diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/53216-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/53216-0.txt | 2011 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 2011 deletions
diff --git a/old/53216-0.txt b/old/53216-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1dc99e7..0000000 --- a/old/53216-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2011 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's An Essay on the Incubus, or Night-mare, by John Bond - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: An Essay on the Incubus, or Night-mare - -Author: John Bond - -Release Date: October 5, 2016 [EBook #53216] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAY ON INCUBUS, OR NIGHT-MARE *** - - - - -Produced by Turgut Dincer and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - AN - - ESSAY - - ON THE - - Incubus, or Night-mare. - - By JOHN BOND, M. D. - - Ac velut in somnis oculos ubi languida pressit - Nocte quies, necquicquam avidos extendere cursus - Velle videmur, et in mediis conatibus ægri - Succidimus; non Lingua valet non corpore notæ - Sufficiunt vires, nec vox nec verba sequuntur. - - VIRGIL. Æneid. xii. - - [Illustration] - - LONDON: - Printed for D. WILSON and T. DURHAM, - at Plato’s Head, in the Strand. - - MDCCLIII. - - -To his Excellency - -ARTHUR DOBBS, Esquire, - -Governor and Captain General of the Province of NORTH CAROLINA. - - - SIR, - -Your extensive knowlege in every branch of useful and polite literature -will sufficiently justify the propriety of this address, though it -offers to your acceptance and protection an Essay merely medical. -Besides, the subject I have chosen is in a great measure new, and -must, I think, if successfully treated, prove highly useful. It seems -therefore peculiarly intitled to your patronage, who are so judicious, -so generous, and so zealous a promoter of every discovery which may -tend to the public good. I shall not trespass farther on your patience, -with the usual apologies of young Authors; nor on your modesty, with -the trite panegyrics of Dedicators: the whole tenour of your life has -render’d such encomiums superfluous; for you have always pursued the -shortest and the surest road to fame, the real _esse quod videri velis_. - - -Though by this Essay I should acquire no honour from the judicious Sons -of Æsculapius; this one however I am sure of, the subscribing myself - - Your most obliged, - - And most devoted servant, - - JOHN BOND. - - - - -THE - -PREFACE. - - -Being much afflicted with the Night-mare, self-preservation made -me particularly inquisitive about it. In consulting the ancient -Physicians, I found little information concerning it, except dreadful -prognostics; nor could a rational account of it be expected from them, -as they were unacquainted with the circulation of the Blood. - -The few Authors who have mention’d it since that glorious discovery, -have also given imperfect accounts of it; which are probably owing to -their not having felt it themselves: for, as it only seizes People in -sleep, continues but a short time, and vanishes as soon as they awake, -the Physician has not an opportunity of making observations of his own, -but must take all from the description of others, who have labour’d -under it. These, I believe, are the reasons that the principal Writers -in Physic have taken so little notice of it. These omissions however -render an enquiry into the nature of this Disease the more interesting -and necessary, and, at the same time, the more difficult. - -Under these disadvantages I have ventur’d to communicate the result -of my own observations and reflexions on it; hoping, that a greater -allowance will be made for the errors in this Essay, as it is perhaps -the first that ever appear’d expressly on this subject. - -The Night-mare is commonly, and, I believe, justly, attributed to a -stagnation of the Blood; but how this stagnation is produc’d, has not -been explain’d, so far as I know, in a satisfactory manner. - -I have carefully collected the observations of the ancient Physicians -concerning the prognostics of this Disorder; not for ostentation, but -to shew at the same time the dangerous consequences and antiquity -of it, in order to make those afflicted with it the more solicitous -to remove its cause in the beginning; for it may be said of the -Night-mare, as of many other Disorders, _Vires acquirit eundo_. - -Though the most temperate are sometimes afflicted with this Disease, -yet experience shews that it is generally the offspring of excess: -hence it must have been nearly _coeval_ with Bacchus (though it be -omitted by the _Coan Oracle_;) and Homer probably alludes to its -symptoms in the following lines: - - Ως δ’ εν ὀνείρω ὀυ δύναται Φευγοντα διωκειν - Οὔτ’ αρ ὁ δύναται ὑποfευγειν, ὄυθ’ ὁ διωκειν. - Iliad xxii. - -I have not introduc’d any thing in this Essay that did not appear -serious or probable. I have therefore omitted an inquiry into the -origin of many odd epithets and quaint names commonly given to this -Disorder; such as _Hag-riding_, _Wizard-pressing_, _Mare-riding_, -_Witch-dancing_, _&c._, nor did I think it requisite to mention -particularly the _curious Charms_ adapted to each superstitious name. - -My aim has been to convey my sentiments with as much brevity and -perspicuity as possible. If I have transgress’d this rule, in -occasionally introducing some things known, in order to explain others, -it was to be the more intelligible; I therefore hope, the more learned -will excuse me. - -With pleasure I take this opportunity of acknowledging how much -the hints I receiv’d from the instructive lectures of my ingenious -Preceptor Mr. Monro, contributed to this undertaking. - - - - -AN - -ESSAY - -ON THE - -Incubus, or Night-mare. - - - - -CHAP. I. - -_Of the history and the various opinions concerning the cause of this -Disorder._ - - -In order to convey a distinct idea of the subject of the following -pages, I shall, according to the old custom of medical authors, begin -with the etymology of it. - -Altho’ we have reason to believe, as will afterwards appear, that this -Disease was known long before the Greek language, yet, the earliest -account we have of it, is from the Greek authors, who call’d it -Εφιαλτης, and the Romans nam’d it Incubus, both which words partly -express its effects. - -In our language it is generally known by the name of the NIGHT-MARE; -which strange term probably arose from superstitious notions which the -British had, and perhaps still have, of it. How it first obtain’d this -odd appellation, I never could learn, nor is it material to know, since -that name is sufficient to distinguish it from every other Disease. - -The Night-mare generally seizes people sleeping on their backs, and -often begins with frightful dreams, which are soon succeeded by a -difficult respiration, a violent oppression on the breast, and a total -privation of voluntary motion. In this agony they sigh, groan, utter -indistinct sounds, and remain in the jaws of death, till, by the utmost -efforts of nature, or some external assistance, they escape out of that -dreadful torpid state. - -As soon as they shake off that vast oppression, and are able to move -the body, they are affected with a strong Palpitation, great Anxiety, -Languor, and Uneasiness; which symptoms gradually abate, and are -succeeded by the pleasing reflection of having escap’d such imminent -danger. All these symptoms I have often felt, and hope, that whoever -has had, or may have, this Disease, will readily know it by this -description, which I have not only taken from my own feelings, but from -the observations of many of my acquaintances, who were also afflicted -with it, and from the records of the antient observators. - -Before I enter into an enquiry concerning the cause of this Disorder, -or attempt to assign any one for it myself, I shall first take notice -of the principal opinions that have been advanc’d to account for it, -and examine how far they are confident with the laws of the animal -œconomy; that the judicious reader may see how necessary further -enquiries into the nature of this Disorder may be. - -Doctor Willis says, That the Night-mare is owing to some incongruous -matter which is mix’d with the Nervous Fluid in the Cerebellum[1]. -But, as he has not told us what this matter is, or how it is produced, -we can afford it little credit in this enquiry; because plethoric -persons, who abound with the purest and richest Blood, in whom such -incongruous matter is suppos’d least to prevail, are most subject to -this Disorder[2]. - -Bellini, who, in many other cases, is allow’d to be a pretty accurate -theorist, was strangely mistaken in this, when he said, That the -Night-mare is an imaginary Disease, and proceeds from the idea of some -demon, which existed in the mind the day before[3]. - -This account is very unworthy a physician, and is a strong evidence -that he never felt the heavy effects of this Disorder; otherwise he -would have allow’d it to be a real Disease of the Body. - -A metaphysician has laid great stress on this Disease, as an argument -in defence of some of his wild opinions. He asserts, That it is owing -to the operation of certains demons, which impose on, and torment, the -mind in sleep[4]. - -This ingenious hint he took from Bellini, who probably stole it from -Paracelsus’s doctrine of Archeus faber[5]. - -The ingenious Doctor Lower is the first author I met with, who observ’d -the horizontal position of the Body, and assign’d it as a remote cause -of this Disorder, but seems to attribute it immediately to a collection -of Lymph in the fourth Ventricle of the Brain. - -He says, “Si supine dormiant, Ventriculus ille quartus, Lympha -nimium distensus, Medullam Oblongatam sua gravitate premit, ideoque -fluxum liquidi Nervosi in Nervis cordi & respirationi inservientibus -impedit[6].” - -Perhaps he did not apply his first observation