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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ff4af4 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #53194 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53194) diff --git a/old/53194-0.txt b/old/53194-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 83e3392..0000000 --- a/old/53194-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2062 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of the Scottish Covenants in -Outline, by D. Hay Fleming - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Story of the Scottish Covenants in Outline - -Author: D. Hay Fleming - -Release Date: October 2, 2016 [EBook #53194] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORY OF THE SCOTTISH COVENANTS *** - - - - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - The Story - of the - Scottish Covenants - - in Outline - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - First Edition, F’cap 4to, May 1904 - Second Edition, Crown 8vo, May 1904 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - The Story - of the - SCOTTISH COVENANTS - in Outline - - - by - - - D. Hay Fleming, LL.D. - - [Illustration: colophon] - - Edinburgh and London - Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier - 1904 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - PRINTED BY - TURNBULL AND SPEARS, - EDINBURGH - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - Note - - -This short sketch was written as an Introduction to the recent edition -of the late Rev. J. H. Thomson’s “Martyr Graves of Scotland.” The -publishers having now resolved to issue my sketch separately as a -convenient summary of the covenanting struggle, I have revised and -considerably enlarged it. - -No Englishman, it has been said, can distinguish the National Covenant -from the Solemn League and Covenant. It is to be feared that many -Scotchmen are in the same case. The Covenants, indeed, have been sadly -mixed up even by native historians; and comparatively few people seem to -have any idea of the number of these religious bonds. - - D. H. F. - -May 1904. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - Contents - - - A Sifting-time, 1 - Three Kinds of Religious Bands or Covenants, 2 - Francis Wark’s Personal Covenant, 4 - Supposed Band, or Covenant, of 1556, 6 - Band of 1557, 7 - The Congregation, 9 - The Three Bands of 1559, 9 - Rupture of the French Alliance, 10 - Scots and English, 12 - Band of 1560, 13 - Treaty of Edinburgh, 14 - The Papal Jurisdiction abolished by Parliament, 14 - Confession of Faith ratified, 15 - Band of 1562, 15 - Queen Mary demits the Crown, 16 - Articles of 1567, 17 - St Bartholomew’s Massacre, 18 - Proposed Band of 1572, 19 - The King’s Confession of 1580-1, 21 - The General Band, 22 - The Band of 1589, 23 - Covenanting in 1590, 24 - The Band of 1592-3, 24 - Covenanting in 1596, 26 - Erection of Episcopacy, 28 - The Five Articles of Perth, 29 - The Revolt of 1637, 30 - The National Covenant, 31 - The King’s Covenant, 32 - Glasgow Assembly, 32 - The Treaty of Berwick, 33 - The Assembly of 1639, 33 - The Parliament of 1640, 34 - The English ask Help, 35 - The Solemn League and Covenant, 36 - The Covenant enjoined, 37 - Montrose’s Victories and Army, 38 - Philiphaugh, 39 - The Engagement, 40 - Charles the Second proclaimed King, 42 - Montrose’s Last Expedition, 42 - His Execution, 43 - A Covenanted King, 43 - Resolutioners and Protesters, 45 - The Restoration, 46 - Sharp’s Character, 46 - The King’s Honour, 47 - The Act Rescissory, 48 - Samuel Rutherfurd’s Death, 48 - Sharp’s Duplicity, 49 - How the King redeemed his Promise, 49 - Episcopacy re-established, 50 - Argyll and Guthrie, 51 - Ministers disqualified and ejected, 52 - The Church-Courts discharged, 53 - Court of High-Commission, 54 - Conventicles forbidden, 56 - Pentland Rising, 56 - The Indulgence, 58 - Conventicle Act of 1670, 59 - Public Worship, 61 - James Mitchell, 61 - The Ladies’ Covenant, 63 - The Cess, 63 - The Tragedy of Magus Muir, 64 - Rutherglen, Drumclog, and Bothwell Bridge, 65 - The Cameronians, 66 - The Effect of Persecution, 68 - The Test, 68 - The Children’s Bond, 70 - The Strategy of Claverhouse, 72 - The Apologetic Declaration, 75 - The Killing-time, 76 - Death of Charles the Second, 76 - James the Seventh, 77 - Priesthill and Wigtown, 77 - Three Harsh Acts of Parliament, 77 - Vitality of Conventicles, 78 - Dunnottar Prisoners, 79 - Argyll’s Rising and the Cameronians, 79 - The Toleration of 1687, 80 - Renwick’s Martyrdom, 81 - The Revolution, 81 - The Martyrs’ Monument in Greyfriars Churchyard, 82 - Estimated Number of the Victims, 82 - - - - - SIGNING OF THE NATIONAL COVENANT - IN GREYFRIARS CHURCHYARD - - 28th February 1638 - - From the Picture by W. HOLE, R.S.A. - - Reproduced by permission of the Corporation of Edinburgh - and of H. E. Moss, Esq., the donor - - ------------------ - - DESCRIPTION OF THE PROMINENT FIGURES - -Beginning at the left hand is Johnston of Warriston showing a letter to -the Earl of Argyll, while Lord Eglinton is in the rear. Two ladies come -next—the Marchioness of Hamilton, in widow’s weeds, seated, with Lady -Kenmure standing beside her. The group around the tombstone includes -Lord Rothes in the act of signing the document, Lord Louden, Lord -Lothian, and the Earl of Sutherland; while Montrose is on the near side. -Then there are Hope of Craighall, with the Rev. Samuel Rutherfurd, and -in the foreground, standing on a tombstone, is the Rev. Alexander -Henderson. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: Signing of the National Covenant] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - The Story - of the - SCOTTISH COVENANTS - in Outline - - -Scotland is pre-eminently the land of the Covenant, and the land is -flowered with martyr graves. When the covenanting cause was in the -ascendant, many were willing to appear on its side who cared little for -it in reality; but when it waned, and, after the Restoration, the time -of trial came, the half-hearted changed sides, or fell away like leaves -in autumn, and the love of many waxed cold. Then it was that the -faithful remnant stood revealed and grew still more faithful. - -While they were opposed and oppressed by some of their former -associates, they were, on the other hand, reinforced by the accession of -outstanding men, like Richard Cameron and Thomas Forrester, who, in -their earlier years, had complied with Prelacy; and by others, like -James Renwick, Patrick Walker, and Sergeant Nisbet, who were born after -the persecution had actually commenced. Men, and even women, were found -ready and willing to endure all hardships, and to brave an ignominious -death, rather than relinquish or compromise the principles which they -held so dear, and to which, as they believed, the nation was bound by -solemn covenants. - -[Sidenote: Bands or Covenants] - -The story of religious covenanting in Scotland covers a long period. The -covenants, or bands as they were frequently called, may be divided into -three classes—public, semi-public, and private—and the influence of each -has been felt at some of the most critical periods in the history of the -country. - -[Sidenote: Personal Covenants] - -The private or personal covenant, in which the individual Christian gave -up himself, or herself, formally to the service of God, helped many a -one to walk straight in crooked and trying times. These private -transactions were neither less solemn nor less sacred because the -knowledge of them was confined to the covenanter and his Lord. - -[Sidenote: A Specimen] - -Many specimens of these old personal covenants have been preserved, and -they throw a vivid light on a type of earnest piety, which, it is to be -feared, is rather rare in the present day. One of these came into my -hands twenty years ago, inside a copy of Patrick Gillespie’s well-known -work, “The Ark of the Testament Opened.” The book was printed at London -in 1661, and is still in the original binding, but the old brown calf -had given way at the joints, and so one of the previous owners had it -rebacked. Fortunately, the binder preserved the fly-leaves, on which -there are a number of jottings and dates; and on one of them there is a -genuine personal covenant, written and signed by Francis Wark. He had -written this covenant on that side of the last fly-leaf which was next -to the board, and had then pasted the edges carefully down to the board, -so that no one could see that there was any writing there. After being -hidden for more than a century and a half, it was revealed by the -binder. As it is very short, it may be quoted as an example:— - - “I, Francis Wark, doe hereby testifie and declair that I, being - a poor miserable sinner deserving hell and wrath, and that - vengance is my due, and I, not being able to deliver myself from - wrath nor satisfie the justice of God for my guilt, doe this day - betake myself to the righteousnes of Jesws Christ, fulie - renowncing all righteousnes in my self, and betakes me to his - mercy; and likways that I take the true God, who made the heavns - and the earth and gave me a being upon the world, to be my God - and my portion (renowncing the devill the world and the flesh), - and resigns up myself sowll and body to be his in tyme and - through all the ages of endless eternity, even to him who is one - God, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; and I take Jesws Christ for my - Saviour, my Priest, Prophet and King, and engadges to be for him - and his glory, whill I have a being upon the earth: in witnes - quhereof I have subscrived this with my hand, Glasgow the 21 day - of May 1693, - - “FRANCIS WARK.” - -[Sidenote: God our Portion] - -Documents of this kind help one to understand the reply of the -covenanter’s wife when the dragoons were driving away all the cattle in -her husband’s absence. A soldier, who had not altogether lost his -feelings of humanity, turned back to her and said: “Puir woman, I’m -sorry for you.” “Puir!” she exclaimed, “I’m no puir; the Lord is my -portion, and ye canna mak me puir!” - -There is still some uncertainty as to the precise date when public or -semi-public religious covenanting was adopted in Scotland. - -[Sidenote: Supposed Band of 1556] - -In speaking of his own preaching in 1556, Knox tells that, at that time, -most of the gentlemen of the Mearns “refuissed all societie with -idolatrie, and _band thame selfis_, to the uttermost of thare poweris, -to manteane the trew preaching of the Evangell of Jesus Christ, as God -should offer unto thame preachearis and oportunitie.” Dr M‘Crie -understood this to mean that these gentlemen “entered into a solemn and -mutual bond, in which they renounced the Popish communion, and engaged -to maintain and promote the pure preaching of the Gospel, as Providence -should favour them with opportunities.” In David Laing’s opinion, Knox’s -words do not necessarily imply that the mutual agreement or resolution -referred to actually assumed the form of a written “band” or covenant. -If it did, Knox has not embodied it in his “History,” nor is any copy -known to exist. - -[Sidenote: Band of 1557] - -But as to the reality, the nature, and the precise date of the band of -1557, there is no room for dubiety. Knox was on the Continent when it -was entered into; but he relates the circumstances which called it -forth, explains the object it was meant to serve, and gives a copy of -the document itself, as well as the names of the principal men who -signed it. The leaders of the Reforming party resolved to persist in -their purpose, to commit themselves and their all into God’s hands, -rather than allow idolatry manifestly to reign, rather than suffer the -subjects of the realm to be defrauded as they had been of the preaching -of Christ’s Evangel. “And that everie ane should be the more assured of -other, a commoun band was maid, and by some subscrived.” - -Calderwood derived his copy of the document, and his account of the -circumstances which called it forth, from Knox. Fully forty years ago an -original copy of the band was found, and is now in the National Museum -of Antiquities, Edinburgh. It only bears five signatures, those of -Argyll, Glencairn, Morton, Lorne, and John Erskine. The day of the month -is left blank; but the one which Knox followed is dated “the thrid day -of December.” Knox also says that it was subscribed by many others. The -explanation probably is that (as in 1638) a number of original copies -were made, and signed by the leaders before being sent out for -additional names. - -This band of 1557, like those of a later date, is remarkable for the -clearness, the directness, and the vigour of its language, but unlike -them it can hardly be regarded as a public document. To have exhibited -it then to all and sundry would have been to court persecution, perhaps -death. “To those who agreed with them,” says Buchanan, “they presented -bonds for their subscription. These first assumed the name of ‘the -Congregation,’ which those who followed afterward rendered more -celebrated.” Although there are barely two hundred and fifty words in -the band of 1557, the Protestant party is mentioned in it seven times as -the Congregation. It was nearly five months after the date of this band -before Walter Mill was consigned to the flames. - -[Sidenote: Bands of 1559] - -The year 1559 was rendered notable in Scotland by the return of Knox, by -the open rupture between the Congregation and the Queen Regent, and by -the rapid progress of Protestantism. In the summer of that year the -Reformers deemed it advisable to enter into at least three distinct -covenants, their respective dates being the 31st of May, the 13th of -July, and the 1st of August. None of the originals of these is known to -have survived, but copies of all the three have been preserved. They had -for their general object the advancement of the Reformation, but each -had its own distinctive traits and special end. The first was entered -into at Perth, the second at Edinburgh, and the third at Stirling. The -second was adopted in St Andrews as the “letteris of junctioun to the -Congregatioun,” and as such was taken by more than three hundred -persons. - -[Sidenote: Rupture of French Alliance] - -Not the least striking result of the Reformation was the complete -bursting up of the ancient alliance between France and Scotland, and the -drawing together of Scotland and England—that England which Scotland had -so long and so recently regarded as its “auld enemy.” The importance of -this result is frankly acknowledged by Teulet, one of the most -competent, careful, and candid of French historical students. He puts -the matter thus: “Scotland, which was for so many ages the devoted ally -of France, the rein, as our ancient kings said, with which they -restrained the encroachments of England, was unwilling to abdicate its -nationality and become a French province. Moreover, the unbridled -excesses of the French troops in Scotland, no less than the shameless -rapacity of the French agents, at last aroused a general spirit of -resistance, and England soon found in the rupture of the ancient -alliance between France and Scotland an ample indemnification for the -loss of Calais.” - -[Sidenote: French Excesses] - -The enormities of the French in Scotland were so great, that Mary of -Guise, in writing to her brothers, affirmed that the peasantry were in -consequence so reduced to despair that they frequently committed -suicide. Although these unbridled excesses are enough to explain the -revulsion of feeling towards the French, they do not quite account for -the sudden alteration towards the English. The change, indeed, was so -sudden and so unlikely that some Southerns thought, and naturally -thought, it was “a traine to betrappe” their nation. - -[Sidenote: Scots and English] - -So great had been the Scotch hatred of the English, that, from the -French who came over to help them after Pinkie, they were said to have -bought English prisoners, that they might have the pleasure of putting -them to death, although they could ill afford the price which they paid -ungrudgingly. This hatred, so bitter, so fierce, and so recent, could -not have been wiped out by any French oppression had not the Scots been -now finding themselves ranged on the same side as the English in the -great religious struggle, which was submerging old feuds, breaking up -old compacts, and turning the world upside down. - -[Sidenote: Band of 1560] - -The oppression by the French, and the help expected from the English -army, are both referred to in the band or covenant entered into on the -27th of April 1560. Knox says that this band was made by “all the -nobilitie, barronis, and gentilmen, professing Chryst Jesus in -Scotland,” and by “dyveris utheris that joynit with us, for expelling of -the Frenche army; amangis quham the Erle of Huntlie was principall.” He -does not name any other person who signed, although he copied the band -itself into his “History”; but the original document was found among the -Hamilton MSS., and it bears about a hundred and fifty signatures of -noblemen and gentlemen, including those of the Duke of Chatelherault, -the Earls of Arran, Huntly, Argyll, Glencairn, Rothes, and Morton, James -Stewart (afterwards the Regent Murray), and the Abbots of Kinloss, -Coupar, and Kilwinning. All those who adhibited their names did not do -so on the same day. Huntly signed on the 28th of April; Morton and -twenty-seven others on the 6th of May. - -[Sidenote: Treaty of Edinburgh] - -The French had fortified Leith, but were so hard pressed by the English -and the Scots that they were constrained to make the Treaty of -Edinburgh, with Queen Elizabeth’s representatives, on the 6th of July -1560. It was by that treaty, or rather—to be more strictly accurate—in -virtue of the concessions in the separate “accord” between the French -and the Scots of the same date, and which is referred to in the treaty, -that the Scots were able to throw off for ever the merciless tyranny of -their old allies and the unbearable yoke of the Papacy. These -concessions provided for a meeting of Parliament; and next month that -Parliament repealed the Acts favouring the Church of Rome, abolished the -Pope’s jurisdiction in Scotland, prohibited the celebration of mass -under pain of death for the third conviction, and ratified the -Confession of Faith drawn up by Knox, Wynram, Spottiswoode, Willock, -Douglas, and Row. - -Mary Queen of Scots returned from France to her own country in August -1561, and a year later made her first northern progress, in which she -went as far as Inverness. Huntly, notwithstanding his having signed the -band of 1560, was regarded as the lay head of the Papists in Scotland, -and grave doubts were entertained by many of the Protestants as to the -results of this progress of the young Queen. - -[Sidenote: Band of 1562] - -Knox was then in Ayrshire, and, alarmed by the rumours which reached -him, he prevailed on many of the barons and gentlemen of that county to -enter into another band, or covenant, at Ayr, on the 4th of September -1562, in order to be prepared for any attempt that might be made to put -down Protestantism. It does not appear that it had any influence on the -course of events in the North, but it probably had a considerable, -though indirect, influence in restraining those in the South, who might -have been inclined to help Huntly had there been any prospect of their -being able to do so successfully. Those who took the band were not -called upon to show their faithfulness in the field. Huntly—through -perversity, stupidity, or suspicion—put himself completely out of the -Queen’s graces. His forces were defeated, he died on the field of -battle, one of his sons was executed, and another imprisoned. - -[Sidenote: The Queen’s Demission] - -On Thursday, the 24th of July 1567, the Queen, then a prisoner in Loch -Leven Castle, was prevailed upon (by threats, she afterwards said) to -demit the government in favour of her infant son, James, then thirteen -months old. The General Assembly had met on the preceding Monday in the -Over Tolbooth of Edinburgh; and on Friday, the 25th, the nobles, barons, -and commissioners of towns, who were present, agreed to and subscribed -certain “articles.” - -[Sidenote: Articles of 1567] - -These articles really formed a band for subverting the mass, destroying -monuments of idolatry, setting up the true religion through the whole -realm, increasing ministers’ stipends, reforming schools, colleges, and -universities, easing the poor of their teinds, punishing vice, crimes, -and offences, especially the murder of Darnley, defending the young -prince, bringing him up in the fear of God, and obliging future kings -and rulers to promise, before their coronation and inauguration, to -maintain, defend, and set forward, the true religion. The subscribers -also consented and offered “to reforme themselves according to the Booke -of God.” In all they numbered about eighty. Of these, two or three -certainly knew of the plot against Darnley before it was carried out; -and they may have subscribed these articles to avert suspicion. - -[Sidenote: St Bartholomew’s Massacre] - -[Sidenote: Proposed Band] - -[Sidenote: Test Of Loyalty] - -The dreadful massacre of the Huguenots, begun in Paris on St -Bartholomew’s day 1572, excited consternation and horror in Scotland. -Believing that all the other Protestants in Europe were to be similarly -dealt with, the Privy Council summoned a convention, to be held at -Edinburgh on the 20th of October, to consider the impending danger and -the means by which it might be averted. Unfortunately for the success of -the convention, the lieges had been summoned to meet at Jedburgh on the -22nd to make a raid upon the border thieves; and the Earl of Mar, then -Regent, was drawing near his end at Stirling. None of the nobles -and few of the lairds attended the convention; but a number of -proposals were agreed to, that they might be sent to the Regent -and the Privy Council. One of these proposals was that a public -humiliation, or fast, should be held throughout the whole of Scotland -during the last eight days of November. Another was that the Protestants -of the realm should enter into a solemn band, that they might be ready -on all occasions to resist the enemy. There is evidence to show that the -fast was observed in Edinburgh; but, if the band was ever drawn up, no -copy of it seems to have survived, nor any record of its having been -entered into. The suggestion, however, was not fruitless. In the -following January, Parliament enacted that no one should be -reputed a loyal subject to the King, but should be punished -as a rebel, who did not profess the true religion; and that -those who had made profession thereof, and yet had departed from their -due obedience to his Majesty, should not be received to his mercy and -favour, until they anew gave confession of their faith; and promised to -continue “in the confessioun of the trew religioun” in time coming, and -to maintain the King’s authority; and also that they would, “at the -uttermest of thair power, fortifie, assist and mantene the trew -preichouris and professouris of Christis religioun,” against all enemies -and gainstanders of the same, of whatever nation, estate, or degree, who -had bound themselves, or assisted, to