Back Home and Other Poems&rdquo;</div>
<div class="docImprint">THE SHAKESPEARE PRESS<br>
410 E. 32d Street<br>
New York<br>
<span class="docDate">1916</span></div>
</div>
<div class="div1 copyright"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first xd23e136">Copyrighted, 1916<br>
By R. F. Jarrett <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb3" href="#pb3" name=
"pb3">3</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div1 preface"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">PREFACE.</h2>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Realizing that the memory of a nation is best kept
aglow by its songs and the writings of its poets, I have been inspired
to write OCCONEECHEE, in order that the once powerful nation known as
the Cherokee may be preserved in mind, and that their myths, their
legends and their traditions may linger and be transmitted to the
nations yet to come.</p>
<p class="par">Trusting that a generous people may hail with delight
the advent of this new work, I now dedicate its pages to all lovers of
music, poetry and fine art.</p>
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">When you&rsquo;ve read its pages give or lend</p>
<p class="line">This volume to some good old friend.</p>
</div>
<p class="par first signed"><span class="sc">The Author.</span>
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb4" href="#pb4" name=
"pb4">4</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div1 biography"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR.</h2>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Robert Frank Jarrett was born in Asheville, N. C.,
on July 21st, 1864, and while having resided in other states and cities
and visited many of the most important sections of the South, yet has
made his principal home within the shadows of the rugged mountain peaks
of his native and picturesque home land, the Old North State.</p>
<p class="par">He was educated in the field and forest, by rippling
stream and rolling rill, studied in the open book of Nature and recited
to the Master of Destinies where the shadows of the everlasting hills
lock hands with the sunshine of the valley.</p>
<p class="par">He is a reader and student of the ancient writers and
poets of all ages, singer of the old songs, lover of the new;</p>
<p class="par">Servant in official capacity for many years of National,
State and Civic governments; humble worker with the busy toilers, and
writer of prose and verse from earliest childhood;</p>
<p class="par">Author of &ldquo;Back Home and Other Poems,&rdquo;
published in 1911, and many other manuscripts not yet published.</p>
<p class="par">Married to Sallie C. Wild, of Franklin, N. C., on Dec.
25th, 1892. For twenty years a resident of Dillsboro, N. C., where
orchard and field and dense deep forests have inspired and impelled him
on. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb5" href="#pb5" name=
"pb5">5</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="toc" class="div1 contents"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">CONTENTS</h2>
<ul>
<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum"><span class="sc">Page</span></span></li>
<li>Part I. <a href="#pt1">The Cherokee</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">7</span></li>
<li>Part II. <a href="#pt2">Occoneechee</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">21</span></li>
<li>Part III. <a href="#pt3">Myths of the Cherokee</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">127</span></li>
<li>Part IV. <a href="#pt4">Glossary of Cherokee Words</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">197</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div1 contents"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#frontispiece">Portrait of Robert Frank Jarrett</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">Frontispiece</span></li>
<li><a href="#p009">Tuckaseigee Falls, above Dillsboro</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">9</span></li>
<li><a href="#p021">Along Scott&rsquo;s Creek, below Balsam</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">21</span></li>
<li><a href="#p026-1">Sunset from Mt. Junaluska</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">26</span></li>
<li><a href="#p026-2">Lake Junaluska, near Waynesville</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">26</span></li>
<li><a href="#p037-1">A Glimpse of the Craggies</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">37</span></li>
<li><a href="#p037-2">From Top of Chimney Rock</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">37</span></li>
<li><a href="#p037-3">Graybeard Mountain</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">37</span></li>
<li><a href="#p037-4">Chimney Top</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">37</span></li>
<li><a href="#p043-1">Upper Catawba Falls, Esmeralda</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">43</span></li>
<li><a href="#p043-2">Occoneechee Falls, Jackson County</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">43</span></li>
<li><a href="#p043-3">In the Cherokee Country</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">43</span><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb6" href="#pb6"
name="pb6">6</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="#p043-4">Whitewater Falls</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">43</span></li>
<li><a href="#p051-1">The Balsam Mountains in Jackson Co.</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">51</span></li>
<li><a href="#p051-2">North from Sunset Rock, Tryon Mt.</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">51</span></li>
<li><a href="#p067-1">Balsam Mountains</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">67</span></li>
<li><a href="#p067-2">From Bald Rock</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">67</span></li>
<li><a href="#p073">Lower Cullasaja Falls</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">73</span></li>
<li><a href="#p077-1">Mount Pisgah</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">77</span></li>
<li><a href="#p077-2">Indian Mound, Franklin, N. C.</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">77</span></li>
<li><a href="#p081">Tallulah Falls, Ga.</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">81</span></li>
<li><a href="#p091-1">Whiteside Mountain</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">91</span></li>
<li><a href="#p099-1">Tennessee River, above Franklin</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">99</span></li>
<li><a href="#p099-2">Lake Toxaway</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">99</span></li>
<li><a href="#p107-1">Tomb of Junaluska, Robbinsville</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">107</span></li>
<li><a href="#p107-2">Where the Serpent Coiled</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">107</span></li>
<li><a href="#p117-1">Harvesting at Cullowhee, N. C.</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">117</span></li>
<li><a href="#p117-2">Craggy Mountains from near Asheville</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">117</span></li>
<li><a href="#p129-1">Sequoya</a>, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<span class="tocPageNum">129</span></li>
<li><a href="#p129-2">John Ax, the Great Story Teller</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">129</span></li>
<li><a href="#p129-3">Everglades of Florida</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">129</span></li>
<li><a href="#p139">Tuckaseigee River</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">139</span></li>
<li><a href="#p153-1">Kanuga Lake</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">153</span></li>
<li><a href="#p153-2">Lake Fairfield</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">153</span></li>
<li><a href="#p153-3">Pacolet River, Hendersonville</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">153</span></li>
<li><a href="#p171-1">A Cherokee Indian Ball Team</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">171</span></li>
<li><a href="#p171-2">The Pools, Chimney Rock</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">171</span></li>
<li><a href="#p185-1">French Broad River</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">185</span></li>
<li><a href="#p185-2">Broad River</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">185</span></li>
<li><a href="#p191-1">From the Toxaway</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">191</span></li>
<li><a href="#p191-2">Chimney Top Gap</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">191</span></li>
<li><a href="#p197">Chimney Rock</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">197</span></li>
<li><a href="#p237-2">Occonestee Falls</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">237</span></li>
<li><a href="#p237-2">Linville Falls</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">237</span></li>
<li><a href="#p237-3">Triple Falls, Buck Forest</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">237</span></li>
<li><a href="#p284-1">High Falls, Buck Forest</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">284</span></li>
<li><a href="#p284-2">Melrose Falls, Tryon, N. C.</a>,
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class=
"tocPageNum">284</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb7" href="#pb7" name=
"pb7">7</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="body">
<div id="pt1" class="div0 part">
<h2 class="label">PART I</h2>
<h2 class="main">THE CHEROKEE</h2>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb8" href="#pb8" name=
"pb8">8</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;I know not how the truth may be,</p>
<p class="line">I tell the tale as &rsquo;twas told to me.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb9" href="#pb9" name=
"pb9">9</a>]</span></p>
<div class="div1 contents"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">THE CHEROKEE.</h2>
<h2 class="sub"><i>A brief history of the Cherokee Nation or
tribe.</i></h2>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">This history has been gleaned from the works of
Ethnology by James Mooney and from word of mouth, as related to the
author during the past thirty years.</p>
<p class="par">In the beginning of historical events, we hear of man in
his paradisaical home, located somewhere within the boundaries known as
ancient Egypt or Chaldea. His home was far away and his former history
shrouded in the darkness of countless centuries of the past, and when
we contemplate the remoteness of his ancestry, we become lost in the
midst of our own research.</p>
<p class="par">When historical light began to flash from the Orient, we
find man emerging with some degree of civilization from a barbaric
state into the advanced degrees of civilized and enlightened
tribes.</p>
<p class="par">When the maritime navigator, full of visions and dreams,
dared to sail for those hitherto undiscovered shores, now known as
America, there lived within the realm a wandering, happy, yet
untutored, race of men whom we afterwards called Indians, who dwelt in
great numbers along the whole distance from Penobscot Bay south to the
everglades of Florida.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e532width" id="p009"><img src="images/p009.jpg"
alt="Tuckaseigee Falls, above Dillsboro, N. C." width="462" height=
"720">
<p class="figureHead">Tuckaseigee Falls, above Dillsboro, N. C.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;All along the racing river</p>
<p class="line">Gorgeous forest trees are seen.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">Among the more noted tribes were the Abnaki, Mohawk,
Mohican, Huron, Iroquois, Munsi, Erie, Seneca, Susquehanna, Mamrahoac,
Powhatan, Monacan, Nollaway, Tuscarora, Pamlico, Catawba, Santee,
Uchee, Yamasee, Creek, Choctaw, Seminole, Showano and Cherokee, but of
all of these it is left for us to speak alone of the valiant Cherokee,
the most noble of all Red <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb10" href=
"#pb10" name="pb10">10</a>]</span>Men, who inhabited that picturesque
country in the Appalachian chain of mountains in East Tennessee,
Western North Carolina, Northern Georgia, South Carolina and Alabama,
and part of Virginia, Kentucky and West Virginia.</p>
<p class="par">These are the people of whom little has been said and
less written than most of the children of men. Yet of all of the native
Americans the Cherokee tribe was the most noble, humane and
intelligent.</p>
<p class="par">Somewhere in the annals of the Aborigines of America,
the Cherokee separated from the great Northern tribe, the Iroquois, and
by preference inhabited the hills of the Appalachian range, and here we
find them early in the dawn of American history, occupying a country
which affords ample environment for the artist, the poet and the
painter. Had Homer seen and Michelangelo traveled among the towering
hills of the happiest land of earth, the song and the chisel, instead
of being draped with the vail of blood, would have inspired the world
to look forward to the time when there will be no death serenely
sitting upon the throne of war.</p>
<p class="par">At one time the Cherokee tribe was the largest and most
learned in art and literature of any tribe in the United States, having
perhaps as many as twenty-five thousand people, and attained, under
Sequoya, whose photograph is herein reproduced, that degree of
learning, that many of the tribe became quite familiar with letters and
literature, printed from the alphabet invented by this noted man,
inventor and devout preacher of the Christian gospel.</p>
<p class="par">Sequoya was himself an untutored half-breed, yet to him
are we indebted for an alphabet of 76 characters which stands third
among the alphabets which have been invented among men, and by which a
Cherokee child <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb11" href="#pb11" name=
"pb11">11</a>]</span>learns to read as fluently in six months of study
as does the average English child in three years of study under our
system.</p>
<p class="par">The name Cherokee, so far as research reveals, has no
meaning or the meaning has been lost or perhaps Anglicized, but we have
authority for its use, for the past 375 years.</p>
<p class="par">When De Soto&rsquo;s expedition was made through the
Appalachian mountains, in 1540, he encountered this great and friendly
nation living peacefully in their paradise among the hills and
mountains, who received him as they were wont to receive a friendly
tribe; so did they ever receive and treat the white neighbor until
treaty after treaty had been broken and their homes had been destroyed
and every compact violated.</p>
<p class="par">Hostilities were in most cases caused by encroaching
whites and broken promises and intrigues of the foreigners, who were
gradually drawing the cordon around the diminishing tribe.</p>
<p class="par">The battle of Horseshoe Bend, which took place in the
Tallapoosa river, in Alabama, on the 27th day of March, 1814, was one
of the notable events in Cherokee history, where Junaluska, in
conjunction with General Jackson, slaughtered or massacred nearly one
thousand Creeks, which ended the Creek war and brought much honor to
Junaluska and his valiant Cherokee army of more than 500 men.</p>
<p class="par">For the terrors which followed the battle of Horseshoe
Bend, we have only to refer to history to be able to ascertain the
facts concerning the bloody atrocities which were perpetrated upon an
oppressed people. Then came the end, which occurred in the year 1838,
which culminated in the removal of the band to the Indian Territory,
which is now called Oklahoma, (a Choctaw word meaning red people, Okla,
people; homa, red). <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb12" href="#pb12"
name="pb12">12</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">This removal was the most luckless and recreant of all
the abuses that had been heaped upon the brave but helpless band of
Cherokee.</p>
<p class="par">Junaluska, who witnessed the removal, but was permitted
to remain with the residue, remarked that had he known that General
Jackson (who became President), would have removed the Cherokee in such
a brutal manner, he would have killed him at the battle of Horseshoe
Bend.</p>
<p class="par">The history of the removal of the Cherokee, as told by
James Mooney of the Department of American Ethnology, gleaned by him
from eye witnesses and actors in the tragedy, may well exceed in weight
of grief and pathos any other act in American history. Even the much
sung song of the exile of the Arcadians falls far behind it in the sum
of death and misery.</p>
<p class="par">Under General Winfield Scott, an army of 5,000
volunteers and regular troops were concentrated in the Cherokee
country, and by instruction from Washington, D. C., he was directed and
gave orders to soldiers to gather all Indians to the various stockades,
which had been previously prepared for their reception. From these
posts, squads of soldiers were sent to search out, with rifle and
bayonet, every small cabin which could be found within the
ramifications and deep recesses of the great Appalachian range of
mountains, and bring to the forts every man, woman and child to be
found within the gates of the granite hills.</p>
<p class="par">Families, while sitting peacefully at the noon-day meal;
others while performing the matutinal ablution, were suddenly startled
by the gleam of bayonets and with blows, curses and oaths from the men
called soldiers, the Indians were driven like cattle from their humble
homes down the rugged mountain paths, and their houses in <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb13" href="#pb13" name="pb13">13</a>]</span>many
cases were burned and their small possessions destroyed, as the brave
but defenceless Cherokee people looked on with that wonderful stoicism
which no other race of men ever possessed.</p>
<p class="par">Men were seized in the fields, women torn from the wheel
and the distaff, and children frightened from the pleasures of play.
The vandals who followed in the wake of the soldiery, looting and
pillaging, burning and destroying, yet calling themselves civilized
Christians, were such a band of outlaws as is seldom seen even among
the most savage and barbaric races.</p>
<p class="par">Even Indian graves were robbed of the silver pendants
and other valuables which had been deposited with the dead. Women who
were not able to go, were actually forced at the point of a bayonet to
march with the same speed as men.</p>
<p class="par">Upon one occasion the soldiers surrounded the house of
an old Christian patriot, who when informed as to what was to take
place, called his wife, children and grandchildren around him, kneeling
down among them offered a last prayer in the sanctuary of his home, in
his native tongue, while the soldiers stood astonished, looking on in
silence.</p>
<p class="par">When his devotions were finished, he arose, bade the
household follow him, and he led them into exile, with that becoming
Christian fortitude which is seldom witnessed among men.</p>
<p class="par">One woman, on finding the house surrounded, went to the
door and called up the chickens, fed them for the last time, bade them
farewell, then taking her baby upon her back, she extended her hands to
her other two small children, then followed her husband into exile,
from whence she never returned.</p>
<p class="par">A Georgia volunteer, who afterwards became a
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb14" href="#pb14" name=
"pb14">14</a>]</span>Colonel in the Confederate service, said, &ldquo;I
have fought through the Civil War and have seen men shot to pieces and
slaughtered by the thousands, but the Cherokee removal was the most
cruel work I ever witnessed.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">All were not thus so submissive. One old man named
Tsali, &ldquo;Charlie,&rdquo; was seized, with his wife, his brother,
his three sons and their families; exasperated at the brutality
accorded his wife, who being unable to travel fast, was prodded with
the bayonets to hasten her steps, he urged the other men to join him in
a dash for liberty, and as he spoke in Cherokee, the soldiers, although
they heard, understood nothing until each warrior suddenly sprang upon
the soldier nearest and endeavored to wrench his gun from him. The
attack was so sudden and unexpected that one soldier was killed and the
rest fled, while the Indians escaped to the mountains. Hundreds of
others, some of them from the various stockades, managed also to escape
to the hills and mountains from time to time, where those who did not
die from starvation subsisted on roots and wild berries until the hunt
was over.</p>
<p class="par">Finding that it was impossible to secure these
fugitives, General Scott finally tendered them a proposition, through
Colonel W. H. Thomas, known as Wil-Usdi in Cherokee, their trusted
friend and chief, that if they would bring Charlie and his party for
punishment, the rest would be allowed to remain until their case could
be adjusted by the Government.</p>
<p class="par">On hearing of the proposition, Charlie voluntarily came
in with his sons, offering himself as a sacrifice for his people.</p>
<p class="par">By command of General Scott, Charlie, his brother and
the two elder sons were shot, near the mouth of Tuckaseigee river, a
detachment of Cherokee prisoners <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb15"
href="#pb15" name="pb15">15</a>]</span>being compelled to do the
shooting in order to impress upon the Indians the fact of their utter
helplessness.</p>
<p class="par">From those fugitives thus permitted to remain,
originated the present eastern band of Cherokee.</p>
<p class="par">When nearly 17,000 Cherokee had been gathered into the
stockades, the removal began.</p>
<p class="par">Early in June several parties, aggregating about five
thousand persons, were brought down by the troops to the old agency on
Hiwassee river, at the present Calhoun, Tenn., and to Ross landing (now
Chattanooga, Tenn.) and to Gunter&rsquo;s landing (now Guntersville,
Ala.) lower down on the Tennessee, where they were put upon steamers
and transported down the Tennessee and Ohio to the farther side of the
Mississippi, whence their journey was continued by land to Indian
Territory (now Oklahoma).</p>
<p class="par">The removal in the the hottest part of the year was
attended with so great sickness and mortality that, by resolution of
the Cherokee National Council, John Ross and the other chiefs submitted
to General Scott a proposition that the Cherokee be allowed to remove
themselves in the fall, after the sickly season ended. This was granted
on condition that all should have started by the 20th of October,
except the sick and aged, who might not be able to move so rapidly.
Accordingly, officers were appointed by the Cherokee council to take
charge of the emigration; the Indians being organized into detachments
averaging one thousand each, with two leaders in charge of each
department, and a sufficient number of wagons and horses for the
purpose.</p>
<p class="par">In this way the remainder, enrolled at about 13,000,
(including a few negro slaves), started on the long march overland late
in the fall. Those who thus emigrated under the management of their own
officers, assembled <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb16" href="#pb16"
name="pb16">16</a>]</span>at Rattlesnake Springs, near the present
Charleston, Tenn., where a final council was held, in which it was
decided to continue their old constitution and laws in their new home.
Then, in October, 1838, the long procession of exiles was set in
motion. A few went by the river route, but nearly all went overland.
Crossing, to the north side of the Hiwassee river, at a ferry above
Gunter&rsquo;s Creek, they proceeded down along the river, the sick,
aged and children, together with their belongings, being hauled in
wagons, the rest on foot or on horses.</p>
<p class="par">It was like an army, 645 wagons, regiment after
regiment, the wagons in the center, the officers along the line, and
the horsemen on the flank and at the rear.</p>
<p class="par">Tennessee river was crossed at Tucker&rsquo;s ferry, a
short distance above Jolly&rsquo;s Island, at the mouth of Hiwassee;
thence the route lay south of Pikeville, through McMinnville, and on to
Nashville, where the Cumberland was crossed.</p>
<p class="par">They then went on to Hopkinsville, where the noted chief
White Path, in charge of a detachment, sickened and died. His people
buried him by the roadside, with a box over the grave and poles with
streamers around it, that the others coming on behind might note the
spot and remember him.</p>
<p class="par">Somewhere along that march of death&mdash;for the exiles
died by tens and twenties every day of the journey&mdash;the devoted
wife of the noted chief, John Ross, sank down and died, leaving him to
go on with bitter pain of bereavement added to the heartbreak at the
ruin and desolation of his nation.</p>
<p class="par">The Ohio was crossed at a ferry near the mouth of the
Cumberland, and the army passed on through southern Illinois until the
great Mississippi was reached, opposite <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb17" href="#pb17" name="pb17">17</a>]</span>Cape Girardean, Missouri.
It was now the middle of winter, with the river running full of ice, so
that several detachments were obliged to wait some time on the eastern
bank for the channel to become clear.</p>
<p class="par">Information furnished by old men at Tahlequah after the
lapse of fifty years showed that time had not sufficed to wipe out the
memory of the miseries of that halt beside the frozen river, with
hundreds of sick and dying penned up in wagons or stretched upon the
ground, with only a blanket overhead to keep out the January blast.</p>
<p class="par">The crossing was at last made, in two divisions, at Cape
Girardean and Green&rsquo;s ferry, a short distance below, whence the
march was continued on through Missouri to Indian Territory, the later
detachment making a northerly circuit by Springfield, because those who
had gone before had killed off all the game along the direct route.</p>
<p class="par">They had started in October, 1838, and it was now March,
1839, the journey having occupied nearly six months of the hardest part
of the year.</p>
<p class="par">It is difficult to state positively as to the mortality
and loss by reason of the removal of this once happy nation, but as
near as can be ascertained, more than four thousand persons perished
along the great highway of death.</p>
<p class="par">On the arrival in Indian Territory, the exiles at once
set about building houses and planting crops, the government having
agreed under treaty to furnish them rations for one year after arrival.
They were welcomed by their kindred, the &ldquo;Old Settlers,&rdquo;
who held the country under previous treaties of 1828 and 1833. These,
however, being already regularly organized under a government and
chiefs of their own, were by no means disposed to be swallowed by the
governmental authority of the newcomers. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb18" href="#pb18" name="pb18">18</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Jealousies developed, in which the minority or treaty
party of the emigrants, headed by Major Ridge, took sides with the old
settlers against John Ross of the National party, which outnumbered the
others nearly three to one.</p>
<p class="par">While these differences were at their height, the Nation
was thrown into a fever of excitement by the news that Major Ridge, his
son, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot&mdash;all leaders of the treaty
party&mdash;had been killed by adherents of the National party,
immediately after the adjournment of a general council, which had
adjourned after nearly two weeks of debate without having been able to
bring about harmonious action. Major Ridge was waylaid and shot near
the Arkansas line, his son was taken from bed and cut to pieces with
hatchets, while Boudinot was treacherously killed at his home at Park
Hill, Indian Territory, all three being killed upon the same day, June
22, 1839, which date marks the decline and fall of a once great and
happy people. For fifty years which followed this luckless day in June,
Indian Territory became a veritable theater of crime and disorder.</p>
<p class="par">From the South meridian of the sunflower state, to the
cypress banks of the Red river, and from Fort Smith to the shifting
sands of the great plains, for half a century sheltered a coterie of
actors that would have made Robin Hood or Kit Carson blush with envy.
The soil of the five tribes has been moistened with human blood when
there was none to answer the cry for vengeance; when no sound save the
deadly snap of the Winchester and the pit-pat of the bronchos' hoofs
were there to bear testimony. Now, those who incited intrigue and
murder are gone, the desperado is a thing of the past, the brave men
who enlisted in the hazardous governmental service <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb19" href="#pb19" name="pb19">19</a>]</span>to give
them battle have disappeared, and the sound of the firing Winchester
used in deadly conflict, has been replaced by the reaper and the mower,
and toilers in the field of commerce and industry.</p>
<p class="par">The Indian tribe has been supplanted by the American
Government; and the school and church have taken the place of the chase
and the feud. Where the wild flowers nodded far out on the lonely
plain, vast fields of wheat and corn whisper the great name of
Oklahoma.</p>
<p class="par">At this writing the eastern band of Cherokee is about to
be dissolved, their lands allotted, and in a few more decades the
Cherokee will have passed, and the name will be presented only in old
records and in the hearts of their descendants. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb21" href="#pb21" name="pb21">21</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="pt2" class="div0 part">
<h2 class="label">PART II</h2>
<h2 class="main">OCCONEECHEE</h2>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e664width" id="p021"><img src="images/p021.jpg"
alt="Along Scott&rsquo;s Creek, below Balsam, N. C." width="462"
height="720">
<p class="figureHead">Along Scott&rsquo;s Creek, below Balsam, N.
C.</p>
<p class="par first">(Highest railway point East of the Rocky Mts.)</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Rippling, idling, swirling slowly,</p>
<p class="line">Leaping down a waterfall.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb23" href="#pb23" name=
"pb23">23</a>]</span></p>
<div class="div1 poem"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">OCCONEECHEE,</h2>
<h2 class="main">The Maid of the Mystic Lake,</h2>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first xd23e136">by Robert Frank Jarrett.</p>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">I.</h3>
<div class="lgouter">
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Far away beneath the shadows</p>
<p class="line">Of the towering Smoky range,</p>
<p class="line">In the Western North Carolina,</p>
<p class="line">Comes a story true, but strange;</p>
<p class="line">Of a maiden and her lover,</p>
<p class="line">Of the tribe of Cherokee,</p>
<p class="line">And she lived far up the mountain,</p>
<p class="line">Near the hills of Tennessee.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Far above the habitation</p>
<p class="line">Of the white man, and the plain,</p>
<p class="line">Lived the dark-eyed Indian maiden,</p>
<p class="line">Of the Junaluska strain;</p>
<p class="line">Junaluska, chief, her father,</p>
<p class="line">Occoneechee was his pride,</p>
<p class="line">In the lonely little wigwam,</p>
<p class="line">High upon the mountain side.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb24" href="#pb24" name=
"pb24">24</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">There the stream Oconaluftee</p>
<p class="line">Hides its source far from the eye,</p>
<p class="line">Of the white man in his rovings,</p>
<p class="line">Far upon the mountain high;</p>
<p class="line">And the forest land primeval,</p>
<p class="line">Roamed by doe and wandering bear,</p>
<p class="line">And the hissing, coiling serpent,</p>
<p class="line">Was no stranger to them there.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Catamount and mountain-boomer</p>
<p class="line">Sprang from cliff-side into trees,</p>
<p class="line">And the eagle, hawk and vulture</p>
<p class="line">Winged their course on every breeze.</p>
<p class="line">At the footfall of this maiden</p>
<p class="line">Sped the gobbler wild and free,</p>
<p class="line">From the maiden Occoneechee</p>
<p class="line">Flitted butterfly and bee.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Occoneechee, forest dweller,</p>
<p class="line">Lived amid the scene so wild;</p>
<p class="line">In the simple Indian manner</p>
<p class="line">Lived old Junaluska&rsquo;s child.</p>
<p class="line">Streams of purest limpid water</p>
<p class="line">Gushed forth o&rsquo;er the rock below,</p>
<p class="line">And the trout and silver minnow</p>
<p class="line">Dwelt in water, cold as snow.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb25" href="#pb25" name=
"pb25">25</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Occoneechee&rsquo;s Mother Qualla</p>
<p class="line">Passed away from earth to God,</p>
<p class="line">When this maiden was a baby</p>
<p class="line">And was covered by the sod.</p>
<p class="line">High upon the rugged mountain,</p>
<p class="line">Far above the haunts of men,</p>
<p class="line">With their burdens and their sorrows,</p>
<p class="line">And their load of care and sin.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Thus the maiden knew no mother,</p>
<p class="line">Knew no love as most maids know,</p>
<p class="line">Heard no song, as sung by mother,</p>
<p class="line">Softly, sweetly, plaintive, slow.</p>
<p class="line">When the twilight came at evening,</p>
<p class="line">And the wigwam fire was lit,</p>
<p class="line">And the bearskin robe was spread out</p>
<p class="line">Upon which they were to sit,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Junaluska wept his Qualla,</p>
<p class="line">Wept the lover who had flown,</p>
<p class="line">For she was the only lover</p>
<p class="line">That this chieftain&rsquo;s heart had known;</p>
<p class="line">And at night, there was no lover</p>
<p class="line">To sit by him on the rug,</p>
<p class="line">Made of skins of bear and woodchuck,</p>
<p class="line">In the wigwam, crude but snug.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb26" href="#pb26" name=
"pb26">26</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">And at times he&rsquo;d stand at evening,</p>
<p class="line">When the sun was setting low,</p>
<p class="line">And would watch with adoration</p>
<p class="line">Shifting clouds and scenes below;</p>
<p class="line">And his soul would want to wander</p>
<p class="line">Where the clime of setting sun</p>
<p class="line">Would reveal his long lost Qualla,</p>
<p class="line">When his work of life was done.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e849width" id="p026-1"><img src=
"images/p026-1.jpg" alt="Sunset from Mt. Junaluska." width="649"
height="477">
<p class="figureHead">Sunset from Mt. Junaluska.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;And his soul was wont to wander</p>
<p class="line">To the clime of setting sun.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e863width" id="p026-2"><img src=
"images/p026-2.jpg" alt=
"Lake Junaluska, Mount Junaluska in the distance." width="640" height=
"372">
<p class="figureHead">Lake Junaluska, Mount Junaluska in the
distance.</p>
<p class="par first">(Near Waynesville, N. C.)</p>
<p class="par">This beautiful lake with Alpine environment is
officially recognized by Methodists as their Assembly grounds, where
thousands of their faith gather during the summer months each year for
social and religious intercourse.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="lgouter">
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">And the tears would fill his eyelids,</p>
<p class="line">And emotion shake his frame,</p>
<p class="line">When he thought of her departed,</p>
<p class="line">Or some friend would speak her name.</p>
<p class="line">And he&rsquo;d call on God the spirit,</p>
<p class="line">When he&rsquo;d see the golden glow</p>
<p class="line">Of the radiant splendid sunset,</p>
<p class="line">Where he ever longed to go.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then he&rsquo;d think of Occoneechee,</p>
<p class="line">In her adolescent years,</p>
<p class="line">How she needed his protection</p>
<p class="line">There to drive away her fears.</p>
<p class="line">Then he&rsquo;d cease his deep repining,</p>
<p class="line">And his wailing and his grief,</p>
<p class="line">For her future and her beauty</p>
<p class="line">Brought the chieftain&rsquo;s heart relief.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb27" href="#pb27" name=
"pb27">27</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Though the life of Occoneechee</p>
<p class="line">Was one lonely strange career,</p>
<p class="line">And the solitude and silence</p>
<p class="line">Made the romance of it drear,</p>
<p class="line">While the wildness of the forest,</p>
<p class="line">With the animals that roam,</p>
<p class="line">And the birds in great profusion</p>
<p class="line">Cheered her little wigwam home,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Yet her spirit, like the eagle&rsquo;s,</p>
<p class="line">Longed to soar off and be free</p>
<p class="line">From the wilds of gorge and mountain,</p>
<p class="line">Stream and cliff and crag and tree.</p>
<p class="line">And one day there came a red man</p>
<p class="line">Wandering up the mountain side,</p>
<p class="line">From the vale Oconaluftee</p>
<p class="line">Which was every Indian&rsquo;s pride.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Tall and handsome, agile runner,</p>
<p class="line">And the keenness of his eye</p>
<p class="line">Did betray his quick perception</p>
<p class="line">To the casual passer-by.</p>
<p class="line">Hair hung down in long black tresses,</p>
<p class="line">Far below his shoulder-blade,</p>
<p class="line">And the brilliant painted feathers</p>
<p class="line">By the passing winds were swayed.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb28" href="#pb28" name=
"pb28">28</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">And the arrows in his quiver</p>
<p class="line">Tipped with variegated stone,</p>
<p class="line">And the tomahawk and war knife,</p>
<p class="line">All the weapons he had known;</p>
<p class="line">Yet he knew all of their uses,</p>
<p class="line">None could wield with greater skill</p>
<p class="line">Tomahawk or knife or arrow,</p>
<p class="line">Than this wandering Whippoorwill.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Occoneechee, sitting lonely,</p>
<p class="line">In a shady little nook,</p>
<p class="line">Near the opening, by the wigwam,</p>
<p class="line">And the babbling crystal brook;</p>
<p class="line">She was bathing feet and ankles,</p>
<p class="line">Arms and hands she did refresh,</p>
<p class="line">In the iridescent splendor</p>
<p class="line">Of the fountain cool and fresh.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Whippoorwill, the wandering warrior,</p>
<p class="line">Spied the maiden by the pool,</p>
<p class="line">&lsquo;Neath the spreading tree above her,</p>
<p class="line">By the limpid stream so cool;</p>
<p class="line">Then he ventured there to tarry,</p>
<p class="line">Watch and linger in the wild,</p>
<p class="line">Near the maiden and the fountain,</p>
<p class="line">Watch this forest-dwelling child.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb29" href="#pb29" name=
"pb29">29</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Though a warrior, brave, undaunted</p>
<p class="line">By the fiercest, wildest foe,</p>
<p class="line">In the battle&rsquo;s hardest struggle,</p>
<p class="line">Chasing bear and buck and doe;</p>
<p class="line">For his life was used to hardships,</p>
<p class="line">Scaling mountains in the chase,</p>
<p class="line">Yet he ne&rsquo;er was known to falter</p>
<p class="line">&lsquo;Mid the hottest of the race.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">But he now was moved by caution</p>
<p class="line">To approach, with greatest care,</p>
<p class="line">The unknown maid, there before him,</p>
<p class="line">And the scene so rich and rare;</p>
<p class="line">And his brave heart almost failed him</p>
<p class="line">As he comes up to her side,</p>
<p class="line">And obeisance makes he to her,</p>
<p class="line">E&rsquo;er the chieftain she espied.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Occoneechee sprang up quickly</p>
<p class="line">From the rock moss-covered seat,</p>
<p class="line">All abashed, but lithe and nimble</p>
<p class="line">Were her ankles and her feet.</p>
<p class="line">&ldquo;O-I-see-you,&rdquo; were the greetings</p>
<p class="line">They exchanged spontaneously,</p>
<p class="line">As they moved off together.</p>
<p class="line">Occoneechee leads the way,</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb30" href="#pb30" name=
"pb30">30</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">To the quiet little wigwam,</p>
<p class="line">Where old Junaluska dwells</p>
<p class="line">With the maiden Occoneechee,</p>
<p class="line">And for whom his heart up-wells.</p>
<p class="line">Spreading out the flowing doe-skin</p>
<p class="line">Flat upon the earthen floor,</p>
<p class="line">Occoneechee and the warrior</p>
<p class="line">Sat and talked the chases o&rsquo;er.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Sat and talked of bear and venison,</p>
<p class="line">Sat and smoked the calumet.</p>
<p class="line">These the greetings of the warrior,</p>
<p class="line">When the maiden first he met.</p>
<p class="line">Whippoorwill, the wandering warrior,</p>
<p class="line">Tarried for a night and day,</p>
<p class="line">Tarried long within the wigwam,</p>
<p class="line">And was loath to go away,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">For the maid and Junaluska</p>
<p class="line">To the warrior were so kind,</p>
<p class="line">That &lsquo;twere hard among the tribesmen</p>
<p class="line">Such a generous clan to find.</p>
<p class="line">But at dawn upon the morrow,</p>
<p class="line">Whippoorwill must wend his way</p>
<p class="line">From old Junaluska&rsquo;s wigwam,</p>
<p class="line">For too long had been his stay.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb31" href="#pb31" name=
"pb31">31</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Kind affection, Junaluska</p>
<p class="line">Gave to parting Whippoorwill,</p>
<p class="line">As he sauntered from the wigwam,</p>
<p class="line">Wandering toward the rugged rill.</p>
<p class="line">Now the silence so unbroken</p>
<p class="line">Starts a tear-drop in each eye,</p>
<p class="line">And the gentle passing zephyr</p>
<p class="line">Gathered up the lover&rsquo;s sigh,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">And the sighs were borne to heaven,</p>
<p class="line">Like as lovers' sighs ascend,</p>
<p class="line">As the good angelic zephyrs</p>
<p class="line">Bear the message, friend to friend.</p>
<p class="line">Now each heart was sore and lonely,</p>
<p class="line">Sad the parting lovers feel,</p>
<p class="line">Yet the hopes of love&rsquo;s devotion</p>
<p class="line">Deep into each life did steal.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">And when Whippoorwill had left them,</p>
<p class="line">Good old Junaluska said</p>
<p class="line">To his daughter Occoneechee,</p>
<p class="line">&ldquo;Would you like this brave to wed?&rdquo;</p>
<p class="line">Occoneechee, timid maiden,</p>
<p class="line">Never thought of love before,</p>
<p class="line">For she ne&rsquo;er had spread the doe-skin</p>
<p class="line">Wide upon the earthen floor,</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href="#pb32" name=
"pb32">32</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">For a warrior, brave as he was,</p>
<p class="line">One possessed of skill so rare,</p>
<p class="line">With his tomahawk and war knife,</p>
<p class="line">And such long black raven hair;</p>
<p class="line">And she knew not how to answer,</p>
<p class="line">Though she felt as lovers do,</p>
<p class="line">When they plight their deep devotion</p>
<p class="line">To each other to be true.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Occoneechee! child of wild woods,</p>
<p class="line">I am growing old and gray,</p>
<p class="line">And I feel I soon must leave you,</p>
<p class="line">Though I grieve to go away.</p>
<p class="line">I can feel the hand of time, child,</p>
<p class="line">Pressing down upon my head,</p>
<p class="line">And I know it won&rsquo;t be long now</p>
<p class="line">Till I&rsquo;m resting with the dead.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;I can hear your mother calling,</p>
<p class="line">Sweetly, gently, calling me,</p>
<p class="line">Beckoning from the golden sunset,</p>
<p class="line">And she calls also for thee.</p>
<p class="line">&rsquo;Twas just last night she stood beside me,</p>
<p class="line">While you lay there sound asleep,</p>
<p class="line">And she called me, &lsquo;Junaluska!&rsquo;</p>
<p class="line">And her voice caused me to weep.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb33" href="#pb33" name=
"pb33">33</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;And she said, &lsquo;Dear Junaluska,</p>
<p class="line">I have come to tell you where</p>
<p class="line">You will find me at the portals</p>
<p class="line">Of the Lord&rsquo;s house over there.</p>
<p class="line">I will be among the blessed,</p>
<p class="line">Be with angels up on high.</p>
<p class="line">Have no fears of Death&rsquo;s dark river,</p>
<p class="line">Be courageous till you die.&rsquo;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Then she stood and sang a message</p>
<p class="line">O&rsquo;er you in your lonely bed,</p>
<p class="line">For a moment, then departed;</p>
<p class="line">And I called, but she had fled.</p>
<p class="line">Yet I daily hear her sweet voice,</p>
<p class="line">And I see her image there,</p>
<p class="line">As she calls us unto heaven,</p>
<p class="line">&lsquo;Mid the pleasures, O, so rare.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;And I soon shall cross the river,</p>
<p class="line">And will join her on the strand,</p>
<p class="line">With immortals long departed,</p>
<p class="line">In the fair, blest, happy land.</p>
<p class="line">When I&rsquo;m gone you&rsquo;ll need protection,</p>
<p class="line">By a brave who knows no fear,</p>
<p class="line">And when sorrows overflow you,</p>
<p class="line">One to wipe away the tear.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb34" href="#pb34" name=
"pb34">34</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Then I&rsquo;ll watch and wait with Qualla,</p>
<p class="line">With the chiefs and warriors brave,</p>
<p class="line">Who have joined the tribe eternal,</p>
<p class="line">Conquered death, hell and the grave.</p>
<p class="line">I shall watch then for your coming,</p>
<p class="line">And I&rsquo;ll tell the mighty throng</p>
<p class="line">That you&rsquo;re coming in the future,</p>
<p class="line">And we&rsquo;ll greet you with the song,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;That the seraphs sing in glory,</p>
<p class="line">Casting gem crowns at the feet,</p>
<p class="line">Praising Him who reigns forever</p>
<p class="line">On the grand tribunal seat.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="line">As he talked his voice grew weaker,</p>
<p class="line">And his hand grew very chill,</p>
<p class="line">Then the moisture crowned his forehead,</p>
<p class="line">And his pulse was deathly still.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then she knew that her dear mother</p>
<p class="line">And the great chiefs that had been</p>
<p class="line">Had op&rsquo;ed the gate of heaven wide</p>
<p class="line">To let another brave chief in.</p>
<p class="line">Then she sobbed out for her father,</p>
<p class="line">As a broken-hearted child</p>
<p class="line">Will for loved ones just departed,</p>
<p class="line">Left so lonely in the wild.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb35" href="#pb35" name=
"pb35">35</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">But the dead, too soon forgotten,</p>
<p class="line">Now lies buried by the side</p>
<p class="line">Of his much lamented Qualla,</p>
<p class="line">Once his sweet and lovely bride,</p>
<p class="line">While their spirits dwell together,</p>
<p class="line">Free from care and want and pain,</p>
<p class="line">Where the tempest full of sorrow</p>
<p class="line">Ne&rsquo;er can reach their souls again.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Years had flown since Occoneechee</p>
<p class="line">Saw her loving Whippoorwill,</p>
<p class="line">High upon the Smoky Mountain,</p>
<p class="line">Near the crystal rippling rill;</p>
<p class="line">For the white man had transported</p>
<p class="line">Brave and squaw and little child</p>
<p class="line">Far away to Oklahoma,</p>
<p class="line">To the western hills so wild.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Some had gone to the Dakotas,</p>
<p class="line">Some had gone to Mexico,</p>
<p class="line">Some had joined the tribe eternal;</p>
<p class="line">All were going, sure but slow.</p>
<p class="line">For the white man&rsquo;s occupation,</p>
<p class="line">Cherokee must give their land,</p>
<p class="line">And must give up all possessions,</p>
<p class="line">Go and join some other band.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb36" href="#pb36" name=
"pb36">36</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Yet a residue of tribesmen</p>
<p class="line">Were allowed here to remain,</p>
<p class="line">&lsquo;Mid the mountains and the forest,</p>
<p class="line">And the meadows and the plain,</p>
<p class="line">But the strong men and the warriors,</p>
<p class="line">Most of them had gone away,</p>
<p class="line">Far across the mighty mountains</p>
<p class="line">Toward the closing of the day.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">General Jackson&rsquo;s men in blue coats</p>
<p class="line">Came and took away the braves,</p>
<p class="line">Took away the squaw and papoose,</p>
<p class="line">Buried many in their graves,</p>
<p class="line">Yet the residue triumphant,</p>
<p class="line">Roamed out in the forest wild,</p>
<p class="line">Without shelter, food or comfort,</p>
<p class="line">For decrepid chief and child.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Sad and weary, long and dreary,</p>
<p class="line">Moved the Cherokee out West,</p>
<p class="line">With their store of skins and venison,</p>
<p class="line">And the trinkets they possessed.</p>
<p class="line">Up across the Smoky Mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Rough and rugged trail and road,</p>
<p class="line">Lined by rhododendron blossoms,</p>
<p class="line">Close beside where Lufty flowed.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb37" href="#pb37" name=
"pb37">37</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">When they down the gorge descended,</p>
<p class="line">Winding toward the Tennessee,</p>
<p class="line">Branch and bough o&rsquo;erhead were bending</p>
<p class="line">And no landscape could they see,</p>
<p class="line">And the labyrinthian footway</p>
<p class="line">Led through forests dense and dark</p>
<p class="line">And the air was sweetly laden</p>
<p class="line">With the bruised birchen bark;</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellTop">
<div class="figure xd23e1451width" id="p037-1"><img src=
"images/p037-1.jpg" alt="A glimpse of the Craggies." width="328"
height="506">
<p class="figureHead">A glimpse of the Craggies.</p>
</div>
</td>
<td class="cellRight cellTop">
<div class="figure xd23e1456width" id="p037-2"><img src=
"images/p037-2.jpg" alt="From top of Chimney Rock." width="332" height=
"511">
<p class="figureHead">From top of Chimney Rock.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">
<div class="figure xd23e1462width" id="p037-3"><img src=
"images/p037-3.jpg" alt="Graybeard Mountain." width="332" height="509">
<p class="figureHead">Graybeard Mountain.</p>
</div>
</td>
<td class="cellRight cellBottom">
<div class="figure xd23e1467width" id="p037-4"><img src=
"images/p037-4.jpg" alt="Chimney Top." width="334" height="513">
<p class="figureHead">Chimney Top.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="lgouter">
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Hemlocks tall and swaying gently</p>
<p class="line">In the sighing passing breeze,</p>
<p class="line">And the fir and spreading balsam</p>
<p class="line">Joined the cadence of the trees.</p>
<p class="line">At the base of birch and hemlock</p>
<p class="line">Flowed the Pigeon fierce and bold,</p>
<p class="line">With its water clear as crystal,</p>
<p class="line">And its fountains icy cold;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Flowed the dauntless rapid waters,</p>
<p class="line">Fresh and pure and ever free,</p>
<p class="line">Rushed o&rsquo;er cataract and cascade,</p>
<p class="line">Ever onward toward the sea.</p>
<p class="line">Whippoorwill, the wandering warrior,</p>
<p class="line">Shorn of power and of pride,</p>
<p class="line">Marched in single file and lonely,</p>
<p class="line">With his hands behind him tied.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb38" href="#pb38" name=
"pb38">38</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Hands were bound with thongs and fetters&mdash;</p>
<p class="line">Thongs and fetters could not hold</p>
<p class="line">Brave so gallant young and noble</p>
<p class="line">As this valiant warrior bold.</p>
<p class="line">For his thoughts of Occoneechee,</p>
<p class="line">Who was left far, far behind,</p>
<p class="line">With the residue of women,</p>
<p class="line">Stirred his brave heart and his mind.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">On and on for days they traveled</p>
<p class="line">By the stream whose silver flow,</p>
<p class="line">From the great high Smoky Mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Became silent now and slow;</p>
<p class="line">For the rocks and rising ridges,</p>
<p class="line">Once their progress did impede,</p>
<p class="line">Now were fading in the distance,</p>
<p class="line">Could not now retard their speed.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">And the journey, long and tedious,</p>
<p class="line">Wore the women, wore the brave,</p>
<p class="line">And they sore and much lamented,</p>
<p class="line">To be bound as serf or slave;</p>
<p class="line">For their free-born spirits never</p>
<p class="line">Had been bound by man before,</p>
<p class="line">Till the blue-coat Jackson soldier</p>
<p class="line">Came and dragged them from their door.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb39" href="#pb39" name=
"pb39">39</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Corn was blooming on the lowlands</p>
<p class="line">When the journey they betook,</p>
<p class="line">And the grass gave much aroma,</p>
<p class="line">By the laughing Soco brook;</p>
<p class="line">But the suns and moons oft waning</p>
<p class="line">Brought the moon of ripening corn</p>
<p class="line">To a nation, broken-hearted,</p>
<p class="line">With a doubting hope forlorn.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Level lands brought no enchantment</p>
<p class="line">To a people who had known</p>
<p class="line">Naught but freedom till the present,</p>
<p class="line">Whose utopian dream had flown;</p>
<p class="line">Flown as flows the radiant river,</p>
<p class="line">Flown as flows the hopes of youth,</p>
<p class="line">From the red man of the forest.</p>
<p class="line">They were no more free, forsooth.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">By and by the Father Waters</p>
<p class="line">Came in view of brave and squaw,</p>
<p class="line">And the skiff and side-wheel steamer</p>
<p class="line">Were the shifting scenes they saw,</p>
<p class="line">Plying fast the Father Waters,</p>
<p class="line">With a current slow and still,</p>
<p class="line">And reverberating whistles</p>
<p class="line">Shrieked a medley loud and shrill.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb40" href="#pb40" name=
"pb40">40</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">And the ferryboat was busy,</p>
<p class="line">Plying fast the liquid wave</p>
<p class="line">Of the Father Water&rsquo;s current,</p>
<p class="line">Bearing squaw and chief and brave,</p>
<p class="line">Till the last brave Indian warrior</p>
<p class="line">Crossed the Father Waters' tide,</p>
<p class="line">Crossed the gentle flowing river,</p>
<p class="line">With its current deep and wide.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then they rested from their journey,</p>
<p class="line">Rested for a little while,</p>
<p class="line">On the bluff above the river,</p>
<p class="line">Where they saw her laughing smile.</p>
<p class="line">They could see the sun at morning</p>
<p class="line">Rise up quickly from his rest,</p>
<p class="line">See him hasting to his zenith,</p>
<p class="line">Soon to go down in the west.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then the winter came on quickly,</p>
<p class="line">Killing corn and grass and cane,</p>
<p class="line">And the wind brought cloudy weather,</p>
<p class="line">With its snow and mist and rain,</p>
<p class="line">And the tribe within the barracks</p>
<p class="line">Were disheartened, one and all.</p>
<p class="line">And they longed now for their Lufty,</p>
<p class="line">With its cascade and its fall.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb41" href="#pb41" name=
"pb41">41</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">But at last the genial sunshine</p>
<p class="line">Took away the ice that froze</p>
<p class="line">The corn of hope, from the tribesmen,</p>
<p class="line">And the chilly wind that blows,</p>
<p class="line">Along the valley, of the river,</p>
<p class="line">Over bog and prairie, too;</p>
<p class="line">And an order came with springtime,</p>
<p class="line">&ldquo;You the journey must renew.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then they rose up in the morning,</p>
<p class="line">Rose before the dawn of day,</p>
<p class="line">Rolled and tied the tents together,</p>
<p class="line">And were quickly on their way,</p>
<p class="line">On their way to Oklahoma,</p>
<p class="line">Out across Missouri land,</p>
<p class="line">Chief and squaw and wary warrior,</p>
<p class="line">Marched the Cherokee brave band.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">To the western reservation,</p>
<p class="line">Where the bison and the owl,</p>
<p class="line">And the she-wolf, fox and serpent</p>
<p class="line">Writhe and roam and nightly prowl;</p>
<p class="line">This the country where they took them,</p>
<p class="line">This the country that they gave</p>
<p class="line">In exchange for their own country,</p>
<p class="line">To the chief and squaw and brave.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb42" href="#pb42" name=
"pb42">42</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Leaving all they loved behind them,</p>
<p class="line">Leaving all to them most dear,</p>
<p class="line">And they settled there so lonely,</p>
<p class="line">In a country dry and drear;</p>
<p class="line">There to pine away in sorrow,</p>
<p class="line">And repining, die of grief;</p>
<p class="line">From the solitude and silence</p>
<p class="line">Of this land there&rsquo;s no relief.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="main">II.</h3>
<div class="lgouter">
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Amid the hills of Carolina,</p>
<p class="line">Hills impregnant with rich bliss,</p>
<p class="line">With their grots and groves and fountains,</p>
<p class="line">Hills that love-beams love to kiss;</p>
<p class="line">Roamed the dark, but pretty maiden,</p>
<p class="line">Occoneechee, lovely child,</p>
<p class="line">Roamed she far out in the mountains,</p>
<p class="line">&lsquo;Mid their solitude so wild.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Dreamed she oft here, as she rambled,</p>
<p class="line">Of her warrior Whippoorwill,</p>
<p class="line">Of her lover, long her lover,</p>
<p class="line">Whom she first met near the rill,</p>
<p class="line">High upon the Smoky Mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Where the sunset&rsquo;s afterglow</p>
<p class="line">Holds the secrets of Dame Nature</p>
<p class="line">From the sons of men below.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb43" href="#pb43" name=
"pb43">43</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Occoneechee sought her lover,</p>
<p class="line">Down Oconaluftee&rsquo;s vale,</p>
<p class="line">Through the brush and tangled wildwood,</p>
<p class="line">Without compass, chart or trail,</p>
<p class="line">Where the river Tuckaseigee</p>
<p class="line">Dashes down its rocky bed,</p>
<p class="line">Near a trail long since deserted,</p>
<p class="line">Over which a tribe once sped.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellTop">
<div class="figure xd23e1794width" id="p043-1"><img src=
"images/p043-1.jpg" alt="Upper Catawba Falls, Esmeralda, N. C." width=
"326" height="505">
<p class="figureHead">Upper Catawba Falls, Esmeralda, N. C.</p>
</div>
</td>
<td class="cellRight cellTop">
<div class="figure xd23e1799width" id="p043-2"><img src=
"images/p043-2.jpg" alt="Occoneechee Falls, Jackson County, N. C."
