diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/53371-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/53371-0.txt | 1707 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 1707 deletions
diff --git a/old/53371-0.txt b/old/53371-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b67053b..0000000 --- a/old/53371-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1707 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Haslemere Museum Gazette, Vol. 1, No. -2, June 1906, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Haslemere Museum Gazette, Vol. 1, No. 2, June 1906 - A Journal of Objective Education and Field-Study - -Author: Various - -Editor: Jonathan Hutchinson - E. W. Swanton - -Release Date: October 26, 2016 [EBook #53371] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HASLEMERE MUSEUM *** - - - - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -[Illustration: The Historical Department.] - - * * * * * - - THE - MUSEUM GAZETTE. - - NO. 2. JUNE, 1906. VOL. 1. - - * * * * * - -OUR HISTORY ROOM. (_See Frontispiece._) - -A department of our Museum to which, as regards its educational -usefulness, we attach very great importance, is that which attempts the -illustration of Human History. It is displayed in a separate division -of the main building, and is arranged, as far as possible, on “the -space-for-time method.” This method, which, following the pattern of -an ordinary diary, allots to every period of time the same amount of -space, is, of course, possible only where the time-periods and dates -are fairly well established. It is not well adapted, excepting as -a sort of open and, to some extent speculative, framework for the -illustration of prehistoric times. A courageous example of such use of -it we ventured to offer in our last number in reference to prehistoric -man in Britain. It was not history in any other sense than that the -periods of time were real; the events assigned to them were largely -conjectural. In the Museum itself we do not attempt to deal with very -remote periods in this manner. Our space-for-time arrangement begins -only with 2000 B.C. It might now, perhaps, fairly begin with 4000 B.C., -but, unfortunately, we have not space enough. In this Schedule, which -occupies the whole of one side of a long room (70 feet), a measured -space on the wall, of nearly two feet, is allotted to each century. -The centuries are marked out by strong black lines, drawn vertically -from roof to the table-shelf below. This table-shelf is 18 inches wide, -and runs the whole length of the room. It is upon it that the busts -shown in our frontispiece are standing. Each bust is supposed to be in -its appropriate century, and with it are placed any other illustrative -objects belonging to the period--medals, coins, small architectural -models (when we have them), and the like. For instance, a model of -Stonehenge stands in the century in which it seems probable that that -most remarkable structure was built, and portions of Roman pavement -and other relics mark the period of the Italian occupation of Britain. -Upon the wall itself are placed engravings, photographs, and the like, -illustrative of the century, and representing either human personality -or some results of human effort. In order to aid the memory each -century is designated by the name of some prominent person of the time, -to whom other associations may conveniently cling. These names, painted -in bold characters, head the columns which represent the centuries. -Beneath these prominent names we have (in the case of a considerable -number of the most recent centuries) put up schedules of the principal -events, and lists of some of the principal persons. The appended -schedule is one of them and will illustrate what is meant:-- - - FOURTEENTH A.D. - - CHAUCER. - - The Three Edwards. - Bannockburn. - Famine in England. - The Hundred Years’ War begins. - Battle of Crecy. - The Black Death (Plague). - Battle of Poictiers. - Bolingbroke dethrones Richard II. - Froissart’s Chronicle. - - Wallace and Bruce. Dante. John of Gaunt. Rienzi. Van Artevelde. - Wickliffe. Huss. Boccaccio. Petrarch. William Tell. - -It will, if what we have tried to describe has conveyed its intended -meaning, be seen that an observer passing slowly down the length of -the room, may appreciate at a glance the relative position of the -principal events in the world’s history. He can hardly avoid noticing, -with fair accuracy, the distance between Homer and Socrates, between -Socrates and Paul, and between the Christian epoch and the times of -Milton and Shakespeare. He will be impressed at once, as, possibly, -he never was before, with a perception of the brief and very recent -portion of time which contains the whole of the annals of our own -nation. If, in addition to thus obtaining a sort of bird’s-eye view -of the progress of the world, it is desired to go into detail and -devote time to the enquiry, a certain amount of help will be found -to have been provided on the table-shelf. Detailed schedules taken -from the “The Centuries” (see advertisement) have been mounted on -board conveniently for hand use, and are placed on the table-shelf at -the foot of each century. A few books of reference in biography and -history, and numerous maps, have also been suitably placed, and there -are chairs. - -The “Historical Schedule” described takes up, as we have said, the -whole of one side of the long room. The other side of it, as well -as much of the floor-space, is occupied by somewhat miscellaneous -illustrations of prehistoric times, and of nations and races which -have not as yet attained to history. The anthropoids, anthropology -and ethnology in general here find illustration, in large part, but -not wholly, by pictorial aid. We have also a few interesting objects -suitable, as illustrating social progress, for what is now known as a -Folk-Museum. - -It is believed that this department of the Museum offers special -facilities to teachers, who bring their classes into it and give -explanations on the spot, and that by enabling the pupil to obtain a -wide purview of historical times, it may do somewhat to obviate the -inevitably cramping influence of the too detailed study of single -epochs. - - * * * * * - -FAMOUS WOMEN AT THE NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. - -We have climbed to the third landing. Let us turn into the left-hand -gallery and we shall come to one of the most interesting groups in the -whole Museum. - -It is that which contains portraits of English women whose names -have become famous in literature. Here we have Mrs. Browning, Sarah -Austin, Mrs. Carter, Miss Strickland, George Eliot, Mary Somerville, -and many others. The collection is not nearly so complete as could -be wished--for Jane Austen, Anne and Jane Taylor, Hannah More, the -Brontës, and many others are wanting--still, it is very good. But -few males are admitted. Robert Browning is very properly allowed -to accompany his wife, and the fact, we presume, that his wife was -with him, has also gained access for Thomas Hood. A portrait of Lady -Hamilton strikes us as a little out of place, but the Museum has as -yet no department for female charm, and as this is by Romney it may -have been difficult to refuse it. With the exception of it and one of -Elizabeth Fry, all the others have more or less direct claim to be -associated with literature or science. To Mrs. Opie, Mrs. Browning -and Miss Strickland no one will hesitate to accord the praise of good -looks, and many others exhibit in a remarkable degree the bright-eyed -intelligence which we expect from authoresses. Several show a splendid -breadth of forehead, the accompaniment, no doubt, of a brachycephalic -or broad head. Mrs. Carter, Miss Mitford (of “Our village”), Mrs. -Trimmer, Miss Strickland and George Eliot are the best, but not the -only instances of this. It might be hardly good manners to describe -too exactly the various features of feminine faces, and the fact that -but few show the profile makes it difficult to judge accurately as to -size and shape of nose and chin. Few are, in any sense, disappointing. -That of Mrs. Carlisle might have been kept back without loss, since, -if it is in the least true to life, it gives a too painful sense -of justification to the rumours of married unhappiness, which were -probably to a large extent unfounded. The portrait of Sarah Austin, -when old and ill, might also perhaps be spared, since there is a very -pleasing one of her in earlier life. At any rate, the two ought to be -placed together. Declining, as we do, in reference to almost the whole, -the task of detailed analysis of features, we cannot, in the interests -of physiognomical research, exempt those behind which lay the most -profound intellect ever possessed by a woman. Mrs. Carter in classical -and literary attainments, and Mary Somerville in the domain of science, -must be accorded foremost places. Mrs. Browning is second, perhaps, to -none in