set forward and execute the cruel -decrees of the Council of Trent, injuriously called, by the adversaries -of God’s truth, “The Haly League.” By this time the “Tulchan Bishops” -had been obtruded on the Church of Scotland. - -[Sidenote: The King’s Confession] - -All the earlier covenants were eclipsed in interest and importance by -the one drawn up by John Craig, and commonly called “The King’s -Confession,” sometimes “The Second Confession of Faith,” and sometimes -“The Negative Confession.” In it the corruptions of the Papacy are -denounced and renounced in terse language and with refreshing vigour. As -John Row puts it: “This wes the touch-stone to try and discern Papists -from Protestants.” And yet, notwithstanding its searching and solemn -words, it failed in at least one notable instance as a touch-stone. The -original document, signed by James the Sixth and his household on the -28th of January 1580-81, found its way to France, but fortunately was -sent back again to this country—to Scot of Scotstarvit—and is now in the -Advocates’ Library. This covenant was subscribed in 1581 by all ranks -and classes of the people. - -Because of “the great dangers which appeared to hang over the kirk and -countrie,” a special meeting of the General Assembly was convened on the -6th of February 1587-8. In the fifteenth session, it was agreed that -ministers should “travell diligentlie with the noblemen, barons, and -gentlemen, to subscribe the Confession of Faith.” In accordance with -this resolution, the Negative Confession was again signed by the King, -and nearly a hundred other persons, including several of the leading -nobles, on the 25th of February, at Holyrood. - -[Sidenote: The General Band] - -The dread inspired by the approach of the Spanish Armada in 1588 led to -the preparation of another covenant, known as “The General Band.” The -subscribers did “solemnly swear and promise to take a true, effald and -plain parte with his Majestie amongst ourselves, for diverting of the -present danger threatned to the said [true and Christian] religion, and -his Majestie’s estate and standing depending thereupon.” There is record -evidence to show that it was subscribed by the King “and divers of his -Esteatis” before the 27th of July 1588. - -[Sidenote: Band of 1589] - -This was a time of special bands. At Aberdeen, on the 30th of April -1589, the King and many others subscribed a band, by which they bound -themselves together “for the defens and suretie of the said trew -religioun, his Hienes persone and estate thairwith conjoynit”; and for -the pursuit of “Jesuittis, Papistis of all sortis, thair assistaris and -pairttakaris,” including the Earls of Huntly and Errol, who had “cum to -the feildis with oppin and plane force and displayit baner, for the -persute, ruting-oute and exterminioun of his Majestie, and all uthiris -his gude and loving subjectis, trew professouris of the Evangell.” - -[Sidenote: Covenanting in 1590] - -On the 6th of March 1589-90, when King James was still beyond the German -Ocean with his bride, the Privy Council, frightened again by the rumours -of a foreign invasion, appointed commissioners to receive the -subscriptions of nobles, barons, gentlemen, and lieges of every degree, -to the King’s Confession of 1580-81, and to the General Band of 1588. -Robert Waldegrave was authorised to print these documents for that -special purpose; and they were issued by him, in 1590, in book form, -with blank pages after the Confession, and also after the General Band, -for signatures. The subscribing at this time is said to have been -universal. - -[Sidenote: Band of 1592-3] - -The discovery, in December 1592, of the documents known as the Spanish -Blanks, led to another royal expedition to the North in the following -February. While in Aberdeen, the King, several of his nobles, and about -a hundred and fifty of the prominent lairds, entered into another band. -It proceeds on the narrative that, being fully and certainly persuaded -of the treasonable practices and conspiracies of some of his subjects, -against “the estat of the true religioun presentlie professed within -this realme, his Majestie’s person, crowne, and libertie of this our -native countrie,” the subscribers faithfully bind and oblige themselves -“to concurre, and take an effald, leill, and true part with his -Majestie, and each one of us with others, to the maintenance and defence -of the libertie of the said true religioun, crown, and countrie, from -thraldom of conscience, conqueist, and slaverie of strangers, and [in] -resisting, repressing, and pursute of the cheefe authors of the saids -treasonable conspiraceis.” - -The precise date of this band is not given, but it must have been -subscribed between the 1st and the 13th of March 1592-3, that is, in -1592 according to the old reckoning by which the year began on the 25th -of March, but in 1593 according to the present reckoning by which the -year begins on the 1st of January. - -[Sidenote: Covenanting in 1596] - -[Sidenote: Bochim] - -In March 1596, the General Assembly, anxious “to see the Kirk and -ministrie purged,” determined to humble itself for the short-comings and -corruptions of the ministry, and resolved that a new covenant should be -made with God, “for a more carefull and reverent discharge of their -ministrie.” Accordingly, on Tuesday the 30th, “foure hundreth persons, -all ministers or choice professors,” met in the Little Kirk of -Edinburgh, and there entered into “a new league with God,” promising “to -walke more warilie in their wayes and more diligentlie in their -charges.” While humbling themselves, “there were suche sighes and sobbs, -with shedding of teares among the most part of all estats that were -present, everie one provoking another by their exemple, and the teacher -himself [John Davidson] by his exemple, that the kirk resounded, so -that the place might worthilie have beene called Bochim; for the -like of that day was never seene in Scotland since the Reformatioun.” -As a great many of the ministers were not present at this action, -it was ordered to be repeated in the synods, and in presbyteries -by those who were absent from their synod. It was likewise taken up in -parishes. In the Presbytery of St Andrews, “for testefeing of a trew -conversioun and change of mynd,” special promises and vows were made. -These referred to religious duties, in private, in the family, and in -public, including “the resisting of all enemies of relligioun, without -fear or favour of anie persone”; and also referred to such ordinary -duties, as taking order with the poor, and repairing bridges.[1] - ------ - -Footnote 1: - - Row and the younger M’Crie are apparently in error in stating that the - covenant of 1580-81 was renewed in 1596. Long before that time, - however, it had been assigned a place in the Book of Laureations of - Edinburgh University, that it might be subscribed by the professors - and students. - -[Sidenote: Erection of Episcopacy] - -[Sidenote: Articles of Perth] - -James the Sixth’s hankering for Prelacy and its ritual continued to -increase after he crossed the Tweed in 1603. By the summer of 1610, “the -restoration of episcopal government and the civil rights of bishops” had -been accomplished; but, according to the best-informed of Scottish -Episcopalian historians, “there was yet wanting that without which, so -far as the Church was concerned, all the rest was comparatively -unimportant.” The Archbishop of Glasgow, and the Bishops of Brechin and -Galloway, were sent up, however, to the English court, and on the 21st -of October “were consecrated according to the form in the English -ordinal.” This qualified them on their return to give “valid ordination” -to the Archbishop of St Andrews (George Gladstanes) and the other -bishops. Gladstanes seems to have felt duly grateful to the King, whom -he addressed as his “earthly creator.” The Court of High Commission had -already been erected; and in 1612 Parliament formally rescinded the Act -of 1592, regarded as the charter of Presbytery. A General Assembly -held at Perth, in August 1618, agreed by a majority to the five -articles, afterwards known as “the Articles of Perth”; and they were -ratified by Parliament in August 1621.[2] - ------ - -Footnote 2: - - By the five articles of Perth— - - (1) Kneeling at the Lord’s Supper was approved; - - (2) Ministers were to dispense that sacrament in private houses, - to those suffering from infirmity or from long or deadly - sickness; - - (3) Ministers were to baptise children in private houses in - cases of great need; - - (4) Ministers were, under pain of the bishop’s censure, to - catechise all children of eight years of age, and the children - were to be presented to the bishop for his blessing; - - (5) Ministers were ordered to commemorate Christ’s birth, - passion, resurrection, ascension, and the sending down of the - Holy Ghost. - -[Sidenote: Revolt of 1637] - -When Charles the First ascended the throne, in 1625, he found that the -northern church still lagged behind its southern sister. He resolved to -supply the defects, and the projects which he laid for this purpose had -a considerable influence on the events which subsequently brought him to -the block. Had he shown more caution and less haste, he might possibly -have succeeded in his attempts on the Scottish Church; but in Laud he -had an evil adviser. The storm burst in the High Church (St Giles) of -Edinburgh, when Dean Hanna tried to read the new liturgy, on the 23rd of -July 1637. With this tumult the name of Jenny Geddes has been -associated. The Presbyterian party, so long down-trodden, began to -assert their rights; and, finding that they would be better able to -withstand opposition if closely bound together, they determined to fall -back on the plan of their ancestors by entering into a solemn covenant. - -As the basis of this covenant the King’s Confession of 1580-81 was -chosen, and to it two additions were made, the first, prepared by -Archibald Johnston of Warriston, is known as “the legal warrant,” and -the second, drawn up by Alexander Henderson of Leuchars, was the bond -suiting it to the occasion. - -[Sidenote: National Covenant] - -With these additions it was, and still is, known as “The National -Covenant”; and in that form it was sworn to and subscribed by thousands -of people, in Greyfriars Church and churchyard, on the 28th of February -1638, and by hundreds of ministers and commissioners of burghs next day. -Copies were sent all over the country, and were readily signed in almost -every district. The enthusiasm was unbounded. The King could not prevail -on the swearers to resile from their position, and therefore tried to -sow dissension among them by introducing a rival covenant. For this -purpose he likewise selected the King’s Confession of 1580-81; but -instead of Johnston’s and Henderson’s additions, he substituted the -General Band of 1588; and so the two documents combined in 1590 were -again brought together. This attempt to divide the Covenanters utterly -failed. The people now called the covenant completed by Johnston and -Henderson, “The Noblemen’s Covenant”; and the one sent out by Charles, -“The King’s Covenant.” - -[Sidenote: Glasgow Assembly] - -The General Assembly which met at Glasgow on the 21st of November 1638 -was dissolved by the Royal Commissioner; but Henderson, who was -moderator, pointed to the Commissioner’s zeal for an earthly king as an -incentive to the members to show their devotion to the cause of their -heavenly King; and the Assembly continued to sit until it had condemned -and annulled the six General Assemblies held between 1606 and 1618, and -had made a clean sweep of the bishops, their jurisdiction, and their -ceremonies. - -Next summer Charles marched with an English army into Scotland, only to -find a strong force of Covenanters, under Alexander Leslie, encamped on -Duns Law. Deeming discretion the better part of valour, the King entered -into negotiations, and the Treaty of Berwick followed. By it he agreed -that a General Assembly should be held in August, and thereafter a -Parliament to ratify its proceedings. The Assembly met, and by an Act -enjoined all professors and schoolmasters, and all students “at the -passing of their degrees,” to subscribe the Covenant. By another Act it -rejected the service-book, the book of canons, the High Commission, -Prelacy, and the ceremonies. Parliament duly met, but was prevented from -ratifying the Acts of Assembly by the Royal Commissioner, who adjourned -it from time to time, and finally prorogued it until June 1640. - -[Sidenote: Assembly of 1639] - -As that time drew nigh, the King tried again to postpone or prorogue it; -but it nevertheless met, and in the space of a few days effected a -revolution unexampled in the previous history of Scotland. It set bounds -to the power of the monarch. It ratified the Covenant, enjoining its -subscription “under all civill paines”; it ratified the Act of the -General Assembly of 1639, rejecting the service-book, Prelacy, etc.; it -renewed the Act of Parliament of 1592 in favour of Presbytery, and -annulled the Act of 1612 by which the Act of 1592 had been rescinded. - -[Sidenote: Parliament of 1640] - -The King had been preparing for the Second Bishops’ War, and the -Covenanters marched into England, Montrose being the first to cross the -Tweed. Again there were negotiations, and an agreement was at length -come to at Westminster in August 1641. Charles now set out for Holyrood, -and in the Scottish Parliament ratified the Westminster Treaty; and so -explicitly, if not cordially, approved of the proceedings of the -Parliament of 1640. - -The Scots had now got all that they wanted from their King, although -many of them must have doubted his sincerity, and feared a future -revocation should that ever be in his power. This fear, coupled with a -fellow-feeling for the Puritans, and gratitude for the seasonable -assistance of the English in 1560, accounts for the readiness of the -compliance with the proposal of the Commissioners of the Long Parliament -who arrived in Edinburgh in August 1643. - -[Sidenote: The English ask Help] - -These Commissioners desired help from the Convention of Estates and from -the General Assembly, and proposed that the two nations should enter -into “a strict union and league,” with the object of bringing them -closer in church government, and eventually extirpating Popery and -Prelacy from the island. - -[Sidenote: Solemn League and Covenant] - -The suggestion that the league should be religious as well as civil -having been accepted, Henderson drafted the famous Solemn League and -Covenant.[3] It was approved by the Convention of Estates and by the -General Assembly on the 17th of August; and (after several alterations) -by the Westminster Assembly and both Houses of the English Parliament. - ------ - -Footnote 3: - - An international Protestant league was not a new idea. The Convention, - which met at Edinburgh on the 20th of October 1572, had suggested that - a league and confederacy should be made “with our nychtbouris of - Ingland and uther cuntries reformit and professing the trew - religioun,” that we and they be joined together in mutual amity and - society to support each other, when time or occasion shall serve, “for - mantenance of religioun and resisting of the enemies thairof.” In - 1585, the Scottish Parliament (understanding that divers princes and - potentates had joined themselves, “under the Pape’s auctoritie, in a - maist unchristiane confederacie, aganis the trew religioun and - professouris thairof, with full intent to prosecute thair ungodlie - resolutioun with all severitie”) authorised the making of a Christian - league with the Queen of England, to be, in matters of religion, both - offensive and defensive, even against “auld freindis and - confederatis.” The league, or treaty, was finally concluded by - commissioners, at Berwick-on-Tweed, on the 5th of July 1586. - -[Sidenote: The Covenant enjoined] - -In October the Commission of the General Assembly ordered that it should -be forthwith printed, and gave instructions for the swearing and -subscribing, presbyteries being ordered to proceed with the censures of -the kirk “against all such as shall refuse or shift to swear and -subscribe”; and the Commissioners of the Convention ordained that it -should be sworn by all his Majesty’s Scottish subjects under pain of -being “esteemed and punished as enemyes to religioune, his Majestie’s -honour, and peace of thir kingdomes.” In Scotland it evoked more -enthusiasm than in England; and, for a time at least, produced -marvellous unanimity. - -[Sidenote: Montrose’s Army] - -The Scots took part against the royal army in the battle of Marston Moor -(2nd July 1644); and soon afterwards Montrose, who had not approved of -the Solemn League and Covenant, made his way into Scotland with the -object of creating a diversion in favour of the King. Having raised an -army in the Highlands, which was strengthened by an Irish contingent, he -won a series of brilliant victories over the Covenanters at Tippermuir, -Aberdeen, Inverlochy, Auldearn, Alford, and Kilsyth. - -Of Montrose’s army, Patrick Gordon, a royalist, wrote: “When God had -given there enemies into there handes, the Irishes in particulare ware -too cruell; for it was everiewhere observed they did ordinarely kill all -they could be maister of, without any motion of pitie, or any -consideration of humanitie: ney, it seemed to them there was no -distinction betuixt a man and a beast; for they killed men ordinarly -with no more feilling of compassion, and with the same carelesse neglect -that they kill ane henn or capone for ther supper. And they were also, -without all shame, most brutishlie given to uncleannes and filthie lust; -as for excessive drinkeing, when they came where it might be had, there -was no limites to there beastly appetites; as for godlesse avarice, and -mercilesse oppression and plundering or the poore laborer, of those two -cryeing sinnes the Scotes ware alse giltie as they.” - -[Sidenote: Retaliation] - -The same writer tells how the Irish were repaid for their cruelty by the -victorious army of David Leslie at and after the battle of Philiphaugh -(13th September 1645); and how their sin was then visited, not only upon -themselves, but most brutally and pitilessly upon their wives and -followers.[4] - ------ - -Footnote 4: - - The various accounts of the slaughter are rather contradictory in - their details. It may be noted, too, that—while Patrick Gordon says - that fifty Irishmen were promised safe quarter and yet were killed—it - was urged, in defence of the four prisoners condemned by the Scottish - Parliament, that the quarter they had received was not against the - orders of the Commander-in-Chief at Philiphaugh, as he only forbade - the giving of quarter to the Irish. Nearly a year before (24th October - 1644) the English Parliament had declared that “no quarter shall be - given hereafter to any Irishman, nor to any Papist whatever born in - Ireland, which shall be taken in hostility against the Parliament,” - either on the sea or in England or in Wales; and ordained that they - should be excepted “out of all capitulations, agreements or - compositions,” and when taken should be forthwith put to death. The - massacres of 1641-1642 had not been forgotten. - -[Sidenote: The Engagement] - -On the 26th of December 1647, when the King was in Carisbrooke Castle, -in the Isle of Wight, he entered into an agreement in presence of three -Scottish Commissioners—Loudoun, Lauderdale, and Lanark—in which he -intimated his willingness to confirm the Solemn League and Covenant, by -Act of Parliament in both kingdoms, provided that no one who was -unwilling to take it should be constrained to do so; he was also to -confirm by Act of Parliament in England, for three years, presbyterial -government and the Westminster Assembly’s Directory for Worship, -provided that he and his household should not be hindered from using the -service he had formerly practised; and further, an effectual course was -to be taken by Parliament and otherwise for suppressing the opinions and -practices of Anti-Trinitarians, Anabaptists, Antinomians, Arminians, -Familists, Brownists, Separatists, Independents, Libertines, and -Seekers. - -On the other hand, Scotland was, in a peaceable way, to endeavour that -the King should be allowed to go to London in safety, honour, and -freedom, there to treat personally with the English Parliament and the -Scottish Commissioners; and should this not be granted, Scotland was to -emit certain declarations, and send an army into England for the -preservation and establishment of religion, for the defence of his -Majesty’s person and authority, for his restoration to power, and for -settling a lasting peace. - -This agreement was known as “The Engagement”; and the same name was -applied to the expedition which, in furtherance of its object, the Duke -of Hamilton led into England, only to be crushed by Cromwell at Preston -in August 1648. - -[Sidenote: Charles II. proclaimed King] - -The Scottish Commissioners in London did what they could to prevent the -execution of Charles the First, and on the 5th of February 1649—six days -after the scene in front of Whitehall—the Parliament of Scotland caused -his son to be proclaimed at the Market Cross of Edinburgh, as King of -Great Britain, France, and Ireland. The Scots were determined that he -should be their King, but they were as determined that he should not -override either the General Assembly or the Parliament. - -He did not like their conditions, and the first negotiations were -abortive. - -Montrose organised another expedition, which collapsed at Carbisdale on -the 27th of April 1650; and on the 21st of May the gallant Marquis was -ignominiously hanged at the Market Cross of Edinburgh, and his -dismembered body buried among malefactors in the Burgh Muir. - -[Sidenote: King and Covenants] - -The Prince had “already endeavoured to procure assistance from the -Emperour, and the Electours, Princes, and States of the Empire, from the -Kings of Spaine, France, and Denmarke, and most of the Princes and -States of Italy,” and had only obtained “dilatory and generall -answeres.” All his friends, he said, advised him “to make an agreement -upon any termes with our subjects of Scotland”; and he took their advice -as the only means of obtaining this crown and recovering his other -kingdoms. He offered to subscribe and swear the National Covenant, and -the Solemn League and Covenant, before landing at the mouth of the Spey, -and he accordingly did so on the 23rd of June 1650. - -On the 16th of August he agreed to the Dunfermline Declaration, -deploring his father’s opposition to the work of reformation, confessing -his mother’s idolatry, professing his own sincerity, declaring that “he -will have no enemies but the enemies of the Covenant, and that he will -have no friends but the friends of the Covenant,” and expressing his -detestation of “all Popery, superstition, and idolatry, together with -Prelacy, and all errors, heresie, schism and profaneness,” which he was -resolved not to tolerate in any part of his dominions. - -[Sidenote: Dunbar and Scone] - -Notwithstanding Cromwell’s notable victory at Dunbar on the 3rd of -September, and the dissatisfaction of the more