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-      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Complete Treatise on the Mare and Foal at the Time of Delivery, by Conrad Mitchell.
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-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Complete Treatise on the mare and foal at
-the time of delivery, with illustrations., by Conrad Mitchell
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Complete Treatise on the mare and foal at the time of delivery, with illustrations.
-       Also on cows and calves, with stallion and mare, when
-              diseased by Gonorrhea (clap) or Pox, also Diarrhea and
-              Costiveness in Colts.
-
-Author: Conrad Mitchell
-
-Release Date: October 3, 2016 [EBook #53203]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPLETE TREATISE--MARE AND FOAL ***
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-</pre>
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
-
-<h1>COMPLETE TREATISE<br />
-<span class="smaller">ON THE</span><br />
-MARE AND FOAL,<br />
-<span class="smaller">AT THE TIME OF DELIVERY,</span></h1>
-
-<p class="titlepage">WITH<br />
-ILLUSTRATIONS.</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage">ALSO ON<br />
-COWS AND CALVES,<br />
-<span class="smaller">WITH</span><br />
-<span class="larger">STALLION AND MARE,</span><br />
-<span class="smaller">WHEN DISEASED BY</span><br />
-<b>Gonorrhea</b> (clap) <b>or Pox</b>.</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">ALSO</span><br />
-Diarrhea and Costiveness in Colts.</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br />
-CONRAD MITCHELL.</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage smaller">Volksfreund Print<br />
-Middleburg. PA.<br />
-1869</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="titlepage">Entered according to an Act of Congress,<br />
-in the year 1869, by</p>
-
-<p class="center">CONRAD MITCHELL,</p>
-
-<p class="center">in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court<br />
-of the United States for the Western<br />
-District of Pennsylvania.</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
-
-<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
-
-<p>Of all the beasts of the field, which
-we are told, the Lord formed out of the
-earth, and brought them unto Adam to
-see what he would call them, none has
-more engaged the attention of the historian
-and the philosopher&mdash;none has figured
-more in poetry, in war and in love,
-than the horse.</p>
-
-<p>None of the writing, to which we could
-point the reader, contains more frequent
-mention, or more glowing descriptions of
-the power and beauty of the horse, than
-the great Book of Books.</p>
-
-<p>The Bible teaches us, that from whatever
-land this animal may have been
-originally brought into Egypt, that country
-had already become a great horse
-market, even before horses were known<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
-in Arabia, the country with which we are
-apt to associate all that is most interesting
-of this noble beast. Geological researches,
-however, have discovered fossil
-remains of the horse in almost ever part
-of the world&mdash;from the tropical plains of
-India, to the frozen regions of Siberia&mdash;from
-the northern extremities of the new
-world, to the southern point of America.
-But among the Hebrews, horses were rare
-previous to the days of Solomon, who had
-horses brought out of Egypt, after his
-marriage with the daughter of Pharaoh,
-and so rapidly did he multiply them by
-purchase and by breeding, that those
-kept for his own use required, as it is
-written, “four thousand stables, and forty
-thousand stalls.” Hence, when honored
-by a visit from the beautiful queen of
-Sheba, bringing with her, camels bearing
-spices, and very much gold and precious
-stones, it was doubtless in the contemplation
-of his magnificent stud of horses and
-chariots, kept for the amusement of his
-wives and concubines, as well as for his
-other vast displays of power and magnificence,
-that her majesty exclaimed, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
-the fulness of her admiration: “Howbeit,
-I believed not the words, until I came
-and mine eyes had seen it, and behold
-the half was not told unto me.”</p>
-
-<p>Veterinary science has also made great
-progress from that time down to the present,
-and in particular, in the last half
-century, the structure of the horse&mdash;injuries
-and diseases to which he is subject,
-and the treatment of these, have been
-investigated, in this country and abroad,
-with much diligence and success, both in
-colleges and in societies devoted to the
-cultivation of veterinary knowledge, and
-by practitioners, whose education and experience
-render their observations worthy
-of great respect; but notwithstanding all
-this, there has always been, to the present
-time, one point overlooked, which is of
-greater importance, than any one that
-has ever been investigated. I refer here
-to a complete treatise on the Mare and
-Foal at the time of delivery. This has
-long been felt as a real want. Not a single
-engraving, illustrating this subject
-has ever been handed to the public, and
-very little has been written on the treatment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
-of the mare and the foal at the time
-of delivery. When the best authors come
-to this point, they say, “call in a veterinary
-Surgeon.” But, I would ask, where
-is the veterinary Surgeon to obtain his
-information? And yet, not only the surgeon,
-but every farmer and breeder should
-possess a full knowledge of it.</p>
-
-<p>The man that first enters the stable
-should be able to administer to the wants
-of the mare and the foal. There is no
-time to be lost&mdash;no time now to obtain
-information, or to proceed four or five
-miles for a surgeon. If all is right, in
-five minutes all will be well, but if a false
-position is presented, the first person that
-approaches the animal should be able to
-administer to the wants of the mare and
-foal. If not, there is much danger for
-the life of the foal, and in a few hours
-much danger is to be feared for the safety
-of the mare.</p>
-
-<p>I have had a very extensive practice in
-the veterinary business for more than
-nineteen years, and found it almost universally
-to be the case, that in the event
-of mal-presentation, the foal had suffocated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
-before I could reach the spot, although
-I was but a very few miles distant.