width="332" height="514">
<p class="figureHead">Occoneechee Falls, Jackson County, N. C.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">
<div class="figure xd23e1805width" id="p043-3"><img src=
"images/p043-3.jpg" alt="In the Cherokee Country." width="331" height=
"507">
<p class="figureHead">In the Cherokee Country.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Falls and foams and seethes forever.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
</td>
<td class="cellRight cellBottom">
<div class="figure xd23e1817width" id="p043-4"><img src=
"images/p043-4.jpg" alt="Whitewater Falls." width="333" height="510">
<p class="figureHead">Whitewater Falls.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Pours its deluge down the ravine</p>
<p class="line">Unobstructed in its rage.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="lgouter">
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then she wandered down the river,</p>
<p class="line">On and on, as on it flows,</p>
<p class="line">Wades the river, wades its branches,</p>
<p class="line">Follows it where&rsquo;er it goes</p>
<p class="line">Through the laurel brush and ivy,</p>
<p class="line">Over spreading beds of fern,</p>
<p class="line">Over rock moss-covered ledges,</p>
<p class="line">Follows every winding turn,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Till it flows into the river,</p>
<p class="line">Called the Little Tennessee,</p>
<p class="line">Here she lingers long and tarries,</p>
<p class="line">And she strains her eyes to see</p>
<p class="line">If her vision will reveal him,</p>
<p class="line">And abates her breath to hear</p>
<p class="line">The voice of Whippoorwill, her lover,</p>
<p class="line">One of all to her most dear.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb44" href="#pb44" name=
"pb44">44</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Yet no sound came to relieve her,</p>
<p class="line">And no vision came to please,</p>
<p class="line">And it never dawned upon her,</p>
<p class="line">Here among the virgin trees,</p>
<p class="line">That her lover was transported,</p>
<p class="line">With the brave and chief and child</p>
<p class="line">To the land of Oklahoma,</p>
<p class="line">Land so lonely, weird and wild.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Up the stream she then ascended,</p>
<p class="line">Slowly, surely did she march,</p>
<p class="line">&lsquo;Neath the spreading oak and hemlock,</p>
<p class="line">Resting oft beneath their arch.</p>
<p class="line">Walls of solid spar and granite</p>
<p class="line">Roared their heads up toward the blue,</p>
<p class="line">But no wall or hill or river</p>
<p class="line">Could impede the maiden true.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">She now reached the Nantahala,</p>
<p class="line">Picturesque in every way,</p>
<p class="line">And she rested &lsquo;neath the shadow</p>
<p class="line">Of the mountain tall and gray;</p>
<p class="line">High the mountain, clear the water,</p>
<p class="line">That comes rushing down the side</p>
<p class="line">Of the mountain from the forest</p>
<p class="line">With its unpolluted tide.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb45" href="#pb45" name=
"pb45">45</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Speckled beauties swam the water,</p>
<p class="line">Swam as only they can do;</p>
<p class="line">Deer in herds roamed all the forest,</p>
<p class="line">Only Cherokees were few.</p>
<p class="line">Eagles, swift upon their pinions,</p>
<p class="line">Soared aloft upon the air,</p>
<p class="line">They would turn their eyes to heaven,</p>
<p class="line">Then down on the maiden fair,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">As to guard her in her roaming,</p>
<p class="line">For she had no other guide,</p>
<p class="line">Save one squaw and constellation,</p>
<p class="line">And the racing river tide.</p>
<p class="line">Birds had ceased their long migration,</p>
<p class="line">Not a cloud disturbed the blue</p>
<p class="line">Of the canopy of heaven,</p>
<p class="line">And the country they passed through.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Nightingale and thrush and robin</p>
<p class="line">Mated, sang and dwelt serene,</p>
<p class="line">In the forest, by the river,</p>
<p class="line">With its banks so fresh and green,</p>
<p class="line">And each spoke to Occoneechee,</p>
<p class="line">In the language Nature gives,</p>
<p class="line">Of the flora and the fauna,</p>
<p class="line">Where the child of Nature lives.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href="#pb46" name=
"pb46">46</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then she rambled through the mountains,</p>
<p class="line">To the summit, grand and high,</p>
<p class="line">Where Tusquittee&rsquo;s bald and forest</p>
<p class="line">Penetrates the cloudless sky.</p>
<p class="line">Unobstructed vision reaches</p>
<p class="line">&lsquo;Cross the Valley River, wide,</p>
<p class="line">To the Hiawassee river,</p>
<p class="line">Flowing in its lordly pride.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Here the panorama rises</p>
<p class="line">In its beauty grand and gay,</p>
<p class="line">As you linger on the summit,</p>
<p class="line">As you hesitating stay;</p>
<p class="line">Visions long out in the distance;</p>
<p class="line">Haunt you with enchanted smile,</p>
<p class="line">And the reverie of Nature</p>
<p class="line">Doth the wanderer beguile.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Valleytown, the Indian village,</p>
<p class="line">And Aquone, the camping ground,</p>
<p class="line">Cheoas vale within the distance,</p>
<p class="line">Once where Cherokee were found,</p>
<p class="line">Came within the easy focus</p>
<p class="line">Of the trained observant eye</p>
<p class="line">Of the maiden on the mountain,</p>
<p class="line">Near the clearest vaulted sky.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb47" href="#pb47" name=
"pb47">47</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Occoneechee looked and wondered,</p>
<p class="line">Scanned the mountain, scanned the vale,</p>
<p class="line">And she lifted up her voice there,</p>
<p class="line">And began to weep and wail;</p>
<p class="line">For her lover, long departed,</p>
<p class="line">For her lover brave and true,</p>
<p class="line">And she wondered if he tarried</p>
<p class="line">In the reaches of her view.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Still no sight or sound revealed him,</p>
<p class="line">Beauty smiled and smiled again,</p>
<p class="line">As she sighed and prayed to Nature,</p>
<p class="line">Yet her anxious thoughts were vain.</p>
<p class="line">For the valley and the mountain,</p>
<p class="line">And the river and the rill,</p>
<p class="line">Separated Occoneechee</p>
<p class="line">From her lover Whippoorwill.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then she to the Hiawassee,</p>
<p class="line">Wound the mountain-side and vale,</p>
<p class="line">And she made a boat of hemlock,</p>
<p class="line">And she left the mountain trail,</p>
<p class="line">And she launched the boat of hemlock</p>
<p class="line">On the Hiawassee tide,</p>
<p class="line">Launched the boat and went within it,</p>
<p class="line">Down the silver stream to glide.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb48" href="#pb48" name=
"pb48">48</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Down the river set with forest,</p>
<p class="line">Nottely joins the quickened pace</p>
<p class="line">Of the river and the maiden,</p>
<p class="line">In their onward rapid race,</p>
<p class="line">And she passes through the narrows,</p>
<p class="line">Through the narrows quick she flew,</p>
<p class="line">Through the spray and foaming current,</p>
<p class="line">With her long hemlock canoe.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Faster sped the boat of hemlock,</p>
<p class="line">Past the mountains and the shoal,</p>
<p class="line">Past the inlet Conasauga,</p>
<p class="line">Where Okoee waters roll;</p>
<p class="line">Here she stopped to make inquiry</p>
<p class="line">Of a relegated brave.</p>
<p class="line">If he&rsquo;d seen her wandering lover,</p>
<p class="line">In the forest, by the wave.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then she left the boat of hemlock,</p>
<p class="line">Roamed the forest far and wide,</p>
<p class="line">Crossed the mountain streams and fountains,</p>
<p class="line">With their cliff and foaming tide,</p>
<p class="line">Followed far Okoee river,</p>
<p class="line">Toccoa laves her weary feet,</p>
<p class="line">Ellijay and Coogawattee</p>
<p class="line">Do the pretty maiden greet.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb49" href="#pb49" name=
"pb49">49</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Not a word in all her wanderings</p>
<p class="line">Did she hear of Whippoorwill,</p>
<p class="line">Though she roamed through leagues of forest,</p>
<p class="line">And by many a rippling rill.</p>
<p class="line">Candy creek and Oostanula,</p>
<p class="line">Both were followed to their source,</p>
<p class="line">With their winding current flowing</p>
<p class="line">In their ever onward course.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Where the brave had traveled with her,</p>
<p class="line">And had told her many tales</p>
<p class="line">Of the wars he&rsquo;d been engaged in,</p>
<p class="line">And the windings of the trails,</p>
<p class="line">Over which the tribe had traveled</p>
<p class="line">In the years that long had flown,</p>
<p class="line">And the land now held by strangers,</p>
<p class="line">Which his tribe once called their own.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">And at evening in the autumn,</p>
<p class="line">When the leaves turn brown and red,</p>
<p class="line">And the hickory and the maple</p>
<p class="line">Gild with yellow as they shed,</p>
<p class="line">And the poplar and the chestnut,</p>
<p class="line">And the beech and chinquapin,</p>
<p class="line">Hide the squirrel and the pheasant</p>
<p class="line">From the sight of selfish men;</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb50" href="#pb50" name=
"pb50">50</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Where the grapevine climbs the alder,</p>
<p class="line">Clings with tendril to the pine,</p>
<p class="line">And the air is sweetly laden</p>
<p class="line">With rich odors from the vine;</p>
<p class="line">And the walnut and the dogwood</p>
<p class="line">Furnish dainties rich and rare,</p>
<p class="line">For the chipmunk and the partridge,</p>
<p class="line">Which perchance do wander there.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Where the otter slide is slickened,</p>
<p class="line">And the weasel and the mink</p>
<p class="line">Do come creeping down the river,</p>
<p class="line">There to bathe and fish and drink,</p>
<p class="line">And the red fox roams the forest,</p>
<p class="line">And defies the fleetest hound,</p>
<p class="line">And the panther in the forest</p>
<p class="line">Makes a hideous screaming sound.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Here the brave would sit and tell them</p>
<p class="line">Tales and myths told oft before,</p>
<p class="line">Tales of war and of adventure,</p>
<p class="line">By great chiefs now known no more;</p>
<p class="line">And one night they heard the shrieking</p>
<p class="line">Of a wildcat near the stream,</p>
<p class="line">That awakened them from slumber</p>
<p class="line">And disturbed their peaceful dream;</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb51" href="#pb51" name=
"pb51">51</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">For a panther, fierce and fearless,</p>
<p class="line">Had come creeping down the side</p>
<p class="line">Of the cliffs far up the mountain,</p>
<p class="line">Near the Hiawassee tide,</p>
<p class="line">And they met down near the river,</p>
<p class="line">And they fought down near the stream,</p>
<p class="line">And they made the night grow hideous</p>
<p class="line">With their awful shrieks and scream.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e2250width" id="p051-1"><img src=
"images/p051-1.jpg" alt="The Balsam Mountains." width="647" height=
"478">
<p class="figureHead">The Balsam Mountains.</p>
<p class="par first">In Jackson Co., N. C.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e2257width" id="p051-2"><img src=
"images/p051-2.jpg" alt="North from Sunset Rock, Tryon Mt." width="642"
height="481">
<p class="figureHead">North from Sunset Rock, Tryon Mt.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="lgouter">
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then she took her boat of hemlock,</p>
<p class="line">And they launched it on the wave,</p>
<p class="line">And they sat upon its gunnels,</p>
<p class="line">Occoneechee squaw and brave,</p>
<p class="line">And they pushed out in the current,</p>
<p class="line">Where the waves were rolling high,</p>
<p class="line">And the boat sped through the rapids,</p>
<p class="line">Fast as flocks of pigeons fly.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Pushed they down and ever onward</p>
<p class="line">Toward the placid Tennessee,</p>
<p class="line">To the island and the inlet</p>
<p class="line">Of the rolling Hiawassee.</p>
<p class="line">Here they camped o&rsquo;er night and rested,</p>
<p class="line">Told they tales of long ago,</p>
<p class="line">With their memories and sorrows</p>
<p class="line">Breathed they out their care and woe.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb52" href="#pb52" name=
"pb52">52</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then they floated down the river,</p>
<p class="line">On its smooth, unrippled tide.</p>
<p class="line">To the creek of Chicamauga,</p>
<p class="line">Where so many braves had died.</p>
<p class="line">And they tented near the river,</p>
<p class="line">Tied their boat up to the bank,</p>
<p class="line">Where John Ross had crossed the river,</p>
<p class="line">Where his ferryboat once sank.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Wandered through the vale of dryness,</p>
<p class="line">Chattanooga&rsquo;s pretty flow,</p>
<p class="line">Clear as crystal, pure as sunbeams,</p>
<p class="line">Winding hither too and fro.</p>
<p class="line">Drank the waters, bathed they in it,</p>
<p class="line">Fished and hunted stream and plain,</p>
<p class="line">Where the buffalo once wandered,</p>
<p class="line">But where none now doth remain.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Like a serpent that is crawling,</p>
<p class="line">Wriggling, writhing, resting not,</p>
<p class="line">Fleeing from a strange invader</p>
<p class="line">To some lone secluded spot,</p>
<p class="line">Winds and curves and turns forever,</p>
<p class="line">In its course that has no end,</p>
<p class="line">Swings to starboard and to larboard,</p>
<p class="line">Round the Moccasin&rsquo;s great bend.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href="#pb53" name=
"pb53">53</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Flows the river on forever,</p>
<p class="line">By the nodding flowering tree,</p>
<p class="line">Shedding fragrance like a censer,</p>
<p class="line">Flows the pretty Tennessee;</p>
<p class="line">On her bosom&rsquo;s crest is carried</p>
<p class="line">Precious burdens, rich and rare,</p>
<p class="line">From the fertile fields about her,</p>
<p class="line">And the ozone-laden air.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Occoneechee squaw and warrior</p>
<p class="line">Rode the silver-flowing tide,</p>
<p class="line">in the boat made out of hemlock,</p>
<p class="line">Which so long had been their pride;</p>
<p class="line">But the time now came for parting,</p>
<p class="line">As must come in every life,</p>
<p class="line">That is heir to human nature,</p>
<p class="line">With its toil and woe and strife.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Here Sequatchie&rsquo;s fertile valley,</p>
<p class="line">They approached and must ascend,</p>
<p class="line">Like the cloud before the sunbeam,</p>
<p class="line">Driven by the fiercest wind;</p>
<p class="line">Then they hid the boat of hemlock,</p>
<p class="line">Sure and safe, then bade adieu,</p>
<p class="line">To the boat upon the river,</p>
<p class="line">Which had been their friend so true.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54" href="#pb54" name=
"pb54">54</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then they mounted little ponies,</p>
<p class="line">Fresh and sleek and fat and fast,</p>
<p class="line">And they sped along the valley,</p>
<p class="line">Like the birds upon the blast,</p>
<p class="line">Looking for the handsome warrior,</p>
<p class="line">Looking hither, glancing there,</p>
<p class="line">And quite often on the journey,</p>
<p class="line">They would stop to offer prayer;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">But the valley held the secret;</p>
<p class="line">Not a living man could wrest,</p>
<p class="line">From the valley rich and fertile,</p>
<p class="line">Secrets buried in its breast;</p>
<p class="line">Though the tribe had ceased to own it,</p>
<p class="line">Though the tribe had passed away,</p>
<p class="line">From the valley of Sequatchie,</p>
<p class="line">Like the fading of the day,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Still the signs and many tokens</p>
<p class="line">Told a tale of war and strife,</p>
<p class="line">Where the whites had used the rifle,</p>
<p class="line">And the braves had used the knife,</p>
<p class="line">For the bleaching bones of warriors</p>
<p class="line">Were discovered everywhere,</p>
<p class="line">And the hideous sight brought sorrow,</p>
<p class="line">To this maiden now so fair,</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb55" href="#pb55" name=
"pb55">55</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Birds were singing in the forest,</p>
<p class="line">Merrily and full of glee,</p>
<p class="line">And a symphony unrivaled</p>
<p class="line">Flooded forestland and lea;</p>
<p class="line">With the mellow tones from singers,</p>
<p class="line">Varied, versatile and sweet,</p>
<p class="line">Came from forest and from meadow,</p>
<p class="line">Came the attuned ear to greet.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">And when evening shade would settle,</p>
<p class="line">And the moon full rose to view,</p>
<p class="line">And the zephyrs filled the valley,</p>
<p class="line">And the flowers suffused with dew,</p>
<p class="line">Then the nightingale would lure them</p>
<p class="line">Or the mockingbird hold sway,</p>
<p class="line">From the advent of Orion,</p>
<p class="line">Till the dawning of the day.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Stretching meadows lay before them,</p>
<p class="line">Rich with fragrance, rare with flowers,</p>
<p class="line">Variegated blending colors</p>
<p class="line">Lent a rapture to its bowers,</p>
<p class="line">That outstripped the fields elysian,</p>
<p class="line">Decked with Nature&rsquo;s rarest guise,</p>
<p class="line">Pleasure-house for wisest sages,</p>
<p class="line">Such as only fools despise.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb56" href="#pb56" name=
"pb56">56</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Such the scenes within the valley,</p>
<p class="line">As they joyous sped along,</p>
<p class="line">Filled with rapture, filled with pleasure,</p>
<p class="line">At the scenery and the song.</p>
<p class="line">Nature clapped her hands exultant,</p>
<p class="line">In the sylvan groves so green,</p>
<p class="line">Where the Goddess Proserpina</p>
<p class="line">Was enthroned majestic queen.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Mighty warriors red with passion,</p>
<p class="line">Once had trod this virgin soil,</p>
<p class="line">And had rested in the valley,</p>
<p class="line">When o&rsquo;ercome by heat and toil;</p>
<p class="line">Sportive maidens once delighted</p>
<p class="line">To engage in dance and song,</p>
<p class="line">With the warriors in the valley,</p>
<p class="line">With the chieftains brave and strong.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">But the mighty men and maidens</p>
<p class="line">Long since ceased this land to roam,</p>
<p class="line">Since the pale face armed with power,</p>
<p class="line">Killed the braves and burned the home,</p>
<p class="line">Took the land and burned the wigwam,</p>
<p class="line">Bound the chief and drove away,</p>
<p class="line">All the warriors, squaws and maidens,</p>
<p class="line">Toward the golden close of day.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57" name=
"pb57">57</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Happy children, wild with rapture,</p>
<p class="line">Laughed with ecstasy and glee,</p>
<p class="line">Once had filled the vale with echoes,</p>
<p class="line">And had sported lithe and free,</p>
<p class="line">All along the hill-locked valley,</p>
<p class="line">Played lacrosse and strung the bow,</p>
<p class="line">Ran the races, caught the squirrel,</p>
<p class="line">In the distant long ago.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Sped they like the rolling torrent,</p>
<p class="line">Thru the Appalachian chain,</p>
<p class="line">With its towering peaks and gorges,</p>
<p class="line">&lsquo;Mid its sunshine and its rain,</p>
<p class="line">Sped along the flowing Chuckey,</p>
<p class="line">With its reddened banks of clay,</p>
<p class="line">Were delighted by its beauty,</p>
<p class="line">Were enticed with it to stay;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Saw the rushing, rolling waters</p>
<p class="line">Fall and foam and seeth below,</p>
<p class="line">Saw the cascade of Watauga</p>
<p class="line">Surging hither to and fro;</p>
<p class="line">Looked with tireless vision upward,</p>
<p class="line">Viewed from summits high and proud,</p>
<p class="line">Landscapes grander than Olympus,</p>
<p class="line">With their crags above the cloud.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb58" href="#pb58" name=
"pb58">58</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Occoneechee,&rdquo; said the warrior,</p>
<p class="line">In a gentle tone, and mild,</p>
<p class="line">&ldquo;I remember all this grandeur,</p>
<p class="line">Since I was a little child,</p>
<p class="line">I have traveled trail and mountain,</p>
<p class="line">Chased Showono, deer and bear,</p>
<p class="line">Crossed Kentucky in the chases,</p>
<p class="line">Seen the blue-grass state so fair.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Once while hotly, I pursuing,</p>
<p class="line">Buck with antlers fierce and strong,</p>
<p class="line">Came upon a band of white men,</p>
<p class="line">With their rifles black and long,</p>
<p class="line">Came a flash of rifle powder,</p>
<p class="line">Quick as lightning came the sounds,</p>
<p class="line">From reverberating rifles,</p>
<p class="line">And the bark of baying hounds.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">They had slain the buck with antlers,</p>
<p class="line">And would be upon me soon,</p>
<p class="line">If discovered by their captain,</p>
<p class="line">By their captain, Daniel Boone;</p>
<p class="line">He the hunter, Indian hater,</p>
<p class="line">Chief and captain, pioneer,</p>
<p class="line">Known to every tribe and tribesman,</p>
<p class="line">To be destitute of fear.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb59" href="#pb59" name=
"pb59">59</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Quick I back into the forest,</p>
<p class="line">Without noise or slightest sound,</p>
<p class="line">Lest perchance I draw attention,</p>
<p class="line">From the hunter or his hound.</p>
<p class="line">&rsquo;Twas a wilderness of wildness,</p>
<p class="line">Transylvania was its name,</p>
<p class="line">Home of coon and hare and turkey,</p>
<p class="line">And all sorts of kindred game.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Once the noble chiefs and warriors</p>
<p class="line">Roamed Kentucky far and wide,</p>
<p class="line">Far along the broad Ohio,</p>
<p class="line">Strode the Indians by her tide;</p>
<p class="line">And they camped and roamed the forest,</p>
<p class="line">Dense and dark, supremely grand,</p>
<p class="line">Dominated vale and forest,</p>
<p class="line">Dominated all the land;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Chased the scouting bands of warriors,</p>
<p class="line">Who would dare to camp and die,</p>
<p class="line">On the soil of old Kentucky,</p>
<p class="line">Where the meadow grass grew high;</p>
<p class="line">Hiding &lsquo;neath the waving grasses,</p>
<p class="line">Where the muskrat and the snake,</p>
<p class="line">And the hedge hog and the weasel,</p>
<p class="line">Lurked in shade of vine and brake.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href="#pb60" name=
"pb60">60</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">I was with good Junaluska,</p>
<p class="line">In the battles and the raids,</p>
<p class="line">Where the Creek and the Showano</p>
<p class="line">Lent each other all their aids,</p>
<p class="line">When upon the Tallapoosa</p>
<p class="line">River, at the Horseshoe bend,</p>
<p class="line">We joined hands with General Jackson,</p>
<p class="line">And by death we made an end,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Of the Creeks and all their allies,</p>
<p class="line">Who assembled, one and all.</p>
<p class="line">To resist our mighty forces,</p>
<p class="line">They had built their mighty wall,</p>
<p class="line">Built it strong and reinforced it,</p>
<p class="line">Not a single spot was weak,</p>
<p class="line">For &rsquo;twas built by master workmen,</p>
<p class="line">By the tribesmen of the Creek.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">When the work was strong and finished,</p>
<p class="line">All the warriors came to dwell</p>
<p class="line">In the fortress, by the river,</p>
<p class="line">Came they tales of war to tell;</p>
<p class="line">Came a thousand of the warriors,</p>
<p class="line">With their weapons and their wives,</p>
<p class="line">Came and lodged within the fortress,</p>
<p class="line">Like the swarming bees in hives;</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb61" href="#pb61" name=
"pb61">61</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Brought their children and their chattels,</p>
<p class="line">Brought they gun, and club and spear,</p>
<p class="line">For they thought once in the fortress,</p>
<p class="line">That they&rsquo;d have no harm to fear,</p>
<p class="line">But the Cherokee and Jackson</p>
<p class="line">Brought out cannon great and small,</p>
<p class="line">And they raised the siege of Horseshoe,</p>
<p class="line">Throwing many a shell and ball;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Into fortress, into village,</p>
<p class="line">Flew the missiles thick and fast,</p>
<p class="line">Like the rain, among the rigging,</p>
<p class="line">Of the sailor&rsquo;s spar and mast,</p>
<p class="line">Crushing, crashing stone of fortress,</p>
<p class="line">Making splinters of the wall,</p>
<p class="line">Of the fortress by the river,</p>
<p class="line">With the heavy cannon ball.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">But it fell not in the fury</p>
<p class="line">Of the battle&rsquo;s hottest fray,</p>
<p class="line">Stood the test like old Gibraltar,</p>
<p class="line">All the night and all the day,</p>
<p class="line">And the progress was so slowly,</p>
<p class="line">That the battle must be lost,</p>
<p class="line">To the Cherokee and Jackson,</p>
<p class="line">And so great would be the cost,</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb62" href="#pb62" name=
"pb62">62</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">If some means were not discovered,</p>
<p class="line">To dislodge the valiant Creek,</p>
<p class="line">Now entrenched within the fortress,</p>
<p class="line">Growing strong instead of weak.</p>
<p class="line">Junaluska said to Jackson,</p>
<p class="line">&lsquo;Choose ye this day man or men,</p>
<p class="line">Who can breast the tide before you,</p>
<p class="line">Who will try to enter in;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Who can swim the Tallapoosa,</p>
<p class="line">Who can stem the flowing tide,</p>
<p class="line">Who are noble, strong and fearless,</p>
<p class="line">And have God upon their side.</p>
<p class="line">If you have such men among you,</p>
<p class="line">Let them come forth one and all,</p>
<p class="line">Let them dare to do their duty,</p>
<p class="line">Let them dare to stand or fall.&rsquo;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Not one man of all the white men</p>
<p class="line">Could be found who dared to try</p>
<p class="line">To o&rsquo;ercome the Tallapoosa,</p>
<p class="line">Or would risk his life to die.</p>
<p class="line">So your guide whom God has given,</p>
<p class="line">Volunteered to risk the wave,</p>
<p class="line">With your father, Junaluska,</p>
<p class="line">Volunteered, his tribe to save.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href="#pb63" name=
"pb63">63</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then we sought our God in silence,</p>
<p class="line">And became resigned to death,</p>
<p class="line">That lay out upon the current</p>
<p class="line">Of the river&rsquo;s silent breath.</p>
<p class="line">Under cover of the darkness,</p>
<p class="line">And the solitude of night,</p>
<p class="line">We betook the awful peril,</p>
<p class="line">With a tremor of delight.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Silently we now descended</p>
<p class="line">To the deathlike river tide,</p>
<p class="line">Following a star&rsquo;s reflection,</p>
<p class="line">For a signboard and a guide;</p>
<p class="line">To point out the right direction,</p>
<p class="line">And to bring us into port,</p>
<p class="line">Where the canoes lay at anchor,</p>
<p class="line">Near the stolid silent fort.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Quick we loosed them from their moorings</p>
<p class="line">Each man lashed beside his boat&mdash;</p>
<p class="line">Quite a dozen, swift as arrows,</p>
<p class="line">And we set them all afloat;</p>
<p class="line">Shot them straight across the river,</p>
<p class="line">Like a flash at lightning speed,</p>
<p class="line">Faster than the fleetest greyhound,</p>
<p class="line">Bounding like a blooded steed.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb64" href="#pb64" name=
"pb64">64</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">When we reached the army&rsquo;s landing,</p>
<p class="line">Quick the boats were filled with men;</p>
<p class="line">Like a thunderbolt from heaven,</p>
<p class="line">Did the deadly work begin.</p>
<p class="line">Transports glided o&rsquo;er the current,</p>
<p class="line">Like a shuttle to and fro,</p>
<p class="line">Moving Cherokee and white men,</p>
<p class="line">To confront a worthy foe.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Scaled the ramparts of the fortress,</p>
<p class="line">Stormed the inner citadel,</p>
<p class="line">And we massacred the inmates!</p>
<p class="line">How? No human tongue can tell.</p>
<p class="line">Not a woman, child or human</p>
<p class="line">Made escape, but all were slain</p>
<p class="line">In the fort or in the river,</p>
<p class="line">Or upon the gory plain.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">When the massacre and slaughter</p>
<p class="line">Had abated, all the slain</p>
<p class="line">Numbered more than a thousand,</p>
<p class="line">In the fort or on the plain.</p>
<p class="line">Many floated in the river,</p>
<p class="line">Many died out in the woods,</p>
<p class="line">And were buried in the forest,</p>
<p class="line">By erosion or the floods.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb65" href="#pb65" name=
"pb65">65</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Sad and silent stood the fortress,</p>
<p class="line">All deserted and alone;</p>
<p class="line">Not a man or child or matron,</p>
<p class="line">Now was left to claim their own.</p>
<p class="line">All the warriors and the chieftains</p>
<p class="line">Died in conflict true and brave;</p>
<p class="line">None were left to tell the story,</p>
<p class="line">Or to mark some lonely grave.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Cruel man! O God, forgive them!</p>
<p class="line">Pity such a cruel race.</p>
<p class="line">In their stead, O God of nations,</p>
<p class="line">Send some one to take their place,</p>
<p class="line">Who is humane, who is human,</p>
<p class="line">Who is honest, kind and true,</p>
<p class="line">Who when given strength and power,</p>
<p class="line">Destroys not, but spares a few.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">In the lore of ancient nations,</p>
<p class="line">In the tales of modern times,</p>
<p class="line">In the prose that now remaineth,</p>
<p class="line">Nor the poet&rsquo;s splendid rhymes,</p>
<p class="line">Is a story told more cruel</p>
<p class="line">Than the slaughter of the Creeks,</p>
<p class="line">By the Persians, Jews or Romans,</p>
<p class="line">Macedonians or Greeks;</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb66" href="#pb66" name=
"pb66">66</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Where a nation, like a shadow,</p>
<p class="line">Vanished quickly and was not,</p>
<p class="line">Like a vapor in the valley</p>
<p class="line">Passes and is soon forgot.</p>
<p class="line">Passes like a fleeing phantom,</p>
<p class="line">Like a mist before the sun,</p>
<p class="line">Came and tarried for a moment,</p>
<p class="line">And forever was undone.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Occoneechee, come and travel,</p>
<p class="line">To the distant mountains high,</p>
<p class="line">Where the summit of the mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Tower upward toward the sky.</p>
<p class="line">Delectable the splendid mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Rich in ferns forever green,</p>
<p class="line">And the galaxy of the mountains</p>
<p class="line">Are the rarest ever seen.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Mortal eyes have never witnessed,</p>
<p class="line">Mortal tongue can never tell</p>
<p class="line">Of the grandeur and the beauty</p>
<p class="line">Of the ravine and the dell.</p>
<p class="line">Strange declivities confront you,</p>
<p class="line">Then a sudden upright wall</p>
<p class="line">Rises like a mystic figure,</p>
<p class="line">With a splendid waterfall.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb67" href="#pb67" name=
"pb67">67</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">I will take you to the summit</p>
<p class="line">Of the mountains white with age,</p>
<p class="line">And will show you where the tempests</p>
<p class="line">Rush and roar with ceaseless rage,</p>
<p class="line">Where phenomena electric</p>
<p class="line">Makes mysterious display</p>
<p class="line">Of their power and their beauty</p>
<p class="line">In the distance far away;</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e3100width" id="p067-1"><img src=
"images/p067-1.jpg" alt="Balsam Mountains." width="647" height="485">
<p class="figureHead"><span class="corr" id="xd23e3102" title=
"Not in source">Balsam Mountains.</span></p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;I will take you to the summit</p>
<p class="line">Of the mountains white with age.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e3115width" id="p067-2"><img src=
"images/p067-2.jpg" alt="From Bald Rock." width="640" height="489">
<p class="figureHead">From Bald Rock.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;At the juncture of the river</p>
<p class="line">Where the Indians used to dwell.<span class="corr" id=
"xd23e3127" title="Not in source">&rdquo;</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="lgouter">
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">You can see the flash of lightning,</p>
<p class="line">And can hear the thunders roll,</p>
<p class="line">With reverberating echoes,</p>
<p class="line">That o&rsquo;erwhelm your very soul,</p>
<p class="line">Make you sigh and shake and shudder,</p>
<p class="line">Make you tremble like a leaf,</p>
<p class="line">Make you crouch in soul and body,</p>
<p class="line">Like the life o&rsquo;ercome with grief.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Yet you stand and gaze in wonder,</p>
<p class="line">Watch the elements grown dark;</p>
<p class="line">Adoration turns to terror,</p>
<p class="line">At the least electric spark;</p>
<p class="line">Vivid flashes light the heavens,</p>
<p class="line">Keep them in perpetual glow,</p>
<p class="line">Like aurora borealis</p>
<p class="line">From beyond eternal snow.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb68" href="#pb68" name=
"pb68">68</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">God eternal sends the sunshine,</p>
<p class="line">Melts the vapor, chains the cloud,</p>
<p class="line">Cages up the lightning flashes,</p>
<p class="line">Stops the peels of thunder loud.</p>
<p class="line">Changes discord into music,</p>
<p class="line">And the soul with it He thrills,</p>
<p class="line">From the music on the mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Made by leaping, laughing rills.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Look! behold the ray that cometh,</p>
<p class="line">Fills the earth with hope again,</p>
<p class="line">Dissipates the clouds and vapor,</p>
<p class="line">With their shadows and their rain.</p>
<p class="line">See the sunburst full of glory,</p>
<p class="line">Shoot forth rays of gilt and gold,</p>
<p class="line">Sung by bards, portrayed by artists</p>
<p class="line">Yet its glory ne&rsquo;er was told.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Painters fail to give description,</p>
<p class="line">Fail on canvas to portray,</p>
<p class="line">Rising sun within the mountains,</p>
<p class="line">And the glorious dawn of day;</p>
<p class="line">Sages, bards and humble poets,</p>
<p class="line">All are pigmies in the eyes</p>
<p class="line">Of the one who stands and watches</p>
<p class="line">Sunshine from its sleep arise.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb69" href="#pb69" name=
"pb69">69</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Picturesque! O scenes eternal!</p>
<p class="line">From the dizzy, dizzy heights</p>
<p class="line">Of Grandfather, Rone and Linville,</p>
<p class="line">From which rivers take their flights.</p>
<p class="line">Yadkin, Broad and the Catawbas,</p>
<p class="line">Where the Indians used to roam,</p>
<p class="line">Are the habitation only</p>
<p class="line">Of the white man and his home.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">High upon the Linville mountains</p>
<p class="line">Creeps a silent silver stream,</p>
<p class="line">From the shadows of the forest,</p>
<p class="line">Like the splendor of a dream,</p>
<p class="line">Then it runs amid the boulders,</p>
<p class="line">Joins with many sparkling rills,</p>
<p class="line">That comes rushing from the forest,</p>
<p class="line">Of those high eternal hills,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Till its speed becomes augmented,</p>
<p class="line">Till you hear the rushing sounds,</p>
<p class="line">Of the Linville river raging,</p>
<p class="line">As it leaps and falls and bounds,</p>
<p class="line">As it dashes through the granite,</p>
<p class="line">Falls into the natural pool,</p>
<p class="line">Built by nature in the chasm,</p>
<p class="line">With its water clear and cool.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70" name=
"pb70">70</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">In the Blue Ridge range of mountains</p>
<p class="line">Stand a thousand spires and domes,</p>
<p class="line">Built of adamant eternal,</p>
<p class="line">From whose base the river roams,</p>
<p class="line">Like the maiden Occoneechee,</p>
<p class="line">Wanders out replete with tears,</p>
<p class="line">Into strange lands, unto strangers,</p>
<p class="line">Thru the lapse of passing years,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Longing to be reunited,</p>
<p class="line">With her fiance forever,</p>
<p class="line">From his presence and his wooing,</p>
<p class="line">To be separated never.</p>
<p class="line">Thus the river and the maiden</p>
<p class="line">Rambled through the mountains wild,</p>
<p class="line">Seeking for a long lost lover,</p>
<p class="line">As a mother seeks her child.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Climbs the black dome of the mountain,</p>
<p class="line">Richest pinnacle e&rsquo;er seen;</p>
<p class="line">And the landscape lay before her,</p>
<p class="line">With its mounds and vales between.</p>
<p class="line">Lends enchantment grand and gorgeous,</p>
<p class="line">Gives a new lease unto life,</p>
<p class="line">And you soon forget you&rsquo;re living</p>
<p class="line">In a world of care and strife.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb71" href="#pb71" name=
"pb71">71</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Thus Mount Mitchell in the Blue Ridge,</p>
<p class="line">Zenith hill among the hills,</p>
<p class="line">Sends forth life anew forever,</p>
<p class="line">And a thousand rippling rills.</p>
<p class="line">In the distance the Savannah&rsquo;s</p>
<p class="line">Flows a stream of pure delight,</p>
<p class="line">Flows she on, and on forever,</p>
<p class="line">Never stopping day or night.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">For her mission is a true one,</p>
<p class="line">And the river ever true,</p>
<p class="line">Rolls along the grandest valley,</p>
<p class="line">That a river e&rsquo;er rolled through;</p>
<p class="line">Peopled by a population</p>
<p class="line">Rich in soul and thought divine,</p>
<p class="line">From her source up in the mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Till her soul the sea entwines.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Turning to the sun that&rsquo;s setting,</p>
<p class="line">Setting far beyond the rim,</p>
<p class="line">Of the horizon of vision,</p>
<p class="line">Where the eyes grow weak and dim,</p>
<p class="line">You behold the Swannanoa,</p>
<p class="line">Naiad, pure and fresh and sweet,</p>
<p class="line">Crystalline, and cool and limpid,</p>
<p class="line">Strays some other stream to greet.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb72" href="#pb72" name=
"pb72">72</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">From the cliffside in the mountains</p>
<p class="line">Roll a thousand little streams,</p>
<p class="line">Laughing as they greet each other,</p>
<p class="line">Where the sunshine never beams;</p>
<p class="line">Rippling, idling, swirling slowly,</p>
<p class="line">Leaping down a waterfall,</p>
<p class="line">You can hear the drops of water,</p>
<p class="line">Sweetly to their compeers call.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Down the valley glides the river,</p>
<p class="line">Murmuring a sad farewell,</p>
<p class="line">To the birds and bees and people,</p>
<p class="line">Who along its highway dwell;</p>
<p class="line">Wishing them a happy future,</p>
<p class="line">Wishing them prosperity,</p>
<p class="line">While it fills its many missions</p>
<p class="line">&lsquo;Twixt the mountains and the sea.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Bathing rocks, refreshing people,</p>
<p class="line">Casting up its silver spray,</p>
<p class="line">As it glides along the valley,</p>
<p class="line">Flows forever and for aye.</p>
<p class="line">Men may move their tents and chattels,</p>
<p class="line">Others die or go astray,</p>
<p class="line">Still the stream flows fresh forever,</p>
<p class="line">Never resting night or day.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb73" href="#pb73" name=
"pb73">73</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Giving life unto the flowers,</p>
<p class="line">Blooming on its verdant side,</p>
<p class="line">As it travels, as it journeys,</p>
<p class="line">As its ripples make their stride.</p>
<p class="line">In the gloaming of the twilight,</p>
<p class="line">When the birds had ceased to fly,</p>
<p class="line">And the dazzling dome of heaven</p>
<p class="line">Gave resplendence to the sky.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e3446width" id="p073"><img src="images/p073.jpg"
alt="Lower Cullasaja Falls." width="464" height="720">
<p class="figureHead">Lower Cullasaja Falls.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;From the cliffside in the mountains</p>
<p class="line">Roll a thousand little streams.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="lgouter">
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Occoneechee, squaw and warrior,</p>
<p class="line">Watched the stream, as on it sped,</p>
<p class="line">Rippling o&rsquo;er the pebbly bottom,</p>
<p class="line">Lying on its rocky bed;</p>
<p class="line">Grasses waving green around them,</p>
<p class="line">Nodding boughs bid them adieu,</p>
<p class="line">And it wafted them caresses,</p>
<p class="line">Like the sunbeams sparkling dew.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Precious fragrance filled the valley,</p>
<p class="line">From the sweet shrub and the pine,</p>
<p class="line">Luscious fruits and ripening melons</p>
<p class="line">Lade the apple tree and vine.</p>
<p class="line">All along the pretty valley,</p>
<p class="line">Harvest fields and curing hay</p>
<p class="line">Make the white man rich and happy,</p>
<p class="line">Where the warriors used to stray.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb74" href="#pb74" name=
"pb74">74</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">At the juncture of the river,</p>
<p class="line">Where the Indians used to dwell,</p>
<p class="line">Where they made their pots of red clay,</p>
<p class="line">Made them crude but made them well,</p>
<p class="line">Here they tented long and hunted,</p>
<p class="line">Fished the Tah-kee-os-tee stream,</p>
<p class="line">Strolled along the racing river,</p>
<p class="line">Where its rippling waters gleam.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Moons passed on, and yet no greetings</p>
<p class="line">Came to cheer the wandering maid,</p>
<p class="line">Who so long had sought her lover,</p>
<p class="line">Till her hopes began to fade,</p>
<p class="line">And she felt that she must hasten,</p>
<p class="line">Quickly hasten thru the wild,</p>
<p class="line">By the rapid river racing,</p>
<p class="line">She the nature-loving child.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then they took their little ponies,</p>
<p class="line">Girt them with a roebuck hide,</p>
<p class="line">Seated on the nimble ponies,</p>
<p class="line">Started swiftly on the ride,</p>
<p class="line">On to Toxaway the river,</p>
<p class="line">On to Toxaway the lake,</p>
<p class="line">Where the leaf of vine and alder,</p>
<p class="line">Hide the muskrat and the snake.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb75" href="#pb75" name=
"pb75">75</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">All along the racing river,</p>
<p class="line">Gorgeous forest trees are seen,</p>
<p class="line">And the wild deer in the forest</p>
<p class="line">Dwells beneath the coat of green.</p>
<p class="line">Here the beaver, hare and turkey</p>
<p class="line">Share their food and come to drink,</p>
<p class="line">In the splendid spreading forest,</p>
<p class="line">Near the Tah-kee-os-tee&rsquo;s brink.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Here they fished and caught the rainbow,</p>
<p class="line">Caught the little mountain trout,</p>
<p class="line">In the lake and in the river,</p>
<p class="line">With their poles both crude and stout;</p>
<p class="line">Caught the squirrel and the pheasant,</p>
<p class="line">Chased the turkey, deer and bear,</p>
<p class="line">Caught a-plenty, all they needed,</p>
<p class="line">Yet they had not one to spare.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">In the sapphire land they lingered</p>
<p class="line">Many days and many nights,</p>
<p class="line">On the mountains, &lsquo;mid the laurel,</p>
<p class="line">Looking at the wondrous sights,</p>
<p class="line">That will greet you in the mountains,</p>
<p class="line">That you see in vales below,</p>
<p class="line">As you tread the paths untrodden,</p>
<p class="line">As you wander to and fro.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb76" href="#pb76" name=
"pb76">76</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">In the forest land primeval</p>
<p class="line">Where the fountains form their heads,</p>
<p class="line">Lies the famous vale of flowers,</p>
<p class="line">Splendid valley of pink beds.</p>
<p class="line">Every tribe and every hunter</p>
<p class="line">Knows this lone secluded spot,</p>
<p class="line">From the other vales so famous;</p>
<p class="line">When once seen is ne&rsquo;er forgot.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">In this vale of flowers and sunshine,</p>
<p class="line">Lies the Aidenn, most tranquil,</p>
<p class="line">Where the sore and heavy-laden,</p>
<p class="line">Gambol peacefully at will;</p>
<p class="line">Hear the trill of distant music,</p>
<p class="line">Played on Nature&rsquo;s vibrant chime,</p>
<p class="line">Resonant with sweetest concord</p>
<p class="line">All attuned to perfect time.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Here the weary, heavy-laden</p>
<p class="line">Soul, may lose his load of care,</p>
<p class="line">And the body, sick and wounded,</p>
<p class="line">Find an answer to his prayer.</p>
<p class="line">Precious incense here arises,</p>
<p class="line">From the brasier of the vale</p>
<p class="line">That ascends the lofty mountains,</p>
<p class="line">By an unseen, trackless trail.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb77" href="#pb77" name=
"pb77">77</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Pisgah stands, the peer and rival</p>
<p class="line">Of Olympus, famed of old,</p>
<p class="line">Where the gods met in their councils,</p>
<p class="line">And their consultations held.</p>
<p class="line">Looking far across the valleys,</p>
<p class="line">They behold on either side,</p>
<p class="line">Rivers, vales and gushing fountains,</p>
<p class="line">Which forever shall abide.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e3671width" id="p077-1"><img src=
"images/p077-1.jpg" alt="Mount Pisgah." width="647" height="641">
<p class="figureHead"><span class="corr" id="xd23e3673" title=
"Not in source">Mount Pisgah.</span></p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Pisgah stands the peer and rival</p>
<p class="line">of Olympus, famed of old.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e3686width" id="p077-2"><img src=
"images/p077-2.jpg" alt="Indian Mound, Franklin, N. C." width="648"
height="324">
<p class="figureHead">Indian Mound, Franklin, N. C.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Where the mound stands in the meadow</p>
<p class="line">There the tribe was wont to gather.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="lgouter">
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">In the distance stands eternal,</p>
<p class="line">Junaluska&rsquo;s pretty mound,</p>
<p class="line">Which in beauty of the landscape</p>
<p class="line">Is the grandest ever found.</p>
<p class="line">Rushing streams of purest water,</p>
<p class="line">Giving off their silver spray,</p>
<p class="line">Add a beauty to the forest,</p>
<p class="line">In a new and novel way.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">And the balsam peaks of fir tree</p>
<p class="line">Looks like midnight in the day,</p>
<p class="line">Looks like shadows in the sunshine,</p>
<p class="line">In the fading far away.</p>
<p class="line">Dense and dark and much foreboding</p>
<p class="line">Apprehensions do declare,</p>
<p class="line">To the one who sleeps beneath them</p>
<p class="line">With its flood of balmy air.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb78" href="#pb78" name=
"pb78">78</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Occoneechee, forest dweller,</p>
<p class="line">We have traveled many miles,</p>
<p class="line">Through the mountains, o&rsquo;er the valleys,</p>
<p class="line">Where the face of Nature smiled;</p>
<p class="line">We have tasted of the fountains,</p>
<p class="line">Whence breaks forth the Keowee,</p>
<p class="line">Nymph of beauty, joy and pleasure,</p>
<p class="line">Once the home of Cherokee.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">We have rested near the water,</p>
<p class="line">Seen the fleck and shimmering flow,</p>
<p class="line">Of the waters kissed by Nature,</p>
<p class="line">Lovely river Tugaloo,</p>
<p class="line">Where the Cherokee once rambled,</p>
<p class="line">Spoiled &lsquo;mid the scenes so wild,</p>
<p class="line">Where the forest and the river</p>
<p class="line">Have the wood-gods oft beguiled.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Wandered o&rsquo;er the sapphire country,</p>
<p class="line">Land which doth the soul delight,</p>
<p class="line">With its mounds and vales and rivers;</p>
<p class="line">God ne&rsquo;er made a holier site</p>
<p class="line">For the human race to dwell in,</p>
<p class="line">Where the human soul can rise,</p>
<p class="line">Higher in its aspirations</p>
<p class="line">Toward the rich Utopian skies&rdquo;</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb79" href="#pb79" name=
"pb79">79</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Here the lyrics sung by Nature,</p>
<p class="line">Played upon its strings of gold,</p>
<p class="line">Float out on the evening breezes,</p>
<p class="line">And its music ne&rsquo;er grows old,</p>
<p class="line">To the soul and life and spirit,</p>
<p class="line">Which is bent and bowed with care.</p>
<p class="line">This the sweetest land Elysian,</p>
<p class="line">To the one who wanders there.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Convolutions of the lilies,</p>
<p class="line">Tranquil bloom and curve and die,</p>
<p class="line">Near the river, &lsquo;neath the shadows</p>
<p class="line">Of the white pine, smooth and high.</p>
<p class="line">Sparkling, gleaming in the sunlight</p>
<p class="line">Bursts the water, pure and free,</p>
<p class="line">From the rocks high on the mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Once the home of Cherokee.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Dancing, rippling, roaring, rushing,</p>
<p class="line">Comes Tallulah in its rage,</p>
<p class="line">Like an eagle bounding forward,</p>
<p class="line">From an exit in a cage.</p>
<p class="line">In the distance, you behold it</p>
<p class="line">Rise and babble, laugh and smile;</p>
<p class="line">Then amid the reeds and rushes,</p>
<p class="line">Turns and loiters for awhile.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb80" href="#pb80" name=
"pb80">80</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then it curves among the eddies,</p>
<p class="line">Hastens on to meet the bend,</p>
<p class="line">In the meadows, like the fragrance</p>
<p class="line">Borne aloft upon the wind;</p>
<p class="line">Silently reflecting sunbeams</p>
<p class="line">To the distant verdant hill</p>
<p class="line">From its surface calm and placid,</p>
<p class="line">Smooth, untarnished little rill;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Gleams and glides accelerated,</p>
<p class="line">As it gathers, as it grows,</p>
<p class="line">As the brook becomes a river,</p>
<p class="line">As it ever onward flows;</p>
<p class="line">Swirls and turns and dashes downward,</p>
<p class="line">Heaves and moans and dashes wild,</p>
<p class="line">For a chasm down the canyon,</p>
<p class="line">Like a lost, demented child;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Furious, frantic, leaps and lashes</p>
<p class="line">Down into the great abyss,</p>
<p class="line">Falls and foams and seethes forever</p>
<p class="line">Where the rocks and river kiss.</p>
<p class="line">Tallulah Falls, the work and wonder</p>
<p class="line">Of the cycles and the age,</p>
<p class="line">Pours its deluge down the ravine,</p>
<p class="line">Unobstructed in its rage.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb81" href="#pb81" name=
"pb81">81</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Flying fowls of evil omen,</p>
<p class="line">Dare not stop it in its flight,</p>
<p class="line">Lest the river overwhelm them</p>
<p class="line">With its power of strength and might&mdash;</p>
<p class="line">Lest the river dash to pieces</p>
<p class="line">Bird or beast that would impede</p>
<p class="line">Such a torrent as confronts you</p>
<p class="line">With its force of fearful speed.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e3910width" id="p081"><img src="images/p081.jpg"
alt="Tallulah Falls, Ga." width="462" height="720">
<p class="figureHead">Tallulah Falls, Ga.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;In the forest land primeval</p>
<p class="line">Where the fountains form their heads.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="lgouter">
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then it rushes fast and furious</p>
<p class="line">Into mist and fog and spray,</p>
<p class="line">Rises like the ghost of Banquo,</p>
<p class="line">Will not linger, stop nor stay.</p>
<p class="line">O&rsquo;er the precipice it plunges,</p>
<p class="line">Bounds and surges down the steep,</p>
<p class="line">As it gushes forth forever,</p>
<p class="line">Toward the blue and boundless deep.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">In the Appalachian mountains</p>
<p class="line">Stands Satulah, high and proud,</p>
<p class="line">With its base upon the Blue Ridge,</p>
<p class="line">And its head above the cloud.</p>
<p class="line">From its top the panorama</p>
<p class="line">Rises grandly into view,</p>
<p class="line">And presents a thousand landscapes,</p>
<p class="line">Every one to Nature true.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb82" href="#pb82" name=
"pb82">82</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Round by round the mountains rise up,</p>
<p class="line">Round on round, and tier on tier,</p>
<p class="line">You behold them in their beauty,</p>
<p class="line">Through a vista, bright and clear.</p>
<p class="line">Like concentric circles floating,</p>
<p class="line">Ebbing on a crystal bay</p>
<p class="line">To the distance they&rsquo;re receding,</p>
<p class="line">Fading like declining day.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Hardby stands the Whiteside Mountain,</p>
<p class="line">Like an athlete, strong and tall,</p>
<p class="line">Perpendicularly rising</p>
<p class="line">As a mighty granite wall;</p>
<p class="line">Towering o&rsquo;er the Cashier&rsquo;s valley,</p>
<p class="line">Stretching calmly at its base,</p>
<p class="line">Like a bouquet of rich roses</p>
<p class="line">Beautifying Nature&rsquo;s vase.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">High above the other mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Whiteside stands in bold relief,</p>
<p class="line">With its court house and its cavern</p>
<p class="line">Refuge for the soul with grief;</p>
<p class="line">Like a monolith it rises</p>
<p class="line">To a grand majestic height,</p>
<p class="line">Till its crest becomes a mirror,</p>
<p class="line">To refract the rays of light.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb83" href="#pb83" name=
"pb83">83</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">From its summit grand and gorgeous</p>
<p class="line">Like a splendid stereoscope,</p>
<p class="line">Comes a view yet undiscovered</p>
<p class="line">Full of awe, and life and hope<span class="corr" id=
"xd23e4020" title="Not in source">.</span></p>
<p class="line">Smiling vales and nodding forests</p>
<p class="line">Greet you like a loving child,</p>
<p class="line">From the zenith of the mountain,</p>
<p class="line">Comes the landscape undefiled.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Flying clouds pour forth their shadows,</p>
<p class="line">As the curious mystic maze</p>
<p class="line">Shrouds the mountains from the vision,</p>
<p class="line">With its dark and lowering haze.</p>
<p class="line">Fog so dense come stealing o&rsquo;er you</p>
<p class="line">That you know not day from night,</p>
<p class="line">Till the rifting of the shadows</p>
<p class="line">Makes room for the golden light.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">In the Blue Ridge, near the headland</p>
<p class="line">In the Hamburg scenic mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Comes a silver flow of water</p>
<p class="line">From a score of dancing fountains,</p>
<p class="line">Tripping lightly, leaping gently,</p>
<p class="line">Slipping &lsquo;neath the underbrush</p>
<p class="line">Without noise it creepeth slowly</p>
<p class="line">Toward the place of onward rush.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb84" href="#pb84" name=
"pb84">84</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Floats along beneath the hemlock,</p>
<p class="line">Nods to swaying spruce and pine,</p>
<p class="line">Murmurs in its pebbly bottom</p>
<p class="line">Holds converse with tree and vine.</p>
<p class="line">Winds around the jutting ledges</p>
<p class="line">Of translucent spar and flint,</p>
<p class="line">With effulgence like the jasper</p>
<p class="line">With its glare and gleam and glint.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Moving onward, moving ever,</p>
<p class="line">In its course o&rsquo;er amber bed,</p>
<p class="line">While the bluejay and the robin</p>
<p class="line">Perch in tree top overhead;</p>
<p class="line">Perch and sing of joy and freedom,</p>
<p class="line">Fill the glen with pleasure&rsquo;s song,</p>
<p class="line">As the waters, fresh and sparkling,</p>
<p class="line">Rippling, gliding, pass along.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Thus the Tuckaseigee river</p>
<p class="line">Rises far back in the dell,</p>
<p class="line">Where the dank marsh of the mountain</p>
<p class="line">Rise and fall, assuage and swell,</p>
<p class="line">Till its flow becomes augmented</p>
<p class="line">By a thousand little streams</p>
<p class="line">Coming from the rocky highlands</p>
<p class="line">Through their fissures and their seams.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85" name=
"pb85">85</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Fills the valley, passes quickly,</p>
<p class="line">Trips and falls a hundred feet,</p>
<p class="line">Swirls a moment, makes a struggle,</p>
<p class="line">Doth the same rash act repeat.</p>
<p class="line">Rushes, rages, fumes and surges,</p>
<p class="line">Dashes into mist and spray,</p>
<p class="line">Heaves and sighs, foments and lashes,</p>
<p class="line">As it turns to rush away;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Roars and fills the earth and heaven</p>
<p class="line">With the pean of its rage,</p>
<p class="line">Plunges down deep in the gulches,</p>
<p class="line">Where the rocks are worn with age.</p>
<p class="line">Maddened by the sudden conflict,</p>
<p class="line">Starts anew to rend the wall</p>
<p class="line">That confines its turbid waters</p>
<p class="line">To the defile and the fall.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Once again it leaps and rushes</p>
<p class="line">Toward the towering granite wall,</p>
<p class="line">And it bounds full many a fathom</p>
<p class="line">In its final furious fall.</p>
<p class="line">Much it moans and seethes and surges,</p>
<p class="line">Starts again at rapid speed,</p>
<p class="line">O&rsquo;er the rocky pot-hole gushes</p>
<p class="line">Like a gaited blooded steed.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb86" href="#pb86" name=
"pb86">86</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Thus the Tuckaseigee river</p>
<p class="line">Falls into the great abyss</p>
<p class="line">Down the canyon, rough and rugged,</p>
<p class="line">Where the spar and granite kiss.</p>
<p class="line">Then it flows still fast and faster,</p>
<p class="line">With its flood both bright and clear,</p>
<p class="line">Through the cycles ripe with ages</p>
<p class="line">Month on month and year on year.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Near the apex of the mountains,</p>
<p class="line">In the silence of the dale,</p>
<p class="line">Where no human foot has trodden</p>
<p class="line">Path or road or warrior&rsquo;s trail,</p>
<p class="line">From the tarn or seep there drippeth</p>
<p class="line">Crystal water bright and free,</p>
<p class="line">That becomes a nymph of beauty,</p>
<p class="line">Pretty vale of Cullowhee.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">In the spreading vale the townhouse,</p>
<p class="line">And the Indian village stood;</p>
<p class="line">In the alcove, well secluded,</p>
<p class="line">In the grove of walnut wood.</p>
<p class="line">Ancient chiefs held many councils,</p>
<p class="line">Sung the war-song, kept the dance,</p>
<p class="line">While the squaws and pretty maidens</p>
<p class="line">Vie each other in the prance.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb87" href="#pb87" name=
"pb87">87</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Cullowhee, thou stream and valley,</p>
<p class="line">Once the domicile and home,</p>
<p class="line">Of a people free and happy,</p>
<p class="line">Free from tribal fear and gloom,</p>
<p class="line">Where, O where, are thy great warriors&mdash;</p>
<p class="line">Where thy chiefs and warriors bold&mdash;</p>
<p class="line">Who once held in strict abeyance</p>
<p class="line">Those who plundered you of old?</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Gone forever are thy warriors,</p>
<p class="line">Gone thy chiefs and maidens fair,</p>
<p class="line">Vanished like the mist of summer,</p>
<p class="line">Gone! but none can tell us where.</p>
<p class="line">From their homes were hounded, driven,</p>
<p class="line">Like the timid hind or deer,</p>
<p class="line">Herded like the driven cattle,</p>
<p class="line">Forced from home by gun and spear.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Tell me, vale or rippling water,</p>
<p class="line">Tell me if ye can or will,</p>
<p class="line">If you&rsquo;ve seen my long-lost lover</p>
<p class="line">Known as wandering Whippoorwill?&rdquo;</p>
<p class="line">But the water, cool and placid,</p>
<p class="line">That comes from the mountain high</p>
<p class="line">Swirled a moment, then departing</p>
<p class="line">Made no answer or reply.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb88" href="#pb88" name=
"pb88">88</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then the maiden&rsquo;s grief grew greater,</p>
<p class="line">As she lingered by the stream</p>
<p class="line">Watching for some sign or token</p>
<p class="line">Or some vision through a dream;</p>
<p class="line">But no dream made revelation,</p>
<p class="line">Only sorrow filled her years,</p>
<p class="line">And her eyes lost much of luster</p>
<p class="line">As her cheeks suffused with tears.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Turning thence into the forest</p>
<p class="line">Over hill and brook and mound,</p>
<p class="line">To the Cullasaja river</p>
<p class="line">Through the forest land they wound;</p>
<p class="line">Through the tangled brush and ivy,</p>
<p class="line">Rough and rugged mountainside,</p>
<p class="line">Led the ponies through the forest,</p>
<p class="line">Far too steep for them to ride.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">They descended trails deserted,</p>
<p class="line">Where the chieftains used to go,</p>
<p class="line">Near the Cullasaja river,</p>
<p class="line">Near its rough uneven flow;</p>
<p class="line">Camped upon its bank at evening,</p>
<p class="line">Heard at night the roar and splash</p>
<p class="line">Of the voice of many waters</p>
<p class="line">Down the fearful cascade dash.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb89" href="#pb89" name=
"pb89">89</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Stood at sunrise where the shadow</p>
<p class="line">Of the cliffs cast darkening shade,</p>
<p class="line">Where the rainbows chase the rainbow</p>
<p class="line">Like as sorrows chased the maid.</p>
<p class="line">Traveled down the silver current,</p>
<p class="line">Rested often on the way,</p>
<p class="line">Strolled the banks and fished the current</p>
<p class="line">Of the crystal Ellijay.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Pleasantly the winding current</p>
<p class="line">Eddies, swirls and loiters free</p>
<p class="line">Till it joins the radiant waters</p>
<p class="line">Of the little Tennessee;</p>
<p class="line">Where the mound stands in the meadow,</p>
<p class="line">Once the townhouse capped its crest,</p>
<p class="line">There the tribe was wont to gather,</p>
<p class="line">Council, plan and seek for rest.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">To the mound the tribe assembled,</p>
<p class="line">From the regions all around,</p>
<p class="line">Came from Cowee and Coweeta,</p>
<p class="line">Where the Cherokee abound;</p>
<p class="line">Came from Nantahala mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Skeenah and Cartoogechaye,</p>
<p class="line">Nickajack and sweet Iola,</p>
<p class="line">And from Choga far away.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb90" href="#pb90" name=
"pb90">90</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">All the great men and the warriors</p>
<p class="line">Brought the women, and their wives,</p>
<p class="line">Came by hundreds without number,</p>
<p class="line">Like the swarms around the hives;</p>
<p class="line">But today there is no warrior,</p>
<p class="line">Not a maiden can be found,</p>
<p class="line">Tenting on the pretty meadow,</p>
<p class="line">Or upon Nik-wa-sa mound.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">In the Cowee spur of mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Stands the Bald and Sentinel,</p>