depth of human sympathy and beauty of poetic expression; but -if we estimate character by profundity of insight, we shall probably -accord to George Eliot amongst women much the same position as that -which Shakespeare holds amongst men. We do not for a moment compare her -with Shakespeare. - -Of George Eliot the Museum possesses three portraits. Most fortunately, -it has also one of her father. It would add enormously to the value -of portraits as a means to the illustration of character, if we might -always have associated with that of a distinguished individual those -of his parents, and even of his brothers and sisters. The portrait of -Robert Evans (George Eliot’s father) is a very pleasing one--a grave, -serious face, with a large Roman nose, well-formed lips and chin, and -a really magnificent forehead. The nose probably gives a clue to his -family descent. - -Of those of the authoress herself, the first, taken when she was 23, -by a lady friend (Mrs. Bray), is a poor work of art, and exhibits a -commonplace face, surmounted by a very large rounded forehead. It is -impossible to judge of the nose. A second is of some years older, and -is much better executed. The forehead is still there, and the nose is -shown of good size and shapely, and the lips and chin are well formed. -The face is a shorter one than in the next, and the hair is of a much -lighter tint. The face is pleasing and attractive, not much unlike, if -we remember rightly, one which represented Jenny Lind. - -Lastly, we come to the often copied and well-known portrait at age 46, -by Sir F. Burton. In this the nose and face are long, almost suggesting -an approach to what is called a horse face. The chin is good, but as -the fine forehead is much concealed by folds of hair, the balance of -features is not perfect, and the whole result not pleasing. All the -three show the eyes light grey or blue. There can be no doubt that -George Eliot had a large forehead and a fairly large nose and chin, but -further than this these somewhat disaccording portraits do not take us. -We must fall back on her father’s Roman nose and really beautifully -balanced features. - -Mary Somerville’s face is a very intellectual one, but a trifle cold as -regards mouth and chin. Looking at Mrs. Carter’s width of forehead, no -one can doubt that she had “skull-room” for many languages and what had -been written in them. There is a most pleasant expression on her face, -suggesting a genial companion and ready conversation, but her chin is -weak and small. Mrs. Browning’s face is alive with graceful vigour, and -her forehead, as we have already said, is full and round. - -It is held that the heads of women are dolichocephalic (long in -proportion to breadth) in larger average than those of men. There is -certainly nothing in this collection of portraits which would oppose -the supposition that the higher developments of intellect in women, -as in men, are usually met with in heads unusually broad. Such an -inference must, however, be accepted with some caution. - - * * * * * - -THE BRAIN IN RELATION TO INTELLECT. - -When we speak of size of brain in reference to intellectual endowments -we must draw a clear distinction between the eminence of a specialist -and that of one of wide attainments. A man may become famous as a -specialist by the sedulous cultivation of one branch of knowledge, -whilst far from being distinguished by wide grasp of thought. Indeed, -the absence of interest in some branches of knowledge may greatly -favour the exclusive devotion to a single one. Peschell quotes -the weights of the brains of some Göttingen professors which were -considerably below the average: Gauss, Fuchs (pathologist), Hermann -(philologist), Haussmann (mineralogist). - -Cuvier and Lord Byron are usually cited as having had brains much -heavier than the average, but there is some uncertainty, especially as -to the latter. None of his lordship’s portraits suggest a large head. - -Although there are considerable discrepancies in the statements of -those who have examined the matter, there can be little or no doubt -that the brain increases somewhat with the advance of civilisation, and -that it was smaller in the prehistoric races of man than in the more -advanced ones of the present age. The differences are probably not so -great as many may expect, but they are real. The Australian natives -stand the lowest, and the Europeans the highest. The American Indian -had a larger brain than the Asiatic, and the Asiatic than the African. -The Chinese stand between the European and the Negro. Two Irish skulls -are perhaps the largest on record. - -The size of the skull may possibly not be always a safe indication of -the amount of useful brain matter contained in it. It is said that the -large-skulled Germans have brains which are of lower specific gravity -than those of others. - -There are many sources of fallacy as regards the weight of the brain -in different persons, different races, and in the two sexes. We must -not trust too implicitly to statistics or to tabulated records. It is -better to be content with general results, and to state even these with -great caution. - -There can, however, be but little doubt that the brain of woman weighs -less than that of man, and that this difference is greatest in highly -civilised races. The brains of the broad-headed are, as a rule, -somewhat heavier than those of the long-headed. This conclusion has -been arrived at by comparing the brains of different individuals of the -same race, not those of different races (Peschell, p. 70). - -There are some observations which support the conclusion that the brain -attains its greatest weight before 30 years of age, and then undergoes -diminution. At the age of 80 this diminution is supposed to reach 10 -per cent. The diminution concerns the brain proper and the cerebellum, -but not their connecting part, the pons, which increases up to the -fiftieth year. Whilst it is, however, difficult to imagine methods -by which, without risk of great fallacy, such conclusions could be -arrived at, we may safely believe that the advance of age is attended -by some reduction in the size of the skull cavity and the weight of its -contents. - -It appears to be a constant law that with advance of civilisation the -differences between the sexes in general become increased. This is seen -in measurements of the skull and in the weight of the brain. In the -brains of negroes the woman is but little below that of the man, 984 -to 1,000, but in the English it is only 860, and Germans 838. These -figures indicate, of course, proportions only, and like all other -calculations in this difficult subject, must be received with caution; -but they probably indicate, if they do not precisely express, the fact. - -The height of the skull is usually in inverse ratio to its breadth. The -variation in height is far less than is common in breadth. - -The brachycephalic have heavier brains than the dolichocephalic. - -In Hottentots both indices, breadth and height, are low. - -The following may be mentioned as examples of remarkably broad heads -(wide foreheads), in association with genius: Shakespeare, Beranger, -Mirabeau, Peacock (the novelist), Miss Austen, Blackmore (“Lorna -Doone”), Tennyson, Erskine. - -The following had heads both tall and broad: Scott, Goethe, Cervantes, -Ambrose Paré, John Foster, Father Paul, Galileo, Michael Angelo, -Machiavelli, Benjamin West. - -We shall be indebted to any of our readers who may direct our attention -to other well-marked examples. - -The following afford instances of remarkably tall heads: Motley (the -historian of the Netherlands), Remin (engineer), Richard Roberts -(engineer). - -The following had remarkably long faces: Francis I., Inigo Jones, -George Eliot (Miss Evans), Savonorola. - - * * * * * - -THE EGG MARKET IN ENGLAND. - -A wholesale dealer gives us the following items as to the consumption -of eggs in London: When eggs are 16 for a shilling the sale amongst -the working classes is enormous. When they are 12 a shilling it falls -at once 40 per cent., and when only 8 it drops very low. The bulk -of London eggs are imported; Italy supplies many, France many, and -some even come from Turkey. They will travel from Trebizond and be -perfectly fresh when they arrive in London. We are assured that most -of the new-laid eggs consumed in Haslemere come from Italy, and this -at all periods of the year. Our English housewives are not clever at -preserving eggs, and the witty classification of eggs into new-laid -eggs, fresh eggs, and eggs, is but too often illustrated. - - * * * * * - -ON OUTGROWTHS AND APPENDAGES. - -(_Part of a Museum Lecture._) - -Let us draw a clear distinction between “Appendages” and “Outgrowths.” -The prickles which are formed on the branch of a rose are appendages; -they may be detached without really breaking any part of the bush. -The spines which grow on the blackthorn are outgrowths, and cannot be -so detached. I wish that some