-If the foal is raised from its locality, it
-must be exposed to the free atmosphere
-in twenty minutes or it will suffocate, and
-the life of the mare will be much in danger.
-Often, after I had extracted the
-foal, I could have obtained twenty
-dollars for restoring its life.</p>
-
-<p>I have frequently been urged by farmers
-and breeders, to give them full instructions
-on this subject, and especially,
-at such times, when a difficult case presented
-itself, but I always found it impracticable,
-as verbal instruction would
-soon be forgotten, and as no work, illustrating
-this subject was in existence. I
-was induced, therefore, in order to benefit
-the farmer and breeder, to publish
-a complete treatise on the mare and foal,
-at the time of delivery, illustrated by
-engravings. I had made an effort about
-seven years ago, but that little instrument,
-the “pen,” in my hand, is what the yoke
-is to the ox, and so I abandoned it for
-that time. The cart-whip in my hand is
-a fine instrument, but the pen is my abhorrence.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
-Notwithstanding, at the earnest
-request of numerous dealers in horses, I
-was induced in the Spring of 1869, to
-offer this work to the public, for the benefit
-of the farmer and breeder, and in
-mercy to the mare and foal.</p>
-
-<p>This work, as the reader will discover,
-embraces every particular connected with
-the subject upon which it treats, with ample
-engravings, illustrating the different
-positions in which a foal is presented&mdash;its
-natural delivery&mdash;false presentations, etc.,
-with lucid explanations and instructions.</p>
-
-<p class="right">CONRAD MITCHELL.</p>
-
-<p>New Berlin, Pa., July, 1869.</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate1">
-
-<img src="images/plate1.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" />
-
-<p class="caption">PLATE I.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The above Engraving represents the
-Foal, as it is folded up in the womb of
-the Mare when fully developed, in the
-right flank of the animal, the chest of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
-the Foal toward the tail of the Mare, the
-front legs turned backwards, and the hind
-legs turned forward under the body of
-the Foal, the head and neck turned back
-in its left side, so that the head will rest
-on the first false ribs. From the time of
-covering the Mare, to the time of foaling,
-generally requires a period of three hundred
-and thirty days. A few instances,
-however, came under my observation, in
-which fine, full-grown, and healthy colts
-were delivered in three hundred and
-twelve days, while others delayed their
-appearance for a period of three hundred
-and ninety days, before the owner could
-rejoice in the valuable prize brought to
-his stable. The full chested, round trunked
-mare will develope a foal much sooner
-than the flat-sided, lean and camel-backed
-one.</p>
-
-<p>In nine days after the covering of the
-mare, the womb will begin to close about
-fifteen inches from the entrance; at the
-same time, the fecund seed of the horse
-will change into bloody streaks, and the
-balance becomes like cream on curdled
-milk about six hours after it is strained,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
-and in from forty to fifty days, the foal
-will be regularly shaped, and about the
-size of a small rat. At the same time a
-membrane or skin will spread around the
-entrance inside of the womb, from which
-a number of small cords branch out, uniting
-together as they run along, until they
-form one cord, extending to the navel
-of the foal, through which the blood of
-the mare circulates in the foal, in order
-to give it nourishment. At the same
-time another membrane or skin is formed
-around the foal, in which are contained
-from four to six, and even eight quarts of
-yellowish fluid, which answers a twofold
-purpose: first, it prevents all friction
-between the foal and membrane, and secondly,
-it assists in raising the foal from
-its locality. At the first throes of the
-mare, the action of the womb will cause
-the membrane or skin to protrude through
-the entrance of the womb, and the fluid
-will be forced into it, and the weight will
-assist in raising the foal, until it will be
-presented when the skin will break and
-the channel will be opened for the foal
-to breath.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate2">
-
-<img src="images/plate2.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" />
-
-<p class="caption">PLATE II.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The above Engraving presents the natural
-position of the foal in delivery.