<p class="line">Of the valley and the river,</p>
<p class="line">Of the moorland and the dell.</p>
<p class="line">Like a pyramid it rises,</p>
<p class="line">Layer on layer and flight on flight</p>
<p class="line">Till its crest ascends the confines</p>
<p class="line">Of the grand imperial height.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">From its summit far receding,</p>
<p class="line">Contours of the mountains rise,</p>
<p class="line">Numerous as the constellations</p>
<p class="line">In the arched dome of the skies.</p>
<p class="line">Far away beyond the valley</p>
<p class="line">Double Top confronts the eye,</p>
<p class="line">Black Rock rises like a shadow</p>
<p class="line">On the blue ethereal sky.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb91" href="#pb91" name=
"pb91">91</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Jones' Knob makes its appearance,</p>
<p class="line">Highest, grandest height of all</p>
<p class="line">Penetrates the vault of heaven,</p>
<p class="line">None so picturesque or tall.</p>
<p class="line">Wayah, Burningtown and Wesser</p>
<p class="line">Raise their bald heads to the cloud</p>
<p class="line">High and haughty, rich in beauty</p>
<p class="line">And extremely vain and proud.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e4450width" id="p091-1"><img src=
"images/p091-1.jpg" alt="Great Cliff, Whiteside Mountain." width="651"
height="430">
<p class="figureHead">Great Cliff, Whiteside Mountain.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e4455width"><img src="images/p091-2.jpg" alt=
"Whiteside Mountain." width="646" height="437">
<p class="figureHead"><span class="corr" id="xd23e4457" title=
"Not in source">Whiteside Mountain.</span></p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Hardby stands the Whiteside Mountain,</p>
<p class="line">Like an athlete, strong and tall.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="lgouter">
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Una and Yalaka mountains</p>
<p class="line">Stand so near up by the side</p>
<p class="line">Of the Cowee, that you&rsquo;d take them</p>
<p class="line">For its consort or its bride.</p>
<p class="line">Festooned, wreathed and decorated</p>
<p class="line">With the honeysuckle bloom,</p>
<p class="line">And the lady-slipper blossom,</p>
<p class="line">There dispels the hour of gloom.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Ginseng and the Indian turnip</p>
<p class="line">Grow up from their fallow beds</p>
<p class="line">In the dark coves of the mountains,</p>
<p class="line">With their beaded crimson heads.</p>
<p class="line">Fertile fields and stately meadows</p>
<p class="line">Stretch along the sylvan streams</p>
<p class="line">And surpass the fields Elysian,</p>
<p class="line">Seen in visionary dreams.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb92" href="#pb92" name=
"pb92">92</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">From the summit of the Cowee</p>
<p class="line">In the season of the fall,</p>
<p class="line">Fog fills all the pretty valley</p>
<p class="line">Settles like the deathly pall,</p>
<p class="line">Coming from the rill and river,</p>
<p class="line">To the isothermal belt,</p>
<p class="line">Where the sunbeam meets the fog-line</p>
<p class="line">And the frost and ices melt.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Jutting tops of verdant mountains</p>
<p class="line">Penetrate the fog below,</p>
<p class="line">As the islands in the ocean</p>
<p class="line">Form the archipelago.</p>
<p class="line">Sea of fog stands out before you,</p>
<p class="line">With its islands and its reef</p>
<p class="line">Silent and devoid of murmur</p>
<p class="line">As the quivering aspen leaf.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Occoneechee, look to Northland,</p>
<p class="line">See the Smoky Mountains rise,</p>
<p class="line">Like a shadow in the valley</p>
<p class="line">Or a cloud upon the skies.</p>
<p class="line">Many days since you beheld them</p>
<p class="line">In their grand, majestic height;</p>
<p class="line">Many days from these you&rsquo;ve wandered</p>
<p class="line">From their fountains, pure and bright.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb93" href="#pb93" name=
"pb93">93</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Hie thee to the Smoky Mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Tarry not upon the plain,</p>
<p class="line">Linger not upon the border</p>
<p class="line">Of the fields of golden grain.</p>
<p class="line">Flee thee as a kite or eagle,</p>
<p class="line">Not a moment stop or stay,</p>
<p class="line">Hasten to Oconaluftee,</p>
<p class="line">Be not long upon the way.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;I have much to speak unto you</p>
<p class="line">E&rsquo;er I take my final leave,</p>
<p class="line">Some will sadden, some will gladden,</p>
<p class="line">Some bring joy and some will grieve.</p>
<p class="line">All our legends, myths and stories</p>
<p class="line">Soon will fall into decay,</p>
<p class="line">And I must transmit them to you</p>
<p class="line">E&rsquo;er I turn to go away.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Mount thee, mount thee quick this pony,</p>
<p class="line">Spryly spring upon its back,</p>
<p class="line">Leave no vestige, sign or token</p>
<p class="line">Or the semblance of a track,</p>
<p class="line">Whereby man may trace or trail thee,</p>
<p class="line">In the moorland or morass,</p>
<p class="line">By the radiant river flowing</p>
<p class="line">Or secluded mountain pass.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb94" href="#pb94" name=
"pb94">94</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Grasp the reins, hold fast the girdle,</p>
<p class="line">Like flamingoes make your flight</p>
<p class="line">To the great dome of the mountain</p>
<p class="line">That now gleams within your sight.</p>
<p class="line">Clingman&rsquo;s Dome, the crowning glory</p>
<p class="line">Of the high erupted hills,</p>
<p class="line">They will shield you and protect you,</p>
<p class="line">With its cliffs and rolling rills.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Sped they like the rolling current,</p>
<p class="line">Sped they like a gleam of light,</p>
<p class="line">Sped they as the flying phantom</p>
<p class="line">Or a swallow in its flight,</p>
<p class="line">To their refuge in the mountain,</p>
<p class="line">To the temple of the earth,</p>
<p class="line">Near the lonely spot secluded,</p>
<p class="line">That had known her from her birth.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Standing, gazing, watching, peering,</p>
<p class="line">Through the azure atmosphere,</p>
<p class="line">At the wilderness before you</p>
<p class="line">And the scene both rich and clear.</p>
<p class="line">Cerulean the gorgeous mountains</p>
<p class="line">Rise and loom up in your sight,</p>
<p class="line">Like a splendid constellation</p>
<p class="line">On a crisp autumnal night.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb95" href="#pb95" name=
"pb95">95</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&lsquo;Twixt the fall and winter season,</p>
<p class="line">Comes a tinge of milky haze,</p>
<p class="line">Stealing o&rsquo;er the Smoky Mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Shutting out the solar rays,</p>
<p class="line">Flooding vales and filling valleys,</p>
<p class="line">Coming, creeping, crawling slow,</p>
<p class="line">Fills the firmament with shadows</p>
<p class="line">As with crystal flakes of snow.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Through the haze and mist and shadows</p>
<p class="line">You discern a ball of fire,</p>
<p class="line">From the rim of Nature rising</p>
<p class="line">As a knighted funeral pyre;</p>
<p class="line">Yet it moveth slowly upward,</p>
<p class="line">Creeps aloft along the sky,</p>
<p class="line">As a billow on the ocean</p>
<p class="line">Meets the ship, then passes by.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">This you say is Indian summer,</p>
<p class="line">Tepid season of the year,</p>
<p class="line">When glad harvest songs ascendeth</p>
<p class="line">Full of hope and love and cheer.</p>
<p class="line">From Penobscot, down the Hudson,</p>
<p class="line">By the Susquehanna wild,</p>
<p class="line">Through the Shenandoah valley</p>
<p class="line">Roamed the forest-loving child.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb96" href="#pb96" name=
"pb96">96</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Roamed the Mohawk and the Huron,</p>
<p class="line">Seneca and Wyandot,</p>
<p class="line">Delaware and the Mohican,</p>
<p class="line">Long since perished and forgot.</p>
<p class="line">Powhattan and Tuscarora,</p>
<p class="line">And the wandering Showano,</p>
<p class="line">Creek and Seminole and Erie,</p>
<p class="line">Miami and Pamlico,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Chicasaw and the Osages,</p>
<p class="line">Kickapoo and Illinois,</p>
<p class="line">Ottawas and Susquehannas,</p>
<p class="line">Objibwas and Iroquois,</p>
<p class="line">Once enjoyed the Indian summers,</p>
<p class="line">Once to all this land was heir,</p>
<p class="line">Sportive, free and lithe and happy,</p>
<p class="line">Chief and maid and matron fair.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">As the blossoms in the forest</p>
<p class="line">Bloom, then fall into decay,</p>
<p class="line">So the mighty tribes here mentioned,</p>
<p class="line">Flourished, so traditions say;</p>
<p class="line">Then the coming of the white man,</p>
<p class="line">Spread consternation far and wide;</p>
<p class="line">Then decay and desolation</p>
<p class="line">Conquered all their manly pride.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb97" href="#pb97" name=
"pb97">97</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Treaties made were quickly broken</p>
<p class="line">And their homes were burned with fire,</p>
<p class="line">Which provoked the mighty tribesmen</p>
<p class="line">And aroused their vengeful ire.</p>
<p class="line">Furious raids on hostile savage</p>
<p class="line">With the powder-horn and gun,</p>
<p class="line">Soon reduced the noble red man</p>
<p class="line">Slowly, surely, one by one,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Till not one now roams the forest,</p>
<p class="line">None are left to tell the tale;</p>
<p class="line">All their guns and bows are broken,</p>
<p class="line">None now for them weep or wail.</p>
<p class="line">Only names of streams and mountains</p>
<p class="line">Keep the memory aglow,</p>
<p class="line">Of the noble, brave and fearless</p>
<p class="line">Red men of the long ago.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Cherokee, the seed and offspring</p>
<p class="line">Residue of Iroquois,</p>
<p class="line">Silently are disappearing</p>
<p class="line">Without pageantry or noise.</p>
<p class="line">Though more civil and more learned</p>
<p class="line">And much wiser than the rest,</p>
<p class="line">They will be amalgamated,</p>
<p class="line">By the white man in the West.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href="#pb98" name=
"pb98">98</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Occoneechee and the chieftain</p>
<p class="line">Talked of all that they had seen,</p>
<p class="line">Of the flow of pretty rivers</p>
<p class="line">And the matchless mountains green,</p>
<p class="line">Of the ferns and pretty flowers,</p>
<p class="line">Parterre of rarest hue,</p>
<p class="line">Tint of maroon, white and yellow,</p>
<p class="line">Saffron, lilac, red and blue.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Held they converse of their travels,</p>
<p class="line">Of the wilderness sublime,</p>
<p class="line">Of the myths and happy legends</p>
<p class="line">Told through yielding years of time.</p>
<p class="line">Of the wars and tales forgotten,</p>
<p class="line">Of the chiefs and warriors brave</p>
<p class="line">Who long since have run their journey,</p>
<p class="line">Who now sleep within the grave.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">At those tales the maiden wept loud,</p>
<p class="line">Sought for solace thru a sigh,</p>
<p class="line">Much o&rsquo;ercome by thoughts of loved ones,</p>
<p class="line">And she prayed that she might die</p>
<p class="line">High upon the Smoky Mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Where no human soul can trace</p>
<p class="line">The seclusions of the forest</p>
<p class="line">To her lonely burial place.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb99" href="#pb99" name=
"pb99">99</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Bitterly she wailed in sorrow,</p>
<p class="line">Saying &ldquo;Tell me, tell me why</p>
<p class="line">I am left out here so lonely,</p>
<p class="line">And my tears are never dry?</p>
<p class="line">Why he comes not at my calling,</p>
<p class="line">Why he roams some lonely way,</p>
<p class="line">Why does he not come back to me&mdash;</p>
<p class="line">Why does he not come and stay?</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e4889width" id="p099-1"><img src=
"images/p099-1.jpg" alt="Tennessee River, above Franklin, N. C." width=
"645" height="484">
<p class="figureHead">Tennessee River, above Franklin, N. C.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e4894width" id="p099-2"><img src=
"images/p099-2.jpg" alt="Lake Toxaway." width="650" height="431">
<p class="figureHead">Lake Toxaway.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="lgouter">
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Why and where now does he linger?</p>
<p class="line">Tell me, silver, crescent moon,</p>
<p class="line">Shall our parting be forever&mdash;</p>
<p class="line">Shall our hopes all blast at noon?</p>
<p class="line">When love&rsquo;s bright star shines the brightest</p>
<p class="line">Shall it be the sooner set?</p>
<p class="line">Shall we e&rsquo;er be reunited,</p>
<p class="line">Tell me, while hope lingers yet!</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Does he linger in the mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Far up toward the radiant sky?</p>
<p class="line">Tell me, blessed God of Nature,</p>
<p class="line">Tell me, blessed Nunnahi.</p>
<p class="line">Has some evil spirit seized him,</p>
<p class="line">Hid or carried him away</p>
<p class="line">Far beyond the gleaming sunset,</p>
<p class="line">Far out toward the close of day?</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb100" href="#pb100" name=
"pb100">100</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Will he come back with the morning,</p>
<p class="line">Borne upon its wings of light,</p>
<p class="line">From the shade that long has lingered,</p>
<p class="line">From the darkness of the night?</p>
<p class="line">Is there none to bring me answer?</p>
<p class="line">Speak, dear Nature, tell me where</p>
<p class="line">I may find my long lost lover,</p>
<p class="line">Is my final feeble prayer.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then the chieftain, grand and noble,</p>
<p class="line">Came and lingered by her side,</p>
<p class="line">Like a lover in devotion</p>
<p class="line">Lingers near a loving bride.</p>
<p class="line">Then in accents like a clarion,</p>
<p class="line">Sweet and clear, but gently said,</p>
<p class="line">&ldquo;Whippoorwill, my friend, your lover,</p>
<p class="line">Comes again, he is not dead!</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;I will go and hunt your lover,</p>
<p class="line">And will bring him to your side;</p>
<p class="line">I will roam the forest ever,</p>
<p class="line">And will cease to be your guide;</p>
<p class="line">I will find the one you&rsquo;ve looked for,</p>
<p class="line">And will tell him that you live;</p>
<p class="line">I will tell him of your rambles,</p>
<p class="line">And will all my future give,</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb101" href="#pb101" name=
"pb101">101</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Till I find him in the forest,</p>
<p class="line">Or upon the flowing brink</p>
<p class="line">Of the Coosa river flowing,</p>
<p class="line">Where he used to often drink.</p>
<p class="line">In the everglades may linger,</p>
<p class="line">&lsquo;Neath the shade of some cool palm,</p>
<p class="line">Sweetest refuge of the lowlands,</p>
<p class="line">With its air of purest balm.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Where the Seminole in silence,</p>
<p class="line">Made their refuge, long ago,</p>
<p class="line">From the fierce onslaught of Jackson,</p>
<p class="line">And exterminating woe.</p>
<p class="line">He may listen in the silence</p>
<p class="line">And the solitude of night,</p>
<p class="line">For some friendly sign or token</p>
<p class="line">Whereby he may make his flight.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;When I&rsquo;ve found him we will travel,</p>
<p class="line">We will travel night and day,</p>
<p class="line">We will hasten on our journey,</p>
<p class="line">Will not linger nor delay,</p>
<p class="line">We will speed along the valley</p>
<p class="line">Like the wind before the rain,</p>
<p class="line">We will neither stop nor tarry,</p>
<p class="line">Never from our speed refrain.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href="#pb102" name=
"pb102">102</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;We will rush along the river,</p>
<p class="line">Like the maddened swollen tide,</p>
<p class="line">Like a leaf upon the cyclone</p>
<p class="line">Rushing forward in its pride;</p>
<p class="line">Over winter&rsquo;s snow and ices</p>
<p class="line">We will rush with greatest speed,</p>
<p class="line">Like a herd of frightened cattle</p>
<p class="line">Or a trained Kentucky steed.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;I will tell him of your travels</p>
<p class="line">Into lands he&rsquo;s never seen,</p>
<p class="line">With their forests and their flowers,</p>
<p class="line">And their leaves of living green;</p>
<p class="line">How for years you&rsquo;ve looked and waited,</p>
<p class="line">Watched the trail and mountainside,</p>
<p class="line">Watched and hoped long for him coming,</p>
<p class="line">That you might become his bride.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;I am John Ax, Stagu-Nahi!</p>
<p class="line">Much I love the mountains wild!</p>
<p class="line">Friend of those who love the forest,</p>
<p class="line">Friend of those who love you, child.</p>
<p class="line">I bespeak a special blessing</p>
<p class="line">To attend you while I go</p>
<p class="line">Into strange lands, unto strangers,</p>
<p class="line">Hither, thither, to and fro.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb103" href="#pb103" name=
"pb103">103</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then he pressed her to his bosom,</p>
<p class="line">Breathed a silent, parting prayer</p>
<p class="line">To the Nunnahi in heaven,</p>
<p class="line">For the lovely maid so fair;</p>
<p class="line">Prayed and blessed her, then departed</p>
<p class="line">Thru primeval forests wild,</p>
<p class="line">Sped he by the rolling waters,</p>
<p class="line">Heard them laugh and saw them smile.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Sped he by the Coosa river,</p>
<p class="line">Where great brakes of waving cane,</p>
<p class="line">Bend before the blowing breezes,</p>
<p class="line">Like the waves of wind and rain.</p>
<p class="line">Took the trails where once the chieftain</p>
<p class="line">Strode at will in lordly pride,</p>
<p class="line">By the Coosa river flowing</p>
<p class="line">In its smooth, unrippled tide.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Downward, onward, free and easy,</p>
<p class="line">Swirls and turns and travels slow,</p>
<p class="line">As it glitters in the sunlight,</p>
<p class="line">As its waters onward go.</p>
<p class="line">Sees the trail almost extinguished</p>
<p class="line">By the pretty Etawa,</p>
<p class="line">Where once dwelt in great profusion,</p>
<p class="line">Chief and maid and tawny squaw.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb104" href="#pb104" name=
"pb104">104</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Traveled far the Tallapoosa</p>
<p class="line">Into fen and deep morass,</p>
<p class="line">Through the wildwood, glade and forest</p>
<p class="line">Dark defile and narrow pass;</p>
<p class="line">Footsore, lame and often hungry,</p>
<p class="line">Traveled onward day and night,</p>
<p class="line">Like the wild goose speeding forward</p>
<p class="line">In its semi-annual flight.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">O&rsquo;er the glebes of Alabama,</p>
<p class="line">Crossed the hill and stream and dale,</p>
<p class="line">To the Tuskaloosa flowing</p>
<p class="line">Near the ancient Indian trail,</p>
<p class="line">Now deserted and forsaken</p>
<p class="line">Is the war path and the land,</p>
<p class="line">By the Creek and great Muscogas</p>
<p class="line">Wandering, wild, nomadic band.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Pensive, lonely and dejected,</p>
<p class="line">Penetrated he the wild,</p>
<p class="line">Over fen and bog and prairie,</p>
<p class="line">Into climates soft and mild.</p>
<p class="line">By lagoon and lake and river,</p>
<p class="line">By the deep translucent bay,</p>
<p class="line">Followed he the sun&rsquo;s direction,</p>
<p class="line">Many a night and sunlit day.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb105" href="#pb105" name=
"pb105">105</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Crossed the Mississippi delta,</p>
<p class="line">Wound through many moor and fen,</p>
<p class="line">Saw the shining stars at midnight,</p>
<p class="line">And the dawn of days begin;</p>
<p class="line">Heard the tramp of bear and bison,</p>
<p class="line">Heard the wild wolf&rsquo;s dismal howl,</p>
<p class="line">Saw the glowworm in the rushes,</p>
<p class="line">Heard the whippoorwill and owl.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Heard the alligator bellow,</p>
<p class="line">Saw him swim the broad bayou,</p>
<p class="line">Saw the egret, crane and heron,</p>
<p class="line">Wading stark and tree-cuckoo.</p>
<p class="line">Trackless miles spread out before him,</p>
<p class="line">Stretching leagues of gama grass</p>
<p class="line">Lay across the course he traveled,</p>
<p class="line">Lay out where he had to pass.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Dangling mosses from the tree tops,</p>
<p class="line">Swung by swaying winds and breeze,</p>
<p class="line">Cling with tendrils to the branches,</p>
<p class="line">Of the mighty live oak trees.</p>
<p class="line">Soft as lichens, light as feathers</p>
<p class="line">Was the tall untrodden grass,</p>
<p class="line">On the prairie and the meadow,</p>
<p class="line">And the spreading rich morass.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb106" href="#pb106" name=
"pb106">106</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Tranquil, peacefully and quiet</p>
<p class="line">Did the moons and moments wane,</p>
<p class="line">Till he came to Oklahoma,</p>
<p class="line">Into his own tribe&rsquo;s domain;</p>
<p class="line">Here he rested for a season,</p>
<p class="line">Ate the food and drank for health</p>
<p class="line">In the land of Oklahoma,</p>
<p class="line">Land of perfect natural wealth.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Oklahoma, red man&rsquo;s country,</p>
<p class="line">Blest above all other lands,</p>
<p class="line">In her natural soil and climate,</p>
<p class="line">In her ore-beds and her sands;</p>
<p class="line">In her fertile fields and valleys,</p>
<p class="line">In her people, true and great,</p>
<p class="line">Cherokee and Creek and Choctaws</p>
<p class="line">Make the people of the state.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Here&rsquo;s a land transformed in beauty,</p>
<p class="line">Touched and tilled by busy toil,</p>
<p class="line">Responds quickly to the tiller,</p>
<p class="line">Products of a generous soil.</p>
<p class="line">Fruits and flowers forever growing,</p>
<p class="line">Fields of gold and snowy white,</p>
<p class="line">Songs of harvest home and plenty</p>
<p class="line">Sung to every one&rsquo;s delight.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb107" href="#pb107" name=
"pb107">107</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Here with labor, love and patience,</p>
<p class="line">There arose an empire great,</p>
<p class="line">Which when settled, tilled and treated,</p>
<p class="line">Has become a powerful state;</p>
<p class="line">Filled with people true and honest,</p>
<p class="line">Filled with people thrifty too,</p>
<p class="line">And the land is flat and fertile,</p>
<p class="line">Best that mortals ever knew.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e5319width" id="p107-1"><img src=
"images/p107-1.jpg" alt="Tomb of Junaluska, Robbinsville, N. C." width=
"643" height="438">
<p class="figureHead">Tomb of Junaluska, Robbinsville, N. C.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e5324width" id="p107-2"><img src=
"images/p107-2.jpg" alt="Where the Serpent Coiled." width="645" height=
"441">
<p class="figureHead"><span class="corr" id="xd23e5326" title=
"Not in source">Where the Serpent Coiled.</span></p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Where the serpent coiled and waited</p>
<p class="line">Hid beneath the waving grass.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="lgouter">
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Once where roamed the bear and bison,</p>
<p class="line">Where the she wolf and the owl</p>
<p class="line">Made their home and habitation,</p>
<p class="line">And the foxes used to prowl;</p>
<p class="line">Where the serpent coiled and waited,</p>
<p class="line">Hid beneath the waving grass</p>
<p class="line">To inject his fangs and venom</p>
<p class="line">In some human as he&rsquo;d pass,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Now there thrives the busy city,</p>
<p class="line">Bristling with the throb and thrill</p>
<p class="line">Of the commerce of a nation,</p>
<p class="line">Growing greater, growing still.</p>
<p class="line">All her farms and fields and ranches,</p>
<p class="line">Groan beneath their heavy load</p>
<p class="line">Of waving grain and lowing cattle;</p>
<p class="line">All the land with wealth is strewed.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href="#pb108" name=
"pb108">108</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then he rose up like the morning,</p>
<p class="line">From his slumber and his rest,</p>
<p class="line">To converse there with the chieftains</p>
<p class="line">Among whom he&rsquo;d been a guest.</p>
<p class="line">Then he spoke of Carolina</p>
<p class="line">Toward the rising of the sun,</p>
<p class="line">Full of hope and awe and splendor</p>
<p class="line">Where his early life begun.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">And he spoke of Occoneechee</p>
<p class="line">In the land of hills and streams,</p>
<p class="line">In the land of wooded forests,</p>
<p class="line">Land of love and fondest dreams;</p>
<p class="line">Land where myths and mirth commingle,</p>
<p class="line">Where aspiring peaks point high,</p>
<p class="line">To the dials of the morning</p>
<p class="line">In the sweet &ldquo;Land of the sky.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Spoke he also of a chieftain,</p>
<p class="line">Known to her as Whippoorwill,</p>
<p class="line">Who once dwelt within the forest,</p>
<p class="line">Near a pleasant little rill,</p>
<p class="line">In the dark fens of the mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Back where oak and birchen grove</p>
<p class="line">Cast their shadows o&rsquo;er the valley</p>
<p class="line">O&rsquo;er the cliffs and deepest cove.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb109" href="#pb109" name=
"pb109">109</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Where glad song of the nightingale</p>
<p class="line">Is the sweetest ever heard,</p>
<p class="line">And far exceeds in melody,</p>
<p class="line">The trill of the mocking-bird.</p>
<p class="line">From the matutinal dawning</p>
<p class="line">Till the falling shades of night</p>
<p class="line">The songster sings in mellow tones</p>
<p class="line">To the auditor&rsquo;s delight.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Long in silence sat the chieftain,</p>
<p class="line">Long he listened quite intent,</p>
<p class="line">To the story of the stranger,</p>
<p class="line">Catching all he said and meant,</p>
<p class="line">Of the maiden of the mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Of the trees and songs of bird,</p>
<p class="line">And the story lingered with him,</p>
<p class="line">Every syllable and word.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then the chieftain made inquiry</p>
<p class="line">Of the stranger true and bold,</p>
<p class="line">Who now came to tarry with them,</p>
<p class="line">Who was growing gray and old,</p>
<p class="line">Of the health and habitation</p>
<p class="line">Of the Eastern tribal band</p>
<p class="line">Who still dwelt amid the Smokies</p>
<p class="line">In his own sweet native land;</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb110" href="#pb110" name=
"pb110">110</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Where his heart felt first the wooing,</p>
<p class="line">Where his hope of youth ran high,</p>
<p class="line">&lsquo;Mid the hills of Carolina</p>
<p class="line">In the sweet &ldquo;Land of the sky.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="line">In the land of flowers and sunshine,</p>
<p class="line">Land of silver-flowing streams,</p>
<p class="line">Land of promise full of blessings</p>
<p class="line">And of legends, myths and dreams;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Land of pretty maids and matrons,</p>
<p class="line">Home where generous hearts are true,</p>
<p class="line">Where the sunshine chases shadows</p>
<p class="line">Down the vaults of vaporous blue.</p>
<p class="line">Where the wild flight of the eagle</p>
<p class="line">Soars beyond the keenest eye,</p>
<p class="line">In recesses of the heavens,</p>
<p class="line">In the blue ethereal sky.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Rifting rocks and rolling rivers</p>
<p class="line">Doth adorn the hill and vale,</p>
<p class="line">Lilting melodies float outward</p>
<p class="line">On the vortex of the gale;</p>
<p class="line">This the land of Occoneechee,</p>
<p class="line">Land that Junaluska saw,</p>
<p class="line">Home of warrior, chief and maiden,</p>
<p class="line">Land of dauntless brave and squaw.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb111" href="#pb111" name=
"pb111">111</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Let us go back to those mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Once more let us view those hills,</p>
<p class="line">And let me hear the voice once more</p>
<p class="line">Of the laughing streams and rills;</p>
<p class="line">And let me view with raptured eye</p>
<p class="line">The blossom of tree and vine,</p>
<p class="line">Once more inhale the sweet ozone,</p>
<p class="line">Under tulip tree and pine.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Those hills, delectable mountains,</p>
<p class="line">Outrival the scenes of Greece,</p>
<p class="line">Surpass in beauty and grandeur</p>
<p class="line">The Eagle or Golden Fleece.</p>
<p class="line">Those shrines and temples of granite,</p>
<p class="line">Glad sentinels of the free!</p>
<p class="line">There let me roam through dell once more,</p>
<p class="line">Let me glad and happy be.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Some speak of splendid balmy isles,</p>
<p class="line">Far out in the rolling sea,</p>
<p class="line">Of spicy groves, and vine-clad hills,</p>
<p class="line">And of things which are to be;</p>
<p class="line">Of nymphs and naiads of the past,</p>
<p class="line">Of lands of the brave and free,</p>
<p class="line">But none of these can e&rsquo;er surpass</p>
<p class="line">The hills of Cherokee;</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb112" href="#pb112" name=
"pb112">112</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">The hills where roamed the dusky maid,</p>
<p class="line">And the home of Whippoorwill,</p>
<p class="line">Where Occoneechee dreamed at night,</p>
<p class="line">By the gushing stream and rill.</p>
<p class="line">By strange enchanted mystic lake</p>
<p class="line">Where the wildest beasts are seen,</p>
<p class="line">Far back in the deep recess</p>
<p class="line">Of the mountain&rsquo;s verdure green.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Let autumn&rsquo;s wind blow swift its gale,</p>
<p class="line">The season of summer flee,</p>
<p class="line">But I will soon my lover meet,</p>
<p class="line">In the &lsquo;land of the brave and free,&rsquo;</p>
<p class="line">I&rsquo;ll leave Tahlequah in the West,</p>
<p class="line">With this warrior at my side.</p>
<p class="line">We&rsquo;ll travel as the fleetest winds</p>
<p class="line">Unless ill fates betide.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;While the morrow&rsquo;s stars are glowing,</p>
<p class="line">In the dials of the morn,</p>
<p class="line">I will start upon the journey,</p>
<p class="line">To the land where I was born.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="line">So he gathered up his chattels,</p>
<p class="line">Springing spryly on his steed,</p>
<p class="line">Made inquiry of the warrior,</p>
<p class="line">&ldquo;Which of us shall take the lead?&rdquo;</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb113" href="#pb113" name=
"pb113">113</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then the warrior to the chieftain</p>
<p class="line">Quick replied, &ldquo;I&rsquo;ll lead the way</p>
<p class="line">Far across the hill and valley,</p>
<p class="line">Mounted on this splendid bay.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="line">Then they said to friend and neighbor,</p>
<p class="line">Old-time chief and child and squaw,</p>
<p class="line">&ldquo;At the dawning, we will leave you,</p>
<p class="line">Leave the town of Tahlequah;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Leave the tribe and reservation,</p>
<p class="line">For a journey to the East,</p>
<p class="line">Where the tribesmen dwell together,</p>
<p class="line">Meet serenely, drink and feast,</p>
<p class="line">In a land where peace and pleasure</p>
<p class="line">Vie each other in the pace,</p>
<p class="line">Where the hopes of life are brightest</p>
<p class="line">To the fallen human race.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Just then came a gleam like lightning,</p>
<p class="line">Shooting forth its silver ray,</p>
<p class="line">Which precedes the golden splendor</p>
<p class="line">Of the fast approaching day.</p>
<p class="line">This the advent and the token</p>
<p class="line">For the brave to lead the way</p>
<p class="line">Out across the plain and valley</p>
<p class="line">Toward the coming king of day.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb114" href="#pb114" name=
"pb114">114</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then they seized the spear and trident,</p>
<p class="line">Bow and tomahawk and knife,</p>
<p class="line">And they left the scenes of conflict,</p>
<p class="line">With its turmoil and its strife;</p>
<p class="line">And they journeyed ever eastward,</p>
<p class="line">Days and many a-waning moon,</p>
<p class="line">Crossing river, lake and prairie,</p>
<p class="line">Spreading field and broad lagoon.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Saw the Wabash and Missouri,</p>
<p class="line">Cumberland and Tennessee,</p>
<p class="line">Saw the Holston in its beauty</p>
<p class="line">And the town of Chilhowee.</p>
<p class="line">Looked down on the Nolachucky,</p>
<p class="line">Saw Watauga&rsquo;s crystal flow</p>
<p class="line">Gleam from out the moon&rsquo;s reflection</p>
<p class="line">From the canyon&rsquo;s depths below.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Neptune, who pervades the water,</p>
<p class="line">Ne&rsquo;er beheld a holier sight</p>
<p class="line">Than this happy, hopeful chieftain</p>
<p class="line">Did that crisp autumnal night.</p>
<p class="line">While he looked upon the water</p>
<p class="line">Bright and pure and crystalline,</p>
<p class="line">Fairest land and purest water</p>
<p class="line">Mortal eye had ever seen;</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href="#pb115" name=
"pb115">115</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">He beheld there in his vision</p>
<p class="line">Such a Naiad divine,</p>
<p class="line">That he put forth his endeavors,</p>
<p class="line">That he might the maid entwine;</p>
<p class="line">But she flew back like a phantom,</p>
<p class="line">Back into the crescent wave,</p>
<p class="line">From the presence of the chieftain</p>
<p class="line">And the relegated brave;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Flew back from him and departed</p>
<p class="line">And was lost to human eye;</p>
<p class="line">All that now lay out before him</p>
<p class="line">Was the stream and earth and sky.</p>
<p class="line">Full of disappointing beauty,</p>
<p class="line">Was the earth and sky and stream,</p>
<p class="line">When divested of the grandeur</p>
<p class="line">Of the vision and the dream.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then he rambled through the mountains</p>
<p class="line">Over crag and rugged steep,</p>
<p class="line">Through the laurel bed and ivy</p>
<p class="line">By exertion did he creep;</p>
<p class="line">Through the hemlock and the balsam</p>
<p class="line">Under oak and birchen tree,</p>
<p class="line">Gazing through the heath before him</p>
<p class="line">If perchance that he might see</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb116" href="#pb116" name=
"pb116">116</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">In the dim, dark, hazel distance,</p>
<p class="line">Far out on the mountainside</p>
<p class="line">Occoneechee, pure and lovely,</p>
<p class="line">Whom he longed to make his bride;</p>
<p class="line">Make his bride and dwell there with her</p>
<p class="line">&lsquo;Mid aspiring peak and dome;</p>
<p class="line">Longed to have her sit beside him,</p>
<p class="line">In his peaceful mountain home.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Wandered through the Craggy mountains</p>
<p class="line">Where no human foot had trod,</p>
<p class="line">And no eye had yet beheld it,</p>
<p class="line">Save the eye of Nature&rsquo;s God.</p>
<p class="line">For the spreading tree and forest</p>
<p class="line">Grew from out the virgin soil,</p>
<p class="line">And was free from all intrusions</p>
<p class="line">Of the white man&rsquo;s skill and toil.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Now their speed was much retarded,</p>
<p class="line">Trails once plain were now unkept,</p>
<p class="line">And the chief and brave lamenting</p>
<p class="line">Laid themselves down there and wept;</p>
<p class="line">Wept for chiefs like Uniguski,</p>
<p class="line">Sequoya and Utsala,</p>
<p class="line">In the land of Tuckaleechee</p>
<p class="line">And for friends like Wil-Usdi.<a class="noteref" id=
"xd23e5844src" href="#xd23e5844" name="xd23e5844src">1</a></p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb117" href="#pb117" name=
"pb117">117</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Turning from his grief and sorrow</p>
<p class="line">For the chiefs of long ago,</p>
<p class="line">Ceasing all his deep repining</p>
<p class="line">From the burden of his woe,</p>
<p class="line">Looking far o&rsquo;er hill and valley</p>
<p class="line">He beheld the gilded dome</p>
<p class="line">Of the Smokies in the distance,</p>
<p class="line">Near old Junaluska&rsquo;s home.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e5865width" id="p117-1"><img src=
"images/p117-1.jpg" alt="Harvesting at Cullowhee, N. C." width="642"
height="476">
<p class="figureHead">Harvesting at Cullowhee, N. C.</p>
<p class="par first">Where the townhouse used to stand.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e5872width" id="p117-2"><img src=
"images/p117-2.jpg" alt="Craggy Mountains, from near Asheville, N. C."
width="649" height="483">
<p class="figureHead">Craggy Mountains, from near Asheville, N. C.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="lgouter">
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then the chieftain&rsquo;s hope grew stronger,</p>
<p class="line">As he looked upon the scene</p>
<p class="line">Of that splendid mountain forest</p>
<p class="line">With its crest of evergreen;</p>
<p class="line">Like a black cloud in the winter,</p>
<p class="line">Spreads upon the mountainside,</p>
<p class="line">This the forest land primeval</p>
<p class="line">That stands there in lordly pride,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">This the forest land primeval,</p>
<p class="line">Where the chieftains used to roam,</p>
<p class="line">Joined in chase of bear and bison,</p>
<p class="line">Once the red deer&rsquo;s winter home.</p>
<p class="line">Black and deep and dense the forest,</p>
<p class="line">Steep and high the cliffside stands,</p>
<p class="line">Where the Cherokee once wandered</p>
<p class="line">In their wild nomadic bands.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118" name=
"pb118">118</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">As they gazed upon the scenery,</p>
<p class="line">Weird and wild and full of awe,</p>
<p class="line">They were filled with consternation</p>
<p class="line">At the sight both of them saw.</p>
<p class="line">Passing high up near the zenith</p>
<p class="line">Like an eagle in its flight</p>
<p class="line">Came the sound of wings and voices,</p>
<p class="line">On that moonlit autumn night.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Voices like the rolling thunder</p>
<p class="line">Came resounding far and near,</p>
<p class="line">And the meteoric flashes</p>
<p class="line">Filled them full of awe and fear;</p>
<p class="line">Till they trembled like the aspen</p>
<p class="line">&lsquo;Mid the tempest fierce and wild,</p>
<p class="line">Till it passes, then reposes,</p>
<p class="line">Calmly as a little child.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Said the brave then to the chieftain,</p>
<p class="line">&ldquo;This my token to depart,</p>
<p class="line">I must quickly make my exit,</p>
<p class="line">Though it grieves my soul and heart</p>
<p class="line">Thus to leave you in the forest,</p>
<p class="line">Out upon the mountainside,</p>
<p class="line">Without hope or friend or shelter,</p>
<p class="line">With no one to be your guide;</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb119" href="#pb119" name=
"pb119">119</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;These the Nunnahi in heaven,</p>
<p class="line">Come to lead me far away,</p>
<p class="line">Over hill and dale and valley,</p>
<p class="line">Toward the final close of day.</p>
<p class="line">You will miss me in the morning,</p>
<p class="line">Miss me at the noon and night,</p>
<p class="line">When I&rsquo;m mounted on my pinions</p>
<p class="line">And am lost to human sight.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Yet a moment I&rsquo;m allotted</p>
<p class="line">To transmit to you my will;</p>
<p class="line">High here on the Smoky Mountains</p>
<p class="line">Near the bright translucent rill,</p>
<p class="line">Let me tell you while life lingers</p>
<p class="line">In the archives of my breast,</p>
<p class="line">Where you&rsquo;ll find sweet Occoneechee</p>
<p class="line">When my soul has flown to rest:</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;She still lingers in the forest,</p>
<p class="line">Near the sweet enchanted lake,</p>
<p class="line">Near the spirit land she lingers,</p>
<p class="line">Underneath the tangled brake.</p>
<p class="line">She holds all our myths and legends,</p>
<p class="line">Tales as told long years ago.</p>
<p class="line">Now I bid you leave me lonely</p>
<p class="line">To my fate of weal or woe.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb120" href="#pb120" name=
"pb120">120</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Leave me quick, the spirits call me,</p>
<p class="line">Linger not within my sight,</p>
<p class="line">Hie thee quickly through the shadows</p>
<p class="line">Of this crisp autumnal night.</p>
<p class="line">Tell our friend, sweet Occoneechee,</p>
<p class="line">That I&rsquo;ve gone to join the band</p>
<p class="line">Of the braves who have departed</p>
<p class="line">For the happy hunting land.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then a shadow passed between them,</p>
<p class="line">Like a cloud upon the sky,</p>
<p class="line">And the chief was separated</p>
<p class="line">There upon the mountain high,</p>
<p class="line">From his guide and friend forever,</p>
<p class="line">So his eye could never see.</p>
<p class="line">Whence he traveled, none returneth</p>
<p class="line">To explain the mystery.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Thus bereft of friend and neighbor,</p>
<p class="line">Whippoorwill began to wail,</p>
<p class="line">For some mystic hand to guide him</p>
<p class="line">Back into the trodden trail,</p>
<p class="line">Where some chief had gone before him</p>
<p class="line">In the years that long had flown,</p>
<p class="line">Out upon the mystic ages,</p>
<p class="line">Now forgotten and unknown.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb121" href="#pb121" name=
"pb121">121</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">But no spirit, sign or token</p>
<p class="line">Came from out the vista fair,</p>
<p class="line">Nothing saw, nor nothing heard he,</p>
<p class="line">Save the earth and scenery fair.</p>
<p class="line">As he stood and gazed in silence,</p>
<p class="line">Motionless and calm as death,</p>
<p class="line">Stillness reigned on hill and valley</p>
<p class="line">And the chieftain held his breath,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">While he strained his ears and vision,</p>
<p class="line">Listening, looking here and there,</p>
<p class="line">Waiting, watching, simply trusting</p>
<p class="line">For an answer to his prayer.</p>
<p class="line">Suddenly he heard the calling</p>
<p class="line">Of a voice so sweet and clear,</p>
<p class="line">That he answered, quickly answered,</p>
<p class="line">Though his heart was filled with fear.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">And the voice from out the forest,</p>
<p class="line">Called as calls the mating bird,</p>
<p class="line">In the bower in the springtime,</p>
<p class="line">Sweetest call that e&rsquo;er was heard,</p>
<p class="line">Resonant comes, softly trilling,</p>
<p class="line">Sweetly to its lingering mate,</p>
<p class="line">In the silence of the forest,</p>
<p class="line">As they for each other wait.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb122" href="#pb122" name=
"pb122">122</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then the chieftain bounded forward,</p>
<p class="line">Like a hound upon the trail,</p>
<p class="line">Thru the forest land primeval</p>
<p class="line">Over mound and hill and dale;</p>
<p class="line">Over ridge and rock and river,</p>
<p class="line">Thru the heath and brush and grass,</p>
<p class="line">Thru the land of the Uktena,</p>
<p class="line">Thru it all he had to pass.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Till he reached the mystic region,</p>
<p class="line">Far back in the darkest glen,</p>
<p class="line">Near the lake of the enchanted</p>
<p class="line">Only known to bravest men.</p>
<p class="line">Here the bear and owl and panther,</p>
<p class="line">Find a cure for every ill,</p>
<p class="line">Find life&rsquo;s sweetest panacea,</p>
<p class="line">Near the sparkling crystal rill,</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">High upon the Smoky Mountains</p>
<p class="line">Resonant with Nature wild,</p>
<p class="line">For the wanderer from the distance,</p>
<p class="line">And the tawny Indian child.</p>
<p class="line">This the forest land primeval,</p>
<p class="line">Full of awe and dread and dreams,</p>
<p class="line">Full of ghouls and ghosts and goblins,</p>
<p class="line">Full of rippling crystal streams.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb123" href="#pb123" name=
"pb123">123</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">From the stream down in the ravine,</p>
<p class="line">Came another gentle call,</p>
<p class="line">Like the chirping of the robin,</p>
<p class="line">In the hemlocks straight and tall.</p>
<p class="line">Once again the call repeated,</p>
<p class="line">Then a sudden little trill</p>
<p class="line">Floated out upon the breezes,</p>
<p class="line">From beside the crystal rill.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then the chieftain whistled keenly</p>
<p class="line">Like a hawk upon the wing,</p>
<p class="line">When it soars above the mountain,</p>
<p class="line">On the balmy air of spring.</p>
<p class="line">Then another chirping, chirping,</p>
<p class="line">Came from deep down in the vale,</p>
<p class="line">And it floated up the mountain</p>
<p class="line">Like a leaf upon the gale.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Now the chieftain, moved by caution,</p>
<p class="line">Watched and moved with greatest care,</p>
<p class="line">Down and thru the deepest gulches,</p>
<p class="line">Looking here, observing there,</p>
<p class="line">For the bird or beast or human,</p>
<p class="line">That could send out such a call,</p>
<p class="line">From the laurel near the fountain</p>
<p class="line">And a splendid waterfall.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb124" href="#pb124" name=
"pb124">124</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Suddenly his heart beat faster,</p>
<p class="line">At the sight which came to view,</p>
<p class="line">Through the opening in the laurel</p>
<p class="line">As it parts to let him thru.</p>
<p class="line">She was bathing feet and ankles,</p>
<p class="line">Arms and hands she did refresh</p>
<p class="line">In the iridescent splendor,</p>
<p class="line">Of the fountain cool and fresh.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">Then he bounds forth quick to greet her,</p>
<p class="line">E&rsquo;er she sees him by her side,</p>
<p class="line">She the maiden true and holy,</p>
<p class="line">Who was soon to be his bride.</p>
<p class="line">&ldquo;O, I see you, Occoneechee!&rdquo;</p>
<p class="line">&ldquo;And I see you, Whippoorwill!&rdquo;</p>
<p class="line">Were the greetings that they whispered</p>
<p class="line">As they met there near the rill.</p>
</div>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">They were married in the morning,</p>
<p class="line">He the groom and she the bride,</p>
<p class="line">And they lived in bliss together,</p>
<p class="line">Many years before they died;</p>
<p class="line">Now their spirits dwell together,</p>
<p class="line">Near the hidden mystic shore,</p>
<p class="line">Of the lake back in the shadows</p>
<p class="line">Since their wanderings are o&rsquo;er.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb125" href="#pb125" name=
"pb125">125</a>]</span></p>
<div class="lg">
<p class="line">And at night the legends tell us,</p>
<p class="line">You can hear a man and bride</p>
<p class="line">Hold converse of trail and travel,</p>
<p class="line">High upon the mountainside;</p>
<p class="line">And the soul of Occoneechee,</p>
<p class="line">Lingers near the rippling rill,</p>
<p class="line">High upon the Smoky Mountains,</p>
<p class="line">With her lover Whippoorwill.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb127" href="#pb127" name=
"pb127">127</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footnotes">
<hr class="fnsep">
<div class="footnote-body">
<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id=
"xd23e5844" href="#xd23e5844src" name="xd23e5844">1</a></span> Colonel
Thomas.&nbsp;<a class="fnarrow" href="#xd23e5844src">&uarr;</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="pt3" class="div0 part">
<h2 class="main">PART III</h2>
<h2 class="main">MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE</h2>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb129" href="#pb129" name=
"pb129">129</a>]</span></p>
<div class="div1 poem"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE</h2>
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;I know not how the truth may be,</p>
<p class="line">I tell the tale as &rsquo;twas told me.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The myths related here are from the great story
tellers like Ayunini, or &ldquo;Swimmer,&rdquo; who was the greatest of
all, but while he ranked first and lived during the time that tried
men&rsquo;s hearts, having been born about 1835, and died in March,
1899, his stories can only be perpetuated by putting them in print, and
we are indebted to him for many of these beautiful stories, which
should be perpetuated at least so long as one of the Cherokee tribe
shall live.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellTop">
<div class="figure xd23e6316width" id="p129-1"><img src=
"images/p129-1.jpg" alt="Sequoya." width="291" height="508">
<p class="figureHead">Sequoya.</p>
<p class="par first">Inventor of the Cherokee Alphabet.</p>
</div>
</td>
<td class="cellRight cellTop">
<div class="figure xd23e6323width" id="p129-2"><img src=
"images/p129-2.jpg" alt="John Ax (Itagu-nuhi)." width="358" height=
"646">
<p class="figureHead">John Ax (Itagu-nuhi)<span class="corr" id=
"xd23e6326" title="Not in source">.</span></p>
<p class="par first">The great story teller.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">
<div class="figure xd23e6333width" id="p129-3"><img src=
"images/p129-3.jpg" alt="Everglades of Florida." width="645" height=
"417">
<p class="figureHead">Everglades of Florida.</p>
<p class="par first">Home of the Seminoles.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">Next in rank of importance comes Itagunahi, better known
among the English-speaking people as John Axe, who was born in the year
1800, saw the battle of Horseshoe Bend, witnessed the removal of the
Cherokee tribe in 1838. He knew its history and almost all of the
myths, legends and stories, transmitted many of them to the white man
for record, and while he never spoke English, he was a very versatile
and interesting man of the old type of Indians, and strong to the last
days; he lived to near 100 years, then passed to the Happy Hunting
Grounds.</p>
<p class="par">To John D. Wofford, of the Western Reservation or tribe,
we are indebted for much information, which would have been lost except
for his wonderful knowledge.</p>
<p class="par">All the story-tellers prefaced their remarks by saying,
&ldquo;This is what the old folks used to tell us when we were
boys.&rdquo; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb130" href="#pb130" name=
"pb130">130</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Cherokee myths may be classified as sacred myths, animal
stories, local legends, and historical traditions. The sacred myths
were not for every one, but only those might hear who observed the
proper form and ceremony.</p>
<p class="par">In the old times the myth-keepers and priests were
accustomed to meet together at night in the asi, or low-built log
sleeping house, to recite the traditions and discuss their secret
knowledge. At times those who desired instruction from an adept in the
sacred lore of the tribe would meet the priest by appointment in the
asi, where they sat up all night talking, with only the light of a
small fire burning in the middle of the floor. At daybreak the whole
party went down to the running stream, where the pupils or hearers of
the myths stripped themselves and were scratched upon the naked skin
with a bone tooth comb in the hands of the priest, after which they
waded out, facing the rising sun, and dipped seven times under the
water, while the priest recited prayers upon the bank. The purificatory
rite, which was observed more than a century ago by Adair, is also a
part of the ceremonial of the ball play, the green-corn dance, and, in
fact, every important ritual performance. Before beginning one of the
stories of the sacred class the informant would sometimes suggest
jokingly that the author first submit to being scratched and, &ldquo;Go
to water.&rdquo; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href="#pb131"
name="pb131">131</a>]</span></p>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH ONE.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>How the World Was Made.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The earth is a great island floating in a sea of
water, and suspended at each of the four cardinal points by a cord
hanging down from the sky vault, which is of solid rock. When the world
grows old and worn out, the people will die and the cords will break,
and let the earth sink down into the ocean, and all will be water
again. The Indians are afraid of this.</p>
<p class="par">When all was water, the animals were above the
Galunlati, beyond the arch; but it was very much crowded, and they were
wanting more room. They wondered what was below the water, and at last
Dayunisi, &ldquo;Beaver&rsquo;s Grandchild,&rdquo; the little
Water-beetle, offered to go and see if it could learn. It darted in
every direction over the surface of the water, but could find no firm
place to rest.</p>
<p class="par">Then it dived to the bottom and came up with some soft
mud, which began to grow and spread in every direction until it became
an island which we call the earth. It was afterwards fastened to the
sky, but no one remembers who did it.</p>
<p class="par">At first the earth was flat, and very soft and wet. The
animals were anxious to get down, and sent out different birds to see
if it was yet dry, but they found no place to alight and came back
again to Galunlati. At last it seemed to be time, and they sent out the
Buzzard and told him to go and make ready for them.</p>
<p class="par">This was the Great Buzzard, the father of all the
buzzards we see now. He flew all over the earth, low down, near the
ground, and it was still soft. When he reached the Cherokee country, he
was very tired, and his wings began to flap and strike the ground, and
wherever they <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb132" href="#pb132" name=
"pb132">132</a>]</span>struck the earth there was a valley, and where
they turned up again, there was a mountain. When the animals above saw
this, they were afraid the whole earth would be mountains, so they
called him back, but the Cherokee country remains full of mountains to
this day.</p>
<p class="par">When the earth was dry and the animals came down, it was
still dark, so they got the sun and set it in a track to go every day
across the island from east to west, just overhead. It was too hot this
way, and Tsiskagili, the Red Crawfish, had his shell scorched red, so
that his meat was spoiled; and the Cherokee do not eat it. The
conjurers put the sun another hand-breadth higher in the air, but it
was still too hot.</p>
<p class="par">They raised it another time, and another, until it was
seven hand-breadths high, and just under the sky arch. Then it was
right, and they left it so. This is why the conjurers call the highest
place <span class="corr" id="xd23e6374" title=
"Not in source">&ldquo;</span>Gulkwagine Digalunlatiyun,&rdquo;
&ldquo;the seven height,&rdquo; because it is seven hand-breadths above
the earth. Every day the sun goes along under this arch, and returns at
night on the upper side to the starting place.</p>
<p class="par">There is another world under this, and it is like ours
in everything&mdash;animals, plants, and people&mdash;save that the
seasons are different. The streams that come down from the mountains
are the trails by which the people reach the underworld, and the
springs at their heads are the doorways by which they enter it, but to
do this one must fast and go to water and have one of the underground
people for a guide. We know that the seasons in the underground are
different from ours, because the water in the springs is warmer in the
winter and cooler in the summer than the outer air.</p>
<p class="par">When the animals and the plants were first made&mdash;we
do not know by whom&mdash;they were told to watch and <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb133" href="#pb133" name="pb133">133</a>]</span>keep
awake for seven nights, just as young men now fast and keep awake when
they pray to their medicine. They tried to do this, and nearly all were
awake through the first night, but the next night several dropped off
to sleep, and the third night others were asleep, and then others,
until, on the seventh night, of all the animals, only the owl, the
panther and one or two more were still awake.</p>
<p class="par">To these were given the power to see and to go about in
the dark, and to make prey of the birds and animals which must sleep at
night. Of the trees, only the cedar, the pine, the spruce, the holly
and the laurel were awake to the end, and to them it was given to be
always green and to be greatest for medicine, but to the others it was
said: &ldquo;Because you have not endured to the end you shall lose
your hair every winter.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Men came after the animals and plants. At first there
were only a brother and sister until he struck her with a fish and told
her to multiply, and so it was. In seven days a child was born to her,
and thereafter every seven days another, and they increased very fast
until there was danger that the world could not keep them. Then it was
made that a woman should have only one child in a year, and it has been
so ever since.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH TWO.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The First Fire.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">In the beginning there was no fire, and the world
was cold, until the Thunders (Ani-Hyuntikwalaski) who lived up in
Galunlati, sent their lightning and put fire into the bottom of a
hollow sycamore tree, which grew <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb134"
href="#pb134" name="pb134">134</a>]</span>on an island. The animals
knew it was there, because they could see the smoke coming out at the
top, but they could not get to it on account of the water, so they held
a council to decide what to do. This was a long time ago.</p>
<p class="par">Every animal that could fly or swim was anxious to go
after the fire. The Raven offered, and because he was so large and
strong they thought he could surely do the work, so he was sent first.
He flew high and far across the water and alighted on the sycamore
tree, but while he was wondering what to do next, the heat had scorched
all his feathers black, and he was frightened and came back without the
fire.</p>
<p class="par">The little Screech-owl (Wahuhu) volunteered to go, and
reached the place safely, but while he was looking down in the hollow
tree a blast of hot air came up and nearly burned out his eyes. He
managed to fly home as best he could, but it was a long time before he
could see well, and his eyes are red to this day.</p>
<p class="par">Then the Hooting Owl (Uguku) and the Horned Owl (Tskili)
went, but by the time they got to the hollow tree the fire was burning
so fiercely that the smoke nearly blinded them, and the ashes carried
up by the wind made white rings about their eyes. They had to come home
again without the fire, but with all of their rubbing they were never
able to get rid of the white rings.</p>
<p class="par">Now, no more of the birds would venture, and so the
little Uksuhi snake, the Black Racer, said he would go through the
water and bring back some fire. He swam across to the island and
crawled through the grass to the tree, and went in by a small hole at
the bottom. The heat and smoke were too much for him, too, and after
dodging about blindly over the hot ashes until he was almost on fire
himself he managed by good luck to get out again at the same hole, but
his body had scorched <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb135" href=
"#pb135" name="pb135">135</a>]</span>black, and he has ever since had
the habit of darting and doubling on his track as if trying to escape
from close quarters.</p>
<p class="par">He came back, and the great Blacksnake, Gulegi,
&ldquo;The Climber,&rdquo; offered to go for the fire. He swam over to
the island and climbed up the tree on the outside, as the blacksnake
always does, but when he put his head down into the hole the smoke
choked him so that he fell into the burning stump, and before he could
climb out again he was as black as the Uksuhi.</p>
<p class="par">Now, they held another council, for still there was no
fire, and the world was cold, but the birds, snakes and four-footed
animals all had some excuse for not going, because they were all afraid
to venture near the burning sycamore, until at last Kananeski Amaiyehi
(the Water Spider) said she would go. This is not the water spider that
looks like a mosquito, but the other one, with black downy hair and red
stripes on her body. She can run on the water or dive to the bottom, so
there would be no trouble to get over to the island, but the question
was, how could she bring back the fire?</p>
<p class="par">&ldquo;I&rsquo;ll manage that,&rdquo; said the spider,
so she spun a thread from her body and wove it into a tusti bowl, which
she fastened on her back. Then she crossed over to the island and
through the grass to where the fire was still burning. She put one
little coal of fire into her bowl, and came back with it, and ever
since we have had fire, and the spider still keeps her tusti bowl.
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb136" href="#pb136" name=
"pb136">136</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH THREE.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>Origin of the Pleiades and the Pine.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Long ago, when the world was new, there were seven
boys who used to spend all their time down by the town-house, playing
the gatayusti game, rolling a stone wheel along the ground and sliding
a curved stick after it to strike it. Their mothers scolded but it did
no good, so one day they collected some gatayusti stones and boiled
them in the pot with the corn for dinner.</p>
<p class="par">When the boys came home hungry their mothers dipped out
the stones and said, &ldquo;Since you like the gatayusti better than
the cornfield, take the stones now for your dinner.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">The boys were very angry, and went down to the
town-house, saying, &ldquo;As our mothers treat us this way, let us go
where we shall never trouble them any more.&rdquo; They began a
dance&mdash;some say it was the feather dance&mdash;and went round and
round the town-house, praying to the spirits to help them. At last
their mothers were afraid something was wrong and went out to look for
them.</p>
<p class="par">They saw the boys still dancing around the town-house,
and as they watched they noticed that their feet were off the earth,
and that with every round they rose higher and higher in the air.</p>
<p class="par">They ran to get their children, but it was too late, for
they were already above the roof of the town-house&mdash;all but one,
whose mother managed to pull him down with the gatayusti pole, but he
struck the ground with such force that he sank into it and the earth
closed over him. The other six children circled higher and higher until
they went up to the sky, where we see them now <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb137" href="#pb137" name="pb137">137</a>]</span>as
the pleiades, which the Cherokee still calls
&ldquo;Anitsutsa<span class="corr" id="xd23e6434" title=
"Not in source">&rdquo;</span> (the Boys).</p>
<p class="par">The people grieved long after them, but the mother whose
boy had gone into the ground came every morning and evening to cry over
the spot, until the earth was damp with her tears.</p>
<p class="par">At last a little green shoot sprouted up and grew day by
day until it became the tall tree that we now call the pine, and the
pine is still of the same nature as the stars and holds in itself the
same bright light.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH FOUR.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Milky Way.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Some people in the South had a corn mill, in which
they pounded the corn into meal, and several mornings when they came to
fill it they noticed that some of the meal had been stolen during the
night.</p>
<p class="par">They examined the ground, and found the tracks of a dog;
so the next night they watched, and when the dog came from the North,
and began to eat the meal out of the bowl, they sprang out and whipped
him. He ran off howling to his home in the North, with the meal
dropping from his mouth as he ran, and leaving behind a white trail
where now we see the Milky Way, which the Cherokee calls to this day
Gili-utsunstanunyi, &ldquo;Where the dog ran.&rdquo; <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb138" href="#pb138" name="pb138">138</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH FIVE.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Deluge.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">A long time ago a man had a dog, which began to go
down to the river every day and look at the water and howl. At last the
man was very angry and scolded the dog, which then spoke to him and
said: &ldquo;Very soon there is going to be a great freshet and the
water will come so high that everybody will be drowned; but if you will
make a raft to get upon when the rain comes, you can be saved, but you
must first throw me into the water.&rdquo; The man did not believe it,
and the dog said, &ldquo;If you want a sign that I speak the truth,
look at the back of my neck.&rdquo; He looked and saw that the
dog&rsquo;s neck had the skin worked off so that the bones stuck
out.</p>
<p class="par">Then he believed the dog, and began to build a raft.
