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diff --git a/old/53194-0.txt b/old/53194-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 83e3392..0000000 --- a/old/53194-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2062 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of the Scottish Covenants in -Outline, by D. Hay Fleming - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Story of the Scottish Covenants in Outline - -Author: D. Hay Fleming - -Release Date: October 2, 2016 [EBook #53194] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORY OF THE SCOTTISH COVENANTS *** - - - - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - The Story - of the - Scottish Covenants - - in Outline - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - First Edition, F’cap 4to, May 1904 - Second Edition, Crown 8vo, May 1904 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - The Story - of the - SCOTTISH COVENANTS - in Outline - - - by - - - D. Hay Fleming, LL.D. - - [Illustration: colophon] - - Edinburgh and London - Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier - 1904 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - PRINTED BY - TURNBULL AND SPEARS, - EDINBURGH - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - Note - - -This short sketch was written as an Introduction to the recent edition -of the late Rev. J. H. Thomson’s “Martyr Graves of Scotland.” The -publishers having now resolved to issue my sketch separately as a -convenient summary of the covenanting struggle, I have revised and -considerably enlarged it. - -No Englishman, it has been said, can distinguish the National Covenant -from the Solemn League and Covenant. It is to be feared that many -Scotchmen are in the same case. The Covenants, indeed, have been sadly -mixed up even by native historians; and comparatively few people seem to -have any idea of the number of these religious bonds. - - D. H. F. - -May 1904. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - Contents - - - A Sifting-time, 1 - Three Kinds of Religious Bands or Covenants, 2 - Francis Wark’s Personal Covenant, 4 - Supposed Band, or Covenant, of 1556, 6 - Band of 1557, 7 - The Congregation, 9 - The Three Bands of 1559, 9 - Rupture of the French Alliance, 10 - Scots and English, 12 - Band of 1560, 13 - Treaty of Edinburgh, 14 - The Papal Jurisdiction abolished by Parliament, 14 - Confession of Faith ratified, 15 - Band of 1562, 15 - Queen Mary demits the Crown, 16 - Articles of 1567, 17 - St Bartholomew’s Massacre, 18 - Proposed Band of 1572, 19 - The King’s Confession of 1580-1, 21 - The General Band, 22 - The Band of 1589, 23 - Covenanting in 1590, 24 - The Band of 1592-3, 24 - Covenanting in 1596, 26 - Erection of Episcopacy, 28 - The Five Articles of Perth, 29 - The Revolt of 1637, 30 - The National Covenant, 31 - The King’s Covenant, 32 - Glasgow Assembly, 32 - The Treaty of Berwick, 33 - The Assembly of 1639, 33 - The Parliament of 1640, 34 - The English ask Help, 35 - The Solemn League and Covenant, 36 - The Covenant enjoined, 37 - Montrose’s Victories and Army, 38 - Philiphaugh, 39 - The Engagement, 40 - Charles the Second proclaimed King, 42 - Montrose’s Last Expedition, 42 - His Execution, 43 - A Covenanted King, 43 - Resolutioners and Protesters, 45 - The Restoration, 46 - Sharp’s Character, 46 - The King’s Honour, 47 - The Act Rescissory, 48 - Samuel Rutherfurd’s Death, 48 - Sharp’s Duplicity, 49 - How the King redeemed his Promise, 49 - Episcopacy re-established, 50 - Argyll and Guthrie, 51 - Ministers disqualified and ejected, 52 - The Church-Courts discharged, 53 - Court of High-Commission, 54 - Conventicles forbidden, 56 - Pentland Rising, 56 - The Indulgence, 58 - Conventicle Act of 1670, 59 - Public Worship, 61 - James Mitchell, 61 - The Ladies’ Covenant, 63 - The Cess, 63 - The Tragedy of Magus Muir, 64 - Rutherglen, Drumclog, and Bothwell Bridge, 65 - The Cameronians, 66 - The Effect of Persecution, 68 - The Test, 68 - The Children’s Bond, 70 - The Strategy of Claverhouse, 72 - The Apologetic Declaration, 75 - The Killing-time, 76 - Death of Charles the Second, 76 - James the Seventh, 77 - Priesthill and Wigtown, 77 - Three Harsh Acts of Parliament, 77 - Vitality of Conventicles, 78 - Dunnottar Prisoners, 79 - Argyll’s Rising and the Cameronians, 79 - The Toleration of 1687, 80 - Renwick’s Martyrdom, 81 - The Revolution, 81 - The Martyrs’ Monument in Greyfriars Churchyard, 82 - Estimated Number of the Victims, 82 - - - - - SIGNING OF THE NATIONAL COVENANT - IN GREYFRIARS CHURCHYARD - - 28th February 1638 - - From the Picture by W. HOLE, R.S.A. - - Reproduced by permission of the Corporation of Edinburgh - and of H. E. Moss, Esq., the donor - - ------------------ - - DESCRIPTION OF THE PROMINENT FIGURES - -Beginning at the left hand is Johnston of Warriston showing a letter to -the Earl of Argyll, while Lord Eglinton is in the rear. Two ladies come -next—the Marchioness of Hamilton, in widow’s weeds, seated, with Lady -Kenmure standing beside her. The group around the tombstone includes -Lord Rothes in the act of signing the document, Lord Louden, Lord -Lothian, and the Earl of Sutherland; while Montrose is on the near side. -Then there are Hope of Craighall, with the Rev. Samuel Rutherfurd, and -in the foreground, standing on a tombstone, is the Rev. Alexander -Henderson. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: Signing of the National Covenant] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - The Story - of the - SCOTTISH COVENANTS - in Outline - - -Scotland is pre-eminently the land of the Covenant, and the land is -flowered with martyr graves. When the covenanting cause was in the -ascendant, many were willing to appear on its side who cared little for -it in reality; but when it waned, and, after the Restoration, the time -of trial came, the half-hearted changed sides, or fell away like leaves -in autumn, and the love of many waxed cold. Then it was that the -faithful remnant stood revealed and grew still more faithful. - -While they were opposed and oppressed by some of their former -associates, they were, on the other hand, reinforced by the accession of -outstanding men, like Richard Cameron and Thomas Forrester, who, in -their earlier years, had complied with Prelacy; and by others, like -James Renwick, Patrick Walker, and Sergeant Nisbet, who were born after -the persecution had actually commenced. Men, and even women, were found -ready and willing to endure all hardships, and to brave an ignominious -death, rather than relinquish or compromise the principles which they -held so dear, and to which, as they believed, the nation was bound by -solemn covenants. - -[Sidenote: Bands or Covenants] - -The story of religious covenanting in Scotland covers a long period. The -covenants, or bands as they were frequently called, may be divided into -three classes—public, semi-public, and private—and the influence of each -has been felt at some of the most critical periods in the history of the -country. - -[Sidenote: Personal Covenants] - -The private or personal covenant, in which the individual Christian gave -up himself, or herself, formally to the service of God, helped many a -one to walk straight in crooked and trying times. These private -transactions were neither less solemn nor less sacred because the -knowledge of them was confined to the covenanter and his Lord. - -[Sidenote: A Specimen] - -Many specimens of these old personal covenants have been preserved, and -they throw a vivid light on a type of earnest piety, which, it is to be -feared, is rather rare in the present day. One of these came into my -hands twenty years ago, inside a copy of Patrick Gillespie’s well-known -work, “The Ark of the Testament Opened.” The book was printed at London -in 1661, and is still in the original binding, but the old brown calf -had given way at the joints, and so one of the previous owners had it -rebacked. Fortunately, the binder preserved the fly-leaves, on which -there are a number of jottings and dates; and on one of them there is a -genuine personal covenant, written and signed by Francis Wark. He had -written this covenant on that side of the last fly-leaf which was next -to the board, and had then pasted the edges carefully down to the board, -so that no one could see that there was any writing there. After being -hidden for more than a century and a half, it was revealed by the -binder. As it is very short, it may be quoted as an example:— - - “I, Francis Wark, doe hereby testifie and declair that I, being - a poor miserable sinner deserving hell and wrath, and that - vengance is my due, and I, not being able to deliver myself from - wrath nor satisfie the justice of God for my guilt, doe this day - betake myself to the righteousnes of Jesws Christ, fulie - renowncing all righteousnes in my self, and betakes me to his - mercy; and likways that I take the true God, who made the heavns - and the earth and gave me a being upon the world, to be my God - and my portion (renowncing the devill the world and the flesh), - and resigns up myself sowll and body to be his in tyme and - through all the ages of endless eternity, even to him who is one - God, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; and I take Jesws Christ for my - Saviour, my Priest, Prophet and King, and engadges to be for him - and his glory, whill I have a being upon the earth: in witnes - quhereof I have subscrived this with my hand, Glasgow the 21 day - of May 1693, - - “FRANCIS WARK.” - -[Sidenote: God our Portion] - -Documents of this kind help one to understand the reply of the -covenanter’s wife when the dragoons were driving away all the cattle in -her husband’s absence. A soldier, who had not altogether lost his -feelings of humanity, turned back to her and said: “Puir woman, I’m -sorry for you.” “Puir!” she exclaimed, “I’m no puir; the Lord is my -portion, and ye canna mak me puir!” - -There is still some uncertainty as to the precise date when public or -semi-public religious covenanting was adopted in Scotland. - -[Sidenote: Supposed Band of 1556] - -In speaking of his own preaching in 1556, Knox tells that, at that time, -most of the gentlemen of the Mearns “refuissed all societie with -idolatrie, and _band thame selfis_, to the uttermost of thare poweris, -to manteane the trew preaching of the Evangell of Jesus Christ, as God -should offer unto thame preachearis and oportunitie.” Dr M‘Crie -understood this to mean that these gentlemen “entered into a solemn and -mutual bond, in which they renounced the Popish communion, and engaged -to maintain and