-The two front feet will be presented first,
-and the muzzle or the nostrils will rest on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
-the top of the legs, and the membrane
-or skin around the foal, spoken of in <a href="#plate1">Plate
-I</a>, will already protrude about two feet.
-The hind legs will sink down more and
-more, until they will be stretched out behind
-horizontally. Sometimes one foot
-will raise up too high and be forced against
-the inside of the entrance. The
-hand should be introduced and the foot
-pushed back a few inches and then brought
-back into the channel. Sometimes the
-forehead will project against the upper
-part of the entrance, when the hand
-should be introduced, and hold should be
-taken back of the poll, with a downward
-pressure, the other hand to the muzzle to
-raise it up, and a gentle pull should be
-made, when all will be right in a few
-minutes. The cord running to the navel
-of the colt should be tied about one inch
-from the surface of the skin, then cut off
-about one inch from the string, or if no
-string is at hand, the cord should be pressed
-very tightly between the thumb and
-the two first fingers of the hand for a few
-minutes, then cut off, and it will bleed no
-more. The colt should be drawn away<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
-a few feet, but not toward the mare, as
-she should not be disturbed. The mare
-will lie down flat, apparently dead, and
-will remain in this situation, five, ten,
-and even sometimes thirty minutes, according
-to the severity of the operation
-she has undergone. Suddenly she will raise
-her head, look about the stable, lie down
-again, and roll three or four times on her
-back, but never over her back, which is
-done for the purpose of loosening the
-membrane or lining of the womb spoken
-of in <a href="#plate1">Plate I</a>, when she will rise up, go
-after her offspring, lick and dry it, after
-which the membrane and the afterbirth
-will be discharged. When the colt is
-dry, it should be assisted to its mother to
-obtain nourishment.</p>
-
-<p>Sometimes the membrane attached to
-the womb will remain fast, and in this
-manner retain the afterbirth. In this case,
-bleeding from three to four quarts, and
-giving following dose of medicine in one
-pint of flaxseed tea is recommended, viz:</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>1 oz. Laudanum,</li>
-<li>1 oz. sweet Spirits of Niter.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>This will correct everything in a few<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
-hours. In some extreme cases, the membrane,
-the afterbirth and the fluid contained
-with the foal remained in the womb
-after a complete separation from the womb,
-causing such a strong inflammation, that
-some parts had began to mortify. I have
-bled copiously, and given one large tablespoonful
-of fever medicine, composed
-of</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>4 oz. of Nitre,</li>
-<li>½ <span class="ditto-small">”</span> <span class="ditto-small">”</span> Digitalis,</li>
-<li>½ <span class="ditto-small">”</span> <span class="ditto-small">”</span> Tartar Emetic,</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="noindent">in one pint of Linseed tea, every three
-hours, and by means of a syringe, or
-bladder, with a clean piece of elder tied
-in the neck, I have injected into the womb
-from four to six quarts of Linseed tea,
-which caused a copious discharge of bloody
-matter from the womb, amounting sometimes
-to a bucket full. In extraordinary
-cases, the purifying organs were overpowered
-and the mortified blood was carried
-through the whole system, and even then
-the mare recovered to a certain degree,
-until in about a week afterwards her
-hoofs came off, caused by the mortified
-blood, and she was accordingly destroyed.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate3">
-
-<img src="images/plate3.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" />
-
-<p class="caption">PLATE III.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The above Engraving represents a false
-presentation. The two fore feet are presented,
-and the head remains behind in
-the right flank of the mare. The operator<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
-will be able to tell whether they are
-the front or hind feet, by examining the
-knee joints. Now, a bowl containing two
-or three quarts of very warm water, with
-a large tablespoonful of very fine lard or
-linseed oil on the surface of the water,
-should be at hand. Under no circumstances
-should a hand or arm be introduced
-to the mare, unless first thoroughly
-warmed and greased, otherwise they are
-rank poison to the mare. After the arm
-is prepared, the fingers and thumb should
-be brought to a point, and should be introduced,
-following the channel, until the
-neck of the foal is reached at Fig. 1, when
-the full right hand should grasp the neck,
-the left hand being supported against the
-mare, when the operator should pull with
-all his strength, in order to draw the neck
-further up, when the hand should pass
-down along the neck, still drawing as it
-passes along, until reaching Fig. 2, the
-ear, when he can make good progress,
-until he can insert the middle finger in
-the eye, at which point he is able to raise
-the muzzle, Fig. 3, so far, that he may
-close his hand over it, and in a minute,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
-all will be right in the operation. But
-let no one suppose, that this is accomplished
-in ten or fifteen minutes. Sometimes
-it may, but in many instances, I
-have labored for an hour, and even two
-and a half hours. In some cases, the
-severe exertion, and the heat of the mare,
-caused my arterial circulation to force so
-powerfully in my arm, that I was often