Soon the rain came and he took his family, with plenty of provisions,
and they all got upon it. It rained for a long time, and the water rose
until the mountains were covered and all the people in the world were
drowned. Then the rain stopped and the water went down again, until at
last it was safe to come off the raft.</p>
<p class="par">Now, there was no one alive but the man and his family,
but one day they heard a sound of dancing and shouting on the other
side of the ridge. The man climbed to the top and looked over;
everything was still, but all along the valley he saw great piles of
bones of the people who had been drowned, and then he knew that the
Ghosts had been dancing. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb139" href=
"#pb139" name="pb139">139</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH SIX.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>How the Terrapin Beat the Rabbit.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The Rabbit was a great runner and a great boaster
of what she could do. No one thought that a Terrapin was anything but a
slow traveler, but he was a great warrior and very boastful, and the
two were always disputing about their speed. At last they agreed to
decide the matter by a race.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e6474width" id="p139"><img src="images/p139.jpg"
alt="Tuckaseigee River." width="466" height="720">
<p class="figureHead">Tuckaseigee River.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;There the Tuckaseigee River</p>
<p class="line">Dashes down its rocky bed.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">They fixed the day and the starting place, and arranged
to run across four mountain ridges, and the one who came in first at
the end of the race was to be the winner.</p>
<p class="par">The Rabbit felt so sure of it that he said to the
Terrapin, &ldquo;You know you can&rsquo;t run. You know you can never
win the race, so I&rsquo;ll give you the first ridge and then
you&rsquo;ll have three to cross while I go over four.&rdquo; The
Terrapin said that would be all right, but that night when he went home
to his family he sent for his Terrapin friends and told them he wanted
their help. He said he knew he could not outrun the Rabbit, but he
wanted to stop the Rabbit&rsquo;s boasting. He explained his plan to
his friends and they agreed to help him. When the day came all the
animals were there to see the race. The Rabbit was there with them, but
the Terrapin was gone ahead toward the first ridge, as they had
arranged, and they could hardly see him on account of the tall
grass.</p>
<p class="par">The word was given and the Rabbit <span class="corr" id=
"xd23e6493" title="Not in source">ran</span> off with long jumps up the
mountain, expecting to win the race before the Terrapin could get down
on the other side. But before he got up the mountain he saw the
Terrapin go over the ridge ahead of him. He ran on, and when he reached
the top he looked all around, but could not see the Terrapin on account
of the long grass. He kept on <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb140"
href="#pb140" name="pb140">140</a>]</span>down the mountain and began
to climb the second ridge, but when he looked up again there was the
Terrapin just going over the top.</p>
<p class="par">Now he was very much surprised, and made his longest
jumps to catch up, but when he got to the top there was the Terrapin
away in front going over the third ridge. The Rabbit was getting tired
now and nearly out of breath, but he kept on down the mountain and up
the other ridge until he got to the top just in time to see the
Terrapin cross the fourth ridge and thus win the race. The Rabbit could
not make another jump, but fell over on the ground, crying, &ldquo;mi,
mi, mi, mi,&rdquo; as the Rabbit does ever since when he is too tired
to run any more.</p>
<p class="par">The race was given to the Terrapin, and all the animals
wondered how he could win against the Rabbit, but he kept still and
never told. It was easy enough, however, because all the
Terrapin&rsquo;s friends look just alike, and he had simply posted one
near the top of each ridge to wait until the Rabbit came in sight and
then climb over and hide in the long grass.</p>
<p class="par">When the Rabbit came on he could not find the Terrapin
and so thought the Terrapin was ahead, and if he had met one of the
other Terrapins he would have thought it the same one, because they
look so much alike. The real Terrapin had posted himself on the fourth
ridge, so as to come in at the end of the race and be ready to answer
questions if the animals suspected anything.</p>
<p class="par">Because the Rabbit had to lie down and lose the race the
conjurer now, when preparing his young men for the ball play, boils a
lot of rabbit hamstrings into soup, and sends some one to pour it
across the path along which the other players have to come in the
morning, so that they may become tired in the same way and lose the
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb141" href="#pb141" name=
"pb141">141</a>]</span>game. It is not always easy to do this, because
the other party is expecting it and has watchers ahead to prevent
it.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH SEVEN.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Rabbit and the Tar Wolf.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Once there was such a long spell of dry weather
that there was no more water in the creeks and springs, and the animals
held a council to see what to do about it. They decided to dig a well,
and all agreed to help except the Rabbit, who was a lazy fellow, and
said, &ldquo;I don&rsquo;t need to dig for water. The dew on the grass
is enough for me.&rdquo; The others did not like this, but they went to
work together and dug the well.</p>
<p class="par">They noticed by and by that the Rabbit kept sleek and
lively, although it was still dry weather and the water was getting low
in the well. They said, &ldquo;That tricky Rabbit steals our water at
night,&rdquo; so they made a wolf of pine gum and tar and set it up by
the well to scare the thief. That night the Rabbit came, as he had been
coming every night, to drink enough to last him all next day. He saw
the queer black thing by the well and said, &ldquo;Who&rsquo;s
there?&rdquo; but the tar wolf said nothing.</p>
<p class="par">He came nearer, but the wolf never moved, so he grew
braver and said, &ldquo;Get out of my way or I will kick you.&rdquo;
Still the wolf never moved and the Rabbit came up and struck it with
its front foot, but the tar held it fast. Now he was angry and said:
&ldquo;Turn my foot loose, or I will strike you with my other front
foot&rdquo;; still the wolf said nothing. Then the Rabbit struck the
wolf with his other foot, and it stuck, and the Rabbit said,
&ldquo;Turn my <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb142" href="#pb142" name=
"pb142">142</a>]</span>foot loose or I will kick you,&rdquo; and still
the wolf was silent, and then the rabbit kicked with his right hind
foot so hard that it stuck, and still the wolf said nothing; and the
Rabbit said, &ldquo;If you don&rsquo;t turn my foot loose, I will kick
you with my left hind foot, which never fails to accomplish what I want
it to do&rdquo;; yet the wolf was silent, and the Rabbit made his last
kick and the foot stuck, just as the others had done.</p>
<p class="par">The Rabbit plead with the wolf to let him go, and yet no
response came, and, at last, when he found he was stuck fast with his
feet, he said: &ldquo;If you don&rsquo;t turn me loose I will butt you
with all my might,&rdquo; and in his desperation, he struck with all
his force, and his head stuck fast to the wolf.</p>
<p class="par">In the morning all the animals came down to the well to
drink as usual, and found the Rabbit stuck fast to the wolf of tar, and
they began to discuss what disposition to make of him, so one suggested
that they cut his head off, to which the Rabbit replied, &ldquo;Please
do cut my head off, for it is such an easy death to die,&rdquo; but
this aroused the suspicion of the animals, so that the fox said,
&ldquo;No, we will not do this for he deserves a harsher death than
this,&rdquo; whereupon they all agreed. Then the Wolf suggested that
they burn him alive, to which the Rabbit said, &ldquo;Please Mr. Wolf,
have me burned, for that will be so easy,&rdquo; but this did not
please the audience, and another suggested that they take him to the
briar patch, and throw him into the thickest part of the sharp briars
to scratch him to pieces, to which the Rabbit said, &ldquo;Oh, Mr. Fox,
please do not allow me to be thrown into the briars for they stick and
scratch me so much that I could never stand the pain&rdquo;; and they
all with one accord exclaimed, &ldquo;Throw him in,&rdquo; and they
threw him into the briars, and the Rabbit sped away as fast as he
could, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb143" href="#pb143" name=
"pb143">143</a>]</span>saying, &ldquo;This is where I was reared, this
is my home, and this is all that I could desire.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH EIGHT.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Rabbit and the Possum After a Wife.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The Rabbit and the Possum each wanted a wife, but
no one would marry either of them. They talked the matter over and the
Rabbit said, &ldquo;We can&rsquo;t get wives here; let&rsquo;s go to
the next settlement. I&rsquo;m the messenger for the council, and
I&rsquo;ll tell the people that I bring an order that everybody must
take a mate at once, and then we&rsquo;ll be sure to get
wives.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">The Possum thought this a fine plan, so they started off
together to the next town. As the Rabbit traveled faster he got there
first and waited outside until the people noticed him and took him into
the town-house. When the chief came to ask him his business the Rabbit
said he brought an important message from the council that everybody
must get married without delay. So the chief called the people together
and told them the message from the council, whereupon every animal took
a mate at once, and the Rabbit got a wife.</p>
<p class="par">The Possum traveled so slowly that he got there after
all the animals had mated, leaving him still without a wife.</p>
<p class="par">The Rabbit pretended to feel sorry for him and said,
&ldquo;Never mind, I&rsquo;ll carry the message to the people in the
next settlement, and you hurry on as fast as you can, and this time you
will get your wife.&rdquo; So he went on to the next town, and the
Possum followed close after <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb144" href=
"#pb144" name="pb144">144</a>]</span>him. But when the Rabbit got to
the town-house, he sent out the word that, as there had been peace so
long there that everybody was getting lazy, the council had ordered
that there must be war at once, and they must begin right in the
town-house. So they all began fighting, but the Rabbit made four great
leaps and got away just as the Possum came in. Everybody jumped on the
Possum, who had not thought of bringing his weapons on a wedding trip,
and so could not defend himself. They had nearly beaten the life out of
him when he fell over and pretended to be dead until he saw a good
chance to jump up and get away. The Possum never got a wife, but he
remembers the lesson, and ever since he shuts his eyes and pretends to
be dead when the hunter has him in a close place.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH NINE.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>How the Turkey Got His Beard.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">When the Terrapin won the race from the Rabbit
(see Myth Six) all the animals wondered and talked about it a great
deal, because they had always thought the Terrapin slow, although they
knew that he was a warrior and had many conjuring secrets besides.</p>
<p class="par">But the Turkey was not satisfied, and told the others
that there must be some trick about it. Said he, &ldquo;I know the
Terrapin can&rsquo;t run&mdash;he can hardly crawl&mdash;and I&rsquo;m
going to try him.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">So one day the Turkey met the Terrapin coming home from
war with a fresh scalp hanging from his neck and dragging on the ground
as he traveled. The Turkey <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb145" href=
"#pb145" name="pb145">145</a>]</span>laughed at the sight and said:
&ldquo;That scalp don&rsquo;t look right on you. Your neck is too short
and low down to wear it that way. Let me show you.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">The Terrapin agreed and gave the scalp to the Turkey,
who fastened it around his neck. &ldquo;Now,&rdquo; said the Turkey,
&ldquo;I&rsquo;ll walk a little way and you can see how it
looks.&rdquo; So he walked ahead a short distance and then turned and
asked the Terrapin how he liked it. Said the Terrapin, &ldquo;It looks
very nice; it becomes you.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">&ldquo;Now, I&rsquo;ll fix it in a different way and let
you see how it looks,&rdquo; said the Turkey. So he gave the string
another pull and walked ahead again. &ldquo;Oh, that looks very
nice,&rdquo; said the Terrapin. But the Turkey kept on walking, and the
Terrapin called to him to bring back the scalp, but he only walked the
faster and broke into a run.</p>
<p class="par">Then the Terrapin got out his bow and by his conjuring
art shot a number of cane splits into the Turkey&rsquo;s legs, to
cripple him so he could not run, which accounts for all the many bones
in the Turkey&rsquo;s legs, that are of no use whatever; but the
Terrapin never caught the Turkey, who still wears the scalp from his
neck.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH TEN.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>Why the Turkey Gobbles.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">A long time ago the Grouse had a fine voice and a
good halloo in the ball play. All the animals and birds used to play
ball in those days and were just as proud of a loud halloo as the ball
players of today. The Turkey had a poor voice, so he asked the Grouse
to give him <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb146" href="#pb146" name=
"pb146">146</a>]</span>lessons. The Grouse agreed to teach him, but
wanted pay for his trouble, and the Turkey promised to give him some
feathers to make him a collar. This is how the Grouse got his collar of
turkey feathers. They began the lessons, and the Turkey learned very
fast until the Grouse thought it was time for the Turkey to try his
voice. &ldquo;Now,&rdquo; said the Grouse, &ldquo;I&rsquo;ll stand on
this hollow log, and when I give the signal by tapping on it, you must
halloo as loudly as you can.&rdquo; So he got upon the log ready to tap
on it, as a Grouse does, but when he gave the signal the Turkey was so
eager and excited that he could not raise his voice for a shout, but
only gobbled, and ever since then he gobbles whenever he hears a
noise.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH ELEVEN.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>How the Kingfisher Got His Bill.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Some old men tell us that the Kingfisher was meant
in the beginning to be a water bird, but as he had not been given
either web feet or a good bill he could not make a living.</p>
<p class="par">The animals held a council over it and decided to make
him a bill like a long sharp awl for a fish-gig or spear.</p>
<p class="par">They made him a fish-gig and fastened it on in front of
his mouth. Me flew to the top of a tree, sailed out and darted down
into the water, and came up with a fish on his gig; and he has been the
best gigger ever since.</p>
<p class="par">Others say it was this way: A Blacksnake found a
yellow-hammer&rsquo;s nest in a hollow tree, and after swallowing
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb147" href="#pb147" name=
"pb147">147</a>]</span>the young birds, coiled up in the nest to sleep,
and when the mother bird found him there, she went for help to the
Little People, who sent her to the Kingfisher. He came, and after
flying back and forth past the hole a few times, made one dart at the
snake and pulled him out dead.</p>
<p class="par">When they looked they found a hole in the snake&rsquo;s
head where the Kingfisher had pierced it with a slender tugaluna fish,
which he carried in his bill like a lance. From this the Little People
concluded that he would make a first-class gigger if he only had the
right spear, so they gave him his long bill as a reward, and he has
ever since been known among all the fowls and animals as the best
fisherman among them.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH TWELVE.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>How the Partridge Got His Whistle.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">In the old days, when the world was new, the
Terrapin had a fine whistle, but the Partridge had none. The Terrapin
was constantly going about whistling and showing his whistle to the
other animals, until the Partridge became jealous, so one day when they
met, the Partridge asked leave of the Terrapin to try the whistle.</p>
<p class="par">The Terrapin was afraid to risk it at first, suspecting
some trick, but the Partridge said, &ldquo;I&rsquo;ll give it back
right away, and if you are afraid you can stay with me while I
practice.&rdquo; So the Terrapin let him have the whistle and the
Partridge walked around blowing on it in fine fashion. &ldquo;How does
it sound with me?&rdquo; asked the Partridge. &ldquo;O, you do very
well,&rdquo; said the Terrapin, walking <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb148" href="#pb148" name="pb148">148</a>]</span>alongside.
&ldquo;Now, how do you like it,&rdquo; said the Partridge, running
ahead and whistling a little faster. &ldquo;That&rsquo;s fine,&rdquo;
answered the Terrapin, hurrying to keep up, &ldquo;but don&rsquo;t run
so fast.&rdquo; &ldquo;And now how do you like this?&rdquo; called the
Partridge, and with that he spread his wings, gave one long whistle,
and flew to the top of a tree, leaving the poor Terrapin to look after
him from the ground.</p>
<p class="par">The Terrapin never recovered his whistle, and from that
and the loss of his scalp, which was stolen from him by the Turkey, he
grew ashamed to be seen, and ever since then he shuts himself up in his
box when anyone comes near him.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH THIRTEEN.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>How the Red Bird Got His Color.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">A Raccoon passing a Wolf one day made several
insulting remarks, until at last the Wolf became angry and turned and
chased him. The Raccoon ran his best, and managed to reach a tree by
the river side before the Wolf came up. He climbed the tree and
stretched out on a limb overhanging the water. When the Wolf arrived,
he saw the reflection in the water, and, thinking it was the Raccoon,
jumped at it and was nearly drowned before he could scramble out again,
all wet and dripping. He lay down on the bank to dry and fell asleep,
and while he was sleeping the Raccoon came down the tree and got some
blue-pipe clay and plastered his eyes so that he could not open them
and he began to howl and make a whining noise. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb149" href="#pb149" name="pb149">149</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">A little brown bird came along and hearing the Wolf
crying, asked what was the matter. The Wolf told his story and said:
&ldquo;If you will get my eyes open, I will show you where to get some
nice red paint to paint yourself.&rdquo; &ldquo;All right,&rdquo; said
the brown bird; so he began to peck at the mud and soon got his eyes
open. Then the Wolf took him to a rock that had streaks of bright red
paint running through it, and the little bird painted himself with it,
and has ever since been known as the Red-bird.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH FOURTEEN.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Pheasant Beating Corn, the Origin of the
Pheasant Dance.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The Pheasant once saw a woman beating corn in a
wooden mortar in front of the house. &ldquo;I can do that, too,&rdquo;
said he, but the woman would not believe it, so the Pheasant went into
the woods and got upon a hollow log and &ldquo;drummed&rdquo; with his
wings, as a Pheasant does, until the people in the house heard him and
thought he was really beating corn.</p>
<p class="par">In the Pheasant dance, a part of the Green-Corn dance,
the instrument used is a drum, and the dancers beat the ground with
their feet in imitation of the drumming sound made by the Pheasant.</p>
<p class="par">They form two concentric circles, the men beginning on
the inside, facing the women in the outer circle; each in turn
advancing and retreating at the signal of the drummer, who sits at one
side and sings the Pheasant songs. According to the story, there was
once a winter famine among the birds and animals. No mast could
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb150" href="#pb150" name=
"pb150">150</a>]</span>be found in the woods, and they were near
starvation when a Pheasant discovered a holly tree, loaded with red
berries, which the Pheasant is very fond of. He called his companions,
and they formed a circle about the tree, singing, dancing and drumming
with their wings in token of their joy, and thus originated the
Pheasant dance.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH FIFTEEN.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Race Between the Crane and the
Humming-Bird.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The Humming-Bird and the Crane were both in love
with a pretty woman. She <span class="corr" id="xd23e6640" title=
"Source: perferred">preferred</span> the Humming-bird, who was as
handsome as the Crane was awkward, but the Crane was so persistent that
in order to get rid of him she finally told him he must challenge the
other to a race and she would marry the winner. The Humming-bird was so
swift&mdash;almost like a flash of lightning&mdash;and the Crane so
slow and heavy, that she felt sure that the Humming-bird would win. She
did not know that the Crane could fly all night.</p>
<p class="par">They agreed to start from her house and fly around the
circle of the world to the beginning, and the one who came in first
would marry the woman. At the word the Humming-bird darted off like an
arrow and was out of sight in a moment, leaving his rival to follow
heavily behind. He flew all day, and when evening came and he stopped
to roost for the night he was far ahead. But the Crane flew steadily
all night, passing the humming-bird soon after midnight, and going on
until he came to a creek and stopped to rest about daybreak.
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb151" href="#pb151" name=
"pb151">151</a>]</span>The Humming-bird woke up in the morning and flew
on again, thinking how easily he would win the race, until he reached
the creek, and there found the Crane spearing tadpoles, with his long
bill, for breakfast.</p>
<p class="par">He was very much surprised and wondered how this could
have happened, but he flew swiftly by and soon left the Crane out of
sight again. The Crane finished his breakfast and started on, and when
evening came he kept on as before.</p>
<p class="par">This time it was hardly midnight when he passed the
Humming-bird asleep on a limb, and in the morning he had finished his
breakfast before the other came up. The next day he gained a little
more, and on the fourth day he was spearing tadpoles for dinner when
the Humming-bird passed him. On the fifth and sixth days it was late in
the afternoon before the Humming-bird came up, and, on the morning of
the seventh day the Crane was a whole night&rsquo;s travel ahead.</p>
<p class="par">He took his time at breakfast and then fixed himself up
as nicely as he could at the creek and came in at the starting place
where the woman lived, early in the morning.</p>
<p class="par">When the Humming-bird arrived in the afternoon he found
that he had lost the race, but the woman declared she would never have
such an ugly fellow for a husband as the Crane.</p>
<p class="par">Moral. Beware of fine feathers. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb152" href="#pb152" name="pb152">152</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div1 poem"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main"><i>SNAKE, FISH AND INSECT MYTHS.</i></h2>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH SIXTEEN.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Snake Tribe.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The generic name for snake is inadu. They are all
regarded as inaduwehi, &ldquo;supernaturals,&rdquo; having an intimate
connection with the rain and the thunder gods, and possessing a certain
influence over the other animals and plant tribes. It is said that the
snakes, the deer, and the ginseng act as allies, so that an injury to
one is avenged by the others. The feeling toward snakes is one mingled
with fear and reverence, and every precaution is taken to avoid the
killing or offending one, especially the rattlesnake. He who kills a
snake will soon see others; and should he kill a second one, so many
will come around him, whichever way he may turn, that he will become
dazed at the sight of their glistening eyes and darting tongues, and
will go wandering about like a crazy man, unable to find his way out of
the woods.</p>
<p class="par">To guard against this misfortune there are certain
prayers which the initiated say in order that a snake may not cross
their path, and on meeting the first one of the season the hunter
humbly begs of him, &ldquo;Let us not see each other this
summer.&rdquo; Certain smells, as that of the wild parsnip, and certain
songs, as those of the Unikawi or town-house dance, are offensive to
the snakes and make them angry. For this reason the Unikawi dance is
held only late in the fall, after they have retired to their dens for
the winter. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb153" href="#pb153" name=
"pb153">153</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">When one dreams of being bitten by a snake he must be
treated the same as for the actual bite, because it is the snake ghost
that has bitten him; otherwise the place will swell and ulcerate in the
same way, even though it be years afterwards. For fear of offending
them, even in speaking, it is never said that a man has been bitten by
a snake, but only that he has been &ldquo;scratched by a briar.&rdquo;
Most of the beliefs and customs in this connection have more special
reference to the rattlesnake.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellTop">
<div class="figure xd23e6679width" id="p153-1"><img src=
"images/p153-1.jpg" alt="Kanuga Lake and Pinnacle." width="333" height=
"510">
<p class="figureHead">Kanuga Lake and Pinnacle.</p>
</div>
</td>
<td class="cellRight cellTop">
<div class="figure xd23e6684width" id="p153-2"><img src=
"images/p153-2.jpg" alt="Lake Fairfield." width="333" height="512">
<p class="figureHead">Lake Fairfield.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">
<div class="figure xd23e6690width" id="p153-3"><img src=
"images/p153-3.jpg" alt="Kanuga Lake, Hendersonville." width="333"
height="514">
<p class="figureHead">Kanuga Lake, Hendersonville.</p>
</div>
</td>
<td class="cellRight cellBottom">
<div class="figure xd23e6695width"><img src="images/p153-4.jpg" alt=
"Pacolet River, Hendersonville." width="333" height="510">
<p class="figureHead">Pacolet River, Hendersonville.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Down the valley glides the river,</p>
<p class="line">Murmuring a sad farewell.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">The rattlesnake is called utsanati, which may be
rendered, &ldquo;he has a bell,&rdquo; alluding to the rattles.
According to their myths the rattlesnake was once a man, and was
transformed to his present shape that he might save the human race from
extermination by the Sun, a mission which he accomplished successfully
after others had failed.</p>
<p class="par">By the old men he is also spoken of as &ldquo;The
Thunder&rsquo;s Necklace,&rdquo; and to kill one is to destroy one of
the most prized ornaments of the Thunder-god. In one of the formulas
addressed to the Little Men, the sons of the Thunder, they are implored
to take the disease snake to themselves, because, &ldquo;It is just
what you adorn yourselves with.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">For obvious reasons the rattlesnake is regarded as the
chief of the tribe and is feared and respected accordingly. Few
Cherokee will venture to kill one except under absolute necessity, and
even then the crime must be atoned for by asking pardon of the snake
ghost, either through the mediation of a priest or in person according
to a set formula.</p>
<p class="par">Otherwise, the relatives of the dead snake will send one
of their number to track up the offender and bite him, so that he will
die. The only thing of which it is said that the rattlesnake is afraid
is the plant known as <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb154" href=
"#pb154" name="pb154">154</a>]</span>campion, or
&ldquo;rattlesnake&rsquo;s master&rdquo; (Silene Stella), which is used
by doctors to counteract the effect of the bite, and it is believed
that a snake will flee in terror from the hunter who carries a small
piece of the root about his person.</p>
<p class="par">Notwithstanding the fear of the rattlesnake, his
rattles, teeth, flesh and oil are greatly prized for occult or medical
uses, the snake being killed for this purpose by certain priests who
know the necessary rites and formulas for obtaining pardon.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH SEVENTEEN.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Uktena and the Ulunsuti.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Long ago&mdash;hilahiyu&mdash;when the Sun became
angry at the people on earth, and sent a sickness to destroy them, the
Little Men changed a man into a monster snake, as large as the trunk of
a tree, with horns, which they called the Uktena, &ldquo;The
Keen-eyed,&rdquo; and sent him to kill her. He failed to do the work,
and the Rattlesnake had to be sent instead, which made the Uktena so
jealous and angry that the people were afraid of him and had him taken
to Galunlati, to stay with the other dangerous things. He left others
behind him, though, nearly as large and dangerous as himself, and they
hide now in the deep pools in the river and about lonely passes in the
high mountains, the places which the Cherokee call, &ldquo;Where the
Uktena stays.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Those who know say that the Uktena with its horns on its
head has a bright blazing crest like a diamond upon its forehead, and
scales glittering like sparks of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb155"
href="#pb155" name="pb155">155</a>]</span>fire upon its body. It has
rings or spots along its whole length, and cannot be wounded except by
shooting in the seventh spot from the head because under this spot are
its heart and its life.</p>
<p class="par">The blazing spot is called Ulunsuti,
&ldquo;Transparent,&rdquo; and he who can win it may become the
greatest wonder-worker of the tribe, but it is worth a man&rsquo;s life
to attempt it, for whoever is seen by the Uktena is so dazed by the
bright light that he runs toward the snake instead of trying to escape.
Even to see the Uktena asleep is death, not to the hunter himself, but
to his family. Of all the daring warriors who have started out in
search of Ulunsu&rsquo;ti only <span class="corr" id="xd23e6734" title=
"Source: Agan-unitsi">Agan-uni-tsi</span> ever came back
successful.</p>
<p class="par">The East Cherokee still keeps the one that he bought. It
is like a transparent crystal, nearly the shape of a cartridge bullet,
with blood-red streaks running thru the center from top to bottom. The
owner keeps it wrapped in a whole deerskin, inside an earthen vessel,
hidden away in a secret cave in the mountains.</p>
<p class="par">Every seven days he feeds it with the blood of small
game, rubbing the blood all over the crystal as soon as the animal has
been killed. Twice a year it must have the blood of a deer or some
other large animal. Should he forget to feed it at the proper time it
would come out of the cave at night in a shape of fire and fly thru the
air to slake its thirst with the life blood of the conjurer or some of
his people.</p>
<p class="par">He may save himself from this danger by telling it, when
he puts it away, that he will not need it again for a long time. It
will then go quietly to sleep and feel no hunger until it is again
brought out to be consulted. Then it must be fed again on blood before
it is used. No white man must ever see it, and no person but the owner
will venture near it for fear of sudden death. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb156" href="#pb156" name="pb156">156</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Even the conjurer who keeps it is afraid of it, and
changes its hiding place every once in a while so that it cannot learn
the way out. When he dies it will be buried with him. Otherwise, it
will come out of its cave, like a blazing star, to search for his
grave, night after night for seven years, when, if still not able to
find him, it will go back to sleep forever where he has placed it.</p>
<p class="par">Whoever owns the Ulunsuti is sure of success in hunting,
love, rain-making and every other business, but its great use is in
life prophecy. When it is consulted for this purpose the future is seen
mirrored in the clear crystal as a tree is reflected in the quiet
stream below, and the conjurer knows whether the sick man will recover,
whether the warrior will return from the battle, or whether the youth
will live to be old.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH EIGHTEEN.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>Agan-uni-tsi&rsquo;s Search for the
Uktena.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">In one of their battles with the Showano, who are
all magicians, the Cherokee captured a great medicine-man, whose name
was Agan-uni-tsi, &ldquo;The Ground-Hog&rsquo;s Mother.&rdquo; They had
tied him ready for the torture when he begged for his life, and
engaged, if they spared him, to find for them the great wonder-worker,
the Ulunsuti. Now, the Ulunsuti is like a blazing star set in the
forehead of the great Uktena serpent, and the medicine-man who could
possess it might do marvelous things, but everyone knew that this could
not be, because it was certain death to meet the Uktena. They warned
him of all this, but he only answered that his medicine was
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb157" href="#pb157" name=
"pb157">157</a>]</span>strong and that he was not afraid. So they gave
him his life on that condition and he began the search.</p>
<p class="par">The Uktena used to lie in wait in lonely places to
surprise its victims, and especially haunted the dark passes of the
Great Smoky Mountains. Knowing this, the magician went first to a gap
in the range on the far northern border of the Cherokee country. He
searched there and found a monster blacksnake, larger than had ever
been known before, but it was not what he was looking for, and he
laughed at it as something too small for notice.</p>
<p class="par">Coming southward to the next gap he found there a
moccasin snake, the largest ever seen, but when the people wondered he
said it was nothing. In the next gap he found a green snake and called
the people to see it, (the pretty salikwaya), but when they found an
immense greensnake coiled up in the path they ran away in fear.</p>
<p class="par">Coming on to Utawa-gun-ti, the Bald mountain, he found
there a great diyahali (lizard) basking, but, although it was large and
terrible to look at, it was not what he was looking for and he paid no
attention to it. Going still further south to Walasi-yi, the Frog
place, he found a great frog squatting in the gap but when the people
who came to see it were frightened like the others and ran away from
the monster he mocked at them for being afraid of a frog and went on to
the next gap.</p>
<p class="par">He went on to Duni-skwa-lgun-yi, the Gap of the Forked
Antler, and to the enchanted lake of Atagahi, and at each he found
monstrous reptiles, but he said they were nothing.</p>
<p class="par">He thought that the Uktena might be hiding in the deep
water at Tlanusiyi, the Leech place, on Hiwassee, where other strange
things had been seen before, and going there he dived far down under
the surface. He <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb158" href="#pb158"
name="pb158">158</a>]</span>saw turtles and water snakes, and two
immense sun-perches rushed at him and retreated again, but that was
all.</p>
<p class="par">Other places he tried, going always southward, and at
last on Gahuti mountain he found the Uktena asleep.</p>
<p class="par">Turning without noise, he ran swiftly down the
mountainside as far as he could go with one long breath, nearly to the
bottom of the slope. Then he stopped and piled up a lot of pine-cones,
and inside of it he dug a deep trench. Then he set fire to the cones
and came back again up the mountain.</p>
<p class="par">The Uktena was still asleep, and, putting an arrow to
his bow, <span class="corr" id="xd23e6776" title=
"Source: Agan-unitsi">Agan-uni-tsi</span> shot and sent the arrow
through its heart, which was under the seventh spot from the
serpent&rsquo;s head.</p>
<p class="par">The great snake raised his head, with the diamond in
front flashing fire, and came straight at his enemy, but the magician,
turning quickly, ran at full speed down the mountain, cleared the
circle of fire and the trench at one bound, and lay down on the ground
inside. The Uktena tried to follow, but the arrow was thru his heart,
and in another moment he rolled over in his death struggle, spitting
poison over all the mountainside. The poison drops could not pass the
circle of fire, but only hissed and sputtered in the blaze, and the
magician on the inside was untouched except by one small drop which
struck upon his head as he lay close to the ground; but he did not know
it. The blood, too, as poisonous as the froth, poured from the
Uktena&rsquo;s wound and down the slope in a stream, but it ran into
the trench and left him unharmed.</p>
<p class="par">The dying monster rolled over and over down the
mountain, breaking down large trees in its path until it reached the
bottom. Then Agan-uni-tsi called every bird <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb159" href="#pb159" name="pb159">159</a>]</span>in
all the woods to come to the feast, and so many came that when they
were done not even the bones were left. After seven days he went by
night to the spot.</p>
<p class="par">The body and the bones of the snake were gone, all eaten
by the birds, but he saw a bright light shining in the darkness, and
going over to it he found, resting on a low-hanging branch, where a
raven had dropped it<span class="corr" id="xd23e6788" title=
"Source: .">,</span> the diamond from the head of Uktena. He wrapped it
up carefully and took it with him, and from that time he became the
greatest medicine-man in the whole tribe.</p>
<p class="par">When he came down again to the settlement the people
noticed a small snake hanging from his head where the single drop of
poison from the Uktena had struck him; but so long as he lived he
himself never knew that it was there.</p>
<p class="par">Where the blood of the Uktena had filled the trench a
lake formed afterwards, and the water was black and in this water the
women used to dye the cane splits for their baskets.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH NINETEEN.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Red Man and the Uktena.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Two brothers went hunting together, and when they
came to a good camping place in the mountains they made a fire, and
while one gathered bark to put up a shelter, the other started up the
creek to look for a deer. Soon he heard a noise on the top of the ridge
as if two animals were fighting. He hurried thru the brush to see what
it might be, and when he came to the spot he found a great Uktena
coiled around a man and choking <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb160"
href="#pb160" name="pb160">160</a>]</span>him to death. The man was
fighting for his life, and called out to the hunter, &ldquo;Help me,
nephew; he is your enemy as well as mine.&rdquo; The hunter took good
aim, and, drawing the arrow to the head, sent it thru the body of the
Uktena, so that the blood spouted from the hole. The snake loosed its
coils with a snapping noise, and went tumbling down the ridge into the
valley, tearing up the earth like a water-spout as it rolled.</p>
<p class="par">The stranger stood up, and it was the Asgaya Gigagei,
the Red Man of the Lightning. He said to the hunter: &ldquo;You have
helped me, and now I will reward you, and give you a medicine so that
you can always find game.&rdquo; They waited until it was dark, and
then went down the ridge to where the dead Uktena had rolled, but by
this time the birds and the insects had eaten the body and only the
bones were left.</p>
<p class="par">In one place were flashes of light coming up from the
ground, and on digging here, just under the surface, the Red Man found
a scale of the Uktena. Next he went over to the tree that had been
struck by lightning, and gathering a handful of splinters he made a
fire and burned the scale of the Uktena to a coal. He wrapped this in a
piece of deerskin and gave it to the hunter, saying: &ldquo;As long as
you keep this you can always kill game.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Then he told the hunter that when he went back to camp
he must hang up the medicine on a tree outside, because it was very
strong and dangerous. He told him also that when he went into the cabin
he would find his brother lying inside nearly dead on account of the
presence of the Uktena scale, but he must take a small piece of cane,
which the Red Man gave him, and scrape a little of it into water and
give it to his brother to drink, and he would be well again.</p>
<p class="par">Then the Red Man was gone, and the hunter could not
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb161" href="#pb161" name=
"pb161">161</a>]</span>see where he went. He returned to camp alone,
and found his brother very sick, but soon cured him with the medicine
from the cane, and that day and the next, and every day after, he found
game whenever he went for it.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH TWENTY.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Hunter and the Uksuhi.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">A man living down in Georgia came to visit some
relatives at Hickory-log. He was a great hunter, and after resting for
some days, got ready to go into the mountains. His friends warned him
not to go toward the north, as in that direction, near a certain large
uprooted tree, there lived a dangerous monster Uksuhi snake.</p>
<p class="par">It kept constant watch, and whenever it could spring
upon an unwary hunter it would coil about him and crush out his life in
its folds, and then drag the dead body down the mountainside into a
deep hole in Hiwassee river. He listened quietly to the warning, but
all they said only made him the more anxious to see such a monster, so,
without saying anything of his intentions, he left the settlement and
took his way directly up the mountain toward the north.</p>
<p class="par">Soon he came to the fallen tree and climbed upon the
trunk, and there, sure enough, on the other side was the great Uksuhi
stretched out in the grass, with its head raised, but looking the other
way.</p>
<p class="par">It was as large as a common trunk of a tree, and at the
sight of this terrible monster the hunter became so much frightened
that he made haste to get down <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb162"
href="#pb162" name="pb162">162</a>]</span>from the log and started to
run; but the great snake had heard him approach, and the noise as he
started to make his escape, whereupon it turned quickly and pursued
him.</p>
<p class="par">Up the ridge the hunter ran, the snake close behind him,
then down the other side toward the river, but with all his running the
Uksuhi gained rapidly, and just as he reached the low ground it caught
up with him and wrapped around him, pinning one arm down by his side,
but leaving the other free. Now, it gave him a terrible squeeze that
almost broke his ribs, and then began to drag him along toward the
water. With his free hand the hunter began to clutch at the bushes as
they passed, but the snake turned his head and blew its sickening
breath into his face, until he had to let go his hold.</p>
<p class="par">Again and again this happened, and all the time they
were getting nearer and nearer to a deep hole in the river, when,
almost at the last moment, a lucky thought came into the hunter&rsquo;s
mind. He was sweating all over from his run across the mountain, and
suddenly remembered to have heard that snakes cannot bear the smell of
perspiration. Putting his free hand into his bosom he worked it around
under his armpit until it was covered with perspiration. Then
withdrawing it, he grasped at a bush until the snake turned its head,
when he quickly slapped his sweaty hand on its nose. The Uksuhi gave
one gasp almost as if it had been wounded, loosened its coil, and
glided swiftly away thru the bushes, leaving the hunter, bruised but
not disabled, to make his way home to the Hickory-log. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb163" href="#pb163" name="pb163">163</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH TWENTY-ONE.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Ustutli.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">There was once a great serpent, called the
Ustutli, that made its haunt upon Cohutta mountain. It was called the
Ustutli or &ldquo;foot&rdquo; snake, because it did not glide like
other snakes, but had feet at each end of its body, and moved by
strides or jerks, like a great measuring worm.</p>
<p class="par">These feet were three-cornered and flat and could hold
to the ground like suckers. It had no legs, but would raise itself up
on its hind feet, with its snaky head high in the air until it found a
good place to take a fresh hold; then it would bend down and grip its
front feet to the ground while it drew its body up from behind.</p>
<p class="par">It could cross rivers and deep ravines by throwing its
head across, and getting a grip with its front feet, and then swing its
body over. Wherever its footprints were found there was danger.</p>
<p class="par">It used to bleat like a young fawn, and when the hunter
heard a fawn bleat in the woods he never looked for it, but hurried
away in the other direction. Up the mountain or down, nothing could
escape the Ustutli&rsquo;s pursuit, but along the side of the ridge it
could not go, because the great weight of its swinging head broke its
hold on the ground when it moved sideways.</p>
<p class="par">It came to pass after awhile that not a hunter about
Cohutta would venture near the mountain for dread of the Ustutli.</p>
<p class="par">At last a man from one of the northern settlements came
down to visit some relatives in that neighborhood. When he arrived they
made a feast for him, but only had <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb164"
href="#pb164" name="pb164">164</a>]</span>corn and beans, and excused
themselves for having no meat because the hunters were afraid to go
into the mountains. He asked the reason, and when they told him he said
he would go himself tomorrow and either bring in a deer or find the
Ustutli. They tried to dissuade him from it, but as he insisted upon
going they warned him that if a fawn bleated in the thicket he must run
at once and if the snake came after him he must not try to run down the
mountain, but along the side of the ridge.</p>
<p class="par">In the morning he started out, and went directly to the
mountain. Working his way thru the bushes at the base, he suddenly
heard a fawn bleat in front. He guessed at once that it was the
Ustutli, but he had made up his mind to see it, so he did not turn
back, but went straight forward, and there, sure enough, was the
monster, with its great head in the air, as high as the pine branches,
looking in every direction to discover a deer, or maybe a man, for
breakfast. It saw him and came at him at once, moving in jerky strides,
every one the length of a tree trunk, holding its scaly head high above
the bushes and bleating as it came. The hunter was so badly frightened
that he lost his wits entirely and started to run directly up the
mountain.</p>
<p class="par">The great snake came after him, gaining half its length
on him every time it took a fresh grip with its fore feet, and would
have caught the hunter before he reached the top of the ridge, but that
he suddenly remembered the warning and changed his course to run along
the side of the mountain. At once the snake began to lose ground, for
every time it raised itself up the weight of its body threw it out of a
straight line and made it fall a little lower down the side of the
ridge. It tried to recover itself, but now the hunter gained and kept
on until <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb165" href="#pb165" name=
"pb165">165</a>]</span>he turned the end of the ridge and left the
snake out of sight. Then he cautiously climbed to the top and looked
over and saw the Ustutli still slowly working its way toward the
summit.</p>
<p class="par">He went down to the base of the mountain, opened his
fire pouch, and set fire to the grass and leaves. Soon the fire ran all
around the mountain and began to climb upward.</p>
<p class="par">When the great serpent smelled the smoke and saw the
flames coming, it forgot all about the hunter and turned to make all
speed for a high cliff near the summit. It reached the rock and got
upon it, but the fire followed and caught the dead pines about the base
of the cliff until the heat made the Ustutli&rsquo;s scales crack.</p>
<p class="par">Taking a close grip of the rock with its hind feet, it
raised its body and put forth all its strength in an effort to spring
across the wall of fire that surrounded it, but the smoke choked it and
its hold loosened and it fell among the blazing pine trunks and
<span class="corr" id="xd23e6869" title="Source: law">lay</span> there
until it was burned to ashes.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH TWENTY-TWO.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Uwtsunta.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">At Nundayeli, the wildest spot in Nantahala river,
(in what is now Macon County, North Carolina), where the overhanging
cliff is highest and the river far below, there lived in the old time a
great snake called the Uwtsunta (or bouncer), because it moved by jerks
like a measuring worm, with only one part of its body on the ground at
a time. It stayed generally on the east side, where <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb166" href="#pb166" name="pb166">166</a>]</span>the
sun came first in the morning, and used to cross by reaching over from
the highest point of the cliff until it could get a grip on the other
side, when it would pull over the rest of its body.</p>
<p class="par">It was so immense that when it was thus stretched
across, its shadow darkened the whole valley below.</p>
<p class="par">For a long time the people did not know it was there,
but when at last they found out that such a monster inhabited the
country, they were afraid to live in the valley, so that it was
deserted long before the Indians were removed from the country.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH TWENTY-THREE.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Snake Boy.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">There was a boy who used to go bird hunting every
day, and all the birds he brought home to give to his grandmother, who
was very fond of him. This made the rest of the family jealous, and
they treated him in such fashion that at last one day he told his
grandmother he would leave them all, but that she must not grieve for
him.</p>
<p class="par">Next morning he refused to eat any breakfast, but went
off hungry to the woods and was gone all day. In the evening he
returned, bringing with him a pair of deer horns, and went directly to
the hothouse (Asi), where his grandmother was waiting for him. He told
the old woman that he must be alone that night, so she got up and went
into the house where the others were.</p>
<p class="par">At early daybreak she came again to the hothouse and
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb167" href="#pb167" name=
"pb167">167</a>]</span>looked in, and there she saw an immense Uktena
that filled the Asi, with horns on its head, but still with two human
legs instead of a snake&rsquo;s tail.</p>
<p class="par">It was all that was left of her boy. He spoke to her and
told her to leave him, and she went away again from the door. When the
sun was well up, the Uktena began slowly to crawl out, but it was full
noon before it was all out of the Asi. It made a terrible hissing noise
as it came out, and all the people ran from it.</p>
<p class="par">It crawled on thru the settlement, leaving a broad trail
in the ground behind it, until it came to a deep bend in the river,
where it plunged in and went under the water.</p>
<p class="par">The grandmother grieved much for the boy, until the
others of the family got angry and told her that she thought so much of
him that she ought to go and stay with him. So she left them and went
along the trail made by the Uktena to the river and walked directly
into the water and disappeared. Once after that a man fishing near the
place saw her sitting on a large rock in the river, looking just as she
had always looked, but as soon as she caught sight of him she jumped
into the water and was gone.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH TWENTY-FOUR.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Snake Man.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Two hunters, both for some reason under a tabu
against the meat of a squirrel or turkey, had gone into the woods
together. When evening came, they found a good camping place and
lighted a fire to prepare their <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb168"
href="#pb168" name="pb168">168</a>]</span>supper. One of them had
killed several squirrels during the day, and now got ready to broil
them over the fire.</p>
<p class="par">His companion warned him that if he broke the tabu and
ate squirrel meat he would become a snake, but the other laughed and
said that was only a conjurer&rsquo;s story. He went on with the
preparation, and when the squirrels were roasted made his supper of
them and then lay down by the fire to sleep.</p>
<p class="par">Late that night his companion was aroused by groaning,
and on looking around he found the other lying on the ground rolling
and twisting in agony, and with the lower part of his body already
changed to the body and tail of a large watersnake. The man was still
able to speak and call loudly for help, but his companion could do
nothing, but only sit by and try to comfort him while he watched the
arms sink into his body and the skin take on a scaly change that
mounted gradually toward the neck, until at last even the head was a
serpent&rsquo;s head and the great snake crawled away from the fire and
down the bank into the river, and was never seen again.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH TWENTY-FIVE.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Rattlesnake&rsquo;s Revenge.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">One day in the olden times, when we could still
talk with other creatures, while some children were playing about the
house, their mother inside heard them scream. Running outside she found
that a rattlesnake had crawled from the grass, and taking up a stick
she killed it. The father was out hunting in the mountains, and that
evening when coming home after dark thru the gap, he heard <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb169" href="#pb169" name="pb169">169</a>]</span>a
strange wailing sound. Looking about he found that he had come into the
midst of a whole company of rattlesnakes, all of which had their mouths
open and seemed to be crying. He asked them the reason of their
trouble, and they told him that his own wife had that day killed their
chief, the Yellow Rattlesnake, and they were just now about to send the
Black Rattlesnake to take revenge.</p>
<p class="par">The hunter said he was very sorry, but they told him
that if he spoke the truth that he must be ready to make satisfaction
and give his wife as a sacrifice for the life of their chief. Not
knowing what might happen otherwise, he consented. They then told him
that the Black Rattlesnake would go home with him and coil up just
outside the door in the dark. He must go inside, where he would find
his wife awaiting him, and ask her to get him a fresh drink of water
from the spring. That was all. He went home and knew that the Black
Rattlesnake was following. It was night when he arrived and very dark,
but he found his wife waiting with his supper ready. He sat down and
asked for a drink of water. She handed him a gourd full from the jar,
but he said he wanted it fresh from the spring, so she took a bowl and
went out of the door. The next moment he heard a cry, and going out he
found that the Black Rattlesnake had bitten her and that she was
already dying.</p>
<p class="par">He stayed with her until she was dead, when the Black
Rattlesnake came out from the grass again and said his tribe was now
satisfied.</p>
<p class="par">He then taught the hunter a prayer song, and
said<span class="corr" id="xd23e6936" title="Source: .">,</span>
&ldquo;When you meet any of us hereafter sing this song and we will not
hurt you; but if by accident one of us should bite one of your tribe,
then sing this song over him and he will recover.&rdquo; And the
Cherokee have kept this song and sing it until this day. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb170" href="#pb170" name="pb170">170</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH TWENTY-SIX.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Nest of the Tlanuwas<span class="corr" id=
"xd23e6947" title="Not in source">.</span></i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">On the north bank of Little Tennessee river, in a
bend below the mouth of Citico creek, in Blount County, Tennessee, is a
high cliff hanging over the water, and about half way up the face of
the rock is a cave with two openings. The rock projects outward above
the cave, so that the mouth cannot be seen from above, and it seems
impossible to reach the cave either from above or below.</p>
<p class="par">There are white streaks in the rock from the cave down
to the water. The Cherokee call it Tlanuwai (the place of the Great
Mythic Hawk).</p>
<p class="par">In the old time, away back soon after the creation, a
pair of Tlanuwas had their nest in this cave. They were immense birds,
larger than any that live now, and very strong and savage.</p>
<p class="par">They were forever flying up and down the river, and used
to come into the settlements and carry off dogs and even young children
playing near the houses. No one could reach the nest to kill them, and
when the people tried to shoot them the arrows only glanced off and
were seized and carried away in the talons of the Tlanuwas.</p>
<p class="par">At last the people went to a great medicine man, who
promised to help them. Some were afraid that if he failed to kill the
Tlanuwas they would take revenge on the people, but the medicine man
said he could fix that. He made a long rope of linn bark, just as the
Cherokee still do, with loops in it for his feet, and had the people
let him down from the top of the cliff at a time when he knew that the
old birds were away.</p>
<p class="par">When he came opposite the mouth of the cave he still
could not reach it, because the rocks above hung over, <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb171" href="#pb171" name="pb171">171</a>]</span>so
he swung himself backward and forward several times until the rope
swung near enough for him to pull himself into the cave with a hooked
stick that he carried, which he managed to fasten in some bushes
growing at the entrance.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e6964width" id="p171-1"><img src=
"images/p171-1.jpg" alt="A Cherokee Indian Ball Team." width="644"
height="485">
<p class="figureHead">A Cherokee Indian Ball Team.</p>
<p class="par first">At Cherokee, N. C.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e6971width" id="p171-2"><img src=
"images/p171-2.jpg" alt="The Pools, Chimney Rock." width="645" height=
"481">
<p class="figureHead">The Pools, Chimney Rock.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Still the stream flows fresh forever,</p>
<p class="line">Never resting, night or day.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">In the nest he found four young ones, and on the floor
of the cave were the bones of all sorts of animals and children that
had been carried there by the hawks. He pulled the young ones out of
the nest and threw them over the cliff into the deep water below, where
a great Uktena serpent that lived there finished them.</p>
<p class="par">Just then he saw the two old ones coming, and had hardly
time to climb up again to the top of the rock before they reached the
nest.</p>
<p class="par">When they found the nest empty they were furious, and
circled round and round in the air until they saw the snake put its
head from the water. Then they darted straight downward, and while one
seized the snake in his talons and flew far up in the sky with it, his
mate struck at it and bit off piece after piece until nothing was left.
They were so high up that when the pieces fell they made holes in the
rocks, which are still to be seen there, at the place which we call,
&ldquo;Where the Tlanuwa cut it up,&rdquo; opposite the mouth of
Citico. Then the two hawks circled up and up until they went out of
sight, and they have never been seen any more. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb172" href="#pb172" name="pb172">172</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH TWENTY-SEVEN.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Hunter and the Tlanuwa.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">A hunter out in the woods one day saw a Tlanuwa
overhead and tried to hide from it, but the great bird had already seen
him, and, sweeping down, struck its claws into his hunting pack, and
carried him far up into the air. As it flew, the Tlanuwa, which was a
mother-bird, spoke and told the hunter that he need not be afraid, as
she would not hurt him, but only wanted him to stay awhile with her
young ones to guard them until they were old enough to leave the
nest.</p>
<p class="par">At last they alighted at the mouth of a cave in the face
of a steep cliff. Inside, the water was dripping from the roof, and at
the farther end was a nest of sticks in which were two young birds.</p>
<p class="par">The old Tlanuwa set the hunter down and then flew away,
returning soon with a fresh-killed deer, which it tore to pieces,
giving the first piece to the hunter and then feeding the two young
hawks.</p>
<p class="par">The hunter stayed in the cave for many days until the
young birds were nearly grown, and every day the old mother bird would
fly away from the nest and return in the evening with a deer or a bear,
of which she always gave the first piece to the hunter. He grew very
anxious to see his home again, but the Tlanuwa kept telling him not to
be uneasy, but to wait a little while longer. At last he made up his
mind to escape from the cave and finally studied out the plan.</p>
<p class="par">The next morning, after the great hawk had gone, he
dragged one of the young birds to the mouth of the cave and tied
himself to one of its legs with a strap from his hunting pack. Then
with the flat side of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb173" href=
"#pb173" name="pb173">173</a>]</span>tomahawk he struck it several
times on the head until it was dazed and helpless, then pushed the bird
and himself together off the shelf of rock into the air. They fell far,
far down toward the earth, but the air from below held up the
bird&rsquo;s wings, so that it was almost as if they were flying. As
the Tlanuwa revived it tried to fly upward toward the nest, but the
hunter struck it again with his hatchet until it was dazed and dropped
again.</p>
<p class="par">At last they came down in the top of a poplar tree, when
the hunter cut the strap from the leg of the bird and let it fly away,
first pulling out a feather from its wing. He climbed down from the
tree and went home to the settlement, but when he looked in his pack
for the feather, he found that he only had a stone, for the Great
Mythic Hawk had power to turn many objects into whatever it
pleased.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH TWENTY-EIGHT.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>Utlunta, the Spear Finger.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Long, long ago, there lived in the mountains a
terrible ogress, a woman monster, whose food was human livers. She
could take on any shape that she pleased, or that suited her purpose,
but in her right form she looked very much like an old woman, excepting
that her whole body was covered with a skin as hard as a rock, that no
weapon could wound or penetrate, and that on her right hand she had a
long, stony finger of bone, like an awl or spear-head, with which she
stabbed everyone to whom she could get near enough. On account of this
fact she <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb174" href="#pb174" name=
"pb174">174</a>]</span>was called Utlunta, &ldquo;Spear Finger,&rdquo;
and on account of her stony skin she was sometimes called Nunyunuwi,
&ldquo;Stone-dress.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">There was another stone-clothed monster that killed
people, but that is a different story.</p>
<p class="par">Spear-finger had such power over stone that she could
easily lift and carry immense rocks, and could cement them together by
merely striking one against another. To get over the rough country more
easily she undertook to build a great bridge through the air from
Nunyutlugunyi, the &ldquo;Tree Rock,&rdquo; on Hiwassee, over to
Sanigilagi (Whiteside Mountain, in Jackson County, North Carolina,) on
the Blue Ridge, and had it well started from the top of &ldquo;Tree
rock&rdquo; when the lightning struck it and scattered the fragments
along the whole ridge, where the pieces can still be seen by those who
go there.</p>
<p class="par">She used to range all over the mountains about the heads
of the streams and in the dark passes of Nantahala, always hungry and
looking for victims. Her favorite haunt on the Tennessee side of the
Great Smoky Mountains was about the gap on the trail where Chilhowee
Mountains come down to the river.</p>
<p class="par">Sometimes the old woman would approach along the trail
where the children were picking strawberries or playing near the
village, and would say to them coaxingly, &ldquo;Come, my grand
children, come to your granny and let granny dress your hair.&rdquo;
When some little girl ran up and laid her head in the old woman&rsquo;s
lap to be petted and combed, the old witch would gently run her fingers
thru the child&rsquo;s hair until it went to sleep, when she would stab
the little one thru the heart or back of the neck with the long awl
finger, which she had kept hidden under her robe. Then she would take
out the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb175" href="#pb175" name=
"pb175">175</a>]</span>liver and eat it. She would enter the house by
taking the appearance of one of the family who happened to have gone
out for a short time, and would watch her chance to stab some one with
her long finger and take out his liver. She could stab him without
being noticed, and often the victim did not even know it himself at the
time&mdash;for it left no wound and caused no pain&mdash;but went on
about his own affairs, until all at once he felt weak and began to pine
away, and was always sure to die, because Spear-finger had taken his
liver.</p>
<p class="par">When the Cherokee went out in the fall, according to
their custom, to burn leaves off from the mountains in order to get the
chestnuts on the ground, they were never safe, for the old witch was
always on the lookout, and as soon as she saw the smoke rise she knew
there were Indians there and she would sneak up and try to surprise one
alone. So as well as they could they would try to keep together, and
were very cautious of allowing any stranger to approach the camp. But
if one went to the spring for a drink, they never knew but it might be
the liver-eater that came back and sat with them. At last a great
council was held to devise some means to get rid of the old witch
before she should destroy everybody. The people came from all around to
Nikwasi, (mound now near Franklin, N. C.) and after much talking it was
decided that the best way to secure her demise would be to trap her in
a pitfall where all the warriors could attack her at once. So they dug
a deep pitfall across the path and covered it over with earth and grass
as if the ground had never been disturbed. Then they kindled a large
fire of brush near the trail and hid themselves in the laurels, because
they knew that she would come as soon as she saw the smoke.</p>
<p class="par">Sure enough they soon saw an old woman coming along
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb176" href="#pb176" name=
"pb176">176</a>]</span>the trail. She looked very much like an old
woman that they knew in the village, and although several of the wiser
men wanted to shoot at her, the others interfered, because they did not
want to hurt one of their own people. The old woman came slowly along
the trail, with one hand under her blanket, until she stepped upon the
pitfall and tumbled through the brush top into the deep hole below.