promote the pure preaching of the Gospel, as Providence -should favour them with opportunities.” In David Laing’s opinion, Knox’s -words do not necessarily imply that the mutual agreement or resolution -referred to actually assumed the form of a written “band” or covenant. -If it did, Knox has not embodied it in his “History,” nor is any copy -known to exist. - -[Sidenote: Band of 1557] - -But as to the reality, the nature, and the precise date of the band of -1557, there is no room for dubiety. Knox was on the Continent when it -was entered into; but he relates the circumstances which called it -forth, explains the object it was meant to serve, and gives a copy of -the document itself, as well as the names of the principal men who -signed it. The leaders of the Reforming party resolved to persist in -their purpose, to commit themselves and their all into God’s hands, -rather than allow idolatry manifestly to reign, rather than suffer the -subjects of the realm to be defrauded as they had been of the preaching -of Christ’s Evangel. “And that everie ane should be the more assured of -other, a commoun band was maid, and by some subscrived.” - -Calderwood derived his copy of the document, and his account of the -circumstances which called it forth, from Knox. Fully forty years ago an -original copy of the band was found, and is now in the National Museum -of Antiquities, Edinburgh. It only bears five signatures, those of -Argyll, Glencairn, Morton, Lorne, and John Erskine. The day of the month -is left blank; but the one which Knox followed is dated “the thrid day -of December.” Knox also says that it was subscribed by many others. The -explanation probably is that (as in 1638) a number of original copies -were made, and signed by the leaders before being sent out for -additional names. - -This band of 1557, like those of a later date, is remarkable for the -clearness, the directness, and the vigour of its language, but unlike -them it can hardly be regarded as a public document. To have exhibited -it then to all and sundry would have been to court persecution, perhaps -death. “To those who agreed with them,” says Buchanan, “they presented -bonds for their subscription. These first assumed the name of ‘the -Congregation,’ which those who followed afterward rendered more -celebrated.” Although there are barely two hundred and fifty words in -the band of 1557, the Protestant party is mentioned in it seven times as -the Congregation. It was nearly five months after the date of this band -before Walter Mill was consigned to the flames. - -[Sidenote: Bands of 1559] - -The year 1559 was rendered notable in Scotland by the return of Knox, by -the open rupture between the Congregation and the Queen Regent, and by -the rapid progress of Protestantism. In the summer of that year the -Reformers deemed it advisable to enter into at least three distinct -covenants, their respective dates being the 31st of May, the 13th of -July, and the 1st of August. None of the originals of these is known to -have survived, but copies of all the three have been preserved. They had -for their general object the advancement of the Reformation, but each -had its own distinctive traits and special end. The first was entered -into at Perth, the second at Edinburgh, and the third at Stirling. The -second was adopted in St Andrews as the “letteris of junctioun to the -Congregatioun,” and as such was taken by more than three hundred -persons. - -[Sidenote: Rupture of French Alliance] - -Not the least striking result of the Reformation was the complete -bursting up of the ancient alliance between France and Scotland, and the -drawing together of Scotland and England—that England which Scotland had -so long and so recently regarded as its “auld enemy.” The importance of -this result is frankly acknowledged by Teulet, one of the most -competent, careful, and candid of French historical students. He puts -the matter thus: “Scotland, which was for so many ages the devoted ally -of France, the rein, as our ancient kings said, with which they -restrained the encroachments of England, was unwilling to abdicate its -nationality and become a French province. Moreover, the unbridled -excesses of the French troops in Scotland, no less than the shameless -rapacity of the French agents, at last aroused a general spirit of -resistance, and England soon found in the rupture of the ancient -alliance between France and Scotland an ample indemnification for the -loss of Calais.” - -[Sidenote: French Excesses] - -The enormities of the French in Scotland were so great, that Mary of -Guise, in writing to her brothers, affirmed that the peasantry were in -consequence so reduced to despair that they frequently committed -suicide. Although these unbridled excesses are enough to explain the -revulsion of feeling towards the French, they do not quite account for -the sudden alteration towards the English. The change, indeed, was so -sudden and so unlikely that some Southerns thought, and naturally -thought, it was “a traine to betrappe” their nation. - -[Sidenote: Scots and English] - -So great had been the Scotch hatred of the English, that, from the -French who came over to help them after Pinkie, they were said to have -bought English prisoners, that they might have the pleasure of putting -them to death, although they could ill afford the price which they paid -ungrudgingly. This hatred, so bitter, so fierce, and so recent, could -not have been wiped out by any French oppression had not the Scots been -now finding themselves ranged on the same side as the English in the -great religious struggle, which was submerging old feuds, breaking up -old compacts, and turning the world upside down. - -[Sidenote: Band of 1560] - -The oppression by the French, and the help expected from the English -army, are both referred to in the band or covenant entered into on the -27th of April 1560. Knox says that this band was made by “all the -nobilitie, barronis, and gentilmen, professing Chryst Jesus in -Scotland,” and by “dyveris utheris that joynit with us, for expelling of -the Frenche army; amangis quham the Erle of Huntlie was principall.” He -does not name any other person who signed, although he copied the band -itself into his “History”; but the original document was found among the -Hamilton MSS., and it bears about a hundred and fifty signatures of -noblemen and gentlemen, including those of the Duke of Chatelherault, -the Earls of Arran, Huntly, Argyll, Glencairn, Rothes, and Morton, James -Stewart (afterwards the Regent Murray), and the Abbots of Kinloss, -Coupar, and Kilwinning. All those who adhibited their names did not do -so on the same day. Huntly signed on the 28th of April; Morton and -twenty-seven others on the 6th of May. - -[Sidenote: Treaty of Edinburgh] - -The French had fortified Leith, but were so hard pressed by the English -and the Scots that they were constrained to make the Treaty of -Edinburgh, with Queen Elizabeth’s representatives, on the 6th of July -1560. It was by that treaty, or rather—to be more strictly accurate—in -virtue of the concessions in the separate “accord” between the French -and the Scots of the same date, and which is referred to in the treaty, -that the Scots were able to throw off for ever the merciless tyranny of -their old allies and the unbearable yoke of the Papacy. These -concessions provided for a meeting of Parliament; and next month that -Parliament repealed the Acts favouring the Church of Rome, abolished the -Pope’s jurisdiction in Scotland, prohibited the celebration of mass -under pain of death for the third conviction, and ratified the -Confession of Faith drawn up by Knox, Wynram, Spottiswoode, Willock, -Douglas, and Row. - -Mary Queen of Scots returned from France to her own country in August -1561, and a year later made her first northern progress, in which she -went as far as Inverness. Huntly, notwithstanding his having signed the -band of 1560, was regarded as the lay head of the Papists in Scotland, -and grave doubts were entertained by many of the Protestants as to the -results of this progress of the young Queen. - -[Sidenote: Band of 1562] - -Knox was then in Ayrshire, and, alarmed by the rumours which reached -him, he prevailed on many of the barons and gentlemen of that county to -enter into another band, or covenant, at Ayr, on the 4th of September -1562, in order to be prepared for any attempt that might be made to put -down Protestantism. It does not appear that it had any influence on the -course of events in the North, but it probably had a considerable, -though indirect, influence in restraining those in the South, who might -have been inclined to help Huntly had there been any prospect of their -being able to do so successfully. Those who took the band were not -called upon to show their faithfulness in the field. Huntly—through -perversity, stupidity, or suspicion—put himself completely out of the -Queen’s graces. His forces were defeated, he died on the field of -battle, one of his sons was executed, and another imprisoned. - -[Sidenote: The Queen’s Demission] - -On Thursday, the 24th of July 1567, the Queen, then a prisoner in Loch -Leven Castle, was prevailed upon (by threats, she afterwards said) to -demit the government in favour of her infant son, James, then thirteen -months old. The General Assembly had met on the preceding Monday in the -Over Tolbooth of Edinburgh; and on Friday, the 25th, the nobles, barons, -and commissioners of towns, who were present, agreed to and subscribed -certain “articles.” - -[Sidenote: Articles of 1567] - -These articles really formed a band for subverting the mass, destroying -monuments of idolatry, setting up the true religion through the whole -realm, increasing ministers’ stipends, reforming schools, colleges, and -universities, easing the poor of their teinds, punishing vice, crimes, -and offences, especially the murder of Darnley, defending the young -prince, bringing him up in the fear of God, and obliging future kings -and rulers to promise, before their coronation and inauguration, to -maintain, defend, and set forward, the true religion. The subscribers -also consented and offered “to reforme themselves according to the Booke -of God.” In all they numbered about eighty. Of these, two or three -certainly knew of the plot against Darnley before it was carried out; -and they may have subscribed these articles to avert suspicion. - -[Sidenote: St Bartholomew’s Massacre] - -[Sidenote: Proposed Band] - -[Sidenote: Test Of Loyalty] - -The dreadful massacre of the Huguenots, begun in Paris on St -Bartholomew’s