better word than “appendages” could be -found, for it seems almost to imply insignificance, and many of the -appendages to plants are of the utmost importance. Still, it is true of -them all that they may be removed and yet leave the plant, as a plant, -complete, and many or most of them have only a transitory life, which -does not by any means equal that of the plant itself. They are like the -luncheon basket at the summer day’s ramble, not absolutely essential, -but very conducive to perfection. Now most forms of leaf, flower, fruit -and prickle are in this sense merely appendages. From the very earliest -stages of their formation arrangements exist for their separation, in -whole or part, from the plants on which they are produced. You will -see that I am cautious in my terms, and say in part or in whole, for -in truth some appendages never are detached as wholes, and very great -variety exists in the ways in which they are dealt with. For the most -part they are susceptible of death, and have their fixed duration -of life quite independently of the plant which bears them. In many -this independent death is the cause of their being cast off. In some -instances, however, it is not death, nor even sickness, but the fulness -of life and the attainment of adult age which causes them to leave the -parental home. I hold in my hand an oak twig with two empty acorn cups. -The acorns having attained maturity, have fallen out. Shall we say they -have detached themselves, or that the tree has detached them? They -have not fallen by mere weight, for they were doubtless nearly, if not -quite, as heavy whilst still green, and they were then firmly fixed. -You see at the bottom of the empty cup the large round scar which marks -the site of former attachment. It is brown and dry. It was by changes -which took place here that the acorn was loosened. The acorn had -ripened and ceased its growth. It no longer attracted sap through its -base of attachment, and the latter consequently became dry and brittle. -Possibly its feeding tubes were choked; at any rate, it is certain that -it underwent a sort of death and was no longer able to keep the acorn -in place. The process was much like that which occurs in the shedding -of leaves, with, however, the very noteworthy difference that the acorn -itself was still alive. - -We have not, however, done with our oak twig. The acorns which it -bore were only appendages to an appendage, and it now becomes the -turn of the cups themselves and the whole of the long foot-stalk on -which they are mounted to become detached. These are no part of the -tree, and are of no use to it. They were developed in order to bear -flowers and fruit; that function they have now discharged, and they -must die. Life is preserved only by the discharge of function, or at -any rate the effort to discharge it. Utter inactivity leads to death, -and death leads to separation from the living and to decay. You see -that the whole foot-stalk is brown and shrunken and evidently dead. -This condition ends abruptly where the foot-stalk joins the stem. At -this spot, if you look carefully, you will see that there is a ring -of constriction, marking definitely where detachment is in progress. -This was the spot at which the production of the whole appendage began, -and here a sort of joint was left at which the final detachment was -destined to occur. Just one word of caution, that we must not carry -our distinctions too far. After all, they are to some extent matters -of degree. The joint which separates the appendage from the twig on -which it is produced can hardly be termed a true joint, for certain -structures run in unbroken continuity from the stem to the appendage. -These are the fibro-vascular bundles by which the appendage is fed and -also fixed in place. These bundles are usually quite visible in the -scar-surface left when a leaf or fruit is broken off. They are “the -nails in the horse-shoe” of the leaf-scar of the horse chestnut. Still, -it is certain that a sort of joint is present, and that the structures -are continuous in a very different sense from that of a stem or true -branch. You may observe this difference in my acorn-bearing twig, for -there are two acorn cups, and one has been produced by a branching out -from the stem of the other. This little branch is smoothly continuous -with the parent branch, and shows no preparation for detachment -whatever. - -Thus we have seen that the arrangements under which leaves are shed -are exactly repeated in the case of fruits, and that it is by no means -needful that the object to be detached should be dead or dying. It -may perhaps surprise you to be told that sometimes appendages are -shed which have by no means accomplished their prospective work. Some -plants shed their flowers and do this deliberately, having made their -arrangements for a step which is apparently suicidal. In reality it is -not suicidal, nor is it one of limitation of population, but simply of -preferential employment of capital. The potato gives a good example of -this. Every spring you may see on the heads of this plant beautiful -flowers produced, which are destined in the course of another week to -be only flowerless foot-stalks. The flowers break off at a pre-existing -joint, just as leaves are shed. The influence which causes them to fall -is inability to attract sap, in consequence of inability to proceed to -the further stage of producing fruit. The young tubers underground make -such overpowering demands upon the sap-furnishing capabilities of the -roots that the flowers cannot obtain sufficient for their seed forming. -Thus they at once die: if not obviously, at any rate practically, and -detachment follows as a natural result. - -It is a case of competitive growth and the tubers win. After a time the -plant will in the course of inheritance learn that it is useless to -produce flowers, will give up the attempt; indeed, many varieties have -already done so to a considerable extent. - -No better instance could perhaps be given of the law which goes through -all animated Nature that activity is almost essential to continuance of -life, whether in individuals or their parts. - - * * * * * - -THE OLDEST FOSSILS (Lingula).--It is a noteworthy fact that these, the -oldest fossil animals known, belong to species by no means low in the -scale. Yet every trace of the many millions which must have preceded -them, and have gradually led up to their development, have perished. -The period of time which must have elapsed subsequent to the advent of -life upon the planet and the development of the lingula mollusc was -probably quite as long as that which has passed since the lingula left -its shell in the mud of the Portmadoc slate. The oldest fossils which -are known are found in the lower Cambrian rocks. They are small oval -shells, which were, during life, the protection of small soft-bodied -sea animals of highly complex structure: they had red blood. Their -descendants are still found in great numbers burrowing in sand on the -shores of tropical oceans. They have received the name of Lingula, and -have in turn conferred that name on certain hard rocks in which their -shells occur in abundance, the “Lingula flags” of Wales (RAY LANKESTER). - - * * * * * - -HUGE SHARK’S TEETH.--Ray Lankester figures, in his interesting lectures -on extinct animals from which we have quoted the above a gigantic -shark’s tooth. It is that of the _Carharodon megalodon_, and is three -times the length of the tooth of any living shark. Specimens of this -fossil tooth of smaller dimensions are common, and one should be found -in every museum. They are obtained from the bone bed of the Red Crag -at Felixstowe, but were not originally deposited in it. Many of them -have fragments of a yet older sandstone adhering to them. Lankester -calculates that his shark was 100 feet long. - - * * * * * - -THE GREAT FAMILY OF THE CAMELS AND DEER. - -The Camel, the Camelopard, the Musk-deer and the Deer are all more or -less nearly related. They constitute a branch of the great family of -Ruminants, and all chew the cud. With the Camel are associated the -Bactrian or two-humped Camel, the Alpaca, the Llama and the Vicuna. -With the Giraffe we have the Okapi, and several extinct animals. The -Musk-deer stands almost alone. Of Deer there are a great many species. -It is easy enough to distinguish these various animals the one from the -other when seen living in a Zoological Garden or stuffed in a museum. -Indeed, at first sight, there might seem to be no great similarity -between a Camel, a Giraffe, and a Fallow-deer. To the student of -natural history, however, it becomes of great interest to observe the -essential peculiarities of each. These may be grouped as those which -prove relationship and those which show differences. We will leave -aside the very important peculiarities in the stomach, because but few -of our readers will have opportunities for examining them, and will -confine our attention to the feet, horns, skull and teeth. All have two -hoofs or more, and the Camel group have behind their hoofs a pad which -covers the sole. None of them have hollow horns, and in none are their -weapons of offence--horns, teeth, tusks, &c.