Then, at once, she showed her true nature, and instead of the old
feeble woman there was the terrible Utlunta with her stony skin, and
her sharp awl finger reaching out in every direction for some one to
stab.</p>
<p class="par">The hunters rushed out from the thicket and surrounded
the pit, but shoot as true and as often as they could, the arrows
struck the stony mail of the witch only to be broken and fall useless
at her feet, while she taunted them and tried to climb out of the pit
to get at them. They kept out of her way, but were only wasting their
arrows when a small bird, Utsugi, the titmous, perched on a tree
overhead and began to sing, &ldquo;un, un, un.&rdquo; They thought it
was saying unqhu, heart, meaning that they should aim at the heart of
the stone witch. They directed their arrows where the heart should be,
but the arrows only glanced off with the flint heads broken.</p>
<p class="par">Then they caught the Utsugi and cut off its tongue, so
that ever since its tongue is short and everybody knows that it is a
liar.</p>
<p class="par">When the hunters let it go, it flew straight up into the
sky until it was out of sight, and it never came back any more, and the
titmouse that we know now is only an image of the other.</p>
<p class="par">They kept up the fight without result until another
bird, little Tsikilili, the chickadee, flew down from a <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb177" href="#pb177" name="pb177">177</a>]</span>tree
and alighted upon the witch&rsquo;s right hand. The warriors took this
as a sign that they must aim there, and they were right, for her heart
was on the inside of her hand, which she kept doubled up into a fist,
this same awl-hand with which she had stabbed so many people. Now she
was frightened in earnest, and began to rush furiously at them with her
long awl finger, and to jump about in the pit to dodge the arrows,
until at last an arrow struck her just where the awl finger joined her
wrist and she fell down dead. Ever since then the Tsikilili is known as
a truth-teller, and when a man is away on a journey, if this bird comes
and perches near the house and chirps its song, his friends know that
he will soon reach his home in safety, and his friends will greet him
upon his arrival.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH TWENTY-NINE.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>Nunyunuwi<span class="corr" id="xd23e7055" title=
"Source: .">,</span> the Stone Man.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">This is what the old men used to tell us when we
were boys. Once when all the people of the settlement were out in the
mountains on a great hunt, one man who had gone ahead climbed to the
top of a high ridge and found a large river on the other side.</p>
<p class="par">While he was looking across he saw an old man walking
about on the opposite ridge, with a cane that seemed to be made of some
bright, shining rock. The hunter watched and saw that every little
while the old man would point his cane in a certain direction, then
draw it <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb178" href="#pb178" name=
"pb178">178</a>]</span>back and smell the end of it. At last he pointed
it in the direction of the hunter&rsquo;s camp on the other side of the
mountain, and this time when he drew back the staff he sniffed it
several times as if it smelled very good, and then started along the
ridge straight for the camp. He moved very slowly, with the help of the
cane, until he reached the end of the ridge, when he threw the cane out
into the air and it became a bridge of shining rock stretching across
the river.</p>
<p class="par">After he had crossed over upon the bridge it became a
cane again and the old man picked it up and started over the mountain
toward the camp. The hunter was frightened, and felt sure that it meant
mischief, so he hurried on down the mountain and took the shortest
trail back to the camp to get there before the old man. When he got
there and told his story the medicine-man said the old man was a wicked
cannibal monster called Nunyunuwi, &ldquo;Dressed in Stone,&rdquo; who
lived in the Nantahala mountains, and was always going about thru the
forest looking for some hunter that he might kill and eat him.</p>
<p class="par">It was very hard to escape from him, because his cane
guided him as a dog, and it was nearly as hard to kill him, for his
body was entirely covered with a skin of solid rock. If he came he
would kill and eat them all, and there was only one way to save their
lives.</p>
<p class="par">He could not bear to look upon a woman, and if they
could bring to the path seven married women, that the sight of them
would kill him, and they would rid themselves of him. So they ran
swiftly and brought quickly as many women as they could find, and
placed them <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb179" href="#pb179" name=
"pb179">179</a>]</span>along the trail, and when the old man came, he
saw one woman standing near the trail and the very sight of her made
him sick and he cried out, &ldquo;Yu, my grandchild, I hate the sight
of woman!&rdquo; He hurried past her and in a moment he saw the second
woman standing as he had seen the other, and he cried out again,
&ldquo;Yu! my child; I hate the tribe of women, and he hurried past
her, and he continued along the trail until he came to the seventh, and
by this time he had become so much enraged that he fell down almost
dead. Then the medicine-man drove seven sourwood switches through his
body and pinned him to the ground, and when night came they piled great
logs over him and set fire to them, and all the people gathered around
to see. Nunyunuwi was a great adawehi and knew many secrets, and now as
the fire came close to him he began to talk, and told them the medicine
for all kinds of sickness. At midnight he began to sing, and sang the
hunting songs for calling up the bear and deer and all the animals of
the woods and mountains.</p>
<p class="par">As the blaze grew hotter his voice sank lower and lower,
until at last when the daylight came, the logs were a heap of white
ashes and the voice was still. Then the medicine-man told them to rake
off the ashes, and where the body had lain they found only a large lump
of wadi paint and a magic Ulunsuti stone. He kept the stone for
himself, and calling the people around him he painted them on the face
and breast with the red wadi, and whatever each person prayed for while
the painting was being done, whether for hunting success, for working
skill, or for long life&mdash;that gift was his. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb180" href="#pb180" name="pb180">180</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH THIRTY.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Hunter and Dakwa.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">In the old days there was a great fish called the
Dakwa, which lived in the Tennessee river where Toco creek comes in at
Dakwai, the &ldquo;Dakwa place,&rdquo; above the mouth of Tellico, and
which was so large that it could easily swallow a man. Once a canoe
filled with warriors was crossing over from the town on the other side
of the river, when the Dakwa suddenly rose up under the boat and threw
them all into the air. As they came down it swallowed one with a single
snap of its jaws and dived with him to the bottom of the river.</p>
<p class="par">As soon as the hunter came to his senses he found that
he had not been hurt, but it was so hot and close inside the Dakwa that
he was nearly smothered. As he groped around in the dark his hand
struck a lot of mussel shells which the fish had swallowed, and taking
one of these for a knife he began to cut his way out, until soon the
fish grew uneasy at the scraping inside his stomach and came up to the
top of the water for air. He kept on cutting until the fish was in such
pain that it swam this way and that across the stream and thrashed the
water into foam with its tail. Finally the hole was so large that he
could look out, and found that the fish was resting in shallow water
near the shore. The Dakwa soon became so sick from the wound that it
vomited the hunter out of its mouth, and he with the others made their
escape to Tellico, but the juices in the stomach of the fish made the
hair fall from the head of the hunter so that he was bald ever after
that. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb181" href="#pb181" name=
"pb181">181</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH THIRTY-ONE.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>Atagahi, The Enchanted Lake.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">(This is the scene of the myth upon which the
story of Occoneechee is founded.)</p>
<p class="par">Westward from the headwaters of Oconaluftee river, in
the wildest depths of the Great Smoky Mountains, which form the line
between North Carolina and Tennessee, is the enchanted lake of Atagahi,
&ldquo;Gall place.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Although all of the Cherokee know that it is there, no
one has ever seen it, for the way is so difficult that only the animals
know how to reach it. Should a stray hunter come near the place he
would know of it by the whirring sound of the wings of thousands of
wild ducks and pigeons flying about the lake, but on reaching the spot
he would find only a dry flat, without bird or animal or blade of
grass, unless he had first sharpened his spiritual vision by prayer and
fasting and an all-night vigil.</p>
<p class="par">Because the lake is not seen, some people think that the
lake is dried up long ago, but this is not true. To one that had kept
watch and fasted all the night it would appear at daybreak as a
wide-extending, but shallow sheet of pure water, fed by springs
spouting from the high cliffs around. In the water are all kinds of
fish and reptiles, and swimming upon the surface or flying overhead are
great flocks of ducks and pigeons, while all about the shore are bear
tracks crossing in every direction. It is the medicine lake of the
birds and animals, and whenever a bear is wounded by the hunter he
makes his way thru the woods to this lake and plunges into the
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb182" href="#pb182" name=
"pb182">182</a>]</span>water, and when he comes out upon the other side
his wounds are healed, and for this reason the animals keep the lake
invisible to the hunter.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH THIRTY-TWO.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Bride from the South.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The North went traveling, and after going far and
meeting many different tribes he finally fell in love with the daughter
of the South and wanted to marry her. The girl was willing, but her
parents objected and said, &ldquo;Ever since you came the weather has
been cold, and if you stay here we will all freeze to death.&rdquo; The
North pleaded hard, and said if they would let him have their daughter,
he would take her back to his own country, so at last they
consented.</p>
<p class="par">They were married and he took his bride back to his own
country, and when they arrived there she found the people all living in
ice houses. The next day, when the sun rose, the houses began to leak,
and as it climbed higher the houses began to melt, and it grew warmer
and warmer, until finally the people came to the young husband and told
him he must send his wife home again, or the weather would get so warm
that the whole settlement would be melted. He loved his wife and so
held out as long as he could, but as the sun grew hotter the people
were more urgent, and at last he had to send her home to her parents,
but they agreed that she might return once a year for a short season,
but that she should <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb183" href="#pb183"
name="pb183">183</a>]</span>never come to live in the North again, for
as she was reared in the South, that her whole nature was warm and that
she was unfit to dwell in the North.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH THIRTY-THREE.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Ice Man.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Once when the people were burning the woods in the
fall, and the blaze set fire to a poplar tree, which continued to burn
until the fire went down into the roots and burned a great hole in the
ground. It burned, and burned, and the hole grew constantly larger,
until the people became frightened and were afraid that it would burn
the whole world. They tried to put out the fire, but it had gone too
deep, and they did not know what to do. At last some one said there was
a man living in a house of ice far in the north who could put out the
fire, so messengers were sent, and after traveling a long distance they
came to the ice house and found the Ice Man at home. He was a little
fellow with long hair hanging down to the ground in two plaits. The
messengers told him their errand and he at once said, &ldquo;O yes, I
can help you,&rdquo; and began to unplait his hair.</p>
<p class="par">When it was once all unbraided he took it up in one hand
and struck it once across the other hand, and the messengers felt the
wind blow against their cheeks. A second time he struck his hair across
his hand, and a light rain began to fall. The third time he struck his
hair across his open hand there was sleet mixed with <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb184" href="#pb184" name="pb184">184</a>]</span>the
rain drops, and when he struck the fourth time great hailstones fell
upon the ground, as if they had come out from the ends of the hair.
&ldquo;Go back now,&rdquo; said the Ice Man, &ldquo;and I shall be
there tomorrow.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">So the messengers returned to their people, whom they
found still gathered helplessly about the great burning pit. The next
day while they were all gathered about the fire, there came a wind from
the north, and they were afraid, for they knew that it came from the
Ice Man. But the wind only made the fire blaze higher. The light rain
began to fall, but the drops seemed only to make the fire hotter. Then
the shower turned to a heavy rain, with sleet and hail that killed the
blaze and made clouds of smoke and steam rise from the red coals. The
people fled to their homes for shelter, and the storm rose to a
whirlwind that drove the rain into every burning crevice and piled
great hailstones over the embers, until the fire was dead and even the
smoke ceased. When at last it was all over, and the people returned,
they found a lake where the burning pit had been, and from below the
water came a sound as of embers still crackling.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH THIRTY-FOUR.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Hunter and Selu.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">A hunter had been tramping over the mountains all
day long without finding any game, and when the sun went down, he built
a fire in a hollow stump, swallowed a few mouthfuls of corn gruel and
lay down to sleep, tired out and completely discouraged. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb185" href="#pb185" name="pb185">185</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">About the middle of the night he dreamed and seemed to
hear the sound of beautiful singing, which continued until near
daybreak, and then appeared to die away in the upper air.</p>
<p class="par">All the next day he hunted, with the same poor success,
and at night made his lonely camp in the woods. He slept, and the same
strange dream came again, but so vividly that it seemed to him like an
actual happening. Rousing himself before daylight, he still heard the
same song, and feeling sure now that it was real, he went in the
direction of the sound and found that it came from a single green stalk
of corn (selu).</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e7142width" id="p185-1"><img src=
"images/p185-1.jpg" alt="French Broad River." width="647" height="486">
<p class="figureHead">French Broad River.</p>
<p class="par first">Tahkeyostee, in the Mellow Indian Tongue.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e7149width" id="p185-2"><img src=
"images/p185-2.jpg" alt="Broad River." width="650" height="485">
<p class="figureHead">Broad River.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Sparkling, gleaming in the sunlight,</p>
<p class="line">Bursts the water, pure and free.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">The plant spoke to him, and told him to cut off some of
its roots and take them to his home in the settlement, and the next
morning to chew them and &ldquo;go to water&rdquo; before anyone else
was awake, and then to go out again into the woods, and he would kill
many deer, and from that time on would always be successful in the
hunt.</p>
<p class="par">The corn plant continued to talk, teaching him hunting
secrets and telling him to be always generous with the game he took,
until it was noon and the sun was high, when it suddenly took the form
of a woman and rose gracefully into the air and was gone from sight,
leaving the hunter alone in the woods. He returned home and told his
story, and all the people knew that he had seen Selu, the wife of
Kanati. He did as the spirit had directed, and from that time was noted
as the most successful of all the hunters in the settlement.
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb186" href="#pb186" name=
"pb186">186</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH THIRTY-FIVE.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Nunnehi and Other Spirit Folks.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The Nunnehi or Immortals, the &ldquo;People who
live everywhere,&rdquo; were a race of spirit people who lived in the
highlands of the old Cherokee country and had a great many town-houses,
and especially on the tops of the bald mountains, the high peaks where
no timber grows.</p>
<p class="par">They had large town-houses on Pilot Knob, and in
Nik-Wasi mound, in what is now Macon County, North Carolina, and
another in Blood Mountain, and at the head of Nottely river in Georgia.
They were invisible excepting when they wanted to be seen, and they
looked and spoke just like other Indians. They were very fond of music
and dancing, and hunters in the mountains would often hear the dance
songs and the drum-beating in some invisible town-house, but when they
went toward the sound it would shift about and they would hear it
behind them or away in some other direction, so that they could never
find the place where the dance was.</p>
<p class="par">They were a friendly people, too, and often brought lost
wanderers to their town-houses under the mountains, and cared for them
there until they were rested, and guided them back to their homes.
There was a man who lived in Nottely town who had been with the
Nunnehi, when he was a boy about twelve years old, and this is the
story he tells.</p>
<p class="par">One day, when he was playing near the river, shooting at
a mark with his bow and arrows, until he became tired, and started to
build a fish-trap in the water<span class="corr" id="xd23e7181" title=
"Not in source">.</span> While he was piling up the rocks in two long
walls, a man came and stood on the bank and asked him what he was
doing. The man said, &ldquo;Well, that is pretty hard <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb187" href="#pb187" name=
"pb187">187</a>]</span>work, and you ought to come and rest awhile;
come and take a walk up the river.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">The boy said, &ldquo;No&rdquo;; that he was going home
to dinner soon. &ldquo;Come right up to my house,&rdquo; said the
stranger, &ldquo;and I&rsquo;ll give you a good dinner there, and will
bring you home again in the morning.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">So the boy went with him up the river until they came to
a house, when they went in, and the man&rsquo;s wife and the other
people there were very glad to see him, and gave him a fine dinner, and
were very kind to him.</p>
<p class="par">While they were eating, another boy that the boy knew
very well came in and spoke to him, so that he felt very much at
home.</p>
<p class="par">After dinner he played with the other children, and
slept there that night, and in the morning, after breakfast, the man
got ready to take him home. They went down a path that had a cornfield
on one side and a peach orchard on the other, until they came to
another trail, and the man said, &ldquo;Go along this trail across that
ridge and you will come to the river road that will bring you straight
to your home, and now I&rsquo;ll go back to the house.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">So the man went back to the house, and the boy went on
along the trail, but when he had gone a little distance he looked back,
and there was no cornfield or orchard or fence or house; nothing but
trees on the mountainside. He thought it rather queer, but somehow he
was not frightened, and went on until he came to the river trail in
sight of his house. There were a great many people standing about
talking, and when they saw him they ran toward him shouting,
&ldquo;Here he is! He is not drowned or killed in the mountains!&rdquo;
They told him that they had been hunting him ever since yesterday noon,
and asked him where he had been. He told them the story of what had
happened, and they said there is <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb188"
href="#pb188" name="pb188">188</a>]</span>no house there, and it was
the Nunnehi that had you with them.</p>
<p class="par">Once four Nunnehi women came to dance at Nottely town,
and danced half of the night with the young men there, and nobody knew
that they were Nunnehi, but thought them visitors from another
settlement. About midnight they left to go home, and some men who had
come out from the town-house to cool off watched to see which way they
went. They saw the women go down the trail to the river ford, but just
as they came to the water they disappeared, although it was a plain
trail, with no place where they could hide. Then the watchers knew that
they were Nunnehi. At another time a man was crossing over from Nottely
to Hemptown, in Georgia, and heard a drum and the songs of dancers in
the hills on one side of the trail. He rode to see who could be dancing
in such a place, but when he reached the spot the drum and the songs
were behind him, and he was so frightened that he hurried back to the
trail and rode all the way to Hemptown as hard as he could to tell the
story. He was a truthful man and they believed him.</p>
<p class="par">A long time ago a man got lost in the mountains near the
head of Oconaluftee river, and it was very cold and his friends thought
that he must be frozen to death, but he was taken to a cave by the
Nunnehi and given something to eat, and when the weather was more
pleasant they conducted him to the main trail and sent him on home to
the neighbors in the valley below. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb189"
href="#pb189" name="pb189">189</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH THIRTY-FIVE.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Removed Town-house.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Long ago, before the Cherokee were driven from
their homes in 1838, the people on Valley river and Hiwassee heard
voices of invisible spirits calling them from the skies, and warning
them of wars and misfortunes which the future held in store, and
inviting them to come and live with the Nunnehi, the Immortals, in
their homes under the mountains and under the waters. For days the
voice hung in the air, and the people listened until they heard the
voice say, &ldquo;If you would live with us, gather every one in your
town-house and fast there seven days, and no one must raise a shout or
a warwhoop in all that time. Do this and we will come and you shall see
us and we shall take you to live with us.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">The people were afraid of the evils that were to come,
and they knew that the Immortals of the mountains and of the waters
were happy forever, so they counciled in their town-house and decided
to go with them. Those of Anisgayayitown came all together into their
town-house and prayed and fasted for six days. On the seventh day there
was a sound from the distant mountains, and it came nearer and grew
louder until a roar of thunder was all about the town-house and they
felt the ground shake all around them. Now they were frightened, and
despite the warning some of them screamed out.</p>
<p class="par">The Nunnehi, who had already lifted up the town-house
with its mound to carry it away, were startled by the sound and let a
part of it fall to the ground, where we now see the mound Setsi.</p>
<p class="par">They steadied themselves again and bore the rest of the
town-house, with all the people in it, to the top of <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb190" href="#pb190" name=
"pb190">190</a>]</span>Tsudayelunyi, near the head of Cheowa, where we
can still see it, changed long ago to solid rock, but the people are
invisible and immortal.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH THIRTY-SIX.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>The Spirit Defenders of Nikwasi.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Long ago a powerful unknown tribe invaded the
country from the southeast, killing people and destroying settlements
wherever they went. No leader could stand against them, and in a little
while they had wasted all the lower settlements and advanced into the
mountains. The warriors of the old town of Nikwasi, on the head of
Little Tennessee, gathered their wives and their children into the
town-house and kept scouts constantly on the lookout for the presence
of danger.</p>
<p class="par">One morning, just before the break of day, the spies saw
the enemy approaching and at once gave the alarm. The Nikwasi men
seized their arms and rushed out to meet the attack, but after a long,
hard fight they found themselves overpowered and began to retreat, when
suddenly a stranger stood among them and shouted to the chief to call
off his men and he himself would drive the enemy back. From the dress
and the language of the stranger the Nikwasi people thought him a chief
who had come with reinforcements from Overhill settlements in
Tennessee. They fell back along the trail, and as they came near the
town-house they saw a great company of warriors coming out from the
side of the mound as from an open doorway. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb191" href="#pb191" name="pb191">191</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Then they knew that their friends were the Nunnehi, the
Immortals, although no one had ever heard that they lived under Nikwasi
mound. The Nunnehi poured out by hundreds, armed and painted for the
fight, and the most curious part of it all was that they became
invisible as soon as they were fairly outside of the settlement, so
that although the enemy saw the glancing arrow or the rushing tomahawk,
and felt the stroke, he could not see who sent it.</p>
<p class="par">Before such an invisible foe the invaders had to
retreat, going first south along the ridge to where joins the main
ridge, which separates Tah-kee-os-tee (French Broad) from the
Tuckaseigee, and then turning with it to the northeast. As they
retreated they tried to shield themselves behind rocks and trees, but
the Nunnehi arrows went around them and killed them from the other
side, and they could find no hiding place.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e7237width" id="p191-1"><img src=
"images/p191-1.jpg" alt="From the Toxaway." width="645" height="481">
<p class="figureHead">From the Toxaway.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Lies the famous vale of flowers,</p>
<p class="line">Splendid valley of pink beds.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e7251width" id="p191-2"><img src=
"images/p191-2.jpg" alt="Chimney Top Gap." width="649" height="489">
<p class="figureHead">Chimney Top Gap.</p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">All along the ridge they fell, until when they reached
the head of Tuckaseigee not more than half a dozen were left alive, and
in their despair they sat down and cried out for mercy. The Nunnehi
chief told them that they deserved their punishment for attacking a
peaceful tribe, and he spared their lives and told them to go home and
tell their people. It was the custom of the Indians to spare some to
carry the news of battle and defeat. Then the Nunnehi went back to the
mound, and have been there ever since.</p>
<p class="par">They are there now, for when a strong army of Federal
troops came to surprise a handful of Confederates in the last war, they
saw so many soldiers guarding the town that they were afraid and went
away without making an attack. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb192"
href="#pb192" name="pb192">192</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH THIRTY-SEVEN.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>Kanasta, the Lost Settlement.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">Long ago, while the people still lived in the old
town of Kanasta, on <span class="corr" id="xd23e7268" title=
"Source: Toh-kee-os-tee">Tah-kee-os-tee</span>, (French Broad) two
strangers, who looked in no way different from the other Cherokee, came
into the settlement one day and made their way into the chief&rsquo;s
house.</p>
<p class="par">After the first greetings were over, the chief asked
them from what town they came, thinking they were from one of the
western settlements, but they said, &ldquo;We are of your people and
our town is close at hand, but you have never seen it. Here you have
wars and sickness, with enemies on every side, and after awhile a
stronger enemy will come and take your country from you. We are always
happy, and we have come to invite you to live with us in our town over
there,&rdquo; and they pointed toward Tsuwatelda (Pilot Knob).
<span class="corr" id="xd23e7273" title=
"Not in source">&ldquo;</span>We do not live forever, and do not always
find game when we go for it, for game belongs to Tsulkalu, who lives in
Tsunegunyi, but we have peace always and do not think of danger. We go
now, but if your people will live with us, let them fast seven days and
we will come then and take them.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Then they went away toward the west. The chief called
the people together into the town-house, and they held a council over
the matter and decided at last to go with the strangers. They got all
of their property ready for moving, and then went again into the
town-house and began their fast. They fasted six days and on the
morning of the seventh, before yet the sun was high, they saw a great
company coming along the trail from the west, led by the two men who
had stopped <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb193" href="#pb193" name=
"pb193">193</a>]</span>with the chief. They seemed just like Cherokee
from another settlement, and after a friendly meeting they took up a
part of the goods to be carried, and the two parties started back
together for Tsuwatelda.</p>
<p class="par">There was one man visiting at Kanasta, and he went along
with them. When they came to the mountain the two guides led the way
into a cave, which opened out like a great door in the side of the
rock. Inside they found an open country and a town, with houses ranged
in two long rows from east to west. The mountain people lived in the
houses on the south side, and they had made ready the other houses for
the newcomers, but even after the people of Kanasta, with their
children and their belongings, had moved in, there were still a large
number of houses waiting ready for the next who might come. The
mountain people told them that there was another town of a different
people, above them in another mountain, and still farther above, at the
very top, lived the Ani-Hyuntikwalaski (the Thunders).</p>
<p class="par">Now all the people of Kanasta were settled in their new
homes, but the man who had only been visiting with them wanted to go
back to his own friends. Some of the mountain people wanted to prevent
this, but the chief said, &ldquo;No, let him go if he will, and when he
tells his friends they may want to come, too. There is plenty of room
for all.&rdquo; Then he said to the man, &ldquo;Go back and tell your
friends that if they want to come and live with us and always be happy,
there is a place here ready and waiting for them. Others of us live in
Datsunalasgunyi and in the high mountains all around, and if they would
rather go to any of them, it will be all the same. We see you wherever
you go, and are with you in all of your dances, but you cannot see us
unless you fast. If you want to see us, fast four days, and we will
come <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb194" href="#pb194" name=
"pb194">194</a>]</span>and talk with you; and then if you want to live
with us, fast again seven days, and we will come and take you.&rdquo;
Then the chief led the man through the cave to the outside of the
mountain and left him there, but when the man looked back he saw no
cave, but only the solid rock. The people of the Lost Settlement were
never seen again and they are still living in Tauwatelda. Strange
things happen there, so that the Cherokee know that the mountain is
haunted and do not like to go near it. Only a few years ago a party of
hunters camped there, and as they sat around their fire at supper time
they talked of the story and made rough jokes of the people of old
Kanasta. That night they were aroused from sleep by a noise as of
stones thrown at them from among the trees, but when they searched they
could find nobody, and were so frightened that they gathered up their
guns and pouches and left the place.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h3 class="label">MYTH THIRTY-EIGHT.</h3>
<h3 class="main"><i>Hemp-Carrier.</i></h3>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">On the southern slope of the ridge, along the
trail from Robbinsville to Valley river, in Cherokee County, North
Carolina, are the remains of a number of stone cairns. The piles are
level now, but fifty years ago the stones were still heaped up in
pyramids, to which every Cherokee who passed added a stone. According
to the tradition these piles marked the graves of a number of women and
children of the tribe who were surprised and killed on the spot by a
raiding party of Iroquois shortly before <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb195" href="#pb195" name="pb195">195</a>]</span>the final peace
between the two nations. As soon as the news was brought to the
settlement on Hiwassee and Cheowa, a party was made under
Taletanigiski, &ldquo;Hemp-Carrier,&rdquo; to follow and take vengeance
on the enemy.</p>
<p class="par">Among others of the party was the father of the noted
chief, Tsunulahunski, or Junaluska, who (Junaluska) died in about the
year 1855, who was also the chief and hero of the battle of Horseshoe
Bend. For days they followed the trail of the Iroquois across the Great
Smoky Mountains, thru forests and over rivers, until finally they
tracked them to their very town in the far Seneca country.</p>
<p class="par">On the way they met another war party headed for the
south, and the Cherokee killed them all and took their scalps.</p>
<p class="par">When they came near the Seneca town it was almost night,
and they heard shouts in the town-house, where the women were dancing
over the fresh scalps of the Cherokee. The avengers hid themselves near
the spring, and as the dancers came down to drink, the Cherokee
silently killed one and another until they had counted as many scalps
as had been taken on Cheowa, and still the dancers in the town-house
never thought that enemies were near. Then said the Cherokee leader,
&ldquo;We have covered the scalps of our women and children. Shall we
go home now like cowards, or shall we raise the warwhoop and let the
Seneca know that we are men?&rdquo; &ldquo;Let them come if they
will,&rdquo; said the men, and they raised the scalp yell of the
Cherokees.</p>
<p class="par">At once there was an answering shout from the
town-house, and the dance came to a sudden close. The Seneca swarmed
out with ready gun and hatchet, but the nimble Cherokee were off and
away. There was a hot pursuit in the darkness, but the Cherokee knew
the trails <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb196" href="#pb196" name=
"pb196">196</a>]</span>and were light and active runners, and managed
to get away with the loss of only one man. The rest got home safely,
and the people were so well pleased with Hemp-Carrier&rsquo;s bravery
and success that they gave him seven wives. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb197" href="#pb197" name="pb197">197</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="pt4" class="div0 part">
<h2 class="label">PART IV</h2>
<h2 class="main">GLOSSARY OF CHEROKEE WORDS</h2>
<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb199" href="#pb199" name=
"pb199">199</a>]</span></p>
<div class="div1 glossary"><span class="pagenum">[<a href=
"#toc">Contents</a>]</span>
<div class="divHead">
<h2 class="main">GLOSSARY OF CHEROKEE WORDS.</h2>
</div>
<div class="divBody">
<p class="par first">The Cherokee language has the continental vowel
sounds a, e, i, and u, but lacks o, which is replaced by a deep a. The
obscure or short u is frequently nasalized, but the nasal sound is
seldom heard at the end of a word. The only labial is m, which occurs
in probably not more than half a dozen words in the Upper and Middle
dialects, and is entirely absent from the Lower dialect, in which w
takes its place. The characteristic l of the Upper and Middle dialects
becomes r in the Lower, but no dialect has both sounds of these
letters, but g and d are medials, approximating the sounds of k and t
respectively. A frequent double consonant is ts, commonly rendered ch
by the old traders.</p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellTop">a</td>
<td class="cellRight cellTop">as in far.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">&#259;</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in what, or obscure as in showman.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">&agrave;</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in law, all.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">d</td>
<td class="cellRight">medial (semisonant), approximating t.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">e</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in they.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">&#277;</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in net.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">g</td>
<td class="cellRight">medial (semisonant), approximating k.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">h</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in hat.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">i</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in pique.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">&#301;</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in pick.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">k</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in kick.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">l</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in lull.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">&#699;l</td>
<td class="cellRight">surd l (sometimes written hl), nearly the Welsh
ll.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">m</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in man.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">n</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in not.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">r</td>
<td class="cellRight">takes place of 1 in Lower dialect.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">s</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in sin.<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb200"
href="#pb200" name="pb200">200</a>]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">t</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in top.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">u</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in rule.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft"><span class="corr" id="xd23e7418" title=
"Source: u">&ucirc;</span></td>
<td class="cellRight">as in cut.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">&ucirc;&ntilde;</td>
<td class="cellRight">&ucirc; nasalized.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">w</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in wit.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft">y</td>
<td class="cellRight">as in you.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">&prime;</td>
<td class="cellRight cellBottom">a slight aspirate, sometimes
indicating the omission of a vowel.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">A number of English words, with cross references, have
been introduced into the glossary.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e7448width" id="p197"><img src="images/p197.jpg"
alt="Chimney Rock." width="464" height="720">
<p class="figureHead">Chimney Rock.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Like a monolith it rises</p>
<p class="line">To a grand majestic height.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">ada&#699;lanun&#699;sti&mdash;a staff or cane.</p>
<p class="par">adan&#699;ta&mdash;soul.</p>
<p class="par">ada&#699;wehi&mdash;a magician or supernatural
being.</p>
<p class="par">ada&#699;wehi&#699;yu&mdash;a very great magician;
intensive form of ada&#699;wehi.</p>
<p class="par">a&#699;gana&mdash;groundhog.</p>
<p class="par">
A&#699;gansta&#699;ta&mdash;&ldquo;groundhog-sausage,&rdquo; from
a&#699;gana, ground-hog, and tsista&#699;u, &ldquo;I am pounding
it,&rdquo; understood to refer to pounding meat, etc., in a mortar,
after having first crisped it before the fire. A war chief, noted in
the Cherokee war of 1760, and prominent until about the close of the
Revolution, known to the whites as Oconostota. Also the Cherokee name
for Colonel Gideon Morgan of the war of 1812, for Washington Morgan,
his son, of the Civil war, and now for a full-blood upon the
reservation, known to the whites as Morgan Calhoun.</p>
<p class="par">A&#699;gan-uni&#699;tsi&mdash;&ldquo;Ground-hog&rsquo;s
mother,&rdquo; from a&#699;gana and uni&#699;tsi, their mother, plural
of utsi&#699;, his mother (etsi&#699;, agitsi&#699;, my mother). The
Cherokee name of the Shawano captive, who, according to tradition,
killed the great Uktena serpent and procured the Ulunsu&#699;ti.
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb201" href="#pb201" name=
"pb201">201</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Agawe&#699;la&mdash;&ldquo;Old Woman,&rdquo; a
formulistic name for corn or the spirit corn.</p>
<p class="par">agayun&#699;li&mdash;for agayunlige, old, ancient.</p>
<p class="par">agida&#699;ta&mdash;see eda&#699;ta.</p>
<p class="par">agidutu&mdash;see edu&#699;tu.</p>
<p class="par">Agi&prime;li&mdash;&ldquo;He is rising,&rdquo; possibly
a contraction of an old personal name. Agin&#699;-agi&prime;li,
&ldquo;Rising-fawn.&rdquo; Major George Lawrey, cousin of Sequoya, and
assistant chief of the Cherokee Nation about 1840. Stanley incorrectly
makes it &ldquo;Keeth-la, or Dog&rdquo; for gi&prime;li&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">agin&#699;si&mdash;see eni&#699;si.</p>
<p class="par">agi&#699;si&mdash;female, applied usually to
quadrupeds.</p>
<p class="par">Agis&#699;-e&#699;gwa&mdash;&ldquo;Great Female,&rdquo;
possibly &ldquo;Great Doe.&rdquo; A being, probably an animal god
invoked in the sacred formulas.</p>
<p class="par">agitsi&#699;&mdash;see etsi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Agitsta&prime;ti&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where they stayed
up all night,&rdquo; from tsigitsun&#699;tihu, &ldquo;I stay up all
night.&rdquo; A place in the Great Smoky range about the head of Noland
creek, in Swain County, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Aguaquiri&mdash;see Guaquili.</p>
<p class="par">Ahalu&#699;na&mdash;&ldquo;Ambush,&rdquo;
Ahalunun&#699;yi, &ldquo;Ambush place,&rdquo; or Uni&#699;halu&#699;na,
&ldquo;where they ambushed,&rdquo; from akalu&#699;ga, &ldquo;I am
watching.&rdquo; Soco gap, at the head of Soco creek, on the line
between Swain and Haywood counties, N. C. The name is also applied to
the lookout station for deer hunters.</p>
<p class="par">ahanu&#699;lahi&mdash;&ldquo;he is bearded,&rdquo; from
ahanu&#699;lahu, a beard.</p>
<p class="par">Ahu&#699;lude&#699;gi&mdash;&ldquo;He throws away the
drum&rdquo; (habitual), from ahu&#699;li, drum, and akwade&#699;gu,
&ldquo;I am throwing it away&rdquo; (round object). The Cherokee name
of John Jolly, a noted chief and adopted father of Samuel Houston,
about 1800. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb202" href="#pb202" name=
"pb202">202</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">ahyeli&#699;ski&mdash;a mocker or mimic.</p>
<p class="par">akta&#699;&mdash;eye; plural, dikta&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">akta&#699;ti&mdash;a telescope or field glass. The name
denotes something with which to examine or look into closely, from
akta&#699;, eye.</p>
<p class="par"><span class="corr" id="xd23e7514" title=
"Source: akwandu&rsquo;li">akwandu&#699;li</span>&mdash;a song form for
akwidu&#699;li (-hu,) &ldquo;I want it.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Akwan&prime;ki&mdash;see Anakwan&#699;ki.</p>
<p class="par">Akwe&prime;ti&#699;yi&mdash;a location on Tuckasegee
river, in Jackson county, North Carolina; the meaning of the name is
lost.</p>
<p class="par">Alarka&mdash;see Yalagi.</p>
<p class="par">aliga&#699;&mdash;the red-horse fish (<i lang=
"la">Moxostoma</i>).</p>
<p class="par">Alkini&#699;&mdash;the last woman known to be of Natchez
decent and peculiarity among the East Cherokee; died about 1890. The
name has no apparent meaning.</p>
<p class="par">ama&#699;&mdash;water; in the Lower dialect, awa&#699;;
cf. a&#699;ma salt.</p>
<p class="par">amaye&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;dwelling in the water,&rdquo;
from ama&#699; (ama&#699;yi, &ldquo;in the water&rdquo;) and ehu&#699;,
&ldquo;I dwell,&rdquo; &ldquo;I live.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Amaye&prime;l-e&#699;gwa&mdash;&ldquo;Great
island,&rdquo; from amaye&prime;li, island (from ama&#699;, water, and
aye&prime;li, &ldquo;in the middle&rdquo;) and e&#699;gwa, great. A
former Cherokee settlement on Little Tennessee river, at Big island, a
short distance below the mouth of Tellico, in Monroe county, Tenn.
Timberlake writes it Mialaquo, while Bartram spells it Nilaque. Not to
be confounded with Long-Island town below Chattanooga.</p>
<p class="par">
Amaye&prime;li-gunahi&#699;ta&mdash;&ldquo;Long-island,&rdquo; from
amaye&prime;li, island, and gunahi&#699;ta, long. A former Cherokee
settlement, known to the whites as Long-Island town, at the Long-island
in Tennessee river, on the Tennessee-Georgia line. It was one of the
Chickamauga towns (see Tsikama&#699;gi). <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb203" href="#pb203" name="pb203">203</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">ama&#699;yine&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;dwellers in the
water,&rdquo; plural of amaye&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Anada&#699;duntaski&mdash;&ldquo;roasters,&rdquo; i. e.,
cannibals; from gun&#699;tasku&#699;. &ldquo;I am putting it (round)
into the fire to roast.&rdquo; The regular word for cannibals is
Yun&#699;wini&#699;giski, q. v.</p>
<p class="par">anagahun&#699;unsku&#699;&mdash;the green-corn dance;
literally, &ldquo;they are having a green-corn dance&rdquo;; the
popular name is not a translation of the Cherokee word, which has no
reference either to corn or dancing.</p>
<p class="par">Anakwan&prime;ki&mdash;the Delaware Indians; singular
Akwan&prime;ki, a Cherokee attempt at Wapanaqki,
&ldquo;Easterners,&rdquo; the Algonquian name by which, in various
corrupted forms, the Delawares are commonly known to the western
tribes.</p>
<p class="par">Anantooeah&mdash;see Ani&#699;Nun&#699;dawe&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">a&prime;ne&#699;tsa, or <span class="corr" id=
"xd23e7552" title=
"Source: a&prime;netsa&#699;gi">anetsa&#699;gi</span>&mdash;the
ball-play.</p>
<p class="par">a&prime;netsa&#699;unski&mdash;a ball-player; literally,
&ldquo;a lover of the ball-play.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">ani&#699;&mdash;a tribal and animate prefix.</p>
<p class="par">ani&#699;da&#699;wehi&mdash;plural of ada&#699;wehi.</p>
<p class="par">a&#699;niganti&#699;ski&mdash;see dagan&prime;tu.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;Gatage&#699;wi&mdash;one of the seven Cherokee
clans. The name has now no meaning, but has been absurdly rendered
&ldquo;Blind savana,&rdquo; from an incorrect idea that it is derived
from Iga&#699;ti, a swamp or savanna, and dige&#699;wi, blind.</p>
<p class="par">Ani-Gila&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;Long-haired people,&rdquo;
one of the seven Cherokee clans; singular, Agila&#699;hi. The word
comes from agila&#699;hi (perhaps connected with afi&prime;lge-ni,
&ldquo;the back of (his) neck&rdquo;), an archaic term denoting wearing
the hair long or flowing loosely, and usually recognized as applying
more particularly to a woman. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb204"
href="#pb204" name="pb204">204</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Gili&#699;&mdash;a problematic tribe, possibly
the Congaree. The name is not connected with gi&#699;li&#699;, dog.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Gusa&mdash;see Ani&#699;Ku&#699;sa.</p>
<p class="par">a&#699;nigwa&mdash;soon after; dine&#699;tlana
a&#699;nigwa, &ldquo;soon after the creation.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Hyun&#699;tikwala&#699;ski&mdash;&ldquo;The
Thunders,&rdquo; i. e., thunder, which in Cherokee belief, is
controlled and caused by a family of supernaturals. The word has
reference to making a rolling sound; cf. tikwale&#699;lu, a wheel,
hence a wagon; ama&#699;-tikwalelunyi, &ldquo;rolling water
place,&rdquo; applied to a cascade where the water falls along the
surface of the rock; ahyun&#699;tikwala&#699;stihu&#699;, &ldquo;it is
thundering,&rdquo; applied to the roar of a railroad train or
waterfall.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Kawi&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;Deer people,&rdquo;
one of the seven Cherokee clans; the regular form for deer is
a&prime;wi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Kawi&#699;ta&mdash;the Lower Creeks, from
Kawi&#699;ta or Coweta, their former principal town on Chattahoochee
river near the present Columbus, Ga.; the Upper Creeks on the head
streams of Alabama river were distinguished as Ani&#699;-Ku&#699;sa (q.
v.) A small creek of Little Tennessee river above Franklin, in Macon
county, N. C., is now known as Coweeta creek.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Kitu&#699;hwagi&mdash;&ldquo;Kitu&#699;hwa
people,&rdquo; from Kitu&#699;hwa (q. v.), an ancient Cherokee
settlement.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Ku&#699;sa or Ani&#699;-Gu&#699;sa&mdash;the
Creek Indians, particularly the Upper Creeks on the waters of Alabama
river; singular A&#699;Ku&#699;sa or Coosa (Spanish, Coca, Cossa) their
principal ancient town.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Kuta&#699;ni (also Ani&#699;-Kwata&#699;ni, or
incorrectly, Nicotani)&mdash;traditional Cherokee priestly society or
clan exterminated in a popular uprising. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb205" href="#pb205" name="pb205">205</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">anina&#699;hilidahi&mdash;&ldquo;creatures that fly
about,&rdquo; from tsinai&#699;li, &ldquo;I am flying,<span class=
"corr" id="xd23e7591" title="Source: &rsquo;&rdquo;">&rdquo;</span>
tsina&#699;ilida&#699;hu, &ldquo;I am flying about.&rdquo; The generic
term for birds and flying insects.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Na&prime;tsi&mdash;abbreviated Anintsi,
singular A-Na&prime;tsi. The Natchez Indians. From coincidence with
na&#699;tsi, pine, the name has been incorrectly rendered &ldquo;Pine
Indians,&rdquo; whereas it is really a Cherokee plural name of the
Natchez.</p>
<p class="par">Anin&#699;tsi&mdash;see Ani&#699;Na&prime;tsi.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;Nundawe&#699;gi&mdash;singular,
Nun&#699;dawe&#699;gi; the Iroquois, more particularly the Seneca, from
Nundawao, the name by which the Seneca call themselves. Adair spells it
Anantooeah. The tribe was also known as Ani&#699;-Se&#699;nika.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Saha&#699;ni&mdash;one of the seven Cherokee
clans; possibly an archaic form for &ldquo;Blue people,&rdquo; from
sa&prime;ka&#699;ni, sa&#699;ka&#699;nige&#699;i, blue.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Sa&#699;ni, Ani&#699;-Sawaha&#699;ni&mdash;see
Ani&#699;-Sawanu&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Sawanu&#699;gi (singular
Sawanu&#699;gi)&mdash;the Shawano Indians. Ani&#699;-sa&#699;ni and
Ani&#699;-Sawaha&#699;ni may be the same.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Se&#699;nika&mdash;see
Ani&#699;Nundawe&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Anisga&#699;ya Tsunsdi&#699; (ga)&mdash;&ldquo;The
Little Men&rdquo;; the Thunder Boys in Cherokee mythology.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-sgayaiyi&mdash;&ldquo;Men town&rdquo; (?), a
traditional Cherokee settlement on Valley river, in Cherokee county,
North Carolina.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;sgi&#699;na&mdash;plural of asgi&#699;na, q.
v.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Skala&#699;li&mdash;the Tuscarora Indian;
singular, Skala&#699;li or A-Skala&#699;li.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;skwa&#699;ni&mdash;Spaniards; singular,
Askwa&#699;ni.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Suwa&#699;li&mdash;or
Ani&#699;-Swqa&#699;la&mdash;the Suala, Sara or Cheraw Indians,
formerly about the headwaters <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb206"
href="#pb206" name="pb206">206</a>]</span>of Broad river, North
Carolina, the Xuala province of the De Soto chronicle, and Joara or
Juada of the later Pardo narrative.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;ta&#699;gwa&mdash;the Catawba Indians;
singular, Ata&#699;gwa or Tagwa.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Tsa&#699;guhi&mdash;the Cherokee clan,
transformed to bears according to tradition. Swimmer&rsquo;s daughter
bears the name Tsaguhi, which is not recognized as distinctively
belonging to either sex.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Tsa&#699;lagi&#699;&mdash;the Cherokee.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Tsa&prime;ta&mdash;the Choctaw Indians;
singular, Tsa&prime;ta.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Tsi&#699;ksu&mdash;the Chickasaw Indians;
singular, Tsi&#699;ksu.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Tsi&#699;skwa&mdash;&ldquo;Bird people&rdquo;;
one of the seven Cherokee clans.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Tsu&#699;tsa&mdash;&ldquo;The Boys,&rdquo;
from atsu&#699;tsa, boy; the Pleiades.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Wa&#699;di&mdash;&ldquo;Paint people&rdquo;;
one of the seven Cherokee clans.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Wa&prime;dihi&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;Place of the
Paint people or clan&rdquo;; Paint town, a Cherokee settlement on lower
Soco creek, within the reservation in Jackson and Swain counties, North
Carolina. It takes its name from the Ani&#699;-Wa&#699;di or Paint
clan.</p>
<p class="par">ani&#699;wani&#699;ski&mdash;the bugle weed, <i lang=
"la">Lycopus virginicus</i>; literally, &ldquo;the talk&rdquo; or
&ldquo;talkers,&rdquo; from tsiwa&#699;nihu, &ldquo;I am
talking,&rdquo; awaniski, &ldquo;he talks habitually.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Wasa&#699;si&mdash;the Osage Indians;
singular, Wasa&#699;si.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Wa&#699;ya&mdash;&ldquo;Wolf people&rdquo;;
the most important of the seven clans of the Cherokee.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Yun&#699;wiya&#699;&mdash;Indians,
particularly Cherokee Indians; literally &ldquo;principal or real
people,&rdquo; from yunwi, person, ya, a suffix implying principal or
real, and ani&#699;, the tribal prefix.</p>
<p class="par">Ani&#699;-Yu&#699;tsi&mdash;the Yuchi or Uchee Indians;
singular, Yu&#699;tsi. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb207" href=
"#pb207" name="pb207">207</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Annie Ax&mdash;see Sadayi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Aquone&mdash;a post-office on Nantahala river, in Mason
county, North Carolina, site of the former Fort Scott. Probably a
corruption of egwani, river.</p>
<p class="par">Arch, John&mdash;see Atsi.</p>
<p class="par">Asa&#699;gwalihu&#699;&mdash;a pack or burden;
asa&#699;gwal lu&#699;, or asa&#699;gwi li&#699;, &ldquo;there is a
pack on him.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">asehi&#699;&mdash;surely.</p>
<p class="par">Ase&#699;nika&mdash;singular of
Ani&#699;-Se&#699;nika.</p>
<p class="par">asga&#699;ya&mdash;man.</p>
<p class="par">asga&#699;ya Gi&#699;gagei&mdash;the &ldquo;Red
Man&rdquo;; the Lightning spirit.</p>
<p class="par">asgi&#699;na&mdash;a ghost, either human or animal; from
the fact that ghosts are commonly supposed to be malevolent, the name
is frequently rendered &ldquo;devil.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Asheville&mdash;see Kasdu&#699;yi and
Unta&#699;kiyasti&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">asi&mdash;the sweat lodge and occasional winter sleeping
apartment of the Cherokee and other southern tribes. It was a low built
structure of logs covered with earth and from its closeness and the
fire usually kept smoldering within was known to the old traders as the
&ldquo;hot house.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">asiyu&#699; (abbreviated siyu&#699;)&mdash;good; the
common Cherokee salute; ga&#699;siyu&#699;, &ldquo;I am good&rdquo;;
hasiyu&#699;, &ldquo;thou art good&rdquo;; a&#699;siyu, &ldquo;he (it)
is good&rdquo;; astu, &ldquo;very good.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Askwa&#699;ni&mdash;a Spaniard. See
Ani&#699;skwa&#699;ni.</p>
<p class="par">astu&#699;&mdash;very good; astu tsiki&#699;, very good,
best of all.</p>
<p class="par">Astu&#699;gata&#699;ga&mdash;A Cherokee lieutenant in
the Confederate service killed in 1862. The name may be rendered,
&ldquo;Standing in the doorway,&rdquo; but implies that the man himself
is the door or shutter; it has no first person; gata&#699;ga, &ldquo;he
is standing&rdquo;; stuti, a door or shutter; stuhu, a closed door or
passage; stugi&#699;sti, a key, i. e., something with which to open the
door. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb208" href="#pb208" name=
"pb208">208</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">asun&#699;tli, asuntlun&#699;yu&mdash;a footlog or
bridge; literally, &ldquo;log lying across,&rdquo; from asi&#699;ta,
log.</p>
<p class="par">ata&#699;&mdash;wood; ata&#699;ya, &ldquo;principal
wood,&rdquo; i. e., oak; cf. Muscogee iti, wood.</p>
<p class="par">Ata&#699;-gul kalu&#699;&mdash;a noted Cherokee chief,
recognized by the British government as the head chief or
&ldquo;emperor&rdquo; of the Nation, about 1760 and later, and commonly
known to the whites as the Little Carpenter (Little Cornplanter, by
mistake, in Haywood). The name is frequently spelled Atta-kulla-kulla,
Ata-kullakulla or Ata-culculla. It may be rendered &ldquo;Leaning
wood,&rdquo; from ata&#699;, &ldquo;Wood&rdquo; and gul kalu, a verb
implying that something long is leaning, without sufficient support,
against some other object; it has no first person form. Bartram
describes him as &ldquo;A man of remarkably small stature, slender and
of a delicate frame, the only instance I saw in the Nation; but he is a
man of superior abilities.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Ata&#699;gwa&mdash;a Catawba Indian.</p>
<p class="par">Atahi&#699;ta&mdash;abbreviated from Atahitun&#699;yi,
&ldquo;Place where they shouted,&rdquo; from gata&#699;hiu&#699;,
&ldquo;I shout,&rdquo; and yi, locative. Waya gap, on the ridge west of
Franklin, Macon county, North Carolina. The map name is probably from
the Cherokee wa ya, wolf.</p>
<p class="par">Ata-Kullakulla&mdash;see Ata&#699;-gul kalu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">a&#699;tali&mdash;mountain; in the Lower dialect
a&#699;tari, whence the &ldquo;Ottare&rdquo; or Upper Cherokee of
Adair. The form a&#699;tali is used only in composition; and mountain
in situ is atalunyi or gatu&#699;si.</p>
<p class="par">a&#699;tali-guli&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;it climbs the
mountain,&rdquo; i. e., &ldquo;mountain-climber&rdquo;; the ginseng
plant, <i lang="la">Ginseng quinquefolium</i>; from a&#699;tali,
mountain, and guli&#699;, &ldquo;it climbs&rdquo; (habitually);
tsilahi&#699; or tsili&#699;, &ldquo;I am <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb209" href="#pb209" name="pb209">209</a>]</span>climbing.&rdquo; Also
called in the sacred formulas, Yun&#699;wi Usdi&#699;, &ldquo;Little
man.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Atala&#699;nuwa&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;Tla&#699;nuwa
hole&rdquo;; the Cherokee name of Chattanooga, Tennessee (see
tsatanu&#699;gi); originally applied to a bluff on the south side of
the Tennessee river, at the foot of the present Market street.</p>
<p class="par">a&#699;talulu&#699;&mdash;unfinished, premature,
unsuccessful; whence utalu&#699;li, &ldquo;it is not yet
time.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Ata&#699;lunti&#699;ski&mdash;a chief of the Arkansas
Cherokee about 1818, who had originally emigrated from Tennessee. The
name, commonly spelled Tollunteeskee, Taluntiski, Tallotiskee,
Tallotuskee, etc., denotes one who throws some living object from a
place, as an enemy from a precipice.</p>
<p class="par">A&#699;tari&mdash;see a&#699;tali.</p>
<p class="par">atasi&#699; (or atasa&#699;, in a dialectic
form)&mdash;a war-club.</p>
<p class="par">atatsun&#699;ski&mdash;stinging; literally, &ldquo;he
stings&rdquo; (habitually).</p>
<p class="par">A&#699;tsi&mdash;the Cherokee name of John Arch, one of
the earliest native writers in the Sequoya characters. The word is
simply an attempt at the English name Arch.</p>
<p class="par">atsi&#699;la&mdash;fire; in the Lower dialect,
atsi&#699;ra.</p>
<p class="par">Atsi&#699;la-wa&#699;i&mdash;&ldquo;Fire&mdash;&rdquo;;
a mountain sometimes known as Rattlesnake knob, about two miles
northeast of Cherokee, Swain county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">
Atsil&#699;-dihye&#699;gi&mdash;&ldquo;Fire-Carrier&rdquo;; apparently
the Cherokee name for the will-of-the-wisp. As is usually the case in
the Cherokee compounds, the verbal form is plural (&ldquo;it carries
fire&rdquo;); the singular form is ahye&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Atsil&#699;-sunti (abbreviated
tsil&#699;-sunti)&mdash;fleabane (<i lang="la">Erigeron canadense</i>);
the name signifies &ldquo;material with which to make fire,&rdquo; from
atsi&#699;la, fire, and gasunti, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb210"
href="#pb210" name="pb210">210</a>]</span>gatsunti or gatlunti<a id=
"xd23e7738" name="xd23e7738"></a>, material with which to make
something, from fasun&#699;sku (or gatlun&#699;sku), &ldquo;I make
it.&rdquo; The plant is also called ihya&#699;ga.</p>
<p class="par">
atsil&#699;-tluntu&#699;tsi&mdash;&ldquo;fire-panther.&rdquo; A meteor
or comet.</p>
<p class="par">A&#699;tsina&#699;&mdash;cedar.</p>
<p class="par">A&#699;tsina&#699;-k ta&#699;um&mdash;&ldquo;Hanging
cedar place&rdquo;; from a&#699;tsina&#699;, cedar, and k ta&#699;un,
&ldquo;where it (long) hangs down&rdquo;; a Cherokee name for the old
Taskigi town on the Little Tennessee river in Monroe county, Tenn.</p>
<p class="par">Atsi&#699;ra&mdash;see atsi&#699;la.</p>
<p class="par">Atsun&#699;sta ti&#699;yi (abbreviated Atsun&#699;sta
ti)&mdash;&ldquo;Fire-light place,&rdquo; referring to the
&ldquo;fire-hunting&rdquo; method of killing deer in the river at
night. The proper form for Chestatee river, near Dahlonega, in Lumpkin
county, Ga.</p>
<p class="par">Attakullakulla&mdash;see Ata-gul kalu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">awa&#699;&mdash;see ama&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">awa&#699;hili&mdash;eagle; particularly <i lang=
"la">Aquila Chrysaetus</i>, distinguished as the
&ldquo;pretty-feathered eagle.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">awi&#699;&mdash;deer; also sometimes written and
pronounced ahawi&#699;; the name is sometimes applied to the large
horned beetle, the flying stag of early writers.</p>
<p class="par">awi&#699;-ahanu&#699;lahi&mdash;goat; literally
&ldquo;bearded deer.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">awi&#699;-ahyeli&#699;ski&mdash;&ldquo;deer
mocker&rdquo;; the deer bleat, a sort of whistle used by hunters to
call the doe by imitating the cry of the fawn.</p>
<p class="par">awi&#699;-akta&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;deer eye&rdquo;; the
<i lang="la">Rudbeckia</i> or black-eyed Susan.</p>
<p class="par">awi&#699;-e&#699;gwa (abbreviated
aw-e&#699;gwa)&mdash;the elk, literally &ldquo;great deer.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">awi&#699;-unade&#699;na&mdash;sheep; literally
&ldquo;woolly deer.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Awi&#699;Usdi&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;Little Deer,&rdquo; the
mythic chief of the Deer tribe.</p>
<p class="par">Ax, Annie&mdash;see Sadayi&#699;. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb211" href="#pb211" name="pb211">211</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Ax, John&mdash;see Itagu&#699;nahi.</p>
<p class="par">awe li&mdash;half, middle, in the middle.</p>
<p class="par">Ayphwa&#699;si&mdash;the proper form of the name
commonly written Hiwassee. It signifies a savanna or meadow and was
applied to two (or more) former Cherokee settlements. The more
important, commonly distinguished as Ayuhwa&#699;si Egwa&#699;hi or
Great Hiwassee, was on the north bank of Hiwassee river at the present
Savannah ford above Columbus, in Polk county, Tenn. The other was
farther up the same river, at the junction of Peachtree creek, above
Murphy, in Cherokee county, N. C. Lanman writes it Owassa.</p>
<p class="par">Ayrate&mdash;see e&#699;ladi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Ays&#699;sta&mdash;&ldquo;The Spoiler,&rdquo; from
tsiya&#699;stihu, &ldquo;I spoil it&rdquo;; cf. uya&#699;i, bad. A
prominent woman and informant on the East Cherokee reservation.</p>
<p class="par">Ayun&#699;ini&mdash;&ldquo;Swimmer&rdquo;; literally,
&ldquo;he is swimming,&rdquo; from gayunini&#699;, &ldquo;I am
swimming.&rdquo; A principal priest and informant of the East Cherokee,
died in 1899.</p>
<p class="par">Ayulsu&#699;&mdash;see Dayulsun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Beaverdam&mdash;see Uy&prime;gila&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Big-Cove&mdash;see Ka&#699;lanun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Big-Island&mdash;see Amaye&prime;l-e&#699;gwa.</p>
<p class="par">Big-Witch&mdash;see Tskil-e&#699;gwa.</p>
<p class="par">Bird-Town&mdash;see Tsiskwa&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Bloody-Fellow&mdash;see Iskagua.</p>
<p class="par">Blythe&mdash;see Diskwani.</p>
<p class="par">Black-fox&mdash;see Ina&#699;li.</p>
<p class="par">Boudinot, Elias&mdash;see Galagi&#699;na.</p>
<p class="par">Bowl, The; Bowles, Colonel&mdash;see Diwali.</p>
<p class="par">Brass&mdash;see Untsaiyi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Brasstown&mdash;see Itse&#699;yi. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb212" href="#pb212" name="pb212">212</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Breadth, The&mdash;see Unli&#699;ta.</p>
<p class="par">Briertown&mdash;see Kanu&#699;gula&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Buffalo (creek)&mdash;see Yunsa&#699;i.</p>
<p class="par">Bull-Head&mdash;see Sukwale&#699;na.</p>
<p class="par">Butler, John&mdash;see Tsan&#699;-uga&#699;sita.</p>
<p class="par">Cade&rsquo;s Cove&mdash;see Tsiya&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Canacaught&mdash;&ldquo;Canacaught, the great
Conjurer,&rdquo; mentioned as a Lower Cherokee chief in 1684; possibly
kanegwa&#699;ti, the water-moccasin snake.</p>
<p class="par">Canaly&mdash;see hi&#699;gina&#699;lii.</p>
<p class="par">Canasagua&mdash;see Gansa&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Cannastion, Cannostee&mdash;see Kana&#699;sta.</p>
<p class="par">Canuga&mdash;see Kanu&#699;ga.</p>
<p class="par">Cartoogaja&mdash;see Gatu&#699;gitse&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Cataluchee&mdash;see Gadalu&#699;tsi.</p>
<p class="par">Cauchi&mdash;a place, apparently in the Cherokee county,
visited by Pardo in 1567.</p>
<p class="par">Caunasaita&mdash;given as the name of a Lower Chief in
1684; possibly for Kanunsi&#699;ta, &ldquo;dogwood.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Chalaque&mdash;see Tsa&#699;lagi.</p>
<p class="par">Chattanooga&mdash;see Tsatanu&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Chattooga, Chatuga&mdash;see Tsatu&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Cheeowhee&mdash;see Tsiya&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Cheerake&mdash;see Tsa&#699;lagi.</p>
<p class="par">Cheraw&mdash;see Ani&#699;-Suwa&#699;li.</p>
<p class="par">Cheowa&mdash;see Tsiya&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Cheowa Maximum&mdash;see Schwate&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Cheraqui&mdash;see Tsa&#699;lagi.</p>
<p class="par">Cherokee&mdash;see Tsa&#699;lagi.</p>
<p class="par">Chestatee&mdash;see Atsun&#699;sta ti&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Chestua&mdash;see Tsistu&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Cheucunsene&mdash;see Tsi&#699;kama&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Chilhowee&mdash;see Tsu lun&#699;we. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb213" href="#pb213" name="pb213">213</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Chimney Tops&mdash;see Duni&#699;skwa lgun&#699;i.</p>
<p class="par">Chisca&mdash;mentioned in the De Soto narratives as a
mining region in the Cherokee country. The name may have a connection
with Tsi&#699;skwa, &ldquo;bird,&rdquo; possibly Tsiskwa&#699;hi,
&ldquo;Bird place.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Choastea&mdash;see Tsistu&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Chopped Oak&mdash;see Digalu&#699;yatun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Choquata&mdash;see Itsa&#699;ti.</p>
<p class="par">Citico&mdash;see Si&#699;tiku&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Clear-sky&mdash;see Iskagua.</p>
<p class="par">Clennuse&mdash;see Tlanusi&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Cleveland&mdash;see Tsistetsi&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Coca&mdash;see Ani&#699;-Ku&#699;sa.</p>
<p class="par">Coco&mdash;see Kuku&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Cohutta&mdash;see Gahu&#699;ti.</p>
<p class="par">Colanneh, Colona&mdash;see Ka&#699;lanu.</p>
<p class="par">Conasauga&mdash;see Gansa&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Conneross&mdash;see Kawan&#699;-ura&#699;sunyi.</p>
<p class="par">Coosawatee&mdash;see Ku&#699;saweti&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Cooweescoowee&mdash;see Gu&#699;wisguwi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Coosa&mdash;see Ani&#699;-Ku&#699;sa, Kusa.</p>
<p class="par">Corani&mdash;see Ka&#699;lanu.</p>
<p class="par">Cowee&#699;&mdash;see Kawi&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Coweeta, Coweta&mdash;see Ani&#699;-Kawi&#699;ta.</p>
<p class="par">Coyatee (variously spelled Cawatie, Coiatee, Coytee,
Coytoy, Kai-a-tee)&mdash;a former Cherokee settlement on Little
Tennessee river, some ten miles below the junction of Tellico, about
the present Coytee post-office in Loudon county, Tennessee.</p>
<p class="par">Creek-path&mdash;see Ku&#699;sa-nunna&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Crow-town&mdash;see Kagun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Cuhtahlatah&mdash;a Cherokee woman noted in the
Wahnenauhi manuscript as having distinguished herself by bravery in
battle. The proper form may <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb214" href=
"#pb214" name="pb214">214</a>]</span>have some connection with
gatun&#699;lati, &ldquo;wild hemp.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Cullasagee&mdash;see Kulse&#699;tsi&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Cullowhee, Currahee&mdash;see Gulahi&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Cuttawa&mdash;see Kitu&#699;hwa.</p>
<p class="par">Dagan tu&mdash;&ldquo;he makes it rain&rdquo;; from
aga&#699;ska, &ldquo;it is raining,&rdquo; aga&#699;na, &ldquo;it has
begun to rain&rdquo;; a small variety of lizard whose cry is said to
presage rain. It is also called a&#699;niganti&#699;ski, &ldquo;they
make it rain&rdquo; (plural form), or rain-maker.</p>
<p class="par">dagul ku&mdash;the American white-fronted goose. The
name may be an onomatope.</p>
<p class="par">dagu&#699;na&mdash;the fresh-water mussel; also a
variety of face pimples.</p>
<p class="par">Dagun&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;Mussel place,&rdquo; from
dagu&#699;na, mussel, and hi, locative. The Mussel shoals on Tennessee
river, in northwestern Alabama. It was sometimes called also simply Tsu
stanalun&#699;yi, &ldquo;Shoal&rsquo;s place.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Dagu&#699;nawa&#699;lahi&mdash;&ldquo;Mussel-liver
place,&rdquo; from dagu&#699;na, mussel, uwe&#699;la, liver, and hi,
locative; the Cherokee name for the site of Nashville, Tenn. No reason
can now be given for the name.</p>
<p class="par">Dahlonega&mdash;A town in Lumpkin county, Ga., near
which the first gold was mined. A mint was established there in 1838.