-afraid my veins would burst; in this
-case I would withdraw my arm for a minute
-or two, and then go to work again. In
-my entire practice, I have failed but in
-three cases, that of two mares and one
-cow, to accomplish my object. I was often
-called, where two, three, and even
-four men had been summoned before me,
-owing to the distance I lived away, and
-succeeded in every instance where others
-failed. I resolved not to fail in any case,
-but this determination proved disastrous
-to myself, inasmuch, as I became subject
-to palpitation of the heart, so that I could
-not follow my business for more than
-twelve years.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate4">
-
-<img src="images/plate4.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" />
-
-<p class="caption">PLATE IV.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>Of the cases represented in <a href="#plate3">Plate III</a>, I
-had a large number; of such as are presented
-in <a href="#plate4">Plate IV</a>, only a few, of which
-I will describe only one. On the 13th<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
-of June, 1854, I was called to the premises
-of Mr. George Braucher, in Hartley
-township, Union county.</p>
-
-<p>In this case the hand and arm must be
-prepared, as already described, and inserted
-to the elbow, Fig. 1. A great amount of
-force is required to raise the leg, until the
-knee joint is brought up. The left hand
-should then be warmed and greased by
-an assistant, and introduced, placing it
-on the knee-joint; the right hand should
-then be passed down, grasp the foot, and
-turn it backwards, when the left hand
-should press inward with great force, and
-with the right hand bring up the foot,
-keeping it turned backwards. When the
-foot is brought up, a rope should be attached
-to the lower jaw of the foal, when
-an assistant should take hold of the rope
-and pull in a slightly downward direction;
-in this way the foal will be delivered
-with the greatest ease. Sometimes
-one shoulder will present itself, and the
-other will incline a little to the rear. Under
-such circumstances, too much force
-should not be employed; the foal should
-be turned sometimes from right to left,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
-and then again from left to right, frequently
-introducing the hand, and moving
-it around the foal. In all cases the
-membrane or skin should be kept in its
-proper position around the foal, as this
-will greatly assist the work, and make it
-one of comparative ease.</p>
-
-<p>In the above case, the foal presented
-itself in the afternoon of the 12th, and
-all the knowing men of the neighborhood
-were summoned, and all of them labored
-until night, when they were obliged to
-give it up and pronounce it a failure.&mdash;The
-next morning a messenger was sent
-for me. I arrived at the spot at half past
-ten o’clock, in the morning, and at twelve
-o’clock noon, I had the object accomplished,
-and we sat down to a hearty dinner.
-In December 1868, the mare was
-still alive.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate5">
-
-<img src="images/plate5.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" />
-
-<p class="caption">PLATE V.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>On the 30th day of April, 1855, when
-about ready to retire to bed after a hard
-day’s drive, two messengers, Mr. B. Cramer,
-from Middlecreek, and Mr. Uriah<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
-Berger, from Centre township, arrived at
-my house together. After some consideration,
-I concluded to accompany Mr.
-Berger, and on arriving, I found a foal,
-having presented itself as represented in
-<a href="#plate5">the preceding Engraving</a>. Before my arrival,
-three men had exerted all their
-strength for an hour or more, to extract
-it, but having failed, they left before my
-arrival.</p>
-
-<p>In this case, the mare is very restless,
-repeatedly rising up and lying down again.
-It will require one man to attend
-to the head of the mare, and two men
-must take hold of the foal, raise it up
-toward the tail of the mare, and bear inwards
-with all their strength, when the
-operator must put all his force to one of
-the hind feet, and push that in at full
-arm’s length; the other side must be
-treated in the same manner. But let
-each one bear in mind, when the foal is
-moved inward, the mare will have pain
-and that she will bear towards you, so that
-sometimes but little is accomplished.</p>
-
-<p>We labored faithfully from eleven
-o’clock until one, when I took a midnight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
-meal and departed for Middlecreek
-township.</p>
-
-<p>In some cases of the above kind, however,
-I had accomplished my object in
-much less time, than in this one.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate6">
-
-<img src="images/plate6.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" />
-
-<p class="caption">PLATE VI.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>On the 5th of May, 1855, I was called
-to the premises of John Deabler, in Beaver
-township, Snyder county, where I found
-a foal presenting the tail, as represented<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
-in <a href="#plate6">Plate VI</a>. Presentations of this kind
-occur but rarely. In this case the operator
-must prepare his hand and arm as before
-stated, and introduce it, taking hold
-over the stifle-joint at Fig. 1, then, by
-a strong effort, pull upward slipping his
-hand down to Fig. 2, when he must draw
-up the knee-joint as far as possible; then
-place the left hand on the knee joint, and
-pass the right hand down to Fig. 3, the
-foot, grasp it firmly, and bend it backward,
-at the same time pulling upward,
-and with left the hand bearing inward,
-when the foot will yield in a moment.