--very effective. In all -when adult the cutting teeth (incisors) in the upper jaw are absent, -and in most the canines are either absent or much modified. - -The Camel tribe differ from Giraffes in possessing a pad, and in -having, when young, incisor teeth in the upper jaw, and fewer lower -incisors by two. They have also strong canines in both jaws, no trace -of horns, and nothing to be called tusks. - -The Giraffes have two, three, or even five abortive horns of very -peculiar development. They have very long necks, no pads, no tusks. -The canine teeth in the lower jaw, which look like incisors, are much -specialised in being cleft or notched. - -The little Musk-deer has no sort of horn; but his upper canine teeth -are large and form tusks. - -The true Deer have antlers (in the male), which they shed every year. -The males, and sometimes the females, have canine teeth in the upper -jaw. The antlers are dermal bones, that is, are formed in the skin, and -do not grow from the skull. They have two rudimentary digits above the -hoofs. - -The whole of this group, which we may call the Camel and Deer family, -are almost wholly defenceless, the Giraffe the most so of all, and, -excepting those which are useful in domestication, are threatened with -extinction. The Camels and the Llamas, although separated as distantly -as Peru and Arabia, have in common the very peculiar habit of snorting -most offensively at those who oppress or annoy them. - -This large family of Camels and Deer stands between a small one which -comprises Pigs, and a very large one, to which Cattle, Sheep, Goats and -Antelopes are assigned. Pigs are not ruminants, and have incisor teeth -in the upper jaws. Cattle, sheep, &c., like camels and deer, ruminate, -and have no cutting teeth in the upper jaw. Their distinctive features -are hollow horns (which are present in both sexes), and the invariable -absence of tusks. - -The canine teeth in all members of the Giraffe group are peculiar, -in that they show a cleft in the free edge which divides them into -two lobes. These teeth look as if they belonged to the incisors, but -various facts prove them to be really the canines. Those of the extinct -Sivatherium, and those of the recently discovered Okapi, have similar -peculiarities, and thus prove their relationship. - -It is curious that our natural history authorities are not yet agreed -as to whether the Giraffe has his fore limbs longer than the hind ones -or not. Claus and Sedgwick say, “hind legs much shorter, and therefore -the back slopes backwards.” Those who have measured the bones, however, -say that there is no difference, and that the slope depends entirely -upon the setting of the shoulder blade. - - * * * * * - -ENGLISH EDIBLE SNAILS. - -“WALL-FISH.” - -The term “wall-fish” will be unknown to many of our readers. It is -applied by dealers in Covent Garden and other markets to the common -garden snail (_Helix aspersa_). This mollusc is held in especial esteem -by the poor in Bristol, and in consequence is now very scarce in the -environs of that city. There are men who make a livelihood during the -winter by collecting these snails from their hybernating places. In -November, 1896, the writer met a “wall-fish” collector in a remote -village in Somerset, and had an interesting conversation with him. He -was collecting for a Bristol dealer, his home being in Kent, where he -worked as a carpenter in summer and autumn. For many winters past he -had regularly visited Somerset to collect snails. According to his -experience these snails seldom hybernate in banks facing east or north, -but usually seek winter quarters in those facing south-west. - -They generally congregate in some numbers, and appear to have a -predilection for certain spots. From an hybernaculum near the village -he had that morning taken a gallon and a half of them, but this was -very unusual; his “takings” as a rule did not exceed a gallon per day. - -Ash stumps, or crannies at the base of ash-trees, are very favourite -haunts. They seldom hybernate under oaks, and although old walls are -favourite places in summer, whence they probably owe their name of -“wall-fish,” they seldom hybernate in them. - -Our “wall fisherman” carried an iron rod about 2 feet long, slightly -crooked at one end for probing likely nooks and corners. _H. aspersa_ -is quite the most nearly domesticated of the snail tribe. It loves the -haunts of man, and is seldom found in any numbers in places remote from -villages and roadsides. - -A conchologist should never miss an opportunity of examining the bag of -a wall-fish collector. Occasionally rare varieties--_scalariforme_ for -instance--may be secured in this way. I asked my friend to allow me to -inspect his “catch,” and he very obligingly turned out the contents of -his creel. I found nothing better than three or four examples of the -variety _exalbida_, which is greenish-white. It is, however, widely -distributed in the southern counties. It is stated by Forbes and Hanley -(“Hist. Brit. Moll.,” vol. iv., p. 46), that “owing to its being an -article of food in some countries, or else a supposed remedy for -pulmonary affections, _H. aspersa_ has been transported and distributed -by the agency of man to all parts of the world. It is especially -abundant in the neighbourhood of gardens.” In 1840, according to -Turton, _H. aspersa_ was sold in Covent Garden and elsewhere as a cure -for diseases of the chest, and was sent to the United States as a -delicacy. “The glassmen at Newcastle once a year have a snail feast; -they generally collect the snails themselves in the fields and hedges -the Sunday before the feast day.” This feast is, we believe, now given -up. - - * * * * * - -DORMANT LIFE.--The conditions under which vital activity may become -dormant obtained a curious illustration in the instance of a beetle -which was taken alive out of the wood of a desk which had been in the -office of the London Guildhall for twenty years. The wood was deal from -the Baltic, the beetle was the _Buprestis splendens_. It was alive and -in beautiful colour. The observation was confirmed by Sir Joseph Banks. -The description is given by Mr. Thos. Wrenham in the tenth volume of -_Transactions of Linnæan Society_, 1810. - - * * * * * - -DODDER AND IVY.--Ivy is a climber only, Dodder is a true parasite. -Ivy does not in any degree derive nourishment from the trees on which -it grows. It is obvious that it cannot get any from walls. It may be -plausibly disputed whether it does any injury to the trees to which it -clings, for it is often seen on very large ones. It is reputed to be -wholesome for sheep and deer in spite of its rank odour, and pheasants -are fond of its seed. - - * * * * * - -HOW TO FORM A TEMPORARY MUSEUM. - -A temporary museum will, in all probability, be a Vacation- or -Summer-museum; there will, therefore, be no need for stoves or fires, -and scarcely any for artificial light. The sun rises in summer as early -as any members of the museum committee are likely to be stirring, and -by sunset it will be time to close. We will suppose, then, that the -season is summer and the place a small town in the country. In the -first place a small local committee of those interested in the scheme -should be formed, and a small sum of money guaranteed. The next step -should be to borrow a set of school premises, or hire for a couple -of months an empty house. If only a small cottage were obtainable -it should have a back garden in which a large wooden shed could be -put up. The essentials are plenty of room, plenty of light, and good -protection from weather. If the premises secured be those of a school, -the next thing will be to arrange with some carpenter for the hire of a -quantity of boards which, laid across the desks, will make tables. It -may be possible, on similar terms, to obtain from a draper a quantity -of baize, or its very cheapest equivalent, but this would not be -absolutely necessary. Having secured plenty of table-space, the next -point is to prepare the walls. It will be required to display on these, -Portraits, Maps, Illustrations, &c., &c., and for pinning these up -some sort of framework is desirable. The carpenter will soon put this -together and cover it with baize or flannel. - -The rooms being made ready, the next step is to fill them, and about -this there will be no difficulty. As a preliminary measure a circular -will have been sent out, inviting all residents to contribute their -curiosities on loan. It will be strange if this be not bountifully -responded to by cases of stuffed animals and birds, collections of -eggs and of shells, and boxes of minerals. Ammonites, elephants’ -teeth, mammalian skulls, butterflies, wasps’ nests, flint implements, -and