rigid Covenanters, now -known as Remonstrants, Charles was crowned at Scone on the 1st of -January 1651, when he again swore and subscribed the National Covenant, -and also the Solemn League and Covenant. The Marquis of Argyll placed -the crown on his head, and Robert Douglas preached the sermon. The -attempt to counteract Cromwell’s power in Scotland by an invasion of -England was unsuccessful. The Committee of the Scottish Estates was -captured at Alyth before the end of August; and Cromwell obtained his -“crowning mercy” at Worcester on the 3rd of September. The young King, -after many adventures and narrow escapes, was glad to find himself again -on the Continent. - -[Sidenote: Resolutioners and Protesters] - -In December 1650, after obtaining the opinion of the Commissioners of -the General Assembly, the Scottish Parliament had “admitted manie, who -were formerlie excluded, to be imployed in the armie”; and in June 1651 -had rescinded the Acts of Classes, by which certain classes of -delinquents had been shut out of places of public trust. Those who were -in favour of admitting these men were known as Resolutioners; and their -opponents, as Protesters. This unfortunate dispute split the -Presbyterians into two sections, and their contentions had not come to -an end when the Restoration of Charles was effected in 1660. - -[Sidenote: The Restoration] - -That Restoration was mainly brought about by General Monk. When it was -seen to be inevitable, the leading Resolutioners sent James Sharp, -minister of Crail, to London, to look after the interests of the -Scottish Church. He was diplomatic and astute, and, in the opinion of -his brethren, honest and trustworthy. His letters, bristling with -devotional expressions, “seem,” as Hugh Miller puts it, “as if strewed -over with the fragments of broken doxologies.” After it was too late, -they found that he had betrayed his trust, and completely hoodwinked -them. - -[Sidenote: The King’s Honour] - -The General Assembly had been suppressed under Cromwell’s iron rule, and -the Church of Scotland was otherwise handicapped at this period; but -something effective might have been done to safeguard her rights had the -Resolutioners not been deceived by Sharp, although it would have been -impossible to make Charles the Second safe, either by the renewal of -former or by additional obligations, even if the Scots had been able to -impose these upon him. Such a man could not be tied by oaths. At his -Restoration, those in power trusted to his honour, and of that virtue he -had wondrously little. - -His entry into London had been timed to take place on the 29th of May -1660—the thirtieth anniversary of his birthday. Some of the leading -Protesters, fearing the overthrow of Presbytery, met in Edinburgh, on -the 23rd of August, to draw up a supplication to the King. The Committee -of Estates arrested them, and imprisoned them in the castle. - -[Sidenote: The Act Rescissory] - -A few days afterwards Sharp brought a letter from his Majesty, in which -he said: “We do also resolve to protect and preserve the government of -the Church of Scotland, _as it is settled by law_, without violation.” A -suggestion that this might be understood in two ways, was condemned as -“an intolerable reflection” on the King. The Scottish Parliament, on the -28th of March 1661, rescinded the Parliaments which had been held in and -since 1640, and all the Acts passed by them. Thus all the civil sanction -which had been given to the Second Reformation was swept away at a -stroke. Early next morning, Samuel Rutherfurd—whose stipend had been -confiscated, whose “Lex Rex” had been burned, and who had been cited to -answer a charge of treason—appeared before a court that was higher than -any Parliament, and “where his Judge was his friend.” - -A month after this, Sharp professed, in a letter to James Wood, that he -was still hopeful that there would, “through the goodnes of God,” be no -change; and affirmed that, as he had, “through the Lord’s mercy,” done -nothing to the prejudice of the liberties and government of the Church, -so he would not, “by the grace of God,” have any accession to the -wronging of it. - -[Sidenote: Duplicity] - -He was then on the eve of setting out for London with Glencairn and -Rothes. They returned in the end of August, bringing with them a letter -intimating the King’s determination to interpose his royal authority for -restoring the Church of Scotland “to its right government by bishops as -it was by law before the late troubles”; and justifying his action by -his promise of the previous year. Candid Episcopalians admit that this -dealing shook all confidence in the sincerity of Charles. - -[Sidenote: Episcopacy Re-established] - -In October Sharp again went to England; in November he was appointed -Archbishop of St Andrews; and in December he was consecrated in -Westminster Abbey, after being privately ordained as a deacon and a -priest. The Scottish Parliament, on the 27th of May 1662, passed the -“Act for the restitution and re-establishment of the antient government -of the church by archbishops and bishops.” The preamble of this Act -acknowledges that “the ordering and disposall of the externall -government and policie of the Church doth propperlie belong unto his -Majestie, as are inherent right of the Croun, by vertew of his royall -prerogative and supremacie in causes ecclesiasticall.” The Oath of -Allegiance, which had been adopted by Parliament on the 1st of January -1661, contained the clause: “I acknowledge my said Soverane only supream -governour of this kingdome over all persons and in all causes.” - -[Sidenote: Argyll and Guthrie] - -The Solemn League and Covenant had already been burned by the hangman in -London; and the long and bloody persecution in Scotland had already -begun. An example had been made of the Marquis of Argyll, and of James -Guthrie, the minister of Stirling. Both suffered at the Market Cross of -Edinburgh in the same week, Argyll on Monday, the 27th of May, and -Guthrie on Saturday, the 1st of June, 1661. To secure Argyll’s -conviction, Monk was base enough to give up several of his letters -proving his hearty compliance with the Usurper’s government after it was -established. The case for the prosecution was closed before the letters -arrived; but they were nevertheless received and read. - -Sir George Mackenzie—later to acquire an unenviable notoriety as the -Bluidy Mackenyie—was one of his advocates, and in his opinion the -Marquis suffered mainly for the good old cause. Guthrie had never -compromised himself in any way with Cromwell, who described him as the -little man who would not bow. - -[Sidenote: Ministers Disqualified] - -The Parliament of 1662 not only re-established Prelacy, but decreed that -no minister, who had entered after the abolition of patronage in 1649, -should have any right to his stipend unless he obtained presentation -from the patron and collation from the bishop; and that ministers who -did not observe the Act of 1661, appointing the day of the King’s -restoration as an annual holy day unto the Lord, should be incapable of -enjoying any benefice. It also declared that the Covenants were unlawful -oaths, and enacted that no one should be admitted to any public trust or -office until he acknowledged in writing that they were unlawful. - -[Sidenote: Ministers Ejected] - -These Acts of Parliament were speedily followed up by the Privy Council, -which, in September 1662, ordered all ministers to resort next month to -their respective bishop’s assemblies; and in October commanded all the -ministers entered since 1649, and who had not since received the -patron’s presentation and the bishop’s collation, to quit their -parishes. By this latter Act it has been reckoned that fully three -hundred ministers were turned out of their charges. - -[Sidenote: Church-Courts Discharged] - -When Prelacy was established in 1610, James the Sixth was much too -politic to close the ecclesiastical courts which had been set up and -carried on by the Presbyterians. “Honest men” continued to maintain in -them “both their right and possession, except in so far as the same were -invaded, and they hindered by the bishops.” But, by command of Charles -the Second, synods, presbyteries, and kirk-sessions had now been (by a -proclamation of 9th January 1662) expressly discharged “until they be -authorized and ordered by the archbishops and bishops upon their -entering unto the government of their respective sees.” At his first -Diocesan Synod, Sharp took care that ruling elders should have no -standing in his presbyteries, or “meetings of the ministers of the -respective bounds”; and he likewise circumscribed the power of these -“meetings.” Instructions were also given that each minister should -“assume and choose a competent number of fitt persons, according to the -bounds of the parish,” to assist in session, etc. - -[Sidenote: Court of High Commission] - -Early in 1664 the King resolved to re-erect, by virtue of his royal -prerogative, the Court of High Commission, to enforce the Acts “for the -peace and order of the Church, and in behalf of the government thereof -by archbishops and bishops.” The extraordinary power vested in this -court was increased in range by the general clause, authorising the -Commissioners “to do and execute what they shall find necessary and -convenient for his Majesty’s service in the premises.” Any five of the -Commissioners could act, if one of them were an archbishop or bishop. No -provision was made for any appeal from the judgment of this court. Of it -a learned member of the bar has said: “All law and order were -disregarded. The Lord Advocate ceased to act as public prosecutor, and -became a member of this iniquitous tribunal. No indictments were -required; no defences were allowed; no witnesses were necessary. The -accused were dragged before the Commissioners, and compelled to answer -any questions which were put to them, without being told of what they -were suspected.” The court could order ministers “to be censured with -suspension or deposition”; and could punish them and others “by fining, -confining, committing to prison and incarcerating.” For nearly two years -this court harassed and oppressed the Nonconformists of Scotland. - -[Sidenote: Origin of Pentland Rising] - -Towards the close of 1665, conventicles were, by royal proclamation, -forbidden under severe penalties. The officiating ministers, and those -harbouring them, were threatened with the highest pains due to sedition, -and hearers were subject to fining, confining, and other corporal -punishments. - -Such measures could hardly be expected to beget in the people an ardent -love for Prelacy; and when opposition was manifested in the south-west -of Scotland, troops, under Sir James Turner, were sent to suppress it. - -[Sidenote: Torture and Execution] - -At length the harshness of a handful of soldiers to an old man, at Dalry -in Galloway, led to a scuffle with a few countrymen, and the success of -the latter led to the untimely rising which was suppressed by General -Dalyell at Rullion Green on the 28th of November 1666. In that -engagement the slain and mortally wounded Covenanters numbered over -forty. On the 7th of December ten prisoners—all of whom, save one, had -been promised quarter—were hanged at the Market Cross of Edinburgh. In -less than a month, fully twenty more prisoners had been hanged at -Edinburgh, Glasgow, Irvine, Ayr, and Dumfries. Two of these—Neilson of -Corsack and Hugh M’Kail—were tortured in the boots. Never before had -drums been used in Scotland to drown the voice of a victim dying on the -scaffold. At this time it was introduced at Glasgow. - -Had the rising not been so ill-timed, it would probably have been much -better supported. After its suppression, Rothes and Dalyell wrote -gloomily of the condition of Ayrshire; but Dalyell was not the man to -shrink from quelling incipient rebellion by force. Compared with his -measures, those of Sir James Turner were mild, although they had driven -the sufferers to despair. Finding that his own influence was in peril -through the alliance between the military and ecclesiastical party, -Lauderdale broke up this brutal administration. - -[Sidenote: The Indulgence] - -The first indulgence (granted in the summer of 1669) was fated, as its -successors were, to be a bone of contention among the Covenanters. It -was condemned by the more scrupulous because of its restrictions; and -because, as they held, compliance with it involved the owning of the -royal supremacy in ecclesiastical matters. Many refused to hear the -indulged ministers, and some would have nothing to do with those -non-indulged ministers who did not denounce the indulgence. It was also -disliked and resented by Alexander Burnet, Archbishop of Glasgow, and -his diocesan synod, but for very different reasons. They objected to -indulged Presbyterian ministers being exempted from Episcopal -jurisdiction, and objected all the more because, in some districts, the -people would not countenance either doctrine or discipline under -Episcopal administration. - -[Sidenote: Conventicles] - -The ejection of the ministers, and the filling of their places by the -miserable substitutes then termed “curates,” had led to the keeping of -conventicles, and as the indulgence, like the proclamation of 1665, -failed to put an end to these unauthorised religious services, it was -resolved to put them down with a strong hand. Parliament decreed, in -1670, that non-indulged, outed ministers, or other persons not allowed -by the bishops, who either preached or prayed in any meeting, “except in -ther oune housses and to those of ther oune family,” should be deemed -guilty of keeping conventicles, and should be imprisoned until they -found caution not to do the like again, or bound themselves to leave the -kingdom; and those who conducted, or convocated people to, -field-conventicles, were to be punished by death and confiscation of -their goods, and hearers were to be severely fined. The Act explained -that a house-conventicle became a field-conventicle if there were more -persons present than the house contained, so that some of them were -outside the door. - -That this might not be a dead letter, a reward of five hundred merks was -offered to any one who captured a holder of, or convocater to, -field-conventicles; and these captors were not to be punished for any -slaughter that might be committed in apprehending such delinquents. Even -with such a law hanging over their heads, the faithful Covenanters were -not prepared to give up their conventicles. The Word of Life was much -too precious to be thus parted with. They did not intend, however, to -permit the oppressors to drive them or their preachers as lambs to the -slaughter, and so they henceforth carried arms for defence. - -[Sidenote: Public Worship] - -As no general attempt had been made, since the Restoration, to alter the -services of the Church, save to a very slight degree, the worship of -Conformists and Nonconformists was practically the same. Now, however, -“many Conformists began to dispute for a liturgy and some to preach for -it; but the fox Sharp was not much for it, only because he had no will -to ride the ford where his predecessor drowned.” - -[Sidenote: James Mitchell] - -An unsuccessful attempt to rid the country of Sharp had been made in -1668 by James Mitchell, who several years afterwards was apprehended; -but no proof could be adduced against him, until, on the Lord -Chancellor’s promise to save his life, he confessed. The Chancellor and -Treasurer-Depute swore that they heard him make his confession before -the committee; Lauderdale and Sharp swore that they heard him own it -before the Privy Council. They denied all knowledge of any promise of -life, although the promise had been duly minuted; and the request of -Mitchell’s advocates, that the Register of the Privy Council should be -produced, or the clerks obliged to give extracts, was rejected; and the -prisoner was sentenced to be hanged. - -In Lord Fountainhall’s opinion, this was one of the most solemn criminal -trials that had taken place in Scotland for a hundred years; and it was -generally believed that the law was strained to secure a conviction. He -adds: “It was judged ane argument of a bad deplorat cause that they -summoned and picked out ane assysse [_i.e._, a jury] of souldiers under -the King’s pay, and others who, as they imagined, would be clear to -condemne him.” The Privy Council would have granted a reprieve, but -Sharp would not consent. On him was laid the chief blame of Mitchell’s -torture in 1676 and execution in 1678. - -[Sidenote: The Ladies’ Covenant] - -According to Dr Hickes, several ladies of great quality, in January -1678, kept a private fast and conventicle in Edinburgh, to ask God to -bring to nought the counsels of men against his people; and before they -parted they all subscribed a paper, wherein they covenanted, to the -utmost of their power, to engage their lords to assist and protect God’s -people against the devices taken to reduce them to order and obedience. -Next month the Highland Host plundered covenanting Ayrshire and -Clydesdale. - -[Sidenote: The Cess] - -The Scottish Convention of Estates, professedly regarding field -conventicles as “rendezvouses of rebellion” with which the ordinary -military forces could not successfully cope, and desiring that the -“rebellious and schismatick principles may be rooted out by lawfull and -sutable means,” resolved, in July 1678, to offer the King £1,800,000 -Scots, for securing the kingdom against foreign invasion and intestine -commotions. The payment was to be spread over five years, and the money -raised by five months’ cess in each of these years. Many Covenanters -denounced the paying of this cess as an active concurring with the -Lord’s enemies in bearing down his work. Some, however, thought it -better to pay than to furnish the unscrupulous collectors with a pretext -for destroying their goods, and extorting more than was due. The cess -thus became a cause of division, as well as an instrument of oppression. - -[Sidenote: Sharp’s Death] - -The hated Sharp fell into the hands of nine Covenanters at Magus Muir on -the 3rd of May 1679. Seven of the nine had no misgivings as to what they -should do in the circumstances; and they unscientifically butchered him -in presence of his servants and daughter. For that deed none were -responsible save those who were there; but many were afterwards brought -to trouble for it, and not a few, who were perfectly innocent, chose to -suffer rather than brand it as murder. - -[Sidenote: Bothwell Bridge] - -Some of those who took an active part in the tragedy of Magus Muir were -present at Rutherglen, on Thursday, the 29th of May, when the bonfires -which had been kindled in honour of the King’s birthday were -extinguished, and when the Act Rescissory and other obnoxious Acts were -publicly burned. On Saturday, Claverhouse set out from Glasgow to make -some investigations concerning this outrage, and next morning he -attempted, but in vain, to disperse an armed conventicle at Drumclog. On -this occasion he added nothing to his military reputation; and fled from -the field as fast as his wounded charger could carry him. Three weeks -later (22nd June 1679) the Covenanters, divided in counsel and badly -officered, were slaughtered by hundreds at Bothwell Bridge; and the -thousand and more prisoners who were taken were shut up in Greyfriars -church-yard, Edinburgh. Some of these prisoners were executed; some -escaped; many, after lying for weeks in the open church-yard, were -induced to purchase their release by binding themselves never to carry -arms against the King or his authority; and two hundred, after enduring -sufferings worse than death, were drowned next December off the coast of -Orkney. - -[Sidenote: Cameronians] - -Donald Cargill and Richard Cameron now became the leaders of the more -thorough-going Covenanters—a small and select party as strong in faith -as weak in numbers. They were sometimes known as “Cargillites,” more -commonly as “Cameronians.” On the first anniversary of Bothwell Bridge, -a score of them rode into Sanquhar, and there emitted a declaration in -which they cast off their allegiance to the King, declared war against -him, and protested against the succession of James, Duke of York. - -The Privy Council replied by offering a reward of five thousand merks -for Richard Cameron, dead or alive, and three thousand for his brother -or Cargill. On the 22nd of July, both of the Camerons fell at Ayrsmoss; -and a year later (27th July 1681) Cargill, who had excommunicated the -King and some of the leading persecutors, triumphed over death at the -Market Cross of Edinburgh. - -[Sidenote: Effect of Persecution] - -Those who could not be charged with the breach of any law were asked if -they owned the King’s authority. If they disowned it, or qualified their -acknowledgment, or declined to give their opinion, they were deemed -guilty of treason. But, as Alexander Sheilds says: “The more they -insisted in this inquisition, the more did the number of witnesses -multiply, with a growing increase of undauntedness, so that the then -shed blood of the martyrs became the seed of the Church; and as, by -hearing and seeing them so signally countenanced of the Lord, many were -reclaimed from their courses of complyance, so others were daylie more -and more confirmed in the wayes of the Lord, and so strengthened by his -grace that they choose rather to endure all torture, and embrace death -in its most terrible aspect, than to give the tyrant and his complices -any acknowledgment, yea not so much as to say, _God save the King_, -which was offered as the price of their life.” - -[Sidenote: The Test] - -On the 31st of August 1681, Parliament passed an “Act anent Religion and -the Test.” By this Act, every person in public trust or office in -Scotland was ordered to take the Test Oath, or be declared incapable of -all public trust, and be further punished by the loss of moveables and -liferent escheat. By the oath, the swearers bound themselves to adhere -to the Confession of Faith of 1560; to disown all principles -inconsistent therewith, whether popish or fanatic; to own the King as -“the only supream governour of this realme, over all persons and in all -causes, as weill ecclesiastical as civill;” to defend all the rights, -prerogatives, and privileges of the King, his heirs, and lawful -successors; never to enter into covenants or leagues, nor to assemble -for consulting or treating in any matter of state, civil or -ecclesiastic, without his Majesty’s special command or express license; -never to take up arms against him or those commissioned by him; never to -decline his power and jurisdiction; and they owned that no obligation -lay on them by the National Covenant, or by the Solemn League and -Covenant, or otherwise, “to endeavour any change or alteration in the -government, either in Church or State, as it is now established by the -laws of this kingdom.” Through the imposing of this complicated Test, -many were brought to trouble, and not a few declined it at all hazards. - -[Sidenote: The Children’s Bond] - -One of the most curious and suggestive documents of this period is known -as “The Children’s Bond.” In 1683, “when there was no faithful