-The other side must be dealt with in the
-same manner.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate7">
-
-<img src="images/plate7.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" />
-
-<p class="caption">PLATE VII.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><a href="#plate7">The above Engraving</a> represents the
-foal with the hind feet foremost. They
-will generally be projected against the
-upper part of the entrance. It is best<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
-to extract them in this position, as turning
-them is almost impossible. The head
-will remain so far behind, that it cannot
-be reached. By keeping the membrane
-or skin properly over the foal, there will
-be but little difficulty experienced in extracting
-it. The foal should sometimes
-be drawn downward toward the feet of
-the mare, and then upwards towards
-the tail, frequently turning it half way
-round, and then back again. The foal
-will necessarily be dead.</p>
-
-<p>Many cases of this kind will occur in
-a neighborhood in the course of twenty
-years.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate8">
-
-<img src="images/plate8.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" />
-
-<p class="caption">PLATE VIII.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><a href="#plate8">The above Engraving</a> represents a foal
-which has died from some cause or other
-about nine days ago, the mare wanting
-the proper pains to deliver it. The foal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
-is now bloated to such an extent, that it
-is in a condition to rupture the womb,
-and the hand can not be passed around
-the foal. It is an utter impossibility to
-extract it in the usual way. The operator
-must procure a knife, very straight in
-the blade, from twelve to fifteen inches
-in length, wrap the whole blade in a piece
-of muslin, take the point of the knife in
-his left hand, turning the edge downward,
-put his hand in the entrance of the womb
-and run it down until he reaches the
-chest of the foal. He must then introduce
-the right hand, grasp the handle,
-and hold it firm; then with the left hand
-he will slip the muslin from the blade,
-and with the first finger of the left hand
-find the spot where the windpipe comes
-out of the chest. After the point of the
-knife is set, the right hand must force
-the blade, to its full length if possible,
-through the Diaphragm, and then withdraw
-it. The left hand must retain its
-hold upon the muslin during the entire
-operation, and as the blade is withdrawn
-from the foal, it must again be carefully
-wrapped around the knife, the left hand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
-seizing the point in the same manner as
-when it was introduced. After the arm
-holding the knife is withdrawn, a very
-nauseous gas will escape, and in a short
-time the front feet may be reached, then
-the head, after which the operation will
-proceed as described in the foregoing
-pages.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate9">
-
-<img src="images/plate9.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" />
-
-<p class="caption">PLATE IX.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>On the 20th day of May, 1854, I was
-called to the field of Mr. Sem Schoch, of
-New Berlin, Union county, Pa., where I
-found a mare in the act of foaling, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
-which the foal presented the four feet at
-once. These cases are of rare occurrence,
-and it is well for the veterinary Surgeon,
-or his life would be a brief one. I never
-injured myself at any work to a greater
-extent, than I did in treating these
-cases.</p>
-
-<p>Sometimes the hoofs will only protrude
-from the entrance, leaving the whole
-body of the foal in a curved position
-the head being turned backward, as described
-in <a href="#plate9">the foregoing Engraving</a>. The
-head should be brought forward, but I
-always found it impossible in every case
-of this description, to accomplish this.