The name is from the Cherokee dala&#699;nige&#699;i, yellow, whence
ate&#699;la-dala&#699;-nige&#699;i, &ldquo;yellow money,&rdquo; i. e.,
gold.</p>
<p class="par">daksawa&#699;ihu&mdash;&ldquo;he is shedding
tears.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">dakwa&#699;&mdash;a mythic great fish; also the
whale.</p>
<p class="par">Dakwa&#699;i&mdash;&ldquo;dakwa place,&rdquo; from a
tradition of a dakwa&#699; in the river at that point. A former
Cherokee settlement, known to the traders as Toqua or Toco, on Little
Tennessee river, about the mouth <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb215"
href="#pb215" name="pb215">215</a>]</span>of Toco creek in Monroe
county, Tenn. A similar name and tradition attaches to a spot on the
French Broad river, about six miles above the Warm springs, in Buncombe
county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">dakwa&#699;nitlastesti&mdash;&ldquo;I shall have them on
my legs for garters&rdquo;; from anitla&#699;sti (plural
dinitla&#699;sti), garter; d-, initial plural; akwa, first person
particle; and esti, future suffix.</p>
<p class="par">da&#699;liksta&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;vomiter,&rdquo; from
dagik&#699;stihu&#699;, &ldquo;I am vomiting,&rdquo; daliksta&#699;,
&ldquo;he vomits&rdquo; (habitually); the form is plural. The spreading
adder (<i lang="la">Heterodon</i>), also sometimes called
kwandaya&#699;hu, a word of uncertain etymology.</p>
<p class="par"><span class="corr" id="xd23e7973" title=
"Source: Da">Da&#699;</span> nagasta&mdash;for Da&#699;
nawa-gasta&#699;ya, &ldquo;Sharp-war,&rdquo; i. e.,
&ldquo;Eager-warrior;<span class="corr" id="xd23e7976" title=
"Not in source">&rdquo;</span> a Cherokee woman&rsquo;s name.</p>
<p class="par">Da&#699; nawa-(a)sa tsun&#699;yi,
&ldquo;War-ford,&rdquo; from da&#699; nawa, war, and asa tsun&#699;yi,
&ldquo;a crossing-place or ford.<span class="corr" id="xd23e7981"
title="Not in source">&rdquo;</span> A ford on Cheowa river about three
miles below Robbinsville, in Graham county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Danda&#699;ganu&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;Two looking at each
other,&rdquo; from detsi&#699;ganu&#699;, &ldquo;I am looking at
him.&rdquo; A former Cherokee settlement, commonly known as Lookout
Mountain town, on Lookout Mountain creek, near the present Trenton,
Dade county, Ga. One of the Chickamauga towns (see
Tsi&#699;kama&#699;gi), so-called on account of the appearance of the
mountains facing each other across the Tennessee river at
Chattanooga.</p>
<p class="par">Da&#699;si giya&#699;gi&mdash;an old masculine personal
name, of doubtful etymology, but commonly rendered by the traders
&ldquo;Shoe-boots,&rdquo; possibly referring to some peculiar style of
moccasin or leggin. A chief known to the whites as Shoe-boots is
mentioned in the Revolutionary records. Chief Lloyd Welch<span class=
"corr" id="xd23e7988" title="Source: .">,</span> <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb216" href="#pb216" name="pb216">216</a>]</span>of
the eastern band, was known in the tribe as Da&#699;si giya&#699;gi,
and the same name is now used by the East Cherokee as the equivalent of
the name Lloyd.</p>
<p class="par">Da&#699;skwitun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Rafter&rsquo;s
Place,&rdquo; from daskwitun&#699;i, rafters, and yi, locative. A
former settlement on Tusquittee creek, near Hayesville, in Clay county,
North Carolina.</p>
<p class="par">dasun&#699;tali&mdash;ant; dasun&#699;tali,
&ldquo;stinging ant,&rdquo; the large red cowant (<i lang=
"la">Myrmica?</i>), also called sometimes, on account of its hard
body-case, nun&#699;yunu&#699;wi, &ldquo;stone-clad,&rdquo; after the
fabulous monster.</p>
<p class="par">Datle&#699;yasta&#699;i&mdash;&ldquo;where they fell
down,&rdquo; a point on Tuckasegee river, a short distance above
Webster, in Jackson county, North Carolina.</p>
<p class="par">datsi&mdash;a traditional water-monster.</p>
<p class="par">Datsi&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Datsi place&rdquo;; a place
on Little Tennessee river, near junction of Eagle creek, in Swain
county, North Carolina.</p>
<p class="par">Datsu&#699;nalagun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where there are
tracks or footprints,&rdquo; from uta&#699;sinun&#699;yi or
ulasgun&#699;yi, footprint. Track Rock gap, near Blairsville, Georgia.
Also sometimes called De&#699;gayelun&#699;ha, &ldquo;place of branded
marks.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">da&#699;yi&mdash;beaver.</p>
<p class="par">Dayulsun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;place where they
cried,&rdquo; a spot on the ridge at the head of Tuckasegee river, in
Jackson county, North Carolina; so-called from an old tradition.</p>
<p class="par">da&#699;yuni&#699;si&mdash;&ldquo;beaver&rsquo;s
grandchild,&rdquo; from dayi, beaver, and uni&#699;si, son&rsquo;s
child of either sex. The water beetle or mellow bug.</p>
<p class="par">Degal gun&#699;yi&mdash;a cairn, literally &ldquo;where
they are piled up&rdquo;; a series of cairns on the south side of
Cheowa river, in Graham county, N. C. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb217" href="#pb217" name="pb217">217</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">De&#699;gata&#699;ga&mdash;The Cherokee name of General
Stamd Watie and of a prominent early western chief known to the whites
as Takatoka. The word is derived from tsita&#699;ga, &ldquo;I am
standing,&rdquo; da nita&#699;ga &ldquo;they are standing
together,&rdquo; and conveys the subtle meaning of two persons standing
together and so closely united in sympathy as to form but one human
body.</p>
<p class="par">De&#699;gayelun&#699;ha&mdash;see
Datsu&#699;nalagun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">detsanun&#699;li&mdash;an enclosure or piece of level
ground cleared for ceremonial purposes; applied more particularly to
the green-corn dance ground. The word has a plural form, but cannot be
certainly analyzed.</p>
<p class="par">De&#699;tsata&mdash;a Cherokee sprite.</p>
<p class="par">detsinu&#699;lahungu&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;I tried, but
failed.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Didalaski&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Showering place.&rdquo;
In the story (number 17) the name is understood to mean &ldquo;the
place where it rains fire.&rdquo; It signifies literally, however, the
place where it showers, or comes down, and lodges upon something
animate and has no definite reference to fire (atsi&#699;la) or rain
(afaska, &ldquo;it is raining&rdquo;); degalasku&#699;, &ldquo;they are
showering down and lodging upon him.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Dida&#699;skasti&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where they were
afraid of each other,&rdquo; a spot on Little Tennessee river, near the
mouth of Alarka creek, in Swain county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">diga&#699;gwani&#699;&mdash;the mud-hen or didapper. The
name is plural form and implies &ldquo;lame,&rdquo; or &ldquo;crippled
in the legs&rdquo; (cf. detsi&#699;nigwa&#699;na, &ldquo;I am
kneeling&rdquo;)<span class="corr" id="xd23e8035" title=
"Source: .">,</span> probably from the bouncing motion of the bird when
in the water. It is also the name of a dance.</p>
<p class="par">Diga&#699;kati&#699;yi&mdash;see Gakati&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">di&#699;galungun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where it rises, or
comes up&rdquo;; the east. The sacred term is Nunda&#699;yi, q. v.
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb218" href="#pb218" name=
"pb218">218</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">digalun&#699;latiyun&mdash;a height, one of a series,
from galun&#699;lati, &ldquo;above.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Digalu&#699;yatun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where it is
gashed (with hatchets)&rdquo;; from tsilu&#699;yu, &ldquo;I am cutting
(with a chopping stroke),&rdquo; di, plural prefix, and yi, locative.
The Chopped Oak, formerly east of Clarkesville, Ga.</p>
<p class="par">Digane&#699;ski&mdash;&ldquo;he picks them up&rdquo;
(habitually), from tsine&#699;u, &ldquo;I am picking it up.&rdquo; A
Cherokee Union soldier in the Civil War.</p>
<p class="par">digi&#699;gage&#699;i&mdash;the plural of
gi&#699;gage&#699;i, red.</p>
<p class="par">digu&#699;lanahi&#699;ta&mdash;for
digu&#699;li-anahi&#699;ta, &ldquo;having long ears,&rdquo;
&ldquo;long-eared&rdquo;; from gule, &ldquo;ear&rdquo; and
gunahi&#699;ta, &ldquo;long.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Dihyun&#699;dula&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;sheaths,&rdquo; or
&ldquo;scabbards&rdquo;; singular ahyun&#699;dula&#699;, &ldquo;a
gun-sheath,&rdquo; or other scabbard. The probable correct form of a
name which appears in Revolutionary documents as &ldquo;Untoola, or Gum
Rod.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Dikta&#699;&mdash;plural of Akta&#699;, eye.</p>
<p class="par">dila&#699;&mdash;skunk.</p>
<p class="par">dilsta&#699;yati&mdash;&ldquo;scissors&rdquo;; the
water-spider (<i lang="la">Dolomedes</i>).</p>
<p class="par">dinda&#699;skwate&#699;ski&mdash;the violet; the name
signifies, &ldquo;they pull each others' heads off.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">dine&#699;tlana&mdash;the creation.</p>
<p class="par">di nuski&mdash;&ldquo;the breeder&rdquo;; a variety of
smilax brier.</p>
<p class="par">Disga&#699;gisti&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where they
gnaw&rdquo;; a place on Cheowa river, in Graham county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">diskwa ni&mdash;&ldquo;chestnut bread,&rdquo; i. e., a
variety of bread having chestnuts mixed with it. The Cherokee name of
James Blythe, interpreter and agency clerk.</p>
<p class="par">Distai&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;they are strong,&rdquo;
plural of astai&#699;yi, &ldquo;strong or tough.&rdquo; The Tephrosia
or devil&rsquo;s shoestring.</p>
<p class="par">dista&#699;sti&mdash;a mill (generic). <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb219" href="#pb219" name="pb219">219</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">dita&#699;stayeski&mdash;&ldquo;a barber,&rdquo;
literally &ldquo;one who cuts things (as with scissors), from
tsista&#699;yu, &ldquo;I cut.&rdquo; The cricket (tala&#699;tu) is
sometimes so-called.</p>
<p class="par">Diwa&#699;li&mdash;&ldquo;Bowl,&rdquo; a prominent chief
of the western Cherokee, known to the whites as The Bowl, or Colonel
Bowles, killed by the Texans in 1839. The chief mentioned may have been
another of the same name.</p>
<p class="par">diya&#699;hali (or duya&#699;hali)&mdash;the alligator
lizard (<i lang="la">Sceloporue undulatus</i>).</p>
<p class="par">Diya&#699;hali&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Lizard&rsquo;s
place,&rdquo; from diya&#699;hali, lizard, and yi, locative. Joanna
Bald, a mountain at the head of Valley river on the line between
Cherokee and Graham counties, North Carolina.</p>
<p class="par">Double-Head&mdash;see Tal-tsu&#699;ska&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Dragging-Canoe&mdash;see Tsi&#699;yu-gunsi&#699;ni.</p>
<p class="par">Dudun&#699;leksun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where its legs
were broken off&rdquo;; a place on Tuckasegee river, a few miles above
Webster, in Jackson county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Dugilu&#699;yi (abbreviated Dugilu&#699;, and commonly
written Tugaloo, or sometimes Toogelah or Toogoola)&mdash;a name
occurring in several places in the old Cherokee country, the best known
being Tugaloo river, so-called from a former Cherokee settlement of
that name situated at the junction of Toccoa creek with the main
stream, in Habersham county, Ga. The word is of uncertain etymology;
but seems to refer to a place at the forks of a stream.</p>
<p class="par">Dukas&#699;i, Dukwas&#699;i&mdash;The correct form of
the name commonly written Toxaway, applied to a former Cherokee
settlement in S. C., and the creek upon which it stood, and extreme
headstream of Keowee river having its source in Jackson county, N. C.
The meaning of the name is lost, although it has <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb220" href="#pb220" name="pb220">220</a>]</span>been
wrongly interpreted to mean &ldquo;place of shedding tears.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Dulastun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Potsherd place.&rdquo; A
former Cherokee settlement on Nottely river in Cherokee county, North
Carolina.</p>
<p class="par">dule&#699;tsi&mdash;&ldquo;kernels,&rdquo; a goitrous
swelling upon the throat.</p>
<p class="par">dulu&#699;si&mdash;a variety of frog found upon the
headwaters of Savannah river.</p>
<p class="par">Duniya ta lun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where there are
shelves, or flat places,&rdquo; from aya te&#699;ni, flat, whence
da&#699;ya tana lun&#699;i, a shelf, and yi, locative. A gap on the
Great Smoky range, near Clingman&rsquo;s dome, Swain county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Dunidu&#699;lalun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where they made
arrows&rdquo;; a place on Straight creek, a headstream of Oconaluftee
river, in Swain county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Duni&#699;skwa lgun&#699;i&mdash;the double peak known
as the Chimney Tops, in Great Smoky Mountains about the head of Deep
creek, in Swain county, N. C. On the north side is the pass known as
Indian gap. The name signifies a &ldquo;forked antler,&rdquo; from
uskwa lgu, antler, but indicates that the antler is attached in place,
as though the deer itself were concealed below.</p>
<p class="par">Du&#699;stayalun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where it made a
noise as of thunder or shooting,&rdquo; apparently referring to a
lightning <span class="corr" id="xd23e8119" title=
"Source: stroke">strike</span> (detsistaya&#699;hihu<a id="xd23e8122"
name="xd23e8122"></a>, &ldquo;I make a shooting or thundering
noise,&rdquo; might be a first person form used by the <span class=
"corr" id="xd23e8124" title="Source: personfied">personified</span>
Thundergod); a spot on Hiwassee river, about the junction of Shooting
creek, near Hayesville, in Clay county, N. C. A former settlement along
the creek bore the same name. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb221"
href="#pb221" name="pb221">221</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">du&#699;stu&#699;&mdash;a species of frog, appearing
very early in spring; the name is intended for an onomatope. It is the
correct form of the name of the chief noted by McKenney and Hall as
&ldquo;Tooantuh or Spring Frog.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Dutch&mdash;see Tatsi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">duwe ga&mdash;a spring lizard.</p>
<p class="par">Eagle Dance&mdash;see Tsugidu&#699;li
ulsgi&#699;sti.</p>
<p class="par">Eastinaulee&mdash;see U&#699;stana&#699;li.</p>
<p class="par">Echota, New&mdash;see Gansa&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">edata&mdash;my father (Upper dialect); the Middle and
Lower dialect form is agida&#699;ta.</p>
<p class="par">Edi&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;He goes about&rdquo;
(habitually); a masculine name.</p>
<p class="par">edutu&mdash;my maternal grandfather (Upper dialect); the
Middle and Lower dialect form is agidu tu; cf. enisi.</p>
<p class="par">egwa&mdash;great; cf. utanu.</p>
<p class="par">egwani&mdash;river.</p>
<p class="par">Egwanulti&mdash;&ldquo;By the river,&rdquo; from egwa
ni, river, and nulati or nulti, near, beside. The proper form of
Oconaluftee, the name of the river flowing thru the East Cherokee
reservation in Swain and Jackson Counties, N. C. The town, Oconaluftee,
mentioned by Bartram as existing about 1775, was probably on the lower
course of the river at the present Birdtown, on the reservation, where
was formerly a considerable mound.</p>
<p class="par">ela&mdash;earth, ground.</p>
<p class="par">eladi&mdash;low, below; in the Lower dialect eradi,
whence the Ayrata or Lower Cherokee of Adair, as distinguished from the
Ottara (atari, atali) or Upper Cherokee.</p>
<p class="par">elanti&mdash;a song form for eladi, q. v. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb222" href="#pb222" name="pb222">222</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Elatse&#699;yi, (abbreviated Elatse)&mdash;&ldquo;Green
(verdant) earth,&rdquo; from ela, earth, and itse yi, green, from
fresh-springing vegetation. The name of several former Cherokee
settlements, commonly known to the whites as Ellijay, Elejoy or
Allagae. One of these was upon the headwaters of Keowee river in S. C.;
another was on Ellijay creek of Little Tennessee river, near the
present Franklin, in Macon Co., N. C.; another was about the present
Ellijay in Gilmer Co., Ga.; and still another was on Ellijay creek of
Little river, near the present Maryville, in Blount Co., Tenn.</p>
<p class="par">Elawa diyi (abbreviated Elawa di)&mdash;&ldquo;Red-earth
place,&rdquo; from ela, earth, wadi, brown-red or red paint, and yi,
the locative. 1. The Cherokee name of <span class="corr" id="xd23e8164"
title="Source: Yellow-hill">Yellow-Hill</span> settlement, now
officially known as Cherokee, the post office and agency headquarters
for the East Cherokee, on Oconaluftee river, in Swain Co., N. C. 2. A
former council ground known in history as Red Clay; at the site of the
present village of that name in Whitfield Co., Ga., adjoining the
Tennessee line.</p>
<p class="par">Ellijay&mdash;see Elatse&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">eni si&mdash;my paternal grandfather (Upper dialect);
the Middle and Lower dialect form is agani si, cf. edutu.</p>
<p class="par">Eskaqua&mdash;see Iskagua.</p>
<p class="par">Estanaula, Estinaula&mdash;see U&#699;stana&#699;li.</p>
<p class="par">Etawa ha
tsistatla&#699;ski&mdash;&ldquo;Deadwood-lighter,&rdquo; a traditional
Cherokee conjurer.</p>
<p class="par">eti&mdash;old, long ago.</p>
<p class="par">Etowah&mdash;see I&#699;tawa&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Etsaiyi&mdash;see Untsaiyi.</p>
<p class="par">etsi&mdash;my mother (Upper dialect); the Middle and
Lower dialect form is agitsi. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb223"
href="#pb223" name="pb223">223</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Euharlee&mdash;see Yuha&#699;li.</p>
<p class="par">Feather dance&mdash;see Tsugidu&#699;li
ulsgi&#699;sti.</p>
<p class="par">Fightingtown&mdash;see Walas&#699;-unulsti yi.</p>
<p class="par">Flax-toter&mdash;see Tale&#699;danigi&#699;ski.</p>
<p class="par">Flying-squirrel&mdash;see Ka&#699;lahu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Frogtown&mdash;see Walasi&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Gadalu&#699;la&mdash;the proper name of the mountain
known to the whites as Yonah (from yanu, bear); or upper Chattahoochee
river, in White Co., Ga. The name has no connection with Tallulah (see
Talulu) and cannot be translated.</p>
<p class="par">Gadalu&#699;tsi&mdash;in the corrupted form of
Cataluchee this appears on the map as the name of a peak, or rather a
ridge, on the line between Swain and Haywood counties, N. C., and of a
creek running down on the Haywood side into Big Pigeon river. It is
properly the name of the ridge only, and seems to refer to a
&ldquo;fringe standing erect,&rdquo; apparently from the appearance of
the timber growing in streaks along the side of the mountain; from
wadalu&#699;yata, fringe, gadu&#699;ta, &ldquo;standing up in a row or
series.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">gahawi&#699;siti&mdash;parched corn.</p>
<p class="par">Gahuti (Gahu&#699;ta and Gwahu&#699;ti in dialect
forms)&mdash;Cohutta mountains in Murray Co., Ga. The name comes from
gahuta&#699;yi, &ldquo;ashed roof supported on poles<span class="corr"
id="xd23e8208" title="Not in source">&rdquo;</span>, and refers to a
fancied resemblance in the summit.</p>
<p class="par">Gakati&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;place of setting
fire&rdquo;; something spoken in the plural form,
Diga&#699;kati&#699;yi, &ldquo;place of the setting free.&rdquo; A
point on Tuckasegee river, about three miles above Bryson City, in
Swain Co., N. C. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb224" href="#pb224"
name="pb224">224</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">gaktun&#699;ta&mdash;an injunction, command or rule,
more particularly a prohibition or ceremonial tabu.
Tsiga&#699;te&#699;gu. &ldquo;I am observing an injunction or
tabu&rdquo;; adakte&#699;gi, &ldquo;he is under tabu
regulations.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Galagi&#699;na&mdash;a male deer (buck) or turkey
(gobbler); in the first sense the name is sometimes used also for the
large horned beetle (<i lang="la">Dynastes tityus</i>). The Indian name
of Elias Boudinot, first Cherokee editor.</p>
<p class="par">gali&#699;sgisida&#699;hu&mdash;&ldquo;I am dancing
about&rdquo;; from gali&#699;sgia, &ldquo;I am dancing,&rdquo; and
edahu, &ldquo;I am going about.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">galunkw&#699;ti&#699;yo&mdash;honored; sacred; used in
the bible to mean holy, hallowed.</p>
<p class="par">galun&#699;lati&mdash;above, on high.</p>
<p class="par">gane&#699;ga&mdash;skin.</p>
<p class="par">ganidawa&#699;ski&mdash;&ldquo;the champion
catchfly&rdquo; or &ldquo;rattlesnake&rsquo;s master&rdquo; (<i lang=
"la">Silene stellata</i>); the name signifies &ldquo;it disjoints
itself,&rdquo; from ganidawsku&#699;, &ldquo;it is unjointing
itself,&rdquo; on account of the peculiar manner in which the dried
stalk breaks off at the joints.</p>
<p class="par">Gansagi (or Gansagiyi)&mdash;the name of several former
settlements in the old Cherokee country; it cannot be analyzed. One of
this name was upon Tuckasegee river, a short distance above the present
Webster, in Jackson Co., N. C.; another was on the lower part of
Canasauga creek, in McMinn Co., Tenn.; a third was at the junction of
Conasauga and Coosawatee rivers, where afterwards was located the
Cherokee capital, New Echota, in Gordon Co., Ga.; a fourth, mentioned
in the De Soto narratives as Canasoga or Canasagua, was located in 1540
on the upper Chattahoochee river, possibly in the neighborhood of
Kennesaw mountain, Ga. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb225" href=
"#pb225" name="pb225">225</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Gansa&#699;ti&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;robbing place,&rdquo;
from tsina&#699;sahunsku, &ldquo;I am robbing him.&rdquo; Vengeance
creek of Valley river in Cherokee Co., N. C. The name vengeance was
originally a white man&rsquo;s nickname for an old Cherokee woman, of
forbidding aspect, who lived there before the Removal.</p>
<p class="par">Ganse&#699;ti&mdash;a rattle; as the Cherokee dance
rattle is made from the gourd, the masculine name, Ganse&#699;ti, is
usually rendered by the whites, &ldquo;rattling-gourd.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">gatausti&mdash;the wheel and stick of the Southern
tribes, incorrectly called nettecwaw by Timberlake.</p>
<p class="par">Gategwa&#699;&mdash;for Gategwa&#699;hi, possibly a
contraction of Igat(I)-egwa&#699;hi, &ldquo;Great-swamp, &ldquo;thicket
place.&rdquo; A high peak southeast from Franklin, Macon Co., N. C.,
and perhaps identical with Fodderstack mountain.</p>
<p class="par">ga&#699;tsu&mdash;see hatlu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Gatu&#699;gitse&#699;yi (abbreviated
Gatu&#699;gitse&#699;)&mdash;&ldquo;New-settlement place,&rdquo; from
gatu&#699;gi or agatu&#699;gi, town, settlement, itsehi, new,
especially applied to new vegetation, and yi, the locative. A former
settlement on Cartoogaja creek near the present Franklin, in Macon Co.,
N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Gatugi&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Town building place,&rdquo;
or &ldquo;Settlement place,&rdquo; from gatu&#699;gi, a settlement, and
yi, locative. A place on Santeetla creek, near Robbinsville, in Graham
Co., N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Gatun&#699;iti&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Hemp place,&rdquo;
from Gatun&#699;lati, &ldquo;wild hemp&rdquo; (<i lang="la">Apocynum
cannabinum</i>), and yi, locative. A former Cherokee settlement,
commonly known as Hemptown, on the creek of the same name, near
Morgantown, in Fannin Co., Ga.</p>
<p class="par">Gatun&#699;wa&#699;li&mdash;a noted western Cherokee,
about 1842, known to the whites as Hardmush or Big-Mush. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb226" href="#pb226" name="pb226">226</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Gatun&#699;wa&#699;li, from ga&#699;tu&#699;,
&ldquo;bread,&rdquo; and unwa&#699;li, &ldquo;made into balls or
lumps,&rdquo; is a sort of mush or parched corn meal, made very thick,
so that it can be dipped out in lumps almost of the consistency of
bread.</p>
<p class="par">ge&#699;i&mdash;down stream, down the road, with the
current; tsa&#699;gi, up stream.</p>
<p class="par">gese&#699;i&mdash;was; a separate word which, when used
after the verb in the present tense, makes it past tense without change
of form; in the form hi&#699;gese&#699;i it usually accompanies an
emphatic repetition.</p>
<p class="par">Ge&#699;yagu&#699;ga (for
Age&#699;hya&#699;-guga?)&mdash;a formulistic name for the moon
(nun&#699;da&#699;); it cannot be analyzed, but seems to contain the
word age&#699;hya, &ldquo;woman.&rdquo; See also nun&#699;da&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">gi&#699;ga&mdash;blood; cf. gi&#699;gage&#699;i,
red.</p>
<p class="par">gi&#699;ga-danegi&#699;ski&mdash;&ldquo;blood
taker,&rdquo; from gi&#699;ga, blood, and ada&#699;negi&#699;ski,
&ldquo;one who takes liquids,&rdquo; from tsi&#699;negia&#699;
(liquid). Another name for the tsane&#699;ni or scorpion lizard.</p>
<p class="par">gi&#699;gage&#699;i&mdash;red, bright red, scarlet; the
brown-red of certain animals and clays is distinguished as
wa&#699;dige&#699;i.</p>
<p class="par">
gi&#699;ga-tsuha&#699;li&mdash;&ldquo;bloody-mouth,&rdquo; literally
&ldquo;having blood on the corners of his mouth&rdquo;; from
gi&#699;ga, blood, and tsuhanunsi&#699;yi, the corners of the mouth
(aha&#699;li, his mouth). A large lizard, probably the pleistodon.</p>
<p class="par">gili&mdash;dog; the Lower dialect, gi&#699;ri.</p>
<p class="par">Gili-dinehun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where the dogs
live,&rdquo; from gili, dog, dinehu&#699;, &ldquo;they dwell&rdquo;
(ehu, &ldquo;I dwell&rdquo;), and yi, locative. A place on Oconaluftee
river, a short distance above the present Cherokee in Swain Co., N. C.
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb227" href="#pb227" name=
"pb227">227</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">
Gi&#699;li&#699;-utsun&#699;stanun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where the dog
ran,&rdquo; from gili&#699;, dog, and Utsun&#699;stanun&#699;yi,
&ldquo;footprints made by an animal running&rdquo;; the Milky way.</p>
<p class="par">ginunti&mdash;a song form for gunu&#699;tii&#699;,
&ldquo;to lay him (animate object) upon the ground.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">giri&mdash;see gi&#699;li&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Gisehun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where the female
lives,&rdquo; from agi&#699;si, female, and yi, locative. A place on
Tuckasegee river a short distance above Bryson City, in Swain Co., N.
C.</p>
<p class="par">git&#699;lu&mdash;hair. (Upper dialect); in Lower and
Middle dialects gitsu.</p>
<p class="par">Glass, The&mdash;see Ta&#699;gwadihi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Gohoma&mdash;A Lower Cherokee chief in 1684; the form
cannot be identified.</p>
<p class="par">Going-snake&mdash;see I&#699;naduna&#699;i.</p>
<p class="par">Gorhaleka&mdash;a Lower Cherokee chief in 1684; the form
cannot be identified.</p>
<p class="par">Great Island&mdash;see Amayel-e&#699;gwa.</p>
<p class="par">Gregory Bald&mdash;see <span class="corr" id="xd23e8306"
title="Source: Tsistu&rsquo;yi">Tsistu&#699;yi</span>.</p>
<p class="par">Guachoula&mdash;see Guaxule.</p>
<p class="par">Guaquila (Waki la)&mdash;a town in the Cherokee country,
visited by De Soto in 1540, and again in 1567 by Pardo, who calls it
Aguaquiri, and the name may have a connection with waguli,
&ldquo;Whippoorwill,&rdquo; or with u&#699;wa&#699;gi&#699;li,
&ldquo;foam.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Guasula&mdash;see Guaxule.</p>
<p class="par">Gusila&mdash;see Guaxule.</p>
<p class="par">Guaxule&mdash;a town in Cherokee county, visited in 1540
by De Soto. It was probably about at Nacoochee mound in White Co.,
Ga.</p>
<p class="par">gu&#699;day&#699;wu&mdash;&ldquo;I have sewed myself
together&rdquo;; &ldquo;I am sewing,&rdquo; tsiye&#699;wia&#699;;
&ldquo;I am sewing myself together.&rdquo; <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb228" href="#pb228" name="pb228">228</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">gugwe&#699;&mdash;the quail or partridge.</p>
<p class="par">gugwe&#699;ulasu&#699;la&mdash;&ldquo;partridge
moccasin,&rdquo; from guewe, partridge, and ulasula, moccasin or shoe;
the lady slipper.</p>
<p class="par">Gulahi&#699;yi (abbreviated Gulahi&#699;, or
Gurahi&#699;, in the Lower dialect)&mdash;&ldquo;Gula&#699;hi
place,&rdquo; so-called from the unidentified spring plant eaten as a
salad by the Cherokee. The name of two or more places in the old
Cherokee country; one about Currahee mountain, in Habersham Co., Ga.,
the other on Cullowhee river, an upper branch of Tuckasegee, in Jackson
Co., N. C. Currahee Dick was a noted chief about the year 1820.</p>
<p class="par">Gu&#699;lani&#699;yi&mdash;a Cherokee and Natchez
settlement, formerly about the junction of Brasstown creek with
Hiwassee river, a short distance above Murphy, in Cherokee Co., N. C.
The etymology of the word is doubtful.</p>
<p class="par">gule&#699;&mdash;acorn.</p>
<p class="par">gule&#699;diska&#699;nihi&mdash;the turtle-dove;
literally &ldquo;it cries, or mourns, for acorns,&rdquo; from gule,
acorn, and diska&#699;nihi&#699;, &ldquo;it cries for them,&rdquo;
(di-. plural prefix, hi, habitual suffix). The turtle-dove feeds upon
acorns and its cry somewhat resembles the name, gule.</p>
<p class="par">gule&#699;gi&mdash;&ldquo;climber,&rdquo; from tsilahi,
&ldquo;I climb&rdquo; (second person, hi&#699;lahi; third person,
gulahi); the blacksnake.</p>
<p class="par">Gul&#699;kala&#699;ski&mdash;an earlier name for
Tsunu&#699;lahun&#699;ski, q. v.</p>
<p class="par">gul&#699;kwa&#699;gi&mdash;seven; also the
mole-cricket.</p>
<p class="par">gul&#699;kwa&#699;gine(-i)&mdash;seventh; from
gul&#699;kwagi, seven.</p>
<p class="par">Gulsadihi (or Gultsadihi&#699;?) a masculine name of
uncertain etymology.</p>
<p class="par">gunahi&#699;ti&mdash;long. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb229" href="#pb229" name="pb229">229</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Gu&#699;nahitun&#699;yi&mdash;Long place (i. e., Long
valley), from gunahi&#699;ti, long, and yi, locative. A former
settlement known to the whites as Valleytown, where now is the town of
the same name on Valley river in Cherokee Co., N. C. The various
settlements on Valley river and the adjacent part of Hiwassee were
known collectively as &ldquo;Valley towns.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Gun&#699;di&#699;gaduhun&#699;yi (abbreviated
Gun&#699;-digadu&#699;hun)&mdash;&ldquo;Turkey settlement&rdquo;
(gu&#699;na, turkey), so-called from the chief, Turkey or Little
Turkey. A former settlement, known to the whites as Turkeytown, upon
the west bank of Coosa river, opposite the present Center, in Cherokee,
Co., Ala.</p>
<p class="par">gu&#699;ni&mdash;arrow. Cf. Senica, ga&#699;na.</p>
<p class="par">gun&#699;nage&#699;i (or gun&#699;nage) black.</p>
<p class="par">Gunne&#699;hi&mdash;see Nunne&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Gunskali&#699;ski&mdash;a masculine personal name of
uncertain etymology.</p>
<p class="par">Gunters Landing, Guntersville&mdash;see
Ku&#699;sa-Nunna&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Gun-tuskwa&#699;li&mdash;&ldquo;short arrows,&rdquo;
from guni, arrow, and tsuskwa&#699;li, plural of uska&#699;li, short; a
traditional western tribe.</p>
<p class="par">Gunun&#699;da&#699;le&#699;gi&mdash;see
Nunna-hi&#699;dihi.</p>
<p class="par">Gusti&#699;&mdash;a traditional Cherokee settlement on
Tennessee river, near Kingston, Roane Co., Tenn. The name cannot be
analyzed.</p>
<p class="par">Gu&#699;wisguwi&#699;&mdash;The Cherokee name of the
chief John Ross, and for the district named in his honor, commonly
spelled Cooweescoowee. Properly an onomatope for a large bird said to
have been seen formerly at infrequent intervals in the old Cherokee
country, accompanying the migratory wild geese, and described as
resembling a large snipe, with yellow legs and unwebbed feet. In
boyhood John Ross was known as Tsan&#699;usdi, &ldquo;Little
John.&rdquo; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb230" href="#pb230" name=
"pb230">230</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Gwal&#699;ga&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;Frog-place,&rdquo;
from gwal&#699;gu, a variety of frog, and hi, locative. A place on
Hiwassee river, just above the junction of Peachtree creek, near
Murphy, in Cherokee Co., N. C.; about 1755 the site of a village of
refugee Natchez, and later of a Baptist mission.</p>
<p class="par">gwehe&#699;&mdash;a cricket&rsquo;s cry.</p>
<p class="par">Ha!&mdash;an introductory exclamation intended to
attract attention or add emphasis; about equivalent to Here! Now!</p>
<p class="par">Ha&#699;-ma&#699;ma&#699;&mdash;a song term compounded
of ha! an introductory exclamation, and mama&#699;, a word which has no
analysis, but is used in speaking to young children to mean &ldquo;let
me carry you on my back.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Hanging-maw&mdash;see Uskwa&#699;li-gu&#699;ta.</p>
<p class="par">ha&#699;nia-lil&#699;-lil&#699;&mdash;an unmeaning dance
refrain.</p>
<p class="par">Hard-mush&mdash;see Gatun&#699;wali.</p>
<p class="par">ha&#699;tlu&mdash;dialectic form, ga&#699;tsu,
&ldquo;where?&rdquo; (interrogative).</p>
<p class="par">ha&#699;wiye&#699;ehi&#699;,
ha&#699;wiye&#699;hyuwe&#699;&mdash;unmeaning dance refrains.</p>
<p class="par">hayu&#699;&mdash;an emphatic affirmative, about
equivalent to &ldquo;Yes, sir.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">hayuya&#699;haniwa&#699;&mdash;an unmeaning refrain in
one of the bear songs.</p>
<p class="par">he-e!&mdash;an unmeaning song introduction.</p>
<p class="par">Hemp-carrier&mdash;see Tale&#699;danigi&#699;ski.</p>
<p class="par">Hemptown&mdash;see Gatunlti&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">hi!&mdash;unmeaning dance exclamation.</p>
<p class="par">Hickory-log&mdash;see Wane&#699;-asun&#699;tlunyi.</p>
<p class="par">hi&#699;gina&#699;lii&mdash;&ldquo;(you are) my
friend&rdquo;; afina&#699;lii, &ldquo;(he is) my friend.&rdquo; In
white man&rsquo;s jargon, canaly.</p>
<p class="par">Hightower&mdash;see I&#699;tawa&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">hila&#699;gu?&mdash;how many? how much? (Upper dialect);
the Middle dialect form is hungu&#699;. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb231" href="#pb231" name="pb231">231</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">hilahi&#699;yu&mdash;long ago; the final yu makes it
more emphatic.</p>
<p class="par">hi&#699;lunnu&mdash;&ldquo;(thou) go to sleep&rdquo;;
from tsi&#699;lihu&#699;, &ldquo;I am asleep.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">hi&#699;ski&mdash;five; cf. Mohawk wisk. The Cherokee
numerals including 10 are as follows: sa&#699;gwu, ta&#699;li,
tsa&#699;i, nun&#699;gi, hi&#699;ski, su&#699;tali, gul kwa&#699;gi,
tsune&#699;la, aska&#699;hi</p>
<p class="par">Hiwassee&mdash;Ayuhwa&#699;si.</p>
<p class="par">hi&#699;yagu&#699;we&mdash;an unmeaning dance
refrain.</p>
<p class="par">Houston, Samuel&mdash;see Ka&#699;lanu.</p>
<p class="par">huhu&mdash;the yellow-breasted chat, or yellow mocking
bird (<i lang="la">Icteria virens</i>); the name is an onomatope.</p>
<p class="par">hunyahu&#699;ska&mdash;&ldquo;he will die.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">hwi&#699;lahi&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;thou (must)
go.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Iau&#699;nigu&mdash;an important Cherokee settlement,
commonly known to the whites as Seneca, formerly on Keowee river, about
the mouth of Conneross creek, in Oconee county, S. C. Hopewell, the
country seat of General Pickens, where the famous treaty was made, was
near it on the east side of the river. The word cannot be translated,
but has no connection with the tribal name, Seneca.</p>
<p class="par">igagu&#699;ti&mdash;daylight. The name is sometimes
applied to the ulunsu&#699;ti (q. v.) and also to the clematis
vine.</p>
<p class="par">i&#699;hya&mdash;the cane reed (<i lang=
"la">Arundinaria</i>) of the Gulf states, used by the Indians for
blow-guns, fishing rods and basketry.</p>
<p class="par">ihya&#699;ga&mdash;see atsil&#699;sunti.</p>
<p class="par">inadu&#699;&mdash;snake.</p>
<p class="par">I&#699;nadu-na&#699;i&mdash;&ldquo;Going snake,&rdquo; a
Cherokee chief prominent about eighty years ago. The name properly
signifies that the person is &ldquo;going along in company with a
snake,&rdquo; the verbal part being from the irregular verb
asta&#699;i, &ldquo;I am going along with him.&rdquo; <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb232" href="#pb232" name="pb232">232</a>]</span>The
name has been given to a district of the present Cherokee Nation.</p>
<p class="par">i&#699;nage&#699;hi&mdash;dwelling in the wilderness, an
inhabitant of the wilderness; from i&#699;nage&#699;i
&ldquo;wilderness,&rdquo; and ehi, habitual present form of ehu,
&ldquo;he is dwelling&rdquo;; ge&#699;u, &ldquo;I am
dwelling.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">I&#699;nage-utasun&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;he who grew up
in the wilderness,&rdquo; i. e., &ldquo;He who grew up wild&rdquo;;
from i&#699;nage&#699;i, &ldquo;wilderness, unoccupied timber
land,&rdquo; and utasun&#699;hi, the third person perfect of the
irregular verb ga&#699;tunsku&#699;, &ldquo;I am growing up.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Ina&#699;li&mdash;Black-fox; the common red fox in
tsu&#699;la (in Muscogee, chula). Black-fox was principal chief of the
Cherokee Nation in 1810.</p>
<p class="par">Iskagua&mdash;Name for &ldquo;Clear Sky,&rdquo; formerly
&ldquo;Nenetooyah or the Bloody Fellow.&rdquo; The name appears thus in
a document of 1791 as that of a Cherokee chief frequently mentioned
about that period under the name of &ldquo;Bloody Fellow.&rdquo; In one
treaty it is given as &ldquo;Eskaqua or Bloody Fellow.&rdquo; Both
forms and etymologies are doubtful, neither form seeming to have any
reference either to &ldquo;sky&rdquo; (galun&#699;lahi) or
&ldquo;blood&rdquo; (gi&#699;ga). The first may be intended for
Ik-e&#699;gwa, &ldquo;Great day.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Istanare&mdash;see Ustana&#699;li.</p>
<p class="par">Itaba&mdash;see I&#699;tawa&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Itagu&#699;nahi&mdash;the Cherokee name of John Ax.</p>
<p class="par">I&#699;tawa&#699;&mdash;The name of one or more Cherokee
settlements. One, which existed until the Removal in 1838, was upon
Etowah river, about the present Hightower, in Forsyth county, Ga.
Another may have been on Hightower creek of Hiwassee river in Towns
county, Ga. The name, commonly written Etowah and corrupted to
Hightower, cannot <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb233" href="#pb233"
name="pb233">233</a>]</span>be translated and seems not to be of
Cherokee origin. A town, called Itaba, Ytaun or Ytava in the De Soto
chronicles, existed in 1540 among the Creeks, apparently on Alabama
river.</p>
<p class="par">Itsa&#699;ti&mdash;commonly spelled Echota, Chota,
Chote, Choquata (misprint), etc.; a name occurring in several places in
the old Cherokee country; the meaning is lost. The most important
settlement of this name, frequently distinguished as Great Echota, was
on the south side of Little Tennessee. It was the ancient capital and
sacred &ldquo;Peace town&rdquo; of the Nation. Little Echota was on
Sautee (i. e., Its&#699;ti) creek, a head stream of the Chattahoochee,
west of Clarksville, Ga. New Echota, the capital of the Nation for some
years before the Removal, was established at a spot originally known as
Gansa&#699;gi (q. v.) at the junction of the Oostanaula and Canasauga
rivers, in Gordon county, Ga. It was sometimes called Newton. The old
Macedonia mission on Soco creek, of the N. C. reservation, is also
known as Itas&#699;ti to the Cherokee, as was also the great Nacoochee
mound. See Nagutsi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Itse&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;New green place&rdquo; or
&ldquo;Place of fresh green,&rdquo; from itse&#699;hi, &ldquo;green or
unripe vegetation,&rdquo; and yi, the locative; applied more
particularly to a tract of ground made green by fresh springing
vegetation, after having been cleared of timber or burned over. A name
occurring in several places in the Old Cherokee country, variously
written Echia, Echoee, Etchowee, and sometimes also falsely rendered
&ldquo;Brasstown,&rdquo; from a confusion of Itse&#699;yi with
untsaiyi&#699;, &ldquo;brass.&rdquo; One settlement of this name was
upon Brasstown creek of Tugaloo river, in Oconee county, S. C.; another
was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb234" href="#pb234" name=
"pb234">234</a>]</span>on Little Tennessee river near the present
Franklin, Macon county, N. C., and probably about the junction of
Cartoogaja (Gatug-itse&#699;yi) creek; a third, known to the whites as
Brasstown, was on upper Brasstown creek of Hiwassee river, in Towns
county, Ga. In Cherokee, as in most other Indian languages, no clear
distinction is made between green and blue.</p>
<p class="par">i&#699;ya&mdash;pumpkin.</p>
<p class="par">i&#699;ya&#699;-iuy&#699;sti&mdash;&ldquo;like a
pumpkin,&rdquo; from <span class="corr" id="xd23e8482" title=
"Source: iya">i&#699;ya</span> and iyu&#699;sti, like.</p>
<p class="par"><span class="corr" id="xd23e8486" title=
"Source: iya&#699;-tawi&#699;skage">i&#699;ya&#699;-tawi&#699;skage</span>&mdash;&ldquo;of
pumpkin smoothness,&rdquo; from i&#699;ya, pumpkin, and
tawi&#699;skage, smooth.</p>
<p class="par">Jackson&mdash;see Tsek&#699;sini&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Jessan&mdash;see Tsesa&#699;ni.</p>
<p class="par">Jesse Reid&mdash;see Tse&#699;si-Ska&#699;tsi.</p>
<p class="par">Joanna Bald&mdash;see Diya&#699;hali&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Joara, Juada&mdash;see Ani&#699;-Sawa&#699;li.</p>
<p class="par">John&mdash;see Tsa&#699;ni.</p>
<p class="par">John Ax&mdash;see Itagu&#699;nahi.</p>
<p class="par">Jolly, John&mdash;see Anu&#699;lude&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Junaluska&mdash;see Tsunu&#699;lahun&#699;ski.</p>
<p class="par">Jutaculla&mdash;see Tsulkalu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">ka&#699;gu&#699;&mdash;crow; the name is an
onomatope.</p>
<p class="par">Kagun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Crow place,&rdquo; from
ka&#699;gu&#699;, and yi, locative.</p>
<p class="par">ka&#699;i&mdash;grease, oil.</p>
<p class="par">Kala&#699;asun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where he fell
off,&rdquo; from tsila&#699;asku&#699;, &ldquo;I am falling off,&rdquo;
and yi, locative. A cliff near Cold Spring knob, in Swain county, North
Carolina.</p>
<p class="par">Ka&#699;lahu&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;All-bones,&rdquo; from
ka&#699;lu, bone. A former chief of the East Cherokee, also known in
the tribe as Sawanu&#699;gi. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb235" href=
"#pb235" name="pb235">235</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Ka&#699;lanu&mdash;&ldquo;The Raven&rdquo;; the name was
used as a war title in the tribe and appears in the old documents as
Corani (Lower dialect, Ka&#699;ranu) Colonneh, Colona, etc. It is the
Cherokee name for General Samuel Houston or for any person named
Houston.</p>
<p class="par">Ka&#699;lanu Ahyeli&#699;ski&mdash;the Raven Mocker.</p>
<p class="par">Ka&#699;lanun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Raven place,&rdquo;
from ka&#699;lanu, raven, and yi, the locative. The proper name of
Big-cove settlement upon the East Cherokee reservation, Swain county,
N. C., sometimes also called Raventown.</p>
<p class="par">kalas&#699;-gunahi&#699;ta&mdash;&ldquo;long hams&rdquo;
(gunahi&#699;ta, &ldquo;long&rdquo;); a variety of bear.</p>
<p class="par">Kal-detsi&#699;yunyi&mdash;&ldquo;where the bones
are,&rdquo; from ka&#699;lu, bone, and detsi&#699;yunyi, &ldquo;where
(yi) they (de&mdash;plural prefix) are lying.&rdquo; A spot near the
junction of East Buffalo Creek with Cheowa river, in Graham county, N.
C.</p>
<p class="par">kama&#699;ma&mdash;butterfly.</p>
<p class="par">kama&#699;ma u&#699;tanu&mdash;elephant; literally
&ldquo;great butterfly,&rdquo; from the resemblance of the trunk and
ears to the butterfly&rsquo;s proboscis and wings.</p>
<p class="par">kanaha&#699;na&mdash;a sour corn gruel, much in use
among the Cherokee and other Southern tribes; the tamfuli or &ldquo;Tom
Fuller&rdquo; of the Creeks.</p>
<p class="par">kanane&#699;ski&mdash;spider; also, from a fancied
resemblance in appearance to a watch or clock.</p>
<p class="par">kanane&#699;ski amaye&#699;hi&mdash;the water
spider.</p>
<p class="par">Kana&#699;sta, Kanastun&#699;yi&mdash;a traditional
Cherokee settlement, formerly on the head-waters of the French Broad
river, near the present Brevard, in Transylvania county, North
Carolina. The meaning of the first name is lost. A settlement called
Cannostee <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb236" href="#pb236" name=
"pb236">236</a>]</span>or Cannastion is mentioned as existing on
Hiwassee river in 1776.</p>
<p class="par">kana&#699;talu&#699;hi&mdash;hominy cooked with walnut
kernels.</p>
<p class="par">Kana&#699;ti&mdash;&ldquo;Lucky Hunter&rdquo;; a
masculine name, sometimes abbreviated Kanat&#699;. The word cannot be
analyzed, but is used as a third person habitual verbal form to mean
&ldquo;he is lucky, or successful, in hunting&rdquo;; the opposite is
ukwa&#699;legu, &ldquo;unlucky, or unsuccessful, in hunting.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">kanegwa&#699;ti&mdash;the water-moccasin snake.</p>
<p class="par">Kanuga&mdash;also written Canuga; a Lower Cherokee
settlement, apparently on the waters of Keowee river, in S. C.,
destroyed in 1751; also a traditional settlement on Pigeon river,
probably near the present Waynesville, in Haywood county, N. C. The
name signifies &ldquo;a scratcher,&rdquo; a sort of bone-toothed comb
with which ball-players are scratched upon their naked skin preliminary
to applying the conjured medicine; de&#699;tsinuga&#699;sku, &ldquo;I
am scratching it.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">kanugu&#699; la (abbreviated nungu&#699;
la)&mdash;&ldquo;scratcher,&rdquo; a generic term for blackberry,
raspberry, and other brier bushes.</p>
<p class="par">Kanu&#699;gulayi, or
Kanu&#699;gulun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Brier place,&rdquo; from
kanugu&#699;la, brier (cf. Kanu&#699;ga); a Cherokee settlement
formerly on Nantahala river, about the mouth of Briertown creek, in
Macon county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Kanun&#699;nawu&#699;&mdash;pipe.</p>
<p class="par">Kasdu&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Ashes place,&rdquo; from
kasdu, ashes, and yi, the locative. A modern Cherokee name for the town
of Asheville, Buncombe county, N. C. The ancient name for the same site
is Unta&#699;kiyasti&#699;yi, q. v. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb237" href="#pb237" name="pb237">237</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Katal&#699;sta&mdash;an East Cherokee woman potter, the
daughter of the chief Yanagun&#699;ski. The name conveys the idea of
lending, from tsiyatal&#699;sta, &ldquo;I lend it&rdquo;;
agatal&#699;sta, &ldquo;it is lent to him.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Kawan&#699;-ura&#699;sunyi&mdash;(abbreviated
Kawan&#699;-ura&#699;sun in the Lower dialect)&mdash;&ldquo;where the
duck fell,&rdquo; from kawa&#699;na, duck, ura&#699;sa (ula&#699;sa),
&ldquo;it fell,&rdquo; and yi, locative. A point on Conneross creek
(from Kawan&#699;-ura&#699;sun), near Seneca, in Oconee county, S.