minister -in Scotland,” a number of children in the village of Pentland, who had -formed themselves into a society for devotional purposes, solemnly -entered into a covenant, of which the following is a copy:— - - “This is a covenant made between the Lord and us, with our whole - hearts, and to give up ourselves freely to him, without reserve, - soul and body, hearts and affections, to be his children, and - him to be our God and Father, if it please the holy Lord to send - his Gospel to the land again: that we stand to this covenant, - which we have written, between the Lord and us, as we shall - answer at the great day; that we shall never break this covenant - which we have made between the Lord and us: that we shall stand - to this covenant which we have made; and if not, it shall be a - witness against us in the great day, when we shall stand before - the Lord and his holy angels. O Lord, give us real grace in our - hearts to mind Zion’s breaches, that is in such a low case this - day; and make us to mourn with her, for thou hast said, ‘them - that mourn with her in the time of her trouble shall rejoice - when she rejoiceth, when the Lord will come and bring back the - captivity of Zion;’ when he shall deliver her out of her - enemies’ hands, when her King shall come and raise her from the - dust, in spite of all her enemies that will oppose her, either - devils or men. That thus they have banished her King, Christ, - out of the land, yet he will arise and avenge his children’s - blood, at her enemies’ hands, which cruel murderers have shed.” - -On the back of the document was written:— - - “Them that will not stand to every article of this covenant - which we have made betwixt the Lord and us, that they shall not - go to the kirk to hear any of these soul-murdering curates, we - will neither speak nor converse with them. Any that breaks this - covenant they shall never come into our society. We shall - declare before the Lord that we have bound ourselves in - covenant, to be covenanted to him all the days of our life, to - be his children and him our covenanted Father. - - “We subscribe with our hands these presents— - - “BETERICK UUMPERSTON. - JANET BROWN. - HELEN MOUTRAY. - MARION SWAN. - JANET SWAN. - ISOBEL CRAIG. - MARTHA LOGAN. - AGNES AITKIN. - MARGARET GALLOWAY. - HELEN STRAITON. - HELEN CLARK. - MARGARET BROWN. - JANET BROWN. - MARION M’MOREN. - CHRISTIAN LAURIE.” - -[Sidenote: Beatrix Umpherston] - -Unfortunately, it is not known who drafted this covenant, nor whether it -originated in the spontaneous desire of any of these devout children. -Such a child as Emilia Geddie would have been quite competent to frame -such a paper. Beatrix Umpherston, whose name heads the list, was then -ten years old. She married the Rev. John M’Neil, and died in her -ninetieth year. - -[Sidenote: The Strategy of Claverhouse] - -In a report which Claverhouse gave in this year to the Committee of -Privy Council, explaining how he had quietened Galloway, the following -passages occur:— - - “The churches were quyte desert; no honest man, no minister in - saifty. The first work he did was to provyd magasins of corn and - strawe in evry pairt of the contry, that he might with - conveniency goe with the wholl pairty wherever the King’s - service requyred; and runing from on place to ane other, nobody - could knou wher to surpryse him: and in the mean tyme quartered - on the rebelles, and indevoured to distroy them by eating up - their provisions; but that they quikly perceived the dessein, - and soued their corns on untilled ground. After which, he fell - in search of the rebelles, played them hotly with pairtys, so - that there wer severall taken, many fleid the contry, and all - wer dung from their hants; and then rifled so their houses, - ruined their goods, and imprisoned their servants, that their - wyfes and schildring were broght to sterving; which forced them - to have recours to the saif conduct, and made them glaid to - renounce their principles.... He ordered the colecttors of evry - parish to bring in exact rolls, upon oath, and atested by the - minister; and caused read them evry Sonday after the first - sermon, and marque the absents; who wer severly punished if - obstinat. And wherever he heard of a parish that was - considerably behynd, he went thither on Saturday, having - aquainted them to meet, and asseured them he would be present at - sermon; and whoever was absent on Sonday was punished on Monday; - and who would not apear either at church or court, he caused - arest there goods, and then offer them saif conduct: which - broght in many, and will bring in all, and actually broght in - tuo outed disorderly ministers.” - -[Sidenote: The Success of Claverhouse] - -So this booted apostle of Episcopacy confessedly caused men to renounce -their principles by driving them from their haunts, rifling their -houses, ruining their goods, imprisoning their servants, and bringing -their wives and children to starvation! And so he filled the deserted -churches by causing an attested roll to be read every Sabbath after the -first sermon, and severely punishing the absentees, if obstinate. In -extreme cases he even attended church himself, and those who were absent -on Sabbath were dealt with on Monday. But, ere long, measures much more -severe were to be adopted. - -[Sidenote: Apologetic Declaration] - -[Sidenote: The Killing-time] - -The devout and gentle but resolute Renwick, having been sent to Holland -for ordination, returned in the autumn of 1683 to the arduous and -dangerous post which had been so honourably held by Cameron and Cargill, -and they could not have had a worthier successor. In November 1684, the -Cameronians published their “Apologetick Declaration and Admonitory -Vindication,” in which they adhered to their former declarations against -Charles Stuart, and warned those who sought their lives or gave -information against them, that in future they would regard them as the -enemies of God and of the covenanted work of reformation, and would -punish them as such. The Privy Council met this declaration by ordaining -that those who owned it, or would not disown it upon oath, should be -immediately put to death whether they had arms or not. This was to be -always done “in presence of two witnesses, and the person or -persons having commission from the Council for that effect.” -The darkest time of the persecution, the period specially known -as “the killing-time,” had now arrived; prisoners had already been -hurried to death three hours after receiving sentence. - -The infamous Lauderdale had been constrained to demit his office in -1680, and his life in 1682; Rothes had predeceased him by a year; and -now they were to be followed into another world by the crowned scoundrel -(otherwise “His most Sacred Majesty”) for whose favour they had -persecuted the followers of that cause which all three had sworn to -maintain. By the death of Charles the Second, on the 6th of February -1685, no relief came to those who were hunted like partridges on the -hills of Scotland. - -[Sidenote: Priesthill and Wigtown] - -The heartless sensualist was now to be succeeded by him who combined -unrelenting bigotry with lechery. Charles had long been suspected of -more than secret leanings to the Church of Rome; James was an avowed and -ardent Papist. It was on the 1st of the following May that, under -Claverhouse, the dread scene was enacted at Priesthill, when John Brown -was taken to his own door, and shot in presence of his wife and child; -and on the 11th of the same month that this cold-blooded cruelty was -rivalled by Lag at Wigtown, when Margaret Wilson and Margaret Lauchlison -(or M’Lauchlan) were tied to stakes and drowned by the rising tide. - -[Sidenote: Conventicles] - -Between these two tragedies, the Scottish Parliament of the new King -distinguished itself by passing three harsh Acts. One of these declared -it treason to give or take the Covenants, to write in defence of them, -or to own them as lawful or binding; the second declared the procedure -of the Privy Council to have been legal in fining husbands “for their -wives withdrawing from the ordinances”; and by the other the penalty of -death and confiscation of goods was adopted as the punishment to be -inflicted on hearers as well as on preachers at either house or field -conventicles. Yet even with this stringent Act it was impossible to put -down conventicles. It was not for the mere satisfaction of opposing a -tyrannical and bloodthirsty Government that the frequenters of -conventicles were willing to risk so much. Renwick’s sermons show that -he was a faithful preacher of the Gospel; and those who had realised in -their own experience that it was the power of God unto salvation were -anxious at all hazards to listen to the Word when proclaimed by such a -devoted and fearless messenger. - -[Sidenote: Dunnottar Prisoners] - -In order to cope more successfully with the expected rising of the Earl -of Argyll, 184 captive Covenanters, collected from various prisons, -were, in May 1685, marched from Burntisland to Dunnottar. A few escaped -by the way. The others suffered a rigorous and cruel imprisonment. For -several days they were, male and female, confined in a single vault, -dark, damp, and unfurnished. During the course of the summer some -escaped, some died, some took the obnoxious oaths. Of those who were -brought back to Leith and examined before the Privy Council, on the 18th -of August, a considerable number were already under sentence of -banishment, and now 51 men and 21 women were similarly sentenced, and -forbidden to return to Scotland, without special permission, under pain -of death. - -[Sidenote: The Toleration] - -Argyll’s rising was a failure. He was captured, brought to Edinburgh, -and there beheaded on the 30th of June 1685, not for the rising, but -because in November 1681 he had ventured to take the Test with an -explanation. Being dissatisfied with Argyll’s Declaration and with his -associates, Renwick and his followers stood aloof from that rising; but, -on the 28th of May 1685, they had, at Sanquhar, formally protested -against the validity of the Scottish Parliament then in session, and -also against the proclamation of James, Duke of York, as King. They also -refused to take any benefit from the toleration, which he granted, by -his “sovereign authority, prerogative royal, and absolute power,” on the -28th of June 1687—a toleration which was gratefully accepted by many of -the less scrupulous Presbyterian ministers. Although Argyll’s attempt to -overturn the throne of James the Seventh was unsuccessful, the time -came, in December 1688, when he had to escape from the country, which -was no longer to be his. Next April the Scottish Convention of Estates -pointed out that he had assumed the regal power in Scotland, and acted -as king, without taking the oath required by law, whereby the king is -obliged to swear to maintain the Protestant religion, and to rule the -people according to the laws. - -[Sidenote: The Revolution] - -Renwick, who glorified God in the Grassmarket on the 17th of February -1688, was the last Covenanter who suffered on a scaffold. He and his -followers, by maintaining an unflinching protest against the reign of -James, had helped to hasten his downfall. When the Convention of Estates -met in Edinburgh, the Cameronians gladly volunteered to defend it; and -showed their loyalty by raising in a single day, without tuck of drum, -eleven hundred and forty men as a regiment for King William’s service. - -Episcopacy was abolished by the Scottish Parliament (22nd July 1689) as -an insupportable grievance; and (7th June 1690) Presbytery was -re-established, and the Westminster Confession of Faith ratified; but -the Covenants were ignored, and on that account the sterner Cameronians -still stood apart, and, with that dogged tenacity which had -distinguished them in the past, they held together, although for many -long years they had no minister. - -[Sidenote: The Martyrs’ Monument] - - [Sidenote: Estimated Number of Victims] - -On the Martyrs’ Monument in the Greyfriars Churchyard, Edinburgh, it is -stated that, between Argyll’s execution and Renwick’s, there “were -one way or other murdered and destroyed for the same cause about -eighteen thousand.” This estimate is not given upon the -original monument, erected in 1706 through the instrumentality -of James Currie (Beatrix Umpherston’s stepfather), and now -preserved in the interesting and well-appointed Municipal Museum in -the Edinburgh Corporation Buildings. That monument was repaired, and a -compartment added to it, in 1728 or 1729; and the present monument -supplanted it in or about 1771. The estimate has apparently been taken -from Defoe’s “Memoirs of the Church of Scotland,” first published in -1717. It therefore includes those who went into exile, those who were -banished, those who died from hunger, cold, and disease contracted in -their wanderings, and those who were killed in battle, as well as those -who were murdered in the fields or executed with more formality. The -numbers which he sets down under some of these classes are only guesses, -and seem to be rather wild guesses. An estimate approaching more closely -to the real number might be made, and would doubtless show a much -smaller, though still a surprisingly large, total. But the exact number -of those who laid down their lives, in that suffering, or heroic, period -of the Church of Scotland, will not be known until the dead, small and -great, stand before God, and the Book of Life is opened. Of many of them -no earthly record remains. - - “The shaggy gorse and brown heath wave - O’er many a nameless warrior’s grave.” - -[Sidenote: Heroic Sufferers] - -Not a few of the sufferers endured torments more terrible than death. -Some were tortured with fire-matches, which permanently disabled their -hands; some had their thumbs mercilessly squeezed in the thumbikins; -some had their legs horribly bruised in the boots; and some were kept -awake by watchful soldiers for nine consecutive nights. It is not -surprising that nervous, sensitive men occasionally shrunk back in the -day of trial. The wonder is that so many stood firm. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE - - -Punctuation has been normalized. Spelling and hyphenation have been -retained as they were in the original book, some of which would not be -considered standard. - -Page headers have been represented as sidenotes. - -Italicized phrases are presented by surrounding the text with -_underscores_. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of the Scottish Covenants in -Outline, by D. 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Hay Fleming - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Story of the Scottish Covenants in Outline - -Author: D. Hay Fleming - -Release Date: October 2, 2016 [EBook #53194] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORY OF THE SCOTTISH COVENANTS *** - - - - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div> - <h1 class='c000'><span class='large'>The Story</span> <br /> <span class='small'>of the</span> <br /> <span class='xxlarge'>Scottish Covenants</span> <br /> <br /> <span class='large'>in Outline</span></h1> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div>First Edition, F’cap 4to, May 1904</div> - <div>Second Edition, Crown 8vo, May 1904</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='xlarge'>The Story</span></div> - <div><span class='small'>of the</span></div> - <div><span class='xxlarge'>SCOTTISH COVENANTS</span></div> - <div><span class='xlarge'>in Outline</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='small'>by</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>D. Hay Fleming, LL.D.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i003.jpg' alt='colophon' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='small'>Edinburgh and London</span></div> - <div>Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier</div> - <div>1904</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='small'>PRINTED BY</span></div> - <div><span class='small'>TURNBULL AND SPEARS,</span></div> - <div><span class='small'>EDINBURGH</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>Note</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>This short sketch was written as an -Introduction to the recent edition of -the late Rev. J. H. Thomson’s “Martyr -Graves of Scotland.” The publishers -having now resolved to issue my sketch -separately as a convenient summary of -the covenanting struggle, I have revised -and considerably enlarged it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>No Englishman, it has been said, can -distinguish the National Covenant from -the Solemn League and Covenant. It -is to be feared that many Scotchmen are -in the same case. The Covenants, indeed, -have been sadly mixed up even -by native historians; and comparatively -few people seem to have any idea of the -number of these religious bonds.</p> - -<div class='c007'>D. H. F.</div> - -<p class='c006'><span class='small'>May 1904.</span></p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>Contents</h2> -</div> - -<ul class='index c003'> - <li class='c008'>A Sifting-time, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Three Kinds of Religious Bands or Covenants, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Francis Wark’s Personal Covenant, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Supposed Band, or Covenant, of 1556, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Band of 1557, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Congregation, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Three Bands of 1559, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Rupture of the French Alliance, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Scots and English, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Band of 1560, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Treaty of Edinburgh, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Papal Jurisdiction abolished by Parliament, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Confession of Faith ratified, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Band of 1562, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Queen Mary demits the Crown, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Articles of 1567, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li> - <li class='c008'>St Bartholomew’s Massacre, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Proposed Band of 1572, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The King’s Confession of 1580-1, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The General Band, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Band of 1589, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Covenanting in 1590, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Band of 1592-3, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Covenanting in 1596, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Erection of Episcopacy, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Five Articles of Perth, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Revolt of 1637, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The National Covenant, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The King’s Covenant, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Glasgow Assembly, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Treaty of Berwick, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Assembly of 1639, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Parliament of 1640, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The English ask Help, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Solemn League and Covenant, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Covenant enjoined, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Montrose’s Victories and Army, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Philiphaugh, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Engagement, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Charles the Second proclaimed King, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Montrose’s Last Expedition, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c008'>His Execution, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></li> - <li class='c008'>A Covenanted King, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Resolutioners and Protesters, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Restoration, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Sharp’s Character, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The King’s Honour, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Act Rescissory, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Samuel Rutherfurd’s Death, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Sharp’s Duplicity, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li class='c008'>How the King redeemed his Promise, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Episcopacy re-established, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Argyll and Guthrie, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Ministers disqualified and ejected, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Church-Courts discharged, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Court of High-Commission, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Conventicles forbidden, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Pentland Rising, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Indulgence, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Conventicle Act of 1670, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Public Worship, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></li> - <li class='c008'>James Mitchell, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Ladies’ Covenant, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Cess, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Tragedy of Magus Muir, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Rutherglen, Drumclog, and Bothwell Bridge, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Cameronians, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Effect of Persecution, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Test, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Children’s Bond, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Strategy of Claverhouse, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Apologetic Declaration, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Killing-time, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Death of Charles the Second, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></li> - <li class='c008'>James the Seventh, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Priesthill and Wigtown, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Three Harsh Acts of Parliament, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Vitality of Conventicles, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Dunnottar Prisoners, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Argyll’s Rising and the Cameronians, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Toleration of 1687, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Renwick’s Martyrdom, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Revolution, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c008'>The Martyrs’ Monument in Greyfriars Churchyard, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li class='c008'>Estimated Number of the Victims, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> -</ul> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>SIGNING OF THE NATIONAL COVENANT <br /> IN GREYFRIARS CHURCHYARD <br /> <br /> 28th February 1638</h2> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>From the Picture by W. HOLE, R.S.A.