-A cord must be looped around the hind
-legs, to avoid losing them; then the four
-legs must be put back again as far as
-possible, and the foal must be turned, in
-order to get the head down and the back
-up.</p>
-
-<p>If an effort was made to extract the
-foal as it is presented, the back would
-come in below, and the operation would
-be impossible; but if it is properly turned,
-it may be extracted in the same manner,
-as those which present only the hind<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
-feet, as already described. These cases
-require more aid than any others that I
-have ever treated. Two or three men
-should take hold of the mare’s head and
-neck, to keep her down, otherwise she
-will plunge about fearfully. One or two
-men should assist the Surgeon, as the effort
-required for this operation is so great
-that one man is soon exhausted.</p>
-
-<p>Two and three hours are often required
-to accomplish the object in these cases,
-but I have succeeded in every one of them
-in preserving the mare alive.</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p>
-
-<h2>THE COW AND CALF.</h2>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
-
-<img src="images/cow.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="A group of farm animals: pigs, cows and sheep" />
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The average period of gestation in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
-cow is 270 days; the shortest 120 days,
-and the longest 313 days. The calf is
-placed in the same position, and in the
-same side of the cow, as is the foal in the
-mare. Mal-presentations of calves are
-treated in the same manner as those of
-the foal, with this advantage, that calves
-will live much longer than the foal. I
-have had cases, where I extracted the
-calf twenty-four hours after they were
-raised, and delivered them alive and
-sound.</p>
-
-<p>About two weeks before calving, the
-cow should have, in addition to her ordinary
-food, a half pint of rye, evening
-and morning, as that is a sure means of
-taking the cleaning right after the delivery
-of the calf. Should this be neglected,
-she should be slopped with two quarts
-of wheat bran and half a teacupful of
-flaxseed, twice a day. If the cleaning
-does not come off on the third day, it
-should be twisted back of the cow’s shape,
-until it becomes a solid cord, when a
-small knife enclosed in the hand should
-be introduced into the womb, and the cord
-cut off about fifteen inches from the entrance.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
-This is about all that will incommode
-the cow; the other will pass
-off about the ninth day, and the cow will
-be all right. Should the cow have inflammation
-in the udder, or any other
-place, she should be drenched with one
-lb. of Epsom Salts. The horns should
-be examined, and if they are sometimes
-warm and then cold again, a hole should
-be bored through them, about two inches
-from the head, and the back of the cow
-should be fomented with very strong salt-water;
-the tail should be slit on both
-sides about an inch and a half. In extreme
-cases a charge should be boiled,
-and spread on the loins, consisting of</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>1 pint of tar,</li>
-<li>2 oz. Rosin,</li>
-<li>2 oz. Beeswax.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>After the charge is spread on, it should
-be covered with tow or wool.</p>
-
-<p>Calves will sometimes, on account of
-the cow’s milk being burned, have a severe
-Diarrhea. When this is the case they
-should be drenched with milk from the
-cow, containing one large tablespoonful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
-of wheat flour, and half a teaspoonful of
-ginger. Should this not be sufficient,
-opium may be added to it the size of two
-grains of wheat.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<h2>CLAP OR POX.</h2>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
-
-<img src="images/pox.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="A horse with a diseased penis. Glad you've got images turned off?" />
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>On the 7th day of June, 1853, a Stallion
-was brought under my observation,
-owned by Christian Kerr, of Centre township,
-then Union county, which had ten
-distinct ulcers on his penis, varying in
-size from a pea to a dime. These ulcers
-were accompanied with a discharge, sometimes
-bloody, emitting a very disagreeable
-odor, that was perceptible at a distance
-of three or four rods. The attendant
-of this horse, noticed these ulcers
-about five days previous to the time I was
-consulted, when the marks were very
-small. He remarked to me, that “people
-declined to allow his horse to cover
-their mares, stating, that he was diseased
-with the pox.” And I actually found
-this to be the case. I dressed the horse,
-and sent him away.</p>
-
-<p>That night I examined all the works<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
-veterinary Science that I could command,
-and found but a single one that made the
-least mention of the disease, but giving
-neither the cause or treatment of it.</p>
-
-<p>In less than a week, I had over twenty
-mares to attend, that were affected by
-the horse.</p>
-
-<p>I treated the horse and mares according
-to the best of my judgment, having
-first obtained the advice of an eminent
-human Physician, and I soon became
-perfect master of the disease, and saved
-all but two mares that were placed under
-my care. I found, that where the disease
-had taken deep root and entered the
-system, every effort to save the animal
-was in vain, and hence, I am satisfied,
-that where the disease has been suffered
-to go unchecked, until it became so deeply
-rooted as to vitiate the whole system,
-it is incurable.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p>
-
-<h3>CAUSE.</h3>
-
-<p>Mares will sometime get in season
-early in the spring, when they will discharge
-a thin, whitish fluid, resembling
-bluish milk, of a glutinous nature, but
-very clean. If the mare does not become
-pregnant until the latter part of
-May or the beginning of June, this fluid
-will change into a mattery state, and will
-affect the parts in the region of the womb
-to such an extent as to cause rawness and
-inflammation.</p>
-
-<p>A mare, that is in a condition as described
-above, is very apt to communicate
-to the horse covering her, the disease of
-Gonorrhœa, or Clap, especially if such
-horse be permitted to cover from five,
-twelve and fifteen mares a day, where
-another horse, covering only once every
-few days will escape unharmed. The
-reason of this is evident; the penis of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
-the one covering so many mares, becomes
-very tender and almost transparent, so
-as almost to cause the blood to shine
-through it.</p>
-
-<p>Another instance in which a horse is
-apt to become diseased, is, when he is
-suffered to cover a mare on the ninth day
-after she has undergone the process of
-foaling. At this period there is still a
-discharge of bloody matter, which is
-very apt to generate clap in an animal of
-the opposite sex.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p>
-
-<h3>DESCRIPTION OF DISEASE.</h3>
-
-<p>Sometimes there will appear on the
-penis of the Stallion, small white blotches,
-on the surface of the skin, from the
-size of a pin’s head to that of a grain of
-wheat, which, on the following day will
-be double in size. On the third or fourth
-day, a pea might be set in the ulcers,
-which will emit an offensive odor, and
-which will spread with great rapidity.</p>
-
-<p>In the mare blotches will appear on
-the shape, of a deep red color, apparently
-eaten through the surface of the skin,
-which will enlarge very rapidly. In a
-day or two, small tumors will appear,
-extending from the shape in a downward
-direction to the hams. These tumors are
-of different sizes, varying from that of a
-pea to that of a half gallon crock. They
-are of a very virulent nature, very often
-causing a painful rawness in the entrance
-to the womb, and extending from
-one to one and a half inches.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p>
-
-<h3>TREATMENT.</h3>
-
-<p>The Stallion should be brought out to
-a fence, and a mare should be placed on
-the other side of the fence, distant about
-one rod. This will cause the Stallion to
-present his penis. A clean crock should
-be in readiness, containing two ounces of
-chloride of lime, and two quarts of lukewarm
-water. There should also be on
-hand a teacup, containing a stem of nitrate
-of silver one fourth of an inch in
-length, which should be pulverized and
-dissolved in tablespoonful of water. Another
-teacup should be at hand, containing
-one teaspoonful of tincture of myrrh.</p>
-
-<p>In the crock there should be a sponge
-the size of an ordinary apple, with a
-small stick tied to it. Each of the cups
-should be provided with a small pencil,
-made of soft muslin, about the size of a
-quill.</p>
-
-<p>The operator should now draw on a
-pair of leather gloves, and seize the penis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
-at the point with the left hand, and with
-the right hand, take the sponge and wash
-off the whole penis, from one end to the
-other. Then stir up the cup containing
-the nitrate of silver, take the pencil and
-anoint all the spots or marks on the penis;
-then follow with the tincture of
-myrrh.</p>
-
-<p>This operation should be accomplished
-in less than fifteen minutes, and the application
-should be made twice a day.</p>
-
-<p>The mare should be brought out with a
-blind bridle and collar on, and tied with
-the head to a post. The tail should be
-doubled up and a rope looped around it,
-and it should be drawn on the back and
-the rope tied to the collar. Then the
-whole shape should be washed off with
-the solution of chloride of lime; then
-anoint the marks with the nitrate of silver,
-and also with the tincture of myrrh.
-At each operation these preparations
-should be introduced about one and half
-inches within the shape.</p>
-
-<p>Should any tumors have made their
-appearance, they must be dressed in the
-same manner. If they are large and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>
-soft, they should be cut open and then
-dressed in the same way.</p>
-
-<p>The foregoing disease has sometimes reappeared
-in other animals for four years
-following my treatment of the above cases
-but by always bringing them promptly
-to my notice, I succeeded invariably in
-checking it, so that it never came to the
-same state as before.</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p>
-
-<h2>COSTIVENESS IN COLTS.</h2>
-
-<p>Sometimes colts which are foaled early
-in the Spring, owing to the dry food of
-the mare, will become so costive, that
-they will inevitably die, if not relieved.
-As a general thing, this costiveness is
-confined to the rectum.</p>
-
-<p>To relieve the colt, it should be drenched
-with half a teacupful of milk from the
-mare, which should contain Barbadoes
-Aloes, the size of a grain of corn, pulverized,
-and about an equal amount of
-ginger, every six hours; at the same time
-an injection should be prepared, as follows:
-take one quart of wheat bran, and
-pour on it three quarts of boiling water.
-When cold draw off the liquid, add one
-teacupful of sweet milk, half a teacupful
-of molasses. Then by means of a syringe
-inject this composition into the rectum.
-Or, if a syringe cannot be procured, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
-bladder with a clean piece of elder tied
-in the neck of it may be introduced into
-the rectum. In a few minutes after, a
-finger should be inserted in the rectum,
-when a small ball of excrement may be
-taken out, about the size of a hickory-nut.