day 1572, excited consternation and horror in Scotland. -Believing that all the other Protestants in Europe were to be similarly -dealt with, the Privy Council summoned a convention, to be held at -Edinburgh on the 20th of October, to consider the impending danger and -the means by which it might be averted. Unfortunately for the success of -the convention, the lieges had been summoned to meet at Jedburgh on the -22nd to make a raid upon the border thieves; and the Earl of Mar, then -Regent, was drawing near his end at Stirling. None of the nobles -and few of the lairds attended the convention; but a number of -proposals were agreed to, that they might be sent to the Regent -and the Privy Council. One of these proposals was that a public -humiliation, or fast, should be held throughout the whole of Scotland -during the last eight days of November. Another was that the Protestants -of the realm should enter into a solemn band, that they might be ready -on all occasions to resist the enemy. There is evidence to show that the -fast was observed in Edinburgh; but, if the band was ever drawn up, no -copy of it seems to have survived, nor any record of its having been -entered into. The suggestion, however, was not fruitless. In the -following January, Parliament enacted that no one should be -reputed a loyal subject to the King, but should be punished -as a rebel, who did not profess the true religion; and that -those who had made profession thereof, and yet had departed from their -due obedience to his Majesty, should not be received to his mercy and -favour, until they anew gave confession of their faith; and promised to -continue “in the confessioun of the trew religioun” in time coming, and -to maintain the King’s authority; and also that they would, “at the -uttermest of thair power, fortifie, assist and mantene the trew -preichouris and professouris of Christis religioun,” against all enemies -and gainstanders of the same, of whatever nation, estate, or degree, who -had bound themselves, or assisted, to set forward and execute the cruel -decrees of the Council of Trent, injuriously called, by the adversaries -of God’s truth, “The Haly League.” By this time the “Tulchan Bishops” -had been obtruded on the Church of Scotland. - -[Sidenote: The King’s Confession] - -All the earlier covenants were eclipsed in interest and importance by -the one drawn up by John Craig, and commonly called “The King’s -Confession,” sometimes “The Second Confession of Faith,” and sometimes -“The Negative Confession.” In it the corruptions of the Papacy are -denounced and renounced in terse language and with refreshing vigour. As -John Row puts it: “This wes the touch-stone to try and discern Papists -from Protestants.” And yet, notwithstanding its searching and solemn -words, it failed in at least one notable instance as a touch-stone. The -original document, signed by James the Sixth and his household on the -28th of January 1580-81, found its way to France, but fortunately was -sent back again to this country—to Scot of Scotstarvit—and is now in the -Advocates’ Library. This covenant was subscribed in 1581 by all ranks -and classes of the people. - -Because of “the great dangers which appeared to hang over the kirk and -countrie,” a special meeting of the General Assembly was convened on the -6th of February 1587-8. In the fifteenth session, it was agreed that -ministers should “travell diligentlie with the noblemen, barons, and -gentlemen, to subscribe the Confession of Faith.” In accordance with -this resolution, the Negative Confession was again signed by the King, -and nearly a hundred other persons, including several of the leading -nobles, on the 25th of February, at Holyrood. - -[Sidenote: The General Band] - -The dread inspired by the approach of the Spanish Armada in 1588 led to -the preparation of another covenant, known as “The General Band.” The -subscribers did “solemnly swear and promise to take a true, effald and -plain parte with his Majestie amongst ourselves, for diverting of the -present danger threatned to the said [true and Christian] religion, and -his Majestie’s estate and standing depending thereupon.” There is record -evidence to show that it was subscribed by the King “and divers of his -Esteatis” before the 27th of July 1588. - -[Sidenote: Band of 1589] - -This was a time of special bands. At Aberdeen, on the 30th of April -1589, the King and many others subscribed a band, by which they bound -themselves together “for the defens and suretie of the said trew -religioun, his Hienes persone and estate thairwith conjoynit”; and for -the pursuit of “Jesuittis, Papistis of all sortis, thair assistaris and -pairttakaris,” including the Earls of Huntly and Errol, who had “cum to -the feildis with oppin and plane force and displayit baner, for the -persute, ruting-oute and exterminioun of his Majestie, and all uthiris -his gude and loving subjectis, trew professouris of the Evangell.” - -[Sidenote: Covenanting in 1590] - -On the 6th of March 1589-90, when King James was still beyond the German -Ocean with his bride, the Privy Council, frightened again by the rumours -of a foreign invasion, appointed commissioners to receive the -subscriptions of nobles, barons, gentlemen, and lieges of every degree, -to the King’s Confession of 1580-81, and to the General Band of 1588. -Robert Waldegrave was authorised to print these documents for that -special purpose; and they were issued by him, in 1590, in book form, -with blank pages after the Confession, and also after the General Band, -for signatures. The subscribing at this time is said to have been -universal. - -[Sidenote: Band of 1592-3] - -The discovery, in December 1592, of the documents known as the Spanish -Blanks, led to another royal expedition to the North in the following -February. While in Aberdeen, the King, several of his nobles, and about -a hundred and fifty of the prominent lairds, entered into another band. -It proceeds on the narrative that, being fully and certainly persuaded -of the treasonable practices and conspiracies of some of his subjects, -against “the estat of the true religioun presentlie professed within -this realme, his Majestie’s person, crowne, and libertie of this our -native countrie,” the subscribers faithfully bind and oblige themselves -“to concurre, and take an effald, leill, and true part with his -Majestie, and each one of us with others, to the maintenance and defence -of the libertie of the said true religioun, crown, and countrie, from -thraldom of conscience, conqueist, and slaverie of strangers, and [in] -resisting, repressing, and pursute of the cheefe authors of the saids -treasonable conspiraceis.” - -The precise date of this band is not given, but it must have been -subscribed between the 1st and the 13th of March 1592-3, that is, in -1592 according to the old reckoning by which the year began on the 25th -of March, but in 1593 according to the present reckoning by which the -year begins on the 1st of January. - -[Sidenote: Covenanting in 1596] - -[Sidenote: Bochim] - -In March 1596, the General Assembly, anxious “to see the Kirk and -ministrie purged,” determined to humble itself for the short-comings and -corruptions of the ministry, and resolved that a new covenant should be -made with God, “for a more carefull and reverent discharge of their -ministrie.” Accordingly, on Tuesday the 30th, “foure hundreth persons, -all ministers or choice professors,” met in the Little Kirk of -Edinburgh, and there entered into “a new league with God,” promising “to -walke more warilie in their wayes and more diligentlie in their -charges.” While humbling themselves, “there were suche sighes and sobbs, -with shedding of teares among the most part of all estats that were -present, everie one provoking another by their exemple, and the teacher -himself [John Davidson] by his exemple, that the kirk resounded, so -that the place might worthilie have beene called Bochim; for the -like of that day was never seene in Scotland since the Reformatioun.” -As a great many of the ministers were not present at this action, -it was ordered to be repeated in the synods, and in presbyteries -by those who were absent from their synod. It was likewise taken up in -parishes. In the Presbytery of St Andrews, “for testefeing of a trew -conversioun and change of mynd,” special promises and vows were made. -These referred to religious duties, in private, in the family, and in -public, including “the resisting of all enemies of relligioun, without -fear or favour of anie persone”; and also referred to such ordinary -duties, as taking order with the poor, and repairing bridges.[1] - ------ - -Footnote 1: - - Row and the younger M’Crie are apparently in error in stating that the - covenant of 1580-81 was renewed in 1596. Long before that time, - however, it had been assigned a place in the Book of Laureations of - Edinburgh University, that it might be subscribed by the professors - and students. - -[Sidenote: Erection of Episcopacy] - -[Sidenote: Articles of Perth] - -James the Sixth’s hankering for Prelacy and its ritual continued to -increase after he crossed the Tweed in 1603. By the summer of 1610, “the -restoration of episcopal government and the civil rights of bishops” had -been accomplished; but, according to the best-informed of Scottish -Episcopalian historians, “there was yet wanting that without which, so -far as the Church was concerned, all the rest was comparatively -unimportant.” The Archbishop of Glasgow, and the Bishops of Brechin and -Galloway, were sent up, however, to the English court, and on the 21st -of October “were consecrated according to the form in the English -ordinal.” This qualified them on their return to give “valid ordination” -to the Archbishop of St Andrews (George Gladstanes) and the other -bishops. Gladstanes seems to have felt duly grateful to the King, whom -he addressed as his “earthly creator.” The Court of High Commission had -already been erected; and in 1612 Parliament formally rescinded the Act -of 1592, regarded as the charter of Presbytery. A General Assembly -held at Perth, in August 1618, agreed by a majority to the five -articles, afterwards known as “the Articles of Perth”; and they were -ratified by Parliament in August 1621.