</div> - <div class='c001'>Reproduced by permission of the Corporation of Edinburgh</div> - <div>and of H. E. Moss, Esq., the donor</div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c009' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>DESCRIPTION OF THE PROMINENT FIGURES</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>Beginning at the left hand is Johnston of Warriston showing -a letter to the Earl of Argyll, while Lord Eglinton is in the rear. -Two ladies come next—the Marchioness of Hamilton, in widow’s -weeds, seated, with Lady Kenmure standing beside her. The -group around the tombstone includes Lord Rothes in the act of -signing the document, Lord Louden, Lord Lothian, and the -Earl of Sutherland; while Montrose is on the near side. Then -there are Hope of Craighall, with the Rev. Samuel Rutherfurd, -and in the foreground, standing on a tombstone, is the Rev. -Alexander Henderson.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i013.jpg' alt='Signing of the National Covenant' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span> - <h2 class='c004'><span class='xlarge'>The Story</span> <br /> <span class='small'>of the</span> <br /> <span class='xxlarge'>SCOTTISH COVENANTS</span> <br /> <span class='xlarge'>in Outline</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>Scotland is pre-eminently the land of the -Covenant, and the land is flowered with -martyr graves. When the covenanting -cause was in the ascendant, many were -willing to appear on its side who cared -little for it in reality; but when it waned, -and, after the Restoration, the time of -trial came, the half-hearted changed -sides, or fell away like leaves in autumn, -and the love of many waxed cold. Then -it was that the faithful remnant stood -revealed and grew still more faithful.</p> - -<p class='c006'>While they were opposed and oppressed -by some of their former associates, -they were, on the other hand, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>reinforced by the accession of outstanding -men, like Richard Cameron -and Thomas Forrester, who, in their -earlier years, had complied with Prelacy; -and by others, like James Renwick, -Patrick Walker, and Sergeant Nisbet, -who were born after the persecution had -actually commenced. Men, and even -women, were found ready and willing to -endure all hardships, and to brave an -ignominious death, rather than relinquish -or compromise the principles which they -held so dear, and to which, as they believed, -the nation was bound by solemn -covenants.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Bands or Covenants</div> - -<p class='c006'>The story of religious covenanting in -Scotland covers a long period. The -covenants, or bands as they were frequently -called, may be divided into -three classes—public, semi-public, and -private—and the influence of each has -been felt at some of the most critical -periods in the history of the country.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Personal Covenants</div> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>The private or personal covenant, in -which the individual Christian gave up -himself, or herself, formally to the service -of God, helped many a one to walk -straight in crooked and trying times. -These private transactions were neither -less solemn nor less sacred because the -knowledge of them was confined to the -covenanter and his Lord.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>A Specimen</div> - -<p class='c006'>Many specimens of these old personal -covenants have been preserved, and -they throw a vivid light on a type of -earnest piety, which, it is to be feared, -is rather rare in the present day. One of -these came into my hands twenty years -ago, inside a copy of Patrick Gillespie’s -well-known work, “The Ark of the -Testament Opened.” The book was -printed at London in 1661, and is still -in the original binding, but the old -brown calf had given way at the joints, -and so one of the previous owners had it -rebacked. Fortunately, the binder preserved -<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>the fly-leaves, on which there are -a number of jottings and dates; and on -one of them there is a genuine personal -covenant, written and signed by Francis -Wark. He had written this covenant -on that side of the last fly-leaf which was -next to the board, and had then pasted -the edges carefully down to the board, so -that no one could see that there was -any writing there. After being hidden -for more than a century and a half, it -was revealed by the binder. As it is -very short, it may be quoted as an -example:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>“I, Francis Wark, doe hereby testifie and -declair that I, being a poor miserable sinner deserving -hell and wrath, and that vengance is my -due, and I, not being able to deliver myself from -wrath nor satisfie the justice of God for my guilt, -doe this day betake myself to the righteousnes -of Jesws Christ, fulie renowncing all righteousnes -in my self, and betakes me to his mercy; and -likways that I take the true God, who made the -heavns and the earth and gave me a being upon -the world, to be my God and my portion (renowncing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>the devill the world and the flesh), and resigns -up myself sowll and body to be his in tyme and -through all the ages of endless eternity, even to -him who is one God, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; -and I take Jesws Christ for my Saviour, my Priest, -Prophet and King, and engadges to be for him and -his glory, whill I have a being upon the earth: in -witnes quhereof I have subscrived this with my -hand, Glasgow the 21 day of May 1693,</p> - -<div class='c011'>“<span class='sc'>Francis Wark</span>.”</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>God our Portion</div> - -<p class='c006'>Documents of this kind help one to -understand the reply of the covenanter’s -wife when the dragoons were driving -away all the cattle in her husband’s -absence. A soldier, who had not altogether -lost his feelings of humanity, -turned back to her and said: “Puir -woman, I’m sorry for you.” “Puir!” she -exclaimed, “I’m no puir; the Lord is my -portion, and ye canna mak me puir!”</p> - -<p class='c006'>There is still some uncertainty as to -the precise date when public or semi-public -religious covenanting was adopted -in Scotland.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Supposed Band of 1556</div> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>In speaking of his own preaching in -1556, Knox tells that, at that time, most -of the gentlemen of the Mearns “refuissed -all societie with idolatrie, and -<i>band thame selfis</i>, to the uttermost of thare -poweris, to manteane the trew preaching -of the Evangell of Jesus Christ, as God -should offer unto thame preachearis and -oportunitie.” Dr M‘Crie understood this -to mean that these gentlemen “entered -into a solemn and mutual bond, in which -they renounced the Popish communion, -and engaged to maintain and promote -the pure preaching of the Gospel, as -Providence should favour them with opportunities.” -In David Laing’s opinion, -Knox’s words do not necessarily imply -that the mutual agreement or resolution -referred to actually assumed the form -of a written “band” or covenant. If it -did, Knox has not embodied it in his -“History,” nor is any copy known to -exist.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Band of 1557</div> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>But as to the reality, the nature, and -the precise date of the band of 1557, there -is no room for dubiety. Knox was on -the Continent when it was entered into; -but he relates the circumstances which -called it forth, explains the object it was -meant to serve, and gives a copy of the -document itself, as well as the names of -the principal men who signed it. The -leaders of the Reforming party resolved -to persist in their purpose, to commit -themselves and their all into God’s hands, -rather than allow idolatry manifestly to -reign, rather than suffer the subjects of -the realm to be defrauded as they had -been of the preaching of Christ’s Evangel. -“And that everie ane should be the more -assured of other, a commoun band was -maid, and by some subscrived.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Calderwood derived his copy of the -document, and his account of the circumstances -which called it forth, from Knox. -Fully forty years ago an original copy of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>the band was found, and is now in the -National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. -It only bears five signatures, -those of Argyll, Glencairn, Morton, -Lorne, and John Erskine. The day of -the month is left blank; but the one -which Knox followed is dated “the thrid -day of December.” Knox also says that -it was subscribed by many others. The -explanation probably is that (as in 1638) -a number of original copies were made, -and signed by the leaders before being -sent out for additional names.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This band of 1557, like those of a later -date, is remarkable for the clearness, -the directness, and the vigour of its -language, but unlike them it can hardly -be regarded as a public document. To -have exhibited it then to all and sundry -would have been to court persecution, -perhaps death. “To those who agreed -with them,” says Buchanan, “they presented -bonds for their subscription. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>These first assumed the name of ‘the -Congregation,’ which those who followed -afterward rendered more celebrated.” -Although there are barely two hundred -and fifty words in the band of 1557, the -Protestant party is mentioned in it seven -times as the Congregation. It was -nearly five months after the date of this -band before Walter Mill was consigned -to the flames.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Bands of 1559</div> - -<p class='c006'>The year 1559 was rendered notable in -Scotland by the return of Knox, by the -open rupture between the Congregation -and the Queen Regent, and by the -rapid progress of Protestantism. In the -summer of that year the Reformers -deemed it advisable to enter into at least -three distinct covenants, their respective -dates being the 31st of May, the 13th of -July, and the 1st of August. None of the -originals of these is known to have -survived, but copies of all the three have -been preserved. They had for their -<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>general object the advancement of the -Reformation, but each had its own distinctive -traits and special end. The first -was entered into at Perth, the second at -Edinburgh, and the third at Stirling. -The second was adopted in St Andrews -as the “letteris of junctioun to the Congregatioun,” -and as such was taken by -more than three hundred persons.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Rupture of French Alliance</div> - -<p class='c006'>Not the least striking result of the -Reformation was the complete bursting -up of the ancient alliance between -France and Scotland, and the drawing -together of Scotland and England—that -England which Scotland had so long -and so recently regarded as its “auld -enemy.” The importance of this result -is frankly acknowledged by Teulet, one -of the most competent, careful, and -candid of French historical students. -He puts the matter thus: “Scotland, -which was for so many ages the devoted -ally of France, the rein, as our ancient -<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>kings said, with which they restrained the -encroachments of England, was unwilling -to abdicate its nationality and -become a French province. Moreover, -the unbridled excesses of the French -troops in Scotland, no less than the -shameless rapacity of the French agents, -at last aroused a general spirit of resistance, -and England soon found in -the rupture of the ancient alliance -between France and Scotland an ample -indemnification for the loss of Calais.”</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>French Excesses</div> - -<p class='c006'>The enormities of the French in -Scotland were so great, that Mary of -Guise, in writing to her brothers, -affirmed that the peasantry were in -consequence so reduced to despair that -they frequently committed suicide. -Although these unbridled excesses are -enough to explain the revulsion of -feeling towards the French, they do not -quite account for the sudden alteration -towards the English. The change, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>indeed, was so sudden and so unlikely -that some Southerns thought, and -naturally thought, it was “a traine to -betrappe” their nation.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Scots and English</div> - -<p class='c006'>So great had been the Scotch hatred -of the English, that, from the French -who came over to help them after Pinkie, -they were said to have bought English -prisoners, that they might have the -pleasure of putting them to death, -although they could ill afford the price -which they paid ungrudgingly. This -hatred, so bitter, so fierce, and so recent, -could not have been wiped out by any -French oppression had not the Scots -been now finding themselves ranged on -the same side as the English in the great -religious struggle, which was submerging -old feuds, breaking up old -compacts, and turning the world upside -down.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Band of 1560</div> - -<p class='c006'>The oppression by the French, and the -help expected from the English army, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>are both referred to in the band or -covenant entered into on the 27th of -April 1560. Knox says that this band -was made by “all the nobilitie, barronis, -and gentilmen, professing Chryst Jesus -in Scotland,” and by “dyveris utheris -that joynit with us, for expelling of the -Frenche army; amangis quham the Erle -of Huntlie was principall.” He does not -name any other person who signed, -although he copied the band itself into -his “History”; but the original document -was found among the Hamilton -MSS., and it bears about a hundred and -fifty signatures of noblemen and gentlemen, -including those of the Duke of -Chatelherault, the Earls of Arran, Huntly, -Argyll, Glencairn, Rothes, and Morton, -James Stewart (afterwards the Regent -Murray), and the Abbots of Kinloss, -Coupar, and Kilwinning. All those who -adhibited their names did not do so on -the same day. Huntly signed on the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>28th of April; Morton and twenty-seven -others on the 6th of May.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Treaty of Edinburgh</div> - -<p class='c006'>The French had fortified Leith, but -were so hard pressed by the English and -the Scots that they were constrained to -make the Treaty of Edinburgh, with -Queen Elizabeth’s representatives, on -the 6th of July 1560. It was by that -treaty, or rather—to be more strictly -accurate—in virtue of the concessions -in the separate “accord” between the -French and the Scots of the same date, -and which is referred to in the treaty, -that the Scots were able to throw off -for ever the merciless tyranny of their -old allies and the unbearable yoke of -the Papacy. These concessions provided -for a meeting of Parliament; and -next month that Parliament repealed -the Acts favouring the Church of Rome, -abolished the Pope’s jurisdiction in Scotland, -prohibited the celebration of mass -under pain of death for the third -<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>conviction, and ratified the Confession of -Faith drawn up by Knox, Wynram, -Spottiswoode, Willock, Douglas, and -Row.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Mary Queen of Scots returned from -France to her own country in August -1561, and a year later made her first -northern progress, in which she went as -far as Inverness. Huntly, notwithstanding -his having signed the band of 1560, -was regarded as the lay head of the -Papists in Scotland, and grave doubts -were entertained by many of the Protestants -as to the results of this progress -of the young Queen.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Band of 1562</div> - -<p class='c006'>Knox was then in Ayrshire, and, -alarmed by the rumours which reached -him, he prevailed on many of the barons -and gentlemen of that county to enter -into another band, or covenant, at Ayr, -on the 4th of September 1562, in order -to be prepared for any attempt that -might be made to put down Protestantism. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>It does not appear that it had -any influence on the course of events in -the North, but it probably had a considerable, -though indirect, influence in -restraining those in the South, who -might have been inclined to help Huntly -had there been any prospect of their -being able to do so successfully. Those -who took the band were not called upon -to show their faithfulness in the field. -Huntly—through perversity, stupidity, -or suspicion—put himself completely out -of the Queen’s graces. His forces were -defeated, he died on the field of battle, -one of his sons was executed, and -another imprisoned.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Queen’s Demission</div> - -<p class='c006'>On Thursday, the 24th of July 1567, -the Queen, then a prisoner in Loch -Leven Castle, was prevailed upon (by -threats, she afterwards said) to demit the -government in favour of her infant son, -James, then thirteen months old. The -General Assembly had met on the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>preceding Monday in the Over Tolbooth of -Edinburgh; and on Friday, the 25th, -the nobles, barons, and commissioners -of towns, who were present, agreed to -and subscribed certain “articles.”</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Articles of 1567</div> - -<p class='c006'>These articles really formed a band for -subverting the mass, destroying monuments -of idolatry, setting up the true -religion through the whole realm, increasing -ministers’ stipends, reforming -schools, colleges, and universities, easing -the poor of their teinds, punishing -vice, crimes, and offences, especially the -murder of Darnley, defending the young -prince, bringing him up in the fear of -God, and obliging future kings and -rulers to promise, before their coronation -and inauguration, to maintain, -defend, and set forward, the true religion. -The subscribers also consented -and offered “to reforme themselves -according to the Booke of God.” In -all they numbered about eighty. Of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>these, two or three certainly knew of -the plot against Darnley before it was -carried out; and they may have subscribed -these articles to avert suspicion.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>St Bartholomew’s Massacre</div> - -<p class='c006'>The dreadful massacre of the Huguenots, -begun in Paris on St Bartholomew’s -day 1572, excited consternation and -horror in Scotland. Believing that all -the other Protestants in Europe were -to be similarly dealt with, the Privy -Council summoned a convention, to be -held at Edinburgh on the 20th of -October, to consider the impending -danger and the means by which it -might be averted. Unfortunately for -the success of the convention, the -lieges had been summoned to meet at -Jedburgh on the 22nd to make a raid -upon the border thieves; and the Earl -of Mar, then Regent, was drawing near -his end at Stirling. None of the nobles -and few of the lairds attended the convention; -but a number of proposals <span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>Proposed Band<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>were agreed to, that they might be -sent to the Regent and the Privy -Council. One of these proposals was -that a public humiliation, or fast, should -be held throughout the whole of Scotland -during the last eight days of -November. Another was that the Protestants -of the realm should enter into -a solemn band, that they might be -ready on all occasions to resist the -enemy. There is evidence to show -that the fast was observed in Edinburgh; -but, if the band was ever drawn -up, no copy of it seems to have survived, -nor any record of its having been entered -into. The suggestion, however, was not -fruitless. In the following January, Parliament -enacted that no one should be <span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>Test Of Loyalty<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -reputed a loyal subject to the King, but -should be punished as a rebel, who did -not profess the true religion; and that -those who had made profession thereof, -and yet had departed from their due -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>obedience to his Majesty, should not -be received to his mercy and favour, -until they anew gave confession of their -faith; and promised to continue “in the -confessioun of the trew religioun” in time -coming, and to maintain the King’s -authority; and also that they would, -“at the uttermest of thair power, fortifie, -assist and mantene the trew preichouris -and professouris of Christis religioun,” -against all enemies and gainstanders of -the same, of whatever nation, estate, or -degree, who had bound themselves, or -assisted, to set forward and execute -the cruel decrees of the Council of -Trent, injuriously called, by the adversaries -of God’s truth, “The Haly League.” -By this time the “Tulchan Bishops” -had been obtruded on the Church of -Scotland.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The King’s Confession</div> - -<p class='c006'>All the earlier covenants were eclipsed -in interest and importance by the one -drawn up by John Craig, and commonly -<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>called “The King’s Confession,” sometimes -“The Second Confession of Faith,” -and sometimes “The Negative Confession.” -In it the corruptions of the -Papacy are denounced and renounced -in terse language and with refreshing -vigour. As John Row puts it: “This -wes the touch-stone to try and discern -Papists from Protestants.” And yet, notwithstanding -its searching and solemn -words, it failed in at least one notable -instance as a touch-stone. The original -document, signed by James the Sixth -and his household on the 28th of January -1580-81, found its way to France, but -fortunately was sent back again to this -country—to Scot of Scotstarvit—and -is now in the Advocates’ Library. This -covenant was subscribed in 1581 by all -ranks and classes of the people.