-I have often taken out twelve and
-fourteen such balls in the course of twenty
-minutes. After this no more medicine
-is needed.</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p>
-
-<h2>DIARRHŒA.</h2>
-
-<p>Sometimes, the mare being fed too
-strong on rye chop feed, corn, or mow-burned
-oats, or being overworked, the
-milk gets too strong, causing a very severe
-diarrhœa in the colt. This will so much
-exhaust the colt, that it will die in a
-week or two.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Treatment.</span>&mdash;If occasioned by feeding
-rye chop, or any of the above named
-causes, discontinue the use of them, and
-substitute good oats and hay, and give
-the colt, in half a teacupful of milk from
-the mare:</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>One tablespoonful of wheat flour,</li>
-<li>Opium, the size of two grains of wheat,</li>
-<li>Ginger, half a teaspoonful,</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="noindent">every six hours, until it will sere. Should
-the colt have pain, which will be exhibited
-by lying down and attempting to roll
-on its back, and groaning incessantly,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
-the treatment should be changed. Take
-half a teacupful of milk from the mare,</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>One large teaspoonful of laudanum,</li>
-<li><span class="ditto-small">”</span> <span class="ditto-large">”</span> <span class="ditto-large">”</span> sweet spirits nitre,</li>
-<li><span class="ditto-small">”</span> <span class="ditto-large">”</span> <span class="ditto-large">”</span> spirits turpentine,</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="noindent">every three hours, until relief is obtained.</p>
-
-<p>Or, boil very strong mint tea, and give
-two large tablespoonfuls every hour until
-relieved.</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p>
-
-<h2>FEEBLE COLTS.</h2>
-
-<p>Sometimes colts are very feeble when
-foaled. The cause may be attributed to
-the atmosphere, or rather to an epidemic
-peculiar to some localities. Many are
-brought forth so weak, that they are not
-able to rise without assistance. A constant
-dropping of water from the navel
-may be perceivable, and the colt becomes
-so much enfeebled that death will shortly
-ensue.</p>
-
-<h3>CAUSE.</h3>
-
-<p>Sometimes after death, on examination,
-the liver was found to be decayed; at
-other times the kidneys. Sometimes a
-blister will be found on one side of the
-lungs, the size of a hen’s egg, and as clear
-as crystal, and filled with a fluid. At
-other times it is nothing but a general debility
-of the system.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p>
-
-<h3>TREATMENT.</h3>
-
-<p>The colt should be drenched with half
-a teacupful of milk from the mare, which
-should contain,</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>½ teaspoonful of Ginger,</li>
-<li>1 tablespoonful of the best grape wine.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>A charge should be spread on the loins
-which should consist of</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>½ lb. of Tar,</li>
-<li>1 oz. of Rosin,</li>
-<li>1 oz. of Beeswax,</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="noindent">boiled into pitch, the whole covered with
-tow or wool, and the colt should be well
-attended to. They will sometimes recover
-in a few days.</p>
-
-<p>One came under my observation, that
-recovered after five weeks, and was sold
-for an extra price four years afterwards.</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p>
-
-<h2>CURE OF WOUNDS.</h2>
-
-<p>Horses are sometimes exposed to much
-danger, and will sometimes receive the
-most extraordinary wounds. For the
-last ten years I have used very little else,
-than a solution of the chloride of Lime.
-It is a sure means of keeping out cold
-and inflammation.</p>
-
-<p>First clean the wound from all filthy
-matter, and bring it into a healthy
-state, and in this manner nature will
-heal it as soon as the best ointment in the
-world.</p>
-
-<p>Take chloride of Lime, 2 oz., dissolve
-it in 2 quarts of lukewarm water. Then
-wash out the wound once a day. If it
-is deep and runs, a syringe should be at
-hand in order to force the composition
-to every part of it in the inside. Should
-proud flesh spring up at the entrance of
-the wound, pulverized blue vitriol should
-be applied. In twenty-four hours after
-the application, you can rub off from one
-fourth to one half inch. Apply it again,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>
-until it gets below the surface of the
-skin, then apply a little tincture of myrrh.</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<h2>HINTS ABOUT FATTENING HOGS.</h2>
-
-<p>Give your hogs an abundance of charcoal.
-If any should be foundered, take
-2 ounces of Nitre, (salt-peter,) 1 ounce
-of Barbadoes Aloes, pulverize it very
-fine, and give the one fourth part of it
-every six hours.</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<h2>HINTS ABOUT SHEEP.</h2>
-
-<p>Keep your sheep out of clover pasture.
-Scant blue grass is the pasture for sheep.
-Salt once a week. Raise the floor of your
-fold from four to six feet above the ground,
-board it only on three sides, and simply
-lath it on the south side, and your sheep
-will be healthy and without distemper.</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Errata.</span>&mdash;On <a href="#Page_11">page eleven</a>, in the fifth
-line, instead of “entrance,” read “whole.”</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage">FINIS.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
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-</pre>
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