so well as might be -expected from one of his abilities; for it seems needless to wait for -a slow secretion of Lymph to produce this Disease, since, according to -his own account, the return of the Blood from the Head, by the Jugular -Veins, is in some measure prevented, and by that means a greater -quantity of Blood than usual will be collected in all the vessels of -the Brain; which might better answer his purpose, and more effectually -obstruct the nervous influence. But before either of these causes could -be removed by common methods, life would be at an end, and every fit -of the Night-mare would be mortal; but that it often happens otherwise, -many can testify. Doctor Lower seems to have founded this theory on the -dissection of a Man who died of a Hydrocephalus, and not immediately of -the Night-mare: hence that case is ill applied by Bonetus[7]. - - - - -CHAP. II. - -_An enquiry concerning the real cause of the Night-mare._ - - -Having mentioned the most remarkable opinions, that have occurr’d to -me concerning the cause of this Disease, and shewn them all defective, -I shall next consider several circumstances attending an horizontal -position of the Body in sleep, in which alone this disease is felt; and -endeavour from thence to investigate the real cause of it. - -Sleep is the balmy anodyne of nature; and was intended, by the all-wise -Author of our being, to ease the toils of the body, dispel the cares of -the mind, and to repair the losses sustain’d by the fatigue of the day. -In it we see every external stimulus remov’d, the Senses lock’d up, -and every Muscle relax’d, except the Heart, the Sphincters, and those -concern’d in respiration. Nutrition is then principally perform’d, and -then only the Fluids glide equably through the Vessels. - -As many of the voluntary Muscles are imployed in keeping the Body -erect, ’tis necessary that the Body should be in an inclin’d or -horizontal position, in order to relax them, and promote the salutary -end of sleep. Accordingly we find, that most of the brute, as well as -the human Species, chuse some easy posture of this kind to sleep in. - -When the human Body lies horizontally, the Blood must flow in greater -abundance to the Head; and with a greater momentum, cæteris paribus, -through the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries, than when the Body stands -erect; because the Blood, moving through these tubes in an horizontal -direction, will not so much resist the force of the Heart, as when it -ascends perpendicularly contrary to its own gravity. - -No one, I presume, will doubt the truth of this proposition, who -reflects, that it is much easier to move any spherical body on -an horizontal plane, than to raise the same body up against a -perpendicular wall. - -Neither will it be denied, that the quantity as well as the velocity of -Blood, flowing into the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries, is increas’d by -the horizontal position of the Body, if it be consider’d, that these -tubes (particularly the left Carotid) arise from, and proceed almost -parallel with the axis of the Aorta, where the velocity of the Blood -rushing out of the Heart is greatest. Whence it follows, from Sir Isaac -Newton’s second general law of motion, and from a well known axiom in -hydraulics, that these Arteries must receive more Blood in the same -time, than any other branches of the Aorta of the same diameter. - -As the Blood must lose most of the motion which it receives from the -Heart, in passing through the infinite vascular ramifications, and -fine filtres of the Brain, there scarce appears, even in an erect -position of the Body, any propelling power to push it back again to the -Heart, except we admit the pulsation of the small Arteries belonging -to the coats of the Sinuses, and its own gravity. But in an horizontal -position, the Blood has not the advantage of its gravity to accelerate -its motion through the Jugular Veins; therefore it must move slower, -and must be more subject to obstruction in the vessels of the Brain. -Hence we see the use of pillows is to promote and facilitate the return -of the Blood through the Jugular Veins: hence we may also observe, -the uneasiness and danger attending the too common method of making -the feet of beds higher than the heads, since a stoppage of the Blood -is always productive of dangerous consequences; of which any one may -be soon convinc’d by stooping the Head for a short time; and it will -appear, that the Blood is by this means collected in the Veins of the -Face, which will produce a Vertigo, and, if long continued, may bring -on an Apoplexy. Hence we sometimes hear of people dropping down dead, -upon stooping to buckle their shoes. These instances should deter some -from putting their pillows under their feet, in order to make the Blood -settle in their faces, and to decorate the external part of their Heads -at the expence of the internal. - -Notwithstanding the inconveniences and bad effects which may arise -from the Blood’s delay in the Brain, yet, its being sent to the Head -in sleep in a greater quantity, may serve many necessary purposes, -and render sleep more beneficial and refreshing to animals. First, -by distending the Blood-vessels of the Cerebrum, increasing the -pressure on that part, and by that means producing sleep. Secondly, by -promoting the secretion, and preparing a store of animal spirits to -supply the expence of the ensuing day. Thirdly, by gently encreasing -the pressure of the Blood-vessels on the Cerebellum, and perhaps -determining a greater quantity of the nervous influence to the Heart, -respiratory Muscles, and other parts, whose Nerves spring from that -fountain of life. This pressure on the Cerebellum may concur with the -rarefaction of the fluids, to render the motions of these organs more -regular and vigorous in sleep. - -To this mechanical pressure on the Cerebellum, the illustrious Van -Sweiten seems to attribute the motion of the Heart: “Cerebelli enim -actio in Cor per Nervos, pendet ab ipsa actione Cordis per Arterias[8].” - -Tho’ the contraction of the Heart is evidently the efficient cause of -the Blood’s motion, and consequently of the secretion of these spirits -in the Cerebellum, yet, without these spirits, the action of the Heart -could not be performed. These two causes appear to act in a circle, and -mutually depend on each other. Hence Hippocrates divin’d, ὁλον το ζωμα -κυκλος εστι. These also convey the idea of a perpetuum mobile; since, -as long as life lasts, an animal is really such, and far excels any -machine that human art has been yet able to make, or (in the opinion of -many philosophers) will ever invent. - -The laborious Hoffman ascribes a great deal to this pressure on the -Brain, where he says, “[9]Declivior cubitus sanguinis regressum -quodammodo impedit, quia per venas jugulares descendere debet, quod -elatiori capite commodius peragitur. Hinc, capite nimis demisso ac -depresso, profundiores somnii cum insomniis, fiunt, universo corpore -torpor inducitur. Eadem ratione, si quis facie prona velut in mensa, -in somnum delabitur. Ob difficiliorem sanguinis regressum, gravitatem -capiti, et ingenio stupiditatem accersit.” - -“[10]Sed etiam mechanicæ causæ somnum producunt, compressio nempe Duræ -Matris, aut Cerebri, quæcunque nata a Sanguine effuso, inpacto Osse, -aquæ in Ventriculis copia.” - -These, I hope, are sufficient to shew how far the motion of the fluids -may be affected by the horizontal position of the Body; which, if duly -consider’d, might be of great service in the practice of Physic; and -perhaps many effectual derivations might be made, without drawing a -drop of Blood. I saw a remarkable instance of this kind in a gentleman -of a full habit, who, being ill of a Fever, talk’d rationally and rav’d -alternately, as his head was elevated or depress’d. In acute Diseases, -when the motion of the Blood is very rapid through the whole Body, the -Brain must suffer greatly, on account of the horizontal position, to -which people in such cases are confin’d; because, the Blood rushing -violently into the Arteries of the Brain, and its return being retarded -by the Jugular Veins, will remarkably contribute to produce delirious -symptoms, so frequent in acute Disorders, which might be in some -measure prevented, by raising the Head; for, by that means, the motion -of the Blood through the Jugular Veins will be increas’d, the pressure -on the Brain will be eas’d, and a safe and sudden derivation from -the Head may be made, which may produce very happy effects, where no -evacuation could be safely attempted. - -Let us next take a view of the Heart, and consider how it may be -affected by the various positions of the Body, particularly the supine -one, in which the Night-mare generally invades. - -The Heart is placed above the Diaphragm: the greater part of it lies -in the left cavity of the Breast: its apex or point is turn’d towards -the extremity of the sixth true Rib, where its pulsations are commonly -felt: it adheres to the Lungs by its large vessels, and is connected to -the Diaphragm by the Pericardium[11]. - -Thus the Heart is suspended in the Breast; and therefore must be -subject to the laws of pendulous bodies, which alter their situation -according to the different directions of their centers of gravity. - -From the above just description of the human Heart, ’tis evident, that -when the Body is erect, the parts of the Heart which are commonly -called the right and left, ought to be more properly call’d the -anterior and posterior. - -Hence, when the Body is plac’d on the Back, these become the superior -and inferior parts of the Heart. - -That the Heart alters its situation in the Breast according to the -different positions of the Body, and the different directions of its -center of gravity, may be prov’d by the following easy experiments. - -If the Finger be applied to that part of