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Because of “the great dangers which -appeared to hang over the kirk and -countrie,” a special meeting of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>General Assembly was convened on the -6th of February 1587-8. In the fifteenth -session, it was agreed that ministers -should “travell diligentlie with the -noblemen, barons, and gentlemen, to -subscribe the Confession of Faith.” In -accordance with this resolution, the -Negative Confession was again signed -by the King, and nearly a hundred other -persons, including several of the leading -nobles, on the 25th of February, at -Holyrood.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The General Band</div> - -<p class='c006'>The dread inspired by the approach -of the Spanish Armada in 1588 led to -the preparation of another covenant, -known as “The General Band.” The -subscribers did “solemnly swear and -promise to take a true, effald and plain -parte with his Majestie amongst ourselves, -for diverting of the present -danger threatned to the said [true and -Christian] religion, and his Majestie’s -estate and standing depending thereupon.” -<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>There is record evidence to -show that it was subscribed by the -King “and divers of his Esteatis” -before the 27th of July 1588.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Band of 1589</div> - -<p class='c006'>This was a time of special bands. At -Aberdeen, on the 30th of April 1589, the -King and many others subscribed a band, -by which they bound themselves together -“for the defens and suretie of the said trew -religioun, his Hienes persone and estate -thairwith conjoynit”; and for the pursuit -of “Jesuittis, Papistis of all sortis, thair -assistaris and pairttakaris,” including -the Earls of Huntly and Errol, who had -“cum to the feildis with oppin and plane -force and displayit baner, for the persute, -ruting-oute and exterminioun of his -Majestie, and all uthiris his gude and -loving subjectis, trew professouris of -the Evangell.”</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Covenanting in 1590</div> - -<p class='c006'>On the 6th of March 1589-90, when -King James was still beyond the German -Ocean with his bride, the Privy -<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>Council, frightened again by the rumours -of a foreign invasion, appointed commissioners -to receive the subscriptions -of nobles, barons, gentlemen, and lieges -of every degree, to the King’s Confession -of 1580-81, and to the General -Band of 1588. Robert Waldegrave was -authorised to print these documents for -that special purpose; and they were -issued by him, in 1590, in book form, -with blank pages after the Confession, -and also after the General Band, for -signatures. The subscribing at this -time is said to have been universal.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Band of 1592-3</div> - -<p class='c006'>The discovery, in December 1592, of -the documents known as the Spanish -Blanks, led to another royal expedition -to the North in the following February. -While in Aberdeen, the King, several -of his nobles, and about a hundred -and fifty of the prominent lairds, entered -into another band. It proceeds on the -narrative that, being fully and certainly -<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>persuaded of the treasonable practices -and conspiracies of some of his subjects, -against “the estat of the true religioun -presentlie professed within this realme, -his Majestie’s person, crowne, and -libertie of this our native countrie,” the -subscribers faithfully bind and oblige -themselves “to concurre, and take an -effald, leill, and true part with his -Majestie, and each one of us with -others, to the maintenance and defence -of the libertie of the said true religioun, -crown, and countrie, from thraldom of -conscience, conqueist, and slaverie of -strangers, and [in] resisting, repressing, -and pursute of the cheefe authors of the -saids treasonable conspiraceis.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The precise date of this band is not -given, but it must have been subscribed -between the 1st and the 13th of March -1592-3, that is, in 1592 according to the -old reckoning by which the year began -on the 25th of March, but in 1593 according -<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>to the present reckoning by which -the year begins on the 1st of January.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Covenanting in 1596</div> - -<p class='c006'>In March 1596, the General Assembly, -anxious “to see the Kirk and ministrie -purged,” determined to humble itself for -the short-comings and corruptions of -the ministry, and resolved that a new -covenant should be made with God, “for -a more carefull and reverent discharge of -their ministrie.” Accordingly, on Tuesday -the 30th, “foure hundreth persons, all -ministers or choice professors,” met in -the Little Kirk of Edinburgh, and there -entered into “a new league with God,” -promising “to walke more warilie in -their wayes and more diligentlie in their -charges.” While humbling themselves, -“there were suche sighes and sobbs, -with shedding of teares among the -most part of all estats that were present, -everie one provoking another by their -exemple, and the teacher himself [John -Davidson] by his exemple, that the kirk -<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>resounded, so that the place might <span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>Bochim<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -worthilie have beene called Bochim; for -the like of that day was never seene in -Scotland since the Reformatioun.” As -a great many of the ministers were not -present at this action, it was ordered to -be repeated in the synods, and in presbyteries -by those who were absent from -their synod. It was likewise taken up -in parishes. In the Presbytery of St -Andrews, “for testefeing of a trew -conversioun and change of mynd,” special -promises and vows were made. These -referred to religious duties, in private, -in the family, and in public, including -“the resisting of all enemies of relligioun, -without fear or favour of anie persone”; -and also referred to such ordinary duties, -as taking order with the poor, and -repairing bridges.<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c012'><sup>[1]</sup></a></p> - -<hr class='c013' /> -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c006'><span class='label'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. </span>Row and the younger M’Crie are apparently in error in -stating that the covenant of 1580-81 was renewed in 1596. Long -before that time, however, it had been assigned a place in the -Book of Laureations of Edinburgh University, that it might -be subscribed by the professors and students.</p> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>Erection of Episcopacy</div> - -<p class='c006'>James the Sixth’s hankering for Prelacy -<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>and its ritual continued to increase -after he crossed the Tweed in 1603. By -the summer of 1610, “the restoration of -episcopal government and the civil rights -of bishops” had been accomplished; -but, according to the best-informed of -Scottish Episcopalian historians, “there -was yet wanting that without which, -so far as the Church was concerned, -all the rest was comparatively unimportant.” -The Archbishop of Glasgow, -and the Bishops of Brechin and -Galloway, were sent up, however, to -the English court, and on the 21st of -October “were consecrated according to -the form in the English ordinal.” This -qualified them on their return to give -“valid ordination” to the Archbishop -of St Andrews (George Gladstanes) and -the other bishops. Gladstanes seems to -have felt duly grateful to the King, whom -<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>he addressed as his “earthly creator.” -The Court of High Commission had -already been erected; and in 1612 Parliament -formally rescinded the Act of -1592, regarded as the charter of Presbytery. -A General Assembly held at <span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>Articles of Perth<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -Perth, in August 1618, agreed by a -majority to the five articles, afterwards -known as “the Articles of Perth”; and -they were ratified by Parliament in -August 1621.<a id='r2' /><a href='#f2' class='c012'><sup>[2]</sup></a></p> - -<hr class='c013' /> -<div class='footnote' id='f2'> -<p class='c006'><span class='label'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. </span>By the five articles of Perth—</p> - -<p class='c014'>(1) Kneeling at the Lord’s Supper was approved;</p> - -<p class='c014'>(2) Ministers were to dispense that sacrament in private -houses, to those suffering from infirmity or from -long or deadly sickness;</p> - -<p class='c014'>(3) Ministers were to baptise children in private houses -in cases of great need;</p> - -<p class='c014'>(4) Ministers were, under pain of the bishop’s censure, to -catechise all children of eight years of age, and the -children were to be presented to the bishop for his -blessing;</p> - -<p class='c014'>(5) Ministers were ordered to commemorate Christ’s birth, -passion, resurrection, ascension, and the sending -down of the Holy Ghost.</p> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>Revolt of 1637</div> - -<p class='c006'>When Charles the First ascended the -throne, in 1625, he found that the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>northern church still lagged behind its -southern sister. He resolved to supply -the defects, and the projects which he -laid for this purpose had a considerable -influence on the events which subsequently -brought him to the block. Had -he shown more caution and less haste, -he might possibly have succeeded in his -attempts on the Scottish Church; but -in Laud he had an evil adviser. The -storm burst in the High Church (St -Giles) of Edinburgh, when Dean Hanna -tried to read the new liturgy, on the -23rd of July 1637. With this tumult -the name of Jenny Geddes has been -associated. The Presbyterian party, so -long down-trodden, began to assert -their rights; and, finding that they -would be better able to withstand -opposition if closely bound together, -they determined to fall back on the plan -of their ancestors by entering into a -solemn covenant.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>As the basis of this covenant the -King’s Confession of 1580-81 was chosen, -and to it two additions were made, the -first, prepared by Archibald Johnston of -Warriston, is known as “the legal -warrant,” and the second, drawn up by -Alexander Henderson of Leuchars, was -the bond suiting it to the occasion.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>National Covenant</div> - -<p class='c006'>With these additions it was, and still -is, known as “The National Covenant”; -and in that form it was sworn to and -subscribed by thousands of people, in -Greyfriars Church and churchyard, on -the 28th of February 1638, and by hundreds -of ministers and commissioners -of burghs next day. Copies were sent -all over the country, and were readily -signed in almost every district. The -enthusiasm was unbounded. The King -could not prevail on the swearers to -resile from their position, and therefore -tried to sow dissension among them by -introducing a rival covenant. For this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>purpose he likewise selected the King’s -Confession of 1580-81; but instead of -Johnston’s and Henderson’s additions, -he substituted the General Band of -1588; and so the two documents combined -in 1590 were again brought -together. This attempt to divide the -Covenanters utterly failed. The people -now called the covenant completed by -Johnston and Henderson, “The Noblemen’s -Covenant”; and the one sent out -by Charles, “The King’s Covenant.”</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Glasgow Assembly</div> - -<p class='c006'>The General Assembly which met at -Glasgow on the 21st of November 1638 -was dissolved by the Royal Commissioner; -but Henderson, who was -moderator, pointed to the Commissioner’s -zeal for an earthly king as an incentive -to the members to show their devotion -to the cause of their heavenly King; and -the Assembly continued to sit until it -had condemned and annulled the six -General Assemblies held between 1606 -<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>and 1618, and had made a clean sweep -of the bishops, their jurisdiction, and -their ceremonies.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Next summer Charles marched with an -English army into Scotland, only to find -a strong force of Covenanters, under -Alexander Leslie, encamped on Duns -Law. Deeming discretion the better -part of valour, the King entered into -negotiations, and the Treaty of Berwick -followed. By it he agreed that a General -Assembly should be held in August, and -thereafter a Parliament to ratify its proceedings. -The Assembly met, and by -an Act enjoined all professors and schoolmasters, -and all students “at the passing -of their degrees,” to subscribe the -Covenant. By another Act it rejected -the service-book, the book of canons, the -High Commission, Prelacy, and the ceremonies. -Parliament duly met, but was -prevented from ratifying the Acts of -Assembly by the Royal Commissioner, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>who adjourned it from time to time, and -finally prorogued it until June 1640.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Assembly of 1639</div> - -<p class='c006'>As that time drew nigh, the King tried -again to postpone or prorogue it; but it -nevertheless met, and in the space of a -few days effected a revolution unexampled -in the previous history of Scotland. -It set bounds to the power of the -monarch. It ratified the Covenant, enjoining -its subscription “under all civill -paines”; it ratified the Act of the -General Assembly of 1639, rejecting the -service-book, Prelacy, etc.; it renewed -the Act of Parliament of 1592 in favour -of Presbytery, and annulled the Act of -1612 by which the Act of 1592 had been -rescinded.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Parliament of 1640</div> - -<p class='c006'>The King had been preparing for the -Second Bishops’ War, and the Covenanters -marched into England, Montrose -being the first to cross the Tweed. -Again there were negotiations, and an -agreement was at length come to at -<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>Westminster in August 1641. Charles -now set out for Holyrood, and in the -Scottish Parliament ratified the Westminster -Treaty; and so explicitly, if not -cordially, approved of the proceedings -of the Parliament of 1640.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Scots had now got all that they -wanted from their King, although many -of them must have doubted his sincerity, -and feared a future revocation should -that ever be in his power. This fear, -coupled with a fellow-feeling for the -Puritans, and gratitude for the seasonable -assistance of the English in 1560, -accounts for the readiness of the compliance -with the proposal of the Commissioners -of the Long Parliament who -arrived in Edinburgh in August 1643.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The English ask Help</div> - -<p class='c006'>These Commissioners desired help -from the Convention of Estates and -from the General Assembly, and proposed -that the two nations should enter -into “a strict union and league,” with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>the object of bringing them closer in -church government, and eventually extirpating -Popery and Prelacy from the -island.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Solemn League and Covenant</div> - -<p class='c006'>The suggestion that the league should -be religious as well as civil having been -accepted, Henderson drafted the famous -Solemn League and Covenant.<a id='r3' /><a href='#f3' class='c012'><sup>[3]</sup></a> It was -approved by the Convention of Estates -and by the General Assembly on the 17th -of August; and (after several alterations) -<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>by the Westminster Assembly and both -Houses of the English Parliament.</p> - -<hr class='c013' /> -<div class='footnote' id='f3'> -<p class='c006'><span class='label'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. </span>An international Protestant league was not a new idea. -The Convention, which met at Edinburgh on the 20th of October -1572, had suggested that a league and confederacy should be -made “with our nychtbouris of Ingland and uther cuntries -reformit and professing the trew religioun,” that we and they -be joined together in mutual amity and society to support each -other, when time or occasion shall serve, “for mantenance of -religioun and resisting of the enemies thairof.” In 1585, the -Scottish Parliament (understanding that divers princes and -potentates had joined themselves, “under the Pape’s auctoritie, -in a maist unchristiane confederacie, aganis the trew religioun -and professouris thairof, with full intent to prosecute thair -ungodlie resolutioun with all severitie”) authorised the making of -a Christian league with the Queen of England, to be, in matters -of religion, both offensive and defensive, even against “auld -freindis and confederatis.” The league, or treaty, was finally -concluded by commissioners, at Berwick-on-Tweed, on the 5th -of July 1586.</p> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Covenant enjoined</div> - -<p class='c006'>In October the Commission of the -General Assembly ordered that it should -be forthwith printed, and gave instructions -for the swearing and subscribing, -presbyteries being ordered to proceed -with the censures of the kirk “against -all such as shall refuse or shift to swear -and subscribe”; and the Commissioners -of the Convention ordained that it should -be sworn by all his Majesty’s Scottish -subjects under pain of being “esteemed -and punished as enemyes to religioune, -his Majestie’s honour, and peace of thir -kingdomes.” In Scotland it evoked -more enthusiasm than in England; and, -for a time at least, produced marvellous -unanimity.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Montrose’s Army</div> - -<p class='c006'>The Scots took part against the royal -army in the battle of Marston Moor (2nd -July 1644); and soon afterwards Montrose, -who had not approved of the Solemn -<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>League and Covenant, made his way into -Scotland with the object of creating a -diversion in favour of the King. Having -raised an army in the Highlands, which -was strengthened by an Irish contingent, -he won a series of brilliant victories over -the Covenanters at Tippermuir, Aberdeen, -Inverlochy, Auldearn, Alford, and Kilsyth.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Of Montrose’s army, Patrick Gordon, a -royalist, wrote: “When God had given -there enemies into there handes, the -Irishes in particulare ware too cruell; -for it was everiewhere observed they did -ordinarely kill all they could be maister -of, without any motion of pitie, or any -consideration of humanitie: ney, it seemed -to them there was no distinction betuixt -a man and a beast; for they killed men -ordinarly with no more feilling of compassion, -and with the same carelesse -neglect that they kill ane henn or capone -for ther supper. And they were also, -without all shame, most brutishlie given -<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>to uncleannes and filthie lust; as for -excessive drinkeing, when they came -where it might be had, there was no -limites to there beastly appetites; as for -godlesse avarice, and mercilesse oppression -and plundering or the poore -laborer, of those two cryeing sinnes the -Scotes ware alse giltie as they.”</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Retaliation</div> - -<p class='c006'>The same writer tells how the Irish -were repaid for their cruelty by the -victorious army of David Leslie at and -after the battle of Philiphaugh (13th -September 1645); and how their sin was -then visited, not only upon themselves, -but most brutally and pitilessly upon -their wives and followers.<a id='r4' /><a href='#f4' class='c012'><sup>[4]</sup></a></p> - -<hr class='c013' /> -<div class='footnote' id='f4'> -<p class='c006'><span class='label'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. </span>The various accounts of the slaughter are rather contradictory -in their details. It may be noted, too, that—while Patrick -Gordon says that fifty Irishmen were promised safe quarter and -yet were killed—it was urged, in defence of the four prisoners -condemned by the Scottish Parliament, that the quarter they -had received was not against the orders of the Commander-in-Chief -at Philiphaugh, as he only forbade the giving of quarter to -the Irish. Nearly a year before (24th October 1644) the English -Parliament had declared that “no quarter shall be given hereafter -to any Irishman, nor to any Papist whatever born in Ireland, -which shall be taken in hostility against the Parliament,” either -on the sea or in England or in Wales; and ordained that they -should be excepted “out of all capitulations, agreements or -compositions,” and when taken should be forthwith put to death. -The massacres of 1641-1642 had not been forgotten.</p> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Engagement</div> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>On the 26th of December 1647, when -the King was in Carisbrooke Castle, in -the Isle of Wight, he entered into an -agreement in presence of three Scottish -Commissioners—Loudoun, Lauderdale, -and Lanark—in which he intimated his -willingness to confirm the Solemn League -and Covenant, by Act of Parliament in -both kingdoms, provided that no one -who was unwilling to take it should be -constrained to do so; he was also to -confirm by Act of Parliament in England, -for three years, presbyterial government -and the Westminster Assembly’s -Directory for Worship, provided that -he and his household should not be -hindered from using the service he -had formerly practised; and further, -an effectual course was to be taken by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>Parliament and otherwise for suppressing -the opinions and practices of Anti-Trinitarians, -Anabaptists, Antinomians, -Arminians, Familists, Brownists, Separatists, -Independents, Libertines, and -Seekers.</p> - -<p class='c006'>On the other hand, Scotland was, in -a peaceable way, to endeavour that -the King should be allowed to go -to London in safety, honour, and freedom, -there to treat personally with the -English Parliament and the Scottish -Commissioners; and should this not be -granted, Scotland was to emit certain -declarations, and send an army into England -for the preservation and establishment -of religion, for the defence of his -Majesty’s person and authority, for his -restoration to power, and for settling -a lasting peace.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This agreement was known as “The -Engagement”; and the same name was -applied to the expedition which, in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>furtherance of its object, the Duke of -Hamilton led into England, only to be -crushed by Cromwell at Preston in -August 1648.