[2] - ------ - -Footnote 2: - - By the five articles of Perth— - - (1) Kneeling at the Lord’s Supper was approved; - - (2) Ministers were to dispense that sacrament in private houses, - to those suffering from infirmity or from long or deadly - sickness; - - (3) Ministers were to baptise children in private houses in - cases of great need; - - (4) Ministers were, under pain of the bishop’s censure, to - catechise all children of eight years of age, and the children - were to be presented to the bishop for his blessing; - - (5) Ministers were ordered to commemorate Christ’s birth, - passion, resurrection, ascension, and the sending down of the - Holy Ghost. - -[Sidenote: Revolt of 1637] - -When Charles the First ascended the throne, in 1625, he found that the -northern church still lagged behind its southern sister. He resolved to -supply the defects, and the projects which he laid for this purpose had -a considerable influence on the events which subsequently brought him to -the block. Had he shown more caution and less haste, he might possibly -have succeeded in his attempts on the Scottish Church; but in Laud he -had an evil adviser. The storm burst in the High Church (St Giles) of -Edinburgh, when Dean Hanna tried to read the new liturgy, on the 23rd of -July 1637. With this tumult the name of Jenny Geddes has been -associated. The Presbyterian party, so long down-trodden, began to -assert their rights; and, finding that they would be better able to -withstand opposition if closely bound together, they determined to fall -back on the plan of their ancestors by entering into a solemn covenant. - -As the basis of this covenant the King’s Confession of 1580-81 was -chosen, and to it two additions were made, the first, prepared by -Archibald Johnston of Warriston, is known as “the legal warrant,” and -the second, drawn up by Alexander Henderson of Leuchars, was the bond -suiting it to the occasion. - -[Sidenote: National Covenant] - -With these additions it was, and still is, known as “The National -Covenant”; and in that form it was sworn to and subscribed by thousands -of people, in Greyfriars Church and churchyard, on the 28th of February -1638, and by hundreds of ministers and commissioners of burghs next day. -Copies were sent all over the country, and were readily signed in almost -every district. The enthusiasm was unbounded. The King could not prevail -on the swearers to resile from their position, and therefore tried to -sow dissension among them by introducing a rival covenant. For this -purpose he likewise selected the King’s Confession of 1580-81; but -instead of Johnston’s and Henderson’s additions, he substituted the -General Band of 1588; and so the two documents combined in 1590 were -again brought together. This attempt to divide the Covenanters utterly -failed. The people now called the covenant completed by Johnston and -Henderson, “The Noblemen’s Covenant”; and the one sent out by Charles, -“The King’s Covenant.” - -[Sidenote: Glasgow Assembly] - -The General Assembly which met at Glasgow on the 21st of November 1638 -was dissolved by the Royal Commissioner; but Henderson, who was -moderator, pointed to the Commissioner’s zeal for an earthly king as an -incentive to the members to show their devotion to the cause of their -heavenly King; and the Assembly continued to sit until it had condemned -and annulled the six General Assemblies held between 1606 and 1618, and -had made a clean sweep of the bishops, their jurisdiction, and their -ceremonies. - -Next summer Charles marched with an English army into Scotland, only to -find a strong force of Covenanters, under Alexander Leslie, encamped on -Duns Law. Deeming discretion the better part of valour, the King entered -into negotiations, and the Treaty of Berwick followed. By it he agreed -that a General Assembly should be held in August, and thereafter a -Parliament to ratify its proceedings. The Assembly met, and by an Act -enjoined all professors and schoolmasters, and all students “at the -passing of their degrees,” to subscribe the Covenant. By another Act it -rejected the service-book, the book of canons, the High Commission, -Prelacy, and the ceremonies. Parliament duly met, but was prevented from -ratifying the Acts of Assembly by the Royal Commissioner, who adjourned -it from time to time, and finally prorogued it until June 1640. - -[Sidenote: Assembly of 1639] - -As that time drew nigh, the King tried again to postpone or prorogue it; -but it nevertheless met, and in the space of a few days effected a -revolution unexampled in the previous history of Scotland. It set bounds -to the power of the monarch. It ratified the Covenant, enjoining its -subscription “under all civill paines”; it ratified the Act of the -General Assembly of 1639, rejecting the service-book, Prelacy, etc.; it -renewed the Act of Parliament of 1592 in favour of Presbytery, and -annulled the Act of 1612 by which the Act of 1592 had been rescinded. - -[Sidenote: Parliament of 1640] - -The King had been preparing for the Second Bishops’ War, and the -Covenanters marched into England, Montrose being the first to cross the -Tweed. Again there were negotiations, and an agreement was at length -come to at Westminster in August 1641. Charles now set out for Holyrood, -and in the Scottish Parliament ratified the Westminster Treaty; and so -explicitly, if not cordially, approved of the proceedings of the -Parliament of 1640. - -The Scots had now got all that they wanted from their King, although -many of them must have doubted his sincerity, and feared a future -revocation should that ever be in his power. This fear, coupled with a -fellow-feeling for the Puritans, and gratitude for the seasonable -assistance of the English in 1560, accounts for the readiness of the -compliance with the proposal of the Commissioners of the Long Parliament -who arrived in Edinburgh in August 1643. - -[Sidenote: The English ask Help] - -These Commissioners desired help from the Convention of Estates and from -the General Assembly, and proposed that the two nations should enter -into “a strict union and league,” with the object of bringing them -closer in church government, and eventually extirpating Popery and -Prelacy from the island. - -[Sidenote: Solemn League and Covenant] - -The suggestion that the league should be religious as well as civil -having been accepted, Henderson drafted the famous Solemn League and -Covenant.[3] It was approved by the Convention of Estates and by the -General Assembly on the 17th of August; and (after several alterations) -by the Westminster Assembly and both Houses of the English Parliament. - ------ - -Footnote 3: - - An international Protestant league was not a new idea. The Convention, - which met at Edinburgh on the 20th of October 1572, had suggested that - a league and confederacy should be made “with our nychtbouris of - Ingland and uther cuntries reformit and professing the trew - religioun,” that we and they be joined together in mutual amity and - society to support each other, when time or occasion shall serve, “for - mantenance of religioun and resisting of the enemies thairof.” In - 1585, the Scottish Parliament (understanding that divers princes and - potentates had joined themselves, “under the Pape’s auctoritie, in a - maist unchristiane confederacie, aganis the trew religioun and - professouris thairof, with full intent to prosecute thair ungodlie - resolutioun with all severitie”) authorised the making of a Christian - league with the Queen of England, to be, in matters of religion, both - offensive and defensive, even against “auld freindis and - confederatis.” The league, or treaty, was finally concluded by - commissioners, at Berwick-on-Tweed, on the 5th of July 1586. - -[Sidenote: The Covenant enjoined] - -In October the Commission of the General Assembly ordered that it should -be forthwith printed, and gave instructions for the swearing and -subscribing, presbyteries being ordered to proceed with the censures of -the kirk “against all such as shall refuse or shift to swear and -subscribe”; and the Commissioners of the Convention ordained that it -should be sworn by all his Majesty’s Scottish subjects under pain of -being “esteemed and punished as enemyes to religioune, his Majestie’s -honour, and peace of thir kingdomes.” In Scotland it evoked more -enthusiasm than in England; and, for a time at least, produced -marvellous unanimity. - -[Sidenote: Montrose’s Army] - -The Scots took part against the royal army in the battle of Marston Moor -(2nd July 1644); and soon afterwards Montrose, who had not approved of -the Solemn League and Covenant, made his way into Scotland with the -object of creating a diversion in favour of the King. Having raised an -army in the Highlands, which was strengthened by an Irish contingent, he -won a series of brilliant victories over the Covenanters at Tippermuir, -Aberdeen, Inverlochy, Auldearn, Alford, and Kilsyth. - -Of Montrose’s army, Patrick Gordon, a royalist, wrote: “When God had -given there enemies into there handes, the Irishes in particulare ware -too cruell; for it was everiewhere observed they did ordinarely kill all -they could be maister of, without any motion of pitie, or any -consideration of humanitie: ney, it seemed to them there was no -distinction betuixt a man and a beast; for they killed men ordinarly -with no more feilling of compassion, and with the same carelesse neglect -that they kill ane henn or capone for ther supper. And they were also, -without all shame, most brutishlie given to uncleannes and filthie lust; -as for excessive drinkeing, when they came where it might be had, there -was no limites to there beastly appetites; as for godlesse avarice, and -mercilesse oppression and plundering or the poore laborer, of those two -cryeing sinnes the Scotes ware alse giltie as they.” - -[Sidenote: Retaliation] - -The same writer tells how the Irish were repaid for their cruelty by the -victorious army of David Leslie at and after the battle of Philiphaugh -(13th September 1645); and how their sin was then visited, not only upon -themselves, but most brutally and pitilessly upon their wives and -followers.[4] - ------ - -Footnote 4: - - The various accounts of the slaughter are rather contradictory in - their details. It may be noted, too, that—while Patrick Gordon says - that fifty Irishmen were promised safe quarter and yet were killed—it - was urged, in defence of the four prisoners condemned by the Scottish - Parliament, that the quarter they had received was not against the - orders of the Commander-in-Chief at Philiphaugh, as he only forbade - the giving of quarter to the Irish. Nearly a year before (24th October - 1644) the English Parliament had declared that “no quarter shall be - given hereafter to any Irishman, nor to any Papist whatever born in - Ireland, which shall be taken in hostility against the Parliament,” - either on the sea or in England or in Wales; and ordained that they - should be excepted “out of all capitulations, agreements or - compositions,” and when taken should be forthwith put to death. The - massacres of 1641-1642 had not been forgotten. - -[Sidenote: The Engagement] - -On the 26th of December 1647, when the King was in Carisbrooke Castle, -in the Isle of Wight, he entered into an agreement in presence of three -Scottish Commissioners—Loudoun, Lauderdale, and Lanark—in which he -intimated his willingness to confirm the Solemn League and Covenant, by -Act of Parliament in both kingdoms, provided that no one who was -unwilling to take it should be constrained to do so; he was also to -confirm by Act of Parliament in England, for three years, presbyterial -government and the Westminster Assembly’s Directory for Worship, -provided that he and his household should not be hindered from using the -service he had formerly practised; and further, an effectual course was -to be taken by Parliament and otherwise for suppressing the opinions and -practices of Anti-Trinitarians, Anabaptists, Antinomians, Arminians, -Familists, Brownists, Separatists, Independents, Libertines, and -Seekers. - -On the other hand, Scotland was, in a peaceable way, to endeavour that -the King should be allowed to go to London in safety, honour, and -freedom, there to treat personally with the English Parliament and the -Scottish Commissioners; and should this not be granted, Scotland was to -emit certain declarations, and send an army into England for the -preservation and establishment of religion, for the defence of his -Majesty’s person and authority, for his restoration to power, and for -settling a lasting peace. - -This agreement was known as “The Engagement”; and the same name was -applied to the expedition which, in furtherance of its object, the Duke -of Hamilton led into England, only to be crushed by Cromwell at Preston -in August 1648. - -[Sidenote: Charles II. proclaimed King] - -The Scottish Commissioners in London did what they could to prevent the -execution of Charles the First, and on the 5th of February 1649—six days -after the scene in front of Whitehall—the Parliament of Scotland caused -his son to be proclaimed at the Market Cross of Edinburgh, as King of -Great Britain, France, and Ireland. The Scots were determined that he -should be their King, but they were as determined that he should not -override either the General Assembly or the Parliament. - -He did not like their conditions, and the first negotiations were -abortive. - -Montrose organised another expedition, which collapsed at Carbisdale on -the 27th of April 1650; and on the 21st of May the gallant Marquis was -ignominiously hanged at the Market Cross of Edinburgh, and his -dismembered body buried among malefactors in the Burgh Muir. - -[Sidenote: King and Covenants] - -The Prince had “already endeavoured to procure assistance from the -Emperour, and the Electours, Princes, and States of the Empire, from the -Kings of Spaine, France, and Denmarke, and most of the Princes and -States of Italy,” and had only obtained “dilatory and generall -answeres.” All his friends, he said, advised him “to make an agreement -upon any termes with our subjects of Scotland”; and he took their advice -as the only means of obtaining this crown and recovering his other -kingdoms. He offered to subscribe and swear the National Covenant, and -the Solemn League and Covenant, before landing at the mouth of the Spey, -and he accordingly did so on the 23rd of June 1650. - -On the 16th of August he agreed to the Dunfermline Declaration, -deploring his father’s opposition to the work of reformation, confessing -his mother’s idolatry, professing his own sincerity, declaring that “he -will have no enemies but the enemies of the Covenant, and that he will -have no friends but the friends of the Covenant,” and expressing his -detestation of “all Popery, superstition, and idolatry, together with -Prelacy, and all errors, heresie, schism and profaneness,” which he was -resolved not to tolerate in any part of his dominions. - -[Sidenote: Dunbar and Scone] - -Notwithstanding Cromwell’s notable victory at Dunbar on the 3rd of -September, and the dissatisfaction of the more rigid Covenanters, now -known as Remonstrants, Charles was crowned at Scone on the 1st of -January 1651, when he again swore and subscribed the National Covenant, -and also the Solemn League and Covenant. The Marquis of Argyll placed -the crown on his head, and Robert Douglas preached the sermon. The -attempt to counteract Cromwell’s power in Scotland by an invasion of -England was unsuccessful. The Committee of the Scottish Estates was -captured at Alyth before the end of August; and Cromwell obtained his -“crowning mercy” at Worcester on the 3rd of September. The young King, -after many adventures and narrow escapes, was glad to find himself again -on the Continent. - -[Sidenote: Resolutioners and Protesters] - -In December 1650, after obtaining the opinion of the Commissioners of -the General Assembly, the Scottish Parliament had “admitted manie, who -were formerlie excluded, to be imployed in the armie”; and in June 1651 -had rescinded the Acts of Classes, by which certain classes of -delinquents had been shut out of places of public trust. Those who were -in favour of admitting these men were known as Resolutioners; and their -opponents, as Protesters. This unfortunate dispute split the -Presbyterians into two sections, and their contentions had not come to -an end when the Restoration of Charles was effected in 1660. - -[Sidenote: The Restoration] - -That Restoration was mainly brought about by General Monk. When it was -seen to be inevitable, the leading Resolutioners sent James Sharp, -minister of Crail, to London, to look after the interests of the -Scottish Church. He was diplomatic and astute, and, in the opinion of -his brethren, honest and trustworthy. His letters, bristling with -devotional expressions, “seem,” as Hugh Miller puts it, “as if strewed -over with the fragments of broken doxologies.” After it was too late, -they found that he had betrayed his trust, and completely hoodwinked -them. - -[Sidenote: The King’s Honour] - -The General Assembly had been suppressed under Cromwell’s iron rule, and -the Church of Scotland was otherwise handicapped at this period; but -something effective might have been done to safeguard her rights had the -Resolutioners not been deceived by Sharp, although it would have been -impossible to make Charles the Second safe, either by the renewal of -former or by additional obligations, even if the Scots had been able to -impose these upon him. Such a man could not be tied by oaths. At his -Restoration, those in power trusted to his honour, and of that virtue he -had wondrously little. - -His entry into London had been timed to take place on the 29th of May -1660—the thirtieth anniversary of his birthday. Some of the leading -Protesters, fearing the overthrow of Presbytery, met in Edinburgh, on -the 23rd of August, to draw up a supplication to the King. The Committee -of Estates arrested them, and imprisoned them in the castle. - -[Sidenote: The Act Rescissory] - -A few days afterwards Sharp brought a letter from his Majesty, in which -he said: “We do also resolve to protect and preserve the government of -the Church of Scotland, _as it is settled by law_, without violation.” A -suggestion that this might be understood in two ways, was condemned as -“an intolerable reflection” on the King. The Scottish Parliament, on the -28th of March 1661, rescinded the Parliaments which had been held in and -since 1640, and all the Acts passed by them. Thus all the civil sanction -which had been given to the Second Reformation was swept away at a -stroke. Early next morning, Samuel Rutherfurd—whose stipend had been -confiscated, whose “Lex Rex” had been burned, and who had been cited to -answer a charge of treason—appeared before a court that was higher than -any Parliament, and “where his Judge was his friend.” - -A month after this, Sharp professed, in a letter to James Wood, that he -was still hopeful that there would, “through the goodnes of God,” be no -change; and affirmed that, as he had, “through the Lord’s mercy,” done -nothing to the prejudice of the liberties and government of the Church, -so he would not, “by the grace of God,” have any accession to the -wronging of it. - -[Sidenote: Duplicity] - -He was then on the eve of setting out for London with Glencairn and -Rothes. They returned in the end of August, bringing with them a letter -intimating the King’s determination to interpose his royal authority for -restoring the Church of Scotland “to its right government by bishops as -it was by law before the late troubles”; and justifying his action by -his promise of the previous year. Candid Episcopalians admit that this -dealing shook all confidence in the sincerity of Charles. - -[Sidenote: Episcopacy Re-established] - -In October Sharp again went to England; in November he was appointed -Archbishop of St Andrews; and in December he was consecrated in -Westminster Abbey, after being privately ordained as a deacon and a -priest. The Scottish Parliament, on the 27th of May 1662, passed the -“Act for the restitution and re-establishment of the antient government -of the church by archbishops and bishops.” The preamble of this Act -acknowledges that “the ordering and disposall of the externall -government and policie of the Church doth propperlie belong unto his -Majestie, as are inherent right of the Croun, by vertew of his royall -prerogative and supremacie in causes ecclesiasticall.” The Oath of -Allegiance, which had been adopted by Parliament on the 1st of January -1661, contained the clause: “I acknowledge my said Soverane only supream -governour of this kingdome over all persons and in all causes.” - -[Sidenote: Argyll and Guthrie] - -The Solemn League and Covenant had already been burned by the hangman in -London; and the long and bloody persecution in Scotland had already -begun. An example had been made of the Marquis of Argyll, and of James -Guthrie, the minister of Stirling. Both suffered at the Market Cross of -Edinburgh in the same week, Argyll on Monday, the 27th of May, and -Guthrie on Saturday, the 1st of June, 1661. To secure Argyll’s -conviction, Monk was base enough to give up several of his letters -proving his hearty compliance with the Usurper’s government after it was -established. The case for the prosecution was closed before the letters -arrived; but they were nevertheless received and read. - -Sir