Missionaries’ curios will be brought in great abundance. All -these, properly arranged, with descriptive labels, may be made most -interesting and instructive. A certain number of glass-covered -display-cases, with locks, will now be required in order that fragile -or valuable specimens, and especially those on loan, may be properly -taken care of. Such cases may be made inexpensively, and our Haslemere -Museum will be glad to supply patterns, or even, if wished, to loan the -cases themselves. - -At this stage the Committee should remember that a museum has been -well defined as “a collection of labels illustrated by specimens,” and -should obtain, if it has not already done so, a set of our printed -labels, and ascertain for how many of them illustrative specimens -can be produced. Steps should next be taken to obtain elsewhere any -specially desirable exhibits which may not be forthcoming. Some -Horns, Antlers, Skulls, &c., are sure to be wanted, and no doubt -the Geological series and the Flint implements will need to be -supplemented. These deficiencies may be supplied in some instances by -borrowing from other adjacent museums, or they may be purchased at -various dealers. - -A very important and attractive department of the temporary museum -will be the display of Pictures, Maps and Portraits. These, like those -just mentioned, may be hired, if they cannot be begged or borrowed. -A diligent ladies’ sub-committee, well supplied with bundles of old -unbound copies of _The Illustrated London News_, _Graphic_, _Vanity -Fair_ and _Punch_ would soon construct an attractive portrait gallery, -as well as sundry most interesting series in illustration of social -history, scenery, geography and natural science. There is not anywhere -a small town in which material of this kind may not be brought to light -from the cupboards in which it is uselessly stowed away. The best way -of dealing with it would be to procure some false-backed frames, such -as we have in use at Haslemere. In many instances portraits, maps, &c., -will not need to be put into frames, but may be at once pinned up in -well-classified series on the walls. - -We have said nothing as yet as to a department which ought to be made -one of the most important, especially at a sea-side resort. A Vivarium -for the display of local specimens in their fresh and living states -should be arranged either in an ante-room or hall, or in a shed, or -under a verandah outside the building. In this should be a stand -for flowers (all named), and bell glasses and large saucers for the -reception of shell-fish, sea anemones, sponges _au naturel_, sea-weeds -and corallines. Illustrations and explanatory labels for most of these -our Haslemere press can supply. - -The charges for admission to the show should be: before its completion, -sixpence each person; when complete and in good order, threepence for -adults, half-price for children; and on Saturdays a penny all round. -Books of tickets, making a very liberal reduction, should be available. -The result would be, if circumstances were favourable and zeal -abounded, that the guarantors would lose nothing and might possibly -carry forward a modest balance to begin next year with. Meanwhile -the prosperity and reputation of the sea-side resort would have been -helped and a large number of persons would have been entertained and -instructed. - - * * * * * - -The following paragraph appeared a short time ago in one of the daily -papers:-- - - The complaint is often made that there is little opportunity - to learn anything about the specimens exhibited in museums. At - Brooklyn the experiment has been tried of placing for the use - of visitors books bearing upon the subjects exhibited alongside - the cases. This experiment seems to have been most successful. - -The Brooklyn experiment is not a new one. It has been practised for -many years past in our museum (_vide_ _Museums’ Journal_, vol. ii., -1902). - - * * * * * - -BRITISH SNAKES. - -[Illustration: The Viper. The Common Snake.] - -We have in Great Britain only three representatives of the class -Reptilia which come under the name of Snake. They are the Common Snake, -the Smooth Snake and the Viper. In Ireland there are--as the result of -events to which we referred in our previous number--none at all. Of -the three British Snakes, one, the Smooth Snake,[1] is so rare that -it is of interest only to the naturalist. It is met with in Hampshire -and Dorset, and perhaps in Scotland, but it is nowhere frequent. It -is more nearly allied to the Common Snake than to the Viper, and is -quite harmless. It is much smaller than the others. We will concern -ourselves for the present only with the other two. The Common Snake[2] -is quite harmless and should never be injured by any humane person. -The Viper[3] is venomous, and should be destroyed without mercy. It is -easy enough to distinguish between the two even when in movement. The -Common Snake is always, when full grown, much longer than the Viper. -It may measure 4 feet and is usually 3, whilst the Viper is never more -than 2. The Common Snake tapers off very gradually at its tail, whilst -the Viper has a short tail, which is abruptly constricted at its base. -The Viper is usually brown, often deeply coloured, whilst the Snake is -much lighter coloured, of a light grey-brown tinged with green. The -Common Snake has only spots of black, whilst the Viper is marked down -the whole of its back with large zig-zag black lozenges. This is a most -important feature, is characteristic at all ages of the animal, and is -easily seen under all conditions. - -We have named the characters which are most easily seen when the -animal is gliding about on the sward or path, there are others which -are available when the animal is dead or in captivity. Under such -conditions it will be seen that the scales which clothe the Viper are -much smaller in size than those of the Snake, more especially on the -head, and further, that the head of the Viper is marked with black, -somewhat in the form of the letter V. - -Snakes, as well as Vipers, have sharp teeth, but they use them only for -seizing their prey, and they have no poison fangs. - -The venom apparatus of the Viper consists of a gland which secretes the -poison, a receptacle which stores it, and a long, sharp fang, which -can be extruded and through a groove in which the poison is conveyed. -The animal darts open-mouthed at its enemy rather than bites. Its fang -being in its upper jaw it becomes well exposed when the mouth is agape. -As there is a fang on each side there will usually be two punctures in -the skin about a third of an inch apart. - -No doubt there occur every year in England a good many instances of -viper-bites in men and boys. There are, however, exceedingly few -deaths, and many persons of considerable experience have doubted -whether the bite is ever actually fatal. A very urgent and severe -illness is almost invariably the result; but the patient just pulls -through. - -In a case in which the writer was, in boyhood, a particeps, two fine -vipers were captured in mistake. They were put into a botanical box -and were repeatedly inspected, and their tongues freely touched. It -was only when on arrival at home that one of them, during an attempt -to transfer it to a cage, made a dart and struck the finger of a boy -of fourteen. The accident was concealed until, about a quarter of an -hour later in attempting to cross the floor, the victim fell down in a -deadly faint. He became very sick and having been got to bed remained -in collapse, apparently near death for several hours. Brandy was of -course freely given. - -The medical adviser who had been summoned, arrived in hot haste with a -big volume under his arm, in order to make reference to “snake-bite” -and its treatment. It was, however, too late to do anything more than -give stimulants, and happily these were successful. A fortnight’s -illness ensued, during the early part of which the whole arm was -enormously swollen, and later partly covered with boils. - -This case affords, we believe, a very fair example of what usually -follows the incautious capture of the English adder. The reptile does -not attack willingly, but only after much provocation, and he cannot, -as a rule, destroy the life of his human enemy. His poison fangs are -designed for other purposes, and for much smaller animals. - -Within the last few weeks a case at Folkestone has attracted much -attention, in which two school-boys in pursuit of what is called -“Nature Study,” were bitten by a viper, with the result that one of -them died. Several other well-authenticated instances of death have -been recorded. We repeat, however, that they are very rare. - -The early summer is the best time for killing vipers, since the males, -which at other seasons hide themselves, may now often be found. Warm -heaths and banks exposed to the sun are the places which they frequent. -The common snake, on the other hand, loves water, or may