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Charles II. proclaimed King</div> - -<p class='c006'>The Scottish Commissioners in London -did what they could to prevent the -execution of Charles the First, and on -the 5th of February 1649—six days after -the scene in front of Whitehall—the -Parliament of Scotland caused his son -to be proclaimed at the Market Cross -of Edinburgh, as King of Great Britain, -France, and Ireland. The Scots were -determined that he should be their King, -but they were as determined that he -should not override either the General -Assembly or the Parliament.</p> - -<p class='c006'>He did not like their conditions, and -the first negotiations were abortive.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Montrose organised another expedition, -which collapsed at Carbisdale on -the 27th of April 1650; and on the 21st of -May the gallant Marquis was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>ignominiously hanged at the Market Cross of -Edinburgh, and his dismembered body -buried among malefactors in the Burgh -Muir.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>King and Covenants</div> - -<p class='c006'>The Prince had “already endeavoured -to procure assistance from the Emperour, -and the Electours, Princes, and States -of the Empire, from the Kings of Spaine, -France, and Denmarke, and most of the -Princes and States of Italy,” and had -only obtained “dilatory and generall -answeres.” All his friends, he said, -advised him “to make an agreement -upon any termes with our subjects of -Scotland”; and he took their advice as -the only means of obtaining this crown -and recovering his other kingdoms. He -offered to subscribe and swear the -National Covenant, and the Solemn -League and Covenant, before landing -at the mouth of the Spey, and he accordingly -did so on the 23rd of June 1650.</p> - -<p class='c006'>On the 16th of August he agreed to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>the Dunfermline Declaration, deploring -his father’s opposition to the work of -reformation, confessing his mother’s -idolatry, professing his own sincerity, -declaring that “he will have no enemies -but the enemies of the Covenant, and -that he will have no friends but the -friends of the Covenant,” and expressing -his detestation of “all Popery, superstition, -and idolatry, together with Prelacy, -and all errors, heresie, schism and profaneness,” -which he was resolved not to -tolerate in any part of his dominions.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Dunbar and Scone</div> - -<p class='c006'>Notwithstanding Cromwell’s notable -victory at Dunbar on the 3rd of September, -and the dissatisfaction of the -more rigid Covenanters, now known as -Remonstrants, Charles was crowned at -Scone on the 1st of January 1651, when -he again swore and subscribed the -National Covenant, and also the Solemn -League and Covenant. The Marquis of -Argyll placed the crown on his head, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>Robert Douglas preached the sermon. -The attempt to counteract Cromwell’s -power in Scotland by an invasion of -England was unsuccessful. The Committee -of the Scottish Estates was captured -at Alyth before the end of August; -and Cromwell obtained his “crowning -mercy” at Worcester on the 3rd of -September. The young King, after -many adventures and narrow escapes, -was glad to find himself again on the -Continent.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Resolutioners and Protesters</div> - -<p class='c006'>In December 1650, after obtaining the -opinion of the Commissioners of the -General Assembly, the Scottish Parliament -had “admitted manie, who were -formerlie excluded, to be imployed in the -armie”; and in June 1651 had rescinded -the Acts of Classes, by which certain -classes of delinquents had been shut -out of places of public trust. Those -who were in favour of admitting these -men were known as Resolutioners; and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>their opponents, as Protesters. This -unfortunate dispute split the Presbyterians -into two sections, and their -contentions had not come to an end -when the Restoration of Charles was -effected in 1660.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Restoration</div> - -<p class='c006'>That Restoration was mainly brought -about by General Monk. When it -was seen to be inevitable, the leading -Resolutioners sent James Sharp, -minister of Crail, to London, to look after -the interests of the Scottish Church. -He was diplomatic and astute, and, in -the opinion of his brethren, honest and -trustworthy. His letters, bristling with -devotional expressions, “seem,” as Hugh -Miller puts it, “as if strewed over with -the fragments of broken doxologies.” -After it was too late, they found that he -had betrayed his trust, and completely -hoodwinked them.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The King’s Honour</div> - -<p class='c006'>The General Assembly had been suppressed -under Cromwell’s iron rule, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>the Church of Scotland was otherwise -handicapped at this period; but something -effective might have been done to -safeguard her rights had the Resolutioners -not been deceived by Sharp, -although it would have been impossible -to make Charles the Second safe, either -by the renewal of former or by additional -obligations, even if the Scots had been -able to impose these upon him. Such a -man could not be tied by oaths. At his -Restoration, those in power trusted to -his honour, and of that virtue he had -wondrously little.</p> - -<p class='c006'>His entry into London had been timed -to take place on the 29th of May 1660—the -thirtieth anniversary of his birthday. -Some of the leading Protesters, fearing -the overthrow of Presbytery, met in -Edinburgh, on the 23rd of August, to -draw up a supplication to the King. -The Committee of Estates arrested -them, and imprisoned them in the castle.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Act Rescissory</div> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>A few days afterwards Sharp brought -a letter from his Majesty, in which he -said: “We do also resolve to protect and -preserve the government of the Church -of Scotland, <i>as it is settled by law</i>, without -violation.” A suggestion that this -might be understood in two ways, was -condemned as “an intolerable reflection” -on the King. The Scottish Parliament, -on the 28th of March 1661, -rescinded the Parliaments which had -been held in and since 1640, and all the -Acts passed by them. Thus all the civil -sanction which had been given to the -Second Reformation was swept away -at a stroke. Early next morning, -Samuel Rutherfurd—whose stipend had -been confiscated, whose “Lex Rex” -had been burned, and who had been -cited to answer a charge of treason—appeared -before a court that was higher -than any Parliament, and “where his -Judge was his friend.”</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>A month after this, Sharp professed, -in a letter to James Wood, that he was -still hopeful that there would, “through -the goodnes of God,” be no change; -and affirmed that, as he had, “through -the Lord’s mercy,” done nothing to the -prejudice of the liberties and government -of the Church, so he would not, -“by the grace of God,” have any accession -to the wronging of it.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Duplicity</div> - -<p class='c006'>He was then on the eve of setting out -for London with Glencairn and Rothes. -They returned in the end of August, -bringing with them a letter intimating -the King’s determination to interpose -his royal authority for restoring the -Church of Scotland “to its right government -by bishops as it was by law before -the late troubles”; and justifying his -action by his promise of the previous -year. Candid Episcopalians admit that -this dealing shook all confidence in the -sincerity of Charles.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Episcopacy Re-established</div> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>In October Sharp again went to England; -in November he was appointed -Archbishop of St Andrews; and in December -he was consecrated in Westminster -Abbey, after being privately -ordained as a deacon and a priest. -The Scottish Parliament, on the 27th -of May 1662, passed the “Act for the -restitution and re-establishment of the -antient government of the church by -archbishops and bishops.” The preamble -of this Act acknowledges that -“the ordering and disposall of the externall -government and policie of the -Church doth propperlie belong unto his -Majestie, as are inherent right of the -Croun, by vertew of his royall prerogative -and supremacie in causes ecclesiasticall.” -The Oath of Allegiance, -which had been adopted by Parliament -on the 1st of January 1661, contained -the clause: “I acknowledge my said -Soverane only supream governour of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>this kingdome over all persons and in -all causes.”</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Argyll and Guthrie</div> - -<p class='c006'>The Solemn League and Covenant had -already been burned by the hangman -in London; and the long and bloody persecution -in Scotland had already begun. -An example had been made of the Marquis -of Argyll, and of James Guthrie, -the minister of Stirling. Both suffered at -the Market Cross of Edinburgh in the -same week, Argyll on Monday, the 27th -of May, and Guthrie on Saturday, the 1st -of June, 1661. To secure Argyll’s conviction, -Monk was base enough to give up -several of his letters proving his hearty -compliance with the Usurper’s government -after it was established. The case -for the prosecution was closed before the -letters arrived; but they were nevertheless -received and read.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Sir George Mackenzie—later to acquire -an unenviable notoriety as the Bluidy -Mackenyie—was one of his advocates, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>and in his opinion the Marquis suffered -mainly for the good old cause. Guthrie -had never compromised himself in any -way with Cromwell, who described him -as the little man who would not bow.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Ministers Disqualified</div> - -<p class='c006'>The Parliament of 1662 not only re-established -Prelacy, but decreed that no -minister, who had entered after the abolition -of patronage in 1649, should have any -right to his stipend unless he obtained -presentation from the patron and collation -from the bishop; and that ministers -who did not observe the Act of 1661, -appointing the day of the King’s restoration -as an annual holy day unto the -Lord, should be incapable of enjoying -any benefice. It also declared that -the Covenants were unlawful oaths, and -enacted that no one should be admitted -to any public trust or office until he -acknowledged in writing that they were -unlawful.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Ministers Ejected</div> - -<p class='c006'>These Acts of Parliament were speedily -<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>followed up by the Privy Council, which, -in September 1662, ordered all ministers -to resort next month to their respective -bishop’s assemblies; and in October -commanded all the ministers entered -since 1649, and who had not since received -the patron’s presentation and the -bishop’s collation, to quit their parishes. -By this latter Act it has been reckoned -that fully three hundred ministers were -turned out of their charges.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Church-Courts Discharged</div> - -<p class='c006'>When Prelacy was established in 1610, -James the Sixth was much too politic -to close the ecclesiastical courts which -had been set up and carried on by the -Presbyterians. “Honest men” continued -to maintain in them “both their right -and possession, except in so far as the -same were invaded, and they hindered -by the bishops.” But, by command of -Charles the Second, synods, presbyteries, -and kirk-sessions had now been (by a -proclamation of 9th January 1662) -<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>expressly discharged “until they be authorized -and ordered by the archbishops and -bishops upon their entering unto the -government of their respective sees.” -At his first Diocesan Synod, Sharp took -care that ruling elders should have no -standing in his presbyteries, or “meetings -of the ministers of the respective -bounds”; and he likewise circumscribed -the power of these “meetings.” Instructions -were also given that each -minister should “assume and choose -a competent number of fitt persons, -according to the bounds of the parish,” -to assist in session, etc.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Court of High Commission</div> - -<p class='c006'>Early in 1664 the King resolved to re-erect, -by virtue of his royal prerogative, -the Court of High Commission, to enforce -the Acts “for the peace and order -of the Church, and in behalf of the -government thereof by archbishops and -bishops.” The extraordinary power -vested in this court was increased in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>range by the general clause, authorising -the Commissioners “to do and execute -what they shall find necessary and convenient -for his Majesty’s service in the -premises.” Any five of the Commissioners -could act, if one of them were -an archbishop or bishop. No provision -was made for any appeal from the judgment -of this court. Of it a learned -member of the bar has said: “All law -and order were disregarded. The Lord -Advocate ceased to act as public prosecutor, -and became a member of this -iniquitous tribunal. No indictments were -required; no defences were allowed; no -witnesses were necessary. The accused -were dragged before the Commissioners, -and compelled to answer any questions -which were put to them, without being -told of what they were suspected.” The -court could order ministers “to be censured -with suspension or deposition”; -and could punish them and others “by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>fining, confining, committing to prison -and incarcerating.” For nearly two -years this court harassed and oppressed -the Nonconformists of Scotland.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Origin of Pentland Rising</div> - -<p class='c006'>Towards the close of 1665, conventicles -were, by royal proclamation, -forbidden under severe penalties. The -officiating ministers, and those harbouring -them, were threatened with the -highest pains due to sedition, and hearers -were subject to fining, confining, and -other corporal punishments.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Such measures could hardly be expected -to beget in the people an ardent -love for Prelacy; and when opposition -was manifested in the south-west of -Scotland, troops, under Sir James -Turner, were sent to suppress it.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Torture and Execution</div> - -<p class='c006'>At length the harshness of a handful -of soldiers to an old man, at Dalry -in Galloway, led to a scuffle with -a few countrymen, and the success -of the latter led to the untimely rising -<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>which was suppressed by General Dalyell -at Rullion Green on the 28th of November -1666. In that engagement the slain and -mortally wounded Covenanters numbered -over forty. On the 7th of December ten -prisoners—all of whom, save one, had -been promised quarter—were hanged -at the Market Cross of Edinburgh. In -less than a month, fully twenty more -prisoners had been hanged at Edinburgh, -Glasgow, Irvine, Ayr, and Dumfries. -Two of these—Neilson of Corsack -and Hugh M’Kail—were tortured in the -boots. Never before had drums been -used in Scotland to drown the voice of -a victim dying on the scaffold. At this -time it was introduced at Glasgow.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Had the rising not been so ill-timed, it -would probably have been much better -supported. After its suppression, Rothes -and Dalyell wrote gloomily of the condition -of Ayrshire; but Dalyell was not the -man to shrink from quelling incipient -<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>rebellion by force. Compared with his -measures, those of Sir James Turner -were mild, although they had driven the -sufferers to despair. Finding that his -own influence was in peril through the -alliance between the military and ecclesiastical -party, Lauderdale broke up this -brutal administration.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Indulgence</div> - -<p class='c006'>The first indulgence (granted in the -summer of 1669) was fated, as its successors -were, to be a bone of contention -among the Covenanters. It was condemned -by the more scrupulous because -of its restrictions; and because, as they -held, compliance with it involved the -owning of the royal supremacy in ecclesiastical -matters. Many refused to hear -the indulged ministers, and some would -have nothing to do with those non-indulged -ministers who did not denounce -the indulgence. It was also disliked and -resented by Alexander Burnet, Archbishop -of Glasgow, and his diocesan -<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>synod, but for very different reasons. -They objected to indulged Presbyterian -ministers being exempted from Episcopal -jurisdiction, and objected all the more -because, in some districts, the people -would not countenance either doctrine or -discipline under Episcopal administration.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Conventicles</div> - -<p class='c006'>The ejection of the ministers, and the -filling of their places by the miserable -substitutes then termed “curates,” had -led to the keeping of conventicles, and -as the indulgence, like the proclamation -of 1665, failed to put an end to these -unauthorised religious services, it was -resolved to put them down with a strong -hand. Parliament decreed, in 1670, that -non-indulged, outed ministers, or other -persons not allowed by the bishops, -who either preached or prayed in any -meeting, “except in ther oune housses -and to those of ther oune family,” -should be deemed guilty of keeping conventicles, -and should be imprisoned until -<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>they found caution not to do the like -again, or bound themselves to leave the -kingdom; and those who conducted, or -convocated people to, field-conventicles, -were to be punished by death and confiscation -of their goods, and hearers were -to be severely fined. The Act explained -that a house-conventicle became a field-conventicle -if there were more persons -present than the house contained, so that -some of them were outside the door.</p> - -<p class='c006'>That this might not be a dead letter, a -reward of five hundred merks was offered -to any one who captured a holder of, -or convocater to, field-conventicles; and -these captors were not to be punished for -any slaughter that might be committed -in apprehending such delinquents. Even -with such a law hanging over their heads, -the faithful Covenanters were not prepared -to give up their conventicles. -The Word of Life was much too precious -to be thus parted with. They did not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>intend, however, to permit the oppressors -to drive them or their preachers as lambs -to the slaughter, and so they henceforth -carried arms for defence.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Public Worship</div> - -<p class='c006'>As no general attempt had been made, -since the Restoration, to alter the services -of the Church, save to a very slight -degree, the worship of Conformists and -Nonconformists was practically the same. -Now, however, “many Conformists began -to dispute for a liturgy and some to -preach for it; but the fox Sharp was -not much for it, only because he had -no will to ride the ford where his predecessor -drowned.”</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>James Mitchell</div> - -<p class='c006'>An unsuccessful attempt to rid the -country of Sharp had been made in -1668 by James Mitchell, who several -years afterwards was apprehended; but -no proof could be adduced against him, -until, on the Lord Chancellor’s promise -to save his life, he confessed. The -Chancellor and Treasurer-Depute swore -<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>that they heard him make his confession -before the committee; Lauderdale and -Sharp swore that they heard him own -it before the Privy Council. They -denied all knowledge of any promise of -life, although the promise had been duly -minuted; and the request of Mitchell’s -advocates, that the Register of the Privy -Council should be produced, or the clerks -obliged to give extracts, was rejected; -and the prisoner was sentenced to be -hanged.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In Lord Fountainhall’s opinion, this -was one of the most solemn criminal -trials that had taken place in Scotland -for a hundred years; and it was generally -believed that the law was strained -to secure a conviction. He adds: “It -was judged ane argument of a bad deplorat -cause that they summoned and -picked out ane assysse [<i>i.e.</i>, a jury] of -souldiers under the King’s pay, and -others who, as they imagined, would -<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>be clear to condemne him.” The Privy -Council would have granted a reprieve, -but Sharp would not consent. On him -was laid the chief blame of Mitchell’s -torture in 1676 and execution in 1678.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Ladies’ Covenant</div> - -<p class='c006'>According to Dr Hickes, several -ladies of great quality, in January 1678, -kept a private fast and conventicle in -Edinburgh, to ask God to bring to -nought the counsels of men against -his people; and before they parted they -all subscribed a paper, wherein they -covenanted, to the utmost of their power, -to engage their lords to assist and protect -God’s people against the devices -taken to reduce them to order and -obedience. Next month the Highland -Host plundered covenanting Ayrshire -and Clydesdale.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Cess</div> - -<p class='c006'>The Scottish Convention of Estates, -professedly regarding field conventicles -as “rendezvouses of rebellion” with -which the ordinary military forces could -<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>not successfully cope, and desiring that -the “rebellious and schismatick principles -may be rooted out by lawfull and -sutable means,” resolved, in July 1678, -to offer the King £1,800,000 Scots, for -securing the kingdom against foreign invasion -and intestine commotions. The -payment was to be spread over five -years, and the money raised by five -months’ cess in each of these years. -Many Covenanters denounced the paying -of this cess as an active concurring -with the Lord’s enemies in bearing down -his work. Some, however, thought it -better to pay than to furnish the unscrupulous -collectors with a pretext for -destroying their goods, and extorting -more than was due. The cess thus -became a cause of division, as well as -an instrument of oppression.