the Ribs where the pulsation -is felt in an erect position; and if, at the same time, the Diaphragm -be contracted strongly, the beatings become immediately weaker, because -the Heart is pulled downwards by the Diaphragm. - -If one lies on the left side, the point of the Heart is felt beating -nearer the Spine of the Back; if we turn on our Backs, it is scarce -perceptible; and if we lie on the right side, it intirely vanishes. - -These alterations of the Heart’s situation in the Breast, are more -remarkable in some persons than in others; and in general I have found, -by repeated tryals, that they were most considerable in those who were -most subject to the Night-mare. - -When the Body lies supine, the Heart necessarily falls on the Vertebræ -of the Spine; and therefore, by its own gravity, must compress the left -Auricle and Pulmonary Veins, which, at that time, lie directly under -its basis; and, by that means, the course of the Blood through the -Lungs will be stop’d. Thus the Blood will be collected in the Pulmonary -Vessels, and the right, or rather superior Ventricle, not being able -to discharge itself into the Pulmonary Artery, will be oppressed by -the Blood returning from the Extremities; which, being gather’d in -the vessels about the superior part of the Heart, will increase its -gravity, and consequently augment the cause of the obstruction. In -this manner the return of the Blood from the Head will be prevented, -the tender dilatable vessels of the Brain will be over-distended, -the nervous influence obstructed, and the vital motions, in a great -measure, if not altogether, stopt. This I take to be a real fit of the -Night-mare, and in this manner it appears to be produc’d. - - - - -CHAP. III. - -_An account of the Symptoms._ - - -Having now discover’d what appears, to me, to be the immediate cause of -the Night-mare, viz. the pressure of the Heart on the left or inferior -Auricle and Pulmonary Veins, which stops the motion of the Blood -through the Lungs, and occasions a general stagnation; let us examine -how that hypothesis will account for the several Phænomena or Symptoms, -mention’d formerly in the description of this Disease. - -The first Symptoms that occur in that catalogue, are frightful Dreams, -which generally are the forerunners of this Disorder. “In hoc genere -(Somniorum) est Εφιαλτης quem publica persuasio quiescentes opinatur -invadere, ac sentientes pondere suo gravare[12].” - -I shall not here undertake to solve that Phænomenon, which has so long -puzzled the Metaphysicians, nor pretend to account for all kinds of -dreams in a mechanical manner. - -However, every one knows that the harmony and connection between the -Body and the Mind are so establish’d and constituted, while they are -united, that the Diseases of the one always affect the other in a -very sensible manner; and experience daily demonstrates, that violent -passions of the mind produce Fevers, Fainting Fits, and other severe -effects on the Body; e. contra, violent shocks of the Body, acute -Diseases, &c. frequently disturb, and raise strange commotions in the -Mind, or at least excite extravagant, wild ideas in it. Accordingly we -find, that the most eminent Physicians have not scrupl’d to assert, -that these effects are often owing to Obstructions and Inflammations -of the Membranes of the Brain. If so, may not the violent distentions -of the Vessels of the Brain (which always precedes and attends a fit -of the Night-mare) make such strong impressions on the origin of the -Nerves, or Sensorium Commune, as to occasion hideous associations of -ideas, and form frightful spectres in the imagination? Are not these -monstrous dreams intended as a stimulus to rouse the sentient principle -in us, that we might alter the position of the Body, and by that means -avoid the approaching danger? Is not the horizontal posture of the -Body, which produces a Plethora in the Vessels of the Brain, and many -odd sensations, the most general cause of dreams? Do they ever dream, -who sleep in an erect position? Are not the luxurious and the plethoric -most subject to disagreeable dreams? Is not the motion and titillation -of the Animalculæ in Semine Masculino, the cause of the agreeable -dreams which attend nocturnal emissions? Have females such emissions -in sleep? Does not perfect sleep consist in a total suspension of the -operations of the Mind? May not dreaming, in general, be consider’d -as a Disorder of the Body, and justly attributed to some cause, which -stimulates the Sensorium Commune, and prevents perfect rest? Do people -that sleep after much fatigue, ever dream? - -The vast oppression on the Breast, and immobility of the Body, which -are always felt in this Disorder, probably arise from the quantity -of Blood collected in the Lungs, Vena Cava, right Ventricle, and -Auricle of the Heart; nor does the Mind appear to be mistaken in this -case, as some have imagined; for it seems the same with regard to -the Mind, whether the real action of the Muscles be constrain’d by a -superior external force, or the influence of it over these Muscles be -hinder’d by an internal cause. In a fit of the Night-mare, the Mind, -conscious of the dangerous situation of the Body, in vain endeavours -to alter it, because its power over the Voluntary Muscles is some way -suspended, by the obstruction of the Blood; yet the Mind may exert -itself as much as if it strove to remove the greatest obstacle. In this -case the Mind generally ascribes the immobility of the Body to some -great weight laid on the Breast; whereas the cause is really internal: -and people judge of the greatness of the oppression, according to the -efforts nature makes to overcome the obstruction of the Blood in the -Lungs. - -Besides, in heavy or profound sleep, the voluntary motions are -generally stop’d. Hence, when people awake suddenly, they are for some -time Paralytic, before the Animal Spirits obey the commands of the -Mind, and actuate the Muscles in the usual manner. - -The indistinct Voice is probably owing to the same cause; for the -Muscles of the Tongue and Larynx, which form distinct sounds, are -of the voluntary class, which, as was said before, are generally -suspended in sleep. - -The collapsing of the Lungs, which are, at this time, overloaded with -Blood, will exclude the air, that necessary medium of sounds, and sole -vehicle of voice. - -Heavy sighs and groans are the emphatic expressions of nature in -distress, and generally arise from some obstruction in the Lungs; but -in a fit of the Night-mare there appears a great accumulation of Blood -in the vessels of that part, whence these Symptoms are easily accounted -for. It may be observ’d of sighing in general, that when the attention -of the Mind is deeply engag’d to any particular object or sensation, -and either neglects or is restrain’d from exerting its influence over -the organs of respiration, the Blood is stop’d in the Lungs, so that -it becomes necessary to draw in a large Chestful of air, in order to -give the Blood a free passage from the right Ventricle of the Heart to -the left. Hence Melancholy persons, profound Mathematicians, and fond -pining Lovers, are most subject to that affection. Such people are also -very liable to many Hypochondriac and Chronic Diseases; which often -proceed from a defective respiration, or a too slow motion of the Blood -through those parts which are agitated by the alternate dilatation -and contraction of the Thorax. Hence the Liver and Spleen and the -Lungs themselves must suffer most when the attention of the Mind is -engag’d by some Disease of its own, and it becomes less sensible of the -Disorders of the Body. Hence people in Grief, &c. labour under a double -Disease, which, on account of the anxiety, weight, and oppression that -is felt from the Blood stagnating about the Heart, is commonly termed -Heart-breaking. - -An Uneasiness or Anxiety, and Palpitation of the Heart, are the last -Symptoms that are commonly felt of the Night-mare, which proceed from -the cause lately mention’d; as ’tis then necessary that the Heart -should contract itself more frequently, in order to discharge the Blood -collected in the Vena Cava, the right Sinus Venosus, and Auricle, -during the fit. - -Having done what I propos’d in this Chapter, and given the best account -that I know of the Symptoms, I should now proceed to the Prognostics -and method of Cure; but, as I have shewn how the vital motions are -stop’d, and a general stagnation of the Blood is produc’d, it is also -incumbent on me to explain how the motion of that vital stream is -renew’d by the efforts of nature alone; otherwise it might be objected, -that, according to my theory, unless where art interpos’d, every fit of -the Night-mare would be mortal. - - - - -CHAP. IV. - -_Of the Natural Cure._ - - -In order to shew how persons recover out of a fit of this Disease, by -the mere efforts of nature, I shall beg leave to premise a few of the -most probable opinions, and best establish’d propositions, concerning -Animal Motion, which I shall here take for granted, and refer the -reader, for a physical demonstration of them, to the ingenious Essays -of Doctors Porterfield, Whytt, Simson, and Haller. - -Animal and Muscular Motion is said to be of two kinds, viz. Voluntary, -and Involuntary or Habitual. - -By Voluntary Motion is meant the action of any Muscle or Muscles -produc’d by an immediate or conscious determination of the Mind; of -this kind are the several occasional motions of the Body. - -Involuntary or Habitual Motions are such as proceed originally from the -Mind also, but are so establish’d, by long custom, that the Mind is -not immediately conscious of them, nor can stop them at pleasure[13]. -To this class, the Motion of the Heart, the peristaltic Motion of the -Stomach and Guts, Respiration, and several Motions of the Eyes belong. - -The vital Motions are suppos’d to be continued by a stimulus constantly -applied to the Fibres of the Muscles which perform them. - -Hence the Ventricles of the Heart are constantly irritated and -stretch’d by the Venous Blood, which brings them into contraction, to -propel the Blood through the Body. - -Thus the Alimentary Tube is mov’d by the irritation of the food, -rarefied air, &c. - -And in like manner respiration is carried on, by the uneasiness that -is felt in the Lungs at the end of every dilatation and contraction of -the Thorax, which is owing to the resistance that the Blood meets with, -both from the collapsing of the Lungs, and from the pressure of the -rarefied air on the small Pulmonary Vessels, during their expansion: to -which may be added, the elasticity of the Cartilages. - -These several stimuli can only be perceiv’d by a sentient principle, -which, in the human species, is call’d the Soul. - -When the Soul is first united with the Body, and receives command -over the organs of Motion, it seems to have been laid under a kind of -necessity, by which it is compell’d to exert these organs in avoiding -whatever is hurtful, and in chusing whatever is apparently beneficial, -to the Body. - -’Tis evident, from the laws of the Circulation, that when the Motion -of the Blood through the Lungs is stop’d, for a short time, the right -Ventricle of the Heart must be violently distended, and consequently -severely stimulated. This strong irritation may bring the Ventricle -into a vigorous contraction, which is all that is wanted to put the -admirable machine again in motion; for, as soon as the right Ventricle -discharges itself into the Pulmonary Artery, ’tis plain, from the laws -of hydraulics, that the Blood must move in the Pulmonary Veins; and -therefore the pressure on these vessels must be overcome. Thus the -circulation of the Blood will be renew’d, and the vast distention of -the vessels about the Heart, will rouse the attention of the Mind to -change the uneasy position of the Body as soon as possible; which will -alter the direction of the Heart’s center of gravity, and therefore -take the pressure off the Pulmonary Veins and inferior Auricle, and by -that means afford a free passage to the Blood through the Lungs. In -this manner people may recover, without any external assistance. - -’Tis highly probable that the Motion of the Blood is renew’d before -any of the Voluntary Motions are recovered; for we never find that any -of the Voluntary Motions remain after the Motion of the Heart ceases; -and the surprising process of generation shews, that the first Motion -observable in animal Bodies, is that of the Heart[14]. We have many -instances, in Brutes, of the Heart’s Motion continuing long after the -action of the Voluntary Muscles is quite destroy’d[15]. It is not -improbable, that the human Heart would contract itself after Death, if -the same experiments could, with any degree of humanity, be tried on -it, that are made on the Hearts of Brutes: and the great Lord Bacon -gives an instance of a criminal’s Heart, which he saw, after torn from -the Body, leap up and down for several minutes[16]. - -In a severe fit of the Night-mare, when the Motion of the Blood, and -consequently the Motion of the Heart, is stop’d, the Mind, must be in -a terrible agony; and the only chance it has for further communication -with the Body, depends upon the vigour and sensibility of the right or -superior Ventricle of the Heart; for, if it be not able to push the -Blood through the Lungs, and overcome its own weight at the same rime, -de Vita Actum est. - -From what has been said it appears, that lying on the Back is a -dangerous, uneasy position, and should be carefully avoided, even when -we are awake. I believe few can lie long on the Back without feeling an -uneasiness in the Breast, which is soon remov’d by turning on either -Side: but when People are buried in sleep, and are incapable of that -action, the consequence is dreadful, for the reason often mention’d. We -may be convinc’d, that, if lying on the Back would not impede the Vital -Motions, nature would have directed us to chuse that position in sleep, -because it requires scarcely any muscular action. But, on the contrary, -we find that most of the human species prefer lying on either Side. - -As colonel Townshend’s case is a remarkable instance of the dangerous -effects which may proceed from lying on the Back, and as it may serve -to illustrate my theory of this Disorder, I shall here quote it at -full length, that the reader may the more readily observe the analogy -between his mechanical suppression of the Vital Motions, and a fit of -the Night-mare, It is thus related by Doctor Cheyne, in his English -Malady[17]. - - -The CASE of the honourable Colonel TOWNSHEND. - -“Colonel Townshend, a gentleman of excellent natural parts, and of -great honour and integrity, had for many years been afflicted with a -nephritic complaint, attended with constant vomitings, which had made -his life painful and miserable. During the whole time of his illness, -he had observ’d the strictest regimen, living on the softest vegetables -and lightest animal foods, drinking asses milk daily, even in the -camp: and for common drink Bristol-water, which, the summer before -his death, he drank on the spot. But his illness increasing, and his -strength decaying, he came from Bristol to Bath in a litter, in autumn, -and lay at the Bell-Inn. Doctor Baynard (who is since dead) and I were -called to him, and attended him twice a day for the space of a week; -but his vomitings continuing still incessant, and obstinate against all -remedies, we despair’d of his recovery. While he was in this condition, -he sent for us early one morning: we waited on him, with Mr. Skrine his -Apothecary (since dead also;) we found his senses clear, and his Mind -calm, his Nurse and several Servants were about him. - -“He had made his will and settled his affairs. He told us he had -sent for us to give him some account of an odd sensation, he had for -some time observ’d and felt in himself: which was, that composing -himself he could die or expire when he pleased, and yet, by an effort -or somehow, he could come to life again; which it seems he had tried -before he had sent for us. We hear’d this with surprize; but as it was -not to be accounted for from any common principles, we could hardly -believe the fact as he related it, much less give any account of it; -unless he would please to make the experiment before us, which we were -unwilling he should do, lest, in his weak condition, he might carry -it too far. He continued to talk very distinctly and sensibly above -a quarter of an hour about this (to him) surprising sensation, and -insisted so much on our seeing the tryal made, that we were at last -forced to comply. We all three felt his Pulse first: it was distinct, -though small and thready; and his Heart had its usual beating. - -“He composed himself on his Back, and lay in a still posture for some -time; while I held his Right-hand, Doctor Baynard laid his Hand on his -Heart, and Mr. Skrine held a clean looking-glass to his Mouth. I found -his Pulse sink gradually, ’till at last I could not feel any, by the -most exact and nice touch. Doctor Baynard could not feel the least -motion of his Heart, nor Mr. Skrine the least soil of breath on the -bright mirror he held to his Mouth; then each of us by turns examin’d -his Arm, Heart, and Breath, but could not, by the nicest scrutiny, -discover the least symptom of life in him. - -“We reasoned a long time about this odd appearance as well as we could, -and all of us judging it inexplicable and unaccountable, and finding -he still continued in that condition, we began to conclude that he had -indeed carried the experiment too far, and at last were satisfied he -was actually dead, and were just ready to leave him. - -“This continued about half an hour, by nine o’clock in the morning -in autumn. As we were going away, we observed some motion about the -Body, and upon examination found his Pulse and the motion of his Heart -gradually returning: he began to breathe gently and speak softly; we -were all astonished to the last degree at this unexpected change, -and after some further conversation with him, and among ourselves, -went away fully satisfied as to all the particulars of this fact, but -confounded and puzzled, and not able to form any rational scheme that -might account for it. He afterwards called for his attorney, added a -codicil to his will, settled legacies on his servants, received the -sacrament, and calmly and composedly expired about five or six o’clock -that evening. Next day he was opened (as he had ordered) his Body was -the soundest and best made I had ever seen; his Lungs were fair, large, -and sound; his Heart big and strong, and his Intestines sweet and -clean; his Stomach was of a due proportion, the Coats sound and thick, -and the villous Membrane quite entire. But when we came to examine the -Kidneys, though the left was perfectly sound, and of a just size, the -right was about four times as big, distended like a blown Bladder, and -yielding, as if full of pap; he having often passed a wheyish liquor -after his urine, during his illness. - -“Upon opening this Kidney, we found it quite full of a white chalky -matter, like plaister of Paris, and all the fleshy substance dissolved -and worn away, by what I called a Nephritic Cancer. This had been the -source of all his misery; and the symptomatic vomitings, from the -irritation on the consentient Nerves, and quite starv’d and worn him -down. I have narrated the facts as I saw and observ’d them deliberately -and distinctly, and shall leave to the philosophic reader to make what -inferences he thinks fit: the truth of the material circumstances I -will warrant.” - -In this gentleman’s case we may observe, that the contractile power -of his Fibres was very much weaken’d, their sensibility in a great -measure destroy’d, and his vital energy far exhausted, by the long and -severe irritation in his Kidney; and that, when he composed himself on -his Back, the motion of the Blood through the Lungs was easily stop’d, -in the manner above-mention’d, viz. by the pressure of the Heart upon -the left Auricle and Pulmonary Veins; to, which may be added, a small -degree of volition in restraining the organs of respiration. In this -dead state, we are told, he lay half an hour; in which time the -greater part of Blood was drove into the Veins, as generally happens -soon after respiration stops. Hence the right Ventricle must have been -greatly distended and severely stimulated by the refluent Blood, ’till -at length it was brought into a strong contraction, which put the Blood -again in motion through the whole Body, and a small spark of vital -vigour still remaining, continued it so for eight hours afterwards. - -The Mind too, in this case, as in many others of the like kind, was -probably tir’d of its communication with the Body, and was willing to -take its flight from an habitation in which it felt so much pain. - -I have offered this account to the curious, not because I think it -altogether satisfactory, but hope, that its insufficiency may induce -others to give one more adequate. - -If colonel Townshend had not compos’d himself on the Back, could he -have produc’d that surprising effect? If he had been turn’d on his -Side, would he not have sooner recover’d? Were not the Doctors very -blameable for offering to go away without using some means to recover -him? - -It is observable, that when People are far exhausted by Diseases, and -are on the brink of dissolution, they generally lie on their Backs, -because they have not muscular force sufficient to support the Body on -either Side. - -From what has been said concerning the supine portion of the Body, it -appears, that it helps considerably to close this scene of life, by -stopping the Blood in the Lungs. Hence the immortal Boerhaave observ’d, -“[18]Proximam mortis causam, et ultimum ferme omnium Lethalium morborum -effectum esse Peripneumoniam.” - -If then the supine position has such a remarkable effect in stopping -the Motion of the Blood, and consequently in putting an end to this -Life, would it not be prudent to turn People on their Sides, and keep -them so, who are so far spent in acute Diseases, that, they are unable -to poize themselves in that salutary position? Would it not be often a -means of prolonging the fatal, and of promoting an happy crisis? - -When the force of an acute Disorder, and the strength of Nature are -nearly equal, would not the weight of the Heart cast the ballance? - - - - -CHAP. V. - -_Of the concurring Causes of the Night-mare._ - - -Although I have assign’d the supine position of the Body, and the -pressure of the Heart upon the Pulmonary Veins and the left Auricle, as -the immediate Causes of this Disorder; yet it is necessary to consider -several pre-disposing circumstances, which may render some persons more -subject to it than others, who may perhaps sleep sometimes on their -Backs, and escape it. - -The general primary Causes of this Disease are a Plethora, or a too -great quantity of Blood, a viscidity or tenacity of the Fluids, and a -weakness or inertia of the Solids. Hence, young persons of gross full -habits, the robust, the luxurious, the drunken, and they who sup late, -are most subject to the Night-mare[19]. Also Women who are obstructed; -Girls of full, lax habits, before the eruption of the Menses; of which -I have collected the following Cases, - - -CASE I. - -A young Lady, of a tender, lax habit, about fifteen, before the Menses -appear’d, was seiz’d with a fit of this Disease, and groan’d so -miserably that she awoke her Father, who was sleeping in the next room. -He arose, ran into her chamber, and found her lying on her Back, and -the Blood gushing plentifully out of her Mouth and Nose. When he shook -her, she recover’d, and told him, that she thought some great heavy Man -came to her bedside, and, without farther ceremony, stretched himself -upon her. She had been heard moaning in sleep several nights before; -but, the next day after she imagin’d herself oppress’d by that Man, -she had a copious eruption of the Menses, which, for that time, remov’d -all her complaints. - - -CASE II. - -A young Lady, about twenty, of a full, sanguineous habit, and lax -system of Fibres, labour’d under an obstinate obstruction of the -Catamenia for six months. About six weeks after her first period -elaps’d, she had a severe fit of the Night-mare, and next morning -she spit near a pound of Blood, part of which was coagulated. She -complain’d of an anxiety and oppression in her Breast, for several days -afterwards. She soon grew well, and continued so ’till a month had -pass’d, when the Night-mare return’d, and was succeeded by a spitting -of Blood; but the second fit was not so severe as the first. She had -periodical fits and discharges of this kind, ’till, by proper remedies, -the redundant streams were convey’d through their usual channels, -which at the same time carried off the cause and heavy effect of the -Nightmare. - - -CASE III. - -A robust servant Girl, about eighteen years old, was severely oppress’d -with the Night-mare, two or three nights before every eruption of the -Menses, and us’d to groan so loudly as to awake her Fellow-servant, who -always shook or turn’d her on her Side; by which means she recover’d. -She was thus afflicted periodically with it, ’till she took a bedfellow -of a different sex, and bore Children. - - -CASE IV. - -“A Woman, fifty years old, of a good, full, fleshy, strong habit of -Body, after her Menses stop’d, was constantly tormented with this -Disorder[20].” - -I might add many more instances of this kind, to shew, that the fair -sex is subject to the severe insults of this oppressive Disease; but -hope these are sufficient to excite the attention of others to make -observations of this sort, which are the more necessary, as they have -been too much neglected by writers on this subject. - -When Women pass the fruitful seasons of life, and the delicate uterine -Tubes, contracting themselves, become too rigid, and resist the impetus -of the Fluids so as to prevent the usual discharges; then the Fluids, -which were formerly periodically evacuated, are amass’d, and collected -in the Body, and occasion a Plethora. Hence, Women, about that time, -often grow fat, heavy, and sickly, and become more subject to the -Night-mare; because the Heart, swell’d with redundant Blood, will bear -more heavily on the Pulmonary Veins and left Auricle, when they happen -to sleep in a supine position. - -Experience declares, that there is not a more frequent primary Cause -of the Night-mare than heavy suppers of tough animal food, and large -quantities of soft, thick malt liquors, which distend, and lie long -in the Stomach; whose pressure may contribute, in many respects, to -produce this Disorder. - -1st. Its pressure on the Aorta Descendens will determine a greater -quantity of Blood than usual into the Arteries that belong to the -Head; and as these turgid vessels run contiguous to the trunks of the -Intercostal and eight pair of Nerves, they may perhaps compress them so -as to render the Heart, &c. paralytic. - -2d. By occupying a large space in the Abdomen, it hinders the full -contraction of the Diaphragm, and thus diminishes the cavity of the -Thorax, prevents the necessary expansion of the Lungs, and consequently -obstructs the motion of the Blood through them. - -3d. Anatomy informs us, that the Diaphragm is not perpendicular to the -Spine of the Back, but forms an acute angle with it, and is extended -obliquely upwards to the Sternum[21]. Hence, in a supine position of -the Body, the Diaphragm may be considered as an inclin’d plane, upon -which the surcharg’d Stomach must rest; and its weight on this part -will increase the pressure of the Heart on the Pulmonary Veins, as it -is connected to the opposite side of the Diaphragm by the Pericardium. - -Every one knows that a hearty meal disposes People to sleep. This -effect was commonly attributed to the pressure of the Stomach on the -descending Aorta: but Doctor Stuart has oppos’d that theory[22]. Doctor -Haller has seconded him, and has given his reasons for it. He says, -“Si exquisitiori Anatome in situm Ventriculi & Aortæ inquisiveris, -reperies vix unquam Aortam a Ventriculo comprimi posse. Dum enim -distenditur, antrorsum recedit, et Curvaturam parvam retrorsum ostendit -Aortæ, quæ ea Curvatura, interjecto Pancreate, comprehenditur[23]” - -This is certainly a just account of the appearance of the Stomach, when -it is distended in a dead Body, where the Integuments of the Abdomen, -and all resistance to the Stomach’s rising, is taken away: but, if we -consider the Stomach distended by any means in a living Body, where -these Integuments still remain in an active state, and resist the -motion of the Stomach forwards and upwards; then a great part of its -pressure must fall on the Aorta, and confirm the old opinion. That -part of the Diaphragm, through which the Oesophagus passes, must be -the center of motion in this case; and allowing, that the Stomach -moves a little upwards and forwards, in a distended state, yet, as the -Abdominal Viscera are in such a fluid or fluctuating condition, that -place, which may be deserted by the distention of the Stomach, will be -fill’d up by the Pancreas; and by this means, the Aorta may suffer as -great a pressure as if it was immediately in contact with the Stomach: -the argument, which that industrious Gentleman adds, may be owing to -the peculiarity of his own constitution; viz. “Imo vero aucti a pastu -veneris stimuli demonstrant, eo tempore motum Sanguinis in Aortam -descendentem potius majorem esse, quam minorem[24]”. - -Doctor Haller seems to have levell’d the force of this argument against -a full Stomach being any cause of the Nightmare; but I might mention -many facts here to prove the contrary, and among the rest, might add -my own case; but, to avoid prolixity, I shall confine myself to one -instance. - -A corpulent Clergyman, about fifty years old, who is very fond of -strong beer and flesh suppers, but so subject to the Night-mare, that -he is obliged to stint himself to a certain quantity every night; -whenever he happens to take an over-dose, he groans so loudly that he -often awakes all the People in the house. He has assur’d me, that, in -these fits, he imagin’d the Devil came to his bedside, seiz’d him by -the Throat, and endeavour’d to choak him. Next day he observ’d the -black impressions of his hard Fingers on his Neck. After being at a -wedding or christening, he never escapes it; and his Servant is oblig’d -to watch him all the next night, and rescue him from the Paws of Satan, -whose dreadful approach always makes him roar loud enough to awake the -Servant, if he should happen to be asleep. The Servant told me, he -always found his Master lying on his Back in the fit. - -Hoffman says, “[25]Plethoricos omni cura fugere opportet decubitum -supinum, facile enim Incubo premuntur, cujus causa a Sanguinis -stagnatione in Pulmones deducenda est.” - -Doctor Haller assigns a different reason for heavy suppers preventing -rest, viz. “[26]Sed etiam cibi immeabiles particulæ in Cerebro minus -facile trajactæ, comprimendo Medullam somnum minus benignum faciunt.” - -It is remarkable, that this Disorder attacks People only in sleep; -which, Doctor Young says[27], is owing to the effect that sleep has -in increasing all the symptoms of a Plethora. It is true, that sleep -retards the motion of the Blood, and checks the serous secretions. -“[28].In vasis vero serosis, Lymphaticis et Nervosis circulatio parva, -et sæpe nulla est.” - -There is no occasion to go about proving that the secretion of urine is -lessened in bed, for common experience sufficiently evinces it. And it -appears, by the experiments of Doctor Robinson[29] and Gorter[30], that -perspiration is considerably less in the night than in the day. It must -be allow’d, that the heat of the bed-cloaths will rarify the Blood, -and also contribute to an universal distension of the Vessels: but -all these seem to be rather the effects of lying quiet in a warm bed, -than of sleep alone. If so, People might be as readily seiz’d with the -Night-mare while they are awake in these circumstances, as when they -are asleep, which never happens. - -I really can find no way of accounting for this Phænomenon, unless we -have recourse to the Soul, or that active principle within us, whose -operations, during sleep, are either greatly impeded, or altogether -suspended. It is therefore less sensible of any uneasiness in the Body -than when we are awake, and the faculties of the Mind are in action, -which is compell’d, by some innate necessity, to avoid any pain, as -soon as it perceives it in the Body. - -While we are awake, lie on our Backs, and feel any uneasiness in that -position, we immediately alter it: but, in sleep, we are not so soon -conscious of the Blood’s stoppage in the Lungs, nor have we the means -of removing that dangerous obstruction so much in our power, because -the voluntary motions are then suspended, without which, the position -of the Body cannot be changed, nor the cause of the obstruction remov’d. - -The insensibility of the Lungs too may contribute to render the -obstruction greater, before the Mind becomes conscious of it; for -we don’t find, that obstructions and inflammations of the Lungs are -attended with such an acute pain, as when these Disorders attack other -parts of the Body, the Liver, Spleen, and Omentum excepted. - -The Night-mare may sometimes seize very plethoric Persons, when they -don’t lie directly on the Back; for part of the Heart’s weight may fall -on the Pulmonary Veins, in a lateral position of the Body. - -By way of a brief recapitulation of what has been offer’d concerning -the Causes in general of this Disorder, I shall conclude this Chapter -with the following corollaries. - -COR. 1. That they who have a very sensible system of Fibres, -and are soon affected by a stimulus, are least subject to the -Night-mare. - -COR. 2. That sluggish, inactive constitutions are most liable -to it. - -COR. 3. That the severity of the fit will be always -proportional to the sensibility of the Fibres, and the quantity of -Blood. - -COR. 4. That the duration of a fit will be proportional to the -sensibility and vigour of the constitution. - -COR. 5. That they who sup sparingly, and never sleep on their -Backs, are seldom or never afflicted with it. - -COR. 6. That it is most common in those seasons of the year, -which most increase the volume of the Fluids: hence spring and autumn -are its most fertile periods. - - - - -CHAP. VI. - -_Of the Prognostics of this Disorder._ - - -Lest this Disorder should be thought altogether the work of -Imagination, and necessary precautions should be neglected to prevent -frequent returns of it; I have collected the sentiments of the ancient -Physicians concerning its consequences; whose authority, in this -Disease, as well as in many others, I believe, we may safely rely on; -because they were wholly ignorant of its immediate cause, and had no -favourite theory to support, but faithfully related facts of this kind -as they really appear’d. - -We find that most of the old observators who have mention’d the -Night-mare, reckon it a forerunner of some terrible Disorder: I shall -here translate these quotations, for the benefit of my English readers, -and add the originals by way of notes, for the perusal of the learned. - -“We should endeavour to stop it in the beginning; for, when it -returns every night, it portends either Madness, the Epilepsy, or a -Mortification[31].” - -“The Night-mare is a Disorder which attacks People sleeping, and is of -no trifling nature, but precedes dreadful Disorders; viz. the Epilepsy, -a kind of Melancholy, and an Apoplexy; and if it returns frequently, it -shews that they are not far off[32].” - -“The Disease call’d the Night-mare is not a Dæmon, but rather the -fore-runner of the Epilepsy, Madness, or a Mortification. We should -stop it in the beginning; for, when it continues long, and returns -often, it produces some of the above-mention’d Disorders[33].” - -“If they, whom the Night-mare seizes in sleep, have cold Sweats, and a -palpitation of the Heart after they awake, they are very bad symptoms. -They who are long affected with it, have great reason to fear some -desperate Disorder of the Head, viz. a Vertigo, an Apoplexy, Madness, a -Palsy, an Epilepsy, or some sudden Death: and there are many instances -of People being found dead in their beds of this Disorder[34].” - -The celebrated Boerhaave has mention’d the Night-mare among the -principal symptoms of an Apoplexy[35]. - -In order to illustrate these prognostics by modern instances, I have -collected several cases, but shall confine myself to the two following. - - -CASE I. - -A Gentleman, about thirty years old, of a full sanguineous habit, and -a little intemperate, was tormented with the Night-mare almost every -night for two years. He bled often, which gave him short ease; but was -at length seiz’d with an Apoplexy, while he had the glass in one Hand -and the pipe in the other, and expir’d immediately. - - -CASE II. - -A Gentleman, about forty-five years old, of a corpulent phlegmatic -habit of Body, and an inactive disposition of Mind, complain’d of a -vast oppression which he felt in his sleep; upon which he consulted a -Physician, who prescrib’d both bleeding and purging, to be repeated -as often as it return’d. This prescription was follow’d with success -at first, but it became so often necessary, that the patient was not -able to bear such evacuations. He therefore was obliged to sleep in a -chair all night, to avoid the Night-mare. But one night he ventur’d to -bed, and was found half dead in the morning. He continued paralytic -two years; and after taking the round of Bath and Bristol, &c. to no -purpose, he died an Idiot. - -“—D. Abraham Schonnichel, who was a Captain of horse in the Emperor’s -army, and being fond of drink, was afflicted with the Night-mare as -often as he lay on his Back, after taking many medicines it became -less frequent. But when, on account of his intemperance, it return’d, -I order’d his Chamberlain to rouse him whenever he heard him groan, in -sleep; by which means, the fits were shorten’d, but about two years -after he died of an Epilepsy[36].” - -Cœlus Aurelianus says[37], that this disease was epidemic and kill’d -many at Rome. - -As the Romans took little breakfast or dinner, but made supper their -principal meal, ’tis probable, that they were very subject to the -Night-mare, especially during the Saturnalia, when they held all their -repotia or drinking-matches, and indulged themselves in all kinds of -intemperance at night. - -Galen says, “That the Night-mare is a kind of an Epilepsy, which -happens in sleep; and that if it continues long, it will turn to a real -Epilepsy[38].” - -“An accidental Night-mare is not dangerous; but if it be habitual, -it threatens an Epilepsy, Apoplexy, or Melancholy, especially if the -Person be subject to a Vertigo in the day-time. If it attacks one -between sleeping and waking, it denotes the Epilepsy to be very near; -but it is remarkably dangerous, when a cold Sweat, a palpitation of the -Heart, a Spasm, or a Fainting fit, succeed it[39].” - -“Hoffman mentions the Night-mare among the Symptoms of an Apoplexy, -that was cur’d by an over-dose of Camphire[40].” - -From these concurring authorities, and the instances that have been -given, we have sufficient reason to believe, that the above Diseases -often succeed frequent fits of the Night-mare. It is highly probable, -that the stagnation of the Blood (which occasions it) in the Pulmonary -Veins, right Ventricle, Vena Cava, and the Sinuses of the Brain, may -form obstinate obstructions, and leave the rudiments of Polypi in -these parts; which may afterwards produce fatal effects. From the -situation of the lateral Sinuses, it appears, that in a supine position -of the Body, the Blood must move out of them, contrary to its own -gravity. Hence, by their turgescence, the Cerebellum may be compress’d, -and the animal functions impeded. It was probably to prevent this -pressure on the Cerebellum, and to promote the return of the Blood from -the Head, that Nature has plac’d these reservoirs in the upper part of -the Heads of Quadrupeds. - -“If this disorder grows more severe, there is danger of being -suffocated in the very fit, and of its producing an Apoplexy or some -terrible disorder of the Head, either by pouring Blood into the -Ventricles, or substance of the Brain, or by obstructing the Carotid -Arteries, or Choroid Plexus: therefore such Diseases are to be -prevented by proper methods[41].” - -Does not this disease kill many who go to bed in perfect health, and -are found dead in the morning? Does not the Night-mare carry many -drunkards out of this world? Is it not a species of an Apoplexy? Is it -not the final cure of all chronic Diseases? - - - - -CHAP VII. - -_Of the Cure._ - - -When People are found in a fit of the Night-mare, the most effectual -remedy is to rouse them as soon as possible, by changing the position -of the Body, and applying some keen stimulus immediately, such as -pricking with a pin, speaking loud, &c. and if they recover the least -degree of voluntary motion, the happy crisis is for that time obtain’d, -as Actuarius and Willis observ’d. - -I have often been so much oppress’d by this enemy of rest, that I -would have given ten thousand worlds like this for some Person that -would either pinch, shake, or turn me off my Back; and I have been so -much afraid of its intolerable insults, that I have slept in a chair -all night, rather than give it an opportunity of attacking me in an -horizontal position. - -Doctor Lower relates a remarkable similar case, which I shall here -translate. He says, “[42]I knew a Gentleman, who, in every other -respect, enjoy’d perfect health, but was so subject to the Night-mare, -that, whenever he slept on his Back, he was seiz’d with it in such -a violent manner, that he was oblig’d to keep a Servant in the same -bed with him; who, upon hearing his Master groan and Sigh (with which -Symptoms it us’d to begin) immediately turn’d him on his Side; by which -means it was, and may be always, remov’d.” - -’Tis observable, that people are rous’d out of a fit of the Night-mare, -sometimes, by sound alone. I remember to have been under it, when a -Servant came in the morning to make a fire, and let the coal-box fall -at the door; the noise of which effectually reliev’d me. The vibrations -or undulations of the air beating upon the drum of the Ear, may act as -a successful stimulus in this case. - -As this Disease seems to arise immediately from a supine position of -the Body in sleep, we should take care to prevent it before we fall -asleep, by composing the Body on either Side. The sagacious Hoffman -observes, that the safest posture in sleep, is on either Side, with the -Head rais’d, and the Limbs bent inwards to the trunk of the Body[43]. - -Some ingenious men have imagin’d, that the bending of the Limbs in -sleep is owing to the strong tendency which the flexor Muscles have to -contraction; but I humbly suppose, it is rather a voluntary motion, -intended to fix the Body on the Side, without the continued action of -any of the voluntary Muscles afterwards; for without the flexion of -the Joints in sleep, it would be a kind of labour to keep the Body -pois’d on such an narrow surface. To demonstrate this, I shall avoid -mathematics, and appeal to common sense, for an easy experiment. -Suppose one should endeavour to poise a thin plate of tin on its edge -upon a smooth, level table; if he be not an expert equilibrist, he will -find it difficult; but if he bends the plate, then the problem becomes -as easy as the well known method of making an egg stand on its end. - -This easy method, which nature has contriv’d to preserve the human Body -on its side, is a sufficient recommendation of that position, and a -strong precaution against lying on the Back, which is the posture of -dead Bodies. - -Before any regular or effectual plan of curing, or rather preventing, -this Disease, can be propos’d, it will be always necessary to consider -minutely the primary or pre-disposing causes of it, formerly mention’d. - -If the primary cause be a weakness of the Fibres, then strengthening -or astringent medicines are proper; which, by increasing the cohesion -of the constituent particles of the Solids, will make the Fibres more -dense, brace them up to a proper pitch, and quicken their vibrations. -The principal Medicines of this class are iron, and its preparations, -the Bark, the wild Valerian-root, and the cold Bath. - -If it arises from an inertia or indolence of the Solids, nervous -medicines will best answer that indication; which, by stimulating the -lazy inactive Fibres, will increase their elasticity, invigorate their -contractions, accelerate the motion, and break the tenacity of the -Blood. - -If the Blood be too thick, attenuants should be us’d, such as, spiritus -Mendereri[44], vegetable subacid liquors, saponaceous medicines, and -plenty of vinegar at meals, which, according to the great Boerhaave, is -a powerful diluent[45]. - -A Plethora or redundance of Blood, is certainly the most general -cause of the Night-mare, and requires immediate evacuations, which -principally consist in bleeding or purging. But the former is most -effectual. However, Bleeding should not be often repeated, unless -absolutely necessary, lest, it should become a custom, which might, at -the same time, procure a short intermission, and increase the cause -of the Disease; and also prove inconvenient and dangerous; for if, at -any establish’d period, Bleeding should be omitted, then the person is -expos’d to all the bad effects of a Plethora, enumerated by Boerhaave, -viz. Inflammations, Suppurations, Gangrenes and Death[46]. - -It is well known, that nothing genenerates Blood faster, or contributes -more to a Plethora, than bleeding often, which some are fond of, -without assigning any reason for it, except its being a custom, which -experience proves a very bad one. - -Van Sweiten says, “He saw a Woman, who, being subject to violent -affections of the Mind, was bled above sixty times in one year. She by -that means grew very fat, and increas’d her weight 150 pounds in a few -months. By bleeding often new Blood was generated, and the necessity of -bleeding became more frequent, ’till she was so far relax’d, that she -fell into a Dropsy[47].” - -He adds, “That bleeding, which some use by way of precaution, is a bad -custom, since it weakens the Solids, and renders the Body more subject -to a fresh accumulation of Fluids.” - -Experience has convinced me of the truth of this observation; for, -while I practis’d bleeding every month or six weeks, I found the -Night-mare return’d on me at these periods, rather aggravated than -abated. My bad success made me alter my method; and, instead of drawing -eight or ten ounces of blood at once, I drew twenty, and liv’d low, -on thin, astringent diet, for a few days afterwards; in which time -the dilated vessels contracted themselves, and resisted the sudden -distension, which taking large quantities of nourishing diet, after -plentiful evacuations, must always produce; as our medical Bard justly -expresses it, - -“Too greedily th’ exhausted Veins absorb The recent Chyle[48].” - -By observing Boerhaave’s method of curing a Plethora, viz. using a -thin, light diet after bleeding, and gradually prolonging the time -between each evacuation, I have reduc’d my bleedings to one every -autumn; and (thank Heaven) have in a great measure conquer’d that -Monster of the night, which so often threaten’d me with immediate -destruction. - -Experience also assures us, that large evacuations may be made by -strong purges; such as Jalap, Scammon. &c. which greatly dissolve, and -diminish the quantity of the Blood. - -Hence, we see the reason why Paulus Egeneta justly prescrib’d Scammony -in this Disease[49]. But in this kind of evacuations, Boerhaave’s -salutary rule should be also observ’d; viz. “Omissione sensim -introducta.” - -’Tis needless here to take notice of all the ill-adapted farrago of -Medicines prescrib’d by many of the old Physicians, who did not know -the cause of this Disorder. - -I cannot understand why Piony was reckon’d, by them, such a famous -specific for the Night-mare, which, taken internally, is only a -gentle attenuant: and ’tis very surprising, that Doctor Willis should -be so superstitious as to recommend balls made of Piony and Corral -to be tied about the Neck, by way of a sacred nostrum against this -Disease[50]. - -Temperate living is certainly the most effectual method of preventing -this and many other Disorders. Vegetable and flesh meat of easy -digestion; thin, subacid, diluent liquors, taken in moderate -quantities; light or no suppers; brisk exercise of all kinds; -high pillows, and sleeping on the Side, are the most sovereign -Prophylactics, or preventives. - -If People subject to the Night-mare be so fond of heavy flesh-suppers, -that they can neither rest with them nor without them, they should sup -early, and sit up or exercise two or three hours afterwards; and when -they go to bed, they should lie on the right Side, that the food may -have the advantage of its own gravity in passing out of the Stomach -into the Guts. In that position the Heart will fall on the Mediastinum, -which, being a flexible Membrane, will be an easier support to the -Heart than if it play’d against the hard Ribs, which is always the -consequence of lying on the left Side. - -When the fair Sex is oppress’d with this Disorder, and the precedent -cause is an obstruction of the Catamenia, the defect of that natural -discharge may be supply’d by a moderate bleeding; and proper remedies -should be us’d to clear the obstructed tubes, and open the flood-gates -to promote the ebb of the next full tide. But if the cause be common to -both sexes, the same methods may be follow’d, proper allowance being -made for the delicacy of the female constitution. - -Excessive drinking at night, as well as excessive eating, should -be avoided; but of the two evils, the former is the lesser, as our -British Celsus observes: - -“Tutior autem est in potione, quam in esca, intemperantia[51].” - -As intoxication subjects People to most dreadful fits of this Disorder, -as well as to many other accidents, it should, by all means, be shun’d. -Lucretius has so well painted its bad effects, that, I presume, my -polite reader will think his description of it neither tedious nor -foreign. - - Denique cur, Hominem cum vini vis penetravit - Acris et in Venas discessit deditus ardor, - Consequitur gravitas membrorum? Præpidiuntur - Crura vacillanti? tardescit Lingua? madet mens? - Nant Oculi? clamor singultus, jurgia gliscunt? - Et jam cætera de genere hoc quæcunq; sequuntur? - - Lib. 3. - - - Besides, when wine’s quick force has pierc’d the Brain, - And the brisk heat’s diffus’d thro’ every Vein, - Why do the members all grow dull and weak? - The Tongue not with its usual swiftness speak? - The Eye-balls swim? the Legs not firm and straight, - But bend beneath the Body’s natural weight: - Unmanly quarrels, noise, and sobs deface - The powers of Reason, and usurp their place. - - CREECH. - - -As Nature is the subject of Physic and Poetry, we find, that the sons of -Homer and Esculapius generally agree in giving salutary instructions -to Mankind; but as the former convey their admonitions in the most -agreeable manner, I shall conclude this Essay with two quotations from -them. - - The first Physicians by debauch were made, - Excess began, and sloth sustains the trade: - By chace our long-liv’d Fathers earn’d their food, - Toil strung their Nerves and purify’d their Blood, &c. - - DRYDEN. - - - Quæ virtus et quanta, boni, sit vivere parvo, - (Nec meus hic sermo est, sed quem præcepit Ofellus, - Rusticus, abnormis sapiens, crassaque Minerva) - Discite, non inter lances, mensasque nitentes; - Cum stupet insanis acies fulgoribus, & cum - Adclinis falsis animus meliora recusat. - - * * * * * - - Accipe nunc, victus tenuis quæ, quantaque secum - Adferat, imprimis valeas bene: nam variæ res - Ut noceant Homini, credas, memor illius escæ - Quæ simplex olim tibi sederit, at simul assis - Miscueris elixa, simul conchylia turdis; - Dulcia se in Bilem vertent, Stomachoque tumultum - Lenta ferat pituita. Vides, ut pallidus omnis - Cæna desurgat dubia? quin corpus onustum - Hesternis vitiis, animumque prægravat una - Atque adfigit humo divinæ particulam auræ. - Alter, ubi dicto citius curata sopori - Membra dedit, vegetus præscripta ad munia surgit. - - HORAT. Sat. - - - What, and how great the virtue and the art - To live on little with a chearful Heart! - (A doctrine sage, but truly none of mine) - Let’s talk, my friends, but talk before we dine; - Not when the gilt buffet’s reflected pride - Turns you from sound Philosophy aside, - Not when from plate to plate the Eye-balls roll, - And the Brain dances to the mantling bowl, - - * * * * * - - Now hear what blessings temperance can bring; - (Thus said my friend, and what he said I sing) - First health: the Stomach cramm’d with ev’ry dish, - A tomb of boil’d and roast, and flesh and fish, - When Bile and Wind, and Phlegm and Acid jar, - And all the Man is one intestine war, - Remembers oft the School-boy’s simple fare, - The temperate sleeps, and spirits light as air. - How pale each worshipful and rev’rend guest - Rise from a clergy or a city feast! - What life in all that ample Body? say: - What heav’nly particle inspires the clay? - The soul subsides and wickedly inclines - To seem but mortal, ev’n in sound Divines. - On morning wings, how active springs the Mind - That leaves the load of yesterday behind? - - POPE. - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] De anim. brutor. cap. 6. p. 127. - -[2] Lom. Observat. p. 80. - -[3] De morb. caput. p. 604. - -[4] Baxter on the Soul, p. 257. quarto edit. - -[5] A being which that vain chymist invented to preside over the animal -functions. See his Works, cap. 1. & Van Helmont. de Archeo faber. - -[6] De Corde, p. 145. - -[7] Sepulchret. Anatom. tom. 1. p. 180. - -[8] Comment in aphoris. 578. - -[9] De Dieta, scol. xxxv. - -[10] Haller, Prim. lin. DLXXII. Boerhaave, prelect. academ. de somno. - -[11] Winslow, de Poitrine, sect. 74. Eustachius, tab. xv. fig. 2. and -tab. xxv. - -[12] Macrob. in som. sup. lib. v. cap. 3. - -[13] To say that Voluntary Motions by custom become Involuntary, -may appear a contradiction; but if we reflect on several phænomena -of Animal Motion, that assertion will not appear so absurd. ’Tis -universally allow’d, that the Muscles of the Larynx and Tongue, -Adductors and Abductors of the Eyes are of the Voluntary kind; yet, by -endeavouring to imitate those who Stammer or Squint, these disagreeable -habits are acquir’d so, as not to be afterwards corrected by the -strongest efforts of the Mind. As the Heart of an Infant beats, at a -mean, about 11520 times every 24 hours, during the first year, ’tis -probable, that, by this frequent Motion, the action of that Muscle may -become independent of the Will ever afterwards: tho’ it might be as -Voluntary at first, as the action of the Muscles concern’d in sucking -the Nurse’s Breast. - -[14] Harvey de Generatione Animal. & Malpighius de Incubatione. - -[15] I remember that the Heart of a Gurnet beat regularly an hour -and forty minutes after I separated it From the Body. For many such -experiments, see Doctor Whytt’s ingenious Essay on Vital Motions. - -[16] His. Vit. & Mort. - -[17] Page 307. - -[18] Aphoris. 874. - -[19] Vide Lom. Observat. p. 80. & Etmuller, de Incubo. - -[20] Diemerbroek. - -[21] Winslow. Traite de Muscles, p. 554. - -[22] Philos. Trans. Nº 427. - -[23] Comment in Instut. DXCI. - -[24] Loc. mox, citatione. - -[25] De Dieta, &c. See. scol xxxix. - -[26] Prim. Lin. DLXXVIII. - -[27] Treatise on Opium, p. 26. - -[28] Boerhaave, Prelect. Academic, de somno. - -[29] On Food and Discharges, tab. 3. - -[30] Exercit. de Perspiratione. - -[31] Cavendum est ab initio, nam ubi diu durat assidue irruens magnos -Morbos, Insaniam, Morbum comitialem, aut siderationem denunciat. Paul. -Egenet. lib. 3. c. 19. - -[32] Incubus, vitium quod in somnis prehendit. Sua quidem natura -non admodum parvum est, verum, magna quædam mala portendit, Morbi -comitialis, melancholiæ species, Morbum attonitum, atque ea non procul -abesse. Si frequens Incubus invadit, significat. Actuar. lib. v. cap. -17. - -[33] Morbus, qui Incubus appellatur, non est Dæmon, sed magis prœmium -Morbi Cometialis, Insaniæ aut Siderationis. Cavendum est dum in -principio, inveteratum assidue incidens, quosdam ex relatis Morbis -inducit. Ætic. Sermo. c. 12. - -[34] Sin vero, ubi idem dormientes occupat, et post Expergefactionem -frigidi oriuntur sudores, et Cordis tremor, pessimum est. Qui hac -ægritudine multo jam spatio temporis, ac frequenter occupantur, hisce -grave aliquod Capitis malum, puta Vertiginem, Morbum tum attonitum, tum -Comitialem, Maniam, Nervorum distentionem, aut subitam Mortem impendere -sciendum est. Scil. hoc modo repertos mortuos, in ipso etiam cubili -multos esse constat. Lom Observat. Medicinal. p. 80. - -[35] Aphoris. 1020. - -[36] Generosus et sternuus D. Abrahamus Schonicel, equitum in exercitu -imperatorio magister, ebrietati deditus; quoties supinus incumberet, -Incubo graviter affici solebat: post multa remedia exhibita, malum -rarius quidem invasit; cum tamen, ob repletionem, et compotandi -consuetudinem recurreret, monui cubicularium, ut quoties in somno -queritantem et lamentantem audiret, statim corpus leviter vellicaret, -dormientem compellaret, et excitaret, quo pacto, insultus breviores -quidem sensit. Biennio tamen post, Epilepsia extinctus est. Baldassar -Timeus, Cas. Med. lib. v. - -[37] De Morb. Chron. lib. v. cap. 3. - -[38] De Utilitat. Respirationis. - -[39] Incubus accidentalis parum mali refert. Habitualis vero, -Epilepsiam, Apoplexiam, aut Melancholiam portendit, presertim, si -adsit Vertigo diurna; si accedit partim dormienti, partem vigilanti, -Epilepsia propinquior est. Sed adhuc deterior, si post excretionem -sudoris frigidi, tremor Cordis, Spasmus, aut Sincope, sequatur. Etmul. -de Incubo. - -[40] Consultat. et Respons. Med. cas. xix. - -[41] Metus est, ne hoc malum ingravescens in ipso paroxyso ægrum -suffocet, vel sanguinem in Ventriculis Cerebri aut ejus substantia -effundendo, vel Carotides Arterias, vel Plexum Choroidem, aut eorum -poros obstruendo, Apoplexiam vel alium similem gravem Cerebri Morbum -ægro accersat, ideoque, tempestiva hujusmodi, mala, curatione, sunt -præcavenda. Hen. Pagius apud Theodor. Biblioth. Med. - -[42] De Corde, p. 145. - -[43] De Dieta, &c. cap. x. scol. xxxiii. - -[44] Pharmacop. Edinensis. - -[45] Element. Chem. Process, L. - -[46] Aphoris. 106. - -[47] Comment, in Aphoris. 106. - -[48] Armstrong’s Poem on Health. - -[49] Lib. 3. cap. xv. - -[50] De Anima Brutor. cap. 6. - -[51] Mead, Monit. Med. de Vitæ Regimine. - - -FINIS. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Essay on the Incubus, or Night-mare, by -John Bond - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAY ON INCUBUS, OR NIGHT-MARE *** - -***** This file should be named 53216-0.txt or 53216-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/2/1/53216/ - -Produced by Turgut Dincer and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - |