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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..13fdb70 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #53216 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53216) diff --git a/old/53216-0.txt b/old/53216-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1dc99e7..0000000 --- a/old/53216-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2011 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's An Essay on the Incubus, or Night-mare, by John Bond - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: An Essay on the Incubus, or Night-mare - -Author: John Bond - -Release Date: October 5, 2016 [EBook #53216] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAY ON INCUBUS, OR NIGHT-MARE *** - - - - -Produced by Turgut Dincer and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - AN - - ESSAY - - ON THE - - Incubus, or Night-mare. - - By JOHN BOND, M. D. - - Ac velut in somnis oculos ubi languida pressit - Nocte quies, necquicquam avidos extendere cursus - Velle videmur, et in mediis conatibus ægri - Succidimus; non Lingua valet non corpore notæ - Sufficiunt vires, nec vox nec verba sequuntur. - - VIRGIL. Æneid. xii. - - [Illustration] - - LONDON: - Printed for D. WILSON and T. DURHAM, - at Plato’s Head, in the Strand. - - MDCCLIII. - - -To his Excellency - -ARTHUR DOBBS, Esquire, - -Governor and Captain General of the Province of NORTH CAROLINA. - - - SIR, - -Your extensive knowlege in every branch of useful and polite literature -will sufficiently justify the propriety of this address, though it -offers to your acceptance and protection an Essay merely medical. -Besides, the subject I have chosen is in a great measure new, and -must, I think, if successfully treated, prove highly useful. It seems -therefore peculiarly intitled to your patronage, who are so judicious, -so generous, and so zealous a promoter of every discovery which may -tend to the public good. I shall not trespass farther on your patience, -with the usual apologies of young Authors; nor on your modesty, with -the trite panegyrics of Dedicators: the whole tenour of your life has -render’d such encomiums superfluous; for you have always pursued the -shortest and the surest road to fame, the real _esse quod videri velis_. - - -Though by this Essay I should acquire no honour from the judicious Sons -of Æsculapius; this one however I am sure of, the subscribing myself - - Your most obliged, - - And most devoted servant, - - JOHN BOND. - - - - -THE - -PREFACE. - - -Being much afflicted with the Night-mare, self-preservation made -me particularly inquisitive about it. In consulting the ancient -Physicians, I found little information concerning it, except dreadful -prognostics; nor could a rational account of it be expected from them, -as they were unacquainted with the circulation of the Blood. - -The few Authors who have mention’d it since that glorious discovery, -have also given imperfect accounts of it; which are probably owing to -their not having felt it themselves: for, as it only seizes People in -sleep, continues but a short time, and vanishes as soon as they awake, -the Physician has not an opportunity of making observations of his own, -but must take all from the description of others, who have labour’d -under it. These, I believe, are the reasons that the principal Writers -in Physic have taken so little notice of it. These omissions however -render an enquiry into the nature of this Disease the more interesting -and necessary, and, at the same time, the more difficult. - -Under these disadvantages I have ventur’d to communicate the result -of my own observations and reflexions on it; hoping, that a greater -allowance will be made for the errors in this Essay, as it is perhaps -the first that ever appear’d expressly on this subject. - -The Night-mare is commonly, and, I believe, justly, attributed to a -stagnation of the Blood; but how this stagnation is produc’d, has not -been explain’d, so far as I know, in a satisfactory manner. - -I have carefully collected the observations of the ancient Physicians -concerning the prognostics of this Disorder; not for ostentation, but -to shew at the same time the dangerous consequences and antiquity -of it, in order to make those afflicted with it the more solicitous -to remove its cause in the beginning; for it may be said of the -Night-mare, as of many other Disorders, _Vires acquirit eundo_. - -Though the most temperate are sometimes afflicted with this Disease, -yet experience shews that it is generally the offspring of excess: -hence it must have been nearly _coeval_ with Bacchus (though it be -omitted by the _Coan Oracle_;) and Homer probably alludes to its -symptoms in the following lines: - - Ως δ’ εν ὀνείρω ὀυ δύναται Φευγοντα διωκειν - Οὔτ’ αρ ὁ δύναται ὑποfευγειν, ὄυθ’ ὁ διωκειν. - Iliad xxii. - -I have not introduc’d any thing in this Essay that did not appear -serious or probable. I have therefore omitted an inquiry into the -origin of many odd epithets and quaint names commonly given to this -Disorder; such as _Hag-riding_, _Wizard-pressing_, _Mare-riding_, -_Witch-dancing_, _&c._, nor did I think it requisite to mention -particularly the _curious Charms_ adapted to each superstitious name. - -My aim has been to convey my sentiments with as much brevity and -perspicuity as possible. If I have transgress’d this rule, in -occasionally introducing some things known, in order to explain others, -it was to be the more intelligible; I therefore hope, the more learned -will excuse me. - -With pleasure I take this opportunity of acknowledging how much -the hints I receiv’d from the instructive lectures of my ingenious -Preceptor Mr. Monro, contributed to this undertaking. - - - - -AN - -ESSAY - -ON THE - -Incubus, or Night-mare. - - - - -CHAP. I. - -_Of the history and the various opinions concerning the cause of this -Disorder._ - - -In order to convey a distinct idea of the subject of the following -pages, I shall, according to the old custom of medical authors, begin -with the etymology of it. - -Altho’ we have reason to believe, as will afterwards appear, that this -Disease was known long before the Greek language, yet, the earliest -account we have of it, is from the Greek authors, who call’d it -Εφιαλτης, and the Romans nam’d it Incubus, both which words partly -express its effects. - -In our language it is generally known by the name of the NIGHT-MARE; -which strange term probably arose from superstitious notions which the -British had, and perhaps still have, of it. How it first obtain’d this -odd appellation, I never could learn, nor is it material to know, since -that name is sufficient to distinguish it from every other Disease. - -The Night-mare generally seizes people sleeping on their backs, and -often begins with frightful dreams, which are soon succeeded by a -difficult respiration, a violent oppression on the breast, and a total -privation of voluntary motion. In this agony they sigh, groan, utter -indistinct sounds, and remain in the jaws of death, till, by the utmost -efforts of nature, or some external assistance, they escape out of that -dreadful torpid state. - -As soon as they shake off that vast oppression, and are able to move -the body, they are affected with a strong Palpitation, great Anxiety, -Languor, and Uneasiness; which symptoms gradually abate, and are -succeeded by the pleasing reflection of having escap’d such imminent -danger. All these symptoms I have often felt, and hope, that whoever -has had, or may have, this Disease, will readily know it by this -description, which I have not only taken from my own feelings, but from -the observations of many of my acquaintances, who were also afflicted -with it, and from the records of the antient observators. - -Before I enter into an enquiry concerning the cause of this Disorder, -or attempt to assign any one for it myself, I shall first take notice -of the principal opinions that have been advanc’d to account for it, -and examine how far they are confident with the laws of the animal -œconomy; that the judicious reader may see how necessary further -enquiries into the nature of this Disorder may be. - -Doctor Willis says, That the Night-mare is owing to some incongruous -matter which is mix’d with the Nervous Fluid in the Cerebellum[1]. -But, as he has not told us what this matter is, or how it is produced, -we can afford it little credit in this enquiry; because plethoric -persons, who abound with the purest and richest Blood, in whom such -incongruous matter is suppos’d least to prevail, are most subject to -this Disorder[2]. - -Bellini, who, in many other cases, is allow’d to be a pretty accurate -theorist, was strangely mistaken in this, when he said, That the -Night-mare is an imaginary Disease, and proceeds from the idea of some -demon, which existed in the mind the day before[3]. - -This account is very unworthy a physician, and is a strong evidence -that he never felt the heavy effects of this Disorder; otherwise he -would have allow’d it to be a real Disease of the Body. - -A metaphysician has laid great stress on this Disease, as an argument -in defence of some of his wild opinions. He asserts, That it is owing -to the operation of certains demons, which impose on, and torment, the -mind in sleep[4]. - -This ingenious hint he took from Bellini, who probably stole it from -Paracelsus’s doctrine of Archeus faber[5]. - -The ingenious Doctor Lower is the first author I met with, who observ’d -the horizontal position of the Body, and assign’d it as a remote cause -of this Disorder, but seems to attribute it immediately to a collection -of Lymph in the fourth Ventricle of the Brain. - -He says, “Si supine dormiant, Ventriculus ille quartus, Lympha -nimium distensus, Medullam Oblongatam sua gravitate premit, ideoque -fluxum liquidi Nervosi in Nervis cordi & respirationi inservientibus -impedit[6].” - -Perhaps he did not apply his first observation so well as might be -expected from one of his abilities; for it seems needless to wait for -a slow secretion of Lymph to produce this Disease, since, according to -his own account, the return of the Blood from the Head, by the Jugular -Veins, is in some measure prevented, and by that means a greater -quantity of Blood than usual will be collected in all the vessels of -the Brain; which might better answer his purpose, and more effectually -obstruct the nervous influence. But before either of these causes could -be removed by common methods, life would be at an end, and every fit -of the Night-mare would be mortal; but that it often happens otherwise, -many can testify. Doctor Lower seems to have founded this theory on the -dissection of a Man who died of a Hydrocephalus, and not immediately of -the Night-mare: hence that case is ill applied by Bonetus[7]. - - - - -CHAP. II. - -_An enquiry concerning the real cause of the Night-mare._ - - -Having mentioned the most remarkable opinions, that have occurr’d to -me concerning the cause of this Disease, and shewn them all defective, -I shall next consider several circumstances attending an horizontal -position of the Body in sleep, in which alone this disease is felt; and -endeavour from thence to investigate the real cause of it. - -Sleep is the balmy anodyne of nature; and was intended, by the all-wise -Author of our being, to ease the toils of the body, dispel the cares of -the mind, and to repair the losses sustain’d by the fatigue of the day. -In it we see every external stimulus remov’d, the Senses lock’d up, -and every Muscle relax’d, except the Heart, the Sphincters, and those -concern’d in respiration. Nutrition is then principally perform’d, and -then only the Fluids glide equably through the Vessels. - -As many of the voluntary Muscles are imployed in keeping the Body -erect, ’tis necessary that the Body should be in an inclin’d or -horizontal position, in order to relax them, and promote the salutary -end of sleep. Accordingly we find, that most of the brute, as well as -the human Species, chuse some easy posture of this kind to sleep in. - -When the human Body lies horizontally, the Blood must flow in greater -abundance to the Head; and with a greater momentum, cæteris paribus, -through the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries, than when the Body stands -erect; because the Blood, moving through these tubes in an horizontal -direction, will not so much resist the force of the Heart, as when it -ascends perpendicularly contrary to its own gravity. - -No one, I presume, will doubt the truth of this proposition, who -reflects, that it is much easier to move any spherical body on -an horizontal plane, than to raise the same body up against a -perpendicular wall. - -Neither will it be denied, that the quantity as well as the velocity of -Blood, flowing into the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries, is increas’d by -the horizontal position of the Body, if it be consider’d, that these -tubes (particularly the left Carotid) arise from, and proceed almost -parallel with the axis of the Aorta, where the velocity of the Blood -rushing out of the Heart is greatest. Whence it follows, from Sir Isaac -Newton’s second general law of motion, and from a well known axiom in -hydraulics, that these Arteries must receive more Blood in the same -time, than any other branches of the Aorta of the same diameter. - -As the Blood must lose most of the motion which it receives from the -Heart, in passing through the infinite vascular ramifications, and -fine filtres of the Brain, there scarce appears, even in an erect -position of the Body, any propelling power to push it back again to the -Heart, except we admit the pulsation of the small Arteries belonging -to the coats of the Sinuses, and its own gravity. But in an horizontal -position, the Blood has not the advantage of its gravity to accelerate -its motion through the Jugular Veins; therefore it must move slower, -and must be more subject to obstruction in the vessels of the Brain. -Hence we see the use of pillows is to promote and facilitate the return -of the Blood through the Jugular Veins: hence we may also observe, -the uneasiness and danger attending the too common method of making -the feet of beds higher than the heads, since a stoppage of the Blood -is always productive of dangerous consequences; of which any one may -be soon convinc’d by stooping the Head for a short time; and it will -appear, that the Blood is by this means collected in the Veins of the -Face, which will produce a Vertigo, and, if long continued, may bring -on an Apoplexy. Hence we sometimes hear of people dropping down dead, -upon stooping to buckle their shoes. These instances should deter some -from putting their pillows under their feet, in order to make the Blood -settle in their faces, and to decorate the external part of their Heads -at the expence of the internal. - -Notwithstanding the inconveniences and bad effects which may arise -from the Blood’s delay in the Brain, yet, its being sent to the Head -in sleep in a greater quantity, may serve many necessary purposes, -and render sleep more beneficial and refreshing to animals. First, -by distending the Blood-vessels of the Cerebrum, increasing the -pressure on that part, and by that means producing sleep. Secondly, by -promoting the secretion, and preparing a store of animal spirits to -supply the expence of the ensuing day. Thirdly, by gently encreasing -the pressure of the Blood-vessels on the Cerebellum, and perhaps -determining a greater quantity of the nervous influence to the Heart, -respiratory Muscles, and other parts, whose Nerves spring from that -fountain of life. This pressure on the Cerebellum may concur with the -rarefaction of the fluids, to render the motions of these organs more -regular and vigorous in sleep. - -To this mechanical pressure on the Cerebellum, the illustrious Van -Sweiten seems to attribute the motion of the Heart: “Cerebelli enim -actio in Cor per Nervos, pendet ab ipsa actione Cordis per Arterias[8].” - -Tho’ the contraction of the Heart is evidently the efficient cause of -the Blood’s motion, and consequently of the secretion of these spirits -in the Cerebellum, yet, without these spirits, the action of the Heart -could not be performed. These two causes appear to act in a circle, and -mutually depend on each other. Hence Hippocrates divin’d, ὁλον το ζωμα -κυκλος εστι. These also convey the idea of a perpetuum mobile; since, -as long as life lasts, an animal is really such, and far excels any -machine that human art has been yet able to make, or (in the opinion of -many philosophers) will ever invent. - -The laborious Hoffman ascribes a great deal to this pressure on the -Brain, where he says, “[9]Declivior cubitus sanguinis regressum -quodammodo impedit, quia per venas jugulares descendere debet, quod -elatiori capite commodius peragitur. Hinc, capite nimis demisso ac -depresso, profundiores somnii cum insomniis, fiunt, universo corpore -torpor inducitur. Eadem ratione, si quis facie prona velut in mensa, -in somnum delabitur. Ob difficiliorem sanguinis regressum, gravitatem -capiti, et ingenio stupiditatem accersit.” - -“[10]Sed etiam mechanicæ causæ somnum producunt, compressio nempe Duræ -Matris, aut Cerebri, quæcunque nata a Sanguine effuso, inpacto Osse, -aquæ in Ventriculis copia.” - -These, I hope, are sufficient to shew how far the motion of the fluids -may be affected by the horizontal position of the Body; which, if duly -consider’d, might be of great service in the practice of Physic; and -perhaps many effectual derivations might be made, without drawing a -drop of Blood. I saw a remarkable instance of this kind in a gentleman -of a full habit, who, being ill of a Fever, talk’d rationally and rav’d -alternately, as his head was elevated or depress’d. In acute Diseases, -when the motion of the Blood is very rapid through the whole Body, the -Brain must suffer greatly, on account of the horizontal position, to -which people in such cases are confin’d; because, the Blood rushing -violently into the Arteries of the Brain, and its return being retarded -by the Jugular Veins, will remarkably contribute to produce delirious -symptoms, so frequent in acute Disorders, which might be in some -measure prevented, by raising the Head; for, by that means, the motion -of the Blood through the Jugular Veins will be increas’d, the pressure -on the Brain will be eas’d, and a safe and sudden derivation from -the Head may be made, which may produce very happy effects, where no -evacuation could be safely attempted. - -Let us next take a view of the Heart, and consider how it may be -affected by the various positions of the Body, particularly the supine -one, in which the Night-mare generally invades. - -The Heart is placed above the Diaphragm: the greater part of it lies -in the left cavity of the Breast: its apex or point is turn’d towards -the extremity of the sixth true Rib, where its pulsations are commonly -felt: it adheres to the Lungs by its large vessels, and is connected to -the Diaphragm by the Pericardium[11]. - -Thus the Heart is suspended in the Breast; and therefore must be -subject to the laws of pendulous bodies, which alter their situation -according to the different directions of their centers of gravity. - -From the above just description of the human Heart, ’tis evident, that -when the Body is erect, the parts of the Heart which are commonly -called the right and left, ought to be more properly call’d the -anterior and posterior. - -Hence, when the Body is plac’d on the Back, these become the superior -and inferior parts of the Heart. - -That the Heart alters its situation in the Breast according to the -different positions of the Body, and the different directions of its -center of gravity, may be prov’d by the following easy experiments. - -If the Finger be applied to that part of the Ribs where the pulsation -is felt in an erect position; and if, at the same time, the Diaphragm -be contracted strongly, the beatings become immediately weaker, because -the Heart is pulled downwards by the Diaphragm. - -If one lies on the left side, the point of the Heart is felt beating -nearer the Spine of the Back; if we turn on our Backs, it is scarce -perceptible; and if we lie on the right side, it intirely vanishes. - -These alterations of the Heart’s situation in the Breast, are more -remarkable in some persons than in others; and in general I have found, -by repeated tryals, that they were most considerable in those who were -most subject to the Night-mare. - -When the Body lies supine, the Heart necessarily falls on the Vertebræ -of the Spine; and therefore, by its own gravity, must compress the left -Auricle and Pulmonary Veins, which, at that time, lie directly under -its basis; and, by that means, the course of the Blood through the -Lungs will be stop’d. Thus the Blood will be collected in the Pulmonary -Vessels, and the right, or rather superior Ventricle, not being able -to discharge itself into the Pulmonary Artery, will be oppressed by -the Blood returning from the Extremities; which, being gather’d in -the vessels about the superior part of the Heart, will increase its -gravity, and consequently augment the cause of the obstruction. In -this manner the return of the Blood from the Head will be prevented, -the tender dilatable vessels of the Brain will be over-distended, -the nervous influence obstructed, and the vital motions, in a great -measure, if not altogether, stopt. This I take to be a real fit of the -Night-mare, and in this manner it appears to be produc’d. - - - - -CHAP. III. - -_An account of the Symptoms._ - - -Having now discover’d what appears, to me, to be the immediate cause of -the Night-mare, viz. the pressure of the Heart on the left or inferior -Auricle and Pulmonary Veins, which stops the motion of the Blood -through the Lungs, and occasions a general stagnation; let us examine -how that hypothesis will account for the several Phænomena or Symptoms, -mention’d formerly