George Mackenzie—later to acquire an unenviable notoriety as the -Bluidy Mackenyie—was one of his advocates, and in his opinion the -Marquis suffered mainly for the good old cause. Guthrie had never -compromised himself in any way with Cromwell, who described him as the -little man who would not bow. - -[Sidenote: Ministers Disqualified] - -The Parliament of 1662 not only re-established Prelacy, but decreed that -no minister, who had entered after the abolition of patronage in 1649, -should have any right to his stipend unless he obtained presentation -from the patron and collation from the bishop; and that ministers who -did not observe the Act of 1661, appointing the day of the King’s -restoration as an annual holy day unto the Lord, should be incapable of -enjoying any benefice. It also declared that the Covenants were unlawful -oaths, and enacted that no one should be admitted to any public trust or -office until he acknowledged in writing that they were unlawful. - -[Sidenote: Ministers Ejected] - -These Acts of Parliament were speedily followed up by the Privy Council, -which, in September 1662, ordered all ministers to resort next month to -their respective bishop’s assemblies; and in October commanded all the -ministers entered since 1649, and who had not since received the -patron’s presentation and the bishop’s collation, to quit their -parishes. By this latter Act it has been reckoned that fully three -hundred ministers were turned out of their charges. - -[Sidenote: Church-Courts Discharged] - -When Prelacy was established in 1610, James the Sixth was much too -politic to close the ecclesiastical courts which had been set up and -carried on by the Presbyterians. “Honest men” continued to maintain in -them “both their right and possession, except in so far as the same were -invaded, and they hindered by the bishops.” But, by command of Charles -the Second, synods, presbyteries, and kirk-sessions had now been (by a -proclamation of 9th January 1662) expressly discharged “until they be -authorized and ordered by the archbishops and bishops upon their -entering unto the government of their respective sees.” At his first -Diocesan Synod, Sharp took care that ruling elders should have no -standing in his presbyteries, or “meetings of the ministers of the -respective bounds”; and he likewise circumscribed the power of these -“meetings.” Instructions were also given that each minister should -“assume and choose a competent number of fitt persons, according to the -bounds of the parish,” to assist in session, etc. - -[Sidenote: Court of High Commission] - -Early in 1664 the King resolved to re-erect, by virtue of his royal -prerogative, the Court of High Commission, to enforce the Acts “for the -peace and order of the Church, and in behalf of the government thereof -by archbishops and bishops.” The extraordinary power vested in this -court was increased in range by the general clause, authorising the -Commissioners “to do and execute what they shall find necessary and -convenient for his Majesty’s service in the premises.” Any five of the -Commissioners could act, if one of them were an archbishop or bishop. No -provision was made for any appeal from the judgment of this court. Of it -a learned member of the bar has said: “All law and order were -disregarded. The Lord Advocate ceased to act as public prosecutor, and -became a member of this iniquitous tribunal. No indictments were -required; no defences were allowed; no witnesses were necessary. The -accused were dragged before the Commissioners, and compelled to answer -any questions which were put to them, without being told of what they -were suspected.” The court could order ministers “to be censured with -suspension or deposition”; and could punish them and others “by fining, -confining, committing to prison and incarcerating.” For nearly two years -this court harassed and oppressed the Nonconformists of Scotland. - -[Sidenote: Origin of Pentland Rising] - -Towards the close of 1665, conventicles were, by royal proclamation, -forbidden under severe penalties. The officiating ministers, and those -harbouring them, were threatened with the highest pains due to sedition, -and hearers were subject to fining, confining, and other corporal -punishments. - -Such measures could hardly be expected to beget in the people an ardent -love for Prelacy; and when opposition was manifested in the south-west -of Scotland, troops, under Sir James Turner, were sent to suppress it. - -[Sidenote: Torture and Execution] - -At length the harshness of a handful of soldiers to an old man, at Dalry -in Galloway, led to a scuffle with a few countrymen, and the success of -the latter led to the untimely rising which was suppressed by General -Dalyell at Rullion Green on the 28th of November 1666. In that -engagement the slain and mortally wounded Covenanters numbered over -forty. On the 7th of December ten prisoners—all of whom, save one, had -been promised quarter—were hanged at the Market Cross of Edinburgh. In -less than a month, fully twenty more prisoners had been hanged at -Edinburgh, Glasgow, Irvine, Ayr, and Dumfries. Two of these—Neilson of -Corsack and Hugh M’Kail—were tortured in the boots. Never before had -drums been used in Scotland to drown the voice of a victim dying on the -scaffold. At this time it was introduced at Glasgow. - -Had the rising not been so ill-timed, it would probably have been much -better supported. After its suppression, Rothes and Dalyell wrote -gloomily of the condition of Ayrshire; but Dalyell was not the man to -shrink from quelling incipient rebellion by force. Compared with his -measures, those of Sir James Turner were mild, although they had driven -the sufferers to despair. Finding that his own influence was in peril -through the alliance between the military and ecclesiastical party, -Lauderdale broke up this brutal administration. - -[Sidenote: The Indulgence] - -The first indulgence (granted in the summer of 1669) was fated, as its -successors were, to be a bone of contention among the Covenanters. It -was condemned by the more scrupulous because of its restrictions; and -because, as they held, compliance with it involved the owning of the -royal supremacy in ecclesiastical matters. Many refused to hear the -indulged ministers, and some would have nothing to do with those -non-indulged ministers who did not denounce the indulgence. It was also -disliked and resented by Alexander Burnet, Archbishop of Glasgow, and -his diocesan synod, but for very different reasons. They objected to -indulged Presbyterian ministers being exempted from Episcopal -jurisdiction, and objected all the more because, in some districts, the -people would not countenance either doctrine or discipline under -Episcopal administration. - -[Sidenote: Conventicles] - -The ejection of the ministers, and the filling of their places by the -miserable substitutes then termed “curates,” had led to the keeping of -conventicles, and as the indulgence, like the proclamation of 1665, -failed to put an end to these unauthorised religious services, it was -resolved to put them down with a strong hand. Parliament decreed, in -1670, that non-indulged, outed ministers, or other persons not allowed -by the bishops, who either preached or prayed in any meeting, “except in -ther oune housses and to those of ther oune family,” should be deemed -guilty of keeping conventicles, and should be imprisoned until they -found caution not to do the like again, or bound themselves to leave the -kingdom; and those who conducted, or convocated people to, -field-conventicles, were to be punished by death and confiscation of -their goods, and hearers were to be severely fined. The Act explained -that a house-conventicle became a field-conventicle if there were more -persons present than the house contained, so that some of them were -outside the door. - -That this might not be a dead letter, a reward of five hundred merks was -offered to any one who captured a holder of, or convocater to, -field-conventicles; and these captors were not to be punished for any -slaughter that might be committed in apprehending such delinquents. Even -with such a law hanging over their heads, the faithful Covenanters were -not prepared to give up their conventicles. The Word of Life was much -too precious to be thus parted with. They did not intend, however, to -permit the oppressors to drive them or their preachers as lambs to the -slaughter, and so they henceforth carried arms for defence. - -[Sidenote: Public Worship] - -As no general attempt had been made, since the Restoration, to alter the -services of the Church, save to a very slight degree, the worship of -Conformists and Nonconformists was practically the same. Now, however, -“many Conformists began to dispute for a liturgy and some to preach for -it; but the fox Sharp was not much for it, only because he had no will -to ride the ford where his predecessor drowned.” - -[Sidenote: James Mitchell] - -An unsuccessful attempt to rid the country of Sharp had been made in -1668 by James Mitchell, who several years afterwards was apprehended; -but no proof could be adduced against him, until, on the Lord -Chancellor’s promise to save his life, he confessed. The Chancellor and -Treasurer-Depute swore that they heard him make his confession before -the committee; Lauderdale and Sharp swore that they heard him own it -before the Privy Council. They denied all knowledge of any promise of -life, although the promise had been duly minuted; and the request of -Mitchell’s advocates, that the Register of the Privy Council should be -produced, or the clerks obliged to give extracts, was rejected; and the -prisoner was sentenced to be hanged. - -In Lord Fountainhall’s opinion, this was one of the most solemn criminal -trials that had taken place in Scotland for a hundred years; and it was -generally believed that the law was strained to secure a conviction. He -adds: “It was judged ane argument of a bad deplorat cause that they -summoned and picked out ane assysse [_i.e._, a jury] of souldiers under -the King’s pay, and others who, as they imagined, would be clear to -condemne him.” The Privy Council would have granted a reprieve, but -Sharp would not consent. On him was laid the chief blame of Mitchell’s -torture in 1676 and execution in 1678. - -[Sidenote: The Ladies’ Covenant] - -According to Dr Hickes, several ladies of great quality, in January -1678, kept a private fast and conventicle in Edinburgh, to ask God to -bring to nought the counsels of men against his people; and before they -parted they all subscribed a paper, wherein they covenanted, to the -utmost of their power, to engage their lords to assist and protect God’s -people against the devices taken to reduce them to order and obedience. -Next month the Highland Host plundered covenanting Ayrshire and -Clydesdale. - -[Sidenote: The Cess] - -The Scottish Convention of Estates, professedly regarding field -conventicles as “rendezvouses of rebellion” with which the ordinary -military forces could not successfully cope, and desiring that the -“rebellious and schismatick principles may be rooted out by lawfull and -sutable means,” resolved, in July 1678, to offer the King £1,800,000 -Scots, for securing the kingdom against foreign invasion and intestine -commotions. The payment was to be spread over five years, and the money -raised by five months’ cess in each of these years. Many Covenanters -denounced the paying of this cess as an active concurring with the -Lord’s enemies in bearing down his work. Some, however, thought it -better to pay than to furnish the unscrupulous collectors with a pretext -for destroying their goods, and extorting more than was due. The cess -thus became a cause of division, as well as an instrument of oppression. - -[Sidenote: Sharp’s Death] - -The hated Sharp fell into the hands of nine Covenanters at Magus Muir on -the 3rd of May 1679. Seven of the nine had no misgivings as to what they -should do in the circumstances; and they unscientifically butchered him -in presence of his servants and daughter. For that deed none were -responsible save those who were there; but many were afterwards brought -to trouble for it, and not a few, who were perfectly innocent, chose to -suffer rather than brand it as murder. - -[Sidenote: Bothwell Bridge] - -Some of those who took an active part in the tragedy of Magus Muir were -present at Rutherglen, on Thursday, the 29th of May, when the bonfires -which had been kindled in honour of the King’s birthday were -extinguished, and when the Act Rescissory and other obnoxious Acts were -publicly burned. On Saturday, Claverhouse set out from Glasgow to make -some investigations concerning this outrage, and next morning he -attempted, but in vain, to disperse an armed conventicle at Drumclog. On -this occasion he added nothing to his military reputation; and fled from -the field as fast as his wounded charger could carry him. Three weeks -later (22nd June 1679) the Covenanters, divided in counsel and badly -officered, were slaughtered by hundreds at Bothwell Bridge; and the -thousand and more prisoners who were taken were shut up in Greyfriars -church-yard, Edinburgh. Some of these prisoners were executed; some -escaped; many, after lying for weeks in the open church-yard, were -induced to purchase their release by binding themselves never to carry -arms against the King or his authority; and two hundred, after enduring -sufferings worse than death, were drowned next December off the coast of -Orkney. - -[Sidenote: Cameronians] - -Donald Cargill and Richard Cameron now became the leaders of the more -thorough-going Covenanters—a small and select party as strong in faith -as weak in numbers. They were sometimes known as “Cargillites,” more -commonly as “Cameronians.” On the first anniversary of Bothwell Bridge, -a score of them rode into Sanquhar, and there emitted a declaration in -which they cast off their allegiance to the King, declared war against -him, and protested against the succession of James, Duke of York. - -The Privy Council replied by offering a reward of five thousand merks -for Richard Cameron, dead or alive, and three thousand for his brother -or Cargill. On the 22nd of July, both of the Camerons fell at Ayrsmoss; -and a year later (27th July 1681) Cargill, who had excommunicated the -King and some of the leading persecutors, triumphed over death at the -Market Cross of Edinburgh. - -[Sidenote: Effect of Persecution] - -Those who could not be charged with the breach of any law were asked if -they owned the King’s authority. If they disowned it, or qualified their -acknowledgment, or declined to give their opinion, they were deemed -guilty of treason. But, as Alexander Sheilds says: “The more they -insisted in this inquisition, the more did the number of witnesses -multiply, with a growing increase of undauntedness, so that the then -shed blood of the martyrs became the seed of the Church; and as, by -hearing and seeing them so signally countenanced of the Lord, many were -reclaimed from their courses of complyance, so others were daylie more -and more confirmed in the wayes of the Lord, and so strengthened by his -grace that they choose rather to endure all torture, and embrace death -in its most terrible aspect, than to give the tyrant and his complices -any acknowledgment, yea not so much as to say, _God save the King_, -which was offered as the price of their life.” - -[Sidenote: The Test] - -On the 31st of August 1681, Parliament passed an “Act anent Religion and -the Test.” By this Act, every person in public trust or office in -Scotland was ordered to take the Test Oath, or be declared incapable of -all public trust, and be further punished by the loss of moveables and -liferent escheat. By the oath, the swearers bound themselves to adhere -to the Confession of Faith of 1560; to disown all principles -inconsistent therewith, whether popish or fanatic; to own the King as -“the only supream governour of this realme, over all persons and in all -causes, as weill ecclesiastical as civill;” to defend all the rights, -prerogatives, and privileges of the King, his heirs, and lawful -successors; never to enter into covenants or leagues, nor to assemble -for consulting or treating in any matter of state, civil or -ecclesiastic, without his Majesty’s special command or express license; -never to take up arms against him or those commissioned by him; never to -decline his power and jurisdiction; and they owned that no obligation -lay on them by the National Covenant, or by the Solemn League and -Covenant, or otherwise, “to endeavour any change or alteration in the -government, either in Church or State, as it is now established by the -laws of this kingdom.” Through the imposing of this complicated Test, -many were brought to trouble, and not a few declined it at all hazards. - -[Sidenote: The Children’s Bond] - -One of the most curious and suggestive documents of this period is known -as “The Children’s Bond.” In 1683, “when there was no faithful minister -in Scotland,” a number of children in the village of Pentland, who had -formed themselves into a society for devotional purposes, solemnly -entered into a covenant, of which the following is a copy:— - - “This is a covenant made between the Lord and us, with our whole - hearts, and to give up ourselves freely to him, without reserve, - soul and body, hearts and affections, to be his children, and - him to be our God and Father, if it please the holy Lord to send - his Gospel to the land again: that we stand to this covenant, - which we have written, between the Lord and us, as we shall - answer at the great day; that we shall never break this covenant - which we have made between the Lord and us: that we shall stand - to this covenant which we have made; and if not, it shall be a - witness against us in the great day, when we shall stand before - the Lord and his holy angels. O Lord, give us real grace in our - hearts to mind Zion’s breaches, that is in such a low case this - day; and make us to mourn with her, for thou hast said, ‘them - that mourn with her in the time of her trouble shall rejoice - when she rejoiceth, when the Lord will come and bring back the - captivity of Zion;’ when he shall deliver her out of her - enemies’ hands, when her King shall come and raise her from the - dust, in spite of all her enemies that will oppose her, either - devils or men. That thus they have banished her King, Christ, - out of the land, yet he will arise and avenge his children’s - blood, at her enemies’ hands, which cruel murderers have shed.” - -On the back of the document was written:— - - “Them that will not stand to every article of this covenant - which we have made betwixt the Lord and us, that they shall not - go to the kirk to hear any of these soul-murdering curates, we - will neither speak nor converse with them. Any that breaks this - covenant they shall never come into our society. We shall - declare before the Lord that we have bound ourselves in - covenant, to be covenanted to him all the days of our life, to - be his children and him our covenanted Father. - - “We subscribe with our hands these presents— - - “BETERICK UUMPERSTON. - JANET BROWN. - HELEN MOUTRAY. - MARION SWAN. - JANET SWAN. - ISOBEL CRAIG. - MARTHA LOGAN. - AGNES AITKIN. - MARGARET GALLOWAY. - HELEN STRAITON. - HELEN CLARK. - MARGARET BROWN. - JANET BROWN. - MARION M’MOREN. - CHRISTIAN LAURIE.” - -[Sidenote: Beatrix Umpherston] - -Unfortunately, it is not known who drafted this covenant, nor whether it -originated in the spontaneous desire of any of these devout children. -Such a child as Emilia Geddie would have been quite competent to frame -such a paper. Beatrix Umpherston, whose name heads the list, was then -ten years old. She married the Rev. John M’Neil, and died in her -ninetieth year. - -[Sidenote: The Strategy of Claverhouse] - -In a report which Claverhouse gave in this year to the Committee of -Privy Council, explaining how he had quietened Galloway, the following -passages occur:— - - “The churches were quyte desert; no honest man, no minister in - saifty. The first work he did was to provyd magasins of corn and - strawe in evry pairt of the contry, that he might with - conveniency goe with the wholl pairty wherever the King’s - service requyred; and runing from on place to ane other, nobody - could knou wher to surpryse him: and in the mean tyme quartered - on the rebelles, and indevoured to distroy them by eating up - their provisions; but that they quikly perceived the dessein, - and soued their corns on untilled ground. After which, he fell - in search of the rebelles, played them hotly with pairtys, so - that there wer severall taken, many fleid the contry, and all - wer dung from their hants; and then rifled so their houses, - ruined their goods, and imprisoned their servants, that their - wyfes and schildring were broght to sterving; which forced them - to have recours to the saif conduct, and made them glaid to - renounce their principles.... He ordered the colecttors of evry - parish to bring in exact rolls, upon oath, and atested by the - minister; and caused read them evry Sonday after the first - sermon, and marque the absents; who wer severly punished if - obstinat. And wherever he heard of a parish that was - considerably behynd, he went thither on Saturday, having - aquainted them to meet, and asseured them he would be present at - sermon; and whoever was absent on Sonday was punished on Monday; - and who would not apear either at church or court, he caused - arest there goods, and then offer them saif conduct: which - broght in many, and will bring in all, and actually broght in - tuo outed disorderly ministers.” - -[Sidenote: The Success of Claverhouse] - -So this booted apostle of Episcopacy confessedly caused men to renounce -their principles by driving them from their haunts, rifling their -houses, ruining their goods, imprisoning their servants, and bringing -their wives and children to starvation! And so he filled the deserted -churches by causing an attested roll to be read every Sabbath after the -first sermon, and severely punishing the absentees, if obstinate. In -extreme cases he even attended church himself, and those who were absent -on Sabbath were dealt with on Monday. But, ere long, measures much more -severe were to be adopted. - -[Sidenote: Apologetic Declaration] - -[Sidenote: The Killing-time] - -The devout and gentle but resolute Renwick, having been sent to Holland -for ordination, returned in the autumn of 1683 to the arduous and -dangerous post which had been so honourably held by Cameron and Cargill, -and they could not have had a worthier successor. In November 1684, the -Cameronians published their “Apologetick Declaration and Admonitory -Vindication,” in which they adhered to their former declarations against -Charles Stuart, and warned those who sought their lives or gave -information against them, that in future they would regard them as the -enemies of God and of the covenanted work of reformation, and would -punish them as such. The Privy Council met this declaration by ordaining -that those who owned it, or would not disown it upon oath, should be -immediately put to death whether they had arms or not. This was to be -always done “in presence of two witnesses, and the person or -persons having commission from the Council for that effect.” -The darkest time of the persecution, the period specially known -as “the killing-time,” had now arrived; prisoners had already been -hurried to death three hours after receiving sentence. - -The infamous Lauderdale had been constrained to demit his office in -1680, and his life in 1682; Rothes had predeceased him by a year; and -now they were to be followed into another world by the crowned scoundrel -(otherwise “His most Sacred Majesty”) for whose favour they had -persecuted the followers of that cause which all three had sworn to -maintain. By the death of Charles the Second, on the 6th of February -1685, no relief came to those who were hunted like partridges on the -hills of Scotland. - -[Sidenote: Priesthill and Wigtown] - -The heartless sensualist was now to be succeeded by him who combined -unrelenting bigotry with lechery. Charles had long been suspected of -more than secret leanings to the Church of Rome; James was an avowed and -ardent Papist. It was on the 1st of the following May that, under -Claverhouse, the dread scene was enacted at Priesthill, when John Brown -was taken to his own door, and shot in presence of his wife and child; -and on the 11th of the same month that this cold-blooded cruelty was -rivalled by Lag at Wigtown, when Margaret Wilson and Margaret Lauchlison -(or M’Lauchlan) were tied to stakes and drowned by the rising tide. - -[Sidenote: Conventicles] - -Between these two tragedies, the Scottish Parliament of the new King -distinguished itself by passing three harsh Acts. One of these declared -it treason to give or take the Covenants, to write in defence of them, -or to own them as lawful or binding; the second declared the procedure -of the Privy Council to have been legal in fining husbands “for their -wives withdrawing from the ordinances”; and by the other the penalty of -death and confiscation of goods was adopted as the punishment to be -inflicted on hearers as well as on preachers at either house or field -conventicles. Yet even with this stringent Act it was impossible to put -down conventicles. It was not for the mere satisfaction of opposing a -tyrannical and bloodthirsty Government that the frequenters of -conventicles were willing to risk so much. Renwick’s sermons show that -he was a faithful preacher of the Gospel; and those who had realised in -their own experience that it was the power of God unto salvation were -anxious at all hazards to listen to the Word when proclaimed by such a -devoted and fearless messenger. - -[Sidenote: Dunnottar Prisoners] - -In order to cope more successfully with the expected rising of the Earl -of Argyll, 184 captive Covenanters, collected from various prisons, -were, in May 1685, marched from Burntisland to Dunnottar. A few escaped -by the way. The others suffered a rigorous and cruel imprisonment. For -several days they were, male and female, confined in a single vault, -dark, damp, and unfurnished. During the course of the summer some -escaped, some died, some took the obnoxious oaths. Of those who were -brought back to Leith and examined before the Privy Council, on the 18th -of August, a considerable number were already under sentence of -banishment, and now 51 men and 21 women were similarly sentenced, and -forbidden to return to Scotland, without special permission, under pain -of death. - -[Sidenote: The Toleration] - -Argyll’s rising was a failure. He was captured, brought to Edinburgh, -and there beheaded on the 30th of June 1685, not for the rising, but -because in November 1681 he had ventured to take the Test with an -explanation. Being dissatisfied with Argyll’s Declaration and with his -associates, Renwick and his followers stood aloof from that rising; but, -on the 28th of May 1685, they had, at Sanquhar, formally protested -against the validity of the Scottish Parliament then in session, and -also against the proclamation of James, Duke of York, as King. They also -refused to take any benefit from the toleration, which he granted, by -his “sovereign authority, prerogative royal, and absolute power,” on the -28th of June 1687—a toleration which was gratefully accepted by many of -the less scrupulous Presbyterian ministers. Although Argyll’s attempt to -overturn the throne of James the Seventh was unsuccessful, the time -came, in December 1688, when he had to escape from the country, which -was no longer to be his. Next April the Scottish Convention of Estates -pointed out that he had assumed the regal power in Scotland, and acted -as king, without taking the oath required by law, whereby the king is -obliged to swear to maintain the Protestant religion, and to rule the -people according to the laws. - -[Sidenote: The Revolution] - -Renwick, who glorified God in the Grassmarket on the 17th of February -1688, was the last Covenanter who suffered on a scaffold. He and his -followers, by maintaining an unflinching protest against the reign of -James, had helped to hasten his downfall. When the Convention of Estates -met in Edinburgh, the Cameronians gladly volunteered to defend it; and -showed their loyalty by raising in a single day, without tuck of drum, -eleven hundred and forty men as a regiment for King William’s service. - -Episcopacy was abolished by the Scottish Parliament (22nd July 1689) as -an insupportable grievance; and (7th June 1690) Presbytery was -re-established, and the Westminster Confession of Faith ratified; but -the Covenants were ignored, and on that account the sterner Cameronians -still stood apart, and, with that dogged tenacity which had -distinguished them in the past, they held together, although for many -long years they had no minister. - -[Sidenote: The Martyrs’ Monument] - - [Sidenote: Estimated Number of Victims] - -On the Martyrs’ Monument in the Greyfriars Churchyard, Edinburgh, it is -stated that, between Argyll’s execution and Renwick’s, there “were -one way or other murdered and destroyed for the same cause about -eighteen thousand.” This estimate is not given upon the -original monument, erected in 1706 through the instrumentality -of James Currie (Beatrix Umpherston’s stepfather), and now -preserved in the interesting and well-appointed Municipal Museum in -the Edinburgh Corporation Buildings. That monument was repaired, and a -compartment added to it, in 1728 or 1729; and the present monument -supplanted it in or about 1771. The estimate has apparently been taken -from Defoe’s “Memoirs of the Church of Scotland,” first published in -1717. It therefore includes those who went into exile, those who were -banished, those who died from hunger, cold, and disease contracted in -their wanderings, and those who were killed in battle, as well as those -who were murdered in the fields or executed with more formality. The -numbers which he sets down under some of these classes are only guesses, -and seem to be rather wild guesses. An estimate approaching more closely -to the real number might be made, and would doubtless show a much -smaller, though still a surprisingly large, total. But the exact number -of those who laid down their lives, in that suffering, or heroic, period -of the Church of Scotland, will not be known until the dead, small and -great, stand before God, and the Book of Life is opened. Of many of them -no earthly record remains. - - “The shaggy gorse and brown heath wave - O’er many a nameless warrior’s grave.” - -[Sidenote: Heroic Sufferers] - -Not a few of the sufferers endured torments more terrible than death. -Some were tortured with fire-matches, which permanently disabled their -hands; some had their thumbs mercilessly squeezed in the thumbikins; -some had their legs horribly bruised in the boots; and some were kept -awake by watchful soldiers for nine consecutive nights. It is not -surprising that nervous, sensitive men occasionally shrunk back in the -day of trial. The wonder is that so many stood firm. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE - - -Punctuation has been normalized. Spelling and hyphenation have been -retained as they were in the original book, some of which would not be -considered standard. - -Page headers have been represented as sidenotes. - -Italicized phrases are presented by surrounding the text with -_underscores_. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of the Scottish Covenants in -Outline, by D. 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