C.</p>
<p class="par">Kawi&#699;yi (abbreviated Kawi&#699;)&mdash;a former
important Cherokee settlement commonly known as Cowee, about the mouth
of Cowee creek of Little Tennessee river, some 10 miles below Franklin,
in Macon county, N. C. The name may possibly be a contraction of
Ani&#699;-Kawi&#699;yi, &ldquo;Place of the Deer clan.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="table">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="cellLeft cellTop">
<div class="figure xd23e8574width"><img src="images/p237-1.jpg" alt=
"Occonestee Falls," width="313" height="657">
<p class="figureHead">Occonestee Falls,</p>
<p class="par first">In Transylvania Co., N. C.</p>
</div>
</td>
<td class="cellRight cellTop">
<div class="figure xd23e8581width" id="p237-2"><img src=
"images/p237-2.jpg" alt="Linville Falls, N. C." width="320" height=
"648">
<p class="figureHead">Linville Falls, N. C.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;O&rsquo;er the precipice it plunges</p>
<p class="line">Bounds and surges down the steep.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="cellLeft cellRight cellBottom">
<div class="figure xd23e8596width" id="p237-3"><img src=
"images/p237-3.jpg" alt="Lower Fall. Triple Falls. Buck Forest, N.C."
width="646" height="327">
<p class="figureHead">Lower Fall. Triple Falls. Buck Forest, N.C.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Then it rushes fast and furious</p>
<p class="line">Into mist and fog and spray.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par">Keeowhee&mdash;see Keowee.</p>
<p class="par">Kenesaw&mdash;see Gansa&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Keowee&mdash;the name of two or more former Cherokee
settlements. One sometimes distinguished as &ldquo;Old Keowee,&rdquo;
the principal of the Lower Cherokee towns, was on the river of the same
name, near the present Fort George, in Oconee county, of S. C. Another,
distinguished as New Keowee, was on the head-waters of Twelve-mile
creek, in Pickens county, S. C. According to Wafford the correct form
is Kuwahi&#699;yi, abbreviated Kuwahi&#699;, <span class="corr" id=
"xd23e8615" title="Not in source">&ldquo;</span>Mulberry-grove
place.&rdquo; Says Wafford, &ldquo;the whites murdered the name as they
always do.&rdquo; Cf. Kuwa&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Ke&#699;si-ka&#699;gamu&mdash;a woman&rsquo;s name, a
Cherokee corruption of Cassie Cockran; ka&#699;gamu is also the
Cherokee corruption for &ldquo;cucumber.&rdquo; <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb238" href="#pb238" name="pb238">238</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Ketoowah&mdash;see Kilu&#699;hwa.</p>
<p class="par">Kittuwa&mdash;see Kitu&#699;hwa.</p>
<p class="par">Kitu&#699;hwa&mdash;an important ancient Cherokee
settlement formerly upon Tuckasegee river, and extending from above the
junction of Oconaluftee down nearly to the present Bryson City, in
Swain county, N. C. The name, which appears also as Kettooah, Kittoa,
Kittowa, etc., has lost its meaning. The people of this and the
subordinate settlements on the waters of the Tuckasegee were known as
Ani&#699;-Kitu&#699;hwagi, and the name was frequently extended to
include the whole tribe. For this reason it was adopted in later times
as the name of the Cherokee secret organization, commonly known to the
whites as the Ketoowah society, pledged to the defense of Cherokee
autonomy.</p>
<p class="par">kiyu ga&mdash;ground-squirrel; te&#699;wa, flying
squirrel; sala&#699;li, gray squirrel.</p>
<p class="par">Klausuna&mdash;see Tlanusi&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Knoxville&mdash;see Kuwanda&#699;ta lun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">ku!&mdash;an introductory explanation, to fix attention,
about equivalent to &ldquo;Now!&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">kuku&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;cymbling&rdquo;; also the
&ldquo;jigger weed,&rdquo; or &ldquo;pleurisy root&rdquo; (<i lang=
"la">Asclepias tuberosa</i>). Coco creek of Hiwassee river, and Coker
post-office, in Monroe county, Tennessee, derive their name from this
word.</p>
<p class="par">Kulsetsi&#699;yi (abbreviated
Kulse&#699;tsi)&mdash;&ldquo;Honey-locust place,&rdquo; from
kulse&#699;tsi, honey-locust (<i lang="la">Gleditschia</i>) and yi,
locative; as the same word, kulse&#699; tsi, is also used for
&ldquo;sugar,&rdquo; the local name has commonly been rendered
Sugartown by the traders. The name of several former settlement places
in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb239" href="#pb239" name=
"pb239">239</a>]</span>the old Cherokee country. One was upon Keowee
river, near the present Fall creek, in Oconee county, S. C.; another
was on Sugartown or Cullasagee (Kulse&#699;tsi) creek, near the present
Franklin, in Macon county, N. C.; a third was on Sugartown creek, near
the present Morgantown, in Fannin county, Ga.</p>
<p class="par">Kunnesee&mdash;see Tsi&#699;yu-gunsi&#699;ni.</p>
<p class="par">Kunstutsi&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Sassafras place,&rdquo;
from kunstu&#699;tsi, sassafras, and yi, locative. A gap in the Great
Smoky range, about the head of Noland creek, on the line between North
Carolina and Sevier county, Tenn.</p>
<p class="par">kunu&#699;nu (abbreviated kunun&#699;)&mdash;the
bullfrog; the name is probably an onomatope; the common green frog is
wala&#699;si and there are also names for several other varieties of
frogs and toads.</p>
<p class="par">Kusa&#699;&mdash;Coosa creek, an upper tributary of
Nottely river, near Blairsville, Union county, Georgia. The change of
accent from Ku&#699;sa (Creek, see Ani&#699;-Ku&#699;sa) makes it
locative.</p>
<p class="par">Ku&#699;sa-nunna&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;Creek
trail,&rdquo; from Ku&#699;sa, Creek Indian, and Nunna&#699;hi, path,
trail; cf. Suwa&#699;li-nunna&#699;hi. A former important Cherokee
settlement, including also a number of Creeks and Shawano, where the
trail from the Ohio region to the creek country crossed Tennessee
river, at the present Guntersville, in Marshall county, Ala. It was
known to the traders as Creek-path, and later as Gunter&rsquo;s
landing, from a Cherokee mixed-blood named Gunter.</p>
<p class="par">Ku&#699;swati&#699;yi (abbreviated
Ku&#699;saweti&#699;)&mdash;&ldquo;Old Creek place,&rdquo; from
Ku&#699;sa, a Creek Indian (plural Ani&#699;-ku&#699;sa), uwe&#699;ti,
old, and yi, locative. Coosawatee, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb240"
href="#pb240" name="pb240">240</a>]</span>an important Cherokee
settlement formerly on the lower part of Coosawatee river, in Gordon
county, Ga. In one document the name appears, by error,
Tensawattee.</p>
<p class="par">Kuwa&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;Mulberry place,&rdquo; from
ku&#699;wa, mulberry tree, and hi, locative. Clingman&rsquo;s dome,
about the head of Deep creek, on the Great Smoky range, between Swain
county, N. C., and Sevier county, Tenn. See also Keowee.</p>
<p class="par">Kuwanda&#699;ta lun&#699;yi (abbreviated Kuwanda&#699;ta
lun)&mdash;&ldquo;Mulberry grove,&rdquo; from ku&#699;wa, mulberry; the
Cherokee name for the present site of Knoxville, in Knox county,
Tenn.</p>
<p class="par">Kwa&#699;li, Kwalun&#699;yi&mdash;Qualla or Quallatown,
the former agency for the East Cherokee and now a post-office station,
just outside the reservation, on a branch of Soco creek, in Jackson
county, North Carolina. It is the Cherokee form for
&ldquo;Polly,&rdquo; and the station was so-called from an old woman of
that name who formerly lived near by; Kwa&#699;li, &ldquo;Polly&rdquo;
Kwalun&#699;yi, &ldquo;Polly&rsquo;s place.&rdquo; The reservation is
locally known as the Qualla boundary.</p>
<p class="par">kwandaya&#699;hu&mdash;see da&#699;liksta&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">la&#699;lu&mdash;the jar-fly (<i lang="la">Cicada
auletes</i>).</p>
<p class="par">Little Carpenter, Little Cornplanter&mdash;see
Ata&#699;-gul kalu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Long-hair&mdash;a Cherokee chief living with his band in
Ohio in 1795. The literal Cherokee translation of
&ldquo;Long-hair&rdquo; is Gitlu&#699;gunahi&#699;ta, but it is not
certain that the English name is a correct rendering of the Indian
form. Cf. Ani&#699;-Gila&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Long Island&mdash;see Amaye li-gunahi&#699;ta.</p>
<p class="par">Lookout Mountain Town&mdash;see
Danda&#699;ganu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Lowrey, Major George&mdash;see Agili. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb241" href="#pb241" name="pb241">241</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Mayes, J. B.&mdash;see Tsa&#699;wa Gak&#699;ski.</p>
<p class="par">Memphis&mdash;see Tsuda&#699;talesun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Mialaquo&mdash;see Amaye l-e&#699;gwa.</p>
<p class="par">Moses&mdash;see Wa&#699;si.</p>
<p class="par">Moytoy&mdash;a Cherokee chief recognized by the English
as &ldquo;emperor&rdquo; in 1730. Both the correct form and the meaning
of the name are uncertain; the name occurs again as Moyatoy in a
document of 1793; a boy upon the East Cherokee reservation a few years
ago bore the name of Ma&#699;tayi&#699;, for which no meaning can be
found or given.</p>
<p class="par">Mussel Shoals&mdash;see Dagu&#699;nahi.</p>
<p class="par">Nacoochee&mdash;<span class="corr" id="xd23e8703" title=
"Not in source">see</span> Na&#699;gu tsi.</p>
<p class="par">Na&#699;duli&mdash;known to the whites as Nottely. A
former Cherokee settlement on Nottely river, close to the Georgia line,
in Cherokee county, N. C. The name cannot be translated and has not any
connection with na tu li, &ldquo;spicewood.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Na&#699;gu tsi&#699;&mdash;a former important settlement
about the junction of Soquee and Santee rivers, in Nacoochee valley, at
the head of Chattahoochee river, in Habersham county, Ga. The meaning
of the word is lost and it is doubtful if it be of Cherokee origin. It
may have some connection with the name of the Uchee Indians. The great
mound farther up Sautee river, in White county, was known to the
Cherokee as Itsa&#699;ti.</p>
<p class="par">nakwisi&#699; (abbreviated nakusi)&mdash;star; also the
meadow lark.</p>
<p class="par">nakwisi&#699; usdi&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;little
star&rdquo;; the puffball fungus (<i lang="la">Lycoperdon?</i>).</p>
<p class="par">Na&#699;na-tlu gun&#699;yi (abbreviated Na&#699;na-tlu
gun&#699;, or Na&#699;na-tsu gun&#699;)&mdash;&ldquo;Spruce-tree
place,&rdquo; from na&#699;na, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb242"
href="#pb242" name="pb242">242</a>]</span>spruce, tlu gun&#699;i, or
tsu gun&#699;i, a tree (standing) and yi, locative, 1. A traditional
ancient Cherokee settlement on the site of Jonesboro, Washington
county, Tenn. The name of Nolichucky river is probably a corruption of
the same word. 2. Nan-tsu gun, a place on Nottely river, close to its
junction with Hiwassee, in Cherokee county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Nanehi&mdash;see Nunne&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Nantahala&mdash;see Nundaye&#699; li.</p>
<p class="par">Nashville&mdash;see Dagu&#699;nawe&#699;lahi.</p>
<p class="par">Natchez&mdash;see Ani&#699;-Na&prime;tsi.</p>
<p class="par">Nats-asun&#699;tlunyi (abbreviated <span class="corr"
id="xd23e8732" title=
"Source: Na ts-asun&#699;tlun">Nats-asun&#699;tlun</span>)&mdash;&ldquo;Pine-footing
place,&rdquo; from na&prime;tsi, pine, asun&#699;tli or
asun-tlun&#699;i, footlog, bridge, and yi, locative. A former Cherokee
settlement, commonly known as Pinelog, on the creek of the same name,
in Bartow county, Georgia.</p>
<p class="par">na&prime;tsi&mdash;pine.</p>
<p class="par">na&#699;tsiku&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;I eat it&rdquo;
(tsi&#699;kiu&#699;, &ldquo;I am eating&rdquo;).</p>
<p class="par">na tu li&mdash;spicewood (<i lang="la">Lindera
benzoin</i>).</p>
<p class="par">Naye&#699;hi&mdash;see Nunne&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Nayunuwi&mdash;see Nunyunu&#699;wi.</p>
<p class="par">nehanduyanu&#699;&mdash;a song form for
nehadu&#699;yanu&#699;, an irregular verbal form denoting
&ldquo;conceived in the womb.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Nellawgitehi&mdash;given as the name of a Lower Cherokee
chief in 1684. The correct form and meaning are both uncertain, but the
final part seems to be the common suffix didi&#699;,
&ldquo;killer.&rdquo; Cf. Ta&#699;gwadiahi&#699;<span class="corr" id=
"xd23e8753" title="Not in source">.</span></p>
<p class="par">Nenetooyah&mdash;see Iskagua.</p>
<p class="par">Nequassee&mdash;see Ki&#699;kwasi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Nettecawaw&mdash;see Gatayu&#699;sti.</p>
<p class="par">Nettle-carrier&mdash;see Tale&#699;danigi&#699;ski.</p>
<p class="par">New Echota, Newtown&mdash;see Itsa&#699;ti.</p>
<p class="par">Nickajack&mdash;see Nikutse&#699;gi. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb243" href="#pb243" name="pb243">243</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Nicotani&mdash;see Ani&#699;-Kuta&#699;ni.</p>
<p class="par">Nikwasi&#699; (or Nikwsi&#699;)&mdash;an important
ancient settlement on Little Tennessee river, where now is the town of
Franklin, in Macon county, N. C. A large mound marks the site of the
town-house. The name appears in old documents as Nequassee, Nucassee,
etc. Its meaning is lost.</p>
<p class="par">Nikutse&#699;gi (also Nukatse&#699;gi, Nikwatse&#699;gi,
or abbreviated Nikutseg&#699;)&mdash;Nickajack, an important Cherokee
settlement, about 1790, on the south bank of Tennessee river, at the
entrance of Nickajack creek, in Marion county, Tenn. One of the Five
Chickamauga towns (see Tsikama&#699;gi). The meaning of the word is
lost and it is probably not of Cherokee origin, although it occurs also
in the tribe as a man&rsquo;s name. In the corrupted form of
&ldquo;Nigger Jack,&rdquo; it occurs also as the name of a creek of
Cullasaja river above Franklin, in Macon county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Nilaque&mdash;see Amaye l-e&#699;gwa.</p>
<p class="par">Nolichucky&mdash;see Na&#699;na-tlugun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Notchy&mdash;a creek entering Tellico river, in Monroe
county, Tenn. The name evidently refers to Natchez Indian refugees, who
formerly lived in the vicinity (see Ani&#699;-Na&prime;tsi).</p>
<p class="par">Nottely&mdash;see Na&#699;duli&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">nu&mdash;used as a suffix to denote &ldquo;and,&rdquo;
or &ldquo;also&rdquo;; u&#699;le-nu, &ldquo;and also&rdquo;
na&#699;ski-nu&#699;, &ldquo;and that,&rdquo; &ldquo;that
also.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Nucassee&mdash;see Nikwasi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">nu&#699;dunnelu&#699;&mdash;he did so and so: an
irregular form apparently connected with the archaic forms
adunni&#699;ga, <span class="corr" id="xd23e8790" title=
"Source: &rdquo; ">&ldquo;</span>it has just become so,&rdquo; and
udunnu, &ldquo;it is matured, or finished.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Nugatsa&#699;ni&mdash;a ridge sloping down to
Oconaluftee river, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb244" href="#pb244"
name="pb244">244</a>]</span>below Cherokee, in Swain county, N. C. An
archaic form denoting a high ridge with a long gradual slope.</p>
<p class="par">nu&#699;na&mdash;potato; the name was originally applied
to the wild &ldquo;pig potato&rdquo; (<i lang="la">Phaseolus</i>), now
distinguished as mu&#699;na igatehi, &ldquo;swamp-dwelling
potato.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">nun&#699;da&mdash;the sun or moon, distinguished as
unu&#699;da&#699; ige&#699;hi, nun&#699;da&#699; &ldquo;dwelling in the
day,&rdquo; and nun&#699;da&#699; sunna&#699;yehi, nun&#699;da
&ldquo;dwelling in the night.&rdquo; In the sacred formulas the moon is
sometimes called Ge yagu&#699;ga, or Su&#699;talidihi,
&ldquo;Six-keller,&rdquo; names apparently founded upon myths now
lost.</p>
<p class="par">nun&#699;da&#699;-dikani&mdash;a rare bird formerly seen
occasionally in the old Cherokee country, possibly the little blue
heron (<i lang="la">Floridus cerulea</i>). The name seems to mean
&ldquo;it looks at the sun,&rdquo; i. e., &ldquo;sun-gazer,&rdquo; from
nun&#699;da&#699;, sun, and da&#699;ka na&#699; or detsi&#699;ka na,
&ldquo;I am looking at it.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Nundawe&#699;gi&mdash;see Ani&#699;-Nundawe&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Nun&#699;daye li&mdash;&ldquo;Middle (i. e., Noonday)
sun,&rdquo; from nunda&#699;, <span class="corr" id="xd23e8814" title=
"Source: sen">sun</span> and aye li, middle; a former Cherokee
settlement on Nantahala river, near the present Jarrett station, in
Macon county, N. C., so-called from the high cliffs which shut out the
view of the sun until nearly noon. The name appears also as Nantahala,
Nantiyallee, Nuntialla, etc. It appears to have been applied properly
only to the point on the river where the cliffs are most perpendicular,
while the settlement itself was known as Kanu&#699;gu la&#699;yi,
&ldquo;Briertown,&rdquo; q. v.</p>
<p class="par">Nun&#699;dagun&#699;yi, Nunda&#699;yi&mdash;the Sun
land, or east; from nun&#699;da&#699;, sun, and yi, locative. Used in
the sacred formulas instead of di&#699;galungun&#699;yi<span class=
"corr" id="xd23e8819" title="Source: .">,</span> &ldquo;where it
rises,&rdquo; the common word. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb245"
href="#pb245" name="pb245">245</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">nun&#699;gi&mdash;four. See hi&#699;ski.</p>
<p class="par">nungu la&mdash;see kanugu&#699; la.</p>
<p class="par">nunna&#699;hi (abbreviated nunna)&mdash;a path, trail or
road.</p>
<p class="par">Nunna&#699;hi-dihi&#699; (abbreviated
Nun&#699;na-dihi&#699;)&mdash;&ldquo;Path-killer,&rdquo; literally,
&ldquo;he kills (habitually) in the path,&rdquo; from nun&#699;nahi,
path, and ahihi&#699;, &ldquo;he kills&rdquo; (habitually); &ldquo;I am
killing,&rdquo; tsi&#699;ihu&#699;. A principal chief, about the year
1813. Major John Ridge was originally known by the same name, but
afterward took the name, Gunun&#699;da le&#699;gi, &ldquo;One who
follows the ridge,&rdquo; which the whites made simply ridge.</p>
<p class="par">Nunna&#699;hi-tsune&#699;ga (abbreviated)
Nunna-tsune&#699;ga&mdash;<span class="corr" id="xd23e8833" title=
"Not in source">&ldquo;</span>white-path,&rdquo; from nunna&#699;hi,
path, and tsune&#699;ga, plural of une&#699;ga, white; the form is the
plural, as is common in Indian names, and has probably a symbolic
reference to the &ldquo;white&rdquo; or peaceful paths spoken of in the
opening invocation at the green corn dance. A noted chief who led the
conservative party about 1828.</p>
<p class="par">Nunne&#699;hi (also Gunne&#699;hi; singular
Naye&#699;hi)&mdash;a race of invisible spirit people. The name is
derived from the verb e&#699;hu&#699;, &ldquo;I dwell, I live,&rdquo;
e&#699;hi&#699;, &ldquo;I dwell habitually,&rdquo; and may be rendered
&ldquo;dwellers anywhere,&rdquo; or &ldquo;those who live
anywhere,&rdquo; but implies having always been there, i. e.,
&ldquo;Immortals.&rdquo; It has been spelled Nanehi and Nuhnayie by
different writers. The singular form Naye&#699;hi occurs also as a
personal name, about equivalent to Eda&#699;hi, &ldquo;One who goes
about.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Nuniyu&#699;sti&mdash;&ldquo;potato-like,<span class=
"corr" id="xd23e8841" title="Not in source">&rdquo;</span> from
nu&#699;na, potato, and iyu&#699;sti, like. A flowering vine with
tuberous root somewhat resembling the potato. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb246" href="#pb246" name="pb246">246</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Nunyu&#699;&mdash;rock, stone.</p>
<p class="par">Nunyu&#699;-gunwam&#699;ski&mdash;&ldquo;Rock that
talks,&rdquo; from nunyu&#699;, rock, and tsiwa&#699;nihu, &ldquo;I am
talking.&rdquo; A rock from which Talking-rock creek of Coosawatee
river, in Georgia, derives its name.</p>
<p class="par">Nun&#699;yunu&#699;wi&mdash;contracted from
Nunyu-unu&#699;wi. &ldquo;Stone-clad,&rdquo; from nunyu, rock, and
agwaun&#699;wu, &ldquo;I am clothed or covered.&rdquo; A mythic
monster, invulnerable by reason of his stony skin. The name is also
applied sometimes to the stinging ant, dasuntali atatsunski, q. v. It
has also been spelled Nayunuwi.</p>
<p class="par">Nunyu&#699;-tlu guni (or Nunyu-tsu
gun&#699;i)&mdash;&ldquo;Tree-rock,&rdquo; a notable rock on Hiwassee
river, just within the N. C. line.</p>
<p class="par">Nunyu&#699;-twi&#699;ska&mdash;&ldquo;Slick rock,&rdquo;
from nunyu&#699;, rock, and twiska, smooth, slick; the form remains
unchanged for the locative. 1. Slick-rock creek, entering Little
Tennessee river just within the west line of Graham county, N. C. 2. A
place at the extreme head of Brasstown creek of Hiwassee river, in
Towns county, Ga.</p>
<p class="par">Ocoee&mdash;see Uwaga&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Oconaluftee&mdash;see Egwanul ti.</p>
<p class="par">Oconee&mdash;see Ukwu&#699;nu.</p>
<p class="par">Oconostota&mdash;see Agansta&#699;ta.</p>
<p class="par">Old Tassel&mdash;see Utsi&#699;dsata&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Ooltewah&mdash;see Ultiwa&#699;i.</p>
<p class="par">Oostinaleh&mdash;see U&#699;stana&#699;li.</p>
<p class="par">Oothealoga&mdash;see Uy&#699;gila&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Otacite, Otassite&mdash;see Outacity.</p>
<p class="par">Otari, Otariyatiqui&mdash;mentioned as a place,
apparently on the Cherokee frontier, visited by Pardo in <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb247" href="#pb247" name=
"pb247">247</a>]</span>1567. Otari seems to be the Cherokee atari or
atali, mountain, but the rest of the word is doubtful.</p>
<p class="par">Ottare&mdash;see a&#699;tali.</p>
<p class="par">Owasta&mdash;given as the name of a Cherokee chief in
1684; the form cannot be identified.</p>
<p class="par">Ougillogy&mdash;see Uy&#699;gila&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Outacity&mdash;given in documents as the name or title
of a prominent Cherokee chief about 1720. It appears also as Otacite,
Ottassite, Outassatah, Wootassite and Wrosetasatow (!), but the form
cannot be identified, although it seems to contain the personal name
suffix diha&#699;, &ldquo;killer.&rdquo; Timberlake says: &ldquo;There
are some other honorary titles among them, conferred in reward of great
actions; the first of which is Outacity or &ldquo;Man-killer,&rdquo;
and the second Colona or &ldquo;The Raven.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Outassatah&mdash;see Outacity.</p>
<p class="par">Owassa&mdash;see Ayuhwa&#699;si.</p>
<p class="par">Paint-town&mdash;see Ani&#699;-Wa&#699;dihi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Path-killer&mdash;see Nuna&#699;hi-dihi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Phoenix, Cherokee&mdash;see
Tsule&#699;hisanun&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Pigeon River&mdash;see Wayi.</p>
<p class="par">Pine Indians&mdash;see Ani&#699;-Na&prime;tsi.</p>
<p class="par">Pinelog&mdash;see Na ts-asun&#699;tlunyi.</p>
<p class="par">Qualatchee&mdash;a former Cherokee settlement on the
headwaters of the Chattahoochee river in Georgia; another of the same
name was upon the waters of Keowee river in S. C. The correct form is
unknown.</p>
<p class="par">Qualla&mdash;see Kwali.</p>
<p class="par">Quaxule&mdash;see Guaxule. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb248" href="#pb248" name="pb248">248</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Quinahaqui&mdash;a place, possibly in the Cherokee
country, visited by Pardo in 1567. The form cannot be identified.</p>
<p class="par">Quoneashee&mdash;see Tlanusi&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Rattlesnake Springs&mdash;see Utsanatiyi.</p>
<p class="par">Rattling-Gourd&mdash;see Ganseti.</p>
<p class="par">Raventown&mdash;see Kalanun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Red Clay&mdash;see Elawa&#699;diyi.</p>
<p class="par">Reid, Jesse&mdash;see Tse&#699;si-Ska&#699;tsi.</p>
<p class="par">Ridge, Major John&mdash;see
Nunna&#699;hi-dihi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Ross, John&mdash;see Gu&#699;wisguwi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Ross' Landing&mdash;see Tsatanu&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Sadayi&#699;&mdash;a feminine name, the proper name of
the woman known to the whites as Annie Ax; it cannot be translated.</p>
<p class="par">Sagwa&#699;hi, or Sagwun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;One
place,&rdquo; from sa&#699;gwu, one, and hi or yi, locative. Soco creek
of Oconaluftee river, on the East Cherokee reservation, in Jackson
county, N. C. No satisfactory reason is given for the name, which has
its parallel in Tsaska&#699;hi, &ldquo;Thirty place,&rdquo; a local
name in Cherokee county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">sa&#699;gwalt&#699;&mdash;horse; from asagwalihu, a pack
or burden, asagwal lu&#699;; &ldquo;there is a pack on him.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">sa&#699;gwali digu&#699;lanahi&#699;ta&mdash;mule;
literally &ldquo;long-eared horse,&rdquo; from sa&#699;gwali, horse,
and digu&#699;lanahi&#699;ta, q. v.</p>
<p class="par">saikwa&#699;yi&mdash;bear-grass (<i lang=
"la">Erynigium</i>) also the greensnake, on account of a fancied
resemblance; the name of a former Cherokee settlement on Sallacoa creek
of Coosawatee river, in Gordon county, Ga. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb249" href="#pb249" name="pb249">249</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Sakwi&#699;yi (or Suki&#699;yi; abbreviated Sakwi&#699;
or Suki&#699;)&mdash;a former settlement on Soquee river, a head stream
of Chattahoochee, near Clarksville, Habersham county, Ga. Also written
Saukee and Sookee. The name has lost its meaning.</p>
<p class="par">sala&#699;li&mdash;squirrel; the common gray squirrel;
other varieties are kiyu ga, the ground squirrel, and tewa, the flying
squirrel; Sala&#699;li was also the name of an East Cherokee inventor
who died a few years ago; Sala&#699;lani&#699;ta&#699;
&ldquo;Young-squirrels,&rdquo; is a masculine personal name on the
reservation.</p>
<p class="par">saligu&#699;gi&mdash;turtle, the common water turtle;
soft-shell turtle, u&#699;lana&#699;wa; land tortoise or terrapin,
tuksi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Sa&#699;nigila&#699;gi (abbreviated San
gila&#699;gi)&mdash;Whiteside mountain, a prominent peak of the Blue
Ridge, southeast from Franklin, Macon county, N. C. It is connected
with the tradition of Utlun&#699;ta.</p>
<p class="par">Santeetla&mdash;the present map name of a creek joining
Cheiwa river in Graham county, N. C., and of a smaller tributary
(Little Santeetla). The name is not recognized or understood by the
Cherokee, who insist that it was given by the whites. Little Santeetla
is known to the Cherokee as Tsundanilti&#699;yi, q. v.; the modern
Santeetla creek is commonly known as Nayu&#699;higeyun&#699;i,
&ldquo;Sand-place stream,&rdquo; from &ldquo;Nuyu&#699;hi, &ldquo;Sand
place&rdquo; (nayu, sand), a former settlement just above the junction
of the two creeks.</p>
<p class="par">Sara&mdash;see Ani&#699;-Suwa&#699;li.</p>
<p class="par">Sa&#699;sa&#699;&mdash;goose; an onomatope.</p>
<p class="par">Sautee&mdash;see Itsa&#699;ti.</p>
<p class="par">Savannah&mdash;the popular name of this river is derived
from that of the Shawano Indians, formerly living upon its middle
course, and known to the Cherokee as <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb250" href="#pb250" name=
"pb250">250</a>]</span>Ani&#699;Swanu&#699;gi, q. v., to the Creeks as
Savanuka, and to some of the coast tribes of Carolina as Savanna. In
old documents the river is also called Isundiga, from Isu&#699;nigu or
Seneca, q. v., an important former Cherokee settlement upon its upper
waters.</p>
<p class="par">Sawanu&#699;gi&mdash;&ldquo;Shawano&rdquo; (Indian); a
masculine personal name upon the East Cherokee reservation and
prominent in the history of the band. See Ani&#699;Sawanu&#699;gi and
Ka&#699;lahu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Sawnook&mdash;see Ka&#699;lahu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Sehwate&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Hornet place,&rdquo; from
se&#699;hwatu, hornet, and yi, locative. Cheowa Maximum and Swim Bald,
adjoining bald peaks at the head of Cheowa river, Graham county, N.
C.</p>
<p class="par">selu&mdash;corn; sometimes called in the sacred formulas
Agawe&#699;la, &ldquo;The Old Woman.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">sel-utsi&#699; (for
selu-utsi&#699;)&mdash;&ldquo;corn&rsquo;s mother,&rdquo; from selu,
corn, and utsi&#699;, his mother (etsi&#699; or agitsi&#699;, my
mother); the bead-corn or Job&rsquo;s-tears (<i lang="la">Coix
lacryma</i><span class="corr" id="xd23e8979" title=
"Source: .)">).</span></p>
<p class="par">Seneca&mdash;see Ani&#699;-Nun&#699;dawe&#699;gi (Seneca
tribe), and Isu&#699;nigu. (Seneca town.)</p>
<p class="par">Sequatchee&mdash;see Si&#699;gwetsi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Sequoya&mdash;see Sikwayi.</p>
<p class="par">Setsi&mdash;a mound and traditional Cherokee settlement
on the south side of the Valley river, about three miles below
Valleytown, in Cherokee county, N. C.; the name has lost its meaning. A
settlement called Tasetsi (Tassetchie in some old documents) existed on
the extreme head of Hiwassee river, in Towns county, Ga.</p>
<p class="par">Sevier&mdash;see Tsan&#699;-usdi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Shoe-boots&mdash;see Da&#699;si giya&#699;gi.
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb251" href="#pb251" name=
"pb251">251</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Shooting creek&mdash;see Du&#699;stayalun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Si&#699;gwetsi&#699;&mdash;a traditional Cherokee
settlement on the south bank of French Broad river, not far from
Knoxville, Knox county, Tenn. Near by was the quarry from which it is
said the stone for the white peace pipes was obtained. Swquatchee, the
name of the river below Chattanooga, in Tenn., is probably a corruption
of the same word.</p>
<p class="par">si&#699;dwa&mdash;hog; originally the name of the
opossum, now distinguished as si&#699;kwa utset&#699;sti, q. v.</p>
<p class="par">si&#699;kwa utset&#699;sti&mdash;opossum; literally
&ldquo;grinning hog,&rdquo; from si&#699;kwa, hog, and utset&#699;sti,
&ldquo;he grins&rdquo; (habitually).</p>
<p class="par">Sikwa&#699;yi&mdash;a masculine name, commonly written
Sequoya, made famous as that of the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet.
The name, which cannot be translated, is still in use upon the East
Cherokee reservation.</p>
<p class="par">Sikwi&#699;a&mdash;a masculine name, the Cherokee
corruption for Sevier. See also Tsan-usdi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">sinnawah&mdash;see tla&#699;nuwa.</p>
<p class="par">Si&#699;tiku&#699; (or su&#699;tagu&#699;, in dialectic
form)&mdash;a former Cherokee settlement on Little Tennessee river, at
the entrance of Citico creek, in Monroe county, Tenn. The name, which
cannot be translated, is commonly spelled Citico, but appears also as
Sattiquo<span class="corr" id="xd23e9012" title="Source: .">,</span>
Settico, Settacoo, Sette, Sittiquo, etc.</p>
<p class="par">siyu&#699;&mdash;see a&#699;siyu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">skinta&#699;&mdash;for skin&#699;tagu&#699;, understood
to mean &ldquo;put a new tooth into my jaw.&rdquo; The word cannot be
analyzed, but is derived from gantka&#699; (ganta ga in a dialectic
form) a tooth in place; a tooth detached is kayu ga.</p>
<p class="par">Skwan&#699;-digu gun&#699;yi (for Askwan&#699;-digu
gun&#699;yi<span class="corr" id="xd23e9022" title=
"Not in source">)</span>&mdash;&ldquo;where the Spaniard is in the
water&rdquo; (or other liquid). A place on Upper Soco creek, on the
reservation in Jackson county, N. C. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb252" href="#pb252" name="pb252">252</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Slick Rock&mdash;see Nunyu&#699;tawi&#699;ska.</p>
<p class="par">Smith, N. J.&mdash;see Tsaladihi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Snowbird&mdash;see Tuti&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Soco creek&mdash;see Sagwa&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Soco Gap&mdash;see Ahalu&#699;na.</p>
<p class="par">Soquee&mdash;see Sakwi&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Spray, H. W.&mdash;see Wilsini&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">spring-frog&mdash;see Du&#699;stu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Standing Indian&mdash;see Yunwi-tsulenun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Stand Watie&mdash;see De&#699;gataga.</p>
<p class="par">Stekoa&mdash;see Stika&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">ste&#699;tsi&mdash;&ldquo;your daughter&rdquo;;
literally, &ldquo;your offspring&rdquo;; agwe&#699;tsi, &ldquo;my
offspring&rdquo;; uwe&#699;tsi, &ldquo;his offspring&rdquo;; to
distinguish sex it is necessary to add asga&#699;ya, &ldquo;man&rdquo;
or age&#699;hya, &ldquo;woman.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Stika&#699;yi (variously spelled Stecoe, Steecoy,
Stekoah, Stickoey, etc.)&mdash;the name of several former Cherokee
settlements: 1. Sticoa creek, near Clayton, Babun county, Ga.; 2. on
Tuckasegee river at the old Thomas homestead just above the present
Whittier, in Swain county, N. C.; 3. on Stekoa creek of Little
Tennessee river, a few miles below the junction of Nantahala, in Graham
county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Stringfield&mdash;see Tlage&#699;si.</p>
<p class="par">stugi&#699;sti, stui&#699;ski&mdash;a key.</p>
<p class="par">Suck, The&mdash;see Un&#699;tiguhi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Sugartown&mdash;see Kulse&#699;tsi&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">su&#699;nawa&#699;&mdash;see tla&#699;nuwa.</p>
<p class="par">sunestla&#699;ta&mdash;&ldquo;split noses&rdquo;; see
tsunu liyu&#699; sunestla&#699;ta.</p>
<p class="par">sungi&mdash;mink; also onion; the name seems to refer to
a smell; the various minks are called generically, gaw sun&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Suki&#699;yi&mdash;another form of Sakwi&#699;yi, q.
v.</p>
<p class="par">su&#699;li&#699;&mdash;buzzard; the Creek name is the
same. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb253" href="#pb253" name=
"pb253">253</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Sun Land&mdash;see Nunda&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">su&#699;sa&#699;-sai&#699;&mdash;an unmeaning song
refrain.</p>
<p class="par">su&#699;talidihi&#699;&mdash;see nun&#699;da&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Suwa&#699;li-nunna&#699;hi (abbreviated
Suwa&#699;li-nunna&#699;hi)&mdash;&ldquo;Suwali train,&rdquo; the
proper name for the gap at the head of Swannanoa (from
Suwa&#699;li-Nun&#699;na&#699;) river east of Asheville, in Buncombe
county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Suwa&#699;ni&mdash;a former Cherokee settlement on
Chattahoochee river, about the present Suwanee, in Gwinnett county, Ga.
The name has no meaning in the Cherokee language and is said to be of
Creek origin.</p>
<p class="par">Suye&#699;ta&mdash;&ldquo;the Chosen One,&rdquo; from
asuye&#699;ta, &ldquo;he is chosen,&rdquo; gasu&#699;yeu, &ldquo;I am
choosing&rdquo;; the same form, suye&#699;ta, could also mean mixed,
from gasu&#699;yahu, &ldquo;I am mixing it.&rdquo; A masculine name at
present borne by a prominent ex-chief and informant upon the East
Cherokee reservation.</p>
<p class="par">Swannanoa&mdash;see Wuwa&#699;li-nunna&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Swim Bald&mdash;see Sehwate&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Swimmer&mdash;see Ayun&#699;ini.</p>
<p class="par">tadeya&#699;statakuhi&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;we shall see
each other.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Tae-keo-ge&mdash;see Ta ski&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">ta&#699;gu&mdash;the June-bug (<i lang="la">Allorhina
nitida</i>), also called tuya-diskalaw tsiski, &ldquo;one who keeps
fire under the beans.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Ta&#699;gwa&mdash;see Ani&#699;ta&#699;gwa.</p>
<p class="par">Ta&#699;gwadihi&#699; (abbreviated
Ta&#699;gwadi&#699;)&mdash;&ldquo;Catawba-killer,&rdquo; from
Ata&#699;gwa or Ta&#699;gwa, <span class="corr" id="xd23e9105" title=
"Not in source">&ldquo;</span>Cattawba Indian,<span class="corr" id=
"xd23e9108" title="Not in source">&rdquo;</span> and dihihi&#699;,
&ldquo;he kills them&rdquo; (habitually), from tsi&#699;ihu&#699;.
&ldquo;I kill.&rdquo; An old masculine name, still in use upon the East
Cherokee reservation. It was the proper name of the chief known to the
whites about 1790 <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb254" href="#pb254"
name="pb254">254</a>]</span>as &ldquo;The Glass,&rdquo; from a
confusion of this name with adake&#699;ti, glass, or mirror.</p>
<p class="par">Tagwa&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;Catawba place,&rdquo; from
Ata&#699;gwa or Ta&#699;gwa, Catawba Indian, and hi, locative. A name
occurring in several places in the old Cherokee country. A settlement
of this name, known to the whites as Toccoa, was upon Toccoa creek,
east of Clarksville, in Habersham county, Ga.; another was upon Toccoa
or Ocoee river, about the present Toccoa, in Fannin county, Ga.; a
third may have been on Persimmon creek, which is known to the Cherokee
as Tagwa&#699;hi, and enters Hiwassee river some distance below Murphy,
in Cherokee county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Tahkeyostee&mdash;see Unta&#699;kiyasti&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Tahlequah&mdash;see Talikwa&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Tahchee&mdash;see Talikwa&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Takatoka&mdash;see De&#699;gata&#699;ga.</p>
<p class="par">ta&#699;ladu&#699; (abbreviated
taldu&#699;)&mdash;twelve, from ta&#699;li, two. Cf. tala&#699;tu,
cricket.</p>
<p class="par">Ta&#699;lasi&#699;&mdash;a former Cherokee settlement on
Little Tennessee river about Talassee ford, in Blount county, Tenn. The
name has lost its meaning.</p>
<p class="par">Talassee&mdash;see Ta&#699;lasi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">tala&#699;tu&mdash;cricket; sometimes also called
dita&#699;staye&#699;ski (q. v.), &ldquo;the barber.&rdquo; Cf.
ta&#699;ladu&#699;, twelve.</p>
<p class="par">Tale&#699;danigi&#699;ski (Utale&#699;danigi&#699;si in
a dialectic form)&mdash;variously rendered by the whites
&ldquo;Hemp-carrier,&rdquo; &ldquo;Nettle-carrier&rdquo; or
&ldquo;flax-toter,&rdquo; from tale&#699;ta or utale&#699;ta, flax
(<i lang="la">Linum</i>) or richweed (<i lang="la">Pilea pumila</i>),
and danigi&#699;ski, &ldquo;he carries them&rdquo; (habitually). A
former prominent chief on Valley river, in Cherokee county, North
Carolina.</p>
<p class="par">Talihina&mdash;given as the name of the Cherokee wife of
Samuel Houston; the form cannot be identified. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb255" href="#pb255" name="pb255">255</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Talikwa&#699; (commonly written Tellico, Teliquo or, in
the Indian Territory, Tahlequah)&mdash;the name of several Cherokee
settlements at different periods, viz.: 1. Great Tellico, at Tellico
Plains, on Tellico river, in Monroe county, Tenn.; 2. Little Tellico,
on Tellico creek of Little Tennessee river, about ten miles below
Franklin, Macon county, N. C. 3. a town on Valley river, about five
miles above Murphy, in Cherokee county, N. C.; 4. Tahlequah,
established as the capital of the Cherokee Nation, Ind. Ter., in 1839.
The meaning of the name is lost.</p>
<p class="par">Tali&#699;wa&mdash;the site of a traditional battle
between the Cherokee and Creeks about 1755, on Mountain (?) creek of
Etowah river in upper Georgia. Probably not a Cherokee but a Creek name
from the Creek ta&#699;lua or ita&#699;lua, town.</p>
<p class="par">Talking-rock&mdash;see Nunyu-gunwani&#699;ski.</p>
<p class="par">Tallulah&mdash;see Talulu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Tal-tsu&#699;ska&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;Two-heads,&rdquo;
from ta&#699;li, two, and tsu&#699;ska&#699;, plural of uska&#699;,
(his) head. A Cherokee chief about the year 1800, known to the whites
as Doublehead.</p>
<p class="par">taluli&mdash;pregnant; whence aluli&#699;, (she is)
&ldquo;a mother,&rdquo; said of a woman.</p>
<p class="par">Talulu&#699; (commonly Tallulah, and appearing in old
documents, from the Lower dialect, as Taruraw, Toruro, Turoree,
etc.)&mdash;a name occurring in two or more places in the old Cherokee
country, viz.: 1. An ancient settlement on the upper part of Tallulah
river, in Rabun county, Georgia; 2. a town on Tallulah creek of Cheowa
river, in Graham county, N. C. The word is of uncertain etymology. The
dulu&#699;si frog is said to cry talulu&#699;. The noted <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb256" href="#pb256" name=
"pb256">256</a>]</span>falls upon Tallulah river are known to the
Cherokee as Ugun&#699;yi, q. v.</p>
<p class="par">Taluntiski&mdash;see Ata&#699;lunti&#699;ski.</p>
<p class="par">Tama&#699;li&mdash;a name, commonly written Tomotley or
Tomatola, occurring in at least two places in the old Cherokee country,
viz.: 1. On Valley river, a few miles above Murphy, about the present
Tomatola, in Cherokee county, N. C. 2. on Little Tennessee river, about
Tomotley ford, a few miles above Tellico river, in Monroe county, Tenn.
The name cannot be translated, and may be of Creek origin, as that
tribe had a town of the same name upon the lower Chattahoochee
river.</p>
<p class="par">Tanasi&#699;&mdash;a name which cannot be analyzed,
commonly spelled Tennessee, occurring in several places in the old
Cherokee country, viz.: 1. On Little Tennessee river about half-way
between Citico and Toco creeks, in Monroe county, Tenn. 2. &ldquo;Old
Tennessee town,&rdquo; on Hiwassee river, a short distance above the
junction of Ocoee, in Polk county, Tenn. 3. On Tennessee creek, a
head-stream of Tuckasegee river, in Jackson county, N. C. Tanasqui,
visited by Pardo in 1567, may have been another place of the same
name.</p>
<p class="par">Tanasqui&mdash;see Tanasi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Ta&#699;ski&#699;gi (abbreviated from
Ta&#699;skigi&#699;yi or Da&#699;skigi&#699;yi, the locative yi being
commonly omitted)&mdash;a name variously written Tae-keo-ge (misprint),
Tasquiqui, Teeskege, Tuscagee, Tuskegee, etc., derived from that of a
foreign tribe incorporated with the Cherokee, and occurring as a local
name both in the Cherokee and in the Creek country. 1. The principal
settlement of this name was on Little Tennessee river, just above the
junction of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb257" href="#pb257" name=
"pb257">257</a>]</span>Tellico, in Monroe county, Tenn.; 2. another was
on the north bank of Tennessee river, just below Chattanooga,
Tennessee; 3. another may have been on Tuskegee creek of Little
Tennessee river, near Robbinsville, Graham county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Tasquiqui&mdash;see Ta&#699;ski&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Tassel, Old&mdash;see Utsi&#699;dsata&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Tatsi&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;Dutch,&rdquo; also written
Tahchee, a western Cherokee chief about 1830.</p>
<p class="par">Tatsu&#699;hwa&mdash;the redbird.</p>
<p class="par">tawa&#699;li&mdash;punk.</p>
<p class="par">
Tawa&#699;li-ukwanun&#699;ti&mdash;&ldquo;Punk-plugged-in,&rdquo; from
tawa&#699;li, punk; the Cherokee name of a traditional Shawano
chief.</p>
<p class="par">tawi&#699;ska, tawi&#699;skage&mdash;smooth, slick.</p>
<p class="par">Tawi&#699;skala&mdash;&ldquo;Flint&rdquo;; a Cherokee
supernatural, the personification of the rock flint;
tawi&#699;skalun&#699;ti, <span class="corr" id="xd23e9189" title=
"Source: tawi-skala">tawi&#699;skala</span>, flint, from tawi&#699;ska,
smooth, slick; cf. Iroquois Tawiskaron.</p>
<p class="par">Tayunksi&mdash;a traditional western tribe; the name
cannot be analyzed.</p>
<p class="par">Tellico&mdash;see Talikwa&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">telun&#699;lati&mdash;the summer grape (<i lang=
"la">Vitis aestivalis</i>).</p>
<p class="par">Tenaswattee&mdash;see Ku&#699;saweti&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Terrapin&mdash;see Tuksi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">tewa&mdash;a flying squirrel; sala&#699;li, gray
squirrel; kiyu ga, ground squirrel.</p>
<p class="par">Thomas, W. H.&mdash;see Wil-usdi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Tikwali&#699;tsi&mdash;a name occurring in several
places in the old Cherokee country, viz.: 1. Tuckalegee creek, a
tributary of War-Woman creek, east of Clayton, in Rabun county, Ga.; 2.
the Tikiwali&#699;tsi of the story, an important town on Tuckasegee
river at the present Bryson <span class="corr" id="xd23e9211" title=
"Source: city">City</span>, in Swain county, N. C. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb258" href="#pb258" name="pb258">258</a>]</span>3.
Tuckalechee cove, on Little river, in Blount county, Tenn., which
probably preserves the aboriginal local name. The name appears in old
documents as Tuckarechee (Lower dialect) and Tuckalegee, and must not
be confounded with Tsiksi&#699;tsi or Tuckasegee. It cannot be
translated.</p>
<p class="par">Timossy&mdash;see Tomassee.</p>
<p class="par">Tlage&#699;si&mdash;&ldquo;Field&rdquo;; the Cherokee
name for Lieutenant-Colonel W. W. Stringfield of Waynesville, N. C.,
one of the officers of the Cherokee contingent in the Thomas Legion. It
is an abbreviated rendering of his proper name.</p>
<p class="par">tlage&#699;situn&#699;&mdash;a song form for
tlage&#699;sia-stun&#699;i, &ldquo;on the edge of the field,&rdquo;
from a stream.</p>
<p class="par">tla&#699;meha&mdash;bat (dialectic forms, tsa&#699;meha,
tsa&#699;weha).</p>
<p class="par">tlanu&#699;si&#699;&mdash;leech (dialectic form,
tsanu&#699;si&#699;).</p>
<p class="par">Tlanusi&#699;yi (abbreviated
Tlanusi&#699;)&mdash;&ldquo;Leech place,&rdquo; former important
settlement at the junction of Hiwassee and Valley river, the present
site of Murphy, in Cherokee county, N. C.; also a point on Nottely
river, a few miles distant, in the same county. The name appears also
as Clennuse, Klausuna, Quoneashee, etc.</p>
<p class="par">tla&#699;nuwa (dialetic forms, tsa&#699;nuwa&#699;,
su&#699;nawa&#699;, &ldquo;sinnawah&rdquo;<span class="corr" id=
"xd23e9231" title="Not in source">)</span>&mdash;a mythic great
hawk.</p>
<p class="par">tla&#699;nuwa&#699;usdi&mdash;&ldquo;little
tla&#699;nuwa&#699;&rdquo;; probably the goshawk (<i lang="la">Astur
atricapillus</i>).</p>
<p class="par">Tla&#699;nuwa&#699;atsi
Yelun&#699;isun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where the Tla&#699;nuwa cut it
up,&rdquo; from tla&#699;nuwa&#699;, q. v., and
tsiyelun&#699;isku&#699;, an archaic form for
tsigunilun&#699;isku&#699;, &ldquo;I am cutting it up.&rdquo; A place
on Little Tennessee river, nearly opposite the entrance of Citico
creek, in Blount county, Tenn. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb259"
href="#pb259" name="pb259">259</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Tla&#699;nuwa&#699;i&mdash;&ldquo;Tla&#699;nuwa
place,&rdquo; a cave on the north side of Tennessee river, a short
distance below the entrance of Citico creek, in Blount county,
Tenn.</p>
<p class="par">tlayku&#699;&mdash;jay (dialectic form,
tsayku&#699;).</p>
<p class="par">tlunti&#699;sti&mdash;the pheasant (<i lang="la">Bonasa
umbella</i>), called locally grouse or partridge.</p>
<p class="par">tluntu&#699;tsi&mdash;panther (dialectic form,
tsuntu&#699;ski).</p>
<p class="par">tlutlu&#699;&mdash;the martin bird (dialectic form,
tsutsu&#699;).</p>
<p class="par">Tocax&mdash;a place, apparently in the Cherokee country,
visited by Pardo in 1567. It may possibly have a connection with
Toxaway (see Duksa&#699;i) or Toccoa (see Tagwa&#699;hi).</p>
<p class="par">Toccoa&mdash;see Tagwa&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Toco&mdash;see Dakwa&#699;i.</p>
<p class="par">Tollunteeskee&mdash;see Ata&#699;lunti&#699;ski.</p>
<p class="par">Tomassee (also written Timossy and Tymahse)&mdash;the
name of two or more former Cherokee settlements, viz.: 1. On Tomassee
creek of Keowee river, in Oconee county, S. C.; 2. On Little Tennessee
river, near the entrance of Burningtown creek, in Macon county, N. C.
The correct form and interpretation are unknown.</p>
<p class="par">Tomatola, Tomotley&mdash;see Tama&#699;li.</p>
<p class="par">Tooantuh&mdash;see Du&#699;stu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Toogelah&mdash;see Dugilu&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Toqua&mdash;see Dakwa&#699;i.</p>
<p class="par">Toxaway&mdash;see Dukas&#699;i.</p>
<p class="par">Track Rock gap&mdash;see
Datsu&#699;nalasgun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Tsaga&#699;si&mdash;a Cherokee sprite.</p>
<p class="par">tsa&#699;gi&mdash;upstream, up the road; the converse of
ge&#699;i.</p>
<p class="par">Tsaiyi&#699;&mdash;see Untsaiyi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Tsa&#699;ladihi&#699;&mdash;Chief N. J. Smith of the
East Cherokee. The name might be rendered &ldquo;Charley-killer,&rdquo;
from Tsali, &ldquo;Charley,&rdquo; and dihi&#699;, &ldquo;killer&rdquo;
(in composition), <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb260" href="#pb260"
name="pb260">260</a>]</span>but is really a Cherokee equivalent for
Jarrett (Tsaladi&#699;), his middle name, by which he was frequently
addressed. Cf. Tagwadihi.</p>
<p class="par">tsal-agayun&#699;li&mdash;&ldquo;old tobacco,&rdquo;
from tsalu, tobacco, and agayun&#699;li or agayun&#699;lige, old,
ancient; the <i lang="la"><span class="corr" id="xd23e9292" title=
"Source: Nicoliana">Nicotiana</span> rustica</i> or wild tobacco.</p>
<p class="par">Tsa&#699;lagi&#699; (Tsa&#699;ragi&#699; in Lower
dialect)&mdash;the correct form of Cherokee.</p>
<p class="par">Tsa&#699;li&mdash;Charley; a Cherokee shot for resisting
the troops at the time of Removal.</p>
<p class="par">tsaliyu&#699;sti&mdash;&ldquo;tobacco-like,&rdquo; from
tsalu, tobacco, and iyu&#699;sti, like; a generic name for the
cardinal-flower, mullein and related species.</p>
<p class="par">tsalu or tsalun (in the Lower dialect,
tsaru)&mdash;tobacco; by comparison with kindred forms the other
Iroquoian dialects the meaning &ldquo;fire to hold in the mouth&rdquo;
seems to be indicated. Lanman spells it tso-lungh.</p>
<p class="par">tsameha&mdash;see tla&#699;meha.</p>
<p class="par">tsa&#699;nadiska&#699;&mdash;for tsandiskai&#699;,
&ldquo;they say.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">tsana&#699;seha&#699;i&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;so they
say,&rdquo; &ldquo;they say about him.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">tsane&#699;ni&mdash;the scorpion lizard; also called
gi&#699;ga-danegi&#699;ski, q. v.</p>
<p class="par">Tsani&mdash;John.</p>
<p class="par">Tsantawu&#699;&mdash;a masculine name which cannot be
analyzed.</p>
<p class="par">Tsan-uga&#699;sita&mdash;&ldquo;Sour John&rdquo;; the
Cherokee name for General John Sevier, and also the boy name of the
Chief John Ross, afterward known as Gu&#699;wisguwi&#699;, q. v.
Sikwi&#699;a, a Cherokee attempt at &ldquo;Sevier,&rdquo; is a
masculine name upon the East Cherokee reservation.</p>
<p class="par">tsanu&#699;si&#699;&mdash;see tlanu&#699;si&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">tsa&#699;nuwa&#699;&mdash;see tla&#699;nuwa&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Tsa&#699;ragi&#699;&mdash;Cherokee. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb261" href="#pb261" name="pb261">261</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">tsaru&mdash;see tsalu.</p>
<p class="par">Tsasta&#699;wi&mdash;a noted hunter formerly living upon
<span class="corr" id="xd23e9331" title=
"Source: Nanatahala">Nantahala</span> river, in Macon county, North
Carolina; the meaning of the name is doubtful.</p>
<p class="par">Tsatanu&#699;gi (commonly spelled Chattanooga)&mdash;the
Cherokee name for some point upon the creek entering Tennessee river at
the city of Chattanooga, in Hamilton county, Tennessee. It has no
meaning in the Cherokee language and appears to be of foreign origin.
The ancient name for the site of the present city is Atla&#699;nuwa, q.
v. Before the establishment of the town the place was known to the
whites as Ross' landing, from a store kept there by Lewis Ross, brother
of the chief, John Ross.</p>
<p class="par">Tsatu&#699;gi (commonly written Chattooga or
Chatuga)&mdash;a name occurring in two or three places in the old
Cherokee country, but apparently of foreign origin. Possible Cherokee
derivations are from words signifying respectively &ldquo;he drank by
sips,&rdquo; from gatu&#699;gia&#699;, &ldquo;I sip,&rdquo; or
&ldquo;he has crossed the stream and come out upon the other
side,&rdquo; from gatu&#699;gi, &ldquo;I have crossed,&rdquo; etc. An
ancient settlement of this name was on Chattooga river, a headstream of
Savannah river, on the boundary between South Carolina and Georgia;
another appears to have been on upper Tellico river, in Monroe county,
Tennessee; another may have been on Chattooga river, a tributary of the
Coosa, in northwestern Georgia.</p>
<p class="par">Tsa&#699;wa Gakski&mdash;Joe Smoker, from Tsawa,
&ldquo;Joe,&rdquo; and gakski, &ldquo;smoker,&rdquo; from
ga&#699;gisku, &ldquo;I am smoking.&rdquo; The Cherokee name for Chief
Joel B. Mayes, of the Cherokee Nation west. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb262" href="#pb262" name="pb262">262</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Tsawa&#699;si&mdash;a Cherokee sprite.</p>
<p class="par">tsa&#699;weha&mdash;see tla&#699;meha.</p>
<p class="par">tsay ku&#699;&mdash;see tlay ku&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Tsek&#699;sini&#699;&mdash;a Cherokee form for the name
of General Andrew Jackson.</p>
<p class="par">Tsesa&#699;ni&mdash;Jessan, probably a derivative from
Jesse; a masculine name upon the East Cherokee reservation.</p>
<p class="par">Tse&#699;si-Ska&#699;tsi&mdash;&ldquo;Scotch
Jesse&rdquo;; Jesse Reid, present chief of the East Cherokee, so-called
because of mixed Scotch ancestry.</p>
<p class="par">tsetsani&#699;li&mdash;&ldquo;thy two elder
brothers&rdquo; (male speaking); &ldquo;my elder brother&rdquo; (male
speaking), ungini&#699;li.</p>
<p class="par">Tsgagun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Insect place,&rdquo; from
tsgaya, insect, and yi, locative. A cave in the ridge eastward from
Franklin, in Macon county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">tsgaya&mdash;insect, worm, etc.</p>
<p class="par">Tsikama&#699;gi&mdash;a name, commonly spelled
Chickamauga, occurring in at least two places in the old Cherokee
country, which has lost any meaning in Cherokee and appears to be of
foreign origin. It is applied to a small creek at the head of
Chattahoochee river, in White county, Ga., and also to the district
about the southern (not the northern) Chickamauga creek, coming into
Tennessee river, a few miles above Chattanooga, in Hamilton county,
Tenn. In 1777, the more hostile portion of the Cherokee withdrew from
the rest of the tribe, and established here a large settlement, from
which they removed about five years later to settle lower down the
Tennessee, in what were known as the Chickamauga towns or Five Lower
towns. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb263" href="#pb263" name=
"pb263">263</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">tsiki&#699;&mdash;a word which renders emphatic that
which it follows: as a&#699;stu, &ldquo;very good,&rdquo; astu&#699;
tsiki, &ldquo;best of all.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">tsikiki&#699;&mdash;the katydid; the name is an
onomatope.</p>
<p class="par">tsi&#699;kilili&#699;&mdash;the Carolina chickadee
(<i lang="la">Parus carolinensis</i>); the name is an onomatope.</p>
<p class="par">Tsiksi&#699;tsi (Tuksi&#699;tsi is dialectic form;
commonly written Tuckasegee)&mdash;1. a former Cherokee settlement
about the junction of the two forks of Tuckasegee, above Webster, in
Jackson county, N. C. (not to be confounded with Tikwali&#699;tsi, q.
v.). 2. A former settlement on a branch of Brasstown creek of Hiwassee
river, in Towns county, Ga. The word has lost its meaning.</p>
<p class="par">Tsi&#699;nawi&mdash;a Cherokee wheelwright, perhaps the
first in the Nation to make a spinning-wheel and loom. The name cannot
be analyzed.</p>
<p class="par">tsine&#699;u&mdash;&ldquo;I am picking it (something
long) up&rdquo;; in the Lower and Middle dialects, tsinigi&#699;u.</p>
<p class="par">tsinigi&#699;u&mdash;see tsine&#699;u.</p>
<p class="par">tsiska&#699;gili&mdash;the large red crawfish; the
ordinary crawfish is called tsistu&#699;na.</p>
<p class="par">tsi&#699;skwa&mdash;bird.</p>
<p class="par">tsiskwa&#699;gwa&mdash;robin, from tsi&#699;skwa,
bird.</p>
<p class="par">Tsiskwa&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;Bird place,&rdquo; from
tsi&#699;skwa, bird, and hi, locative. Birdtown settlement on the East
Cherokee reservation, in Swain county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">tsiskwa&#699;ya&mdash;sparrow, literally
&ldquo;principal bird&rdquo; (i. e., most widely distributed), from
tsi&#699;skwa, bird, and ya, a suffix denoting principal or real.</p>
<p class="par">Tsiskwunsdi&#699;adsisti&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where they
killed Little-bird,&rdquo; from Tsiskwunsdi, &ldquo;little birds&rdquo;
(plural form.) A place near the head of West Buffalo creek, southeast
of Robbinsville, in Graham county, N. C. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb264" href="#pb264" name="pb264">264</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Tsilalu&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;Sweet-gum place,&rdquo;
from tsila&#699;lu&#699;, sweet gum (<i lang="la">Liquidambar</i>) and
hi, locative. A former settlement on a small branch of Brasstown creek
of Hiwassee river, just within the line of Towns county, Ga. The name
is incorrectly rendered Gum-log (creek).</p>
<p class="par">Tsistetsi&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Mouse place,&rdquo; from
tsistetsi, mouse, and yi, locative. A former settlement on South Mouse
creek, of Hiwassee river, in Bradley county, Tenn. The present town of
Cleveland, upon the same creek, is known to the Cherokee under the same
name.</p>
<p class="par">tsist-imo &#699;gosto&mdash;&ldquo;rabbit foods&rdquo;
(plural), from tsi&#699;stu, rabbit, and uni&#699;gisti, plural of
agi&#699;sti, food, from tsiyi&#699;giu &ldquo;I am eating&rdquo; (soft
food). The wild rose.</p>
<p class="par">tsistu&mdash;rabbit.</p>
<p class="par">tsistu&#699;na&mdash;crawfish; the large-horned beetle
is also so called. The large red crawfish is called
tsiska&#699;gili.</p>
<p class="par">Tsistu&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Rabbit place,&rdquo; from
tsistu, rabbit, and yi, locative. 1. Gregory bald, high peak of the
Great Smoky range, eastward from Little Tennessee river, on the
boundary between Swain county, N. C., and Blount county, Tenn. 2. A
former settlement on the north bank of Hiwassee river at the entrance
of Chestua creek, in Polk county, Tenn, The name of Choastea creek of
Tugaloo river, in Oconee county, S. C., is probably also a corruption
from the same word.</p>
<p class="par">Tsiya&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;Otter place,&rdquo; from
tsiyu, otter, and yi, locative; variously spelled Cheowa, Cheeowhee,
Chewohe, Chewe, etc. 1. A former settlement on a branch of Keowee
river, near the present Cheohee, Oconee county, S. C. 2. A former and
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb265" href="#pb265" name=
"pb265">265</a>]</span>still existing Cherokee settlement on Cheowa
river, about Robbinsville, in Graham county, N. C. 3. A former
settlement in Cades Cove, on Cove creek, in Blount county, Tenn.</p>
<p class="par">Tsi&#699;yi-gunsi&#699;ni&mdash;&ldquo;He is dragging a
canoe,&rdquo; from tsi&#699;yu, canoe (cf. tsi&#699;yu) otter, and
gunsi&#699;ni, &ldquo;he is dragging it.&rdquo; &ldquo;Dragging
Canoe,&rdquo; a prominent leader of the hostile Cherokee in the
Revolution. The name appears in documents as Cheucunsene and
Kunnesee.</p>
<p class="par">Tskil-e&#699;gwa&mdash;&ldquo;Big-witch,&rdquo; from
atsikili&#699;, or tskilu&#699;, witch, owl, and e&#699;gwa, big; an
old man of the East Cherokee, who died in 1896. Although translated
Big-witch by the whites, the name is understood by the Indians to mean
Big-owl, having been originally applied to a white man living on the
same clearing, and noted for his large staring eyes.</p>
<p class="par"><span class="corr" id="xd23e9419" title=
"Source: tskili'">tskili&#699;</span> (contracted from
atskili&#699;)&mdash;1. witch; 2. the dusky-horned owl (<i lang=
"la">Bubo virginianus saturatus</i>).</p>
<p class="par">tskwa&#699;yi&mdash;the great white heron or American
egret. (<i lang="la">Herodias egretta</i>).</p>
<p class="par">Tsolungh&mdash;see tsalu.</p>
<p class="par">Tsuda&#699;ye lun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Isolated
place&rdquo;; an isolated peak near the head of Cheowa river, northeast
of Robbinsville, in Graham county, N. C. The root of the word signifies
detached, or isolated, whence Uda&#699;ye lun&#699;yi, the Cherokee
outlet, in Ind. Ter.</p>
<p class="par">Tsunda&#699;talesun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where pieces
fall off,&rdquo; i. e., where the banks are caving in; from
adatale&#699;i, &ldquo;it is falling off,&rdquo; ts, distance prefix,
&ldquo;there,&rdquo; and yi, locative. The Cherokee name for the
present site of Memphis, Tenn., overlooking the Mississippi and
formerly known as the Chickasaw bluff. <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb266" href="#pb266" name="pb266">266</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Tsu&#699;dinunti&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Throwing-down
place&rdquo;; a former settlement on lower Nantahala river, in Macon
county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Tsugidu&#699;li ulsgi&#699;sti (from tsugidu&#699;li,
plural of ugiduli, one of the long wing or tail feathers of a bird, and
ulsgi&#699;sti or ulsgi&#699;ta, a dance)&mdash;the feather or eagle
dance.</p>
<p class="par">Tsukilunnun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Where he
alighted&rdquo;; two bald spots on a mountain at the head of a Little
Snowbird creek, near Robbinsville, Graham county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">tsungili&#699;si&mdash;plural of ungili&#699;si, q.
v.</p>
<p class="par">tsungini&#699;si&mdash;plural of ungini&#699;si, q.
v.</p>
<p class="par">tsunkina&#699;tli&mdash;&ldquo;my younger
brothers&rdquo; (male speaking).</p>
<p class="par">tsunkita&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;my younger brothers&rdquo;
(female speaking).</p>
<p class="par">tsula&mdash;fox; cf. tsulu, kingfisher and tlutlu&#699;
or tsulsu&#699;, martin. The black fox is ina&#699;li. The Creek word
for fox is chula.</p>
<p class="par">tsula&#699;ski&mdash;alligator; the name is of uncertain
etymology.</p>
<p class="par">Tsula&#699;sinun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Footprint
place.&rdquo; A place on Tuckasee river, about a mile above Deep creek,
in Swain county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Tsula&#699;wi&mdash;see Tsulunwe&#699;i.</p>
<p class="par">Tsule&#699;hisanun&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;Resurrected
One,&rdquo; from di&#699;gwale&#699;hisanun&#699;hi, &ldquo;I was
resurrected.&rdquo; literally, &ldquo;I was down and have risen.&rdquo;
Tsa&#699;lagi&#699;, Tsule&#699;hisanunhi, the Cherokee title of the
newspaper known to the whites as the Cherokee Phoenix. The Cherokee
title was devised by Worcester and Boudinot as suggesting the idea of
the phoenix of classic fable. The Indian name of the recent
&ldquo;Cherokee Advocate&rdquo; is Tsa&#699;lagi Asdeli&#699;ski.</p>
<p class="par">Tsul kalu&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;Slanting-eyes,&rdquo;
literally &ldquo;he has them slanting&rdquo; (or leaning up against
something); the prefix ts makes it a plural form, and the name is
understood <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb267" href="#pb267" name=
"pb267">267</a>]</span>to refer to the eyes, although the word eye
(akta&#699;, plural dikta&#699;) is not a part of it. Cf.
Ata&#699;-gulkalu. A mythic giant and ruler of the game. The name has
been corrupted to Jutaculla and Tuli-cula. Jutaculla rock and Jutaculla
old fields about the head of Tuckasegee river, in Jackson, North
Carolina, take their name from him.</p>
<p class="par">Tsulkalu&#699; tsunegun&#699;yi&mdash;see
Tsunegun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">tsulie&#699;na&mdash;the nuthatch (<i lang="la">Sitta
carolinensis</i>); the word signifies literally &ldquo;deaf&rdquo; (a
plural form referring to the ear, gule&#699;) although no reason is
given for such a name.</p>
<p class="par">tsulu&mdash;kingfisher. Cf. tsula.</p>
<p class="par">Tsulunwe&#699;i&mdash;(abbreviated Tsulun&#699;we or
Tsula&#699;wi, possibly connected with tsulu,
kingfisher)&mdash;Chilhowee creek, a north tributary of Little
Tennessee river, in Blount county, Tennessee.</p>
<p class="par">Tsundanilti&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where they demanded the
debt from him&rdquo;; a place on Little Santeetal river, west of
Robbinsville, in Graham county, North Carolina. The creek also is
commonly known by the same name.</p>
<p class="par">Tsundige&#699;wi&mdash;&ldquo;Closed anuses,&rdquo;
literally &ldquo;they have them closed,&rdquo; understood to refer to
the anus; from dige&#699;wi, plural of ge&#699;wi, closed, stopped up,
blind; cf. Tsulkalu&#699;; also Gulisge&#699;wi, &ldquo;Blind, or
closed<span class="corr" id="xd23e9482" title="Source: .">,</span>
ears,&rdquo; an old personal name.</p>
<p class="par">Tsun&#699;digwun&#699;tski (contracted from
tsun&#699;digwuntsugi, &ldquo;they have them forked,&rdquo; referring
to the peculiar forked tail; cf. Tsulkalu&#699;)&mdash;a migratory bird
which once appeared for a short time upon the East Cherokee
reservation, apparently, from the description, the scissortail or
swallow-tailed fly-catcher (<i lang="la">Milvulus forficatus</i>).
<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb268" href="#pb268" name=
"pb268">268</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Tsunegun&#699;yi (sometimes called Tsulkalu&#699;
Tsunegun&#699;yi<span class="corr" id="xd23e9493" title=
"Not in source">)</span>&mdash;Tennessee Bald, at the extreme head of
Tuckasegee river, on the east line of Jackson county, North Carolina.
The name seems to mean &ldquo;there where it is white,&rdquo; from ts,
a prefix indicating distance, une&#699;ga, white, and yi, locative.</p>
<p class="par">Tsunil&#699; kalu&mdash;the plural form for Tsul kalu,
q. v., a traditional giant tribe in the west.</p>
<p class="par">tsunis&#699;tsahi&mdash;&ldquo;(those) having topnots or
crests,&rdquo; from ustsahu&#699;, &ldquo;having a topknot,&rdquo;
ustsahi&#699;, &ldquo;he has a topknot&rdquo; (habitually).</p>
<p class="par">Tsuniya&#699;tiga&mdash;&ldquo;Naked People&rdquo;;
literally &ldquo;They are naked there,&rdquo; from uya&#699;tiga, naked
(singular), with the prefix ts, indicating distance. A traditional
western tribe.</p>
<p class="par">tsun-ka&#699;wi-ye&#699;, tsun-sikwa-ya&#699;,
tsun-tsu&#699;la-ya&#699;, tsun-wa&#699;ya-ya&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;I am
(tsun or tsi, verbal prefix) a real (ya, ye, noun suffix) deer&rdquo;
(kawi&#699;, archaic for a wi&#699;); opossum, si&#699;kwa; fox, tsula;
wolf, waya. Archaic song forms.</p>
<p class="par">tsunsdi&#699;&mdash;contracted from tsunsdi&#699;ga, the
plural of usdi&#699;ga or usdi&#699;, small.</p>
<p class="par">Tsunu&#699;lahun&#699;ski&mdash;&ldquo;He tries, but
fails&rdquo; (habitually), from detsinu&#699;lahun&#699;ski (q. v.),
&ldquo;I tried, but failed.&rdquo; A former noted chief among the East
Cherokee, commonly known to the whites as Junaluska. In early life he
was called Gulkala&#699;ski, a name which denotes something habitually
falling from a leaning position (cf. Ata-gul kalu&#699; and Tsul
kalu&#699;).</p>
<p class="par">tsunu&#699; liyu&#699;sunestla&#699;ta&mdash;&ldquo;they
have split noses,&rdquo; (from agwaliyu&#699;, &ldquo;I have it,&rdquo;
and unestlau&#699;, &ldquo;it is cracked&rdquo; (as a crack made by the
sun&rsquo;s heat in a log or in the earth)<span class="corr" id=
"xd23e9511" title="Not in source">)</span>; the initial s makes it
refer to the nose, kayasa&#699;. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb269"
href="#pb269" name="pb269">269</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Tsusgina&#699;i&mdash;&ldquo;the Ghost country,&rdquo;
from asgi&#699;na, &ldquo;ghost,&rdquo; i, locative, and ts, a prefix
denoting distance. The land of the dead; it is situated in
Usunhi&#699;yi, the Twilight land, in the west.</p>
<p class="par">Tsuta&#699;tsinasun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Eddy
place.&rdquo; A place on Cheowa river at the mouth of Cochran creek, in
Graham county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">tsutsu&#699;&mdash;see tlutlu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">tsuntu&#699;tsi&mdash;see tluntu&#699;tsi.</p>
<p class="par">tsuwa&#699;&mdash;the mud-puppy or water dog (<i lang=
"la">Menopoma</i> or <i lang="la">Protonopsis</i>).</p>
<p class="par">Tsuwa&#699;tel&#699;da&mdash;a contraction of
tsuwa&#699;teldun&#699;yi; the name has lost its meaning. Pilot Knob,
north from Brevard, in Transylvania county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Tsuwa&#699;-uniytsun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where the
water-dog laughed.&rdquo; from tsuwa&#699;, q. v.,
&ldquo;water-dog,&rdquo; uniye&#699;tsu, &ldquo;they laughed&rdquo;
<span class="corr" id="xd23e9535" title=
"Not in source">(</span>agiyet&#699;sku, &ldquo;I am laughing&rdquo;)
and yi, locative; Tusquittee Bald, near Hayesville, in Clay county, N.
C.</p>
<p class="par">Tsuwe&#699;nahi&mdash;A traditional hunter, in
communication with the invisible people. The name seems to mean
&ldquo;He has them in abundance,&rdquo; an irregular or archaic form
for Uwe&#699;nai, &ldquo;he has abundance,&rdquo; &ldquo;he is
rich,&rdquo; from agwe&#699;nai&#699;, &ldquo;I am rich.&rdquo; As a
masculine name it is used as the equivalent of Richard.</p>
<p class="par">Tuckalechee&mdash;see Tikwah&#699;tsi.</p>
<p class="par">Tuckasegee&mdash;see Tsiksi&#699;tsi.</p>
<p class="par">Tugaloo&mdash;see Dugilu&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">tugalu&#699;&mdash;the cry of the dagulku, goose.</p>
<p class="par">tugalu&#699;na&mdash;a variety of small fish, about four
inches long, frequenting the larger streams (from galu&#699;na, a
gourd, on account of its long nose). <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb270" href="#pb270" name="pb270">270</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">tuksi&#699;&mdash;the terrapin or land tortoise; also
the name of a Cherokee chief about the close of the Revolution.
Saligu&#699;gi, common turtle; soft-shell turtle,
U&#699;lana&#699;wa.</p>
<p class="par">Tuksi&#699;tsi&mdash;see Tsiksi&#699;tsi.</p>
<p class="par">Tuli-cula&mdash;see Tsui&#699;kalu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">tulsku&#699;wa&mdash;&ldquo;he snaps with his
head,&rdquo; from uska&#699;, head; the snapping beetle.</p>
<p class="par">Tuna&#699;i&mdash;a traditional warrior and medicine man
of old Itsa&#699;ti; the name cannot be analyzed.</p>
<p class="par">Turkeytown&mdash;see Gun-di&#699;gaduhun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Turniptown&mdash;see U&#699;lunyi.</p>
<p class="par">Tuskegee&mdash;see Ta&#699;ski&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Tusquittee Bald&mdash;see
Tsuwa&#699;-uniyetsun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Tusquittee creek&mdash;see Daskwitun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">tu&#699;sti&mdash;for tusti&#699;ga, a small bowl;
larger jars are called diwa&#699;li and unti&#699;ya.</p>
<p class="par">tuti&mdash;snowbird.</p>
<p class="par">Tuti&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Snowbird place,&rdquo; from
tu&#699;ti, snowbird, and yi, locative. Little Snow-bird creek of
Cheowa river, in Graham county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">tu&#699;tsahyesi&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;he will marry
you.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">tu&#699;ya&mdash;bean.</p>
<p class="par">tu&#699;ya-diskalaw&#699;sti&#699;ski&mdash;see
ti&#699;gu.</p>
<p class="par">tu&#699;yahusi&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;she will
die.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Tymahse&mdash;see Tomassee.</p>
<p class="par">Uchee&mdash;see Ani&#699;-Yu&#699;tsi.</p>
<p class="par">uda&#699;hale&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;on the sunny
side.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">uda&#699;i&mdash;the baneberry or cohosh vine (<i lang=
"la">Actaea?</i>). The name signifies that the plant has something long
hanging from it.</p>
<p class="par">uda&#699;li&mdash;&ldquo;(it is) married&rdquo;; the
mistletoe, so-called on account of its parasitic habit. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb271" href="#pb271" name="pb271">271</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">U&#699;dawagun&#699;ta&mdash;&ldquo;Bald.&rdquo; A bald
mountain of the Great Smoky range, in Yancy county, N. C., not far from
Mount Mitchell.</p>
<p class="par">Udsi&#699;skala&mdash;a masculine name.</p>
<p class="par">uga&#699;sita&mdash;sour.</p>
<p class="par">u&#699;giska&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;he is swallowing
it&rdquo;; from tsikiu&#699;, &ldquo;I am eating.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">u&#699;guku&#699;&mdash;the hooting or barred owl.</p>
<p class="par">ugunste&#699;li (ugunste&#699;lu in dialect
form)&mdash;the horny-head fish.</p>
<p class="par">Ugun&#699;yi&mdash;Tallulah falls, on the river of that
name, northeast from Clarksville, in Habersham county, Ga. The meaning
of the name is lost.</p>
<p class="par">Uilata&mdash;see U&#699;tlun&#699;ta.</p>
<p class="par">uk-ku&#699;suntsuteti&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;it will twist
up one&rsquo;s arm.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">
Uk-ku&#699;suntsuti&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;Bent-bow-shape&rdquo;; a comic
masculine name.</p>
<p class="par">Uk-kunagi&#699;sti&mdash;&ldquo;it will draw down
one&rsquo;s eye.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Uk-kwunagi&#699;ta&mdash;&ldquo;eye-drawn-down&rdquo;; a
comic masculine name.</p>
<p class="par">uksu&#699;hi&mdash;the mountain blacksnake or black
racer (<i lang="la">coluber obsoletus</i>); the name seems to refer to
some pecularity of the eye, akta&#699;, uksuhha&#699;, &ldquo;he has
something lodged in his eye.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Ukte&#699;na&mdash;&ldquo;Keen-eyed (?)&rdquo; from
akta&#699;, eye, akta&#699;ti, to examine closely. A mythic
great-horned serpent, with a talismanic diadem.</p>
<p class="par">Ukte&#699;na-tsuganun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where the
Uktena got fastened.&rdquo; A spot on Tuckasegee river, about two miles
above Bryson City, in Swain county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Ukwu&#699;nu (or Ukwu&#699;ni)&mdash;a former Cherokee
settlement, commonly known to the whites as Oconee, on Seneca creek,
near the present Walhalla, in Oconee county, S. C. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb272" href="#pb272" name="pb272">272</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Ula&#699;gu&#699;&mdash;the mythical original of the
yellow-jacket tribe. The word signifies &ldquo;leader,&rdquo;
&ldquo;boss,&rdquo; or &ldquo;principal one,&rdquo; and is applied to
the first yellow-jacket (d&#699;ska&#699;i) seen in the spring, to a
queen bee and to the leader of a working squad.</p>
<p class="par">u&#699;lana&#699;wa&mdash;the soft-shell turtle; see
also saligu&#699;gi and tuksi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">ulasu&#699;la&mdash;moccasin, shoe.</p>
<p class="par">ule&#699;&mdash;and; ule&#699;-nu, and also.</p>
<p class="par">ulskwulte&#699;gi&mdash;a &ldquo;pound mill,&rdquo; a
self-acting water-mill used in the Cherokee mountains. The name
signifies that &ldquo;it butts with its head&rdquo; (Uska&#699;, head),
in allusion to the way in which the pestles work in the mortar. The
generic word for mill is dist&#699;sti.</p>
<p class="par">ulstitlu&#699;&mdash;literally &ldquo;it is on his
head.&rdquo; The diamond crest on the head of the mythic Uktena
serpent. When detached it becomes Ulunsu&#699;ti.</p>
<p class="par">Ultiwa&#699;i&mdash;a former Cherokee settlement above
the present Ooltewah, on the creek of the same name, in James county,
Tenn.</p>
<p class="par">ulunni&#699;ta&mdash;domesticated, tame; may be used for
persons as well as animals, but not for plants; for cultivated or
domesticated plants the adjective is gunutlun&#699;i or
gunusun&#699;i.</p>
<p class="par">Ulunsu&#699;ti&mdash;&ldquo;Transparent&rdquo;; the
great talismanic crystal of the Cherokee.</p>
<p class="par">ulun&#699;ta&mdash;&ldquo;it has climbed,&rdquo; from
tsilahi&#699;, &ldquo;I am climbing&rdquo;; the poison oak (<i lang=
"la">Rhus radicans</i>).</p>
<p class="par">U&#699;lun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Tuber place,&rdquo; from
U&#699;li&#699;, a variety of edible tuber, and yi, locative. A former
settlement upon Turniptown, (for U&#699;lun&#699;yi) creek, above
Ellijay, in Gilmer county, Ga. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb273"
href="#pb273" name="pb273">273</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Unacala&mdash;see Uni&#699;gadihi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">U&#699;nadanti&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Place where they
conjured,&rdquo; the name of a gap about three miles east of Webster,
in Jackson county, N. C., and now transferred to the town itself.</p>
<p class="par">unade&#699;na&mdash;woolly, downy, (in speaking of
animals); uwa&#699;nu, wool, down, fine fur (detached from the
animal).</p>
<p class="par">u&#699;nahu&#699;&mdash;see unahwi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">u&#699;nahi&#699;&mdash;heart; in Middle and Lower
dialects, unahu&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Unaka&mdash;see une&#699;ga and Unicoi.</p>
<p class="par">unatlunwe&#699;hitu&mdash;&ldquo;it has spirals&rdquo;;
a plant (unidentified) used in conjuration.</p>
<p class="par">une&#699;ga&mdash;white.</p>
<p class="par">une&#699;guhi&mdash;&ldquo;he is (was) mischievous or
bad&rdquo;; tsune&#699;guhi&#699;yu, &ldquo;you are very
mischievous&rdquo; (said to a child).</p>
<p class="par">une&#699;gutsatu&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;(he is)
mischievous&rdquo;; a&#699;gine&#699;gutsatu&#699;, &ldquo;I am
mischievous.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Une&#699;lanun&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;The
Apportioner&rdquo;; &ldquo;I am apportioning,&rdquo;
gane&#699;lasku&#699;; &ldquo;I apportion&rdquo; (habitually),
<span class="corr" id="xd23e9689" title=
"Source: ganelaski">gane&#699;laski</span>. In the sacred formulas a
title of the Sun God; in the Bible the name of God.</p>
<p class="par">une&#699;stalun&mdash;ice.</p>
<p class="par">Unicoi&mdash;the map name of the Unicoi turnpike, of a
gap on the watershed between Chattahoochee and Hiwassee river, in
Georgia, and of a county in Tennessee. Probably a corruption of
une&#699;ga, white, whence comes also Unaka, the present map name of a
part of the Great Smoky range.</p>
<p class="par">uni&#699;gisti&mdash;foods; singular, agi&#699;sti.</p>
<p class="par">Uniga&#699;yata&#699;ti&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where they
made a fish trap,&rdquo; from uga&#699;yatun&#699;i, fish trap, and yi,
locative; a place on <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb274" href="#pb274"
name="pb274">274</a>]</span>Tuckasegee river, at the mouth of Deep
creek, near Bryson City, in Swain county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Uni&#699;haluna&mdash;see Ahalu&#699;na.</p>
<p class="par">Unika&#699;wa&mdash;the &ldquo;Town-house dance,&rdquo;
so-called because danced inside the town-house.</p>
<p class="par">
Une&#699;ga-dihi&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;White-man-killer&rdquo;; from
une&#699;ga, &ldquo;white,&rdquo; for yun&#699;wune&#699;ga,
&ldquo;white person,&rdquo; and dihi&#699;, a noun suffix denoting
&ldquo;killer<span class="corr" id="xd23e9709" title=
"Source: &rdquo; (">,&rdquo; &ldquo;</span>he kills them&rdquo;
(habitually). A Cherokee chief, whose name appears on the documents
about 1790.</p>
<p class="par">ungida&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;thy two elder brothers&rdquo;
(male speaking).</p>
<p class="par">ungini&#699;li&mdash;&ldquo;my elder brother.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">ungini&#699;si (plural,
tsungini&#699;si)&mdash;&ldquo;my daughter&rsquo;s child.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">u&#699;niskwetu&#699;gi&mdash;&ldquo;they wear a
hat,&rdquo; ulskwe&#699;tawa&#699;, hat from uska&#699;, head. The May
apple (<i lang="la">Podophyllum</i>).</p>
<p class="par">unistilun&#699;isti&mdash;&ldquo;they stick on along
their whole length&rdquo;; the generic name for &ldquo;stickers&rdquo;
and burrs, including the Spanish needle, cockle burr, jimson weed,
etc.</p>
<p class="par">uni&#699;tsi&mdash;her mother; agitsi&#699;, my
mother.</p>
<p class="par">Uniya&#699;hitun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where they shot
it,&rdquo; from tsiya&#699;ihu&#699;. &ldquo;I shot,&rdquo; and yi,
locative. A place on Tuckasegee river a short distance above Bryson
City, in Swain county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Unli&#699;ta&mdash;&ldquo;(He is) long-winded,&rdquo; an
archaic form for the regular word, gunli&#699;ta; an old masculine
name. A chief about the year 1790, known to the whites as &ldquo;The
Breath.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">Untoola&mdash;see Dihiyun&#699;dula&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Unta&#699;kiyasti&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Where they
race,&rdquo; from takiya&#699;ta, a race, and yi, locative; locally
corrupted to Tahkeyostee. The district on the French Broad river,
around Asheville, in Buncombe county, N. C. The town itself is known to
the Cherokee as Kasdu&#699;yi, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb275"
href="#pb275" name="pb275">275</a>]</span>&ldquo;Ashes place,&rdquo;
(from kasdu, ashes, and yi, locative), which is intended as a
translation of its proper name.</p>
<p class="par">Un&#699;tiguhi&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;Pot in water,&rdquo;
from or unti&#699;ya, pot, and guli&#699;, &ldquo;it is in the
water&rdquo; (or other liquid, habitually). The Suck, a dangerous rapid
in Tennessee river, at the entrance of Suck creek, about eight miles
below Chattanooga, Tenn.</p>
<p class="par">Untlasgasti&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Where they
scratched&rdquo;; a place at the head of Hyatt&rsquo;s creek of Valley
river, in Cherokee county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Untoola&mdash;see Dihyun&#699;dula&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Untsaili&#699; (also Etsaiyi&#699;, or Tsaiyi&#699;, the
first syllable being almost silent)&mdash;&ldquo;Brass.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">unwada&#699;li&mdash;store-house, provision house.</p>
<p class="par">Unwada-tsu&#699;gilasun&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;Where the
storehouse (unwada&#699;li) was taken off.&rdquo; Either Black Rock or
Jones' Knob, northeast of Webster, on the east line of Jackson county,
N. C.</p>
<p class="par">unun&#699;ti&mdash;milk.</p>
<p class="par">usdi&#699;ga (abbreviated usdi&#699;)&mdash;small;
plural tsunsdi&#699;ga, tsundi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">usga&#699;se&#699;ti&#699;yu&mdash;very dangerous, very
terrible; intensive of usga&#699;se&#699;ti.</p>
<p class="par">Uskwale&#699;na&mdash;&ldquo;Big-Head,&rdquo; from
uska&#699;, head; a masculine name, perhaps the original of the
&ldquo;Bull-head,&rdquo; given by Haywood as the name of a former noted
Cherokee warrior.</p>
<p class="par">Uskwa&#699;li-gu&#699;ta&mdash;&ldquo;His stomach hangs
down,&rdquo; from uskwa&#699;li, his stomach, and gu&#699;ta, &ldquo;it
hangs down.&rdquo; A prominent chief of the Revolutionary period, known
to the whites as Hanging-maw.</p>
<p class="par">U&#699;stana&#699;li (from U&#699;stanala&#699;hi or
uni&#699;stana&#699;la (a plural form), denoting a natural barrier of
rocks <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb276" href="#pb276" name=
"pb276">276</a>]</span>(plural) across a stream)&mdash;a name occurring
in several places in the old Cherokee country, and variously spelled
Eastinaulee, Eastinora, Estanaula, Eustenaree, Istanare, Oostanaula,
Oostinawley, Ustenary, etc.</p>
<p class="par">u&#699;stuti&mdash;see utsu&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Ustu&#699;tli&mdash;a traditional dangerous serpent. The
name signifies having something on the calf of the leg or on the heel,
from ustutun&#699;i &ldquo;(his) calf of the leg
(attached).<span class="corr" id="xd23e9769" title=
"Not in source">&rdquo;</span> It is applied also to the Southern
hoop-snake.</p>
<p class="par">Usunhi&#699;yi&mdash;the &ldquo;Darkening land,&rdquo;
&ldquo;where it is always getting dark,&rdquo; as at twilight. The name
used for the west in the myths and the sacred formulas; the common word
is wude&#699;ligun&#699;yi, &ldquo;there where it (the sun) goes
down.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">u&#699;tanu&mdash;great, fully developed. Cf.
e&#699;gwa.</p>
<p class="par">utawa&#699;hilu&mdash;&ldquo;hand breadth,&rdquo; from
uwa&#699;yi, hand. A figurative term used in the myths and sacred
formulas.</p>
<p class="par">U&#699;tawagun&#699;ta&mdash;&ldquo;Bald place.&rdquo; A
high bald peak in the Great Smoky range on the Tenn.-N. C. line,
northeast from Big Pigeon river.</p>
<p class="par">U&#699;tlun&#699;ta&mdash;&ldquo;He (or she) has it
sharp,&rdquo; i. e., has some sharp part or organ; it might be used of
a tooth, a finger-nail, or some other attached part of the body.</p>
<p class="par">U&#699;tluntun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;U&#699;tlun&#699;ta
place&rdquo;; see U&#699;tlun&#699;ta. A place on Little Tennessee
river, nearly off Citico creek, in Blount county, Tenn.</p>
<p class="par">U&#699;tsala&mdash;&ldquo;Lichen&rdquo;; another form of
utsale&#699;ta. A Cherokee chief of Removal period in 1838.</p>
<p class="par">utsale&#699;ta&mdash;lichen, literally &ldquo;pot
scrapings,&rdquo; from a fancied resemblance. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb277" href="#pb277" name="pb277">277</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">utsa&#699;nati&#699;&mdash;rattlesnake; the name is of
doubtful etymology, but is said to refer to the rattle.</p>
<p class="par">Utsa&#699;nati&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Rattlesnake
place.&rdquo; Rattlesnake springs, about two miles south from
Charlestown, Bradley county, Tenn.</p>
<p class="par">utset&#699;sti&mdash;&ldquo;he grins&rdquo;
(habitually). See si&#699;kwa utset&#699;sti.</p>
<p class="par">utsi&#699;&mdash;her (his) mother; etsi&#699;,
agitsi&#699;, my mother.</p>
<p class="par">Utsi&#699;dsata&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;Corn-tassel,&rdquo;
&ldquo;Thistle-head,&rdquo; etc. It is used as a masculine name, and
was probably the Cherokee name of the chief of Revolutionary times,
known as &ldquo;Old Tassel.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">utsu&#699;gi&mdash;the tufted titmouse (<i lang=
"la">Parus bicolor</i>); also called u&#699;stuti&#699;, &ldquo;topnot,
or tip,&rdquo; on account of its crest.</p>
<p class="par">u&#699;tsuti&#699;&mdash;fish. Also, many.</p>
<p class="par">Uwaga&#699;hi (commonly written
Ocoee)&mdash;&ldquo;Apricot place,&rdquo; from uwa&#699;ga, the
&ldquo;apricot vines,&rdquo; or &ldquo;maypop,&rdquo; (<i lang=
"la">Passiflora incarnata</i>), and hi, locative. A former important
settlement on Ocowe river, near its junction with Hiwassee, about the
present Benton, in Polk county, Tenn.</p>
<p class="par">uwa&#699;yi&mdash;hand, paw, generally used with the
possessive suffix, as uwaye&#699;ni, &ldquo;his hand.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">uwe&#699;la&mdash;liver.</p>
<p class="par">uwe&#699;nahi&mdash;rich; used also as a personal
name.</p>
<p class="par">Uw&#699;tsun&#699;ta&mdash;&ldquo;Bouncer&rdquo;
(habitual); from k&#699;tsi, &ldquo;it is bouncing.&rdquo; A
traditional serpent described as moving by jerks like a measuring worm,
to which also the name is applied.</p>
<p class="par">Uyahye&#699;&mdash;a high peak in the Great Smoky range,
probably on the line between Swain county, N. C., and Sevier county,
Tenn.</p>
<p class="par">Uy&#699;gila&#699;gi&mdash;abbreviated from
Tsuyu&#699;gila&#699;gi, &ldquo;where there are dams,&rdquo; i. e.,
beaver dams; from gu&#699;gilu&#699;unsku&#699;, &ldquo;he is damming
it.&rdquo; 1. A former settlement on <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb278" href="#pb278" name="pb278">278</a>]</span>Oothcaloga
(Ougillogy) creek of Oostanaula river, near the present Calhoun, in
Gordon county, Ga.; 2. Beaverdam creek, west of Clarksville, in
Habbersham county, Ga.</p>
<p class="par">Valleytown&mdash;see Gu&#699;nahitun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Vengeance creek&mdash;see Gansa&#699;ti&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Wachesa&mdash;see Watsi&#699;su.</p>
<p class="par">wadan&#699;&mdash;thanks!</p>
<p class="par">wa&#699;di&mdash;paint, especially red paint.</p>
<p class="par">wa&#699;dige-aska&#699;li&mdash;&ldquo;his head (is)
brown,&rdquo; i. e., &ldquo;brown-head&rdquo;; from wadige&#699;i,
brown, brown-red, and aska&#699;li, head; the copperhead snake.</p>
<p class="par">Wadi&#699;yahi&mdash;a feminine name of doubtful
etymology. An expert basket-making woman among the East Cherokee, who
died in 1895. She was known to the whites as Mrs. Bushyhead.</p>
<p class="par">Wafford&mdash;see Tsuskwanun&#699;ta.</p>
<p class="par">Wa&#699;ginsi&mdash;the name <span class="corr" id=
"xd23e9846" title="Source: or">of</span> an eddy at the junction of
Little Tennessee and the main Tennessee rivers at Lenoir, in London
county, Tenn. The town is now known to the Cherokee by the same name,
of which the meaning is lost.</p>
<p class="par">waguli&#699;&mdash;whippoorwill; the name is an
onomatope; the Delaware name is wekolis.</p>
<p class="par">Wahnenauhi&mdash;see Wani&#699;nahi.</p>
<p class="par">wa&#699;huhu&#699;&mdash;the screech-owl.</p>
<p class="par">wa&#699;ka&mdash;cow; from the Spanish vaca, as is also
the Creek waga and the Arapaho wakuch.</p>
<p class="par">wala&#699;si&mdash;the common green frog.</p>
<p class="par">Walasi&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;Frog place.&rdquo; 1. A
former settlement, known to the whites as Frogtown, upon the creek of
the same name, north of Dahlonega, in Lumpkin <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb279" href="#pb279" name=
"pb279">279</a>]</span>county, Ga. 2. Le Conte and Bullhead Mountains
in the Great Smoky range on the N. C.-Tenn. line, together with the
ridge extending into Sevier county, Tenn., between the Middle and West
forks of Little Pigeon river.</p>
<p class="par">walas&#699;-unul&#699;sti&mdash;&ldquo;it fights
frogs,&rdquo; from wala&#699;si, frog, and unul&#699;sti, &ldquo;it
fights&rdquo; (habitually); gu&#699;lihu&#699;, &ldquo;I am
fighting.&rdquo; The <i lang="la">Prosartes lanuginosa</i> plant.</p>
<p class="par">Walas&#699;-unulstiyi&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;Place of the
plant,&rdquo; walas&#699;-unul&#699;sti, commonly known to the whites
as Fightingtown, from a translation of the latter part of a name; a
former settlement on Fighting creek, near Morgantown, in Fannin county,
Ga.</p>
<p class="par">Walini&#699;&mdash;a feminine name, compounded from
Wali, another form of Kwali, &ldquo;Polly,&rdquo; with a suffix added
for euphony.</p>
<p class="par">Wane&#699;-asun&#699;tlunyi&mdash;&ldquo;Hickory footlog
place,&rdquo; from wane&#699;i, hickory, asun-tlun&#699;i (q. v.),
footlog, bridge, and yi, locative. A former settlement, known to the
whites as Hickory-log, on Etowah river, a short distance above Canton,
in Cherokee county, Ga.</p>
<p class="par">Wani&#699;nahi&#699;&mdash;a feminine name of uncertain
etymology; the Wahnenauhi of the Wahnenauhi manuscript.</p>
<p class="par">Washington&mdash;see Wa&#699;situ&#699;na.</p>
<p class="par">Wa&#699;si&mdash;the Cherokee form for Moses.</p>
<p class="par">Wa&#699;situ&#699;na, Wa&#699;suntu&#699;na (different
dialect forms)&mdash;a Cherokee known to the whites as Washington, the
sole survivor of a Removal tragedy. The name denotes a hollow log (or
other cylindrical object) lying on the ground at a distance; the root
of the word is asi&#699;ta, log, and the w prefix indicates
distance.</p>
<p class="par">Wa&#699;sulu&#699;&mdash;a large red-brown moth which
flies about blossoming tobacco in the evening. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb280" href="#pb280" name="pb280">280</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Wata&#699;gi (commonly written Watauga, also Wataga,
Wattoogee, Whatoga, etc.)&mdash;a name occurring in two or more towns
in the old Cherokee country; one was an important settlement on Watauga
creek of Little Tennessee river, a few miles below Franklin, in Macon
county, N. C.; another was traditionally located at Watauga Old Fields,
about the present Elizabethton on Wateuga river, in Carter county,
Tenn. The meaning is lost.</p>
<p class="par">Watau&#699;ga&mdash;see Wata&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">Watsi&#699;sa&mdash;a prominent old Cherokee, known to
the whites as Wachesa, a name which cannot be translated, who formerly
lived on Beaverdam creek of Hiwassee river, below Murphy, in Cherokee
county, N. C. From the fact that the Unicoi turnpike passed near his
place, it was locally known as Wachesa trail.</p>
<p class="par">wa&#699;ya&mdash;wolf; an onomatope, an imitation of the
animal&rsquo;s howl; cf. the Creek name, yaha.</p>
<p class="par">Wa&#699;ya&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;Wolf place,&rdquo; i.
e., place of the Wolf clan; the form Ani&#699;Wa&#699;ya&#699;hi is not
used. Wolftown settlement on upper Soco creek, on the East Cherokee
reservation, in Jackson county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Waya Gap&mdash;see A&#699;tahi&#699;ta.</p>
<p class="par">Wayeh&mdash;see Wayi.</p>
<p class="par">Wayi&mdash;&ldquo;Pigeon&rdquo;; the modern Cherokee
name for Big Pigeon river, in western N. C.; probably a translation of
the English name. It appears also as Wayeh.</p>
<p class="par">Welch, Lloyd&mdash;see Da&#699;si&#699;giya&#699;gi.</p>
<p class="par">wesa&mdash;cat.</p>
<p class="par">White-path&mdash;see Nunna&#699;hi-tsune&#699;ga.</p>
<p class="par">Willstown&mdash;a former important settlement, so-called
from the half-breed chief known to the whites as Red-headed Will, on
Will&rsquo;s creek below Fort <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb281"
href="#pb281" name="pb281">281</a>]</span>Payne, in Dekalb county, Ala.
The settlement was frequently called from him Wili&#699;yi,
&ldquo;Will&rsquo;s place,&rdquo; but this was not the proper local
name.</p>
<p class="par">Wilsini&#699;&mdash;The Cherokee name for H. W. Spray,
agent and superintendent for the East Cherokee reservation; an
adaptation of his middle name, Wilson.</p>
<p class="par">Wil-usdi&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;Little Will,&rdquo; from
Wili&#699;, Will and usdi&#699;ga or usdi&#699;, little. The Cherokee
name for Colonel W. H. Thomas, for many years the recognized chief of
the eastern band.</p>
<p class="par">Wissactaw&mdash;see gahawi&#699;stia.</p>
<p class="par">Wolftown&mdash;see Wa&#699;ya&#699;hi.</p>
<p class="par">Wootassite&mdash;see Outacity.</p>
<p class="par">Wrosetasatow&mdash;see Outacity.</p>
<p class="par">Wude&#699;ligun&#699;yi&mdash;the west; literally
&ldquo;there where it (the sun) goes down,&rdquo; (w prefixed implies
distance, yi, locative). See also Usunhi&#699;yi and
wusuhihun&#699;yi.</p>
<p class="par">Wuliga&#699;natutun&mdash;excelling all others, either
good or bad; it may be used as equivalent to wastun, &ldquo;beyond the
limit.&rdquo;</p>
<p class="par">wusuhihun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;there where they stay
over night,&rdquo; i. e., &ldquo;the west.&rdquo; An archaic term used
by the narrator of the story of Untsaiyi&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Xuala&mdash;see Ani-Suwa&#699;li.</p>
<p class="par">ya&mdash;a suffix denoting principal or real, as
tsiskwa&#699;ya, &ldquo;principal bird,&rdquo; the sparrow;
Ani&#699;-Yunwiya&#699;, &ldquo;principal or real people,&rdquo;
Indians.</p>
<p class="par">Yahula&#699;li&mdash;&ldquo;Yahu&#699;la place,&rdquo;
from Yuhu&#699;la, a Cherokee trader said to have been taken by the
spirit people; Yahu&#699;la, seems to be from the Creek yoho&#699;lo, a
name having reference to the song (yoholo), used in the &ldquo;black
drink&rdquo; ceremony of the Creeks; thus <span class="pagenum">[<a id=
"pb282" href="#pb282" name=
"pb282">282</a>]</span>a&#699;si-yoho&#699;lo, corrupted into Osceola,
signified &ldquo;the black drink song&rdquo;; it may, however, be a
true Cherokee word, yahu&#699;lu or yahu&#699;li, the name for a
variety of hickory, also for the &ldquo;doodle-bug&rdquo;;
Unyahu&#699;la is a feminine name, but cannot be translated. Yahoola
creek, near Dahlonega, in Lumpkin county, Ga.</p>
<p class="par">Yala&#699;gi&mdash;Alarka creek of Little Tennessee
river, above the junction of Tuckasegee, in Swain county, N. C.; the
meaning of the name is lost.</p>
<p class="par">yandaska&#699;ga&mdash;a faultfinder.</p>
<p class="par">Yan-e&#699;gwa&mdash;&ldquo;Big-Bear,&rdquo; from yanu,
bear, and egwa, great, large. A prominent chief about the year 1800;
the name occurs in treaties as Yonah, Yohanaqua and Yonahequah.</p>
<p class="par">ya&#699;nu&mdash;bear.</p>
<p class="par">Ya&#699;nu-dinehun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where the bears
live,&rdquo; from yanu, bear, dinehu&#699;, &ldquo;they dwell&rdquo;
(e&#699;hu, &ldquo;I dwell, I live&rdquo;) and yi, locative. A place on
Oconaluftee river, a short distance above the junction with Tuckasegee,
in Swain county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Yanugun&#699;ski&mdash;&ldquo;the bear drowns him&rdquo;
(habitually), from yanu, bear, and tsigun&#699;iska&#699;, &ldquo;I am
drowning him.&rdquo; A noted East Cherokee chief, known to the whites
as Yonaguska or Drowning-bear.</p>
<p class="par">yan&#699;-utse&#699;stu&mdash;&ldquo;The bear lies on
it&rdquo;; the shield fern (<i lang="la">Aspidium</i>).</p>
<p class="par">Ya&#699;nu-u&#699;natawasti&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where
the bears wash,&rdquo; (from yanu, bear, and yi, locative); a former
pond in the Great Smoky Mountains, about the head of Raven Fork, in
Swain county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Yawa&#699;i&mdash;&ldquo;Yawa place&rdquo;; a place on
Yellow creek of Cheowa river, in Graham county, N. C.</p>
<p class="par">Yellow-Hill&mdash;see Elawa&#699;diyi. <span class=
"pagenum">[<a id="pb283" href="#pb283" name="pb283">283</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Yohanaqua&mdash;see Yan-e&#699;gwa.</p>
<p class="par">yoho-o!&mdash;an unmeaning song refrain.</p>
<p class="par">Yonaguska&mdash;see Ya&#699;nugun&#699;ski.</p>
<p class="par">Yonah&mdash;1. (mountain) see Gadalu&#699;lu. 2. An
abbreviated treaty form for the name of the chief Yana&#699;gwa.</p>
<p class="par">Yonahequah&mdash;see Yan-e&#699;gwa.</p>
<p class="par">Ytaua, Ytava&mdash;see I&#699;tawa&#699;.</p>
<p class="par">Yu!&mdash;an unmeaning song refrain and
interjection.</p>
<p class="par">Yuha&#699;li&mdash;Euharlee creek, of lower Etowah
river, in Bartow county, Ga. The name is said by the Cherokee to be a
corruption of Yufala (Eufaula), a well known Creek local name.</p>
<p class="par">yunsu&#699;&mdash;buffalo; cf. Creek yena&#699;sa,
Choctaw yanash, Hichitee ya&#699;nasi.</p>
<p class="par">Yunsa&#699;i&mdash;&ldquo;Buffalo place&rdquo;; West
Buffalo creek of Cheowa river in Graham county, N. C.; the site of a
former Cherokee settlement.</p>
<p class="par">yun&#699;wi&mdash;person, man.</p>
<p class="par">Yun&#699;wi
Ama&#699;yine&#699;hi&mdash;&ldquo;Water-dwelling people,&rdquo; from
yun&#699;wi, person, and ama&#699;yine&#699;hi, plural of
amaye&#699;hi, q. v.; a race of water fairies.</p>
<p class="par">Yun&#699;wi Gunahi&#699;ta&mdash;&ldquo;Long Man&rdquo;;
a formulistic name for the river, personified as a man with his head
resting on the mountain and his feet stretching down to the lowlands,
who is constantly speaking to those who can understand the message.</p>
<p class="par">Yun&#699;wini&#699;gisgi&mdash;&ldquo;man-eaters,&rdquo;
literally, &ldquo;They eat people&rdquo; (habitually), from
yun&#699;wi, person, man, and uni, giski, &ldquo;they eat<span class=
"corr" id="xd23e9995" title="Not in source">&rdquo;</span>
(habitually), from tsikiu&#699;, &ldquo;I am eating&rdquo;; the
Cherokee name for a distant cannibal tribe, possibly the Atakapa or the
Tonkawa. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb284" href="#pb284" name=
"pb284">284</a>]</span></p>
<p class="par">Yun&#699;wi-tsulenun&#699;yi&mdash;&ldquo;where man
stood,&rdquo; originally yun&#699;wi-dikatagun&#699;yi, &ldquo;where
the man stands,&rdquo; from <span class="corr" id="xd23e10001" title=
"Source: Yun&#699;wi">yun&#699;wi</span>, person, man, tsita&#699;ga,
&ldquo;I am standing,&rdquo; and yi, locative; Standing Indian, a high
bald mountain at the head of Nantahala river, in Macon county, N.
C.</p>
<p class="par">Yun&#699;wi Tsunsdi&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;little
people,&rdquo; from yun&#699;wi, person, people, and tsunsdi&#699;ga or
tsunsdi, plural of usdi&#699;ga or usdi&#699;, little; the Cherokee
fairies.</p>
<p class="par">Yun&#699;wi Usdi&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;little man.&rdquo; A
formulistic name for ginseng, a&#699;tali-guli&#699;, q. v.</p>
<p class="par">Yun&#699;wi-usga&#699;se&#699;ti&mdash;&ldquo;dangerous
man, terrible man&rdquo;; a traditional leader in the westward
migration of Cherokee.</p>
<p class="par">Yun&#699;wiya&#699;&mdash;&ldquo;Indian,&rdquo;
literally, &ldquo;principal or real person,<span class="corr" id=
"xd23e10012" title="Source: &ldquo;">&rdquo;</span> from yun&#699;wi,
person, and ya, a suffix denoting principal or real.</p>
<p class="par">yu&#699;we-yuwehe&#699;&mdash;an unmeaning song
refrain.</p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e10018width" id="p284-1"><img src=
"images/p284-1.jpg" alt="High Falls, Buck Forest, N. C." width="644"
height="484">
<p class="figureHead">High Falls, Buck Forest, N. C.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;And it bounds full many a fathom</p>
<p class="line">In its final furious fall.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
<p class="par"></p>
<div class="figure xd23e10032width" id="p284-2"><img src=
"images/p284-2.jpg" alt="Melrose Falls, Tryon, N. C." width="642"
height="483">
<p class="figureHead">Melrose Falls, Tryon, N. C.</p>
<p class="par first"></p>
<div class="q">
<div class="body">
<div class="lgouter">
<p class="line">&ldquo;Plunges down deep in the gulches</p>
<p class="line">Where the rocks are worn with age.&rdquo;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
<p class="par"></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="back">
<div class="transcribernote">
<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2>
<h3 class="main">Availability</h3>
<p class="par first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no
cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give
it away or re-use it under the terms of the <a class="seclink xd23e43"
title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/license" rel=
"license">Project Gutenberg License</a> included with this eBook or
online at <a class="seclink xd23e43" title="External link" href=
"https://www.gutenberg.org/" rel="home">www.gutenberg.org</a>.</p>
<p class="par">This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at <a class="exlink xd23e43" title="External link"
href="http://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>.</p>
<h3 class="main">Encoding</h3>
<p class="par first"></p>
<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3>
<ul>
<li>2016-10-26 Started.</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="main">External References</h3>
<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These
links may not work for you.</p>
<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3>
<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p>
<table class="correctiontable" summary=
"Overview of corrections applied to the text.">
<tr>
<th>Page</th>
<th>Source</th>
<th>Correction</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e3102">67</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Balsam Mountains.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e3127">67</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd23e6434">137</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
"#xd23e7976">215</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd23e7981">215</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8208">223</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
"#xd23e8841">245</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9108">253</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9769">276</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
"#xd23e9995">283</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">&rdquo;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e3673">77</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Mount Pisgah.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e4020">83</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd23e6326">129</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
"#xd23e6947">170</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd23e7181">186</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8753">242</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e4457">91</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Whiteside Mountain.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e5326">107</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Where the Serpent Coiled.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e6374">132</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd23e7273">192</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
"#xd23e8615">237</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8833">245</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9105">253</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">&ldquo;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e6493">139</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">ran</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e6640">150</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">perferred</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">preferred</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e6734">155</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd23e6776">158</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Agan-unitsi</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Agan-uni-tsi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e6788">159</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd23e6936">169</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
"#xd23e7055">177</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd23e7988">215</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8035">217</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
"#xd23e8819">244</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9012">251</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9482">267</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">.</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">,</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e6869">165</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">law</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">lay</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e7268">192</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Toh-kee-os-tee</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Tah-kee-os-tee</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e7418">200</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">u</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">&ucirc;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e7514">202</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">akwandu&rsquo;li</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">akwandu&#699;li</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e7552">203</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">a&prime;netsa&#699;gi</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">anetsa&#699;gi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e7591">205</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">&rsquo;&rdquo;</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">&rdquo;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e7738">210</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8122">220</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">)</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e7973">215</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Da</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Da&#699;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8119">220</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">stroke</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">strike</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8124">220</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">personfied</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">personified</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8164">222</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Yellow-hill</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Yellow-Hill</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8306">227</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Tsistu&rsquo;yi</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Tsistu&#699;yi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8482">234</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">iya</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">i&#699;ya</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8486">234</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">iya&#699;-tawi&#699;skage</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">i&#699;ya&#699;-tawi&#699;skage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8703">241</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">see</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8732">242</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Na ts-asun&#699;tlun</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Nats-asun&#699;tlun</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8790">243</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">&rdquo;</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">&ldquo;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8814">244</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">sen</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">sun</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e8979">250</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">.)</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9022">251</a>,
<a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9231">258</a>, <a class="pageref" href=
"#xd23e9493">268</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9511">268</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9189">257</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">tawi-skala</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">tawi&#699;skala</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9211">257</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">city</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">City</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9292">260</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Nicoliana</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Nicotiana</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9331">261</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Nanatahala</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Nantahala</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9419">265</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">tskili'</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">tskili&#699;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9535">269</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">(</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9689">273</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">ganelaski</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">gane&#699;laski</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9709">274</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">&rdquo; (</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">,&rdquo; &ldquo;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e9846">278</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">or</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">of</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e10001">284</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">Yun&#699;wi</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">yun&#699;wi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd23e10012">284</a></td>
<td class="width40 bottom">&ldquo;</td>
<td class="width40 bottom">&rdquo;</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>

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