be found in a -hay-field or near an old barn or on a dung-heap. The snake lays eggs -and leaves them to be hatched by the heat of the dung or the rays of -the sun, taking no care whatever for her progeny. The viper, on the -contrary, brings forth her young alive and tends them carefully, even -allowing them, according to fairly well-accredited narratives, to -retreat in case of danger into her mouth and gullet. - -The first aid in case of viper-bite should consist in placing a tight -ligature (string or a boot-lace) around the limb above the punctures. -This should be as tight as possible so as to prevent the circulation -of the blood and passage of the venom towards the heart. Next, -incisions should be made across the punctures, or if circumstances -are favourable, the bit of skin comprising the two punctures may be -cut out. The wound thus made should be sucked or well bathed so as to -favour bleeding, and to remove as much of the poison as can be got -away. If ammonia or potash, or Jeye’s fluid or Condy’s fluid be at hand -the wound should be continuously bathed with a weak solution of it. -The ligature, if tight, should not be kept on for more than an hour, -but by this time medical advice will probably have been obtained. To -combat the faintness, &c., brandy, or still better ammonia (that is, -sal volatile or hartshorn well diluted), should be given. - -[1] _Coronella lævis_, or _austriaca_. - -[2] _Tropidonotus natrix_, or _Natrix vulgaris_. - -[3] _Pelias berus_, or _Coluber verus_. - - * * * * * - -THE VIVARIUM. (HASLEMERE MUSEUM.) - -During June and July the botany of a district may be very fully -illustrated in the Museum-vivarium. Mr. Douglas Taylor, who has -charge of that department in our Museum, experiences no difficulty in -exhibiting one hundred species simultaneously. No very rare species -are exhibited. At the present time the only plants in our collection -to which the term “uncommon” may be applied are herb Paris, bird’s -nest orchis, Solomon’s seal, and climbing corydalis. The flowers are -arranged, in zinc cylinders, on an ordinary florist’s stand. For the -printed labels now in use we are indebted to the generosity of E. E. -Lowe, Esq., F.L.S., of the Plymouth Museum. - -Vipers and grass snakes are not difficult to obtain (see page 53). -The former, when discovered, should be carefully pinned with a stick, -whilst a vasculum (or large bottle) containing leaves and heather is -placed before it. Upon release the viper, judiciously guided by the -stick, will take refuge in the receptacle prepared for it. Grass-snakes -thrive well in captivity, their chief food being frogs and mice. On the -other hand, the English viper nearly always refuses food under such -conditions. - -Our vivarium contains, in addition to the above, two of the three -British newts, viz., _Lophinus punctatus_ and _L. palmatus_. The -former, though usually spoken of as the “common newt” is in many -districts (as at Haslemere) not so common as the palmate newt. The -latter is smaller, and the tail terminates abruptly in a threadlike -filament, instead of gradually tapering to a point. - -An ants’ nest contained between sheets of glass, on the plan devised -by Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) and described in his “Ants, Bees, -and Wasps” (p. 2), always proves a source of attraction to visitors in -the winter, as well as summer months. We have had for two seasons past -a nest of the amber-coloured meadow ant (_Formica flava_) displayed -under these conditions. It is probably the most intelligent of European -species, forming the grassy hillocks from 9 to 18 inches high, so -commonly seen in some districts. The queen, which is much larger than -either workers or males, requires very careful searching for upon -opening a nest; but the peculiar little white woodlice (which delights -in the long name of _Platyarthous hoffmanseggii_, they are a sort of -guest of the ants) may be always easily discerned. - -Every spring we take out of the Museum and arrange in this department a -series of our summer migrants, accompanied with general notes on bird -migration. The following may be seen now: Swallow, martin, swift, sand -martin, cuckoo, corncrake, nightingale, wryneck, nightjar, redstart, -yellow wagtail, garden warbler, wheatear, chiffchaff and whinchat. - -Kept under a bell glass and fed with lettuce and cabbage leaves are -some half a dozen examples of the large edible or vine snail (_Helix -pomatia_), the largest of our native land molluscs. This species occurs -chiefly on the chalk in the southern counties. At one time it was -supposed to have been introduced by the Romans, but of late years the -opinion has gained ground that it was indigenous. In the same quarters -is an example of a shell-slug, the _Testacella haliotidea_, sent from -Torquay. The shell-slugs differ from ordinary slugs in having a shell -on the tail. They are carnivorous and feed upon earth-worms, which they -pursue in their burrows; hence may be considered as gardeners’ friends. - - * * * * * - -A GILBERT WHITE PAGE. - -(_Continued from p. 27._) - -The curious effect of insect attacks in stimulating the growth of -certain parts of the plant which they have damaged may be found -illustrated in hundreds of instances. We have just mentioned the -pine-apples on the spruce fir, but the currant gall on the male catkin -of the oak is yet more striking. In this case a structure which -is naturally very shortlived has its vigour enhanced and its life -prolonged by the presence of the parasite. In this instance the fly -attacks the pollen-bearing flowers and deposits its eggs. These flowers -would, in the ordinary course, wither and fall as soon as the pollen -has ripened and been blown away. Under the stimulating influence of -the larvæ, however, sap is attracted, their stems thicken and become -fleshy, and instead of withering, they produce what looks like a -handsome bunch of currants. - -Another instructive instance of parasitism stimulating growth may be -observed at this season in any patch of the common field thistle. Some -of the plants are almost sure to be affected by a parasitic fungus. It -is present in the stole of the plant, and its influence will cause the -affected plants to put forth leaves earlier than the healthy ones. They -will also grow faster, and in the course of a month be twice the height -of their fellows. The fungus grows in the stem, and finally it will -flower out on the surface of the leaves. When this happens the plant -will die, but up to that period its growth has been notably vigorous. -The fungus is the _Puccinia suaveoleus_ (_see_ Plowright, p. 183.) In -some plants it is visible even in early spring, and if abundant will -dwarf the plant so affected instead of stimulating its growth. - - * * * * * - -SEASONAL NOTES. JUNE. - -It is scarcely too much to say that “leafy June” is the month in the -year least favourable to natural history observation. Its glorious -beauty is distracting and the profusion of objects of interest hinders -attention to any. We hope, however, that our last month’s Notes -may have directed the attention of some of our readers to certain -special topics and particularly to the wonders of Gall-formation now -in progress. The pine-apple galls on the spruce firs are now in full -growth. Two varieties will be abundantly found. Some are small, not -bigger than large peas, and remain green. These are covered with spines -rather than scales. Others much larger have scales, which at their -margins are beautifully tinged with various shades of red and crimson. -These are the “pine-apples” and these alone simulate true cones. Their -changes will advance rapidly and already their valves may have opened -and allowed the aphis larva, which has escaped from its egg at their -base, to crawl up and enter. This most remarkable process may be -verified by any one who will watch carefully. - -Those objects of universal disgust, the Cuckoo-spits, may be shown to -have features of interest which will to some extent counteract the -repugnance of all juvenile naturalists. Hidden in a mass of iridescent -spume there will be found a little greenish insect revelling in the -double luxury of warmth and moisture, to which perhaps is added a -paradise of many-coloured light. The observer’s attention may be -attracted to the fact that the insect has chosen chiefly thistles and -nettles as its hosts, these not being likely to be eaten by cattle. -Later in the season it will be less careful. The insect here concerned, -although a relative of the “plant lice,” is not a true aphis. - -June is the month for the Orchis tribe. The Bee must be looked for in -its earliest weeks or never. So also of the Spider and the Frog. Others -continue in flower much longer, but almost all are in their perfection -in June. - -Rhododendrons are now plentiful, and the very interesting arrangement -by which their anthers open at their points to discharge their pollen -may easily be observed. It is