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Sharp’s Death</div> - -<p class='c006'>The hated Sharp fell into the hands -of nine Covenanters at Magus Muir on -the 3rd of May 1679. Seven of the nine -<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>had no misgivings as to what they should -do in the circumstances; and they unscientifically -butchered him in presence -of his servants and daughter. For that -deed none were responsible save those -who were there; but many were afterwards -brought to trouble for it, and not -a few, who were perfectly innocent, chose -to suffer rather than brand it as murder.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Bothwell Bridge</div> - -<p class='c006'>Some of those who took an active part -in the tragedy of Magus Muir were -present at Rutherglen, on Thursday, the -29th of May, when the bonfires which had -been kindled in honour of the King’s -birthday were extinguished, and when -the Act Rescissory and other obnoxious -Acts were publicly burned. On Saturday, -Claverhouse set out from Glasgow to -make some investigations concerning -this outrage, and next morning he attempted, -but in vain, to disperse an -armed conventicle at Drumclog. On this -occasion he added nothing to his military -<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>reputation; and fled from the field as -fast as his wounded charger could carry -him. Three weeks later (22nd June 1679) -the Covenanters, divided in counsel and -badly officered, were slaughtered by -hundreds at Bothwell Bridge; and -the thousand and more prisoners who -were taken were shut up in Greyfriars -church-yard, Edinburgh. Some of these -prisoners were executed; some escaped; -many, after lying for weeks in the open -church-yard, were induced to purchase -their release by binding themselves never -to carry arms against the King or his -authority; and two hundred, after enduring -sufferings worse than death, were -drowned next December off the coast -of Orkney.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Cameronians</div> - -<p class='c006'>Donald Cargill and Richard Cameron -now became the leaders of the more -thorough-going Covenanters—a small -and select party as strong in faith as -weak in numbers. They were sometimes -<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>known as “Cargillites,” more commonly -as “Cameronians.” On the first anniversary -of Bothwell Bridge, a score of -them rode into Sanquhar, and there -emitted a declaration in which they cast -off their allegiance to the King, declared -war against him, and protested against -the succession of James, Duke of York.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Privy Council replied by offering -a reward of five thousand merks for -Richard Cameron, dead or alive, and -three thousand for his brother or Cargill. -On the 22nd of July, both of the Camerons -fell at Ayrsmoss; and a year later (27th -July 1681) Cargill, who had excommunicated -the King and some of the leading -persecutors, triumphed over death at the -Market Cross of Edinburgh.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Effect of Persecution</div> - -<p class='c006'>Those who could not be charged with -the breach of any law were asked if they -owned the King’s authority. If they disowned -it, or qualified their acknowledgment, -or declined to give their opinion, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>they were deemed guilty of treason. -But, as Alexander Sheilds says: “The -more they insisted in this inquisition, -the more did the number of witnesses -multiply, with a growing increase of -undauntedness, so that the then shed -blood of the martyrs became the seed -of the Church; and as, by hearing and -seeing them so signally countenanced -of the Lord, many were reclaimed from -their courses of complyance, so others -were daylie more and more confirmed -in the wayes of the Lord, and so -strengthened by his grace that they -choose rather to endure all torture, and -embrace death in its most terrible aspect, -than to give the tyrant and his complices -any acknowledgment, yea not so much -as to say, <i>God save the King</i>, which was -offered as the price of their life.”</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Test</div> - -<p class='c006'>On the 31st of August 1681, Parliament -passed an “Act anent Religion and the -Test.” By this Act, every person in public -<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>trust or office in Scotland was ordered -to take the Test Oath, or be declared -incapable of all public trust, and be -further punished by the loss of moveables -and liferent escheat. By the oath, the -swearers bound themselves to adhere to -the Confession of Faith of 1560; to disown -all principles inconsistent therewith, -whether popish or fanatic; to own the -King as “the only supream governour -of this realme, over all persons and in -all causes, as weill ecclesiastical as -civill;” to defend all the rights, prerogatives, -and privileges of the King, his -heirs, and lawful successors; never to -enter into covenants or leagues, nor to -assemble for consulting or treating in -any matter of state, civil or ecclesiastic, -without his Majesty’s special command -or express license; never to take up -arms against him or those commissioned -by him; never to decline his power and -jurisdiction; and they owned that no -<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>obligation lay on them by the National -Covenant, or by the Solemn League and -Covenant, or otherwise, “to endeavour -any change or alteration in the government, -either in Church or State, as it is -now established by the laws of this -kingdom.” Through the imposing of this -complicated Test, many were brought -to trouble, and not a few declined it at -all hazards.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Children’s Bond</div> - -<p class='c006'>One of the most curious and suggestive -documents of this period is known as -“The Children’s Bond.” In 1683, “when -there was no faithful minister in Scotland,” -a number of children in the village -of Pentland, who had formed themselves -into a society for devotional purposes, -solemnly entered into a covenant, of -which the following is a copy:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>“This is a covenant made between the Lord and -us, with our whole hearts, and to give up ourselves -freely to him, without reserve, soul and body, hearts -and affections, to be his children, and him to be -our God and Father, if it please the holy Lord to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>send his Gospel to the land again: that we stand -to this covenant, which we have written, between -the Lord and us, as we shall answer at the -great day; that we shall never break this covenant -which we have made between the Lord and us: -that we shall stand to this covenant which we -have made; and if not, it shall be a witness -against us in the great day, when we shall stand -before the Lord and his holy angels. O Lord, -give us real grace in our hearts to mind Zion’s -breaches, that is in such a low case this day; and -make us to mourn with her, for thou hast said, -‘them that mourn with her in the time of her -trouble shall rejoice when she rejoiceth, when the -Lord will come and bring back the captivity of -Zion;’ when he shall deliver her out of her -enemies’ hands, when her King shall come and -raise her from the dust, in spite of all her enemies -that will oppose her, either devils or men. That -thus they have banished her King, Christ, out of -the land, yet he will arise and avenge his children’s -blood, at her enemies’ hands, which cruel murderers -have shed.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>On the back of the document was -written:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>“Them that will not stand to every article of -this covenant which we have made betwixt the -Lord and us, that they shall not go to the kirk -to hear any of these soul-murdering curates, we -<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>will neither speak nor converse with them. Any -that breaks this covenant they shall never come -into our society. We shall declare before the -Lord that we have bound ourselves in covenant, -to be covenanted to him all the days of our life, to -be his children and him our covenanted Father.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“We subscribe with our hands these presents—</p> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c008'>“BETERICK UUMPERSTON.</li> - <li class='c008'>JANET BROWN.</li> - <li class='c008'>HELEN MOUTRAY.</li> - <li class='c008'>MARION SWAN.</li> - <li class='c008'>JANET SWAN.</li> - <li class='c008'>ISOBEL CRAIG.</li> - <li class='c008'>MARTHA LOGAN.</li> - <li class='c008'>AGNES AITKIN.</li> - <li class='c008'>MARGARET GALLOWAY.</li> - <li class='c008'>HELEN STRAITON.</li> - <li class='c008'>HELEN CLARK.</li> - <li class='c008'>MARGARET BROWN.</li> - <li class='c008'>JANET BROWN.</li> - <li class='c008'>MARION M’MOREN.</li> - <li class='c008'>CHRISTIAN LAURIE.”</li> -</ul> - -<div class='sidenote'>Beatrix Umpherston</div> - -<p class='c006'>Unfortunately, it is not known who -drafted this covenant, nor whether it -originated in the spontaneous desire of -any of these devout children. Such a -child as Emilia Geddie would have been -quite competent to frame such a paper. -Beatrix Umpherston, whose name heads -the list, was then ten years old. She -married the Rev. John M’Neil, and died -in her ninetieth year.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Strategy of Claverhouse</div> - -<p class='c006'>In a report which Claverhouse gave in -this year to the Committee of Privy -<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>Council, explaining how he had quietened -Galloway, the following passages occur:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>“The churches were quyte desert; no honest -man, no minister in saifty. The first work he did -was to provyd magasins of corn and strawe in -evry pairt of the contry, that he might with -conveniency goe with the wholl pairty wherever -the King’s service requyred; and runing from on -place to ane other, nobody could knou wher to -surpryse him: and in the mean tyme quartered on -the rebelles, and indevoured to distroy them by -eating up their provisions; but that they quikly -perceived the dessein, and soued their corns on -untilled ground. After which, he fell in search of -the rebelles, played them hotly with pairtys, so -that there wer severall taken, many fleid the -contry, and all wer dung from their hants; and -then rifled so their houses, ruined their goods, and -imprisoned their servants, that their wyfes and -schildring were broght to sterving; which forced -them to have recours to the saif conduct, and -made them glaid to renounce their principles.... -He ordered the colecttors of evry parish to -bring in exact rolls, upon oath, and atested by the -minister; and caused read them evry Sonday after -the first sermon, and marque the absents; who -wer severly punished if obstinat. And wherever -he heard of a parish that was considerably behynd, -he went thither on Saturday, having aquainted -<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>them to meet, and asseured them he would be -present at sermon; and whoever was absent -on Sonday was punished on Monday; and who -would not apear either at church or court, he -caused arest there goods, and then offer them saif -conduct: which broght in many, and will bring in -all, and actually broght in tuo outed disorderly -ministers.”</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Success of Claverhouse</div> - -<p class='c006'>So this booted apostle of Episcopacy -confessedly caused men to renounce their -principles by driving them from their -haunts, rifling their houses, ruining their -goods, imprisoning their servants, and -bringing their wives and children to -starvation! And so he filled the deserted -churches by causing an attested -roll to be read every Sabbath after -the first sermon, and severely punishing -the absentees, if obstinate. In extreme -cases he even attended church himself, -and those who were absent on Sabbath -were dealt with on Monday. But, ere -long, measures much more severe were -to be adopted.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Apologetic Declaration</div> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>The devout and gentle but resolute -Renwick, having been sent to Holland -for ordination, returned in the autumn of -1683 to the arduous and dangerous post -which had been so honourably held -by Cameron and Cargill, and they could -not have had a worthier successor. In -November 1684, the Cameronians published -their “Apologetick Declaration -and Admonitory Vindication,” in which -they adhered to their former declarations -against Charles Stuart, and warned those -who sought their lives or gave information -against them, that in future they -would regard them as the enemies of -God and of the covenanted work of -reformation, and would punish them as -such. The Privy Council met this -declaration by ordaining that those -who owned it, or would not disown it -upon oath, should be immediately put to -death whether they had arms or not. -This was to be always done “in presence -<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>of two witnesses, and the person or <span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>The Killing-time<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -persons having commission from the -Council for that effect.” The darkest -time of the persecution, the period -specially known as “the killing-time,” -had now arrived; prisoners had already -been hurried to death three hours after -receiving sentence.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The infamous Lauderdale had been -constrained to demit his office in 1680, -and his life in 1682; Rothes had predeceased -him by a year; and now they -were to be followed into another world -by the crowned scoundrel (otherwise -“His most Sacred Majesty”) for whose -favour they had persecuted the followers -of that cause which all three had sworn -to maintain. By the death of Charles -the Second, on the 6th of February 1685, -no relief came to those who were hunted -like partridges on the hills of Scotland.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Priesthill and Wigtown</div> - -<p class='c006'>The heartless sensualist was now to -be succeeded by him who combined -<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>unrelenting bigotry with lechery. Charles -had long been suspected of more than -secret leanings to the Church of Rome; -James was an avowed and ardent Papist. -It was on the 1st of the following May -that, under Claverhouse, the dread scene -was enacted at Priesthill, when John -Brown was taken to his own door, and -shot in presence of his wife and child; -and on the 11th of the same month that -this cold-blooded cruelty was rivalled -by Lag at Wigtown, when Margaret -Wilson and Margaret Lauchlison (or -M’Lauchlan) were tied to stakes and -drowned by the rising tide.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Conventicles</div> - -<p class='c006'>Between these two tragedies, the -Scottish Parliament of the new King distinguished -itself by passing three harsh -Acts. One of these declared it treason -to give or take the Covenants, to write -in defence of them, or to own them as -lawful or binding; the second declared -the procedure of the Privy Council to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>have been legal in fining husbands “for -their wives withdrawing from the ordinances”; -and by the other the penalty -of death and confiscation of goods -was adopted as the punishment to -be inflicted on hearers as well as on -preachers at either house or field conventicles. -Yet even with this stringent -Act it was impossible to put down -conventicles. It was not for the mere -satisfaction of opposing a tyrannical -and bloodthirsty Government that the -frequenters of conventicles were willing -to risk so much. Renwick’s sermons -show that he was a faithful preacher of -the Gospel; and those who had realised -in their own experience that it was the -power of God unto salvation were anxious -at all hazards to listen to the Word when -proclaimed by such a devoted and fearless -messenger.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Dunnottar Prisoners</div> - -<p class='c006'>In order to cope more successfully with -the expected rising of the Earl of Argyll, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>184 captive Covenanters, collected from -various prisons, were, in May 1685, -marched from Burntisland to Dunnottar. -A few escaped by the way. The others -suffered a rigorous and cruel imprisonment. -For several days they were, -male and female, confined in a single -vault, dark, damp, and unfurnished. -During the course of the summer some -escaped, some died, some took the -obnoxious oaths. Of those who were -brought back to Leith and examined -before the Privy Council, on the 18th -of August, a considerable number were -already under sentence of banishment, -and now 51 men and 21 women were -similarly sentenced, and forbidden to -return to Scotland, without special permission, -under pain of death.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Toleration</div> - -<p class='c006'>Argyll’s rising was a failure. He was -captured, brought to Edinburgh, and -there beheaded on the 30th of June 1685, -not for the rising, but because in November -<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>1681 he had ventured to take the Test -with an explanation. Being dissatisfied -with Argyll’s Declaration and with his -associates, Renwick and his followers -stood aloof from that rising; but, on the -28th of May 1685, they had, at Sanquhar, -formally protested against the validity -of the Scottish Parliament then in -session, and also against the proclamation -of James, Duke of York, as King. -They also refused to take any benefit -from the toleration, which he granted, -by his “sovereign authority, prerogative -royal, and absolute power,” on the 28th -of June 1687—a toleration which was -gratefully accepted by many of the less -scrupulous Presbyterian ministers. Although -Argyll’s attempt to overturn the -throne of James the Seventh was unsuccessful, -the time came, in December -1688, when he had to escape from the -country, which was no longer to be -his. Next April the Scottish Convention -<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>of Estates pointed out that he had -assumed the regal power in Scotland, -and acted as king, without taking the -oath required by law, whereby the king -is obliged to swear to maintain the -Protestant religion, and to rule the -people according to the laws.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Revolution</div> - -<p class='c006'>Renwick, who glorified God in the -Grassmarket on the 17th of February -1688, was the last Covenanter who -suffered on a scaffold. He and his -followers, by maintaining an unflinching -protest against the reign of James, had -helped to hasten his downfall. When -the Convention of Estates met in -Edinburgh, the Cameronians gladly -volunteered to defend it; and showed -their loyalty by raising in a single day, -without tuck of drum, eleven hundred -and forty men as a regiment for King -William’s service.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Episcopacy was abolished by the Scottish -Parliament (22nd July 1689) as an -<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>insupportable grievance; and (7th June -1690) Presbytery was re-established, and -the Westminster Confession of Faith -ratified; but the Covenants were ignored, -and on that account the sterner Cameronians -still stood apart, and, with that -dogged tenacity which had distinguished -them in the past, they held together, -although for many long years they had -no minister.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Martyrs’ Monument</div> - -<p class='c006'>On the Martyrs’ Monument in the -Greyfriars Churchyard, Edinburgh, it is -stated that, between Argyll’s execution -and Renwick’s, there “were one way or -other murdered and destroyed for the -same cause about eighteen thousand.” <span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>Estimated Number of Victims<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -This estimate is not given upon the -original monument, erected in 1706 -through the instrumentality of James -Currie (Beatrix Umpherston’s stepfather), -and now preserved in the interesting -and well-appointed Municipal -Museum in the Edinburgh Corporation -<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>Buildings. That monument was -repaired, and a compartment added -to it, in 1728 or 1729; and the present -monument supplanted it in or about 1771. -The estimate has apparently been taken -from Defoe’s “Memoirs of the Church of -Scotland,” first published in 1717. It -therefore includes those who went into -exile, those who were banished, those -who died from hunger, cold, and disease -contracted in their wanderings, and those -who were killed in battle, as well as -those who were murdered in the fields -or executed with more formality. The -numbers which he sets down under some -of these classes are only guesses, and -seem to be rather wild guesses. An -estimate approaching more closely to -the real number might be made, and -would doubtless show a much smaller, -though still a surprisingly large, total. -But the exact number of those who laid -down their lives, in that suffering, or -<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>heroic, period of the Church of Scotland, -will not be known until the dead, small -and great, stand before God, and the -Book of Life is opened. Of many of -them no earthly record remains.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“The shaggy gorse and brown heath wave</div> - <div class='line in1'>O’er many a nameless warrior’s grave.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>Heroic Sufferers</div> - -<p class='c006'>Not a few of the sufferers endured -torments more terrible than death. -Some were tortured with fire-matches, -which permanently disabled their hands; -some had their thumbs mercilessly -squeezed in the thumbikins; some had -their legs horribly bruised in the -boots; and some were kept awake by -watchful soldiers for nine consecutive -nights. It is not surprising that nervous, -sensitive men occasionally shrunk back -in the day of trial. The wonder is that -so many stood firm.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'><b><span class='xlarge'>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE</span></b></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>Punctuation has been normalized. Spelling and hyphenation -have been retained as they were in the -original book, some of which would not be considered standard.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Page headers have been represented as sidenotes.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of the Scottish Covenants in -Outline, by D. 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