in the description of this Disease. - -The first Symptoms that occur in that catalogue, are frightful Dreams, -which generally are the forerunners of this Disorder. “In hoc genere -(Somniorum) est Εφιαλτης quem publica persuasio quiescentes opinatur -invadere, ac sentientes pondere suo gravare[12].” - -I shall not here undertake to solve that Phænomenon, which has so long -puzzled the Metaphysicians, nor pretend to account for all kinds of -dreams in a mechanical manner. - -However, every one knows that the harmony and connection between the -Body and the Mind are so establish’d and constituted, while they are -united, that the Diseases of the one always affect the other in a -very sensible manner; and experience daily demonstrates, that violent -passions of the mind produce Fevers, Fainting Fits, and other severe -effects on the Body; e. contra, violent shocks of the Body, acute -Diseases, &c. frequently disturb, and raise strange commotions in the -Mind, or at least excite extravagant, wild ideas in it. Accordingly we -find, that the most eminent Physicians have not scrupl’d to assert, -that these effects are often owing to Obstructions and Inflammations -of the Membranes of the Brain. If so, may not the violent distentions -of the Vessels of the Brain (which always precedes and attends a fit -of the Night-mare) make such strong impressions on the origin of the -Nerves, or Sensorium Commune, as to occasion hideous associations of -ideas, and form frightful spectres in the imagination? Are not these -monstrous dreams intended as a stimulus to rouse the sentient principle -in us, that we might alter the position of the Body, and by that means -avoid the approaching danger? Is not the horizontal posture of the -Body, which produces a Plethora in the Vessels of the Brain, and many -odd sensations, the most general cause of dreams? Do they ever dream, -who sleep in an erect position? Are not the luxurious and the plethoric -most subject to disagreeable dreams? Is not the motion and titillation -of the Animalculæ in Semine Masculino, the cause of the agreeable -dreams which attend nocturnal emissions? Have females such emissions -in sleep? Does not perfect sleep consist in a total suspension of the -operations of the Mind? May not dreaming, in general, be consider’d -as a Disorder of the Body, and justly attributed to some cause, which -stimulates the Sensorium Commune, and prevents perfect rest? Do people -that sleep after much fatigue, ever dream? - -The vast oppression on the Breast, and immobility of the Body, which -are always felt in this Disorder, probably arise from the quantity -of Blood collected in the Lungs, Vena Cava, right Ventricle, and -Auricle of the Heart; nor does the Mind appear to be mistaken in this -case, as some have imagined; for it seems the same with regard to -the Mind, whether the real action of the Muscles be constrain’d by a -superior external force, or the influence of it over these Muscles be -hinder’d by an internal cause. In a fit of the Night-mare, the Mind, -conscious of the dangerous situation of the Body, in vain endeavours -to alter it, because its power over the Voluntary Muscles is some way -suspended, by the obstruction of the Blood; yet the Mind may exert -itself as much as if it strove to remove the greatest obstacle. In this -case the Mind generally ascribes the immobility of the Body to some -great weight laid on the Breast; whereas the cause is really internal: -and people judge of the greatness of the oppression, according to the -efforts nature makes to overcome the obstruction of the Blood in the -Lungs. - -Besides, in heavy or profound sleep, the voluntary motions are -generally stop’d. Hence, when people awake suddenly, they are for some -time Paralytic, before the Animal Spirits obey the commands of the -Mind, and actuate the Muscles in the usual manner. - -The indistinct Voice is probably owing to the same cause; for the -Muscles of the Tongue and Larynx, which form distinct sounds, are -of the voluntary class, which, as was said before, are generally -suspended in sleep. - -The collapsing of the Lungs, which are, at this time, overloaded with -Blood, will exclude the air, that necessary medium of sounds, and sole -vehicle of voice. - -Heavy sighs and groans are the emphatic expressions of nature in -distress, and generally arise from some obstruction in the Lungs; but -in a fit of the Night-mare there appears a great accumulation of Blood -in the vessels of that part, whence these Symptoms are easily accounted -for. It may be observ’d of sighing in general, that when the attention -of the Mind is deeply engag’d to any particular object or sensation, -and either neglects or is restrain’d from exerting its influence over -the organs of respiration, the Blood is stop’d in the Lungs, so that -it becomes necessary to draw in a large Chestful of air, in order to -give the Blood a free passage from the right Ventricle of the Heart to -the left. Hence Melancholy persons, profound Mathematicians, and fond -pining Lovers, are most subject to that affection. Such people are also -very liable to many Hypochondriac and Chronic Diseases; which often -proceed from a defective respiration, or a too slow motion of the Blood -through those parts which are agitated by the alternate dilatation -and contraction of the Thorax. Hence the Liver and Spleen and the -Lungs themselves must suffer most when the attention of the Mind is -engag’d by some Disease of its own, and it becomes less sensible of the -Disorders of the Body. Hence people in Grief, &c. labour under a double -Disease, which, on account of the anxiety, weight, and oppression that -is felt from the Blood stagnating about the Heart, is commonly termed -Heart-breaking. - -An Uneasiness or Anxiety, and Palpitation of the Heart, are the last -Symptoms that are commonly felt of the Night-mare, which proceed from -the cause lately mention’d; as ’tis then necessary that the Heart -should contract itself more frequently, in order to discharge the Blood -collected in the Vena Cava, the right Sinus Venosus, and Auricle, -during the fit. - -Having done what I propos’d in this Chapter, and given the best account -that I know of the Symptoms, I should now proceed to the Prognostics -and method of Cure; but, as I have shewn how the vital motions are -stop’d, and a general stagnation of the Blood is produc’d, it is also -incumbent on me to explain how the motion of that vital stream is -renew’d by the efforts of nature alone; otherwise it might be objected, -that, according to my theory, unless where art interpos’d, every fit of -the Night-mare would be mortal. - - - - -CHAP. IV. - -_Of the Natural Cure._ - - -In order to shew how persons recover out of a fit of this Disease, by -the mere efforts of nature, I shall beg leave to premise a few of the -most probable opinions, and best establish’d propositions, concerning -Animal Motion, which I shall here take for granted, and refer the -reader, for a physical demonstration of them, to the ingenious Essays -of Doctors Porterfield, Whytt, Simson, and Haller. - -Animal and Muscular Motion is said to be of two kinds, viz. Voluntary, -and Involuntary or Habitual. - -By Voluntary Motion is meant the action of any Muscle or Muscles -produc’d by an immediate or conscious determination of the Mind; of -this kind are the several occasional motions of the Body. - -Involuntary or Habitual Motions are such as proceed originally from the -Mind also, but are so establish’d, by long custom, that the Mind is -not immediately conscious of them, nor can stop them at pleasure[13]. -To this class, the Motion of the Heart, the peristaltic Motion of the -Stomach and Guts, Respiration, and several Motions of the Eyes belong. - -The vital Motions are suppos’d to be continued by a stimulus constantly -applied to the Fibres of the Muscles which perform them. - -Hence the Ventricles of the Heart are constantly irritated and -stretch’d by the Venous Blood, which brings them into contraction, to -propel the Blood through the Body. - -Thus the Alimentary Tube is mov’d by the irritation of the food, -rarefied air, &c. - -And in like manner respiration is carried on, by the uneasiness that -is felt in the Lungs at the end of every dilatation and contraction of -the Thorax, which is owing to the resistance that the Blood meets with, -both from the collapsing of the Lungs, and from the pressure of the -rarefied air on the small Pulmonary Vessels, during their expansion: to -which may be added, the elasticity of the Cartilages. - -These several stimuli can only be perceiv’d by a sentient principle, -which, in the human species, is call’d the Soul. - -When the Soul is first united with the Body, and receives command -over the organs of Motion, it seems to have been laid under a kind of -necessity, by which it is compell’d to exert these organs in avoiding -whatever is hurtful, and in chusing whatever is apparently beneficial, -to the Body. - -’Tis evident, from the laws of the Circulation, that when the Motion -of the Blood through the Lungs is stop’d, for a short time, the right -Ventricle of the Heart must be violently distended, and consequently -severely stimulated. This strong irritation may bring the Ventricle -into a vigorous contraction, which is all that is wanted to put the -admirable machine again in motion; for, as soon as the right Ventricle -discharges itself into the Pulmonary Artery, ’tis plain, from the laws -of hydraulics, that the Blood must move in the Pulmonary Veins; and -therefore the pressure on these vessels must be overcome. Thus the -circulation of the Blood will be renew’d, and the vast distention of -the vessels about the Heart, will rouse the attention of the Mind to -change the uneasy position of the Body as soon as possible; which will -alter the direction of the Heart’s center of gravity, and therefore -take the pressure off the Pulmonary Veins and inferior Auricle, and by -that means afford a free passage to the Blood through the Lungs. In -this manner people may recover, without any external assistance. - -’Tis highly probable that the Motion of the Blood is renew’d before -any of the Voluntary Motions are recovered; for we never find that any -of the Voluntary Motions remain after the Motion of the Heart ceases; -and the surprising process of generation shews, that the first Motion -observable in animal Bodies, is that of the Heart[14]. We have many -instances, in Brutes, of the Heart’s Motion continuing long after the -action of the Voluntary Muscles is quite destroy’d[15]. It is not -improbable, that the human Heart would contract itself after Death, if -the same experiments could, with any degree of humanity, be tried on -it, that are made on the Hearts of Brutes: and the great Lord Bacon -gives an instance of a criminal’s Heart, which he saw, after torn from -the Body, leap up and down for several minutes[16]. - -In a severe fit of the Night-mare, when the Motion of the Blood, and -consequently the Motion of the Heart, is stop’d, the Mind, must be in -a terrible agony; and the only chance it has for further communication -with the Body, depends upon the vigour and sensibility of the right or -superior Ventricle of the Heart; for, if it be not able to push the -Blood through the Lungs, and overcome its own weight at the same rime, -de Vita Actum est. - -From what has been said it appears, that lying on the Back is a -dangerous, uneasy position, and should be carefully avoided, even when -we are awake. I believe few can lie long on the Back without feeling an -uneasiness in the Breast, which is soon remov’d by turning on either -Side: but when People are buried in sleep, and are incapable of that -action, the consequence is dreadful, for the reason often mention’d. We -may be convinc’d, that, if lying on the Back would not impede the Vital -Motions, nature would have directed us to chuse that position in sleep, -because it requires scarcely any muscular action. But, on the contrary, -we find that most of the human species prefer lying on either Side. - -As colonel Townshend’s case is a remarkable instance of the dangerous -effects which may proceed from lying on the Back, and as it may serve -to illustrate my theory of this Disorder, I shall here quote it at -full length, that the reader may the more readily observe the analogy -between his mechanical suppression of the Vital Motions, and a fit of -the Night-mare, It is thus related by Doctor Cheyne, in his English -Malady[17]. - - -The CASE of the honourable Colonel TOWNSHEND. - -“Colonel Townshend, a gentleman of excellent natural parts, and of -great honour and integrity, had for many years been afflicted with a -nephritic complaint, attended with constant vomitings, which had made -his life painful and miserable. During the whole time of his illness, -he had observ’d the strictest regimen, living on the softest vegetables -and lightest animal foods, drinking asses milk daily, even in the -camp: and for common drink Bristol-water, which, the summer before -his death, he drank on the spot. But his illness increasing, and his -strength decaying, he came from Bristol to Bath in a litter, in autumn, -and lay at the Bell-Inn. Doctor Baynard (who is since dead) and I were -called to him, and attended him twice a day for the space of a week; -but his vomitings continuing still incessant, and obstinate against all -remedies, we despair’d of his recovery. While he was in this condition, -he sent for us early one morning: we waited on him, with Mr. Skrine his -Apothecary (since dead also;) we found his senses clear, and his Mind -calm, his Nurse and several Servants were about him. - -“He had made his will and settled his affairs. He told us he had -sent for us to give him some account of an odd sensation, he had for -some time observ’d and felt in himself: which was, that composing -himself he could die or expire when he pleased, and yet, by an effort -or somehow, he could come to life again; which it seems he had tried -before he had sent for us. We hear’d this with surprize; but as it was -not to be accounted for from any common principles, we could hardly -believe the fact as he related it, much less give any account of it; -unless he would please to make the experiment before us, which we were -unwilling he should do, lest, in his weak condition, he might carry -it too far. He continued to talk very distinctly and sensibly above -a quarter of an hour about this (to him) surprising sensation, and -insisted so much on our seeing the tryal made, that we were at last -forced to comply. We all three felt his Pulse first: it was distinct, -though small and thready; and his Heart had its usual beating. - -“He composed himself on his Back, and lay in a still posture for some -time; while I held his Right-hand, Doctor Baynard laid his Hand on his -Heart, and Mr. Skrine held a clean looking-glass to his Mouth. I found -his Pulse sink gradually, ’till at last I could not feel any, by the -most exact and nice touch. Doctor Baynard could not feel the least -motion of his Heart, nor Mr. Skrine the least soil of breath on the -bright mirror he held to his Mouth; then each of us by turns examin’d -his Arm, Heart, and Breath, but could not, by the nicest scrutiny, -discover the least symptom of life in him. - -“We reasoned a long time about this odd appearance as well as we could, -and all of us judging it inexplicable and unaccountable, and finding -he still continued in that condition, we began to conclude that he had -indeed carried the experiment too far, and at last were satisfied he -was actually dead, and were just ready to leave him. - -“This continued about half an hour, by nine o’clock in the morning -in autumn. As we were going away, we observed some motion about the -Body, and upon examination found his Pulse and the motion of his Heart -gradually returning: he began to breathe gently and speak softly; we -were all astonished to the last degree at this unexpected change, -and after some further conversation with him, and among ourselves, -went away fully satisfied as to all the particulars of this fact, but -confounded and puzzled, and not able to form any rational scheme that -might account for it. He afterwards called for his attorney, added a -codicil to his will, settled legacies on his servants, received the -sacrament, and calmly and composedly expired about five or six o’clock -that evening. Next day he was opened (as he had ordered) his Body was -the soundest and best made I had ever seen; his Lungs were fair, large, -and sound; his Heart big and strong, and his Intestines sweet and -clean; his Stomach was of a due proportion, the Coats sound and thick, -and the villous Membrane quite entire. But when we came to examine the -Kidneys, though the left was perfectly sound, and of a just size, the -right was about four times as big, distended like a blown Bladder, and -yielding, as if full of pap; he having often passed a wheyish liquor -after his urine, during his illness. - -“Upon opening this Kidney, we found it quite full of a white chalky -matter, like plaister of Paris, and all the fleshy substance dissolved -and worn away, by what I called a Nephritic Cancer. This had been the -source of all his misery; and the symptomatic vomitings, from the -irritation on the consentient Nerves, and quite starv’d and worn him -down. I have narrated the facts as I saw and observ’d them deliberately -and distinctly, and shall leave to the philosophic reader to make what -inferences he thinks fit: the truth of the material circumstances I -will warrant.” - -In this gentleman’s case we may observe, that the contractile power -of his Fibres was very much weaken’d, their sensibility in a great -measure destroy’d, and his vital energy far exhausted, by the long and -severe irritation in his Kidney; and that, when he composed himself on -his Back, the motion of the Blood through the Lungs was easily stop’d, -in the manner above-mention’d, viz. by the pressure of the Heart upon -the left Auricle and Pulmonary Veins; to, which may be added, a small -degree of volition in restraining the organs of respiration. In this -dead state, we are told, he lay half an hour; in which time the -greater part of Blood was drove into the Veins, as generally happens -soon after respiration stops. Hence the right Ventricle must have been -greatly distended and severely stimulated by the refluent Blood, ’till -at length it was brought into a strong contraction, which put the Blood -again in motion through the whole Body, and a small spark of vital -vigour still remaining, continued it so for eight hours afterwards. - -The Mind too, in this case, as in many others of the like kind, was -probably tir’d of its communication with the Body, and was willing to -take its flight from an habitation in which it felt so much pain. - -I have offered this account to the curious, not because I think it -altogether satisfactory, but hope, that its insufficiency may induce -others to give one more adequate. - -If colonel Townshend had not compos’d himself on the Back, could he -have produc’d that surprising effect? If he had been turn’d on his -Side, would he not have sooner recover’d? Were not the Doctors very -blameable for offering to go away without using some means to recover -him? - -It is observable, that when People are far exhausted by Diseases, and -are on the brink of dissolution, they generally lie on their Backs, -because they have not muscular force sufficient to support the Body on -either Side. - -From what has been said concerning the supine portion of the Body, it -appears, that it helps considerably to close this scene of life, by -stopping the Blood in the Lungs. Hence the immortal Boerhaave observ’d, -“[18]Proximam mortis causam, et ultimum ferme omnium Lethalium morborum -effectum esse Peripneumoniam.” - -If then the supine position has such a remarkable effect in stopping -the Motion of the Blood, and consequently in putting an end to this -Life, would it not be prudent to turn People on their Sides, and keep -them so, who are so far spent in acute Diseases, that, they are unable -to poize themselves in that salutary position? Would it not be often a -means of prolonging the fatal, and of promoting an happy crisis? - -When the force of an acute Disorder, and the strength of Nature are -nearly equal, would not the weight of the Heart cast the ballance? - - - - -CHAP. V. - -_Of the concurring Causes of the Night-mare._ - - -Although I have assign’d the supine position of the Body, and the -pressure of the Heart upon the Pulmonary Veins and the left Auricle, as -the immediate Causes of this Disorder; yet it is necessary to consider -several pre-disposing circumstances, which may render some persons more -subject to it than others, who may perhaps sleep sometimes on their -Backs, and escape it. - -The general primary Causes of this Disease are a Plethora, or a too -great quantity of Blood, a viscidity or tenacity of the Fluids, and a -weakness or inertia of the Solids. Hence, young persons of gross full -habits, the robust, the luxurious, the drunken, and they who sup late, -are most subject to the Night-mare[19]. Also Women who are obstructed; -Girls of full, lax habits, before the eruption of the Menses; of which -I have collected the following Cases, - - -CASE I. - -A young Lady, of a tender, lax habit, about fifteen, before the Menses -appear’d, was seiz’d with a fit of this Disease, and groan’d so -miserably that she awoke her Father, who was sleeping in the next room. -He arose, ran into her chamber, and found her lying on her Back, and -the Blood gushing plentifully out of her Mouth and Nose. When he shook -her, she recover’d, and told him, that she thought some great heavy Man -came to her bedside, and, without farther ceremony, stretched himself -upon her. She had been heard moaning in sleep several nights before; -but, the next day after she imagin’d herself oppress’d by that Man, -she had a copious eruption of the Menses, which, for that time, remov’d -all her complaints. - - -CASE II. - -A young Lady, about twenty, of a full, sanguineous habit, and lax -system of Fibres, labour’d under an obstinate obstruction of the -Catamenia for six months. About six weeks after her first period -elaps’d, she had a severe fit of the Night-mare, and next morning -she spit near a pound of Blood, part of which was coagulated. She -complain’d of an anxiety and oppression in her Breast, for several days -afterwards. She soon grew well, and continued so ’till a month had -pass’d, when the Night-mare return’d, and was succeeded by a spitting -of Blood; but the second fit was not so severe as the first. She had -periodical fits and discharges of this kind, ’till, by proper remedies, -the redundant streams were convey’d through their usual channels, -which at the same time carried off the cause and heavy effect of the -Nightmare. - - -CASE III. - -A robust servant Girl, about eighteen years old, was severely oppress’d -with the Night-mare, two or three nights before every eruption of the -Menses, and us’d to groan so loudly as to awake her Fellow-servant, who -always shook or turn’d her on her Side; by which means she recover’d. -She was thus afflicted periodically with it, ’till she took a bedfellow -of a different sex, and bore Children. - - -CASE IV. - -“A Woman, fifty years old, of a good, full, fleshy, strong habit of -Body, after her Menses stop’d, was constantly tormented with this -Disorder[20].” - -I might add many more instances of this kind, to shew, that the fair -sex is subject to the severe insults of this oppressive Disease; but -hope these are sufficient to excite the attention of others to make -observations of this sort, which are the more necessary, as they have -been too much neglected by writers on this subject. - -When Women pass the fruitful seasons of life, and the delicate uterine -Tubes, contracting themselves, become too rigid, and resist the impetus -of the Fluids so as to prevent the usual discharges; then the Fluids, -which were formerly periodically evacuated, are amass’d, and collected -in the Body, and occasion a Plethora. Hence, Women, about that time, -often grow fat, heavy, and sickly, and become more subject to the -Night-mare; because the Heart, swell’d with redundant Blood, will bear -more heavily on the Pulmonary Veins and left Auricle, when they happen -to sleep in a supine position. - -Experience declares, that there is not a more frequent primary Cause -of the Night-mare than heavy suppers of tough animal food, and large -quantities of soft, thick malt liquors, which distend, and lie long -in the Stomach; whose pressure may contribute, in many respects, to -produce this Disorder. - -1st. Its pressure on the Aorta Descendens will determine a greater -quantity of Blood than usual into the Arteries that belong to the -Head; and as these turgid vessels run contiguous to the trunks of the -Intercostal and eight pair of Nerves, they may perhaps compress them so -as to render the Heart, &c. paralytic. - -2d. By occupying a large space in the Abdomen, it hinders the full -contraction of the Diaphragm, and thus diminishes the cavity of the -Thorax, prevents the necessary expansion of the Lungs, and consequently -obstructs the motion of the Blood through them. - -3d. Anatomy informs us, that the Diaphragm is not perpendicular to the -Spine of the Back, but forms an acute angle with it, and is extended -obliquely upwards to the Sternum[21]. Hence, in a supine position of -the Body, the Diaphragm may be considered as an inclin’d plane, upon -which the surcharg’d Stomach must rest; and its weight on this part -will increase the pressure of the Heart on the Pulmonary Veins, as it -is connected to the opposite side of the Diaphragm by the Pericardium. - -Every one knows that a hearty meal disposes People to sleep. This -effect was commonly attributed to the pressure of the Stomach on the -descending Aorta: but Doctor Stuart has oppos’d that theory[22]. Doctor -Haller has seconded him, and has given his reasons for it. He says, -“Si exquisitiori Anatome in situm Ventriculi & Aortæ inquisiveris, -reperies vix unquam Aortam a Ventriculo comprimi posse. Dum enim -distenditur, antrorsum recedit, et Curvaturam parvam retrorsum ostendit -Aortæ, quæ ea Curvatura, interjecto Pancreate, comprehenditur[23]” - -This is certainly a just account of the appearance of the Stomach, when -it is distended in a dead Body, where the Integuments of the Abdomen, -and all resistance to the Stomach’s rising, is taken away: but, if we -consider the Stomach distended by any means in a living Body, where -these Integuments still remain in an active state, and resist the -motion of the Stomach forwards and upwards; then a great part of its -pressure must fall on the Aorta, and confirm the old opinion. That -part of the Diaphragm, through which the Oesophagus passes, must be -the center of motion in this case; and allowing, that the Stomach -moves a little upwards and forwards, in a distended state, yet, as the -Abdominal Viscera are in such a fluid or fluctuating condition, that -place, which may be deserted by the distention of the Stomach, will be -fill’d up by the Pancreas; and by this means, the Aorta may suffer as -great a pressure as if it was immediately in contact with the Stomach: -the argument, which that industrious Gentleman adds, may be owing to -the peculiarity of his own constitution; viz. “Imo vero aucti a pastu -veneris stimuli demonstrant, eo tempore motum Sanguinis in Aortam -descendentem potius majorem esse, quam minorem[24]”. - -Doctor Haller seems to have levell’d the force of this argument against -a full Stomach being any cause of the Nightmare; but I might mention -many facts here to prove the contrary, and among the rest, might add -my own case; but, to avoid prolixity, I shall confine myself to one -instance. - -A corpulent Clergyman, about fifty years old, who is very fond of -strong beer and flesh suppers, but so subject to the Night-mare, that -he is obliged to stint himself to a certain quantity every night; -whenever he happens to take an over-dose, he groans so loudly that he -often awakes all the People in the house. He has assur’d me, that, in -these fits, he imagin’d the Devil came to his bedside, seiz’d him by -the Throat, and endeavour’d to choak him. Next day he observ’d the -black impressions of his hard Fingers on his Neck. After being at a -wedding or christening, he never escapes it; and his Servant is oblig’d -to watch him all the next night, and rescue him from the Paws of Satan, -whose dreadful approach always makes him roar loud enough to awake the -Servant, if he should happen to be asleep. The Servant told me, he -always found his Master lying on his Back in the fit. - -Hoffman says, “[25]Plethoricos omni cura fugere opportet decubitum -supinum, facile enim Incubo premuntur, cujus causa a Sanguinis -stagnatione in Pulmones deducenda est.” - -Doctor Haller assigns a different reason for heavy suppers preventing -rest, viz. “[26]Sed etiam cibi immeabiles particulæ in Cerebro minus -facile trajactæ, comprimendo Medullam somnum minus benignum faciunt.” - -It is remarkable, that this Disorder attacks People only in sleep; -which, Doctor Young says[27], is owing to the effect that sleep has -in increasing all the symptoms of a Plethora. It is true, that sleep -retards the motion of the Blood, and checks the serous secretions. -“[28].In vasis vero serosis, Lymphaticis et Nervosis circulatio parva, -et sæpe nulla est.” - -There is no occasion to go about proving that the secretion of urine is -lessened in bed, for common experience sufficiently evinces it. And it -appears, by the experiments of Doctor Robinson[29] and Gorter[30], that -perspiration is considerably less in the night than in the day. It must -be allow’d, that the heat of the bed-cloaths will rarify the Blood, -and also contribute to an universal distension of the Vessels: but -all these seem to be rather the effects of lying quiet in a warm bed, -than of sleep alone. If so, People might be as readily seiz’d with the -Night-mare while they are awake in these circumstances, as when they -are asleep, which never happens. - -I really can find no way of accounting for this Phænomenon, unless we -have recourse to the Soul, or that active principle within us, whose -operations, during sleep, are either greatly impeded, or altogether -suspended. It is therefore less sensible of any uneasiness in the Body -than when we are awake, and the faculties of the Mind are in action, -which is compell’d, by some innate necessity, to avoid any pain, as -soon as it perceives it in the Body. - -While we are awake, lie on our Backs, and feel any uneasiness in that -position, we immediately alter it: but, in sleep, we are not so soon -conscious of the Blood’s stoppage in the Lungs, nor have we the means -of removing that dangerous obstruction so much in our power, because -the voluntary motions are then suspended, without which, the position -of the Body cannot be changed, nor the cause of the obstruction remov’d. - -The insensibility of the Lungs too may contribute to render the -obstruction greater, before the Mind becomes conscious of it; for -we don’t find, that obstructions and inflammations of the Lungs are -attended with such an acute pain, as when these Disorders attack other -parts of the Body, the Liver, Spleen, and Omentum excepted. - -The Night-mare may sometimes seize very plethoric Persons, when they -don’t lie directly on the Back; for part of the Heart’s weight may fall -on the Pulmonary Veins, in a lateral position of the Body. - -By way of a brief recapitulation of what has been offer’d concerning -the Causes in general of this Disorder, I shall conclude this Chapter -with the following corollaries. - -COR. 1. That they who have a very sensible system of Fibres, -and are soon affected by a stimulus, are least subject to the -Night-mare. - -COR. 2. That sluggish, inactive constitutions are most liable -to it. - -COR. 3. That the severity of the fit will be always -proportional to the sensibility of the Fibres, and the quantity of -Blood. - -COR. 4. That the duration of a fit will be proportional to the -sensibility and vigour of the constitution. - -COR. 5. That they who sup sparingly, and never sleep on their -Backs, are seldom or never afflicted with it. - -COR. 6. That it is most common in those seasons of the year, -which most increase the volume of the Fluids: hence spring and autumn -are its most fertile periods. - - - - -CHAP. VI. - -_Of the Prognostics of this Disorder._ - - -Lest this Disorder should be thought altogether the work of -Imagination, and necessary precautions should be neglected to prevent -frequent returns of it; I have collected the sentiments of the ancient -Physicians concerning its consequences; whose authority, in this -Disease, as well as in many others, I believe, we may safely rely on; -because they were wholly ignorant of its immediate cause, and had no -favourite theory to support, but faithfully related facts of this kind -as they really appear’d. - -We find that most of the old observators who have mention’d the -Night-mare, reckon it a forerunner of some terrible Disorder: I shall -here translate these quotations, for the benefit of my English readers, -and add the originals by way of notes, for the perusal of the learned. - -“We should endeavour to stop it in the beginning; for, when it -returns every night, it portends either Madness, the Epilepsy, or a -Mortification[31].” - -“The Night-mare is a Disorder which attacks People sleeping, and is of -no trifling nature, but precedes dreadful Disorders; viz. the Epilepsy, -a kind of Melancholy, and an Apoplexy; and if it returns frequently, it -shews that they are not far off[32].” - -“The Disease call’d the Night-mare is not a Dæmon, but rather the -fore-runner of the Epilepsy, Madness, or a Mortification. We should -stop it in the beginning; for, when it continues long, and returns -often, it produces some of the above-mention’d Disorders[33].” - -“If they, whom the Night-mare seizes in sleep, have cold Sweats, and a -palpitation of the Heart after they awake, they are very bad symptoms. -They who are long affected with it, have great reason to fear some -desperate Disorder of the Head, viz. a Vertigo, an Apoplexy, Madness, a -Palsy, an Epilepsy, or some sudden Death: and there are many instances -of People being found dead in their beds of this Disorder[34].” - -The celebrated Boerhaave has mention’d the Night-mare among the -principal symptoms of an Apoplexy[35]. - -In order to illustrate these prognostics by modern instances, I have -collected several cases, but shall confine myself to the two following. - - -CASE I. - -A Gentleman, about thirty years old, of a full sanguineous habit, and -a little intemperate, was tormented with the Night-mare almost every -night for two years. He bled often, which gave him short ease; but was -at length seiz’d with an Apoplexy, while he had the glass in one Hand -and the pipe in the other, and expir’d immediately. - - -CASE II. - -A Gentleman, about forty-five years old, of a corpulent phlegmatic -habit of Body, and an inactive disposition of Mind, complain’d of a -vast oppression which he felt in his sleep; upon which he consulted a -Physician, who prescrib’d both bleeding and purging, to be repeated -as often as it return’d. This prescription was follow’d with success -at first, but it became so often necessary, that the patient was not -able to bear such evacuations. He therefore was obliged to sleep in a -chair all night, to avoid the Night-mare. But one night he ventur’d to -bed, and was found half dead in the morning. He continued paralytic -two years; and after taking the round of Bath and Bristol, &c. to no -purpose, he died an Idiot. - -“—D. Abraham Schonnichel, who was a Captain of horse in the Emperor’s -army, and being fond of drink, was afflicted with the Night-mare as -often as he lay on his Back, after taking many medicines it became -less frequent. But when, on account of his intemperance, it return’d, -I order’d his Chamberlain to rouse him whenever he heard him groan, in -sleep; by which means, the fits were shorten’d, but about two years -after he died of an Epilepsy[36].” - -Cœlus Aurelianus says[37], that this disease was epidemic and kill’d -many at Rome. - -As the Romans took little breakfast or dinner, but made supper their -principal meal, ’tis probable, that they were very subject to the -Night-mare, especially during the Saturnalia, when they held all their -repotia or drinking-matches, and indulged themselves in all kinds of -intemperance at night. - -Galen says, “That the Night-mare is a kind of an Epilepsy, which -happens in sleep; and that if it continues long, it will turn to a real -Epilepsy[38].” - -“An accidental Night-mare is not dangerous; but if it be habitual, -it threatens an Epilepsy, Apoplexy, or Melancholy, especially if the -Person be subject to a Vertigo in the day-time. If it attacks one -between sleeping and waking, it denotes the Epilepsy to be very near; -but it is remarkably dangerous, when a cold Sweat, a palpitation of the -Heart, a Spasm, or a Fainting fit, succeed it[39].” - -“Hoffman mentions the Night-mare among the Symptoms of an Apoplexy, -that was cur’d by an over-dose of Camphire[40].” - -From these concurring authorities, and the instances that have been -given, we have sufficient reason to believe, that the above Diseases -often succeed frequent fits of the Night-mare. It is highly probable, -that the stagnation of the Blood (which occasions it) in the Pulmonary -Veins, right Ventricle, Vena Cava, and the Sinuses of the Brain, may -form obstinate obstructions, and leave the rudiments of Polypi in -these parts; which may afterwards produce fatal effects. From the -situation of the lateral Sinuses, it appears, that in a supine position -of the Body, the Blood must move out of them, contrary to its own -gravity. Hence, by their turgescence, the Cerebellum may be compress’d, -and the animal functions impeded. It was probably to prevent this -pressure on the Cerebellum, and to promote the return of the Blood from -the Head, that Nature has plac’d these reservoirs in the upper part of -the Heads of Quadrupeds. - -“If this disorder grows more severe, there is danger of being -suffocated in the very fit, and of its producing an Apoplexy or some -terrible disorder of the Head, either by pouring Blood into the -Ventricles, or substance of the Brain, or by obstructing the Carotid -Arteries, or Choroid Plexus: therefore such Diseases are to be -prevented by proper methods[41].” - -Does not this disease kill many who go to bed in perfect health, and -are found dead in the morning? Does not the Night-mare carry many -drunkards out of this world? Is it not a species of an Apoplexy? Is it -not the final cure of all chronic Diseases? - - - - -CHAP VII. - -_Of the Cure._ - - -When People are found in a fit of the Night-mare, the most effectual -remedy is to rouse them as soon as possible, by changing the position -of the Body, and applying some keen stimulus immediately, such as -pricking with a pin, speaking loud, &c. and if they recover the least -degree of voluntary motion, the happy crisis is for that time obtain’d, -as Actuarius and Willis observ’d. - -I have often been so much oppress’d by this enemy of rest, that I -would have given ten thousand worlds like this for some Person that -would either pinch, shake, or turn me off my Back; and I have been so -much afraid of its intolerable insults, that I have slept in a chair -all night, rather than give it an opportunity of attacking me in an -horizontal position. - -Doctor Lower relates a remarkable similar case, which I shall here -translate. He says, “[42]I knew a Gentleman, who, in every other -respect, enjoy’d perfect health, but was so subject to the Night-mare, -that, whenever he slept on his Back, he was seiz’d with it in such -a violent manner, that he was oblig’d to keep a Servant in the same -bed with him; who, upon hearing his Master groan and Sigh (with which -Symptoms it us’d to begin) immediately turn’d him on his Side; by which -means it was, and may be always, remov’d.” - -’Tis observable, that people are rous’d out of a fit of the Night-mare, -sometimes, by sound alone. I remember to have been under it, when a -Servant came in the morning to make a fire, and let the coal-box fall -at the door; the noise of which effectually reliev’d me. The vibrations -or undulations of the air beating upon the drum of the Ear, may act as -a successful stimulus in this case. - -As this Disease seems to arise immediately from a supine position of -the Body in sleep, we should take care to prevent it before we fall -asleep, by composing the Body on either Side. The sagacious Hoffman -observes, that the safest posture in sleep, is on either Side, with the -Head rais’d, and the Limbs bent inwards to the trunk of the Body[43]. - -Some ingenious men have imagin’d, that the bending of the Limbs in -sleep is owing to the strong tendency which the flexor Muscles have to -contraction; but I humbly suppose, it is rather a voluntary motion, -intended to fix the Body on the Side, without the continued action of -any of the voluntary Muscles afterwards; for without the flexion of -the Joints in sleep, it would be a kind of labour to keep the Body -pois’d on such an narrow surface. To demonstrate this, I shall avoid -mathematics, and appeal to common sense, for an easy experiment. -Suppose one should endeavour to poise a thin plate of tin on its edge -upon a smooth, level table; if he be not an expert equilibrist, he will -find it difficult; but if he bends the plate, then the problem becomes -as easy as the well known method of making an egg stand on its end. - -This easy method, which nature has contriv’d to preserve the human Body -on its side, is a sufficient recommendation of that position, and a -strong precaution against lying on the Back, which is the posture of -dead Bodies. - -Before any regular or effectual plan of curing, or rather preventing, -this Disease, can be propos’d, it will be always necessary to consider -minutely the primary or pre-disposing causes of it, formerly mention’d. - -If the primary cause be a weakness of the Fibres, then strengthening -or astringent medicines are proper; which, by increasing the cohesion -of the constituent particles of the Solids, will make the Fibres more -dense, brace them up to a proper pitch, and quicken their vibrations. -The principal Medicines of this class are iron, and its preparations, -the Bark, the wild Valerian-root, and the cold Bath. - -If it arises from an inertia or indolence of the Solids, nervous -medicines will best answer that indication; which, by stimulating the -lazy inactive Fibres, will increase their elasticity, invigorate their -contractions, accelerate the motion, and break the tenacity of the -Blood. - -If the Blood be too thick, attenuants should be us’d, such as, spiritus -Mendereri[44], vegetable subacid liquors, saponaceous medicines, and -plenty of vinegar at meals, which, according to the great Boerhaave, is -a powerful diluent[45]. - -A Plethora or redundance of Blood, is certainly the most general -cause of the Night-mare, and requires immediate evacuations, which -principally consist in bleeding or purging. But the former is most -effectual. However, Bleeding should not be often repeated, unless -absolutely necessary, lest, it should become a custom, which might, at -the same time, procure a short intermission, and increase the cause -of the Disease; and also prove inconvenient and dangerous; for if, at -any establish’d period, Bleeding should be omitted, then the person is -expos’d to all the bad effects of a Plethora, enumerated by Boerhaave, -viz. Inflammations, Suppurations, Gangrenes and Death[46]. - -It is well known, that nothing genenerates Blood faster, or contributes -more to a Plethora, than bleeding often, which some are fond of, -without assigning any reason for it, except its being a custom, which -experience proves a very bad one. - -Van Sweiten says, “He saw a Woman, who, being subject to violent -affections of the Mind, was bled above sixty times in one year. She by -that means grew very fat, and increas’d her weight 150 pounds in a few -months. By bleeding often new Blood was generated, and the necessity of -bleeding became more frequent, ’till she was so far relax’d, that she -fell into a Dropsy[47].” - -He adds, “That bleeding, which some use by way of precaution, is a bad -custom, since it weakens the Solids, and renders the Body more subject -to a fresh accumulation of Fluids.” - -Experience has convinced me of the truth of this observation; for, -while I practis’d bleeding every month or six weeks, I found the -Night-mare return’d on me at these periods, rather aggravated than -abated. My bad success made me alter my method; and, instead of drawing -eight or ten ounces of blood at once, I drew twenty, and liv’d low, -on thin, astringent diet, for a few days afterwards; in which time -the dilated vessels contracted themselves, and resisted the sudden -distension, which taking large quantities of nourishing diet, after -plentiful evacuations, must always produce; as our medical Bard justly -expresses it, - -“Too greedily th’ exhausted Veins absorb The recent Chyle[48].” - -By observing Boerhaave’s method of curing a Plethora, viz. using a -thin, light diet after bleeding, and gradually prolonging the time -between each evacuation, I have reduc’d my bleedings to one every -autumn; and (thank Heaven) have in a great measure conquer’d that -Monster of the night, which so often threaten’d me with immediate -destruction. - -Experience also assures us, that large evacuations may be made by -strong purges; such as Jalap, Scammon. &c. which greatly dissolve, and -diminish the quantity of the Blood. - -Hence, we see the reason why Paulus Egeneta justly prescrib’d Scammony -in this Disease[49]. But in this kind of evacuations, Boerhaave’s -salutary rule should be also observ’d; viz. “Omissione sensim -introducta.” - -’Tis needless here to take notice of all the ill-adapted farrago of -Medicines prescrib’d by many of the old Physicians, who did not know -the cause of this Disorder. - -I cannot understand why Piony was reckon’d, by them, such a famous -specific for the Night-mare, which, taken internally, is only a -gentle attenuant: and ’tis very surprising, that Doctor Willis should -be so superstitious as to recommend balls made of Piony and Corral -to be tied about the Neck, by way of a sacred nostrum against this -Disease[50]. - -Temperate living is certainly the most effectual method of preventing -this and many other Disorders. Vegetable and flesh meat of easy -digestion; thin, subacid, diluent liquors, taken in moderate -quantities; light or no suppers; brisk exercise of all kinds; -high pillows, and sleeping on the Side, are the most sovereign -Prophylactics, or preventives. - -If People subject to the Night-mare be so fond of heavy flesh-suppers, -that they can neither rest with them nor without them, they should sup -early, and sit up or exercise two or three hours afterwards; and when -they go to bed, they should lie on the right Side, that the food may -have the advantage of its own gravity in passing out of the Stomach -into the Guts. In that position the Heart will fall on the Mediastinum, -which, being a flexible Membrane, will be an easier support to the -Heart than if it play’d against the hard Ribs, which is always the -consequence of lying on the left Side. - -When the fair Sex is oppress’d with this Disorder, and the precedent -cause is an obstruction of the Catamenia, the defect of that natural -discharge may be supply’d by a moderate bleeding; and proper remedies -should be us’d to clear the obstructed tubes, and open the flood-gates -to promote the ebb of the next full tide. But if the cause be common to -both sexes, the same methods may be follow’d, proper allowance being -made for the delicacy of the female constitution. - -Excessive drinking at night, as well as excessive eating, should -be avoided; but of the two evils, the former is the lesser, as our -British Celsus observes: - -“Tutior autem est in potione, quam in esca, intemperantia[51].” - -As intoxication subjects People to most dreadful fits of this Disorder, -as well as to many other accidents, it should, by all means, be shun’d. -Lucretius has so well painted its bad effects, that, I presume, my -polite reader will think his description of it neither tedious nor -foreign. - - Denique cur, Hominem cum vini vis penetravit - Acris et in Venas discessit deditus ardor, - Consequitur gravitas membrorum? Præpidiuntur - Crura vacillanti? tardescit Lingua? madet mens? - Nant Oculi? clamor singultus, jurgia gliscunt? - Et jam cætera de genere hoc quæcunq; sequuntur? - - Lib. 3. - - - Besides, when wine’s quick force has pierc’d the Brain, - And the brisk heat’s diffus’d thro’ every Vein, - Why do the members all grow dull and weak? - The Tongue not with its usual swiftness speak? - The Eye-balls swim? the Legs not firm and straight, - But bend beneath the Body’s natural weight: - Unmanly quarrels, noise, and sobs deface - The powers of Reason, and usurp their place. - - CREECH. - - -As Nature is the subject of Physic and Poetry, we find, that the sons of -Homer and Esculapius generally agree in giving salutary instructions -to Mankind; but as the former convey their admonitions in the most -agreeable manner, I shall conclude this Essay with two quotations from -them. - - The first Physicians by debauch were made, - Excess began, and sloth sustains the trade: - By chace our long-liv’d Fathers earn’d their food, - Toil strung their Nerves and purify’d their Blood, &c. - - DRYDEN. - - - Quæ virtus et quanta, boni, sit vivere parvo, - (Nec meus hic sermo est, sed quem præcepit Ofellus, - Rusticus, abnormis sapiens, crassaque Minerva) - Discite, non inter lances, mensasque nitentes; - Cum stupet insanis acies fulgoribus, & cum - Adclinis falsis animus meliora recusat. - - * * * * * - - Accipe nunc, victus tenuis quæ, quantaque secum - Adferat, imprimis valeas bene: nam variæ res - Ut noceant Homini, credas, memor illius escæ - Quæ simplex olim tibi sederit, at simul assis - Miscueris elixa, simul conchylia turdis; - Dulcia se in Bilem vertent, Stomachoque tumultum - Lenta ferat pituita. Vides, ut pallidus omnis - Cæna desurgat dubia? quin corpus onustum - Hesternis vitiis, animumque prægravat una - Atque adfigit humo divinæ particulam auræ. - Alter, ubi dicto citius curata sopori - Membra dedit, vegetus præscripta ad munia surgit. - - HORAT. Sat. - - - What, and how great the virtue and the art - To live on little with a chearful Heart! - (A doctrine sage, but truly none of mine) - Let’s talk, my friends, but talk before we dine; - Not when the gilt buffet’s reflected pride - Turns you from sound Philosophy aside, - Not when from plate to plate the Eye-balls roll, - And the Brain dances to the mantling bowl, - - * * * * * - - Now hear what blessings temperance can bring; - (Thus said my friend, and what he said I sing) - First health: the Stomach cramm’d with ev’ry dish, - A tomb of boil’d and roast, and flesh and fish, - When Bile and Wind, and Phlegm and Acid jar, - And all the Man is one intestine war, - Remembers oft the School-boy’s simple fare, - The temperate sleeps, and spirits light as air. - How pale each worshipful and rev’rend guest - Rise from a clergy or a city feast! - What life in all that ample Body? say: - What heav’nly particle inspires the clay? - The soul subsides and wickedly inclines - To seem but mortal, ev’n in sound Divines. - On morning wings, how active springs the Mind - That leaves the load of yesterday behind? - - POPE. - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] De anim. brutor. cap. 6. p. 127. - -[2] Lom. Observat. p. 80. - -[3] De morb. caput. p. 604. - -[4] Baxter on the Soul, p. 257. quarto edit. - -[5] A being which that vain chymist invented to preside over the animal -functions. See his Works, cap. 1. & Van Helmont. de Archeo faber. - -[6] De Corde, p. 145. - -[7] Sepulchret. Anatom. tom. 1. p. 180. - -[8] Comment in aphoris. 578. - -[9] De Dieta, scol. xxxv. - -[10] Haller, Prim. lin. DLXXII. Boerhaave, prelect. academ. de somno. - -[11] Winslow, de Poitrine, sect. 74. Eustachius, tab. xv. fig. 2. and -tab. xxv. - -[12] Macrob. in som. sup. lib. v. cap. 3. - -[13] To say that Voluntary Motions by custom become Involuntary, -may appear a contradiction; but if we reflect on several phænomena -of Animal Motion, that assertion will not appear so absurd. ’Tis -universally allow’d, that the Muscles of the Larynx and Tongue, -Adductors and Abductors of the Eyes are of the Voluntary kind; yet, by -endeavouring to imitate those who Stammer or Squint, these disagreeable -habits are acquir’d so, as not to be afterwards corrected by the -strongest efforts of the Mind. As the Heart of an Infant beats, at a -mean, about 11520 times every 24 hours, during the first year, ’tis -probable, that, by this frequent Motion, the action of that Muscle may -become independent of the Will ever afterwards: tho’ it might be as -Voluntary at first, as the action of the Muscles concern’d in sucking -the Nurse’s Breast. - -[14] Harvey de Generatione Animal. & Malpighius de Incubatione. - -[15] I remember that the Heart of a Gurnet beat regularly an hour -and forty minutes after I separated it From the Body. For many such -experiments, see Doctor Whytt’s ingenious Essay on Vital Motions. - -[16] His. Vit. & Mort. - -[17] Page 307. - -[18] Aphoris. 874. - -[19] Vide Lom. Observat. p. 80. & Etmuller, de Incubo. - -[20] Diemerbroek. - -[21] Winslow. Traite de Muscles, p. 554. - -[22] Philos. Trans. Nº 427. - -[23] Comment in Instut. DXCI. - -[24] Loc. mox, citatione. - -[25] De Dieta, &c. See. scol xxxix. - -[26] Prim. Lin. DLXXVIII. - -[27] Treatise on Opium, p. 26. - -[28] Boerhaave, Prelect. Academic, de somno. - -[29] On Food and Discharges, tab. 3. - -[30] Exercit. de Perspiratione. - -[31] Cavendum est ab initio, nam ubi diu durat assidue irruens magnos -Morbos, Insaniam, Morbum comitialem, aut siderationem denunciat. Paul. -Egenet. lib. 3. c. 19. - -[32] Incubus, vitium quod in somnis prehendit. Sua quidem natura -non admodum parvum est, verum, magna quædam mala portendit, Morbi -comitialis, melancholiæ species, Morbum attonitum, atque ea non procul -abesse. Si frequens Incubus invadit, significat. Actuar. lib. v. cap. -17. - -[33] Morbus, qui Incubus appellatur, non est Dæmon, sed magis prœmium -Morbi Cometialis, Insaniæ aut Siderationis. Cavendum est dum in -principio, inveteratum assidue incidens, quosdam ex relatis Morbis -inducit. Ætic. Sermo. c. 12. - -[34] Sin vero, ubi idem dormientes occupat, et post Expergefactionem -frigidi oriuntur sudores, et Cordis tremor, pessimum est. Qui hac -ægritudine multo jam spatio temporis, ac frequenter occupantur, hisce -grave aliquod Capitis malum, puta Vertiginem, Morbum tum attonitum, tum -Comitialem, Maniam, Nervorum distentionem, aut subitam Mortem impendere -sciendum est. Scil. hoc modo repertos mortuos, in ipso etiam cubili -multos esse constat. Lom Observat. Medicinal. p. 80. - -[35] Aphoris. 1020. - -[36] Generosus et sternuus D. Abrahamus Schonicel, equitum in exercitu -imperatorio magister, ebrietati deditus; quoties supinus incumberet, -Incubo graviter affici solebat: post multa remedia exhibita, malum -rarius quidem invasit; cum tamen, ob repletionem, et compotandi -consuetudinem recurreret, monui cubicularium, ut quoties in somno -queritantem et lamentantem audiret, statim corpus leviter vellicaret, -dormientem compellaret, et excitaret, quo pacto, insultus breviores -quidem sensit. Biennio tamen post, Epilepsia extinctus est. Baldassar -Timeus, Cas. Med. lib. v. - -[37] De Morb. Chron. lib. v. cap. 3. - -[38] De Utilitat. Respirationis. - -[39] Incubus accidentalis parum mali refert. Habitualis vero, -Epilepsiam, Apoplexiam, aut Melancholiam portendit, presertim, si -adsit Vertigo diurna; si accedit partim dormienti, partem vigilanti, -Epilepsia propinquior est. Sed adhuc deterior, si post excretionem -sudoris frigidi, tremor Cordis, Spasmus, aut Sincope, sequatur. Etmul. -de Incubo. - -[40] Consultat. et Respons. Med. cas. xix. - -[41] Metus est, ne hoc malum ingravescens in ipso paroxyso ægrum -suffocet, vel sanguinem in Ventriculis Cerebri aut ejus substantia -effundendo, vel Carotides Arterias, vel Plexum Choroidem, aut eorum -poros obstruendo, Apoplexiam vel alium similem gravem Cerebri Morbum -ægro accersat, ideoque, tempestiva hujusmodi, mala, curatione, sunt -præcavenda. Hen. Pagius apud Theodor. Biblioth. Med. - -[42] De Corde, p. 145. - -[43] De Dieta, &c. cap. x. scol. xxxiii. - -[44] Pharmacop. Edinensis. - -[45] Element. Chem. Process, L. - -[46] Aphoris. 106. - -[47] Comment, in Aphoris. 106. - -[48] Armstrong’s Poem on Health. - -[49] Lib. 3. cap. xv. - -[50] De Anima Brutor. cap. 6. - -[51] Mead, Monit. Med. de Vitæ Regimine. - - -FINIS. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Essay on the Incubus, or Night-mare, by -John Bond - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAY ON INCUBUS, OR NIGHT-MARE *** - -***** This file should be named 53216-0.txt or 53216-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/2/1/53216/ - -Produced by Turgut Dincer and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: An Essay on the Incubus, or Night-mare - -Author: John Bond - -Release Date: October 5, 2016 [EBook #53216] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAY ON INCUBUS, OR NIGHT-MARE *** - - - - -Produced by Turgut Dincer and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="transnote">The cover has been created by the transcriber -from elements in the book and has been placed in the public domain.</div> - -<h1><span class="gesperrt"><small><small>AN</small></small><br /> - -ESSAY<br /> - -<small><small>ON THE</small></small></span><br /> - -Incubus, or Night-mare.</h1> - -<p class="center">By <span class="gesperrt2">JOHN BOND, M. D.</span><br /><br /></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">Ac velut in somnis oculos ubi languida pressit</div> -<div class="line">Nocte quies, necquicquam avidos extendere cursus</div> -<div class="line">Velle videmur, et in mediis conatibus ægri</div> -<div class="line">Succidimus; non Lingua valet non corpore notæ</div> -<div class="line">Sufficiunt vires, nec vox nec verba sequuntur.</div> -<div class="line i15"><span class="smcap">Virgil.</span> Æneid. xii.<br /><br /></div> -</div></div></div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"> -<img src="images/title.jpg" width="150" height="83" alt="ornament" /> -</div> - -<p class="center">LONDON:<br /> -<small>Printed for <span class="smcap">D. Wilson</span> and <span class="smcap">T. Durham</span>,<br /> -at Plato’s Head, in the Strand.<br /> -MDCCLIII.</small></p> - -<hr /> - -<p class="center"><small>To his Excellency</small><br /><br /> - -<span class="gesperrt2">ARTHUR DOBBS,</span> Esquire,<br /><br /> - -<small>Governor and Captain General of the Province -of <span class="smcap">North Carolina</span>.</small><br /><br /></p> - -<p>SIR,</p> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="dropcap">Y</span>OUR extensive knowlege in -every branch of useful and polite -literature will sufficiently justify the -propriety of this address, though it offers -to your acceptance and protection -an Essay merely medical. Besides, the -subject I have chosen is in a great measure -new, and must, I think, if successfully -treated, prove highly useful. -It seems therefore peculiarly intitled to -your patronage, who are so judicious, -so generous, and so zealous a promoter -of every discovery which may tend to -the public good. I shall not trespass -farther on your patience, with the usual -apologies of young Authors; nor on -your modesty, with the trite panegyrics -of Dedicators: the whole tenour -of your life has render’d such encomiums -superfluous; for you have always -pursued the shortest and the surest -road to fame, the real <i>esse quod videri -velis</i>.</p> - -<p class="tb">Though by this Essay I should acquire -no honour from the judicious -Sons of Æsculapius; this one however -I am sure of, the subscribing myself</p> - -<p class="right padr3">Your most obliged,</p> - -<p class="right padr1">And most devoted servant,</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">John Bond</span>.</p> - -<p class="center">════════════════════</p> - -<h2><span class="gesperrt"><small><small>THE</small></small><br /><br /> - -<big><big>P R E F A C E.</big></big></span></h2> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="dropcap">B</span>Eing much afflicted with the Night-mare, -self-preservation made me particularly inquisitive -about it. In consulting the ancient -Physicians, I found little information concerning -it, except dreadful prognostics; nor could -a rational account of it be expected from them, -as they were unacquainted with the circulation -of the Blood.</p> - -<p>The few Authors who have mention’d it -since that glorious discovery, have also given -imperfect accounts of it; which are probably -owing to their not having felt it themselves: -for, as it only seizes People in sleep, continues -but a short time, and vanishes as soon as they -awake, the Physician has not an opportunity -of making observations of his own, but must -take all from the description of others, who -have labour’d under it. These, I believe, are -the reasons that the principal Writers in Physic -have taken so little notice of it. These omissions -however render an enquiry into the nature -of this Disease the more interesting and -necessary, and, at the same time, the more difficult.</p> - -<p class="tb">Under these disadvantages I have ventur’d to -communicate the result of my own observations -and reflexions on it; hoping, that a greater -allowance will be made for the errors in this -Essay, as it is perhaps the first that ever appear’d -expressly on this subject.</p> - -<p>The Night-mare is commonly, and, I believe, -justly, attributed to a stagnation of the -Blood; but how this stagnation is produc’d, -has not been explain’d, so far as I know, in -a satisfactory manner.</p> - -<p>I have carefully collected the observations of -the ancient Physicians concerning the prognostics -of this Disorder; not for ostentation, but -to shew at the same time the dangerous consequences -and antiquity of it, in order to make -those afflicted with it the more solicitous to remove -its cause in the beginning; for it may be -said of the Night-mare, as of many other Disorders, -<i>Vires acquirit eundo</i>.</p> - -<p>Though the most temperate are sometimes -afflicted with this Disease, yet experience shews -that it is generally the offspring of excess: -hence it must have been nearly <i>coeval</i> with Bacchus -(though it be omitted by the <i>Coan Oracle</i>;) -and Homer probably alludes to its symptoms in -the following lines:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">Ως δ’ εν ὀνείρω ὀυ δύναται Φευγοντα διωκειν</div> -<div class="line">Οὔτ’ αρ ὁ δύναται ὑποfευγειν, ὄυθ’ ὁ διωκειν.</div> -<div class="line i15">Iliad xxii.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>I have not introduc’d any thing in this -Essay that did not appear serious or probable. -I have therefore omitted an inquiry into the -origin of many odd epithets and quaint names -commonly given to this Disorder; such as <i>Hag-riding</i>, -<i>Wizard-pressing</i>, <i>Mare-riding</i>, <i>Witch-dancing</i>, -<i>&c.</i>, nor did I think it requisite to -mention particularly the <i>curious Charms</i> adapted -to each superstitious name.</p> - -<p>My aim has been to convey my sentiments -with as much brevity and perspicuity as possible. -If I have transgress’d this rule, in occasionally -introducing some things known, in order to explain -others, it was to be the more intelligible; -I therefore hope, the more learned will excuse -me.</p> - -<p>With pleasure I take this opportunity of acknowledging -how much the hints I receiv’d -from the instructive lectures of my ingenious -Preceptor Mr. Monro, contributed to this undertaking.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"> </a></span></p> - -<p class="center f09"><span class="gesperrt2">AN</span></p> - -<p class="center f16"><span class="gesperrt">ESSAY</span></p> - -<p class="center f09"><span class="gesperrt2">ON THE</span></p> - -<p class="center f12">Incubus, or Night-mare.</p> - -<h2><span class="gesperrt2">CHAP. I.</span><br /><br /> - -<small><i>Of the history and the various opinions -concerning the cause of this Disorder.</i></small></h2> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="dropcap">I</span>N order to convey a distinct idea -of the subject of the following -pages, I shall, according to the -old custom of medical authors, begin -with the etymology of it.</p> - -<p>Altho’ we have reason to believe, -as will afterwards appear, that this -Disease was known long before the -Greek language, yet, the earliest account -we have of it, is from the Greek -authors, who call’d it Εφιαλτης, and the -Romans nam’d it Incubus, both which -words partly express its effects.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> - -<p>In our language it is generally known -by the name of the <span class="smcap">Night-mare</span>; -which strange term probably arose from -superstitious notions which the British -had, and perhaps still have, of it. -How it first obtain’d this odd appellation, -I never could learn, nor is it -material to know, since that name is -sufficient to distinguish it from every -other Disease.</p> - -<p>The Night-mare generally seizes -people sleeping on their backs, and often -begins with frightful dreams, which -are soon succeeded by a difficult respiration, -a violent oppression on the -breast, and a total privation of voluntary -motion. In this agony they sigh, -groan, utter indistinct sounds, and remain -in the jaws of death, till, by -the utmost efforts of nature, or some -external assistance, they escape out of -that dreadful torpid state.</p> - -<p>As soon as they shake off that vast -oppression, and are able to move the -body, they are affected with a strong<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> -Palpitation, great Anxiety, Languor, -and Uneasiness; which symptoms gradually -abate, and are succeeded by the -pleasing reflection of having escap’d -such imminent danger. All these symptoms -I have often felt, and hope, that -whoever has had, or may have, this -Disease, will readily know it by this -description, which I have not only taken -from my own feelings, but from -the observations of many of my acquaintances, -who were also afflicted -with it, and from the records of the -antient observators.</p> - -<p>Before I enter into an enquiry concerning -the cause of this Disorder, or -attempt to assign any one for it myself, -I shall first take notice of the principal -opinions that have been advanc’d -to account for it, and examine how -far they are confident with the laws -of the animal œconomy; that the judicious -reader may see how necessary -further enquiries into the nature of this -Disorder may be.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> - -<p>Doctor Willis says, That the Night-mare -is owing to some incongruous -matter which is mix’d with the Nervous -Fluid in the Cerebellum<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">1</a>. But, -as he has not told us what this matter -is, or how it is produced, we can afford -it little credit in this enquiry; because -plethoric persons, who abound -with the purest and richest Blood, in -whom such incongruous matter is suppos’d -least to prevail, are most subject -to this Disorder<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">2</a>.</p> - -<p>Bellini, who, in many other cases, -is allow’d to be a pretty accurate theorist, -was strangely mistaken in this, -when he said, That the Night-mare -is an imaginary Disease, and proceeds -from the idea of some demon, which -existed in the mind the day before<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">3</a>.</p> - -<p>This account is very unworthy a -physician, and is a strong evidence that -he never felt the heavy effects of this -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> -Disorder; otherwise he would have -allow’d it to be a real Disease of the -Body.</p> - -<p>A metaphysician has laid great stress -on this Disease, as an argument in -defence of some of his wild opinions. -He asserts, That it is owing to the operation -of certains demons, which impose -on, and torment, the mind in -sleep<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">4</a>.</p> - -<p>This ingenious hint he took from -Bellini, who probably stole it from -Paracelsus’s doctrine of Archeus faber<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">5</a>.</p> - -<p>The ingenious Doctor Lower is the -first author I met with, who observ’d -the horizontal position of the Body, -and assign’d it as a remote cause of -this Disorder, but seems to attribute it -immediately to a collection of Lymph -in the fourth Ventricle of the Brain.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p> - -<p>He says, “Si supine dormiant, Ventriculus -ille quartus, Lympha nimium -distensus, Medullam Oblongatam -sua gravitate premit, ideoque -fluxum liquidi Nervosi in Nervis -cordi & respirationi inservientibus -impedit<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">6</a>.”</p> - -<p>Perhaps he did not apply his first -observation so well as might be expected -from one of his abilities; for it seems -needless to wait for a slow secretion of -Lymph to produce this Disease, since, -according to his own account, the return -of the Blood from the Head, by -the Jugular Veins, is in some measure -prevented, and by that means a greater -quantity of Blood than usual will be -collected in all the vessels of the Brain; -which might better answer his purpose, -and more effectually obstruct the nervous -influence. But before either of -these causes could be removed by common -methods, life would be at an end, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>and every fit of the Night-mare would -be mortal; but that it often happens -otherwise, many can testify. Doctor -Lower seems to have founded this theory -on the dissection of a Man who -died of a Hydrocephalus, and not immediately -of the Night-mare: hence -that case is ill applied by Bonetus<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">7</a>.</p> - -<hr /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span class="gesperrt2">CHAP. I</span>I.<br /><br /> - -<small><i>An enquiry concerning the real cause -of the Night-mare.</i></small></h2> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="dropcap">H</span>Aving mentioned the most remarkable -opinions, that have occurr’d -to me concerning the cause of -this Disease, and shewn them all defective, -I shall next consider several -circumstances attending an horizontal -position of the Body in sleep, in which -alone this disease is felt; and endeavour -from thence to investigate the real -cause of it.</p> - -<p>Sleep is the balmy anodyne of nature; -and was intended, by the all-wise -Author of our being, to ease the -toils of the body, dispel the cares of -the mind, and to repair the losses sustain’d -by the fatigue of the day. In -it we see every external stimulus remov’d, -the Senses lock’d up, and every -Muscle relax’d, except the Heart, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> -Sphincters, and those concern’d in respiration. -Nutrition is then principally -perform’d, and then only the Fluids -glide equably through the Vessels.</p> - -<p>As many of the voluntary Muscles -are imployed in keeping the Body -erect, ’tis necessary that the Body should -be in an inclin’d or horizontal position, -in order to relax them, and promote -the salutary end of sleep. Accordingly -we find, that most of the -brute, as well as the human Species, -chuse some easy posture of this kind -to sleep in.</p> - -<p>When the human Body lies horizontally, -the Blood must flow in greater -abundance to the Head; and with a -greater momentum, cæteris paribus, -through the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries, -than when the Body stands erect; -because the Blood, moving through -these tubes in an horizontal direction, -will not so much resist the force of the -Heart, as when it ascends perpendicularly -contrary to its own gravity.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> - -<p>No one, I presume, will doubt the -truth of this proposition, who reflects, -that it is much easier to move any -spherical body on an horizontal plane, -than to raise the same body up against -a perpendicular wall.</p> - -<p>Neither will it be denied, that the -quantity as well as the velocity of -Blood, flowing into the Carotid and -Vertebral Arteries, is increas’d by the -horizontal position of the Body, if it -be consider’d, that these tubes (particularly -the left Carotid) arise from, and -proceed almost parallel with the axis -of the Aorta, where the velocity of -the Blood rushing out of the Heart is -greatest. Whence it follows, from Sir -Isaac Newton’s second general law of -motion, and from a well known axiom -in hydraulics, that these Arteries must -receive more Blood in the same time, -than any other branches of the Aorta -of the same diameter.</p> - -<p>As the Blood must lose most of the -motion which it receives from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -Heart, in passing through the infinite -vascular ramifications, and fine filtres -of the Brain, there scarce appears, even -in an erect position of the Body, any -propelling power to push it back again -to the Heart, except we admit the pulsation -of the small Arteries belonging -to the coats of the Sinuses, and its own -gravity. But in an horizontal position, -the Blood has not the advantage of its -gravity to accelerate its motion through -the Jugular Veins; therefore it must -move slower, and must be more subject -to obstruction in the vessels of the -Brain. Hence we see the use of pillows -is to promote and facilitate the -return of the Blood through the Jugular -Veins: hence we may also observe, -the uneasiness and danger attending -the too common method of making -the feet of beds higher than the -heads, since a stoppage of the Blood -is always productive of dangerous consequences; -of which any one may be -soon convinc’d by stooping the Head<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> -for a short time; and it will appear, -that the Blood is by this means collected -in the Veins of the Face, which -will produce a Vertigo, and, if long -continued, may bring on an Apoplexy. -Hence we sometimes hear of people -dropping down dead, upon stooping -to buckle their shoes. These instances -should deter some from putting their -pillows under their feet, in order to -make the Blood settle in their faces, -and to decorate the external part of -their Heads at the expence of the internal.</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding the inconveniences -and bad effects which may arise from -the Blood’s delay in the Brain, yet, its -being sent to the Head in sleep in a -greater quantity, may serve many necessary -purposes, and render sleep more -beneficial and refreshing to animals. -First, by distending the Blood-vessels -of the Cerebrum, increasing the pressure -on that part, and by that means -producing sleep. Secondly, by pro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>moting -the secretion, and preparing a -store of animal spirits to supply the -expence of the ensuing day. Thirdly, -by gently encreasing the pressure of the -Blood-vessels on the Cerebellum, and -perhaps determining a greater quantity -of the nervous influence to the Heart, -respiratory Muscles, and other parts, -whose Nerves spring from that fountain -of life. This pressure on the Cerebellum -may concur with the rarefaction -of the fluids, to render the motions -of these organs more regular and -vigorous in sleep.</p> - -<p>To this mechanical pressure on the -Cerebellum, the illustrious Van Sweiten -seems to attribute the motion of the -Heart: “Cerebelli enim actio in Cor -per Nervos, pendet ab ipsa actione -Cordis per Arterias<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">8</a>.”</p> - -<p>Tho’ the contraction of the Heart -is evidently the efficient cause of the -Blood’s motion, and consequently of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>the secretion of these spirits in the Cerebellum, -yet, without these spirits, the -action of the Heart could not be performed. -These two causes appear to -act in a circle, and mutually depend -on each other. Hence Hippocrates divin’d, -ὁλον το ζωμα κυκλος εστι. These also -convey the idea of a perpetuum mobile; -since, as long as life lasts, an animal is -really such, and far excels any machine -that human art has been yet able to -make, or (in the opinion of many philosophers) -will ever invent.</p> - -<p>The laborious Hoffman ascribes a great -deal to this pressure on the Brain, where -he says, “<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">9</a>Declivior cubitus sanguinis -regressum quodammodo impedit, quia -per venas jugulares descendere debet, -quod elatiori capite commodius peragitur. -Hinc, capite nimis demisso -ac depresso, profundiores somnii cum -insomniis, fiunt, universo corpore -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>torpor inducitur. Eadem ratione, -si quis facie prona velut in mensa, -in somnum delabitur. Ob difficiliorem -sanguinis regressum, gravitatem -capiti, et ingenio stupiditatem -accersit.”</p> - -<p>“<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">10</a>Sed etiam mechanicæ causæ somnum -producunt, compressio nempe -Duræ Matris, aut Cerebri, quæcunque -nata a Sanguine effuso, inpacto -Osse, aquæ in Ventriculis copia.”</p> - -<p>These, I hope, are sufficient to shew -how far the motion of the fluids may -be affected by the horizontal position -of the Body; which, if duly consider’d, -might be of great service in the practice -of Physic; and perhaps many effectual -derivations might be made, without -drawing a drop of Blood. I saw -a remarkable instance of this kind in -a gentleman of a full habit, who, being -ill of a Fever, talk’d rationally and -rav’d alternately, as his head was ele<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>vated -or depress’d. In acute Diseases, -when the motion of the Blood is very -rapid through the whole Body, the -Brain must suffer greatly, on account -of the horizontal position, to which -people in such cases are confin’d; because, -the Blood rushing violently into -the Arteries of the Brain, and its return -being retarded by the Jugular Veins, -will remarkably contribute to produce -delirious symptoms, so frequent in acute -Disorders, which might be in some -measure prevented, by raising the Head; -for, by that means, the motion of the -Blood through the Jugular Veins will -be increas’d, the pressure on the Brain -will be eas’d, and a safe and sudden -derivation from the Head may be made, -which may produce very happy effects, -where no evacuation could be safely -attempted.</p> - -<p>Let us next take a view of the Heart, -and consider how it may be affected -by the various positions of the Body,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> -particularly the supine one, in which -the Night-mare generally invades.</p> - -<p>The Heart is placed above the Diaphragm: -the greater part of it lies in -the left cavity of the Breast: its apex -or point is turn’d towards the extremity -of the sixth true Rib, where its pulsations -are commonly felt: it adheres -to the Lungs by its large vessels, and -is connected to the Diaphragm by the -Pericardium<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">11</a>.</p> - -<p>Thus the Heart is suspended in the -Breast; and therefore must be subject to -the laws of pendulous bodies, which -alter their situation according to the -different directions of their centers of -gravity.</p> - -<p>From the above just description of -the human Heart, ’tis evident, that -when the Body is erect, the parts of -the Heart which are commonly called -the right and left, ought to be more -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>properly call’d the anterior and posterior.</p> - -<p>Hence, when the Body is plac’d on -the Back, these become the superior -and inferior parts of the Heart.</p> - -<p>That the Heart alters its situation -in the Breast according to the different -positions of the Body, and the different -directions of its center of gravity, -may be prov’d by the following easy -experiments.</p> - -<p>If the Finger be applied to that part -of the Ribs where the pulsation is felt -in an erect position; and if, at the -same time, the Diaphragm be contracted -strongly, the beatings become immediately -weaker, because the Heart is pulled -downwards by the Diaphragm.</p> - -<p>If one lies on the left side, the point -of the Heart is felt beating nearer the -Spine of the Back; if we turn on our -Backs, it is scarce perceptible; and if -we lie on the right side, it intirely vanishes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> - -<p>These alterations of the Heart’s situation -in the Breast, are more remarkable -in some persons than in others; -and in general I have found, by repeated -tryals, that they were most considerable -in those who were most subject -to the Night-mare.</p> - -<p>When the Body lies supine, the -Heart necessarily falls on the Vertebræ -of the Spine; and therefore, by its -own gravity, must compress the left -Auricle and Pulmonary Veins, which, -at that time, lie directly under its basis; -and, by that means, the course of -the Blood through the Lungs will be -stop’d. Thus the Blood will be collected -in the Pulmonary Vessels, and -the right, or rather superior Ventricle, -not being able to discharge itself into -the Pulmonary Artery, will be oppressed -by the Blood returning from the -Extremities; which, being gather’d in -the vessels about the superior part of -the Heart, will increase its gravity, and -consequently augment the cause of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> -obstruction. In this manner the return -of the Blood from the Head will be -prevented, the tender dilatable vessels -of the Brain will be over-distended, -the nervous influence obstructed, and -the vital motions, in a great measure, -if not altogether, stopt. This I take -to be a real fit of the Night-mare, and -in this manner it appears to be produc’d.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span class="gesperrt">CHAP. I</span>II.<br /><br /> - -<small><i>An account of the Symptoms.</i></small></h2> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="dropcap">H</span>Aving now discover’d what appears, -to me, to be the immediate -cause of the Night-mare, viz. the -pressure of the Heart on the left or inferior -Auricle and Pulmonary Veins, -which stops the motion of the Blood -through the Lungs, and occasions a -general stagnation; let us examine how -that hypothesis will account for the several -Phænomena or Symptoms, mention’d -formerly in the description of -this Disease.</p> - -<p>The first Symptoms that occur in that -catalogue, are frightful Dreams, which -generally are the forerunners of this -Disorder. “In hoc genere (Somniorum) -est Εφιαλτης quem publica persuasio -quiescentes opinatur invadere, -ac sentientes pondere suo gravare<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">12</a>.”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> -<p>I shall not here undertake to solve -that Phænomenon, which has so long -puzzled the Metaphysicians, nor pretend -to account for all kinds of dreams -in a mechanical manner.</p> - -<p>However, every one knows that the -harmony and connection between the -Body and the Mind are so establish’d -and constituted, while they are united, -that the Diseases of the one always -affect the other in a very sensible manner; -and experience daily demonstrates, -that violent passions of the mind produce -Fevers, Fainting Fits, and other -severe effects on the Body; e. contra, -violent shocks of the Body, acute Diseases, -&c. frequently disturb, and raise -strange commotions in the Mind, or -at least excite extravagant, wild ideas -in it. Accordingly we find, that the -most eminent Physicians have not -scrupl’d to assert, that these effects are -often owing to Obstructions and Inflammations -of the Membranes of the -Brain. If so, may not the violent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> -distentions of the Vessels of the Brain -(which always precedes and attends a -fit of the Night-mare) make such strong -impressions on the origin of the Nerves, -or Sensorium Commune, as to occasion -hideous associations of ideas, and form -frightful spectres in the imagination? -Are not these monstrous dreams intended -as a stimulus to rouse the sentient -principle in us, that we might alter the -position of the Body, and by that -means avoid the approaching danger? -Is not the horizontal posture of the -Body, which produces a Plethora in -the Vessels of the Brain, and many odd -sensations, the most general cause of -dreams? Do they ever dream, who -sleep in an erect position? Are not -the luxurious and the plethoric most -subject to disagreeable dreams? Is not -the motion and titillation of the Animalculæ -in Semine Masculino, the cause -of the agreeable dreams which attend -nocturnal emissions? Have females such -emissions in sleep? Does not perfect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> -sleep consist in a total suspension of -the operations of the Mind? May not -dreaming, in general, be consider’d as -a Disorder of the Body, and justly attributed -to some cause, which stimulates -the Sensorium Commune, and -prevents perfect rest? Do people that -sleep after much fatigue, ever dream?</p> - -<p>The vast oppression on the Breast, -and immobility of the Body, which -are always felt in this Disorder, probably -arise from the quantity of Blood -collected in the Lungs, Vena Cava, -right Ventricle, and Auricle of the -Heart; nor does the Mind appear to -be mistaken in this case, as some have -imagined; for it seems the same with -regard to the Mind, whether the real -action of the Muscles be constrain’d by -a superior external force, or the influence -of it over these Muscles be hinder’d -by an internal cause. In a fit -of the Night-mare, the Mind, conscious -of the dangerous situation of the -Body, in vain endeavours to alter it,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> -because its power over the Voluntary -Muscles is some way suspended, by the -obstruction of the Blood; yet the Mind -may exert itself as much as if it strove -to remove the greatest obstacle. In -this case the Mind generally ascribes -the immobility of the Body to some -great weight laid on the Breast; whereas -the cause is really internal: and people -judge of the greatness of the oppression, -according to the efforts nature makes -to overcome the obstruction of the -Blood in the Lungs.</p> - -<p>Besides, in heavy or profound sleep, -the voluntary motions are generally -stop’d. Hence, when people awake -suddenly, they are for some time Paralytic, -before the Animal Spirits obey -the commands of the Mind, and actuate -the Muscles in the usual manner.</p> - -<p>The indistinct Voice is probably owing -to the same cause; for the Muscles -of the Tongue and Larynx, which -form distinct sounds, are of the vo<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>luntary -class, which, as was said before, -are generally suspended in sleep.</p> - -<p>The collapsing of the Lungs, which -are, at this time, overloaded with Blood, -will exclude the air, that necessary -medium of sounds, and sole vehicle of -voice.</p> - -<p>Heavy sighs and groans are the emphatic -expressions of nature in distress, -and generally arise from some obstruction -in the Lungs; but in a fit of the -Night-mare there appears a great accumulation -of Blood in the vessels of -that part, whence these Symptoms are -easily accounted for. It may be observ’d -of sighing in general, that when -the attention of the Mind is deeply -engag’d to any particular object or -sensation, and either neglects or is restrain’d -from exerting its influence over -the organs of respiration, the Blood is -stop’d in the Lungs, so that it becomes -necessary to draw in a large Chestful -of air, in order to give the Blood a free<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> -passage from the right Ventricle of the -Heart to the left. Hence Melancholy -persons, profound Mathematicians, and -fond pining Lovers, are most subject -to that affection. Such people are also -very liable to many Hypochondriac and -Chronic Diseases; which often proceed -from a defective respiration, or a too -slow motion of the Blood through those -parts which are agitated by the alternate -dilatation and contraction of the -Thorax. Hence the Liver and Spleen -and the Lungs themselves must suffer -most when the attention of the Mind -is engag’d by some Disease of its own, -and it becomes less sensible of the Disorders -of the Body. Hence people in -Grief, &c. labour under a double Disease, -which, on account of the anxiety, -weight, and oppression that is felt from -the Blood stagnating about the Heart, -is commonly termed Heart-breaking.</p> - -<p>An Uneasiness or Anxiety, and Palpitation -of the Heart, are the last Symptoms -that are commonly felt of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> -Night-mare, which proceed from the -cause lately mention’d; as ’tis then necessary -that the Heart should contract -itself more frequently, in order to discharge -the Blood collected in the Vena -Cava, the right Sinus Venosus, and -Auricle, during the fit.</p> - -<p>Having done what I propos’d in this -Chapter, and given the best account -that I know of the Symptoms, I should -now proceed to the Prognostics and -method of Cure; but, as I have shewn -how the vital motions are stop’d, and -a general stagnation of the Blood is -produc’d, it is also incumbent on me -to explain how the motion of that vital -stream is renew’d by the efforts of nature -alone; otherwise it might be objected, -that, according to my theory, -unless where art interpos’d, every fit -of the Night-mare would be mortal.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span class="gesperrt2">CHAP. I</span>V.<br /><br /> - -<small><i>Of the Natural Cure.</i></small></h2> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="dropcap">I</span>N order to shew how persons recover -out of a fit of this Disease, by -the mere efforts of nature, I shall beg -leave to premise a few of the most -probable opinions, and best establish’d -propositions, concerning Animal Motion, -which I shall here take for granted, -and refer the reader, for a physical -demonstration of them, to the ingenious -Essays of Doctors Porterfield, -Whytt, Simson, and Haller.</p> - -<p>Animal and Muscular Motion is said -to be of two kinds, viz. Voluntary, and -Involuntary or Habitual.</p> - -<p>By Voluntary Motion is meant the -action of any Muscle or Muscles produc’d -by an immediate or conscious -determination of the Mind; of this -kind are the several occasional motions -of the Body.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> - -<p>Involuntary or Habitual Motions are -such as proceed originally from the -Mind also, but are so establish’d, by -long custom, that the Mind is not -immediately conscious of them, nor -can stop them at pleasure<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">13</a>. To this -class, the Motion of the Heart, the -peristaltic Motion of the Stomach and -Guts, Respiration, and several Motions -of the Eyes belong.</p> - -<p>The vital Motions are suppos’d to -be continued by a stimulus constantly -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> -applied to the Fibres of the Muscles -which perform them.</p> - -<p>Hence the Ventricles of the Heart -are constantly irritated and stretch’d by -the Venous Blood, which brings them -into contraction, to propel the Blood -through the Body.</p> - -<p>Thus the Alimentary Tube is mov’d -by the irritation of the food, rarefied -air, &c.</p> - -<p>And in like manner respiration is -carried on, by the uneasiness that is -felt in the Lungs at the end of every -dilatation and contraction of the Thorax, -which is owing to the resistance -that the Blood meets with, both from -the collapsing of the Lungs, and from -the pressure of the rarefied air on the -small Pulmonary Vessels, during their -expansion: to which may be added, -the elasticity of the Cartilages.</p> - -<p>These several stimuli can only be -perceiv’d by a sentient principle, which, -in the human species, is call’d the Soul.</p> - -<p>When the Soul is first united with -the Body, and receives command over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> -the organs of Motion, it seems to have -been laid under a kind of necessity, -by which it is compell’d to exert these -organs in avoiding whatever is hurtful, -and in chusing whatever is apparently -beneficial, to the Body.</p> - -<p>’Tis evident, from the laws of the -Circulation, that when the Motion of -the Blood through the Lungs is stop’d, -for a short time, the right Ventricle of -the Heart must be violently distended, -and consequently severely stimulated. -This strong irritation may bring the -Ventricle into a vigorous contraction, -which is all that is wanted to put the -admirable machine again in motion; -for, as soon as the right Ventricle discharges -itself into the Pulmonary Artery, -’tis plain, from the laws of hydraulics, -that the Blood must move in -the Pulmonary Veins; and therefore -the pressure on these vessels must be -overcome. Thus the circulation of the -Blood will be renew’d, and the vast -distention of the vessels about the Heart, -will rouse the attention of the Mind<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> -to change the uneasy position of the -Body as soon as possible; which will -alter the direction of the Heart’s center -of gravity, and therefore take the pressure -off the Pulmonary Veins and inferior -Auricle, and by that means afford -a free passage to the Blood through -the Lungs. In this manner people -may recover, without any external assistance.</p> - -<p>’Tis highly probable that the Motion of -the Blood is renew’d before any of the -Voluntary Motions are recovered; for -we never find that any of the Voluntary -Motions remain after the Motion of the -Heart ceases; and the surprising process -of generation shews, that the first -Motion observable in animal Bodies, is -that of the Heart<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">14</a>. We have many -instances, in Brutes, of the Heart’s -Motion continuing long after the action -of the Voluntary Muscles is quite de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>stroy’d<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">15</a>. -It is not improbable, that the -human Heart would contract itself after -Death, if the same experiments -could, with any degree of humanity, -be tried on it, that are made on the -Hearts of Brutes: and the great Lord -Bacon gives an instance of a criminal’s -Heart, which he saw, after torn from -the Body, leap up and down for several -minutes<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">16</a>.</p> - -<p>In a severe fit of the Night-mare, -when the Motion of the Blood, and -consequently the Motion of the Heart, -is stop’d, the Mind, must be in a terrible -agony; and the only chance it -has for further communication with -the Body, depends upon the vigour -and sensibility of the right or superior -Ventricle of the Heart; for, if it be -not able to push the Blood through the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>Lungs, and overcome its own weight -at the same rime, de Vita Actum est.</p> - -<p>From what has been said it appears, -that lying on the Back is a dangerous, -uneasy position, and should be carefully -avoided, even when we are awake. -I believe few can lie long on the Back -without feeling an uneasiness in the -Breast, which is soon remov’d by turning -on either Side: but when People -are buried in sleep, and are incapable -of that action, the consequence is dreadful, -for the reason often mention’d. -We may be convinc’d, that, if lying -on the Back would not impede the -Vital Motions, nature would have directed -us to chuse that position in sleep, -because it requires scarcely any muscular -action. But, on the contrary, we find -that most of the human species prefer -lying on either Side.</p> - -<p>As colonel Townshend’s case is a -remarkable instance of the dangerous -effects which may proceed from lying -on the Back, and as it may serve to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> -illustrate my theory of this Disorder, -I shall here quote it at full length, that -the reader may the more readily observe -the analogy between his mechanical -suppression of the Vital Motions, and -a fit of the Night-mare, It is thus related -by Doctor Cheyne, in his English -Malady<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">17</a>.</p> - -<p class="center">The CASE of the honourable -Colonel <span class="smcap">Townshend</span>.</p> - -<p>“Colonel Townshend, a gentleman -of excellent natural parts, and -of great honour and integrity, had -for many years been afflicted with -a nephritic complaint, attended with -constant vomitings, which had made -his life painful and miserable. During -the whole time of his illness, he -had observ’d the strictest regimen, -living on the softest vegetables and -lightest animal foods, drinking asses -milk daily, even in the camp: and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>for common drink Bristol-water, -which, the summer before his death, -he drank on the spot. But his illness -increasing, and his strength decaying, -he came from Bristol to Bath -in a litter, in autumn, and lay at -the Bell-Inn. Doctor Baynard (who -is since dead) and I were called to -him, and attended him twice a day -for the space of a week; but his -vomitings continuing still incessant, -and obstinate against all remedies, -we despair’d of his recovery. While -he was in this condition, he sent -for us early one morning: we waited -on him, with Mr. Skrine his Apothecary -(since dead also;) we found -his senses clear, and his Mind calm, -his Nurse and several Servants were -about him.</p> - -<p>“He had made his will and settled -his affairs. He told us he had sent -for us to give him some account of -an odd sensation, he had for some -time observ’d and felt in himself:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> -which was, that composing himself -he could die or expire when he pleased, -and yet, by an effort or somehow, -he could come to life again; -which it seems he had tried before -he had sent for us. We hear’d this -with surprize; but as it was not to -be accounted for from any common -principles, we could hardly believe -the fact as he related it, much less -give any account of it; unless he -would please to make the experiment -before us, which we were unwilling -he should do, lest, in his -weak condition, he might carry it -too far. He continued to talk very -distinctly and sensibly above a quarter -of an hour about this (to him) -surprising sensation, and insisted so -much on our seeing the tryal made, -that we were at last forced to comply. -We all three felt his Pulse first: -it was distinct, though small and -thready; and his Heart had its usual -beating.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p> - -<p>“He composed himself on his Back, -and lay in a still posture for some -time; while I held his Right-hand, -Doctor Baynard laid his Hand on -his Heart, and Mr. Skrine held a -clean looking-glass to his Mouth. -I found his Pulse sink gradually, -’till at last I could not feel any, by -the most exact and nice touch. Doctor -Baynard could not feel the least -motion of his Heart, nor Mr. Skrine -the least soil of breath on the bright -mirror he held to his Mouth; then -each of us by turns examin’d his -Arm, Heart, and Breath, but could -not, by the nicest scrutiny, discover -the least symptom of life in him.</p> - -<p>“We reasoned a long time about -this odd appearance as well as we -could, and all of us judging it inexplicable -and unaccountable, and -finding he still continued in that -condition, we began to conclude -that he had indeed carried the experiment -too far, and at last were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> -satisfied he was actually dead, and -were just ready to leave him.</p> - -<p>“This continued about half an hour, -by nine o’clock in the morning in -autumn. As we were going away, -we observed some motion about the -Body, and upon examination found -his Pulse and the motion of his Heart -gradually returning: he began to -breathe gently and speak softly; we -were all astonished to the last degree -at this unexpected change, and after -some further conversation with him, -and among ourselves, went away -fully satisfied as to all the particulars -of this fact, but confounded and -puzzled, and not able to form any -rational scheme that might account -for it. He afterwards called for his -attorney, added a codicil to his will, -settled legacies on his servants, received -the sacrament, and calmly -and composedly expired about five -or six o’clock that evening. Next -day he was opened (as he had or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>dered) -his Body was the soundest and -best made I had ever seen; his Lungs -were fair, large, and sound; his -Heart big and strong, and his Intestines -sweet and clean; his Stomach -was of a due proportion, the Coats -sound and thick, and the villous -Membrane quite entire. But when -we came to examine the Kidneys, -though the left was perfectly sound, -and of a just size, the right was -about four times as big, distended -like a blown Bladder, and yielding, -as if full of pap; he having often -passed a wheyish liquor after his -urine, during his illness.</p> - -<p>“Upon opening this Kidney, we -found it quite full of a white chalky -matter, like plaister of Paris, and all -the fleshy substance dissolved and -worn away, by what I called a Nephritic -Cancer. This had been the -source of all his misery; and the -symptomatic vomitings, from the irritation -on the consentient Nerves,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> -and quite starv’d and worn him -down. I have narrated the facts -as I saw and observ’d them deliberately -and distinctly, and shall leave -to the philosophic reader to make -what inferences he thinks fit: the -truth of the material circumstances -I will warrant.”</p> - -<p class="tb">In this gentleman’s case we may observe, -that the contractile power of his -Fibres was very much weaken’d, their -sensibility in a great measure destroy’d, -and his vital energy far exhausted, by -the long and severe irritation in his -Kidney; and that, when he composed -himself on his Back, the motion of the -Blood through the Lungs was easily -stop’d, in the manner above-mention’d, -viz. by the pressure of the Heart upon -the left Auricle and Pulmonary Veins; -to, which may be added, a small degree -of volition in restraining the organs -of respiration. In this dead state, -we are told, he lay half an hour; in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> -which time the greater part of Blood -was drove into the Veins, as generally -happens soon after respiration stops. -Hence the right Ventricle must have -been greatly distended and severely -stimulated by the refluent Blood, ’till -at length it was brought into a strong -contraction, which put the Blood again -in motion through the whole Body, -and a small spark of vital vigour still -remaining, continued it so for eight -hours afterwards.</p> - -<p>The Mind too, in this case, as in -many others of the like kind, was probably -tir’d of its communication with -the Body, and was willing to take its -flight from an habitation in which it -felt so much pain.</p> - -<p>I have offered this account to the -curious, not because I think it altogether -satisfactory, but hope, that its -insufficiency may induce others to give -one more adequate.</p> - -<p>If colonel Townshend had not compos’d -himself on the Back, could he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> -have produc’d that surprising effect? -If he had been turn’d on his Side, would -he not have sooner recover’d? Were -not the Doctors very blameable for offering -to go away without using some -means to recover him?</p> - -<p>It is observable, that when People -are far exhausted by Diseases, and are -on the brink of dissolution, they generally -lie on their Backs, because they -have not muscular force sufficient to -support the Body on either Side.</p> - -<p>From what has been said concerning -the supine portion of the Body, it appears, -that it helps considerably to close -this scene of life, by stopping the -Blood in the Lungs. Hence the immortal -Boerhaave observ’d, “<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">18</a>Proximam -mortis causam, et ultimum -ferme omnium Lethalium morborum -effectum esse Peripneumoniam.”</p> - -<p>If then the supine position has such -a remarkable effect in stopping the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>Motion of the Blood, and consequently -in putting an end to this Life, would -it not be prudent to turn People on -their Sides, and keep them so, who are -so far spent in acute Diseases, that, -they are unable to poize themselves in -that salutary position? Would it not -be often a means of prolonging the fatal, -and of promoting an happy crisis?</p> - -<p>When the force of an acute Disorder, -and the strength of Nature are -nearly equal, would not the weight -of the Heart cast the ballance?</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span class="gesperrt2">CHAP. V.</span><br /><br /> - -<small><i>Of the concurring Causes of the -Night-mare.</i></small></h2> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="dropcap">A</span>Lthough I have assign’d the supine -position of the Body, and -the pressure of the Heart upon the Pulmonary -Veins and the left Auricle, as -the immediate Causes of this Disorder; -yet it is necessary to consider several -pre-disposing circumstances, which may -render some persons more subject to it -than others, who may perhaps sleep -sometimes on their Backs, and escape -it.</p> - -<p>The general primary Causes of this -Disease are a Plethora, or a too great -quantity of Blood, a viscidity or tenacity -of the Fluids, and a weakness or -inertia of the Solids. Hence, young -persons of gross full habits, the robust, -the luxurious, the drunken, and they -who sup late, are most subject to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> -Night-mare<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">19</a>. Also Women who are -obstructed; Girls of full, lax habits, -before the eruption of the Menses; of -which I have collected the following -Cases,</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="gesperrt2">CASE I.</span></p> - -<p>A young Lady, of a tender, lax -habit, about fifteen, before the Menses -appear’d, was seiz’d with a fit of this -Disease, and groan’d so miserably that -she awoke her Father, who was sleeping -in the next room. He arose, ran -into her chamber, and found her lying -on her Back, and the Blood gushing -plentifully out of her Mouth and Nose. -When he shook her, she recover’d, and -told him, that she thought some great -heavy Man came to her bedside, and, -without farther ceremony, stretched -himself upon her. She had been heard -moaning in sleep several nights before; -but, the next day after she imagin’d -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>herself oppress’d by that Man, she -had a copious eruption of the Menses, -which, for that time, remov’d all her -complaints.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="gesperrt2">CASE I</span>I.</p> - -<p>A young Lady, about twenty, of a -full, sanguineous habit, and lax system -of Fibres, labour’d under an obstinate -obstruction of the Catamenia for six -months. About six weeks after her -first period elaps’d, she had a severe -fit of the Night-mare, and next morning -she spit near a pound of Blood, -part of which was coagulated. She -complain’d of an anxiety and oppression -in her Breast, for several days afterwards. -She soon grew well, and -continued so ’till a month had pass’d, -when the Night-mare return’d, and -was succeeded by a spitting of Blood; -but the second fit was not so severe as -the first. She had periodical fits and -discharges of this kind, ’till, by proper -remedies, the redundant streams were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> -convey’d through their usual channels, -which at the same time carried off the -cause and heavy effect of the Nightmare.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="gesperrt2">CASE I</span>II.</p> - -<p>A robust servant Girl, about eighteen -years old, was severely oppress’d -with the Night-mare, two or three -nights before every eruption of the -Menses, and us’d to groan so loudly as -to awake her Fellow-servant, who always -shook or turn’d her on her Side; -by which means she recover’d. She -was thus afflicted periodically with it, -’till she took a bedfellow of a different -sex, and bore Children.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="gesperrt2">CASE I</span>V.</p> - -<p>“A Woman, fifty years old, of a -good, full, fleshy, strong habit of -Body, after her Menses stop’d, was -constantly tormented with this Disorder<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">20</a>.”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> -<p>I might add many more instances -of this kind, to shew, that the fair -sex is subject to the severe insults of -this oppressive Disease; but hope these -are sufficient to excite the attention of -others to make observations of this sort, -which are the more necessary, as they -have been too much neglected by writers -on this subject.</p> - -<p>When Women pass the fruitful seasons -of life, and the delicate uterine -Tubes, contracting themselves, become -too rigid, and resist the impetus of the -Fluids so as to prevent the usual discharges; -then the Fluids, which were -formerly periodically evacuated, are -amass’d, and collected in the Body, and -occasion a Plethora. Hence, Women, -about that time, often grow fat, heavy, -and sickly, and become more subject -to the Night-mare; because the Heart, -swell’d with redundant Blood, will bear -more heavily on the Pulmonary Veins -and left Auricle, when they happen -to sleep in a supine position.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> - -<p>Experience declares, that there is not -a more frequent primary Cause of the -Night-mare than heavy suppers of tough -animal food, and large quantities of -soft, thick malt liquors, which distend, -and lie long in the Stomach; whose -pressure may contribute, in many respects, -to produce this Disorder.</p> - -<p>1st. Its pressure on the Aorta Descendens -will determine a greater quantity -of Blood than usual into the Arteries -that belong to the Head; and as -these turgid vessels run contiguous to -the trunks of the Intercostal and eight -pair of Nerves, they may perhaps compress -them so as to render the Heart, -&c. paralytic.</p> - -<p>2d. By occupying a large space in -the Abdomen, it hinders the full contraction -of the Diaphragm, and thus -diminishes the cavity of the Thorax, -prevents the necessary expansion of the -Lungs, and consequently obstructs the -motion of the Blood through them.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p> - -<p>3d. Anatomy informs us, that the -Diaphragm is not perpendicular to the -Spine of the Back, but forms an acute -angle with it, and is extended obliquely -upwards to the Sternum<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">21</a>. Hence, -in a supine position of the Body, the -Diaphragm may be considered as an -inclin’d plane, upon which the surcharg’d -Stomach must rest; and its -weight on this part will increase the -pressure of the Heart on the Pulmonary -Veins, as it is connected to the opposite -side of the Diaphragm by the Pericardium.</p> - -<p>Every one knows that a hearty meal -disposes People to sleep. This effect -was commonly attributed to the pressure -of the Stomach on the descending -Aorta: but Doctor Stuart has oppos’d -that theory<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">22</a>. Doctor Haller has seconded -him, and has given his reasons -for it. He says, “Si exquisitiori Anatome -in situm Ventriculi & Aortæ -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>inquisiveris, reperies vix unquam -Aortam a Ventriculo comprimi posse. -Dum enim distenditur, antrorsum -recedit, et Curvaturam parvam retrorsum -ostendit Aortæ, quæ ea Curvatura, -interjecto Pancreate, comprehenditur<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">23</a>”</p> - -<p>This is certainly a just account of -the appearance of the Stomach, when -it is distended in a dead Body, where -the Integuments of the Abdomen, and -all resistance to the Stomach’s rising, -is taken away: but, if we consider -the Stomach distended by any means -in a living Body, where these Integuments -still remain in an active state, -and resist the motion of the Stomach -forwards and upwards; then a great -part of its pressure must fall on the -Aorta, and confirm the old opinion. -That part of the Diaphragm, through -which the Oesophagus passes, must be -the center of motion in this case; and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>allowing, that the Stomach moves a -little upwards and forwards, in a distended -state, yet, as the Abdominal -Viscera are in such a fluid or fluctuating -condition, that place, which may be deserted -by the distention of the Stomach, -will be fill’d up by the Pancreas; and -by this means, the Aorta may suffer as -great a pressure as if it was immediately -in contact with the Stomach: the -argument, which that industrious Gentleman -adds, may be owing to the peculiarity -of his own constitution; viz. -“Imo vero aucti a pastu veneris stimuli -demonstrant, eo tempore motum -Sanguinis in Aortam descendentem -potius majorem esse, quam -minorem<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">24</a>”.</p> - -<p>Doctor Haller seems to have levell’d -the force of this argument against a full -Stomach being any cause of the Nightmare; -but I might mention many facts -here to prove the contrary, and among -the rest, might add my own case; but, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>to avoid prolixity, I shall confine myself -to one instance.</p> - -<p>A corpulent Clergyman, about fifty -years old, who is very fond of strong -beer and flesh suppers, but so subject -to the Night-mare, that he is obliged -to stint himself to a certain quantity -every night; whenever he happens to -take an over-dose, he groans so loudly -that he often awakes all the People in -the house. He has assur’d me, that, -in these fits, he imagin’d the Devil -came to his bedside, seiz’d him by the -Throat, and endeavour’d to choak him. -Next day he observ’d the black impressions -of his hard Fingers on his -Neck. After being at a wedding or -christening, he never escapes it; and -his Servant is oblig’d to watch him all -the next night, and rescue him from -the Paws of Satan, whose dreadful approach -always makes him roar loud -enough to awake the Servant, if he -should happen to be asleep. The Ser<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>vant -told me, he always found his -Master lying on his Back in the fit.</p> - -<p>Hoffman says, “<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">25</a>Plethoricos omni -cura fugere opportet decubitum supinum, -facile enim Incubo premuntur, -cujus causa a Sanguinis stagnatione -in Pulmones deducenda est.”</p> - -<p>Doctor Haller assigns a different reason -for heavy suppers preventing rest, -viz. “<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">26</a>Sed etiam cibi immeabiles -particulæ in Cerebro minus facile -trajactæ, comprimendo Medullam -somnum minus benignum faciunt.”</p> - -<p>It is remarkable, that this Disorder -attacks People only in sleep; which, -Doctor Young says<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">27</a>, is owing to the -effect that sleep has in increasing all the -symptoms of a Plethora. It is true, -that sleep retards the motion of the -Blood, and checks the serous secretions. -“<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">28</a>.In vasis vero serosis, Lymphaticis et -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> -Nervosis circulatio parva, et sæpe -nulla est.”</p> - -<p>There is no occasion to go about -proving that the secretion of urine is -lessened in bed, for common experience -sufficiently evinces it. And it appears, -by the experiments of Doctor Robinson<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">29</a> -and Gorter<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">30</a>, that perspiration -is considerably less in the night than -in the day. It must be allow’d, that -the heat of the bed-cloaths will rarify -the Blood, and also contribute to an -universal distension of the Vessels: but -all these seem to be rather the effects -of lying quiet in a warm bed, than of -sleep alone. If so, People might be -as readily seiz’d with the Night-mare -while they are awake in these circumstances, -as when they are asleep, which -never happens.</p> - -<p>I really can find no way of accounting -for this Phænomenon, unless we -have recourse to the Soul, or that ac<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>tive -principle within us, whose operations, -during sleep, are either greatly -impeded, or altogether suspended. It -is therefore less sensible of any uneasiness -in the Body than when we are -awake, and the faculties of the Mind -are in action, which is compell’d, by -some innate necessity, to avoid any -pain, as soon as it perceives it in the -Body.</p> - -<p>While we are awake, lie on our -Backs, and feel any uneasiness in that -position, we immediately alter it: but, -in sleep, we are not so soon conscious -of the Blood’s stoppage in the Lungs, -nor have we the means of removing -that dangerous obstruction so much in -our power, because the voluntary motions -are then suspended, without which, -the position of the Body cannot be -changed, nor the cause of the obstruction -remov’d.</p> - -<p>The insensibility of the Lungs too -may contribute to render the obstruction -greater, before the Mind becomes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> -conscious of it; for we don’t find, -that obstructions and inflammations of -the Lungs are attended with such an -acute pain, as when these Disorders attack -other parts of the Body, the Liver, -Spleen, and Omentum excepted.</p> - -<p>The Night-mare may sometimes seize -very plethoric Persons, when they don’t -lie directly on the Back; for part of -the Heart’s weight may fall on the Pulmonary -Veins, in a lateral position of -the Body.</p> - -<p>By way of a brief recapitulation of -what has been offer’d concerning the -Causes in general of this Disorder, I -shall conclude this Chapter with the -following corollaries.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cor.</span> 1. That they who have a very -sensible system of Fibres, and are soon -affected by a stimulus, are least subject -to the Night-mare.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cor.</span> 2. That sluggish, inactive constitutions -are most liable to it.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cor.</span> 3. That the severity of the fit -will be always proportional to the sen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>sibility -of the Fibres, and the quantity -of Blood.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cor.</span> 4. That the duration of a fit -will be proportional to the sensibility -and vigour of the constitution.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cor.</span> 5. That they who sup sparingly, -and never sleep on their Backs, -are seldom or never afflicted with it.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cor.</span> 6. That it is most common in -those seasons of the year, which most -increase the volume of the Fluids: hence -spring and autumn are its most fertile -periods.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span class="gesperrt2">CHAP. V</span>I.<br /><br /> - -<small><i>Of the Prognostics of this Disorder.</i></small></h2> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="dropcap">L</span>Est this Disorder should be -thought altogether the work of -Imagination, and necessary precautions -should be neglected to prevent frequent -returns of it; I have collected the sentiments -of the ancient Physicians concerning -its consequences; whose authority, -in this Disease, as well as in -many others, I believe, we may safely -rely on; because they were wholly ignorant -of its immediate cause, and had -no favourite theory to support, but -faithfully related facts of this kind as -they really appear’d.</p> - -<p>We find that most of the old observators -who have mention’d the Night-mare, -reckon it a forerunner of some -terrible Disorder: I shall here translate -these quotations, for the benefit of my -English readers, and add the originals<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> -by way of notes, for the perusal of the -learned.</p> - -<p>“We should endeavour to stop it -in the beginning; for, when it returns -every night, it portends either -Madness, the Epilepsy, or a Mortification<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">31</a>.”</p> - -<p>“The Night-mare is a Disorder -which attacks People sleeping, and is -of no trifling nature, but precedes -dreadful Disorders; viz. the Epilepsy, -a kind of Melancholy, and an Apoplexy; -and if it returns frequently, it -shews that they are not far off<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">32</a>.”</p> - -<p>“The Disease call’d the Night-mare -is not a Dæmon, but rather the fore-runner -of the Epilepsy, Madness, or -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>a Mortification. We should stop it -in the beginning; for, when it continues -long, and returns often, it -produces some of the above-mention’d -Disorders<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">33</a>.”</p> - -<p>“If they, whom the Night-mare -seizes in sleep, have cold Sweats, -and a palpitation of the Heart after -they awake, they are very bad symptoms. -They who are long affected -with it, have great reason to fear -some desperate Disorder of the Head, -viz. a Vertigo, an Apoplexy, Madness, -a Palsy, an Epilepsy, or some -sudden Death: and there are many -instances of People being found dead -in their beds of this Disorder<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">34</a>.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p> - -<p>The celebrated Boerhaave has mention’d -the Night-mare among the principal -symptoms of an Apoplexy<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">35</a>.</p> - -<p>In order to illustrate these prognostics -by modern instances, I have collected -several cases, but shall confine -myself to the two following.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="gesperrt2">CASE I.</span></p> - -<p>A Gentleman, about thirty years -old, of a full sanguineous habit, and -a little intemperate, was tormented -with the Night-mare almost every -night for two years. He bled often, -which gave him short ease; but was -at length seiz’d with an Apoplexy, -while he had the glass in one Hand -and the pipe in the other, and expir’d -immediately.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="gesperrt2">CASE I</span>I.</p> - -<p>A Gentleman, about forty-five years -old, of a corpulent phlegmatic habit -of Body, and an inactive disposition -of Mind, complain’d of a vast oppression -which he felt in his sleep; upon -which he consulted a Physician, who -prescrib’d both bleeding and purging, -to be repeated as often as it return’d. -This prescription was follow’d with -success at first, but it became so often -necessary, that the patient was not able -to bear such evacuations. He therefore -was obliged to sleep in a chair -all night, to avoid the Night-mare. -But one night he ventur’d to bed, and -was found half dead in the morning. -He continued paralytic two years; and -after taking the round of Bath and -Bristol, &c. to no purpose, he died -an Idiot.</p> - -<p>“—D. Abraham Schonnichel, who -was a Captain of horse in the Emperor’s -army, and being fond of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> -drink, was afflicted with the Night-mare -as often as he lay on his Back, -after taking many medicines it became -less frequent. But when, on -account of his intemperance, it return’d, -I order’d his Chamberlain to -rouse him whenever he heard him -groan, in sleep; by which means, -the fits were shorten’d, but about -two years after he died of an Epilepsy<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">36</a>.”</p> - -<p>Cœlus Aurelianus says<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">37</a>, that this disease -was epidemic and kill’d many at -Rome.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p> - -<p>As the Romans took little breakfast -or dinner, but made supper their principal -meal, ’tis probable, that they were -very subject to the Night-mare, especially -during the Saturnalia, when they -held all their repotia or drinking-matches, -and indulged themselves in -all kinds of intemperance at night.</p> - -<p>Galen says, “That the Night-mare -is a kind of an Epilepsy, which happens -in sleep; and that if it continues -long, it will turn to a real Epilepsy<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">38</a>.”</p> - -<p>“An accidental Night-mare is not -dangerous; but if it be habitual, it -threatens an Epilepsy, Apoplexy, or -Melancholy, especially if the Person -be subject to a Vertigo in the daytime. -If it attacks one between -sleeping and waking, it denotes the -Epilepsy to be very near; but it is -remarkably dangerous, when a cold -Sweat, a palpitation of the Heart, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>a Spasm, or a Fainting fit, succeed -it<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">39</a>.”</p> - -<p>“Hoffman mentions the Night-mare -among the Symptoms of an Apoplexy, -that was cur’d by an over-dose -of Camphire<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">40</a>.”</p> - -<p>From these concurring authorities, -and the instances that have been given, -we have sufficient reason to believe, -that the above Diseases often succeed -frequent fits of the Night-mare. It is -highly probable, that the stagnation of -the Blood (which occasions it) in the Pulmonary -Veins, right Ventricle, Vena -Cava, and the Sinuses of the Brain, -may form obstinate obstructions, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>leave the rudiments of Polypi in these -parts; which may afterwards produce -fatal effects. From the situation of the -lateral Sinuses, it appears, that in a -supine position of the Body, the Blood -must move out of them, contrary to -its own gravity. Hence, by their turgescence, -the Cerebellum may be compress’d, -and the animal functions impeded. -It was probably to prevent this -pressure on the Cerebellum, and to -promote the return of the Blood from -the Head, that Nature has plac’d these -reservoirs in the upper part of the -Heads of Quadrupeds.</p> - -<p>“If this disorder grows more severe, -there is danger of being suffocated -in the very fit, and of its producing -an Apoplexy or some terrible disorder -of the Head, either by pouring -Blood into the Ventricles, or substance -of the Brain, or by obstructing -the Carotid Arteries, or Choroid -Plexus: therefore such Diseases<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> -are to be prevented by proper methods<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">41</a>.”</p> - -<p>Does not this disease kill many who -go to bed in perfect health, and are -found dead in the morning? Does not -the Night-mare carry many drunkards -out of this world? Is it not a species -of an Apoplexy? Is it not the final -cure of all chronic Diseases?</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span class="gesperrt2">CHAP V</span>II.<br /><br /> - -<small><i>Of the Cure.</i></small></h2> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="dropcap">W</span>Hen People are found in a fit -of the Night-mare, the most -effectual remedy is to rouse them as -soon as possible, by changing the position -of the Body, and applying some -keen stimulus immediately, such as -pricking with a pin, speaking loud, &c. -and if they recover the least degree of -voluntary motion, the happy crisis is -for that time obtain’d, as Actuarius -and Willis observ’d.</p> - -<p>I have often been so much oppress’d -by this enemy of rest, that I would -have given ten thousand worlds like -this for some Person that would either -pinch, shake, or turn me off my Back; -and I have been so much afraid of its -intolerable insults, that I have slept in -a chair all night, rather than give it -an opportunity of attacking me in an -horizontal position.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p> - -<p>Doctor Lower relates a remarkable -similar case, which I shall here translate. -He says, “<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">42</a>I knew a Gentleman, -who, in every other respect, enjoy’d -perfect health, but was so subject to -the Night-mare, that, whenever he -slept on his Back, he was seiz’d -with it in such a violent manner, -that he was oblig’d to keep a Servant -in the same bed with him; who, -upon hearing his Master groan and -Sigh (with which Symptoms it us’d -to begin) immediately turn’d him on -his Side; by which means it was, -and may be always, remov’d.”</p> - -<p>’Tis observable, that people are rous’d -out of a fit of the Night-mare, sometimes, -by sound alone. I remember -to have been under it, when a Servant -came in the morning to make a fire, -and let the coal-box fall at the door; -the noise of which effectually reliev’d -me. The vibrations or undulations of -the air beating upon the drum of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> -Ear, may act as a successful stimulus -in this case.</p> - -<p>As this Disease seems to arise immediately -from a supine position of the -Body in sleep, we should take care to -prevent it before we fall asleep, by -composing the Body on either Side. -The sagacious Hoffman observes, that -the safest posture in sleep, is on either -Side, with the Head rais’d, and the -Limbs bent inwards to the trunk of -the Body<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">43</a>.</p> - -<p>Some ingenious men have imagin’d, -that the bending of the Limbs in sleep -is owing to the strong tendency which -the flexor Muscles have to contraction; -but I humbly suppose, it is rather a -voluntary motion, intended to fix the -Body on the Side, without the continued -action of any of the voluntary -Muscles afterwards; for without the -flexion of the Joints in sleep, it would -be a kind of labour to keep the Body -pois’d on such an narrow surface. To -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>demonstrate this, I shall avoid mathematics, -and appeal to common sense, -for an easy experiment. Suppose one -should endeavour to poise a thin plate -of tin on its edge upon a smooth, level -table; if he be not an expert equilibrist, -he will find it difficult; but if -he bends the plate, then the problem -becomes as easy as the well known -method of making an egg stand on -its end.</p> - -<p>This easy method, which nature has -contriv’d to preserve the human Body -on its side, is a sufficient recommendation -of that position, and a strong -precaution against lying on the Back, -which is the posture of dead Bodies.</p> - -<p>Before any regular or effectual plan -of curing, or rather preventing, this -Disease, can be propos’d, it will be -always necessary to consider minutely -the primary or pre-disposing causes of -it, formerly mention’d.</p> - -<p>If the primary cause be a weakness -of the Fibres, then strengthening or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> -astringent medicines are proper; which, -by increasing the cohesion of the constituent -particles of the Solids, will -make the Fibres more dense, brace -them up to a proper pitch, and quicken -their vibrations. The principal Medicines -of this class are iron, and its preparations, -the Bark, the wild Valerian-root, -and the cold Bath.</p> - -<p>If it arises from an inertia or indolence -of the Solids, nervous medicines -will best answer that indication; which, -by stimulating the lazy inactive Fibres, -will increase their elasticity, invigorate -their contractions, accelerate the motion, -and break the tenacity of the -Blood.</p> - -<p>If the Blood be too thick, attenuants -should be us’d, such as, spiritus Mendereri<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">44</a>, -vegetable subacid liquors, saponaceous -medicines, and plenty of vinegar -at meals, which, according to the -great Boerhaave, is a powerful diluent<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">45</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p> - -<p>A Plethora or redundance of Blood, -is certainly the most general cause of -the Night-mare, and requires immediate -evacuations, which principally consist -in bleeding or purging. But the -former is most effectual. However, -Bleeding should not be often repeated, -unless absolutely necessary, lest, it should -become a custom, which might, at the -same time, procure a short intermission, -and increase the cause of the Disease; -and also prove inconvenient and dangerous; -for if, at any establish’d period, -Bleeding should be omitted, then -the person is expos’d to all the bad -effects of a Plethora, enumerated by -Boerhaave, viz. Inflammations, Suppurations, -Gangrenes and Death<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">46</a>.</p> - -<p>It is well known, that nothing genenerates -Blood faster, or contributes more -to a Plethora, than bleeding often, which -some are fond of, without assigning -any reason for it, except its being a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>custom, which experience proves a very -bad one.</p> - -<p>Van Sweiten says, “He saw a Woman, -who, being subject to violent -affections of the Mind, was bled -above sixty times in one year. She -by that means grew very fat, and -increas’d her weight 150 pounds in -a few months. By bleeding often -new Blood was generated, and the -necessity of bleeding became more -frequent, ’till she was so far relax’d, -that she fell into a Dropsy<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">47</a>.”</p> - -<p>He adds, “That bleeding, which -some use by way of precaution, is -a bad custom, since it weakens the -Solids, and renders the Body more -subject to a fresh accumulation of -Fluids.”</p> - -<p>Experience has convinced me of the -truth of this observation; for, while -I practis’d bleeding every month or six -weeks, I found the Night-mare return’d -on me at these periods, rather -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>aggravated than abated. My bad success -made me alter my method; and, instead -of drawing eight or ten ounces -of blood at once, I drew twenty, and -liv’d low, on thin, astringent diet, for -a few days afterwards; in which time -the dilated vessels contracted themselves, -and resisted the sudden distension, -which taking large quantities of -nourishing diet, after plentiful evacuations, -must always produce; as our -medical Bard justly expresses it,</p> - -<p class="noindent"> -“Too greedily th’ exhausted Veins absorb -The recent Chyle<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">48</a>.”<br /> -</p> - -<p>By observing Boerhaave’s method of -curing a Plethora, viz. using a thin, -light diet after bleeding, and gradually -prolonging the time between each evacuation, -I have reduc’d my bleedings -to one every autumn; and (thank Heaven) -have in a great measure conquer’d -that Monster of the night, which so -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>often threaten’d me with immediate destruction.</p> - -<p>Experience also assures us, that large -evacuations may be made by strong -purges; such as Jalap, Scammon. &c. -which greatly dissolve, and diminish -the quantity of the Blood.</p> - -<p>Hence, we see the reason why Paulus -Egeneta justly prescrib’d Scammony -in this Disease<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">49</a>. But in this kind of -evacuations, Boerhaave’s salutary rule -should be also observ’d; viz. “Omissione -sensim introducta.”</p> - -<p>’Tis needless here to take notice of -all the ill-adapted farrago of Medicines -prescrib’d by many of the old Physicians, -who did not know the cause of -this Disorder.</p> - -<p>I cannot understand why Piony was -reckon’d, by them, such a famous specific -for the Night-mare, which, taken -internally, is only a gentle attenuant: -and ’tis very surprising, that Doctor -Willis should be so superstitious as to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>recommend balls made of Piony and -Corral to be tied about the Neck, by -way of a sacred nostrum against this -Disease<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">50</a>.</p> - -<p>Temperate living is certainly the most -effectual method of preventing this and -many other Disorders. Vegetable and -flesh meat of easy digestion; thin, subacid, -diluent liquors, taken in moderate -quantities; light or no suppers; -brisk exercise of all kinds; high pillows, -and sleeping on the Side, are the -most sovereign Prophylactics, or preventives.</p> - -<p>If People subject to the Night-mare -be so fond of heavy flesh-suppers, that -they can neither rest with them nor -without them, they should sup early, -and sit up or exercise two or three -hours afterwards; and when they go -to bed, they should lie on the right -Side, that the food may have the advantage -of its own gravity in passing -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>out of the Stomach into the Guts. In -that position the Heart will fall on the -Mediastinum, which, being a flexible -Membrane, will be an easier support -to the Heart than if it play’d against -the hard Ribs, which is always the -consequence of lying on the left Side.</p> - -<p>When the fair Sex is oppress’d with -this Disorder, and the precedent cause -is an obstruction of the Catamenia, the -defect of that natural discharge may -be supply’d by a moderate bleeding; -and proper remedies should be us’d to -clear the obstructed tubes, and open -the flood-gates to promote the ebb of -the next full tide. But if the cause be -common to both sexes, the same methods -may be follow’d, proper allowance -being made for the delicacy of the -female constitution.</p> - -<p>Excessive drinking at night, as well -as excessive eating, should be avoided; -but of the two evils, the former is the -lesser, as our British Celsus observes:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span></p> -<p class="noindent">“Tutior autem est in potione, quam -in esca, intemperantia<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">51</a>.”</p> - -<p>As intoxication subjects People to -most dreadful fits of this Disorder, as -well as to many other accidents, it -should, by all means, be shun’d. Lucretius -has so well painted its bad effects, -that, I presume, my polite reader -will think his description of it neither -tedious nor foreign.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">Denique cur, Hominem cum vini vis penetravit</div> -<div class="line">Acris et in Venas discessit deditus ardor,</div> -<div class="line">Consequitur gravitas membrorum? Præpidiuntur</div> -<div class="line">Crura vacillanti? tardescit Lingua? madet mens?</div> -<div class="line">Nant Oculi? clamor singultus, jurgia gliscunt?</div> -<div class="line">Et jam cætera de genere hoc quæcunq; sequuntur?</div> -<div class="line i15">Lib. 3.<br /><br /></div> -</div></div></div> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">Besides, when wine’s quick force has pierc’d the Brain,</div> -<div class="line">And the brisk heat’s diffus’d thro’ every Vein,</div> -<div class="line">Why do the members all grow dull and weak?</div> -<div class="line">The Tongue not with its usual swiftness speak?</div> -<div class="line">The Eye-balls swim? the Legs not firm and straight,</div> -<div class="line">But bend beneath the Body’s natural weight:</div> -<div class="line">Unmanly quarrels, noise, and sobs deface</div> -<div class="line">The powers of Reason, and usurp their place.</div> -<div class="line i15"><span class="smcap">Creech.</span></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></p> - -<p>As Nature is the subject of Physic -and Poetry, we find, that the sons of -Homer and Esculapius generally agree -in giving salutary instructions to Mankind; -but as the former convey their -admonitions in the most agreeable manner, -I shall conclude this Essay with -two quotations from them.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">The first Physicians by debauch were made,</div> -<div class="line">Excess began, and sloth sustains the trade:</div> -<div class="line">By chace our long-liv’d Fathers earn’d their food,</div> -<div class="line">Toil strung their Nerves and purify’d their Blood, &c.</div> -<div class="line i15"><span class="smcap">Dryden.</span><br /><br /></div> -</div></div></div> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">Quæ virtus et quanta, boni, sit vivere parvo,</div> -<div class="line">(Nec meus hic sermo est, sed quem præcepit Ofellus,</div> -<div class="line">Rusticus, abnormis sapiens, crassaque Minerva)</div> -<div class="line">Discite, non inter lances, mensasque nitentes;</div> -<div class="line">Cum stupet insanis acies fulgoribus, & cum</div> -<div class="line">Adclinis falsis animus meliora recusat.</div> -<div class="line"><span class="gesperrt">******************</span></div> -<div class="line">Accipe nunc, victus tenuis quæ, quantaque secum</div> -<div class="line">Adferat, imprimis valeas bene: nam variæ res</div> -<div class="line">Ut noceant Homini, credas, memor illius escæ</div> -<div class="line">Quæ simplex olim tibi sederit, at simul assis</div> -<div class="line">Miscueris elixa, simul conchylia turdis;</div> -<div class="line">Dulcia se in Bilem vertent, Stomachoque tumultum</div> -<div class="line">Lenta ferat pituita. Vides, ut pallidus omnis</div> -<div class="line">Cæna desurgat dubia? quin corpus onustum</div> -<div class="line">Hesternis vitiis, animumque prægravat una</div> -<div class="line"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> -Atque adfigit humo divinæ particulam auræ.</div> -<div class="line">Alter, ubi dicto citius curata sopori</div> -<div class="line">Membra dedit, vegetus præscripta ad munia surgit.</div> -<div class="line i15"><span class="smcap">Horat.</span> Sat.<br /><br /></div> -</div></div></div> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">What, and how great the virtue and the art</div> -<div class="line">To live on little with a chearful Heart!</div> -<div class="line">(A doctrine sage, but truly none of mine)</div> -<div class="line">Let’s talk, my friends, but talk before we dine;</div> -<div class="line">Not when the gilt buffet’s reflected pride</div> -<div class="line">Turns you from sound Philosophy aside,</div> -<div class="line">Not when from plate to plate the Eye-balls roll,</div> -<div class="line">And the Brain dances to the mantling bowl,</div> -<div class="line"><span class="gesperrt">******************</span></div> -<div class="line">Now hear what blessings temperance can bring;</div> -<div class="line">(Thus said my friend, and what he said I sing)</div> -<div class="line">First health: the Stomach cramm’d with ev’ry dish,</div> -<div class="line">A tomb of boil’d and roast, and flesh and fish,</div> -<div class="line">When Bile and Wind, and Phlegm and Acid jar,</div> -<div class="line">And all the Man is one intestine war,</div> -<div class="line">Remembers oft the School-boy’s simple fare,</div> -<div class="line">The temperate sleeps, and spirits light as air.</div> -<div class="line">How pale each worshipful and rev’rend guest</div> -<div class="line">Rise from a clergy or a city feast!</div> -<div class="line">What life in all that ample Body? say:</div> -<div class="line">What heav’nly particle inspires the clay?</div> -<div class="line">The soul subsides and wickedly inclines</div> -<div class="line">To seem but mortal, ev’n in sound Divines.</div> -<div class="line">On morning wings, how active springs the Mind</div> -<div class="line">That leaves the load of yesterday behind?</div> -<div class="line i15"><span class="smcap">Pope.</span></div> -</div></div></div> - -<hr /> - -<h2>FOOTNOTES:</h2> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">1</span></a> De anim. brutor. cap. 6. p. 127.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">2</span></a> Lom. -Observat. p. 80.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">3</span></a> De morb. caput. p. 604.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">4</span></a> Baxter on the Soul, p. 257. quarto edit.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">5</span></a> A being which that vain chymist invented to -preside over the animal functions. See his Works, -cap. 1. & Van Helmont. de Archeo faber.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">6</span></a> De Corde, p. 145.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">7</span></a> Sepulchret. Anatom. tom. 1. p. 180.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">8</span></a> Comment in aphoris. 578.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">9</span></a> De Dieta, scol. xxxv.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">10</span></a> Haller, Prim. lin. DLXXII. Boerhaave, prelect. -academ. de somno.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">11</span></a> Winslow, de Poitrine, sect. 74. Eustachius, -tab. xv. fig. 2. and tab. xxv.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">12</span></a> Macrob. in som. sup. lib. v. cap. 3.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">13</span></a> To say that Voluntary Motions by custom become -Involuntary, may appear a contradiction; but -if we reflect on several phænomena of Animal Motion, -that assertion will not appear so absurd. ’Tis -universally allow’d, that the Muscles of the Larynx -and Tongue, Adductors and Abductors of the Eyes -are of the Voluntary kind; yet, by endeavouring -to imitate those who Stammer or Squint, these disagreeable -habits are acquir’d so, as not to be afterwards -corrected by the strongest efforts of the Mind. -As the Heart of an Infant beats, at a mean, about -11520 times every 24 hours, during the first year, -’tis probable, that, by this frequent Motion, the action -of that Muscle may become independent of the -Will ever afterwards: tho’ it might be as Voluntary at -first, as the action of the Muscles concern’d in -sucking the Nurse’s Breast.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">14</span></a> Harvey de Generatione Animal. & Malpighius -de Incubatione.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">15</span></a> I remember that the Heart of a Gurnet beat -regularly an hour and forty minutes after I separated -it From the Body. For many such experiments, -see Doctor Whytt’s ingenious Essay on -Vital Motions.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">16</span></a> His. Vit. & Mort.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">17</span></a> Page 307.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">18</span></a> Aphoris. 874.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">19</span></a> Vide Lom. Observat. p. 80. & Etmuller, de -Incubo.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">20</span></a> Diemerbroek.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">21</span></a> Winslow. Traite de Muscles, p. 554.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">22</span></a> Philos. Trans. N<sup>o</sup> 427.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">23</span></a> Comment in Instut. DXCI.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">24</span></a> Loc. mox, citatione.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">25</span></a> De Dieta, &c. See. scol xxxix.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">26</span></a> Prim. Lin. DLXXVIII.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">27</span></a> Treatise on Opium, p. 26.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">28</span></a> Boerhaave, Prelect. Academic, de somno.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">29</span></a> On Food and Discharges, tab. 3.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">30</span></a> Exercit. de Perspiratione.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">31</span></a> Cavendum est ab initio, nam ubi diu durat -assidue irruens magnos Morbos, Insaniam, Morbum -comitialem, aut siderationem denunciat. Paul. -Egenet. lib. 3. c. 19.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">32</span></a> Incubus, vitium quod in somnis prehendit. -Sua quidem natura non admodum parvum est, -verum, magna quædam mala portendit, Morbi -comitialis, melancholiæ species, Morbum attonitum, -atque ea non procul abesse. Si frequens Incubus -invadit, significat. Actuar. lib. v. cap. 17.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">33</span></a> Morbus, qui Incubus appellatur, non est Dæmon, -sed magis prœmium Morbi Cometialis, Insaniæ -aut Siderationis. Cavendum est dum in -principio, inveteratum assidue incidens, quosdam -ex relatis Morbis inducit. Ætic. Sermo. c. 12.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">34</span></a> Sin vero, ubi idem dormientes occupat, et post -Expergefactionem frigidi oriuntur sudores, et Cordis -tremor, pessimum est. Qui hac ægritudine multo -jam spatio temporis, ac frequenter occupantur, -hisce grave aliquod Capitis malum, puta Vertiginem, -Morbum tum attonitum, tum Comitialem, -Maniam, Nervorum distentionem, aut subitam -Mortem impendere sciendum est. Scil. hoc modo -repertos mortuos, in ipso etiam cubili multos esse -constat. Lom Observat. Medicinal. p. 80.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">35</span></a> Aphoris. 1020.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">36</span></a> Generosus et sternuus D. Abrahamus Schonicel, -equitum in exercitu imperatorio magister, ebrietati -deditus; quoties supinus incumberet, Incubo -graviter affici solebat: post multa remedia exhibita, -malum rarius quidem invasit; cum tamen, -ob repletionem, et compotandi consuetudinem recurreret, -monui cubicularium, ut quoties in somno -queritantem et lamentantem audiret, statim corpus -leviter vellicaret, dormientem compellaret, et excitaret, -quo pacto, insultus breviores quidem sensit. -Biennio tamen post, Epilepsia extinctus est. Baldassar -Timeus, Cas. Med. lib. v.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">37</span></a> De Morb. Chron. lib. v. cap. 3.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">38</span></a> De Utilitat. Respirationis.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">39</span></a> Incubus accidentalis parum mali refert. Habitualis -vero, Epilepsiam, Apoplexiam, aut Melancholiam -portendit, presertim, si adsit Vertigo -diurna; si accedit partim dormienti, partem vigilanti, -Epilepsia propinquior est. Sed adhuc deterior, -si post excretionem sudoris frigidi, tremor -Cordis, Spasmus, aut Sincope, sequatur. Etmul. -de Incubo.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">40</span></a> Consultat. et Respons. Med. cas. xix.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">41</span></a> Metus est, ne hoc malum ingravescens in ipso -paroxyso ægrum suffocet, vel sanguinem in Ventriculis -Cerebri aut ejus substantia effundendo, vel -Carotides Arterias, vel Plexum Choroidem, aut -eorum poros obstruendo, Apoplexiam vel alium -similem gravem Cerebri Morbum ægro accersat, -ideoque, tempestiva hujusmodi, mala, curatione, -sunt præcavenda. Hen. Pagius apud Theodor. -Biblioth. Med.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">42</span></a> De Corde, p. 145.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">43</span></a> De Dieta, &c. cap. x. scol. xxxiii.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">44</span></a> Pharmacop. Edinensis.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">45</span></a> Element. Chem. Process, L.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">46</span></a> Aphoris. 106.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">47</span></a> Comment, in Aphoris. 106.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">48</span></a> Armstrong’s Poem on Health.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">49</span></a> Lib. 3. cap. xv.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">50</span></a> De Anima Brutor. cap. 6.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p class="noindent"><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">51</span></a> Mead, Monit. Med. de Vitæ Regimine.</p></div> - -<p class="center"><span class="gesperrt">FINIS.</span></p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Essay on the Incubus, or Night-mare, by -John Bond - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAY ON INCUBUS, OR NIGHT-MARE *** - -***** This file should be named 53216-h.htm or 53216-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/2/1/53216/ - -Produced by Turgut Dincer and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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