characteristic of the whole family of -heaths, but as the anthers of rhododendrons are far larger than those -of our English heaths, it is best seen in them. - -Those who have never observed it before will be amused to be shown the -jack-in-the-box manner in which the curled up stamens of the Broom -spring out when the bee touches the shoulders of the petals. June is -the month for Broom and both will soon be past. - -Amongst our summer visitants the pretty little Turtle-dove is one of -the last to arrive. It waits until the season is well settled and -rarely comes to us before the middle of May. As perhaps a result of -this caution its numbers remain each year much the same. We have now -plenty of turtle-doves at Haslemere, whilst all representatives of the -Swallow tribe are scarce. Some observers think that Nightingales also -have been less frequently heard this spring than usual. Their song, -which ceases when the young are hatched and the business of feeding -begins, will soon be over for 1906. - -Speaking of Birds of Passage, we may say that we shall be glad to -receive from any readers in different parts of the kingdom, estimates -of the year’s abundance of the various species. The spring was -remarkably variable, and much of it cold, and this may have had the -result of much diminishing the supply of food which would await our -guests. So far as our enquiries have gone we believe that there is -a general impression that the early spring migrants are this year -somewhat defective in number. - -Peach and Almond trees, with their leaves curled, distorted and -thickened, some yellowish-green, others rosy or purplish, are infested -with a fungus, scientifically known as _Exoascus deformans_. It is -one of the ascomycetes; in the same genus is included the fungus -responsible for the “witches’ besoms” of our birch-trees. At maturity -the fungus bursts through the cuticle of the leaf, coming to the -surface to disperse its spores or seeds. The part of the leaf with the -ripe spores upon it, is minutely velvety; the whitish bloom may be -easily seen with the unaided eye, but of course individual spores could -not be seen without the aid of a powerful microscope. - -It is said that this disease is very rarely seen in seasons following -an uniformly mild spring. - -At the moment of writing we have not observed many oaks defoliated -by caterpillars. The following note is taken from the Museum Record -Book, June 1, 1899: “Oak-trees badly attacked by the larvæ of the -green leaf-roller (_Tortrix viridana_), which cause much damage to -the foliage. The continuous falling of the excreta of these small -caterpillars sounds like paper being pricked by a fine pin, and is very -noticeable in a quiet wood.” In 1902 these larvæ were again equally -troublesome in this district. - -The ingenious work of the leaf-rolling Beetles (_Genera apoderus_, -_Attelabus and Rhynchites_) may be observed at this time of the year. -The female, in some species, rolls a leaf into a tube, in others she -makes a compact little thimble of the upper half of the leaf, in the -centre of which she puts an egg. Hazel, oak and chestnut leaves so -folded are not uncommonly seen in this district. Specimens may be -usually seen in the vivarium towards the end of the month. - -June is a good month for the observation of what are termed Social -Flowers. The veronica, in many meadows, especially those in which the -grass is kept short by grazing, now exhibits round patches of several -yards in diameter, which are beautifully blue. The little mouse ear -(Myosotis) makes similar patches, but in much less conspicuous tints. -These plants appear to have the power not only of spreading themselves, -but of excluding intruders, and their territories sometimes show no -other form of vegetation. The common daisy is also a social flower, -but much less able to keep others at a distance. So also the wild -strawberry. - - * * * * * - -QUESTIONS FOR ANSWERS. - -(_Continued from p. 31, which see._) - -(14) Give the meanings of the following prefixes: (1) sub, (2) pseudo, -(3) ob, (4) hypo, (5) hyper, (6) para, (7) ab, (8) aero, (9) con, (10) -amphi, (11) ana, (12) pro. - -(15) The late Mr. Holyoake tells us that as the result of a street -accident in which he was much bruised he remembers “squalling for -a fortnight on being taken out of bed.” In another place we read -respecting an accident that “a huge dog had loitered behind, and -suddenly discovered his master had driven ahead, and he, like a Leming -rat, made straight for his master, quite regardless of our being in -his way.” Explain the reference to the Leming rat, and rewrite both -quotations so as to make them express what you think that the author -intended that they should. - -(16) What is meant by “a rootless tooth”? - -(17) When the number of digits differs on the front and hinder feet of -a quadruped, which has usually the most? - -(18) Amongst the principal divisions of the mammalian kingdom are -Rodentia, Carnivora, Insectivora, Cheiroptera, Primates and Ungulata. -Name an English representative of each. - -(19) Why are Bees named Anthophila? - -(20) Was Captain Cook killed at Owhyhee or in Hawaii? - -(21) What do the figures 2123 mean when applied to the teeth, and how -many teeth would the animal possess to which that formula would be -suitable? - -(22) At what time in the morning do Daisies open their flowers? - -(23) In the _Times_ of September 13, we read, respecting the Sakhalin -coast, “The number of walruses and sea-beavers have been greatly -reduced by the destructive methods of the American fishers.” What -animals are meant by the term “sea-beavers,” and is the name a suitable -one? - -(24) If you have watched a stableman washing the wheels of a carriage, -you will have seen him use an implement for lifting the vehicle from -the ground. Why does he use it? What is its name? Explain its mechanism. - -(25) If you pour hot water upon a dry sponge it will sink down to half -its size, whereas if the water were cold it would swell up. Try the -experiment and explain the different results. - -(26) When a man’s hands are cold he will swing his arms so as to strike -the hands violently against the sides of his shoulders. What is this -action called, and why is it practised? - - * * * * * - -NOTICES OF BOOKS RECEIVED. - -ORNITHOLOGY.--Messrs. West, Newman and Co., have recently published a -very handy and useful “Pocket Book of British Birds,” which we have -much pleasure in recommending to field ornithologists. The arrangement -followed is that given in Howard Saunders’ well-known “Manual of -British Birds.” Species “of which only a few specimens have been -observed or obtained in this country” are omitted. The notes are -arranged under the heads of localities, haunts, observation, plumage, -language, habits, food, nest, site, material, eggs. The size is very -convenient for the pocket. Price, 2s. 6d. - -THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE BRITISH MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY for the season 1905 -(published, May 19, 1906) contain a full account of the Fungus Foray -held at Haslemere during the week ending September 30, 1905. - -The specimens collected were exhibited in the Museum. The exhibition -was a record one as regards the number of species, as no less than four -hundred and eighty-five were identified during the foray, including -twenty-five mycetozoa. Four plates, three coloured, accompany the -Transactions. - -Amongst the species depicted we may mention _Polystictus montagnei_, -a new British species found near Haslemere in 1898, and _Sparassis -laminosa_ (also a new British record) found by Mr. Douglas Taylor on -the occasion of the Society’s visit to Woolmer Forest on September 26, -last. - -Full particulars respecting the Society may be obtained of the Hon. -Secretary, Carelton Rea, Esq., B.C.L., M.A., at 34, Foregate Street, -Worcester. - - * * * * * - -DESCRIPTIONS OF MUSEUM SPECIMENS. - -[_These descriptions are adapted for Museum Labels, and they may be had -separately._] - -SKULL OF MONTJAC, OR BARKING DEER. - -The skull of the little Montjac, or Barking deer, is of interest -as showing better than any other the relation of the antler to its -pedestal. The pedestal is very long and the antler very small. The -latter usually possesses only two tines, the main one and a short stout -one which grows near its base. From the front of the pedestal there -runs a strong bony ridge down the outer border of the frontal bone as -far as the junction with the nasal. This evidently gives strength to -the prolonged and rather slender pedestal. - -SKULL OF A LLAMA (Camel of America). - -The skull of the Llama resembles that of the Camel, and both differ -from those of the other ruminants in having incisor teeth in the upper -jaw. “These teeth are placed at the side of the intermaxillary bone -close to the canines, and agree with them in form” (Van der Hoven, vol. -ii., 644). - -“There are six incisors only in the lower jaw, and this jaw is -undivided.” - -The camels and llamas form transition species between horses and oxen -(ruminants and solid-ungulates). - -THE HORNS OF A GNU. - -The Gnu’s horns are alike in both species and may be known at a glance -by their hook-like curves. They pass outwards and downwards and then -suddenly curve upwards and forwards. They resemble those of buffaloes -and perhaps most closely those of the American bison. They are never -very large, and always black. They are of fibrous structure and of -large girth at their bases, emulating those of the buffaloes. The Gnu -in some of its features resembles a little horse, possessing a mane -and having its face, tail, and hindquarters much like those of a pony. -It has, however, a cleft hoof and a beard which, as well as its horns, -distinguish it from the horse family. - -One of the gnus has a brindled neck and forequarters, pale streaks on -a dark ground, and a black and tufted tail; another has a white tail -covered with long hair from its base, and shows no brindling. The -latter has an almost straight back, whilst the former stands higher in -its forequarters like the bison. The horns of the brindled black-tailed -gnu do not pass forwards nearly so much as those of the other. - -All the Gnus are South African and would appear to bear the same -relation to the buffaloes of that continent that the North American -bison does to the American buffalo. - -They are active but rather awkward animals, and their self-important -airs are sometimes amusing. - -THE SKULL OF THE DUGONG, OR HALICORE. - -This animal is allied to the Manati, both belonging to the order -_Sirenia_. They are water-living mammals. The dugong occurs only in -Eastern and Australian seas, the manati on the coasts of South America -and Africa. The grotesquely misshapen aspect of the skull of the dugong -is due to the enormous development of the bones in its upper jaw which -carry the cutting teeth (premaxillary bones and incisor teeth), and -its clumsy lower jaw. The former bear a tusk in the male, which in the -female is present but is never cut. There are no canine teeth, and in -the massive lower jaw no incisor teeth are ever cut. The rudiment of -one is, however, present in the jaw. It may be noted that the bones -carrying the upper incisors do not become united to those of the upper -jaw. The back teeth (chewing teeth), are only four, five, or six in -number in the dugong, whereas in the manati there may be twenty. A -remarkable tendency to vary in their dentition is characteristic of -this group of animals, and is no doubt in relation with differences in -food. A recently extinct member of the family (Steller’s sea-cow) had -no teeth at all, but masticated the soft sea-weeds on which it fed by -the aid of a horny palate (_Rhytina Stelleri_). - -HEAD OF THE WART HOG (_Phacochœrus Æthiopicus_). - -The Wart Hog is a native of Africa. His name makes reference to a pair -of wart-like excrescences, which are formed, one under each eye. These -may be an inch and a half in length. - -There is an enormous development of the base of the zygoma. The incisor -teeth in the upper jaw are often wanting, and sometimes those in the -lower also. The snout is short and square. The so-called warts are -fleshy skin-growths and may be large enough to look like ears. - -There is another Wart Hog (_Œliani_), met with in Abyssinia. It differs -from the Cape Wart Hog in that its incisor teeth in both jaws are more -persistent. It has two “warts.” - -THE SKULL OF A PIG (_Sus scrofa_). - -The skulls of most of the swine family may be recognised by the long -face, and the large size, in both jaws, of their dog-teeth or tusks. -These are especially large in the male sex, and are often curiously -curved, those of the upper jaw upwards, and those of the lower outwards -and upwards. The incisor, or biting, teeth vary very much in different -species and at different ages. They are often shed early, especially -those of the upper jaw. In some pigs the lower incisors are strong -and slope directly forwards, as if for digging. The incisor teeth -are of less service in the pig than in most animals, and are only -exceptionally used for biting or grazing. The pig makes great use of -the snout, and the nasal bones are strong and prominent. The molar -teeth are well adapted for chewing, and are usually worn flat on their -surfaces. Pigs champ but do not ruminate. They are, for the most part, -root-eaters. The rim of the orbit is always imperfect. The normal -dentition is three incisors, one canine, and seven molars in each -jaw. If the upper canine is extracted the lower one will grow into a -complete circle and reach the gum close to the root of the tooth. When -thus curved it forms an ornament much valued in Fiji. - -SKULL OF THE BABIRUSSA. - -Note especially that the tusk of the upper jaw grows upward from the -first. No part of it is directed into the mouth. This tusk is of -extraordinary size, and it curves upwards so as to touch, and sometimes -even to pierce, the skull. They are, as compared with those of other -swine, slender tusks, more especially the under ones. The upper tusk -grows through the skin of the upper lip. In old animals, when it is -well curved, it must be useless as a weapon. It may serve to protect -the eyes when the animal rushes through brushwood. In the female the -tusks are small. - - * * * * * - -ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS, &c. - -CONCHOLOGIST.--Your shells are _Helix nemoralis_ (immature), _Hyalinia -(Vitrea) pura_, and _Buliminus obscurus_. _Vitrea pura_ is a much -smaller shell than _V. nitidula_, the latter may be distinguished from -_V. radiatula_ by the striæ not being continued from whorl to whorl. -_B. obscurus_ is much smaller than any member of the genus _Clausilia_. -If you examine in May the trunks of beech trees growing on calcareous -soils you will find _B. obscurus_ and _Clausilia laminata_ ascending -them in large numbers to spend the summer aloft, coming down again in -October to go into hybernation at the base of the trees during the -winter months. You will find _C. rugosa_ (in modern terminology, _C. -bidentata_) equally common on the trees, it is smaller and thinner than -_C. laminata_. _B. obscurus_ is a short, stout little shell, seldom -exceeding 9 millimetres in height. - -GARDENER. _Diseases of the Cultivated Chrysanthemum._--At the present -time three diseases are recorded for this country, viz., sclerotium -disease (_Sclerotinia sclerotiorum_, Massee); corticium disease -(_Peniophora chrysanthemi_, C. B. Plowright), and the only too familiar -Rust (_Puccinia hieracii_, Mart). The sclerotium, which first appears -as a white mould on the stem just above the ground, forms black lumps -within the stem. The stem becomes very brittle and falls. From the -black nodules in the following spring, small funnel-shaped brownish -fungi with long, weak, dark stems appear. The spores from these settle -upon dead organic matter, forming an abundant mycelium which ultimately -attacks the base of the stems of chrysanthemums. It is said that fresh -stable manure favours the spread of the disease. Diseased stems should -be carefully collected and burnt. - -The corticium disease also appears on the lower part of the stem, -forming a white growth in autumn; Dr. Plowright, who first discovered -it, says it resembles a splash of whitewash. It is not confined to the -stems but extends into the adjacent soil. Diseased plants are shorter -in height and thinner in the stem than healthy; they always die within -the year. This disease has hitherto been observed only at King’s Lynn -in Norfolk, but it is very possible it occurs in other parts of the -country. Dr. Plowright remarks that the only treatment is burning the -diseased plant. It is useless to separate the apparently healthy shoots. - -The well-known chrysanthemum rust first appeared in 1897, and spread -with great rapidity in the very dry summer of 1898. The snuff-coloured -uredo spores (summer form) are familiar to all cultivators of -chrysanthemums. This fungus occurs on many wild plants of the order -_Compositæ_, notably the hawk-weeds (_Hieracium_). All diseased plants -should be burnt. The disease may be prevented by spraying the new -leaves with potassium sulphide solution. - -It is to be hoped that the chrysanthemum leaf blight (_Cylindrosporium -chrysanthemi_), which has caused so much damage to cultivated plants -in Ontario, Canada, will not find its way into this country. It forms -large dark patches on the leaves, which turn yellow and hang down; the -flower buds do not expand. It is stated that fungicides are useless. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Haslemere Museum Gazette, Vol. 1, -No. 2, June 1906, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HASLEMERE MUSEUM *** - -***** This file should be named 53371-0.txt or 53371-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/3/7/53371/ - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - |