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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Betrayed Armenia, by Diana Agabeg Apcar.
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Betrayed Armenia, by Diana Agabeg Apcar
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+Title: Betrayed Armenia
+
+Author: Diana Agabeg Apcar
+
+Release Date: September 30, 2016 [EBook #53170]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BETRAYED ARMENIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Cindy Horton and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p class="transnote">Transcriber’s Note: you will find both Christian(ity, etc) and christian
+used in this book, seemingly interchangeably; spelling of names is also
+variable.</p>
+
+<p>When this book was written, the writer was
+under the supposition then generally current that
+the Armenian Massacres of April, 1909, in Cilicia
+were instigated by Abdul Hamid and his Yildiz
+Clique. Babikian Effendi, the Armenian deputy
+who went to Adana from Constantinople to investigate
+into the massacres, plainly reported that
+all investigations had failed to trace them to Abdul
+Hamid and his Yildiz Clique. Babikian Effendi,
+as was to be expected, died suddenly on his return
+to Constantinople, but later on it became known
+that the massacres of April, 1909, had been planned,
+prepared, organized and carried into execution by
+the Constitutional Government of what has been
+called “Liberal Turks” or “Young Turks.”</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="img1" style="width: 600px;">
+
+<img src="images/i_002.jpg" width="600" height="460" alt="" />
+
+<p class="caption">THEY TORE THE BABES FROM THE ARMS OF THEIR MOTHERS, TO HACK THEM TO PIECES
+WITH KNIVES, OR THROW THEM ALIVE INTO THE FIRE.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h1>BETRAYED ARMENIA.</h1>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br />
+DIANA AGABEG APCAR.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">ILLUSTRATED.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">THESE ARE THEY WHICH CAME OUT<br />
+OF GREAT TRIBULATION.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">ALL RIGHTS RESERVED,<br />
+<span class="smaller">BUT TRANSLATIONS INTO FRENCH AND ARMENIAN PERMITTED.</span></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">YOKOHAMA:<br />
+<span class="smaller">THE “JAPAN GAZETTE” PRESS.<br />
+1910.</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<table summary="Contents">
+  <tr>
+    <td></td><td class="tdr"><span class="smcap">Page.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Why and Wherefore</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Disinterested Evidence</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Preface to 2nd Printing</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Introduction</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2"><a href="#PART_I"><span class="smcap">Part I.</span></a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdindent">The Armenian Massacres and the Treaty of Berlin</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdindent">The Armenian Massacres and the Turkish Constitution</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdindent">The Armenian Massacres and the Armenian People</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdindent">The Armenian Massacres and the Future of the Armenians</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdindent">The Armenian Massacres and Civilized Europe</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2"><a href="#PART_II"><span class="smcap">Part II.</span></a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdindent">Out of the Depths</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdindent">What the Turkish Constitution Means for the Armenians</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdindent">The Armenian Question</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdindent">Open Letter to the Honorable President William Howard Taft</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdindent">Abdul Hamid, the Triumph of Crime</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>L’Avenir</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>The Origin of the Armenians&mdash;The Introduction of Christianity into Armenia&mdash;Decline
+and Grand Revival</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+<table summary="List of Illustrations">
+  <tr>
+    <td></td><td class="tdr"><span class="smcap">Page.</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>They Tore the Babes from the Arms of their Mothers</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#img1">Frontispiece</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Scene of the Massacres in Asia Minor</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#img2">4</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>In this House 115 Women and Children were Roasted Alive</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#img3">5</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ruined Church and Homes at Adana</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#img4">6</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>General Prince Loris Melikoff</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#img5">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>General Ter Goukassoff</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#img6">24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Muckertich Khirimian</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#img7">30</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Matthevose Ezmerlian</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#img8">33</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Nerses Varjabetian</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#img9">46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Minaret at Erivan, one of the Cities Tradition Ascribes to be Founded by Noah</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#img10">64</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Great and Little Ararat</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#img11">66</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Abgar King of Armenia</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#img12">70</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Soorb Gregore Loosavoritch</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#img13">74</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>The Cathedral of Etchmiatzi</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#img14">76</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>WHY AND WHEREFORE.</h2>
+
+<p>In making a study of my race, I have found three marked characteristics
+Intelligence&mdash;Energy&mdash;Industry. Combined with these three characteristics
+is an intense Love of Nationality. We live in a complex world. In an
+independent people these characteristics and this sentiment are laudable
+Virtues. In a subject people they are Crimes.</p>
+
+<p>After I had laid this bitter Truth to heart, I did not have to seek for the
+Why and Wherefore of the Armenian Massacres.</p>
+
+<p>The Armenian Massacres stand without their parallel in history. The
+human mind staggers to contemplate the fiendish orgies of which they have
+been the victims, and no pen can describe their horrors: and this helpless
+christian people are to-day in the same deadly peril as they have been since
+the famous Treaty of Berlin consigned them bound hand and foot to the
+mercy of their executioners.</p>
+
+<p>The Armenians may be led again “as sheep to the slaughter” and the
+work of extermination may be completed&mdash;Jesus Christ was crucified on
+Calvary and the servant is not greater than his Lord&mdash;but the work of their
+extermination can only be completed when the evil influences in the Turkish
+Empire have reached their culminating point. Hitherto the Powers of
+Europe have by their jealousies and rivalries cultivated these evil influences,
+they have watered them and made them grow, but when their culminating
+point is reached, they must re-act on Christendom and the natural
+consequence must follow. Those who sow the wind, must reap the whirlwind.
+It is in the natural order of things.</p>
+
+<p>I will allow that Liberty, Justice, Equality, Fraternity are the watchwords
+of Young Turkey, but Young Turkey is only a small minority; the great
+majority of the Turkish nation are not Young Turks.</p>
+
+<p>The question therefore resolves itself into this critical point: “What will
+Christendom do even now?”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="img2" style="width: 600px;">
+
+<img src="images/i_009.jpg" width="600" height="440" alt="" />
+
+<p class="caption">SCENE OF THE MASSACRES IN ASIA MINOR.</p>
+
+<p class="caption2">The trouble began in Adana. An armed mob strengthened and augmented by soldiers
+fell in overwhelming numbers upon the unarmed Christians. The Armenian population of
+Antioch and vicinity were practically wiped out and the Armenian villages in the
+Alexandretta district destroyed with immense loss of life. Hadjim, Kessab and the neighbouring
+villages were burned. The Armenian quarter in Tarsus was ruined and ill-omened
+Marash stained again with the blood of thousands of Armenians. Zeitoon was desolated. The
+entire population of Kirikon between Aleppo and Alexandretta were massacred to the last
+babe. The mob and the soldiers burned what they could not carry away, so that the material
+loss has been enormous. In place of the former abundance and thriving industries there are
+instead desolated provinces and the charred and blackened remains of pillaged and ruined
+homes, and the residue of those who escaped massacre are reduced to homelessness and
+starvation.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>DISINTERESTED EVIDENCE.</h2>
+
+<p>I have thought it advisable to insert a few extracts from accounts of
+the Massacres of April, 1909, given by disinterested witnesses.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="img3" style="width: 350px;">
+
+<img src="images/i_010.jpg" width="350" height="225" alt="" />
+
+<p class="caption">IN THIS HOUSE 115 WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE ROASTED ALIVE.</p>
+
+<p class="caption2">History repeats itself. In 1895 Turkish soldiers fell upon seventy to eighty young
+women and girls in a church, where they had fled for refuge, and after hideously outraging
+them, barricaded them in, setting fire to the building at the same time, and derisively shouting
+to their victims as they were being roasted alive, to call upon their Christ to save them now.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>“We are having a perfectly hideous time here. Thousands have been murdered&mdash;25,000
+in this province they say; but the number is probably greater, for every Christian village
+was wiped out. In Adana about 5000 have perished. After Turks and Armenians had
+made peace, the Turks came in the night with hose and kerosene, and set fire to what remained
+of the Armenian quarter. Next day the French and Armenian schools were fired. Nearly everyone
+in the Armenian school perished, anybody trying to escape being shot down by the soldiers.”</p>
+
+<p>“The Turkish Authorities do nothing except arrest unoffending Armenians, from whom
+by torture they extort the most fanciful confessions. Even the wounded are not safe from
+their injustice. A man was being carried in to me yesterday when he was seized and taken
+off to gaol. I dare not think what his fate may be.”</p>
+
+<p>“For fiends incarnate commend me to the Turks. Nobody is safe from them. They
+murder babies in front of their mothers; they half murder men, and violate the wives while
+the husbands are lying there dying in pools of blood.”</p>
+
+<p>“The authorities did nothing, and the soldiers were worse than the crowd, for they were
+better armed. One house in our quarter was burned with 115 people inside. We counted
+the bodies. The soldiers set fire to the door, and as the windows had iron bars, nobody
+could get out. Everybody in the house was roasted alive. They were all women and
+children and old people.”&mdash;Extract from letter of Mrs. Doughty-Wylie, wife of British Consul
+at Adana; published in the London “Daily Mail.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>“The soldiers led the way in
+these horrors and were guilty of
+atrocities so terrible that they can
+never be described in a public
+print. Even the soldiers landed at
+Mersina&mdash;the soldiers sent expressly
+to restore order&mdash;added to the
+crimes and for three days continued
+the murders unchecked.”&mdash;Extract
+from the London “Daily Mail.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" id="img4" style="width: 235px;">
+
+<img src="images/i_011.jpg" width="235" height="400" alt="" />
+
+<p class="caption">RUINED CHURCH AND HOMES AT ADANA.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>“The outbreak began in the
+Armenian bazaar on April 14th,
+and on the pretence that an Armenian
+revolt was in progress the
+Redifs or reserves were called out.
+These, as villainous a crew as could
+well be found, had arms and ammunition
+served out to them, and
+immediately joined in the slaughter,
+and all the worst of the subsequent
+killing, looting, and house burning
+was done by them.”</p>
+
+<p>“The Armenians did not take
+their punishment lying down. Their
+quarter of the town was so well
+defended that the mob, mad as they
+were with lust for blood, would not
+venture into it. Houses on the outskirts
+were besieged by thousands
+of men and held by half a dozen; in
+fact, the courage of these hordes of
+Moslem savages was only equal to
+butchering women and children and
+unarmed men. I saw a Greek
+house which was held for eight
+hours by one Armenian with a shotgun
+against hundreds of Turks firing
+from the surrounding houses and
+the minaret of a mosque. At last
+his cartridges gave-out, but not for
+two hours after that did the mob
+pluck up courage to rush the
+house.”&mdash;Extracts from accounts by Mr. J. L. C. Booth, special correspondent of the London
+“Graphic.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>“Kessab was a thrifty Armenian town of about eight thousand
+inhabitants, situated on the landward slope of Mt. Cassius (Arabic,
+Jebel Akra) which stands out prominently upon the Mediterranean
+seacoast half-way between Alexandretta and Latakia. Kessab is now a
+mass<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+of blackened ruins, the stark walls of the churches and houses rising
+up out of the ashes and charred timbers heaped on every side. What must
+it mean to the five thousand men and women and little children who
+have survived a painful flight to the seacoast and have now returned
+to their mountain home, only to find their houses sacked and burned!
+There were nine Christian villages which clustered about Kessab in
+the valleys below. Several of these have been completely destroyed by
+fire. All have been plundered and the helpless people driven out or
+slain.”</p>
+
+<p>“Can you imagine the feelings of the Kessab people as they climbed
+on foot the long trail up the mountain, and then as they came over
+the ridge into full view of their charred and ruined dwellings? Their
+stores of wheat, barley and rice had been burned; clothing, cooking
+utensils, furniture and tools had gone; their goats, cows and mules had
+been stolen; their silk industries stamped out; their beloved churches
+reduced to smouldering heaps. The bodies of their friends and relatives
+who had been killed had not been buried. And yet the love of home is so
+strong that the people have settled down there with the determination
+to clear up the debris and rebuild their houses.”&mdash;Extracts from
+“The Sack of Kessab,” Stephen Van R. Trowbridge.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>As these sheets are going through the press there comes news of famine
+at Zeitoon. The Rev. F. W. Macullum, American Missionary at Marash,
+writes to the Rev. W. W. Peet, American Missionary at Constantinople, that
+12,000 souls in and around Zeitoon are dying of hunger; they are wandering
+about in rags, mixing bran and water, and cooking and eating it, if they can
+get even that. Rev. Macullum adds, “The same story comes to us from all
+sides. As we foresaw all along, from now on the distress will be greatest.”</p>
+
+<p>If 50,000 were massacred, the list of those who have died and are dying
+of homelessness and starvation will exceed 150,000. It is true; and the
+numbers are not exaggerated. Last year the people reaped no harvest, and
+this year there are no sowings.</p>
+
+<p>The latest news is that Mush, a prosperous Armenian village that had
+escaped the desolation of the massacres, has been plundered in a night attack
+by armed Kurds, and the villagers are now reduced to extreme distress. Before
+the outbreak the Armenian patriarchal vicar at Mush had repeatedly appealed
+to the Armenian Patriarch at Constantinople, and the Armenian Patriarch
+had repeatedly appealed to the Authorities at Constantinople asking protection
+for the villagers of Mush as a Kurdish attack was apprehended. It is
+evident that the authorities at Constantinople are unable to protect thriving
+Armenian villages from Kurdish and Turkish raiders.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>PREFACE TO 2<span class="smcapuc">ND</span> PRINTING.</h2>
+
+<p>The first and second parts of this little book were written and printed
+in pamphlet form for circulation in the United States, shortly after the
+Adana Massacres of April, 1909. I have now thought it advisable to add
+a Supplement of a short history of the Origin of the Armenians and the
+Introduction and Revival of Christianity in Armenia.</p>
+
+<p>The illustrations and the extracts from the periodicals “Harper’s
+Monthly,” “The Wide World” and the “Cosmopolitan” have been added
+to the 2nd printing.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>INTRODUCTION TO 2<span class="smcapuc">ND</span> PRINTING.</h2>
+
+<p>My object in writing this little book is to lay the hard case of my unfortunate
+race before the men and women of the United States; since it is
+from the United States that the American Missionaries have gone forth, who
+have been the only helping influence from without for my suffering people in
+Asiatic Turkey. To the earnest and devoted men and women of the
+American Missions, we Armenians owe a debt of gratitude which we can
+never repay.</p>
+
+<p>If in the contents of the pages of this little book I have exaggerated
+Facts by one whit or one iota, if I have deviated by one hair’s breadth from
+the Truth, I stand to be judged.</p>
+
+<p>“God save us from another Adana, but the sword of Islam has not been
+dulled” was one of the clarion notes sounded at the Sixth International
+Convention of the Student Volunteer Movement, which was held at Rochester,
+New York. The man who sounded that clarion note knew Islam, and
+because knowing of my own knowledge that the sword of Islam has not been
+dulled, I tremble lest its sharp edge fall once more on the neck of my helpless
+race. If I knew and felt sure in mine own heart that the sword of Islam
+was dulled, I would be content to let bygones be bygones, and to hold my
+peace and be silent for ever.</p>
+
+<p>Like the sudden explosion of a volcano in the physical world, comes the
+explosion of a Turkish Massacre of Armenians in the moral world. It comes
+just in that way; the subterranean fires are always there, but all of a sudden
+the sulphur flames of religious fanaticism burst, the lava floods of race hatred
+and lust of plunder, break forth and run in fiery streams; the unfortunate
+victims are pounced upon, swooped upon, pillaged, plundered, butchered,
+slaughtered, subjected to outrages so hideous, cruel, loathsome, and revolting,
+that no pen could depict their horrible realities and the details can never
+go into print. The human mind is staggered and asks itself the question if
+even the imaginations of fiends and devils could originate such horrors.
+Then this orgy of the human fiends is arrested. For the time being the
+appetite for blood, lust, and plunder is satisfied; for the time being, the eye
+is content with the scenes of havoc and desolation lying under the sun; the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+smell of corpses is in the air, the odor from the carcases of the “christian
+swine” reek in the nostrils of the Turk, he turns away, his jaws dripping with
+blood, and rests to couch for a future spring. We have seen that sort of an
+end to the tragedy of a tiger’s victim: the tiger has eaten his fill, he rests,
+to keep guard over the crunched bones and mangled bits of bloody flesh that
+bestrew the earth. So also now there is a residue left of those that have
+served as the meat and wine of this devil’s feast; the demons have gorged
+themselves over the banquet, and now there are left over the broken remains
+of the banquet, the miserable residue homeless and destitute.</p>
+
+<p>Civilized nations have received a temporary moral shock, like a shock
+that spreads from the centre of an explosion; the electric vibration running
+far and wide from the scene of the centre of devastation. There are among
+these civilized nations generous and kind-hearted people who open their
+purse strings; they give money to purchase shelter, food and clothing for
+these homeless, naked and hungry beggars, made homeless, naked and
+hungry through no fault of their own. But oh! ye generous and kind hearted
+people! can any power under heaven assuage the heart anguish of this
+miserable residue? Can they be made by any means of human comfort to
+forget the black horrors or recover from the effects of the fires of the hideous
+affliction through which they have passed? What is there left for a woman
+who has seen with her own eyes the slaughter and heard with her own ears
+the dying cry of her murdered child? even her reason must give way under
+the stress of her anguish. All ye who are mothers, I appeal to you, for one
+moment to put yourselves in the place of thousands of such mothers, in
+whose hearts the same mother’s love burns as in yours, and then measure
+the depth of their agony.</p>
+
+<p>Generous and kind hearted people who open your purse strings; would
+to God I entreat, ye would raise up your voices and demand that this hideous
+slaughter and oppression of a helpless christian race should cease. Would
+to God I entreat, ye would raise up your voices and demand that this people
+of an industrious, intelligent christian race, robust in mind and body, should
+be let to live. Would to God I entreat, that ye would raise up your voices
+and demand for them that security of life and property to which they are
+entitled just as equally as all other peoples.</p>
+
+<p>Public Sentiment has done great things in the world’s history. Public
+Sentiment liberated Greece, The Lebanon, The Balkan States from Turkish
+Oppression. Slavery was abolished in the United States through Public
+Sentiment: but alas! does Public Sentiment sleep for this helpless Christian
+race. Are they not God’s creatures? have they not a right to live on God’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+earth as other nations? Does Humanity, does Christianity allow that tender
+babes and children should be hideously and horribly mutilated and butchered
+before the eyes of their mothers, or that the ears of mothers should be rent
+with the cries of the dying agony of their murdered children? Does
+Humanity, does Christianity allow that helpless women should be forcibly
+subjected to the most hideous, the most loathsome, the most revolting, and
+the most cruel outrages? Does Humanity, does Christianity, allow all this?</p>
+
+<p>Christian Governments have organized a Hague Conference of Peace
+and Civilization, but they have closed its doors to the cause of a bleeding
+christian race groaning under the yoke of the cruellest oppressors that the
+world has yet known. Christian men and women have held up their hands
+in horror at the Indian Juggernauth; but alas! the political wheels of
+Christian Governments have been a Greater Juggernauth for a helpless
+christian race. It is by Christian Governments that “we are made as the
+filth of the world, and as the offscouring of all things unto this day.” It is
+as if the answer to our groanings had been made by Christian Governments
+in just these words:</p>
+
+<p>“We know that you have had frightful grievances, such as have been
+beyond the measure of human endurance. We know that since the Treaty
+of Berlin your history has been written in blood and tears, as the history of
+no other nation has been written before or now. We know that your women
+are subjected to the most revolting and hideous agonies, and your babes
+and children hounded to hideous deaths. We know that the sum total of
+your wrongs and sufferings is so great, that the cry of its anguish is piercing
+the very heavens, but really, our political and commercial jealousies prevent;
+and we each one of us being on the look out lest our separate political and
+commercial interests in the Empire of your oppressors be endangered, cannot
+regard you. It may be the deadliest scandal of Christendom that we
+Christian Powers should be all gathered together, one against another, in the
+Empire of your Oppressors, as eagles gather together round a carcase; but
+really there is no help for it; and if you must die hideously by a hellish
+extermination, why then you must die, and we have to condone your hellish
+extermination, for in any case, each one of us must secure his own political
+and commercial interests in this same Empire of your Oppressors.”</p>
+
+<p>In “Transcaucasia and Ararat,” published by Mr. James Bryce in 1876,
+there occurs in the chapter entitled “Some Political Reflections” the following
+passage:</p>
+
+<p>“The attention of the West was so much drawn towards Herzegovina
+and Bulgaria by the events of 1876 that the miseries of the Asiatic subjects<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+of the Porte have been unreasonably forgotten or neglected. They are fully
+as wretched as the Slavs or Cretans have been; and in so far worse off,
+that in Europe there exists no large body of tribes making murder and
+robbery its regular and daily occupation as the Kurds, and latterly the
+Circassians also, have done in Armenia. If anyone will take the trouble to
+read the complaints of oppressions and cruelties presented to the Porte by
+the Armenian Patriarchate in 1872 (since reprinted in England) and some of
+the more recent statements printed by the Armenians in England on the
+same topic, he will see that the state of Turkish Asia presents as grave and
+pressing a problem as that of Bulgaria itself.”</p>
+
+<p>In the 4th edition of the same book, published in 1896, the following
+note appears to the passage I have quoted:</p>
+
+<p>“Shortly after this was written, the Blue Books presented to Parliament,
+containing reports from British Consuls in Asiatic Turkey, showed
+that things were really far worse there than they had been in Bulgaria or
+Herzegovina.”</p>
+
+<p>What has followed since 1876 is too well known. For seeking redress
+from their frightful grievances the Armenians were hunted like wild beasts
+and killed like rats and flies during the Hamidian régime.</p>
+
+<p>You will tell me, my christian friends, that with the rise of the reform
+party in Turkey, the era of massacres is at an end, and I will tell you that
+the conditions of 1876 and 1896 have not actually changed, though they
+may seemingly appear so to the uninformed and uninitiated. I will answer
+you that the hideous massacres of April last happened nine months after the
+reform party first rose in power, and nine months after the inauguration of
+the Constitution. I do not question the goodwill of the reform party, but
+the reform party does not comprise the whole Turkish nation, and until the
+Turk learns to become liberal, civilized and human, there may be no more
+Armenians left, unless some Christian Power such as the United States
+demands their protection and enforces it. No! my Christian friends, it can
+be well for other Christians in the Turkish Empire with their powerful
+Governments at their back; but alas! there is no security for a subject
+people alien in race and religion.</p>
+
+<p>The massacres in April last raged from Adana to Alexandretta, and
+according to authenticated reports about fifty thousand men, women and
+children were hideously exterminated; more than this, the last massacres
+were especially characterized by the most hideous, the most loathsome, the
+most revolting and ferocious cruelties perpetrated on women and children.
+Now what other name can we find for the perpetrators of this diabolical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+orgy, except to call them fiends incarnate; and who is the bold man who
+can guarantee that these same fiends incarnate have become metamorphosed
+and changed all of a sudden; or that the handful of liberal Turks at Constantinople
+are capable of controlling and restraining them. We have not
+even heard that the leaders and participators of the last massacres have
+been punished as they deserved; and what is the reason they are left unpunished?
+because the Government is afraid to punish Mahommedans for
+killing Christians; because the liberal Turks dare not punish the “true
+believers” for killing “Kaffirs.”</p>
+
+<p>The religion of Mahommed, the religion of the sword, has been infused
+into the Turk, and to understand the effect of the religion of Mahommed
+upon the Turk, it is necessary to regard it from four aspects, or from four
+points of analysis. First, the fundamental doctrine and law of the religion.
+Second, the character of the founder as an example to his followers. Third,
+the racial and ethnographic characteristics of the Turk. Fourth, the effect
+which this particular religion would be likely to have on this particular race.
+When we have viewed the Turk and his government from these four points
+of analysis, we have the explanation of all the woe and desolation which
+have lain over the countries under Turkish rule.</p>
+
+<p>“When ye encounter the unbelievers strike off their heads until you
+have made a great slaughter of them” is a chapter of the Koran which the
+Turk has religiously and steadfastly made his creed.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, I will ask my readers to compare one point of difference
+between the two races, the oppressor and the oppressed. Thousands upon
+thousands of Armenian women, thousands upon thousands of Armenian
+children, have been hounded to death, or savagely, ferociously, horribly and
+loathsomely maltreated by the Turk, and yet in all the agonizing years when
+Massacre has succeeded upon Massacre, has there been one known case or
+one single instance of a Turkish woman or child maltreated by Armenians?</p>
+
+<p>The last massacres though especially organized from the Palace at
+Constantinople, were officially announced to originate from an affray
+between one Armenian and three Turks, in which the single handed one, on
+the one side, grappling with the three on the other, killed one of the three:
+given equal numbers and arms, the Armenian is always a match for the
+Turk, but alas for him that unequal numbers and want of arms have always
+made him the victim of his oppressor.</p>
+
+<p>Ahmed Riza Bey in the first part (Ses Causes) of his book “La Crise de
+L’Orient” published in Paris in 1907 holds a brief for his nation which
+through its own fallacious arguments falls to the ground. I will quote one
+passage as an example.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>“Jamais les populations chrétiennes ne se sont révoltées, spontanément,
+d’elles-mêmes. Les révoltes ont toujours été partielles et espacées, ce qui
+tend bien à prouver qu’elles sont provoquées non par certains injustices
+administratives que nous savons être constantes et les mêmes pour tous,
+mais par les sourdes menées de l’extérieur. Les agences consulaires, les
+écoles étrangères, les maisons des missionnaires, couvertes par les Capitulations,
+ont servi de foyer de propagande, de dépôts d’armes, et même de
+refuge pour les perturbateurs. Souvent les ambassadeurs sont intervenus
+pour faire gracier des rebelles pris et condamnés. On se rappelle avec
+quelle solennité les Arméniens qui s’étaient introduits dans la Banque
+Ottomane furent conduits sains et saufs à bord d’un bateau par le drogman
+de l’Ambassade russe&mdash;leur complice.</p>
+
+<p>“Si ces prétendus patriotards sont tant soutenus et choyés dans le monde
+occidental, c’est parce qu’ils constituent un élément ou plutôt un instrument
+de destruction au service de certains Européens élevés dans les préjugés des
+Croissades et qui crient avec Chateaubriand: (‘L’espèce humaine ne peut
+que gagner à la destruction de l’Empire Ottoman’).”</p>
+
+<p>The author of “La Crise de L’Orient” continues in this strain. Are we
+then to suppose that the British Consuls, men whose truthfulness has never
+been impeached, whose reports on the unsupportable sufferings of the subject
+christian races and the oppressions and hideous atrocities of the Turks, have
+filled volumes: and likewise the American Missionaries, men who have
+deservedly gained the honor and respect of the world, whose statements
+have corroborated the British Consular reports; have been according to
+Ahmed Riza Bey the mischief-makers in the Turkish Empire? since it is
+from them alone the world has gained the widest and most correct knowledge
+of the daily miseries and oppressions under which the subject Christian
+races have groaned. Are we also to suppose that men like Mr. James
+Bryce and Dr. Dillon have by mendacious writings upheld them, British
+Consul and American Missionary, liars, and mischief makers? Or
+rather are we not to suppose that if thinking men and women in the world
+have come to cry out with Chateaubriand “L’espèce humaine ne peut que
+gagner à la destruction de l’Empire Ottoman” it is because the Turks have
+earned the world’s condemnation through their own diabolical acts, and on
+account of the woe and desolation which Turkish rule has worked over the
+fairest provinces under the sun. If the Turk will turn from the evil of his
+ways unto good, the stigma of “the unspeakable Turk” which now attaches
+itself to him, will cease to be a veritable truth. The bringing about of the
+transformation rests with himself.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Further in answer to Ahmed Riza Bey’s account of the Armenian
+“prétendus patriotards” in connection with the Ottoman Bank; I cannot do
+better than quote from Mr. Bryce’s version of the story, and the massacre
+that followed: “In the following June serious trouble arose at Van, where
+some sort of insurrection is said to have been planned, though in the discrepancy
+of the accounts it is hard to arrive at the truth. Masses of Kurds
+came down threatening to massacre the Christians, and a conflict in which
+many innocent persons perished, was with difficulty brought to an end by
+the intervention of the British Consul. A little later the Armenian revolutionary
+party, emboldened by the rising in Crete, where the Christians, being
+well armed and outnumbering the Muslims, held their ground successfully,
+issued appeals to the Embassies and to the Turkish Government to introduce
+reforms, threatening disturbances if the policy of repression and massacre
+was persisted in. These threats were repeated in August, and ultimately,
+on August 26, a band of about twenty Armenians, belonging the revolutionary
+party, made a sudden attack on the Imperial Ottoman Bank in Constantinople,
+declaring they were prepared to hold it and blow it up should the
+Sultan refuse their demand. They captured the building by a <i>coup de main</i>,
+but were persuaded by the Russian dragoman to withdraw upon a promise
+of safety. Meanwhile the Government, who through their spies knew of the
+project, had organised and armed a large mob of Kurds and Lazes&mdash;many
+of whom had recently been brought to the city&mdash;together with the lowest
+Turkish class. Using the occasion, they launched this mob upon the peaceful
+Armenian population. The onslaught began in various parts of the city so
+soon after the attack on the Bank that it had obviously been prearranged,
+and the precaution had been taken to employ the Turkish ruffians in different
+quarters from those in which they dwelt; so that they might less easily be
+recognised. Carts had moreover been prepared in which to carry off the
+dead. For two days an indiscriminate slaughter went on, in which not only
+Armenian merchants and traders of the cultivated class, not only the industrious
+and peaceable Armenians of the humbler class, clerks, domestic servants,
+porters employed on the quays and in the warehouses, but also women
+and children were butchered in the streets and hunted down all through the
+suburbs. On the afternoon of the 27th the British Chargé d’Affaires (whose
+action throughout won general approval) told the Sultan he would land
+British sailors, and the Ambassadors telegraphed to the Sultan. Then the
+general massacre was stopped, though sporadic slaughter went on round the
+city during the next few days. The Ambassadors, who did not hesitate
+to declare that the massacre had been organised by the Government,
+estimated the number of killed at from 6000 to 7000; the official report<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+made to the Sultan is said to have put it at 8750.<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> During the whole time
+the army and the police had perfect control of the city&mdash;the police, and a
+certain number of the military officers and some high civil officials, joining in
+the slaughter. Of all the frightful scenes which Constantinople, a city of
+carnage, has seen since the great insurrection of A.D. 527 when 30,000
+people perished in the hippodrome there has been none more horrible than
+this. For this was not the suppression of an insurrection in which contending
+factions fought. It was not the natural sequel to a capture by storm, as
+when the city was taken and sacked by the Crusaders in A.D. 1204, and by
+the Turks in A.D. 1453. It was slaughter in cold blood, when innocent men
+and women, going about their usual avocations in a time of apparent peace,
+were suddenly beaten to death with clubs, or hacked to pieces with knives, by
+ruffians who fell upon them in the streets before they could fly to any place
+of refuge.”<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>I am also obliged to quote from an Article written by a Turkish Officer
+who signs himself A. J. and published in the “Siper-i-Saïka-i-Hurriet,” a
+Turkish daily, on July 6, 1909.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>Every time that I hear the name Armenian I feel the bleeding of a moral wound within
+me. It was the year I was sent into exile (1896). On a Thursday, before we had left the
+Military School for our vacation, a rumor flew through the school,&mdash;“They are massacring
+the Armenians.” All my young patriotic companions turned pale from deep emotion. Every
+one tried to read in the sad faces of others the reason for this bad news. But each one
+avoided expressing his thought. After a time the details began to circulate to the effect that
+the Armenians had dared to destroy the Ottoman Bank and government buildings with bombs,
+and that this was the reason why they were massacred. At that time all of us trembled,
+because we also were enemies of that government, because we also wished to overthrow it, and
+although we were not convinced that the best service could be rendered by bombs, we were
+working quietly to spread our ideas. In our hearts a flame of enmity and indignation, no less
+terrible than bombs, was burning. The poor Armenians were being massacred ruthlessly,
+because out of their number five or ten persons, resenting their wrongs, had rebelled. But
+that which maddened these poor men, that drove them to rebellion and placed bombs in their
+hands was the stupidity of the people and the outrageous oppressions of the government. And
+now this inhuman government was killing with clubs a noble nation, under the pretext of
+putting down a rebellion produced by its own oppressions. Among the crimes committed by
+the former government the most unpardonable crime was the Armenian massacre. If there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+was a race up to that time among non-Moslem peoples which with sincere and deep feeling
+honored the Ottoman fatherland that race was the Armenian. It is the Armenians who
+wear most nearly the national dress, who speak and write Turkish best, and recognize the
+Ottoman country as their fatherland. Besides this it is the Armenians who engage in
+commerce and agriculture, and thus, by demonstrating its fruitfulness, increase the value of
+the Ottoman Empire. Because a few among them justly started an agitation, these our noble
+and industrious brethren were being massacred. What a terrible scene! When we
+left the school building we saw hundreds of the bodies of our Armenian compatriots being
+removed in manure carts; legs and arms were hanging down outside. This bloody scene will
+ever remain impressed on my mind.</p>
+
+<p>“This shocking crime of Yildiz formed a deep lake of blood, and this lake, during the
+whole course of a cursed absolutism, up to the last moment, grew wider. Even during the
+past nine months of the Constitution, in spite of the brotherly feelings which had been shown,
+the awful events in Adana took place and the souls of all true Osmanlis melted into tears.
+Up to the present time the deep sorrow caused by this event has not disappeared, because this
+bloody wound in our social body cannot easily be cured. While we fill our stomachs with
+choice morsels, while we rest selfishly in our comfortable beds, these fatherless and brotherless
+orphans, widows hungry, naked, and barefoot wander hither and thither, and thousands of
+families are fleeing from the fatherland. We are convinced that the government is doing its
+work, but what has happened is so great a calamity that it can keep a government busy for
+years. However much sacrifice we may make, still it will be inadequate, because the
+happiness of the fatherland depends on healing such blood wounds as these as soon as possible.
+We are convinced that the government and all connected with it are persuaded of this as well as
+ourselves. We must now wipe out the traces of the misfortune brought by a cursed period.
+We must now comfort weeping hearts. We must understand and teach those who do not
+understand that patriotism and brotherhood do not differ from each other. The responsibility
+of the government for the Armenians is very great and very weighty. The whole Ottoman
+nation is under obligations to protect this suffering race, because the liberty we enjoy to-day
+is in large part due to the blood shed by the Armenians. We thought that these truths
+were so obvious that we preferred to keep silence, whereas to-day we understand that it is
+necessary from time to time to recall the greatness of our obligation. We must not forget
+that this unhappy people up to yesterday has endured only barbarism, and for twelve years
+has been constantly oppressed and ground to the earth, and has given thousands of victims.
+Hereafter we must work to assure them that the era of massacres has passed, and with all our
+strength of mind and soul we must quiet them. The obligation of the government to protect
+them is also very heavy, because our Armenian countrymen live among wandering tribes.
+We must all assist the government and point out its obligation. It must be declared in
+public and periodically that the one of the most important duties of the Ottoman nation is to
+protect, together with those of other races, the interests, the life, and property of the
+Armenians as well, since these are their sacred rights. Let investigations be made and let
+whatever is necessary be done in order to reach this aim.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>This article of the Turkish officer, who however does not dare disclose
+his identity; and the account given by an authority like Mr. James Bryce
+surely refute the facile explanation of Ahmed Riza Bey in alluding to the
+Massacres as “les Massacres occasionnés par les aventuriers Arméniens.”
+Indeed it holds out poor hope for the furtherance of liberty and justice in
+Turkey when the man who is the President of the Chamber of Deputies only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+as far back as 1907 tries to palliate the horrors of the Hamidian régime by
+misrepresentations.</p>
+
+<p>The author of “La Crise de l’Orient” also cites the Japanese as an
+instance of the civilization and aptitude for progress of a non-Christian
+oriental race. In this case, Ahmed Riza Bey certainly needs to measure the
+distance between the mental, moral and humane qualities of the Japanese
+and the Turk, a distance as great as lies geographically between the North
+Pole and the South.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 id="PART_I">PART I.</h2>
+
+<h3>THE ARMENIAN MASSACRES AND THE
+TREATY OF BERLIN.</h3>
+
+<p>Since the gathering of the Plenipotentiaries of Europe at the famous
+Congress of Berlin in 1878, and the signing of the still more famous Treaty
+of Berlin, the martyr roll of the unfortunate Armenian nation stands without
+its parallel in history.</p>
+
+<p>In the Guildhall at Berlin hangs a picture of the memorable scene
+witnessed in that city on July the thirteenth 1878. The painter has depicted
+the proud array of representatives of the powerful Governments of Europe,
+but in the interests of Humanity there should be attached to that painting
+the wording of Article 61 of the Treaty of Berlin written in letters of blood
+(Armenian blood).</p>
+
+<p>It was a curious irony of Fate, that although the taking of “the
+terrible stronghold of Kars,” universally admitted to be one of the greatest
+and most difficult military exploits ever achieved, and the crowning success
+of the Russian arms in Asiatic Turkey, should have been accomplished by
+an Armenian General; that although Armenian Generals in the Russian
+service had led to conquest, and Armenian soldiers fought, conquered and
+died, yet by these successes not only was no amelioration attained of the
+hard fate of their unhappy nation under Turkish rule, but that fate, hard
+before, was made a hundredfold and even a thousandfold harder.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="img5" style="width: 250px;">
+
+<img src="images/i_024.jpg" width="180" height="250" alt="" />
+
+<p class="caption">GENERAL PRINCE LORIS MELIKOFF.</p>
+
+<p class="caption2">Commanded the Russian forces in Asiatic Turkey
+during the Russo-Turkish war and captured the impregnable
+fortress of Kars. Appointed Prime Minister
+of Russia by Alexander II. The liberal policy which
+characterized the reign of that excellent monarch, and
+the Constitution that he was on the eve of granting to
+his people were influenced by Melikoff; but after the
+death of Alexander II he was not allowed to continue in
+his good work of reforming Russia, being overthrown
+from office early in the reign of Alexander III.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The efforts of the Armenians, and the entreaties of their Patriarch
+Nerses had procured the insertion of Article 16 in the Treaty of San
+Stefano signed between Russia and Turkey in March 1878. In fact the
+wording of the Article had been suggested by the Patriarch himself. It
+provided the following stipulation for the protection of the Armenians:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“As the evacuation by the Russian troops of the territory which they
+now occupy in Armenia, and which is to be restored to Turkey, might give
+rise to conflicts and complications detrimental to the maintenance of good
+relations between the two countries, the Sublime Porte engages to carry into
+effect without further delay the improvements and reforms demanded by
+local requirements in the provinces inhabited by the Armenians, and to
+guarantee their security against the Kurds and Circassians.”</p>
+
+<p>What followed has passed into history. The British Government of
+which Lord Beaconsfield (then Mr. D’Israeli) was Premier, and Lord Salisbury
+Foreign Secretary, once more pursued the old policy of baffling Russian
+aggrandizement in Turkey. Afraid that her own real or fancied interests
+would thereby become imperilled, England threw in the weight of her power,
+and virtually commanded the substitution of the Treaty of Berlin in lieu of
+the Treaty of San Stefano. Thus the substantial guarantee of a natural and
+immediate protector, both able and desirous of enforcing the protection which
+the Armenians then had in Russia, was taken away, and the security of impotent
+words given in its stead, namely:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“The Sublime Porte undertakes to carry out without further delay the
+improvements and reforms demanded by local requirements in the provinces
+inhabited by the Armenians, and to guarantee their security against the
+Circassians and Kurds. It will periodically make known the steps taken to
+this effect to the Powers, who will superintend their application.”</p>
+
+<p>“<i>It will periodically make known the steps taken to this effect to the
+Powers, who will superintend their application.</i>” How this last proviso
+could furnish food for laughter were it not for the terrible tragedy involved
+in it.</p>
+
+<p>The insertion of Article 61 in the Treaty of Berlin, granted, or rather
+seemingly granted, by the six Powers of Europe, proved in reality, as subsequent
+events bore out, an instrument of death and torture. It was as if
+the reversal of the figures had reversed the possibilities of succour and
+protection, and with the death of the Czar Liberator, the last chance of the
+Armenians died.</p>
+
+<p>The Turkish Massacres of 1875 and 1876 which led up to the Russo-Turkish
+War of 1877 are historical facts too well known to need further<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+comment in this article. The Czar Liberator stands out in history as that
+noble figure&mdash;a benefactor of mankind. Through his humanitarian susceptibilities,
+and his sublime efforts for their deliverance, the Christians of
+European Turkey received immunity from Turkish slaughter; and the protection
+of his benevolent arm was extended over that unhappy Christian
+nation of Asiatic Turkey, the Armenians; at least it would have secured
+them immunity from the record-breaking slaughter that followed, but the
+Power that had stood behind Turkey since 1791 frustrated his endeavours.</p>
+
+<p>A British commentator on that page of British policy has summed it
+up in the words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“In no other part of the world has our national policy or conduct been
+determined by motives so immoral and so stupid.”<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>The same commentator, in reviewing also the result of the substituted
+Treaty, fittingly remarks:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“The Turk could see at a glance that, whilst it relieved him of the
+dangerous pressure of Russia, it substituted no other pressure which his
+own infinite dexterity in delays could not make abortive. As for the unfortunate
+Armenians, the change was simply one which must tend to expose
+them to the increased enmity of their tyrants, whilst it damaged and discouraged
+the only protection which was possible under the inexorable conditions
+of the physical geography of the country.”</p>
+
+<p>It had been the constant endeavour of the Patriarch Nerses to point out
+to the Armenians that their true policy lay in aiding Russian advance in
+Turkey: that even if Russia were selfish in her designs, she was the only
+Christian Power that would stand as their protector against Turkish or Persian
+tyranny. His political foresight had already been verified as early as
+1827,<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> and his strenuous life-long labours were nearing the goal in 1878, but
+were frustrated by the fatal action that intervened.</p>
+
+<p>England, by commanding the substitution of the Treaty of Berlin in
+place of that of San Stefano had taken upon herself the heaviest obligations
+any nation could incur. It is unnecessary to repeat that those obligations
+were never fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>If the lamented death of the Emperor Alexander II was one of the most
+unhappy events that could have befallen Russia; it was a hundredfold
+more unhappy for the Armenian nation. His successor, who adopted repressive
+and coercive measures for his own people in the place of his father’s
+liberal policy, not only applied the same measures to his Armenian subjects
+in his own domains, but left their countrymen under Turkish rule to
+their merciless fate.</p>
+
+<p>Russia, twice foiled in her subjugation of Turkey, changed her policy
+from that of crushing into that of upholding the Ottoman Empire. When
+the horrors of the Armenian massacres, revealed to the people of England
+by their own ambassadors and consuls, their own journalists and men of
+letters, thrilled the hearts of men and women, when England’s “Grand Old
+Man” thundered his vituperations against the “Great Assassin,”<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> Prince
+Lobanoff in answer to British proposals of coercion towards Turkey, conveyed
+Russia’s intentions in his warning note to the Salisbury Government,
+and England, who in 1878 had rivetted the Turkish yoke on the necks of
+the Armenians, to use the words of an eminent British authority on Turkish
+affairs, “wrung her hands and submitted.”<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>The same authority tells us that the <i>coup de grace</i> to the intervention
+of the Concert of Europe in Armenian affairs was given by Prince Bismarck,
+“who in 1883 intimated to the British Government, in terms of cynical
+frankness and force, that Germany cared nothing about the matter, and that
+it had better be allowed to drop.”</p>
+
+<p>Thus the Concert of Europe, under whose aegis the aspiring Armenians
+foolishly and fondly hoped to recover National Autonomy, became the cause
+of dealing out to the struggling nation, not security from Turkish oppression,
+but instead fire, famine and slaughter, a slaughter to which were added
+devilish ingenuity of torture, and the loathsome horrors of Turkish prisons.
+If before the Treaty of Berlin the Armenians had suffered from various
+phases of Turkish oppression, they had at least not been pursued with the
+relentless fury that followed, until the soil of the fatherland was soaked, and
+reeked and steamed with the life-blood of its slaughtered sons and daughters;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
+until women and children were done to their death under the most hideous
+and revolting circumstances, and tender youths and cultured men of letters
+rotted in Turkish dungeons.</p>
+
+<p>England, with her uneasy conscience, continued spasmodic efforts in the
+shape of paper remonstrances, from time to time she rallied the other powers
+who were signatories to the Treaty of Berlin and by means of Ambassadorial
+Identical Notes and Collective Notes sought to terminate the
+horrors that were stirring public feeling at home; but Abdul Hamid, fully
+cognizant of the jealousies and rivalries of the Powers, and knowing himself
+secure thereby, laughed in his sleeve at all the paper remonstrances.</p>
+
+<p>No action was taken by the Cabinets of Europe to leash the tiger sitting
+on the Ottoman throne. The lust of blood and the lust of plunder of “le
+Sultan Rouge,” combined with the greed of his satellites, were allowed to
+be gratified to the full on a helpless and hapless people, whilst Europe
+looked on.</p>
+
+<p>The character of Abdul Hamid has been well summed up in the
+testimony of a writer having opportunities of intimate acquaintance with him.</p>
+
+<p>“Il voit dans son peuple un vil troupeau qu’il peut dévorer sans pitié,
+et à qui, comme le lion de la Fable, il fait beaucoup d’honneur en daignant
+le croquer.”<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p>When to these significant words, we add the following by the same
+author:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“De ce qu’Abdul Hamid n’est pas bon musulman, il ne faudrait pas
+conclure qu’il aime les Chrétiens; il les déteste, au contraire, et emploie
+fréquemment le mot <i>giaour</i> pour désigner un infidèle ou insulter un musulman.”</p>
+
+<p>We have the explanation of the Armenian massacres; especially as
+that unfortunate people had become by Article 61 of the Treaty of Berlin,
+subjects of the paper remonstrances of the Powers of Europe, and thereby
+also objects of the tyrant’s vengeance.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="img6" style="width: 300px;">
+
+<img src="images/i_029.jpg" width="149" height="200" alt="" />
+
+<p class="caption">GENERAL TER GOUKASSOFF.</p>
+
+<p class="caption2">Relieved the beleaguered Russian garrison
+at Bayazid during the Russo-Turkish war of
+1877, captured the fortress; and otherwise
+distinguished himself during the war.</p>
+
+<p class="caption2">The other Armenian General who distinguished
+himself during the Russo-Turkish
+war was General Lazaroff.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>That the Armenians should be constantly appealing to the Power that
+had pledged itself for their protection, and that the same Power should be
+constantly rallying the others, and making Ambassadorial demonstrations,
+was enough to rouse the vilest passions of a nature in which no feelings
+except vile passions existed.</p>
+
+<p>Of all sins in this world, perhaps the sin of foolishness receives the
+severest punishment, and of all crimes, the crime of failure meets with the
+heaviest doom. For their foolishness in trusting in European protection
+and hoping for European intervention the unfortunate Armenians paid with
+rivers of their own blood, and for their crime of failure they were made to
+wallow in that blood. The darkest pages of their history have been written
+in the closing years of the nineteenth, and the early years of the twentieth
+century; never since the loss of their independence, nine centuries ago, had
+they hoped for so much, and never had they paid so dearly for their folly.</p>
+
+<p>If they had carefully laid to heart the whole history of Europe’s intercourse
+with Asia, beginning with the conquests of the Macedonian Alexander,
+they would have read in the light of sober judgement, self-interest, and self-interest
+only written on every line and page, but they committed the folly of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+hoping that for their sakes the history of the world, which means in other
+words the history of human selfishness, was going to be reversed; and they
+forgot what was more important than all, that Europe had nothing to gain
+by their emancipation. There is only one explanation for their folly. It is
+a peculiarity of human nature that the troubles we have been bearing with
+more or less patience, become unbearable when once hopes of deliverance
+from them are awakened. Article 61 of the Treaty of Berlin awakened
+hopes that proved bitterer in the eating than Dead Sea fruit. It aroused
+towards the Armenians the diabolical animosity of the human fiend who held
+sovereignty over them.</p>
+
+<p>Hunted like wild beasts, killed like rats and flies, out of the depths of
+its agony and its martyrdom, the nation has still contrived to rear its head
+and live; for it was as it is now, the industrious, energetic, self-respecting
+element in the Turkish Empire, with a virile life in its loins and sinews, that
+centuries of oppression culminating in the unspeakable horrors of a thirty
+years’ martyrdom has failed to exterminate.</p>
+
+<p>As for the Treaty of Berlin&mdash;It has done its work.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>THE ARMENIAN MASSACRES AND THE
+TURKISH CONSTITUTION.</h3>
+
+<p>The Turkish Constitution came with a bound that shook the equanimity
+of Europe. To the anxious and jealously watching eyes of Europe the
+“sick man in her midst” was at last becoming moribund. His recovery
+was as startling as unexpected. Europe had not correctly gauged the latent
+forces within the Turkish Empire, neither had she correctly estimated the
+far-reaching astuteness of the tyrant on the throne.</p>
+
+<p>Assailed by enemies from without and within, feeling the foundation of
+his throne crumbling, Abdul Hamid, arch murderer and assassin, performed
+his own <i>auto da fé</i>, and rose from his ashes a constitutional sovereign. The
+obduracy of the merciless tyrant melted like wax before the approach of
+personal danger, and the act was necessary to save himself.</p>
+
+<p>Hopes rose high at such a magnificent <i>coup d’état</i> of the revolutionaries.
+Young Turks and Armenians fell on each other’s necks, embraced, and
+mingled their tears of joy together. Leaders of the Turkish Constitution<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+proclaimed in public speeches that the Turks owed the deepest debt of
+gratitude to the Armenians who had been the initiators of their struggle for
+Freedom, and in the Armenian graveyard at Constantinople Turks held a
+memorial service and kissed the graves of the Armenian dead, whom they
+called “the martyrs whose blood had been shed for Turkish freedom.”</p>
+
+<p>At the banquet given by Abdul Hamid to the Delegates of the Turkish
+Parliament, the Armenian Delegates alone refused to attend, declining to be
+the guest of the man responsible for the murder of hundreds of thousands of
+their countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>The Armenian revolutionaries had stood behind the Young Turk party
+and joined hands with them; already the nation at large imagined itself
+breathing the air of Freedom, and already in anticipation drank in deep
+draughts of the air of Liberty.</p>
+
+<p>The awakening came all too quickly. In spite of the Constitution the
+machinations of Abdul Hamid and his palace clique could find fruitful ground
+among a fanatical populace to whom the Padishah was not only the Lord’s
+anointed but the Lord’s appointed, the delegate of the Prophet on whom his
+sacred mantle had fallen; added to this the incentive of pecuniary rewards
+to a brutal soldiery and the lust of plunder, and once more the horrors of
+massacres were let loose on the Armenians. There followed sacked and
+burning villages, plundered and devastated homes, an unarmed population
+put to the sword, and as in every case, cruelties of the most hideous and
+ferocious nature perpetrated on women and children.</p>
+
+<p>In the whole long story of the massacres, courage to face their oppressors
+has never been found wanting on the part of the Armenians. It is on
+record that the women of a whole mountain village surprised by Turkish
+soldiers, in the absence of the men, fought and resisted to the last gasp, and
+finally, to escape the clutches of the brutal soldiery, committed suicide with
+their children by precipitating themselves from their mountain cliffs. A
+nation which could produce such women, and which has had the simple
+courage to die for its faith, as no Christian people has died before, is not
+wanting in brave men, but no amount of bravery and heroism can save an
+unarmed population from being mowed down by soldiery equipped with
+modern instruments of carnage and slaughter.</p>
+
+<p>The horrors of Adana coming on the heels of a Constitution they had
+aided, and from which they had hoped so much, presages grave fears for the
+Armenians.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>No one doubts that a great forward movement is reaching its culminating
+point in the destiny of Asia. The West has learnt its all of religion (the
+moral and guiding principle of mankind) from the East, and now the East
+would fain learn the law of restraint and the law of freedom (the protecting
+principles of mankind) from the West. Inspired by this feeling the liberal
+Turks decidedly mean well, and they are animated with a sincere desire to
+ensure peace and security of life and property for the heterogeneous peoples
+under the Turkish sway, but they themselves have had to contend and still
+have to contend with a fanatical populace.</p>
+
+<p>To the Mahommedan world at large the Caliph of Islam is the envoy of
+God, the sacredness of whose person must be inviolate. Abdul Hamid, the
+astute politician, knew that the security of his sovereignty depended on his
+Caliphal rights, and his main policy during the long period of his execrable
+reign had been directed towards preserving and asserting the same; thus
+we can see how his dethronement, which the liberal Turks would gladly have
+accomplished simultaneously with the inauguration of the Constitution, had
+to be deferred to a later period, and how it was necessary for the Sheik ul
+Islam to pronounce the Caliph a traitor to his sacred trust, a violator of the
+holy law of the Prophet, before his dethronement could be dared or
+accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>The Christian Armenians in Turkey live in the midst of the followers
+of a hostile religion, with no power or force behind them which makes for
+protection. Who does not know that the great numerical preponderance of
+Hinduism keeps the balance of power in India, and restrains bloody religious
+hostilities; and when we review the whole religious history of Christian
+Europe, and that terribly long roll of crimes committed in the name of Him
+who expounded His religion with the parable of the Good Samaritan, and
+the precept of loving one’s neighbour as one’s self, we cannot feel surprise at
+the fanatical outbursts of the followers of Mahommed, the founder of a
+religion whose doctrines certainly fall short of the humane principles
+inculcated by the Founder of Christianity. If authentic historical facts prove
+to us that horrible and atrocious cruelties have been perpetrated by Christian
+nations, not only on other religionists, but on fellow Christians of different
+denominations, how then can we expect better things from the Turk unless
+some power or force restrain him?</p>
+
+<p>Christianity has now partly emancipated herself from the ferocities
+which darkened and poured the red stream of blood on her white banner:
+but to the Mahommedan world at large, religion is still the powder magazine
+which a spark can ignite.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>“Better the Czar than the Sultan, but better any form of national
+autonomy than either Czar or Sultan” has been the principle which has
+animated the Armenians, and the goal towards which they have been striving
+for thirty years.</p>
+
+<p>National Autonomy has been the dream of the Armenians in Turkey,
+but it is well to consider if such a dream has any possibility of realization.
+Bulgaria declared her independence, and Austria annexed Bosnia and
+Herzegovina, but these reductions of Turkish power were accomplished by
+the force that stood behind them. Have the Armenians any such force
+which could accomplish their deliverance? Have they an organized army
+at their command? Are they equipped with all the necessary weapons of
+modern warfare? are questions it is well for the nation to ask before it
+makes itself a target for Turkish bullets.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand is it likely that the Turks will willingly give the
+Armenians independence? To do so would mean that they should themselves
+dismember their own Empire, and when we see Christian Governments
+actuated in their foreign policy by the supremest selfishness; Christian
+Governments striving tooth and nail in their own self interest to keep
+possessions which are lawfully not their own, then why in the name of
+common sense should we expect such extraordinary magnanimity, or such
+super-nobility from the Turk.</p>
+
+<p>Armenia stands in the unhappy position of being divided between
+Russia and Turkey (if we except Persia, which does not count for much
+since 1827). It is evident that even the Czar Liberator, if he had been
+allowed to carry out his humanitarian endeavours, would have liberated
+Armenia from Turkey, not to give her independence but to make her into a
+Russian possession, for to have given Turkish Armenia independence would
+have been tantamount to fostering the spirit of independence in those provinces
+of Armenia which had already passed under Russian rule.</p>
+
+<p>It is well known that the Emperor Alexander II was guided and influenced
+by the liberal principles of Loris Melikoff (or properly Melikian
+according to the Armenian termination of his name). Melikian enjoyed the
+personal friendship of the Czar, and the successful victor of Kars was
+rewarded by his august master with the office of Prime Minister. The policy
+of Melikian made for the Russofication of Armenia, and while it is not
+possible that he loved Russia more than he loved his own country, it is
+rather more than probable that he saw in the Russofication of his nation the
+only way of saving its people.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>With the death of Alexander II Melikian’s star passed out of the horizon
+of Russian ministership; his liberal principles were not acceptable to
+Alexander III, and the policy of Russia towards the Armenians underwent a
+decided change.</p>
+
+<p>Since the disastrous war with Japan the policy of Russia towards the
+Armenians has undergone another change. In the years preceding the war,
+the reigning autocrat had pursued the policy of his father to an even greater
+degree of repression. Not only had national schools and theatres been
+closed in Russian Armenia and newspapers suspended, but the Czar
+went still further, and confiscated the lands and the wealth of the Armenian
+church.</p>
+
+<p>The late Armenian Catholicos Mukertich Khirimian (one of the delegates
+sent to the Congress of Berlin by the Patriarch Nerses), to whom his own
+people had given the beloved appellation of “Hairik” (little father) had by
+his noble life of self-sacrifice, his unceasing labours for the cause of the
+people, and his remarkable individuality, come to be regarded as a sort of
+holy man. There in the Cathedral of Etchmiatzin, under the venerable dome
+where for seventeen hundred years the successors of Gregore Loosavoritch
+(Gregory the Illuminator) had each in his turn held sway, and worshipped
+on the spot where the vision of Christ the Lord had descended, there before
+the altar of Christ, had Hairik the holy man lifted up his voice and cursed&mdash;cursed
+the Czar; and cursed Russia&mdash;Pious Russia with its pious Czar at its
+head shuddered, and the astounding reverses in the war with Japan that
+followed were attributed to Khirimian’s curse.</p>
+
+<p>Russia in Expiation made Reparation: the ban on schools, theatres and
+newspapers was removed, the church lands and the church wealth were
+restored, and the Czar of all the Russias in a friendly note to the Armenian
+Catholicos assured him of the Imperial friendship, and the Imperial solicitude
+for the welfare of his people.</p>
+
+<p>The return from exile of the Patriarch Ezmerlian to Constantinople, was
+quickly followed by his nomination to the See of Etchmiatzin, left vacant by
+the death of his predecessor, and now we hear of the Catholicos appealing
+to the Russian Government to take over the protectorate of Armenia from
+Turkey. Ezmerlian knows Turkey, he has been in close touch with the
+liberal Turks, and he knows the Turkish nation as a whole; he knows also
+that the present and immediate future of Russia is dark in the gloom of
+autocratic Czardom, and a man of his intellectual attainments and liberal
+principles can have no sympathy with absolutism. The appeal therefore of
+the Catholicos Ezmerlian (the Iron Patriarch as he is familiarly known) must<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+be read as a premonition, that not only has all hope of wresting national
+autonomy from Turkey died in his resolute heart, but also that he entertains
+grave fears of the possibility of the horrors of Adana being repeated.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="img7" style="width: 250px;">
+
+<img src="images/i_035.jpg" width="150" height="200" alt="" />
+
+<p class="caption">MUCKERTICH KHIRIMIAN.</p>
+
+<p class="caption2">(Late Catholicos and Supreme Patriarch
+of Etchmiatzin. Author and Poet).</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Russia may go on massacring Jews until Russians have left off being
+fanatical devils, and learned to be human, but however much she may pursue
+the policy of suppressing nationalism, however much she may seek to absorb
+the nation into herself, she has stopped at slaughter as far as Armenians are
+concerned. In his appeal to Russia, the Catholicos can be actuated by no
+other motive except the one motive of safe-guarding the people, of whom he
+is the acknowledged head.</p>
+
+<p>A man of high character and a dauntless
+patriot, known to his people under the
+beloved appellation of “Hairik” (little
+father). He was one of the delegates
+sent by the Patriarch Nerses to the
+Congress of Berlin in 1878. He worked
+for the cause of the people during his
+whole life, and died, worn out with heartbreaking
+disappointments; his dying
+words were, “We must not despair.”</p>
+
+<p>In an article entitled “The Church of
+Ararat” by Henry W. Nevinson in
+Harper’s Monthly Magazine of April,
+1908 there is given the following interesting
+account of the late Catholicos.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>The old man was sitting up in bed, a gray
+rug neatly spread over him for counterpane.
+There was something childlike and appealing in
+his position, as there always is about a sick man
+lying in bed in the daytime. One felt a little
+brutal standing beside him, dressed, and well, and
+tingling from the cold outside. It was a time for
+soothing hands and motherly care to put this baby of fourscore years to rest. But his mother
+was long ago forgotten: even his wife had been dead for half a century; and his only nurse
+was a stalwart black-bearded bishop of middle age.</p>
+
+<p>It was a long, low room, pleasant in its austerity. The whitewashed walls, the bare floor,
+the absence of all ornament, told of a clean and devoted mind. The windows looked upon a
+courtyard, silent but for the murmur and fluttering of pigeons. The old man’s hands lay
+quiet on the blanket, white, and wasted almost to the bone. The nightgown hid a form so
+thin it hardly made a ripple under the clothes. Through the white and shrunken face every
+lineament of the future skull was already visible; but on each side of the thin nose, hooked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+like a round bow, a great brown eye revealed the inward spirit’s intelligence and zeal unquenched.
+On his head was a close-fitting cap of purple velvet.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, near the end of last December, one of a century’s greatest men&mdash;Mgrditch
+Khrimian, Katholikos of the Armenian Church, and soul of the Armenian people&mdash;slowly
+approaching to death, lay in the ancient monastery called Etchmiatzin, or “The Only-Begotten
+is Descended.” From the window of a neighboring room he might have looked across the
+frost bound plain of the Araxes, where the vines were now all cut close and buried for the
+winter. Beyond the plain stood a dark mass of whirling snow and hurricane that hid the
+cone of Ararat. And just beyond Ararat lies Lake Van, last puddle of the Deluge. On the
+shore of that lake, eighty-seven years ago, Khrimian was born. In 1820 the Turkish
+Empire was still undiminished by sea or land; the Sultan still counted as one of the formidable
+Powers of Europe. It was four years before Byron set out to deliver Greece from his
+tyranny, and established for England a reputation as the generous champion of freedom&mdash;a
+reputation which still rather pathetically survives throughout the Near East. Long and
+stormy had been the life upon which the Katholikos now looked back, but not unhappy, for
+from first to last it had been inspired by one absorbing and unselfish aim&mdash;the freedom and
+regeneration of his people. It is true he had failed.</p>
+
+<p>From his earliest years, when he had witnessed the terrors of Turkish oppression in the
+homes of Armenians round Ararat, he was possessed by the spirit of nationality&mdash;such a
+spirit as only kindles in oppressed races, but dies away into easygoing tolerance among the
+prosperous and contented of the world. He began as a poet, wandering far and wide through
+the Turkish, Persian, and Russian sections of Armenia, visiting Constantinople and Jerusalem,
+and recalling to his people by his poems the scenes and glories of their national history.
+Entering the monastic order after his wife’s death, he devoted himself to the building of schools,
+which he generously threw open to Kurds, the hereditary assassins of Armenians. For many
+years, while Europe was occupied with Crimean wars, Austrian wars, or French and German
+wars, we see him ceaselessly journeying from Van to Constantinople and through the
+cities of Asia, unyielding in the contest, though continually defeated, his schools burned, his
+printing-presses broken up, his sacred emblems of the Host hung in mockery round the necks
+of dogs. When elected Armenian patriarch of Constantinople (1869), he was driven from
+his office after four years.</p>
+
+<p>But the cup of Turkish iniquity was filling. The pitiless slaughter of Bulgarians and
+Armenians alike was more than even the European Powers could stand. With varied motives,
+Russia sent her armies to fight their way to the walls of Constantinople, and Khrimian found
+himself summoned to plead his people’s cause before the Congress of Berlin. Though he
+speaks no language but Armenian and Turkish, he visited all the great courts of Europe
+beforehand, urging them to create an autonomous neutral state for Armenia, as they had
+done with success for the Lebanon. In London he became acquainted with Gladstone; but
+Gladstone was then only the blazing firebrand which had kindled the heart of England, and,
+in the Congress itself Khrimian could gain nothing for his people beyond the promises of
+Article 61, pledging the Powers, and especially England, to hold the Kurds in check and
+enforce Turkey’s definite reforms. It is needless to say that none of these promises and
+pledges were observed. Beaconsfield returned to London amid shouts of “Peace with Honor,”
+and Armenia was left to stew.</p>
+
+<p>So it went on. Detained in Constantinople as prisoner, banished to Jerusalem for
+rebellion, and finally chosen Katholikos, or head of his Church and race, by his own people, he
+maintained the hopeless contest. Year by year the woe increased, till by the last incalculable
+crime (1894-1896), the Armenians were slaughtered like sheep from the Bosporus to Lake<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+Van, and the lowest estimate counted the murdered dead at 100,000. Gladstone made the
+last great speech of his heroic life. England attempted some kind of protest. But rather
+than join the Liberal demand for action, Lord Rosebery left his party for private leisure, and
+Russia, France, and Germany combined to secure immunity for the “great assassin.” It
+was the lowest point of Europe’s shame.</p>
+
+<p>Blow followed blow. Hardly had the remnant of the Armenian people escaped from
+massacre when their Church fell under the brutal domination of Russia. Plehve ordained its
+destruction, and Golitzin was sent to Tiflis as governor-general to carry it out. Church
+property to the value of £6,000,000 was seized by violence, the Katholikos resolutely refusing
+to give up the keys of the safe where the title deeds were kept (June, 1903). For two years
+the Russian officials played with the revenues, retaining eighty per cent. for their own
+advantage. But in the mean time assassination had rid the earth of Plehve, and the overwhelming
+defeats of Russia in Manchuria were attributed to the Armenian curse. Grudgingly
+the Church property was restored, in utter chaos, and for the moment it is Russia’s policy to
+favor the Armenians as a balance against the Georgians, whom the St. Petersburg government
+is now determined to destroy.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the past upon which the worn old man, stretched on his monastic bed, looked
+back that winter’s morning. Singleness of aim has its reward in spiritual peace, but of the
+future he was not hopeful. He no longer even contemplated an autonomous Armenia, either
+on Turkish territory or on Russian. On the Russian side of the frontier the Armenian
+villages were too scattered, too much interspersed with Georgians and Tartars, to allow
+of autonomy. On the Turkish side, he thought, massacre and exile had now left too few of
+the race to form any kind of community. Indeed, for the last twelve years the Armenian
+villagers have been crawling over the foot of Ararat by thousands a year to escape the Kurds,
+and every morning they come and stand in fresh groups of pink and blue rags outside the
+monastery door where the head of their Church and race lies dying. They stand there in
+mute appeal, as I saw them, possessing nothing in the world but the variegated tatters
+that cover them, and their faith in their Katholikos. Slowly they are drafted away into
+Tiflis, Baku, or their Caucasian villages, but nowhere are they welcomed.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the bishops and monks, who form a council round their chief, still look for
+Europe’s interference, and trust that the solemn pledges taken by England and other Powers
+at Berlin may be fulfilled. The Bishop of Erivan, for instance, still labors for the appointment
+of a Christian governor over the district marked by the ill-omened names of Van, Bitlis,
+and Erzeroum. I also found that even among the Georgians there was a large party willing
+to concede all the frontier district from Erivan to Kars, where Armenian villages are thickest,
+as an autonomous Armenian province, in the happy day when the Caucasus wins federal
+autonomy. But the majority of the Armenian clergy, who hitherto have led the people, are
+beginning to acquiesce in the hopelessness of political change, and are now limiting their
+efforts to education and industries. One cannot yet say how far their influence may be
+surpassed in the growing revolutionary parties of “The Bell” and “The Flag.” Of these,
+the Social Democratic “Bell” follows the usual impracticable and pedantic creed of St. Marx.
+The “Flag,” or party of Nationalist Democrats, is at present dominant, and at a great
+assembly held in Erivan last August (1906) they adopted a programme of land nationalization,
+universal suffrage and education, an eight-hour day, and the control of the Church property
+by elected laymen. If the Russian revolution makes good progress, they will naturally unite
+with the Georgian Federalists, on whom the best hopes of the country are set.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever may be the political future of the Armenians, they seem likely to survive for
+many generations yet as a race, held together by language and religion. Except the Jews,
+there is, I think, no parallel to such a survival. It is a thousand years since they could be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+called a powerful nation. For almost as long they have possessed no independent country of
+their own. For six hundred years their ancient capital city of Ani has stood a splendid but
+empty ruin in the desert between Kars and the great mountain of Alagöz, which confronts
+Ararat, with nearly equal height. They have been rent asunder and tormented by Persians,
+Turks, Tartars, and Russians in turn. Even their religion is not nationalistic or distinctly
+separate from other forms of religion, like the Jewish. Except for metaphysical shades of
+difference, hardly comprehensible to the modern world, there is little to distinguish it from the
+orthodox Christianity of the Near East. Yet, through innumerable disasters and attempts
+at extermination, the race persists, like the Jews, with astonishing vitality, unmistakable in
+characteristics which may not be exactly heroic, but lead to a certain material success. After
+all, it is only in harassed and persecuted nationalities that true patriotism ever survives.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="img8" style="width: 400px;">
+
+<img src="images/i_038.jpg" width="165" height="200" alt="" />
+
+<p class="caption">MATTHEVOSE EZMERLIAN.</p>
+
+<p class="caption2">Catholicos and Supreme Patriarch of
+Etchmiatzin. A man of high character and
+great ability, also a distinguished linguist.
+As Patriarch of Constantinople he was familiarly
+known as the “Iron Patriarch.” Banished
+by the Hamidian Government, he returned
+from exile in 1908 and was shortly after elected
+Catholicos of Etchmiatzin.</p>
+
+<p class="caption2">The Armenian Catholicos is not infallible
+like the Pope. He is elected by the nation,
+but his appointment is subject to the sanction
+of the Czar.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE ARMENIAN MASSACRES AND THE
+ARMENIAN PEOPLE.</h3>
+
+<p>During a period extending over thirty years the civilized world has
+heard of Turkish Massacres of Armenians. Massacres of a nature so
+ferocious and diabolical, so hideous and revolting, that no pen could adequately
+describe their horrors.</p>
+
+<p>Writing in 1896, Mr. James Bryce, in his supplementary chapter to the
+4th edition of his book “Transcaucasia and Ararat” makes the following
+grave comment:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“Twenty years is a short space in the life of a nation. But these
+twenty years have been filled with sufferings for the Armenian Christians
+greater than their ancestors had to endure during the eight centuries that
+have passed since the first Turkish Conquest of Armenia. They have been
+years of misery, slaughter, martyrdom, agony, despair.”</p>
+
+<p>And the years that have followed from 1896 to 1909 have had the
+same tale of woe to unfold; a tale of horrors such as have never been surpassed
+in the history of nations.</p>
+
+<p>The opinion of the Turkish Pasha, “The way to get rid of the Armenian
+Question, is to get rid of the Armenians” was followed by “le Sultan Rouge,”
+and that the monster and assassin who sat on the Turkish throne from 1876
+to 1909 was not able to accomplish this policy to the bitter end of complete
+extermination, was no doubt due to the grit and stubborn endurance of the
+victims.</p>
+
+<p>A Turkish writer has made the remark, “There are Armenians, but
+there is no Armenia.” This assertion would be true if meant in a political
+sense only, for of all civilized races on earth, Armenians are politically one
+of the most forlorn, but the country has not been wiped off the map. It still
+occupies the geographical place it has held since history has been written.
+The land of the Euphrates and Tigris, that Araxes valley, where, as simple
+and primitive Armenians will to this day assert in unshaken belief, God made
+man in His own image, and the country round the base of Ararat, where the
+generations of men once more began to people the earth.</p>
+
+<p>Once the land of Ararat was an independent kingdom until the tide of
+victory rolled over it and conquered its independence. Hemmed round by
+three Great Empires, Russian, Turkish and Persian, the unfortunate geographical
+position of the country became the cause of its people’s ruin.</p>
+
+<p>It is of bitter interest to Armenians to know that Ararat is the point
+where the three Empires, Russian, Turkish and Persian, meet, whilst the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+children of the land of Ararat have passed under the sovereignties of Czar,
+Sultan and Shah. Thus it may be true that there is no Armenia in the
+political sense of the word, but if Armenia has lost her independence, the
+Armenian people have survived.</p>
+
+<p>The Author of “Transcaucasia and Ararat” thus writes of them:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“The Armenians are an extraordinary people, with a tenacity of
+national life scarcely inferior to that of the Jews.”</p>
+
+<p>The remark is true. There are two nations of antiquity who notwithstanding
+unremitting persecutions, and centuries of loss of independence,
+have survived their contemporary nations; their fortunes have run on
+parallel lines, though their national characteristics have been different in some
+respects. Together with his other avocations, the Armenian is mountaineer,
+soldier, labourer, agriculturist, while the Jew is purely a dweller in cities; but
+the same virility of life, the same mental and physical strength have sustained
+both. The sons of Heber, great grandson of Shem, have however become
+wise in their generation, the Jew is now more American than the American,
+more British than the British, more French than the French, more German
+than the German. Not so the sons of Haik, great grandson of Japhet, for
+with the same determined obstinacy with which he has clung to his faith, the
+Armenian clings to his nationality. He has known how to resist Russian
+endeavours of absorption, and Turkish systems of extermination. When he
+gives up his nationality, it will be the story of the hunted animal brought to
+its last gasp.</p>
+
+<p>The Armenians have been called “the most determined of Christians,”
+a remark the truth of which has been borne out by their unequalled
+martyrdom for their faith; and yet it may truly be said that in no Christian
+Church is the lay element more strong than it is in the Armenian Church.
+Conscious of this freedom, Armenians are surprised to read assertions made
+by some writers, about “the gross superstitions” of their Church, which
+they on their part regard as the happy medium between Protestantism and
+Roman Catholicism. Surrounded with pomp and splendour, and a show of
+outward ceremonies, which the average Armenian regards as no more than
+mere adjuncts to gratify and impress the sensibilities, the Liturgy of the
+Armenian Church, in its grandeur and pathos, appeals to the heart of the
+Armenian people, as no other form of worship can; it is the reason, as has
+truly been said of them, that “they carry their religion with them wherever
+they go.”</p>
+
+<p>The Armenians have also been called “the interpreters between the
+East and the West.” There is no doubt a certain adaptability which is a
+national characteristic; and as language is the vehicle of comprehension,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+their talent for acquiring languages helps to bring them into touch with
+Eastern and Western peoples; but the main truth of the observation lies in
+the fact, that being born Asiatics, and living for the most part in the midst of
+Asiatic surroundings, they fall into the ways of Asiatic life; they understand
+Asiatics better, and know how to sympathise with them; whilst on the other
+hand, their religion is the religion which has moulded the thought of the
+West, and consequently also the religion that has moulded the thought of
+a people who were the earliest Christians.</p>
+
+<p>The main point of social difference between them and other Asiatic
+nations, lies in the exalted position occupied by their women, and this point
+of difference may be traced to that one cause or influence, which has exalted
+the position of women in the West, the doctrines of Jesus of Nazareth.
+This point of difference in social life, together with the difference of religion,
+has always kept them separate from Persian and Turk.</p>
+
+<p>Private and trustworthy information to hand brings the news that the
+ex Sultan Abdul Hamid, aware of his impending dethronement, desired to
+bring about a general massacre of Christians in Constantinople, beginning
+with the foreign Embassies downwards. “I must be the last Padishah, even
+though Turkey perish,” was Abdul’s frantic appeal to his satellites, but his
+minions, not daring to venture on so dangerous an undertaking, planned the
+massacres to begin at the village of Adana, inhabited by the unfortunate
+Armenians. It was a safe plan, since the Armenians had no battleships to
+turn their guns upon Constantinople, and by the bombardment of the capital,
+to seek revenge for the murder of their countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>A massacre so wanton as that of Adana, can only find its counterpart
+in the other Turkish massacres of Armenians which preceded it.</p>
+
+<p>“Abdul the Damned” has been dethroned, but he has not been
+executed, and so long as he continues to draw breath, as long is there danger
+for the Armenians.</p>
+
+<p>We hear of the Mahommedans in India cabling their petition to the new
+Turkish Government to spare the life of the ex-Padishah and the ex-Caliph of
+Islam; the erstwhile “God’s shadow on earth” and the erstwhile “God’s
+envoy on earth” the sacredness of whose person should be inviolate. In
+this demonstration of the Indian Mahommedans, we can read the epistle of
+Mahommedan thought, and feel the pulse of Mahommedan feeling all over
+the Sunni Moslem world.</p>
+
+<p>Although intensely mercenary, Abdul Hamid however not only never
+grudged the gold which helped to accomplish the Armenian massacres, but
+he used it largely in douceurs which purchased silence or false representations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+of his diabolical acts, and it was by means of such douceurs that he
+went farther than seducing merely his own subjects.</p>
+
+<p>“Mais l’oeuvre de l’impérial corrupteur a dépassé les limites de son
+Palais et de ses États, N’a-t-il pas, en effet, étouffé sous des baillons dorés
+la voix d’importants organes de la presse européenne? N’a-t-il pas acheté à
+l’étranger des politiciens et même des diplomates?</p>
+
+<p>“Saïd Pacha ayant recherché ce qu’en six mois les massacres d’Arménie
+avaient coûté au Trésor turc, en allocations à certains journaux européens, a
+établi le compte approximatif suivant: 640 décorations, et 235,000 Livres
+Turques (près de cinq millions et demi)!”<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>It needs not be added that no one who knows the truth of Turkish affairs,
+doubts the truth of this impeachment.</p>
+
+<p>“But whatever the future may bring, the past is past, and will one day
+fall to be judged. And of the judgement of posterity there can be little
+doubt.”</p>
+
+<p>In these memorable words, Mr. James Bryce in the supplementary
+chapter of his book “Transcaucasia and Ararat” concludes his criticism on
+what he calls “the fatal action followed by the fatal inaction of the European
+Powers.”</p>
+
+<p>It is true. As surely as the world revolves on her own axis, and as
+day succeeds night, so surely History will record and Posterity will judge.
+But what compensation to the Armenians? What compensation for the
+rivers of blood that have inundated their land? What atonement for the
+hideous past? What relief for the present? What hope for the future?</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>THE ARMENIAN MASSACRES AND THE FUTURE
+OF THE ARMENIANS.</h3>
+
+<p>The above is a subject for profound meditation for the Armenian
+people; it has therefore naturally for me occupied much deep thought.</p>
+
+<p>National Autonomy has been the dream of the Armenians; a dream
+which through centuries of oppression and years of slaughter, the nation has
+been striving and struggling to realize. The oldest of historical nations, we
+have held to our nationality, language and religion; we have struggled and
+striven, and though billows of affliction have swept over us, we have not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+allowed ourselves to be engulfed. “Love is stronger than Death” and
+truly the Armenian has loved his nationality with a steadfastness and tenacity
+that has conquered death.</p>
+
+<p>Steady, stubborn grit, combined with a remarkable natural intelligence
+have been characteristics of the race, and have kept us alive in spite of
+national adversities, such as no other nation could have suffered and
+survived.</p>
+
+<p>But our position is an acutely unhappy and an acutely unfortunate one.
+Our misfortunes began with the physical geography of our country. Surrounded
+by three great empires, our kingdom was strangled by the overwhelming
+pressure, and to-day our country is divided up between Russia,
+Turkey and Persia. For this reason we have been a great deal more
+unfortunate than the Balkan States, and now if there were any possible
+chance of wresting autonomy for Turkish Armenia from Turkey, Russia
+fearing the spread of the same spirit in her own provinces, would assuredly
+not only frown on such an attempt but use all the means in her power to
+crush it.</p>
+
+<p>There is also a stern fact which a people so politically helpless and
+forlorn as ourselves must ever bear in mind, namely, that we live in an
+intensely selfish and intensely grasping world; no prating the pretty
+nonsense of Western Civilization, or Western Humanity, or Western
+Christianity can alter that stern hard fact as it stands, and as it has stood
+since the history of our world has been written.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, nineteenth century civilization, which has made the world of
+commerce acutely grasping, has also made the world of Politics unscrupulously
+selfish.</p>
+
+<p>However much it may clothe itself in the garment of fair speech,
+what we call “Politics” is actually made up of that one devouring, absorbing,
+grasping element&mdash;Selfishness. “The friends of to-day may be
+enemies to-morrow” is more truly spoken in the domain of Politics than
+anywhere else.</p>
+
+<p>Let the Armenians take a lesson not only from the Turkish massacres,
+but from the attitude of Europe towards those massacres? Let them look
+back on the past, and remember how they have been trampled under the
+merciless foot of Political Selfishness, and then left to welter in their gore.</p>
+
+<p>Who doubts, who can gainsay, that by so much as the lifting up of a
+finger the Powers of Europe could have stopped those massacres? Was
+that finger ever lifted up, however, all through the long years of “slaughter,
+martyrdom, agony, despair” to save our helpless people from butcheries so
+enormous, so hideous, so appalling that no pen could portray the horrible<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+realities? Had the Turkish bonds been in jeopardy, Constantinople harbour
+would have witnessed the battleships of the Powers of Europe discharging their
+cannon on the capital of the Turkish Empire, but a hundred thousand or five
+hundred thousand Armenians, more or less, mangled and butchered to death, or
+fleeing from their sacked and burning villages to die of cold and starvation in
+their mountain passes, could not rouse action on the part of Europe, even
+though the Concert of Europe had been instrumental in their destruction.</p>
+
+<p>I do not write with a desire to indulge in recriminations, since vain
+recriminations will not bear profitable fruit; but I write with the object of
+impressing on my countrymen to remember, always to remember, the lessons
+written on the pages of a past that should never be forgotten by us.</p>
+
+<p>In his book “Our Responsibilities for Turkey” the late Duke of Argyll
+quotes from the famous despatch of a British Ambassador to Turkey, the
+date being given as September 4, 1876. The despatch proceeds thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“To the accusation of being a blind partisan of the Turks I will only
+answer that my conduct here has never been guided by any sentimental
+affection for them, but by a firm determination to uphold the interests of
+Great Britain to the utmost of my power; and that those interests are deeply
+engaged in preventing the disruption of the Turkish Empire is a conviction
+which I share in common with the most eminent statesmen who have directed
+our foreign policy, but which appears now to be abandoned by shallow
+politicians or persons who have allowed their feelings of revolted humanity
+to make them forget the capital interests involved in the question.</p>
+
+<p>“We may and must feel indignant at the needless and monstrous
+severity with which the Bulgarian insurrection was put down; <i>but the
+necessity which exists for England to prevent changes from occurring here
+which would be most detrimental to ourselves is not affected by the question
+whether it was 10,000 or 20,000 persons who perished in the suppression</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“We have been upholding what we know to be a semi-civilized nation,
+liable under certain circumstances to be carried into fearful excesses; but the
+fact of this having just now been strikingly brought home to us all cannot be
+a sufficient reason for abandoning a policy which is the only one that can be
+followed with due regard to our interest.”</p>
+
+<p>I quote this famous despatch merely to point out that “due regard to
+our interest” was carefully followed out in the Past by the Powers of Europe,
+and that “due regard to our interest” will be just as carefully followed out in
+the Present and in the Future.</p>
+
+<p>From the Turk and Persian, the Armenian must ever remain separate,
+as he has through centuries, though living in the midst of them,
+remained separate. The gulf that divides the one nation from the other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+two, the wall of iron that rises between them is the position of woman. The
+Armenian has accepted whole-heartedly the position in which woman has
+been placed by the Great Founder of his faith. For seventeen hundred
+years unremittingly since Christianity was revived in Armenia by Gregory
+the Illuminator, the Christian law with regard to the position of woman has
+moulded the thought of the nation, it has left its impress on the nation, and
+it is this vital and essential difference between the law of Mahommed and the
+law of Christ that like a two-edged sword has cleaved apart Christian
+Armenian from Moslem Turk and Persian.</p>
+
+<p>If “East is East, and West is West” it is on account of the social plane
+on which woman stands, a social plane that is never so degraded in any
+corner of Asia, as it is in the countries where the law of Mahommed governs.</p>
+
+<p>The Armenians in Asiatic Turkey are scattered and dispersed among
+Turks and other antagonistic races; they are without any military force or
+organization to wrest autonomy from the military and governing power.
+That Europe should aid their endeavours, or that Turkey should make them
+a free gift of autonomy, are both of them absolutely out of the question.
+Then what remains for us?</p>
+
+<p>To hold to our own nationality and to be subject&mdash;Subject to Russia,
+subject to Turkey, subject to Persia&mdash;What shall it profit us? What will
+it profit? What doth it profit us? Our strong, clever, energetic men, our
+beautiful, intelligent women, when neither chance nor opportunity can enable
+our finest and best to reach the higher rungs of the world’s ladder, and
+when as a subject people we must ever remain hewers of wood and drawers
+of water, even our Aivasowskis and our Melikoffs have been known to the
+world as Russians, not as Armenians. Have we a chance of bursting the
+fetters? Have we strength to break the chains? Can we reach the goal
+toward which, bleeding and torn, we have been striving, and still are striving?
+These are questions which we must ask ourselves; looking them soberly in
+the face.</p>
+
+<p>But this is not enough: if we must persist in holding to our nationality,
+we must look into ourselves, we must search out and probe our national
+failings and our national weaknesses, and find out in what essential characteristics
+we are wanting as a nation, and so build up national character. Let
+us weigh ourselves in the balance, and supply what in us is found wanting.</p>
+
+<p>In the period of less than a decade a Great Power has risen in the
+Orient. The people of a small island empire with an empty Treasury have
+beaten successfully and disastrously a colossal empire of whom the Powers
+of Europe had stood in awe, and against whom not one had ventured single-handed
+to engage.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the field the ever victorious army of little Japan undermined Russia’s
+stronghold, and succeeded in driving back and ever driving back the ever
+defeated and ever retreating army of colossal Russia. At sea the ever
+victorious Japanese Fleet succeeded in completely annihilating the Russian
+Fleet. It was war such as the world had never yet seen. The secret of
+such astounding successes should be investigated, and here I beg leave to
+quote from one of a series of articles in which I gave view to my opinions
+during the Russo-Japanese War. “Japan may be likened to the bundle of
+faggots in the fable firmly tied together; one faggot of larger dimensions in
+the centre, the sovereign round whom the whole nation clusters, and all,
+ruler and people tied together by adamantine bands of patriotism.”</p>
+
+<p>These remarks of mine were based on observations of actual facts. In
+national unity Japan stands as an object lesson to the world; she furnishes
+an example which the world needs to copy, and which a nation so politically
+forlorn as ourselves more than any other needs to copy.</p>
+
+<p>From the astounding success of Japan let us turn to the position the
+Great Republic of the United States of America occupies in the world, and
+take the lesson to heart of what Union can accomplish as we contrast their
+present position with the position that the handful of puritan pilgrims occupied
+when they first landed on American soil not quite three hundred years ago.</p>
+
+<p>National Unity is our greatest need; it is the banner which we must
+raise up over our national life. National Unity must be engraven on the
+tablets of our minds and throb in the pulses of our hearts. There are
+mountains of difficulties before us, and if ever we must reach the goal we
+can only do so by being bound together like the bundle of faggots in the
+fable, with no weakening or loosening of the bands. Then perhaps we
+might once more be able to get an independent footing on the historical soil
+of our fathers, and perhaps once more rally round our own flag. A Japanese
+lives for the State, not for himself; we have no State for which to live,
+but let us live for our communities whilst we keep the hope in our hearts
+that communities grow into States.</p>
+
+<p>We have grit and endurance in an unparalleled degree, but these
+characteristics will profit us nothing if we are wanting in unity.</p>
+
+<p>Let us remember that utterance of the Founder of our faith. In our
+loyalty and allegiance to Him our life-blood has flowed like the torrents of a
+cataract, but we must remember His warning utterance:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>“What shall it profit a man.” What shall it profit a nation. Unity is
+the soul of a nation. Let us keep our soul and not lose it.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>THE ARMENIAN MASSACRES AND CIVILIZED
+EUROPE.</h3>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="verse">“Hear then ye Senates! hear this truth sublime,</div>
+<div class="verse">They who allow Oppression share the crime.”</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>“A voice was heard in Ramah, lamentation, and bitter weeping; Rahel
+weeping for her children refused to be comforted for her children, because
+they were not.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In the twentieth century of the christian era, in the age of trumpeted
+progress, of boasted and vaunted civilization, there is a Ramah of countries,
+a desolated Ramah, blackened and calcined with the fires of oppression, and
+over her desolated wastes there flows, flows, continually flows, ever replenished
+and ever renewed, that red stream which crieth up from the earth
+to God: and out of this modern Ramah, a voice is heard of lamentation and
+bitter weeping, it riseth up in its boundless anguish to reach the heavens, it
+crieth out and will not be stopped, for it is the voice of the Rahel of nations
+weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted, because they are not.</p>
+
+<p>Ah! thou Rahel of nations! to the cry of thy boundless anguish, to thy
+lamentation and bitter weeping, Christendom and Civilization, the Christendom
+and Civilization of Europe have replied “Are we thy children’s
+keepers?”</p>
+
+<p>Who that has read the history of the Crusades has not turned with
+sickening disgust from the chapters wherein history has recorded the savage
+barbarities and fearful excesses of those christian warriors, who went to
+Palestine ostensibly fired with the enthusiasm of a holy cause, but in reality
+only to glut in slaughter and gratify brutal passions. Europe has, however,
+designated her past as the “dark ages” into which she has thrust back, the
+ferocious outbursts of religion, the merciless persecutions of the church, the
+savage sweep of the barbarians of the north, and the unbridled tyrannies of
+despotic power, from all which she loudly boasts to have emancipated herself,
+and like the evolution according to the Darwinian theory of the anthropomorphal
+ape, to have progressed into the state of civilization. But
+beginning from the last quarter of the nineteenth and on into the first decade
+of the twentieth century, the horrors of the darkest ages in human history
+have lain at her doors, and towards these horrors Europe has kept up the
+role of an extenuatingly disclaiming, a mildly rebuking, sweetly frowning,
+smilingly denouncing, Disapprover.</p>
+
+<p>Half a million Armenians annihilated by organized massacres of the
+most ferocious and hideous natures, and perhaps a corresponding number<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+fated either to rot to death in Turkish prisons or made homeless and
+destitute to die of cold and starvation, with Europe nonchalantly looking on
+is surely convincing proof that the Humanity, Christianity and Civilization of
+Europe are whited sepulchres, hiding by the smooth outside the rottenness
+within; therefore ye priests of the gospel come down from your pulpits, close
+your churches, hold your tongues and be silent for ever, for the Christianity
+you preach has bowed itself out, if ever it existed, in Christian Europe.
+The Christ of Europe is the demon of greed and the demon of land hunger,
+and the god of civilization is Mammon.</p>
+
+<p>In 1878 an astounding policy was carried out by Great Britain; it was
+the crowning act of her long continued support to Turkey, a government
+she knew to be hopelessly vicious and profoundly cruel and bad to the core.
+With this Power, England posing before the world as the home of freedom,
+the friend of the oppressed, and the defender of the rights and liberties of
+man, entered into a Convention. It was called the “Anglo-Turkish Convention,”
+of which Article I reads thus:</p>
+
+<p>“If Batum, Ardahan, Kars, or any of them, shall be retained by Russia,
+and if any attempt shall be made at any future time by Russia to take possession
+of any further territories of his Imperial Majesty the Sultan in Asia,
+as fixed by the definitive Treaty of Peace, England engages to join his
+Imperial Majesty the Sultan in defending them by force of arms. In return
+his Imperial Majesty the Sultan promises to England to introduce necessary
+reforms, to be agreed upon later between the two Powers, into the government
+and for the protection of the Christian and other subjects of the Porte
+in these territories. And in order to enable England to make necessary
+provision for executing her engagement, his Imperial Majesty the Sultan
+further consents to assign the island of Cyprus to be occupied and administered
+by England.”</p>
+
+<p>It is well to remark here what was blazoned to the world at the time that
+part of those “<i>necessary reforms</i>” “<i>in these territories</i>” include twenty-two
+large organized massacres of Armenians (besides smaller ones) dating from
+September 30th, 1895 to December 29th, 1895; and be it remembered that
+these were massacres of a hideousness and ferocity of nature even devils could
+not rival; besides also other organized massacres by the Turkish Government
+of the same nature (large and small) both before and after that period.</p>
+
+<p>The British press, followed by a large section of the British public,
+raged against what they called the advance of Russia in the East, as they
+had already raged for half a century past. It is astonishing how one nation
+can swallow its own camels and strain at the other’s gnats.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>However, this Anglo-Turkish Convention and the Congress at Berlin
+was the crowning act of England’s support and defense of a power whose
+rule had been characterized by mis-rule, massacre and oppression. Her
+prime minister returned from the Congress of Berlin loudly proclaiming
+“Peace with Honour.” Of that “Honour” Time has been the test, and
+Time has revealed to the world that “Peace” in its true character.</p>
+
+<p>Dating from the Congress of Berlin the supreme tragedy of Armenia
+begins; deliberately and without compunction England revived the dying
+tyranny of Turkey for the Armenians, deliberately and without compunction
+she took away from them (a people politically the most helpless and forlorn
+of all civilized nations) the only protection they had of a powerful neighbour
+willing and able to enforce its protection, and rivetted on their necks the
+yoke of the cruellest oppressor that the world had yet known. The history
+of the rule of the house of Osman up to the thirty-fourth Padishah was knowledge
+enough and experience enough for the British Government and the
+British people, and yet in the last quarter of the civilized nineteenth century,
+the great and enlightened Christian power of Great Britain proceeded to
+carry out and complete this gigantic political crime of fastening on the necks
+of a struggling Christian people, the last remnants of an ancient civilization,
+the merciless yoke of their oppressors. From that time onward history
+must mark the course of the supreme tragedy of Armenia.</p>
+
+<p>The bold move taken by the Patriarch Nerses of sending delegates to
+the Congress of Berlin cost the renowned prelate his life, his firm refusal to
+recall his delegates aroused the last fury of Turkey’s Padishah; the Patriarch
+was stealthily murdered and his genius and great personal influence lost to
+the cause of his people.</p>
+
+<p>But a loss greater than the loss of their beloved leader befell the
+Armenians in the assassination of the Emperor Alexander II, whose untimely
+death plunged Russia back into the night of ignorance, bigotry and superstition,
+of the savagery and slavery, out of the darkness of which he was leading
+her; the best and noblest of Czars was succeeded by a son whose policy
+shaped itself directly contrary to that of his father’s, and Russia from being
+the help of the Armenians under Turkish rule turned into one of the pillars
+of support of their oppressor.</p>
+
+<p>“Since 1884,” writes Mr. James Bryce, “it has been generally understood
+in Constantinople that the Russian Embassy has made no serious
+effort to bring about any radical change in Turkish administration, and it was
+indeed believed that the more England remonstrated the more did Russia
+point out to the Sultan how much he had erred in supposing that England
+was his friend.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We have it on the authority of Professor Arminius Vambéry that the
+Czar Alexander III had given assurances of his friendship and support to
+Sultan Abdul Hamid; and there are not wanting political students who affirm
+that the Armenian Massacres were in part instigated by Russian politicians
+who saw, or professed to see, in a free Armenia an impediment to Russia’s
+advance in the south and a fostering of the spirit of independence in the
+Russian provinces of Armenia.<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> This on the authority of Mr. James Bryce
+was the reason which Prince Lobanoff assigned for his refusal to give
+support to British proposals of coercion towards Turkey. “On January
+16, 1896,” so writes Mr. Bryce, “when the massacres had gone on for
+more than three months, he (Prince Lobanoff) ‘saw nothing to destroy his
+confidence in the bonne volonté of the Sultan, who was’ (”he felt assured“)
+‘doing his best.’” And Mr. Bryce continues to add “Turkey, which in
+1877 had looked to England for help against Russia, now turned to Russia
+for support against the menaces of England.”</p>
+
+<p>We have it also on the authority of Mr. Bryce that shortly after the
+terrible and cold-blooded massacre of Armenians at Constantinople “the
+German Ambassador presented to the Sultan a picture of the German Imperial
+family which he had asked for some time ago”<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> and the friendship of Kaiser
+Wilhelm for Abdul Hamid “his friend and brother,” as an American writer
+has called him; the costly gifts presented by the ex-Sultan to the German
+Imperial family, the magnificent reception of the Kaiser at Constantinople,
+and the still more magnificent concession of Turkish territory to Germany,
+are too well known to the world to need any further comment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Thus it became the fate of the unfortunate Armenians to be the bruised
+and mangled shuttle-cock of powerful bats.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="img9" style="width: 200px;">
+
+<img src="images/i_051.jpg" width="150" height="200" alt="" />
+
+<p class="caption">NERSES VARJABETIAN.</p>
+
+<p class="caption">(Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople).</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Much has been written and much has been said by great authorities,
+(far more comprehensively and by pens much more forcible than my humble
+efforts could aspire to reach) against the selfishness and callousness, the
+inhumanity and cynicism of those great powers which have coldly looked on
+and permitted the hellish atrocities and horrors of the Armenian Massacres.
+The name of William Ewart Gladstone is loved and revered by Armenians
+all over the world; but the thunderings of that veteran statesman and the
+denouncing protests of those thoughtful men whose feelings of revolted
+humanity have made themselves heard in sounding language, have fallen on
+stony ground; they have been like the voices of men crying out in the wilderness.
+Europe has turned a deaf ear to the condemnations of justice and
+truth, even as she has turned a deaf ear to the voice of Rahel weeping for
+her slaughtered children.</p>
+
+<p>The victim of Abdul Hamid’s
+revenge who was stealthily murdered
+in his bed. He was elected Patriarch
+in 1843 and held the highest place in
+the esteem and affection of his people.
+Mr. James Bryce gives his age at the
+time of his election in 1843 as
+seventy-three; if this is correct then
+he was over a hundred years old
+when he was foully murdered. Mr.
+Bryce writes of him as, “the worthy
+leader of his nation,” “a man of
+high character and great ability.”</p>
+
+<p>A writer signing himself Beyzadé
+gives the following account of the
+Patriarch’s tragic death in the July
+number of “The Wide World:”</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>The attempted poisoning and subsequent
+death of Monseigneur Nercès Varjabétian,
+the Armenian Patriarch and Archbishop of
+Constantinople, was a revolting illustration
+of the inhuman and barbarous tactics of the
+Yildiz Kiosk “Camarilla.” Monseigneur
+Nercès Varjabétian was not only one of the
+most prominent prelates of the Armenian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+Church, but was also a fearless patriot&mdash;a distinguished linguist, an eloquent preacher, and a
+thorough gentleman in every sense of the word. When peace was concluded between Turkey
+and Russia, and preparations were being made for the Berlin Congress, it was he who, in
+spite of the feared fanatical uprising of the Turks, threw prudence to the winds and took
+a step that will long be remembered in the annals of Armenian history.</p>
+
+<p>At the first meeting of the Berlin Congress the Turkish delegates were thunderstruck to
+learn from official sources that an Armenian delegation had arrived from Constantinople, sent
+by Monseigneur Nercès, the Patriarch, their object being to request the signatory Powers of
+the Berlin Treaty to force a guarantee from the Turkish Government to make certain
+important improvements in Armenia.</p>
+
+<p>Abdul Hamid and his advisers were furious at this affront, and Monseigneur Nercès was
+summoned to the Palace. It is said that when he received the summons he simply smiled
+and asked one of his curates to read the Burial Service to him, as he did not expect to
+return alive. However, he went. No one has ever heard what passed between the Sultan
+and himself at the interview; suffice it to say that he immediately summoned the Armenian
+General Assembly and tendered his resignation. This was not accepted by the Assembly,
+and, amidst enthusiastic cheers, he was carried back to his apartments at the Patriarchate.
+Meanwhile a peremptory order reached him, signed by the Sultan, to recall the Armenian
+delegation from Berlin. This Monseigneur Varjabétian point-blank refused to do, and retired
+to his private residence at Haskeuy, a village on the Golden Horn. The success of the delegation,
+however, did not come up to his expectations. The Armenians, as it happened, could
+not be heard, but they were so far successful as to have an article inserted in the treaty.</p>
+
+<p>The Sultan and his advisers never forgave the Patriarch this, though they could not
+openly do anything to him on account of his enormous popularity. Time passed on, and to
+all appearance the incident was forgotten, but it was not so. One summer afternoon a most
+cordial invitation was sent by a very high dignitary of the Palace, requesting the Archbishop
+to dine with him informally. An invitation of this kind could not very well be refused, so
+the Archbishop, accompanied only by a body-servant named Vartan, repaired to the Pasha’s
+house. The Pasha received him at the door and escorted the visitor with much ceremony and
+extreme courtesy to a private apartment of the salamlik of his house (the men’s quarters),
+where dinner was served. The geniality displayed by his host dispelled any fears that the
+Archbishop might have had as to his personal safety.</p>
+
+<p>After dinner, as usual, coffee was served. Now, this serving of the coffee is rather a
+ceremonial according to high Turkish etiquette, and it is not unusual for guests to bring their
+own <i>tchooboukdar</i> (the servant who carries his master’s pipe and pouch and also superintends
+the making of his coffee). The Archbishop was presented with a “tchoobouk” (pipe) filled
+and lighted for smoking, and a servant followed with coffee. The Archbishop accepted both
+with due compliments to his host, and took a sip at his coffee. Just at that moment the
+heavy curtains over the doorway were thrown apart, revealing the ghastly pale face of his
+servant Vartan, who cried, in Armenian, in a voice trembling with emotion, “Monseigneur,
+I did not brew the coffee!”</p>
+
+<p>This was enough for the Archbishop; he pretended to be startled and spilt the coffee, but,
+alas! he had already drunk a small quantity of it. Meanwhile a scuffle was going on behind
+the <i>portière</i>, where his poor servant Vartan was paying the penalty of his devotion to his
+master. Concerning Vartan’s whereabouts or his ultimate end nothing was ever made public&mdash;the
+poor fellow simply vanished. Monseigneur Varjabétian, after a short interval thanked
+the Pasha for his generous and kind hospitality and took his departure. On the way home he
+was taken violently ill and a doctor was hastily summoned. The Patriarch took to his bed,
+and lost all his hair through the effects of the poison. Then, one morning, when a servant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>
+took his breakfast upstairs he found, to his horror, that both the bedroom door and the
+window were wide open and his beloved master lay dead in his bed, which was covered with
+blood! There are no such things as coroners and juries in Turkey to ascertain the causes of
+mysterious deaths of this kind, but the news that the Patriarch was dead spread like wildfire
+through Constantinople. The Sultan himself thought it advisable to show some concern in
+the matter, and aides-de-camp from the Palace were sent to the Patriarchate to learn the full
+details of this “sad catastrophe,” as they termed it. The official statement was that the
+Archbishop died of dysentery. Only a very few know how the Archbishop had died, and
+they wisely kept their mouths shut.</p>
+
+<p>I was told the details of this story by a high official of the Armenian Patriarchate. It
+seems that as the poison did not act as quickly as the Patriarch’s enemies had anticipated,
+owing to his having been cautioned in the nick of time, they “had to resort to other means”!
+The funeral was the largest ever witnessed in Constantinople, with an escort of Turkish
+cavalry sent specially by the Sultan, and representatives of all the religious denominations
+and the Diplomatic Corps. I was myself present, representing a foreign Government.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 id="PART_II">PART II.</h2>
+
+<h3>OUT OF THE DEPTHS.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>“Oh that my head were waters and mine eyes a fountain of tears, that
+I might weep day and night for the slain of my people.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>A book has been written and published in Japan, its title “Niku Dan”
+translated into English, reads, “Human Bullets.” This little book, a
+narrative of the siege of Port Arthur, after being read through the length
+and breadth of the empire, found translators to translate it into the best
+known of languages; and its young author, himself an actor in the siege,
+was summoned to the presence of his sovereign to be thanked and praised.
+The book is a graphic narrative of the most terrible siege in history, wherein
+is vividly portrayed the deadly struggle of the besiegers. It contains as an
+acknowledgement of its merit, a page on which is recorded the Field
+Marshal’s appreciation, and another page bearing the Commanding General’s
+commendation.</p>
+
+<p>In simple narrative the author carries the reader through appalling
+scenes of horror, and as we read we are made to realize the slaughter of
+the enemy’s machine guns, of their ground-mines, electric-wire entanglements,
+and exploding shells; we are made to hear the roar of the artillery
+fire dealing death and destruction, and there rises before us the mental vision
+of the fierce hand to hand conflict, and the dead and dying lying thickly in
+the dark ravine.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="verse">“For hill and battle plain,</div>
+<div class="verse">With dying men and slain,</div>
+<div class="verse">Grew mountain heights of pain,</div>
+<div class="verse">And mine is boundless woe.”</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The grim warrior who stormed and took the most impregnable fortress
+in the world gives expression to his feelings on his own great achievement,
+in saddest words.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="verse">“And mine is boundless woe,”</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>For the grim warrior’s heart is cleft in twain for the human bullets that
+under his command hurled themselves to their death.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the world’s greatest war, human bullets were sacrificed for the
+protection of hearths and homes and a nation’s existence, moreover the
+human bullets were made of men who fought and died for sovereign and
+country.</p>
+
+<p>But there is a counter picture of horrors in which also there has been a
+sacrifice of human bullets, made not only of men but of women and children,
+human bullets, not of soldiers, themselves fortified and equipped with
+instruments of slaughter for fighting and grappling with the foe, but human
+bullets of unarmed men, of helpless women and children, of youth and old
+age, caught like rats in a rat-trap; and these human bullets have been
+sacrificed to the savage lusts of murder and plunder of the world’s fiercest
+oppressors, and to the political and commercial interests of civilized nations.</p>
+
+<p>In the first decade of the civilized twentieth century, a horrible and
+wanton slaughter of unarmed men, of helpless women and children has been
+perpetrated with all the accessories of cruelties unsurpassed for their
+fiendishness: whole towns and villages have been desolated, homes pillaged
+and destroyed, not only men, but women and children subjected to hideous
+deaths and nameless horrors, which no pen could depict in their true realism,
+and the details could never go into print, and this wanton slaughter, even as
+the many of a similar nature that have preceded it, has come and gone like
+a ripple on a smooth sea.</p>
+
+<p>No cry of horror has risen from the hearts of civilized nations! Turkey
+can butcher the helpless victims of her greed and carnivorous instincts with
+impunity, since Christendom and Civilization are busy only with Turkish
+concessions, with land grabbing and money making.</p>
+
+<p>“Human Bullets”! “Human Bullets”! here are human bullets of
+heavier rain than at the world’s grimmest siege; here are “sure death
+detachments” hurled to a more pitiful fate; and the civilized world does not
+care, for Armenian Massacres come and go, and the civilized world is getting
+used to them. But in the eternal order of things, a Nemesis follows human
+actions, be they of individuals or of nations. Material Prosperity is a great
+and good thing, but Moral Prosperity is greater and better. The Armenians
+may be done to their death, the last remnants of an ancient civilization may
+be exterminated and consigned in their blood to oblivion; but to the nations
+grown great in material prosperity that for their own selfish interests can
+allow and condone this hellish extermination, history teaches a mighty
+lesson. The moral cancer eating into the moral sense of nations, saps
+moral prosperity which in its turn undermines material prosperity. Great
+Empires once flourishing have decayed through moral poverty. History
+repeats itself.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>WHAT THE TURKISH CONSTITUTION MEANS
+FOR THE ARMENIANS.</h3>
+
+<p>A year has passed since the inauguration of the Turkish Constitution;
+since the first glad cries of “liberty, fraternity, equality” were resounded as
+heralds of the peace and prosperity that were to follow; but although a
+whole year has passed, the Turkish Constitution, thus far, has only paraded
+itself as a spectacular effect, and as a panorama on shifting sand.</p>
+
+<p>A whole year has passed and the liberal Turks have produced neither
+a Prince Ito nor an Abraham Lincoln, though both were urgently needed to
+meet the pressing exigencies and heavy responsibilities of the times; and we
+may well ask now, Where is the man who is to hold the helm of the Constitutional
+ship and steer it over the turbulent waters?</p>
+
+<p>The task of the new régime was the most difficult that could have
+fallen to any administration. Beset on the one hand by the jealousies,
+rivalries, and political intrigues of European Powers; on the other, by the
+machinations of that “Red Beast” the ex-Sultan and his murderous and
+corrupt clique, by disappointed plundering pashas and officials (compelled
+to grant their arch enemy the ex-Sultan a lease of life through fear of a
+fanatical populace), the liberal Turks on their own part have not brought to
+bear upon their work any administrative ability, when extraordinary powers
+of governing and the highest and strongest genius for administration were
+absolutely needed. The Turk has always shown to the world that he is a
+born fighter, but a puerile administrator.</p>
+
+<p>For the Armenians the Constitution has resulted in two conditions&mdash;Massacre
+and Oppression; their hopes and aspirations have ended in the
+death throes of, as some accounts give, thirty thousand and others fifty
+thousand of their unhappy race, in homelessness and precipitation into
+absolute destitution of a few more thousands,<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> and in insecurity for the nation
+at large. An unarmed population scattered and dispersed among a hostile,
+murderous and fanatical populace; their position even under the new régime
+is to be compared to that of herbivorous animals standing at bay in the
+midst of ravening wolves.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>His spiritual interests call upon the Moslem Turk and the Moslem Kurd
+to murder the Christian Armenian; his material interests to plunder and
+enrich his own idleness with the worldly goods the other has acquired by his
+industry and toil, and the prosperity and well-being that the Armenian
+labours to bring to the fairest provinces under the sun are swooped upon
+and devastated by the brigandage of his enemies. Religious fanaticism and
+lust of plunder have always been governing elements in the Turkish massacres,
+and against these same religious fanaticism and lust of plunder, the
+Armenians stand to-day in deadly peril under the new régime.</p>
+
+<p>What more is to follow? Our hearts sicken to forecast, and our
+minds tremble to foresee. Are the balance of our striplings and our greybeards,
+our pen-men, and our ploughmen to be made to rot in Turkish
+dungeons, condemned to such loathsome horrors as can only be perpetrated
+in Turkish prisons? Are the balance of our women to be subjected to
+agonies so hideous and revolting that death at the fiery stake or on the iron
+rack were mercy and bliss? Are the balance of our babes and children to
+be exterminated like vermin? Are the balance of our people, the industrious,
+intelligent, clean, self-respecting element in the Turkish Empire,
+to be yet again hunted like wild beasts and killed like rats and flies?</p>
+
+<p>We are not wild and lawless descendants of Jenghis Khan and
+Tamerlane: we are peace-loving, law-abiding citizens, lovers of language and
+literature, of the arts and sciences, energetic traders, hardworking tillers of
+the soil, industrious artizans and labourers, producing in ourselves all the
+elements that constitute the society and well-being of civilized man; and as
+the oldest Christians, we ask of Christian nations, if we are to be trodden
+out?</p>
+
+<p>On the soil of our fatherland we are surrounded by a murderous,
+marauding, religion-frenzied populace, and neither Humanity nor Christianity
+will hold out to us a helping hand.</p>
+
+<p>If nothing else were done for the Armenians, at least Christian governors
+should be appointed over the provinces inhabited by them: we do not
+expect the Turkish Government to do this of their own initiative, but we have
+a right to expect the European Powers that were signatories to the Treaty of
+Berlin to compel the new régime to do it. Since the signing of the famous
+Treaty of Berlin thirty-one years ago, the history of the Armenians has been
+written in blood and tears, as the history of no other nation has been written
+before or now; and we ask, How long? How long will the Christian
+Powers stand silent witnesses to the work of slaughter and oppression carried
+on under their eyes?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Alas! the weight of the Turkish bonds is too heavy in the scale, and
+Armenian life too light; the selfish interests of the European Powers involved
+in the Turkish Empire cannot be endangered to save the blood of three or
+four millions of Armenians, and the death warrant of an oppressed and bleeding
+nation can find no place on the table of the Hague Conference of Peace
+and Civilization.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>THE ARMENIAN QUESTION.</h3>
+
+<p>In the closing pages of “Twenty Years of the Armenian Question”
+published in 1896, its distinguished author,<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> one of the greatest authorities
+on the subject, makes the following notable comment on the character and
+fate of the Armenian race.</p>
+
+<p>“They had maintained their nationality from immemorial times, before
+history began to be written. They had clung to their Christian faith, under
+incessant persecution for fifteen centuries. They were an intelligent, laborious
+race, full of energy, and increasing in numbers wherever oppression and
+murder did not check their increase, because they were more apt to learn,
+more thrifty in their habits, and far less infected by Eastern vices than their
+Mahommedan neighbours. They were the one indigenous population in
+Western Asia which, much as adversity had injured them, showed a capacity
+for moral as well as intellectual progress, and for assimilating the civilization
+of the West. In their hands the industrial future of Western Asia lay,
+whatever government might be established there; and those who had marked
+the tenacity and robust qualities of the race looked to them to restore prosperity
+to these once populous and flourishing countries when the blighting
+shadow of Turkish rule had passed away. But now, after eighteen years
+of constantly increasing misery, a large part, and, in many districts, the best
+part, of this race has been destroyed, and the remnant is threatened with
+extinction.”</p>
+
+<p>These remarks made in 1896 by a great and disinterested authority
+with a profound knowledge of the subject he was writing about, stand as true
+to-day as when they were written. From 1896 onwards, events following
+in succession one upon another have proved the truth and soundness of his
+opinions.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Can the Armenians hope now for any change in their condition under
+Turkish rule? To this question, we must answer an emphatic No!</p>
+
+<p>The causes that must operate against any change are many and deep-seated.
+In the first place it cannot be expected that a few Turks of liberal
+ideas (or it may be French polished) at Constantinople, are going to change
+the thought and character of the nation. The characteristics of a people
+change very slowly, if they ever change at all, and the predominant national
+traits of the many-blooded modern Turk have been shown to the world to
+be, cruelty and fanaticism, combined with a fierce sensuality; and what is
+more than all, and which has to be remembered most, is, that they are a
+people accustomed to the unbridled gratification of their worst passions.</p>
+
+<p>The ethnographic traits of the Turkman which history bears out, are
+wildness and fierceness, and it would not be incorrect to argue that with the
+instincts of his primitive ancestors have been assimilated the many cross
+currents that run in his veins, into all of which has been infused the
+doctrines of the religion of the sword, a religion which does not make for
+the peace or well being of mankind; a religion, also, which assigning one of
+the two sexes to the degraded position of being created solely for the gross
+pleasure of the other, does not make for the exaltation of mankind.</p>
+
+<p>To quote again the eminent authority previously referred to: “No
+Mahommedan race or dynasty has ever shown itself able to govern well
+even subjects of its own religion, while to extend equal rights to subjects of
+a different creed is forbidden by the very law of its being.”</p>
+
+<p>Not the Jewish conceit proclaiming itself God’s elect and chosen, and
+originating the name “heathen” which it scorned. Not the Christian conceit
+emanating from the Jewish source, and laying the flattering unction to its
+soul of superiority over the “heathen” of its own time. Not the unbending
+caste exclusiveness of the Brahman across whose path even the shadow of
+the despised Sudra falling would be deemed defilement. Not any of these,
+can equal the intolerant religious pride of the Mahommedan, or reach the
+pinnacle of religious self-sufficiency on which he has seated himself. To be
+a Mahommedan, is enough&mdash;<i>Cela suffit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>To any one who has familiar acquaintance with Mahommedans, and
+intimate with Mahommedan thought, one fact must strike itself most forcibly,
+and that is, the Mahommedan is above all things a Mahommedan. His
+religion is the paramount question in his life, and remains its predominating
+feature above everything else. This should not be surprising, since to the
+“faithful” Paradise is secured, and all crimes and transgressions against
+“unbelievers” absolved.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Added to these important factors of racial characteristics, influences of
+religion, and long grown habits of the Turk, we have also in Turkish
+Armenia another evil, from which the other provinces of the Turkish Empire
+fortunately for themselves have been exempt; this super-added evil, is, the
+large neighbouring bodies of Kurds and Circassians, greater marauders and
+depredators than the Turks, the regular occupation of whose lives comprises
+murder and robbery, and who have through weary centuries unremittingly
+quartered themselves upon the industrious christian peasants, and lived on
+the fruits of their labour and toil. Indeed as the Hamidieh cavalry which
+was established expressly for the Hamidian massacres was composed of
+these Kurds, it ought to be matter of speculation what outlet these warriors,
+trained and practised in organized murder, can now find for those habits in
+which they were encouraged and trained to indulge by the Hamidian
+régime.</p>
+
+<p>Under all such conditions no hope of better days can be forthcoming,
+no prospect of better times seems possible, for that unhappy portion of the
+Armenian race whom force of circumstances keeps on the soil of the
+fatherland.</p>
+
+<p>The appointment of Christian governors over the provinces inhabited
+by them might ameliorate some of the evils, or the other alternative,
+of allowing the use of arms to all alike, irrespective of creed or
+nationality, would furnish some means of self-defence against the raids
+and barbarities of the oppressors; but even if such concessions were granted,
+life for the christian peasant subject to Turkish rule, and living in the midst
+of his enemies, must remain one long struggle and battle against pillage,
+murder, depredation, and offences of the worst nature. Not the most fertile
+soil, not the most favourable climatic conditions, not the most assiduous
+industry, not the most peace loving, law abiding instincts, can bring to the
+Armenian peasant under Turkish rule even a modicum of that comfort,
+happiness, and security of life and property, which the law of all civilized
+countries guarantees to the industrious labourer and tiller of the soil.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>OPEN LETTER TO THE HONORABLE PRESIDENT
+WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Excellent Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>You are the President of the mighty Republic of the United States of
+America, and I am only an obscure unit of a forlorn and helpless nation, but
+encouraged by the intrinsic qualities of your head and heart, and also by the
+record of great and noble services rendered in the cause of oppressed
+humanity, by certain of your predecessors in the presidential chair (so
+encouraged) I venture humbly to address you. The annals of that presidential
+chair on which you sit are clear and bright as the noonday sun; turning
+over the pages of their brightness, I am encouraged to address you its
+present occupant.</p>
+
+<p>Your immediate predecessor rendered a great service in the interests
+of Humanity, by bringing a terrible and bloody war to its close. His staunch
+strong hand of friendship was held out to the gallant nation fighting heroically
+for its national existence, whilst the might of his iron will strenuously contested
+and made the peace which will ever be associated with his name, but
+there was a peace which his great heart wished to break but could not
+succeed in breaking, and which his upright mind has branded as
+“infamous”: such are his own words “the infamous peace kept by the joint
+action of the great powers, while Turkey inflicted the last horrors of butchery,
+torture and outrage upon the men, women and children of despairing
+Armenia.”<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> For thirty-one years the great European Powers kept up
+by joint action an infamous peace, and out of regard for their own selfish
+interests allowed a corrupt, vicious, gangrened and blood-thirsty power to
+wreak its hellish atrocities not only on the men, but on the women and
+children of a helpless nation.</p>
+
+<p>These are strong words, but they are true, and you will agree with me
+that the meanest and humblest of God’s creatures has a right to speak the
+truth, and that greatest is the right to speak the truth, when it is spoken in
+the cause of murdered, outraged and misery-stricken humanity.</p>
+
+<p>The yoke of Turkey rivetted on the necks of the Armenians by England
+in 1878, was rivetted again by Russia, and yet again rivetted by Germany.
+The political interests and the commercial interests of Europe have trampled
+us under foot; we have been sacrificed on the altar of the political animosities
+of England and Russia, and given over, men, women and children to butchery,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>
+slaughter, imprisonment, torture; we have been crushed under the iron
+wheels of the Baghdad railway, a greater Juggernauth for us, while the ex-Sultan
+received his payment and “bartered a kingdom for the Kaiser’s
+friendship”; and yet again we have been crushed when British diplomacy
+checkmated William of Hohenzollern’s dream.</p>
+
+<p>The death warrant of our bleeding nation has found no place on the
+table of the Hague Conference of Peace and Civilization since the selfish
+interests of the European Powers would give it no abiding room. President
+of a great and free Republic, let it be the work of your mighty hands to lay it
+there. The Cabinets of Europe have turned a deaf ear to the death shriek
+of our bleeding nation, let our despairing cry be heard now in the Senate of
+the United States of America.</p>
+
+<p>It remains for the historian of the future to record the Armenian
+Massacres as the foulest blot and the blackest stain on European Civilization
+and European International Morality, but in addressing you now I will turn
+down the pages of the hideous Past, and humbly lay open the pages of the
+Present, on which is clearly written the deadly peril in which our nation stands:
+the book is open, and who will may read. For it is not the goodwill of the
+new régime that has to be taken into calculation, as far as the Armenians
+are concerned, but the powerfulness or the powerlessness of the new régime
+to make for their protection.</p>
+
+<p>How can we forget Adana? A whole town and villages sacked and
+desolated; fifty thousand of our men, women and children done to horrible
+deaths, and the residue left to homelessness and starvation. How can we
+forget that the arch-enemy of Christian and liberal Turk still lives, dethroned but
+not executed, and that through fear of his worshippers and his adherents the
+liberal Turks are compelled to pamper and support the monster assassin
+of the world? When such difficulties beset the path of the liberal Turks,
+the rulers, what security is there for a subject people, alien in race and
+religion?</p>
+
+<p>President of a great and free Republic, we need a friend, we ask for
+your mighty hands to be held out to us in succour, since the number of our
+enemies are legion: even Nature has arrayed herself against us in the
+inexorable conditions of the physical geography of our country. Shall the
+President of a mighty Republic with noble traditions; shall the christian men
+and women of the United States leave us to our terrible fate?</p>
+
+<p>“To serve Armenia is to serve Civilization.” These words were
+spoken by a great and revered statesman; the noble handiwork of his
+Creator (William Ewart Gladstone), now gone to his honored rest. “Do<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>
+not let me be told that one nation has no authority over another” was his
+reply to the Armenian deputation which waited on him in 1894. Let his
+reply be your answer to us now, President of a mighty Republic; let it be
+your answer written in golden letters across the banner of that great
+civilization, of which you are the presiding head.</p>
+
+<p>The Republic of the United States of America has been compared to
+that grain of mustard seed, which when planted in the earth budded forth
+and grew into such dimensions that the birds of the air lodged under the
+branches thereof. I pray that the shadow of those branches be extended
+over my bleeding nation.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>ABDUL HAMID, THE TRIUMPH OF CRIME.</h3>
+
+<p>A monster assassin! Has he been brought before the bar of his
+country, tried and condemned to the penalty of death, such as in the days
+of his power he meted out to hundreds of thousands of innocents? Has he
+been cast into a loathsome prison, such as the many in which thousands of
+his victims have rotted and died? Nay! not so! it is not so decreed in
+Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>In Turkey, a camarilla of murderous and plundering pashas, and a
+fanatical and marauding populace stand behind a Padishah who knew how to
+furnish gratification for the murdering and marauding instincts of his
+adherents. Nay! neither death nor imprisonment for the Padishah whose
+sovereignty was the most auspicious for brigandage and murder. Who
+dares to slay or imprison the demigod of rapine and despotism? Such
+things cannot be done in Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>For crimes that were in comparison as light as air, those puerile tyrants,
+Charles of England and Louis of France forfeited their heads. Poor Charles
+and Louis! Your heads chopped off and your bodies trundled away in a
+cart: no glorifying spiritualized titles of Zeid and Imam read out in your bills
+of indictment; such glorifying spiritualized titles are reserved for monster
+assassins in Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>In Turkey, a monster assassin whose list of murders rank him as premier
+assassin of the world, who under heel of iron and fire annihilated the rights
+and liberties of his subjects is pensioned off to live in purple and fare sumptuously:
+housed in a luxurious palace, he sits on carpeted divans, supported<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+by silken and velvet pillows, with eleven ministering houris, the youngest
+and fairest of his past entourage, to solace the “dolce far niente” of his
+deposed Padishahdom. Ample leisure, possible opportunities to hatch plots
+for the subversion of law and order, and the revival of the reign of plunder
+and massacre. But it is so allowed in Turkey. It is enough to be a Caliph
+and a Padishah to be able to count victims, not by thousands, but by hundreds
+of thousands, and remain immune from punishment for mountains of crime.</p>
+
+<p>What evil, what woe and desolation hast thou not wrought, spiritualized
+Zeid and Imam, Caliph and Padishah? And yet thou art allowed to live!
+Evil genius of thy people! thou hast worked out their moral degradation to
+the lowest depths that a nation could fall; but limitless evil, supremest woe,
+hast thou worked over the nation whose country thou turned into a charnel
+house of slaughter, and over whom thy reign of thirty-three years hung like
+a pestilence. Who can count the multitude of thy crimes against them, who
+can measure the height and the depth of the woe that thou laid over their
+lives. Hearths and homes pillaged and desolated, harvest fields turned into
+rivers of blood, not thousands upon thousands, but hundreds of thousands of
+men, women, and children tortured with devilish ingenuities of torture, imprisoned
+in loathsome dungeons, outraged, butchered, slaughtered, hunted
+like wild beasts, left to homelessness and starvation.</p>
+
+<p>Enough blood to drown a leprous souled and gangrened souled Padishah
+and his gangrened pack of followers! Enough crime to hang a Caliph!</p>
+
+<p>Out with thy Caliphate! even by the law of thy prophet, that fierce son
+of the desert, the Caliph is ordained protector of the weak and helpless;
+what didst thou with thy thirty-three years of Caliphal power, except crush
+the weak and annihilate the helpless.</p>
+
+<p>The very earth has echoed with the dying cry of the least of them, those
+“christian puppies” with little bodies piled up one upon another, and little
+heads struck off together at one stroke; with the frenzied shrieks of mothers
+who have seen with their own eyes the slaughter of their children, with the
+anguished wail of women, with the death groans of youth and old age. Aye!
+the very earth has echoed with the dying gasp of that righteous man, the
+venerable sire of his people, the renowned nonagenarian whom thou stealthily
+silenced on a bloody bed into the sleep of death for trying to save his flock
+from thy hyena jaws.</p>
+
+<p>An explosive bomb shattered the life of thy crowned opponent, (a noble
+life consecrated to the welfare of his people) but no chance or opportunity
+directed any explosive bomb to shatter thy cadaverous body. No jeweled
+pistol or secret dagger like the many that have dripped with the blood of thy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>
+victims in thy Yildiz Kiosk, found its way to thy treacherous heart. No
+poisoned cup of coffee like the countless cups brewed in thy palaces trickled
+down thy throat to end thy vampire existence.</p>
+
+<p>Thou hast lived! Protected from the Nemesis of thy crimes by the
+jealousies and rivalries of great powers which thou artfully played one against
+another; by the combined forces of religion and plunder which thou cunningly
+wielded into one. Even so thou livest! Peerless living example in the
+civilized twentieth century of the Triumph of Crime.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>L’AVENIR.</h2>
+
+<p>In the foregoing pages I have directed my humble efforts to sketch out
+what the Powers of Europe have done in the past, and how their actions
+have reflected on my unfortunate race.</p>
+
+<p>It is considered good policy now by a certain class of European writers
+to ascribe all the horrors of the Armenian Massacres to Hamid the despot,
+to represent him as a tyrant as unassailable and unconquerable as he was
+implacable, in short as a sort of superhuman being who swept everything
+before him to the consummation of his own despotic will. The reason for
+this is not difficult to perceive. They would fain disavow the part Europe
+has played in the tragedy, and to do this successfully it becomes necessary
+also to present Turkey to the world now as a paradise (from whence the
+tyrant once removed) peopled only by saints and angels; so we have also
+many roseate colored word pictures of Constitutional Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>The murders, deportations and imprisonments of the Turkish revolutionaries,
+or more correctly reformers, were undoubtedly the sole work of
+Abdul Hamid and his palace clique, but Abdul and his minions could not
+have carried out that hellish work of wholesale extermination of the
+Armenians without the perpetration and participation of the Turkish
+people. It is true the massacres were originated and organized in the
+Palace, the Palace clique stirred up religious fanaticism and race hatred, but
+the co-operation of the people was necessary; and the people co-operated
+in order to plunder and enrich themselves with the worldly goods that the
+Armenians always knew how to acquire by their own industry and toil; the
+appeal to their marauding and bestial instincts met with a ready response.
+It was moreover easy work for a race of brigands, especially as their numbers
+exceeded their victims by about ten to one and who were practically unarmed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The first Armenian Massacres of Abdul Hamid were tentative; he
+began by feeling the pulse of Europe; he found that the six Signatories to
+the Treaty of Berlin accepted the situation, he was thus emboldened to
+carry out that long and awful list of horrors that stands without its parallel
+in history. Clearly it was in the power of Europe to have prevented both
+the massacres and all the agonizing sufferings that came in their train, but
+Europe took no preventive action.</p>
+
+<p>Let us ask the question, Who and what are these Turks, whom Europe
+for her own sordid ends has petted and pampered and helped and supported?
+and the answer comes with striking force to-day over the lapse of a century,
+in the words of one of England’s greatest sons: “I have never before heard
+that the Turkish Empire has been considered any part of the balance of
+Powers in Europe. They despise and contemn all Christian princes as
+infidels, and only wish to subdue and exterminate them and their people.
+What have these worse than savages to do with the Powers of Europe but
+to spread war, destruction, and pestilence among them? The Ministers and
+the policy which shall give these people any weight in Europe will deserve
+all the bans and curses of posterity.”<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>To-day the Powers of Europe are armed to the teeth. To-day they are
+groaning under the burden of armaments which they are increasing with
+breathless speed although the burden grows heavier. To-day all Europe is
+trembling lest the hell-hounds of war be let loose. Has any political student
+put his finger on the cause which began, the beginning and the source of the
+evil, the Alpha of the Omega. I have put my finger on it&mdash;the beginning and
+the source&mdash;The jealousies and rivalries of European Politics in the Turkish
+Empire. According to an Eastern proverb “The flies are always round the
+honey,” but sometimes the flies stick in the honey.</p>
+
+<p>Politicians of the Governments of Europe have said in the pride of their
+hearts “There is no God.” Particularly has this spirit of cynicism and
+heartlessness governed the actions of Russian politicians after the death of
+Alexander II. Since 1881, they have looked upon the extermination of the
+Armenians just as the pathfinder in a forest would look upon a dense forest
+growth, the clearing away of which would make out a path for him and lead
+to running streams and harvest fields. In the eyes of Russian politicians
+the unfortunate Armenians have been the forest growth which has stood in
+the way of their advance to the South and into Persia, and they have looked
+on with intense satisfaction at the exterminating process of the Turk, which
+they have regarded as the helping hand that clears away the difficulty confronting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>
+them. But precisely whether Russia can grow strong by the pouring
+out of Armenian blood, and whether her empire will be extended by
+their hellish extermination remains to be solved by the future. One thing,
+however, the history of the world points out, that iniquity ends, not in
+strength, but in dissolution; and “The wages of sin is death.”</p>
+
+<p>Politicians of Europe have, in the pride of their hearts, arrogated to
+themselves that power, which appertains to the Creator; they have imagined
+that they hold the world in the hollows of their hands, and the misery or
+happiness of millions of human beings has weighed as nothing in their
+estimation, against the interests of what they have designated “our sphere
+of influence,” but they have forgotten what they need to be reminded that
+the Creator is mightier than the creature and that the eternal law of heaven
+and earth changeth not for politicians.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="verse">“And the First Morning of Creation wrote;</div>
+<div class="verse">What the Last Dawn of Reckoning shall read.”</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>“Of old hast thou laid the foundation of the earth; and the heavens
+are the work of thy hands.</p>
+
+<p>“They shall perish, but thou shalt endure: yea, all of them shall wax
+old like a garment; as a vesture shalt thou change them, and they shall be
+changed. But thou art the same, and thy years shall have no end.”</p>
+
+<p>When the heavens and earth shall perish, shall wax old as a garment
+and be changed as a vesture; whence shall endure the power and principalities,
+the empires and spheres of influence of him who is called man?</p>
+
+<p>“As for man, his days are as grass; as a flower of the field, so he
+flourisheth. For the wind passeth over it, and it is gone; and the place
+thereof shall know it no more.”</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>THE ORIGIN OF THE ARMENIANS&mdash;THE INTRODUCTION
+OF CHRISTIANITY INTO ARMENIA&mdash;DECLINE
+&amp; GRAND REVIVAL.</h2>
+
+<p>“God shall enlarge Japhet and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem, and
+Canaan shall be his servant.”</p>
+
+<p>For the interpretation of this blessing of Noah’s to his eldest son, and
+of how it may or may not have met with its fulfilment, I shall leave to
+theologians to discuss, and only record it here as a quotation from Genesis.
+Beyond the story of his connection with the flood, and this blessing with
+which his father blessed him, and the genealogy of his sons, we read nothing
+more in Genesis, of Japhet, this mighty father of the Caucasian race.</p>
+
+<p>The genealogy in Genesis runs thus:</p>
+
+<p>“The sons of Japhet, Gomer and Magog and Madai, and Javan, and
+Tubal, and Meschech, and Tiras.</p>
+
+<p>“And the sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz and Riphath and Togarmah.</p>
+
+<p>“And the sons of Javan; Elishah and Tarshish, Kittim and Dodamin.</p>
+
+<p>“By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every
+one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations.”</p>
+
+<p>Only the names of the three sons of Gomer, and the four sons of
+Javan are given in Genesis, and by these we are told were the isles of the
+Gentiles divided. So much for Genesis.</p>
+
+<p>Later history records that these Gentiles spread themselves over part
+of that stretch of terra firma which now goes by the name of Europe, developing
+their own families, and their own nations, and originating their own
+tongues, and also they spread themselves over other parts of the surface of
+the globe, populating where they could, ruling where they could.</p>
+
+<p>But through the roll of centuries which lost themselves into the flight of
+thousand years, one branch of the sons of Japhet kept themselves on the land
+where Noah planted his vineyard, and round the base of that mountain from
+whence his descendants began to spread and people the earth.</p>
+
+<p>Tradition has woven a romance round the names of towns and villages
+in Armenia. “No aighee” (Noah’s vineyard) is the name of a village
+supposed to be the place where the patriarch planted his vine; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
+“Nakhitchvan”<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>
+meaning (first
+descent) where
+Noah is supposed
+to have descended
+from the ark; also
+“Mairand” meaning
+(mother is
+there) where
+Noah’s wife is supposed
+to be buried;
+and “Erivan”<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>
+meaning (that
+which can be seen)
+supposed to be the
+land in the distance
+which could be
+seen when Noah
+descended from
+the ark.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="img10" style="width: 300px;">
+
+<img src="images/i_069.jpg" width="300" height="300" alt="" />
+
+<p class="caption">MINARET AT ERIVAN, ONE OF THE CITIES TRADITION
+ASCRIBES TO BE FOUNDED BY NOAH.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Armenian history
+begins with
+Haik, the first chief
+or king of the
+tribe: he was third
+in descent from
+Japhet, and fourth in descent from Noah, and his genealogy is given thus:
+Haik the son of Togarmah, the son of Gomer, the son of Japhet, the son of
+Noah.</p>
+
+<p>“They of the house of Togarmah traded in thy fairs with horses and
+horsemen and mules” is the designation given by Ezekiel, 27th chapter 14th
+verse of the merchants of Armenia trading with Tyrus.</p>
+
+<p>Haik revolting from Belus, the Nimrod of Genesis, the son of Cush and
+grandson of Ham, retraced his footsteps from the plains of Shinar, where he
+with others had tried to build the tower whose top should reach into heaven,
+and with his followers and children settled himself round the base of Ararat.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Perhaps a nascent fire of patriotism was burning in Haik’s heart as he
+retraced his steps to the land of his father’s or grandfather’s childhood:
+perhaps owing to the circumstances under which he was placed, he had not
+the alternative of another choice.</p>
+
+<p>We read in Armenian history that Belus sent the following message
+to Haik:</p>
+
+<p>“Why didst thou go to that cold country? Were it not better for
+thee to have moderated thy pride, and submissively dwelt on my territory
+in any part thou wished.”</p>
+
+<p>To which Haik replied:</p>
+
+<p>“It is better to die bravely than to bow down in fear to that presumptuous
+man who would be worshipped as a god.”</p>
+
+<p>Whatever causes may have influenced Haik, his choice of country was
+geographically most unfortunate for the race he founded, and it may truly be
+said that owing to its geographical conditions affording facilities for the
+march of conquerors, to have been instrumental in bringing about the overwhelming
+and unequalled adversities that through weary centuries have
+followed like a grim fate the footsteps of his descendants.</p>
+
+<p>No geographical position on the surface of the globe could have been
+more unfortunate, hemmed round by larger territories, with no natural
+defences or boundaries, and no outlet to the sea, except the lake of the
+Caspian on the one side, and the lake of the Black Sea on the other, that
+land on which Haik chose to found a country and a nation, has been soaked
+with the blood and the tears of this branch of the sons of Japhet.</p>
+
+<p>The animosity between Haik and Belus continued, and later, according
+to Armenian historians, Belus was slain in battle by an arrow from the bow
+of Haik.</p>
+
+<p>We read the following record of Belus in Genesis: “he began to be a
+mighty one in the earth.” “He was a mighty hunter before the Lord:
+wherefore it is said, Even as Nimrod the mighty hunter before the Lord.”</p>
+
+<p>In Armenian history, Haik is depicted as a man of powerful physique
+and gigantic stature; no man of his time being able to bend his bow or
+shoot his arrow. Moses of Chorene, the chief of Armenian historians,
+quoting from the learned Syrian Mar Abbas, writes of him thus:</p>
+
+<p>“He was graceful and well built, curly haired, pleasing in appearance,
+and strong armed, and it might be remembered that among the heroes of
+his time he was the most remarkable of all.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>However that may be, Armenian history awards to Haik the proud
+distinction of having overcome and slain Belus, the mighty hunter Nimrod.</p>
+
+<p>The people who retraced their steps from the plains of Shinar, and
+settled round the base of Ararat called themselves “Hai” after their chief,
+and they named their country “Haiyastan,” and these names still continue
+to be used in the Armenian, or “Haiyérane” as the Armenians call their
+own language.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="img11" style="width: 400px;">
+
+<img src="images/i_071.jpg" width="400" height="265" alt="" />
+
+<p class="caption">GREAT AND LITTLE ARARAT.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>I will pass over the periods when the son and grandson of Haik ruled
+over Armenia, and only mention that the mountain known to the world as
+Ararat was called by the Hai “Masis” after their king Amasia and great-grandson
+of Haik. To this day, Armenian peasants and others dwelling
+round Ararat, call the mountain “Masis.” I remember in my childhood
+having seen an Armenian periodical entitled “Masis,” which showed that the
+name had been steadily kept up.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I will again pass over the periods ruled by the successors of Amasia,
+and relate the story of King Aram, who ended his brilliant reign in B.C.
+1796 after ruling over Armenia fifty-eight years.</p>
+
+<p>He was a great and powerful prince, and extended his dominions, and
+grew to be so mighty in battle that the neighbouring nations called his
+country Aramia and the people were called Aramians, such names as
+Armenia or Armenians being no doubt later corruptions.</p>
+
+<p>The first victory of Aram was over Neuchar king of Media, whom he
+took prisoner and put to death, and made a large part of the country of the
+defeated prince tributary to his own. The second victory of Aram was over
+Barsham king of Babylon, whom also he took prisoner and put to death.
+The next victory was over the king of Cappadocia; the army of the
+Cappadocians was pursued to the very shores of the Mediterranean, and the
+whole of Cappadocia fell into the hands of Aram B.C. 1796. Also Ninus
+king of Assyria, at one time an eager enemy, awed by the victories of Aram,
+sought to cultivate his friendship.</p>
+
+<p>No doubt if the volumes and scripts of paper or parchment of the famous
+Alexandrian library, which burned for six months as fuel in the four thousand
+baths of the city, had escaped that most atrocious act of vandalism, and been
+preserved instead, vast treasures of knowledge now lost to us concerning
+the ancient kingdoms of Western Asia might be known in our day; and also
+when the tide of Islam victory rolled over the kingdom of Armenia, how
+much of the story and history of the people was lost and destroyed along
+with the destruction of their independence it would be difficult now to calculate
+or assert, but in taking up link by link of whatever knowledge has been left
+to us, there seems to be grounds for supposing that the “Aramæans”
+designated by foreign writers as “a people of Semitic race, language and
+religion, coming from Northern Arabia and settling in the region between
+the western boundaries of Babylonia and the highlands of Western Asia”
+were no other than the Hai who under their King Aram had spread their
+conquests and their kingdom into Mesopotamia and even to the shores of
+the Mediterranean.</p>
+
+<p>Herodotus also rather corroborates this conjecture when he includes
+Northern Mesopotamia, together with the mountainous country of Ararat,
+under the name of Armenia, and in writing of the Armenian boats that
+brought merchandise to Babylon, he remarks that they were constructed in
+Armenia, <i>in the parts above Assyria</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Archæological researches have laid the claim that the modern Armenians
+are the descendants of the old Hittites; the modern Armenian being supposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>
+to be the survival of the ancient Hittite tongue, and it is asserted almost
+everything that is known in the Hittite language is Old Armenian in form:
+but who these Hittites were, or whence they came neither historian nor
+archæologist have been able definitely to ascertain. In the Armenian
+version of the Bible, we find the name “Kethosi” used for the Hittite who
+were known to the Assyrians and Egyptians as “Ketha,” but this can have
+no important bearing since the Bible was translated into the Armenian
+language from the Greek in the fifth century of the Christian era, and the
+Armenian scribe no doubt simply translated what he found in the Greek.</p>
+
+<p>According, however, to all known history the Hittites were a warlike
+and conquering race and ranked among the foremost of the nations of Western
+Asia. The modern historian has come to the following conclusion concerning
+them: “Their primitive home is thought to have been in that part of
+Armenia where the Euphrates, the Halys, and Lycus approach nearest
+to one another; and it is even asserted that the modern Armenians are
+descendants of the old Hittites. From this point they began their career
+of conquests, probably under the leadership of some able and vigorous chief,
+whose ambition overleaped his native boundaries. One conquest led to
+another. Their leaders acquired great armies, and subdued many nations,
+until the Hittites became one of the most powerful peoples of ancient times,
+and their kings were able successfully to defy even Egypt, at that time the
+strongest nation on the globe.”</p>
+
+<p>This description accords with Armenian history; the Hai being known
+from time immemorial as a warlike race, and extending their territory by
+conquests, until, as I have narrated, under the leadership of Aram their
+kingdom spread from the mountains of Upper Armenia to the shores of the
+Mediterranean and into northern Mesopotamia, which proves that almost all
+of Asia Minor was conquered by them, and according also to Armenian
+history the language of the Hai was introduced into Cappadocia by King
+Aram.<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<p>Allowing, however, for the many obscurities of Armenian history, confusion
+comes in, when historians or archæologists ascribe a Mongolian
+ancestry to the Hittites, whereas Armenian history holds its unquestionable
+ground firmly and decidedly on the Japhetian ancestry; and the peculiar
+physiognomy of the Armenians; the oval contour of face, the distinctive,
+prominent nose, large eye, and well marked arch of eyebrow do not show any
+traces of Mongolian ancestry. It follows therefore that if the Armenians are
+the descendants of the Hittites, then the Hittites were not of Mongolian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+ancestry. If the Hittites were the Hai, the name must have undergone
+corruption during the course of centuries and it is reasonable to suppose
+that they shared the fate of all conquerors, and after a period of power,
+were driven back from the shores of the Mediterranean to their own native
+home.</p>
+
+<p>Aram was succeeded by his son Ara, a prince of such singular and
+surpassing beauty that he was surnamed “Ara the Beautiful.” The famous
+Semiramis, wife of Ninus king of Assyria, attracted by his great personal
+beauty offered him her affections and her throne after the death of her
+husband, but her proffers of love were scornfully rejected by Ara, who
+according to the story related of his own love was passionately attached to
+his queen Nuvard. The proud Semiramis, scorned, enraged and mortified,
+declared war against Ara and entered his country with her armies; a battle
+was fought in which Ara leading his army was slain, although Semiramis
+had given special instructions to her troops to be careful of his life and bring
+him to her a living prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>The death of Ara was evidently a grief to Semiramis, for she established
+his son Kardos on his father’s throne. She also built a town and fortress
+on the shores of Lake Aghthamar, now called Van, the battlefield on which
+the beautiful Ara pursued by her fatal love lost his life. The town and
+fortress were named “Semiramakert” meaning “built by Semiramis.”</p>
+
+<p>The name of the highest mountain in Armenia which the people of the
+country called “Masis” came to be known as Ararat, it is supposed to be
+derived from the Armenian words “Ara-i-jard” meaning “the defeat of
+Ara” or “the undoing of Ara.” If this version is correct, the name is
+likely to have been used in derision by the Assyrians. According to another
+version the name of Ara was converted into Ararat, and the country called
+after him. Thus we read in the account of the flood given in Genesis:</p>
+
+<p>“And the ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of
+the month, upon the mountains of Ararat.”</p>
+
+<p>In the Armenian version of the bible, we read “on the twenty-seventh
+day of the month,” but likewise as in English “upon the mountains of
+Ararat.” This is not surprising since the designation “thaghavoroothune
+Araratian” meaning “the kingdom of Ararat” is in use in the Armenian
+language.</p>
+
+<p>I have alluded to the reigns of Aram and Ara to show how the Hai
+have come to be called Armenians and how their country has come to be
+named Armenia; also whence the name, Ararat; and as I purport here
+only to treat of the origin of the Armenians, I shall now pass on to the no
+less interesting period of their history:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> THE INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY.</p>
+
+<p>When that great event bearing the message “on earth peace, goodwill
+toward men” celebrated throughout the Christian world as the divine birth,
+took place in the city of Bethlehem; Abgar the son of Arsham reigned in
+Armenia.</p>
+
+<p>That country was now broken in
+strength, the severe blows dealt on the one
+side by the Roman Empire, and the incessant
+warfare of the Persian on the other,
+had greatly curtailed her former independence
+and power; the talons of the Roman
+Eagles were already felt in her vitals, and
+the king of Armenia subsisted under the
+favor of the Roman Emperor, whilst it
+became necessary for him to cultivate the
+friendship of his powerful neighbour, the
+king of Persia.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst in Persian territory, whither he
+had gone to settle the dispute that had
+arisen on the death of the Persian monarch
+between his sons, Abgar had contracted a
+severe disease, evidently leprosy.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="img12" style="width: 200px;">
+
+<img src="images/i_075.jpg" width="150" height="200" alt="" />
+
+<p class="caption">ABGAR KING OF ARMENIA.</p>
+
+<p class="caption2">Converted to Christianity in A.D. 34.
+Baptised by the Apostle Thaddeus.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The wonderful cures and miracles of
+Christ were reported to him by the representatives
+he had sent to the Roman General Marinus in Jerusalem.
+These representatives had gone to refute the charges brought against him by
+King Herod, and to propitiate the Roman Power; they came back to tell
+what they had witnessed in Jerusalem, of the singular wisdom and wondrous
+works of a marvellous man named Jesus, who was of Nazareth, but whom
+his own followers persisted in calling the Son of God.</p>
+
+<p>The story relates that Abgar was deeply impressed by what he heard,
+and expressed his own belief that man could not do such wondrous works as
+were related of this Jesus the Nazarene. Thereupon the King sent messengers
+to Jerusalem with a letter to Jesus. What a touch of human nature
+is here displayed; the king is suffering from a loathsome disease, the medical
+skill of his country and of neighbouring countries has been exhausted, all in
+vain; the royal heart is stricken as well as the royal body, for his disease is
+so loathsome, that although he is king, his subjects would rather shun than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>
+approach him; he hears of this wonderful man Jesus, his representatives
+have come back from Jerusalem to tell him that “he cleanseth the lepers.”
+Hasten to him, said the king, take unto him my greetings, carry my messages
+and my letter and bring him unto me that I might honor him and if so be
+that he may heal me.</p>
+
+<p>The messengers of Abgar were headed by Anany the Greek scribe of
+the king and they are supposed to be present in the procession of Christ’s
+entry into Jerusalem. The twentieth and twenty-first verses of the Gospel
+of St. John are adduced by Armenian historians as corroborative testimony:</p>
+
+<p>“And there were certain Greeks among them that came up to worship
+at the feast;</p>
+
+<p>“The same came therefore to Philip, which was of Bethsaida of Galilee,
+and desired him, saying, Sir, we would see Jesus.”</p>
+
+<p>Anany and his companions are supposed to be the “certain Greeks”
+who came to Philip asking to see Jesus. And here I have to explain that the
+letters of the Armenian alphabet were invented by St. Mesrope in the beginning
+of the fifth century of the christian era; previous to the time of Mesrope
+there were no special Armenian letters, and as this invention was hailed as
+a signal national boon we have to conclude that there was no written
+Armenian language previous to the fifth century. One thing however must
+be certain, that this letter carried by the king’s Greek scribe, the leader of the
+messengers, must originally have been written in Greek. This letter has
+already been translated from the Armenian into English; the translation
+reads thus:</p>
+
+<p>“Abgar the son of Arsham, Prince of Armenia, sends to Thee, Saviour
+and Benefactor, Jesus, who didst perform miracles in Jerusalem, greeting.</p>
+
+<p>“I have heard of Thee, and of the cures wrought by Thee without herbs
+or medicines; for it is reported that Thou restoreth the blind and maketh
+the lame walk, cleanseth the lepers, casteth out devils and unclean spirits,
+and healeth those that are tormented of diseases of long continuance, and
+that Thou also raiseth the dead:&mdash;hearing all this of Thee I was fully
+persuaded that Thou art the very God come down from heaven to do such
+miracles, or that Thou art the Son of God and so performeth them; wherefore
+I write to Thee to entreat Thee to take the trouble to come to me and
+cure my disease. Besides, I hear that the Jews murmur against Thee and
+want to torture Thee. I have a small and beautiful city&mdash;sufficient for us
+both.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The story goes on to relate that among the messengers was an artist
+by the name of John who had been commissioned by the king to bring back
+a portrait of Christ; the artist however failed in his efforts to portray the
+divine features, whereupon Christ gave him a veil which he had laid to his
+face and on which his features had become imprinted, to carry back to his
+master.</p>
+
+<p>We are also told that the apostle Thomas was commanded by Christ to
+write a reply to Abgar. The reply has also been translated into English
+and the translation reads thus:</p>
+
+<p>“Blessed is he who believes in Me without seeing Me, for it is written
+of Me that they that see Me shall not believe, and they that have not seen
+Me shall believe and be saved. As concerning the request that I should
+come to thee, it becomes Me to fulfil all things for which I was sent, and
+when I have fulfilled those then I shall ascend to Him that sent me; but
+after my Ascension I will send one of my disciples, who shall cure thee of
+thy disease and give life to thee and to all those that are with thee.”</p>
+
+<p>Two stories are given of the cure of Abgar. According to one version
+he was healed on receiving the veil, according to the other, the apostle
+Thaddeus on coming to Armenia laid his hands on the king and cured him.</p>
+
+<p>This story of the veil has been treated by certain scholars as a legend,
+especially as the Roman church has also got a somewhat similar story. We
+are of course not in a position to vouch for its truth or incorrectness, but it
+seems to me if all the miracles of Christ as related in the gospels are to be
+credited, this one also can be regarded as one out of many. If according to
+the gospel story water was turned into wine at the marriage feast in Cana,
+what is there incredible about the imprint of the divine features on a veil;
+and if the gospels assure us of the healing of many lepers there can be
+nothing astonishing in the healing of the king of Armenia.</p>
+
+<p>I was however much interested when I came across the following
+passage in the history of the “Spread of Islam”:</p>
+
+<p>“To the east they advanced to the banks and sources of the Euphrates
+and Tigris; the long disputed barrier of Rome and Persia was forever confounded;
+the walls of Edessa and Amida, of Dara and Nisibis, which had
+resisted the arms and engines of Sapor or Nushirvan, were levelled in the
+dust; and the holy city of Abgarus might vainly produce the epistle or the
+image of Christ to an unbelieving conqueror.”</p>
+
+<p>“The long disputed barrier of Rome and Persia” which was “forever
+confounded” was of course Armenia; and “the holy city of Abgarus” the
+historian evidently had in his mind must have been Edessa, whither Abgar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>
+had removed his seat of government. To Armenians, however, Edessa has
+never been “the holy city,” if they had a holy city, they would prefer to
+name Ani, the city of a thousand churches, or on account of its peculiar
+associations Etchmiatzin the ecclesiastical metropolis.</p>
+
+<p>It was in Anno Domini 34 that the apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew
+went to Armenia, where they were warmly welcomed and received with
+great reverence and respect by the King, who accepted the christian faith at
+once, himself and the royal household being baptised by the apostle
+Thaddeus.</p>
+
+<p>Thaddeus and Bartholomew continued their preaching in Armenia,
+converting and baptising the people; churches were raised up, bishops
+consecrated, and the christian religion established in the country.</p>
+
+<p>It might have been a matter of wonder to us why Saint Paul did not
+address an epistle to the Armenians as he addressed to other nations; but
+I think the 20th verse of the 15th chapter of his epistle to the Romans
+clearly explains the reason why there was not an epistle written to the
+Armenians also:</p>
+
+<p>“Yea, so have I strived to preach the Gospel, not where Christ was
+named, lest I should build upon another man’s foundation.”</p>
+
+<p>Clearly then no epistle was written to the Armenians because Christ
+was already named among them, and Paul did not wish to build upon the
+foundation of Thaddeus and Bartholomew who had laid the foundation of
+Christianity in Armenia at a time when Paul himself was persecuting
+Christians. Thaddeus and Bartholomew left behind no epistles, and we
+have only Armenian history for the record of the work they did in Armenia.</p>
+
+<p>Abgar died soon after his baptism and conversion, and was succeeded
+by his son Anany who tried to revive the old religion, which was something
+similar to the worship of the Greeks and Romans. The people of the
+country however had in large part accepted Christianity, and the revival of
+the old religion was consequently met with disfavour, but before their
+discontent had time to assume active tendencies Anany met his death by an
+accident; the people thereupon immediately invited Abgar’s nephew Sanatrook
+to occupy the throne, taking a pledge from him that he would not
+interfere with their religion. The pledge was readily given by Sanatrook,
+but once secure on the throne he proved a cruel and merciless despot: the
+remaining sons of Abgar were killed, and his daughters and widow Helena
+banished, but the crowning act of the tyrant’s wickedness and infamy was
+the martyrdom of the apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew. Thus Christianity
+continued its struggles in Armenia, persecuted and declining, but still enduring.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>About Anno Domini 260 the king reigning in Armenia by the name of
+Terdat, persecuted Christianity. He had regained his throne through the
+support of the Roman Army, and to celebrate his accession he offered thanksgiving
+and sacrifice in the temple of the goddess Anahid, which was no other
+than the goddess Diana of the Romans, but the fathers of the Armenian
+church in their christian zeal have reversed the name of the goddess, made
+a topsy-turvy of it, calling her Anahid, and so the name has remained in the
+Armenian language to this day.</p>
+
+<p>This occasion of the king’s worship and
+thanksgiving in the temple of Diana, marked the
+beginning of the persecution of Gregory, afterwards
+known as Gregory the Illuminator and the
+patron saint of Armenia. The childhood of
+Gregory had been shadowed by a parent’s guilt:
+his father Anak having treacherously assassinated
+the then reigning king Khosrov the Great,
+the whole family was exterminated, only two
+sons escaping death, one of them, Gregory, was
+secretly removed by his nurse to Caesaria, and
+kept in concealment, until in the course of years
+the father’s crime having been forgotten, all
+danger for the life of the son was supposed to
+have passed away.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="img13" style="width: 200px;">
+
+<img src="images/i_079.jpg" width="150" height="300" alt="" />
+
+<p class="caption">SOORB GREGORE LOOSAVORITCH.</p>
+
+<p class="caption">(St. Gregory the Illuminator)</p>
+
+<p class="caption2">Patron Saint of Armenia. Revived
+Christianity in Armenia
+in A.D. 276.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Gregory’s christian faith however now became
+the cause of his misfortunes; the king
+called upon Gregory to assist in the worship in
+the temple of Diana, but he firmly refused and
+boldly avowed his christianity, which so incensed
+the king that he ordered frightful tortures to be
+inflicted upon him, but as the tortures had no
+effect and Gregory remained firm to his faith,
+the king ordered him to be thrown into a dry
+well. The story goes on to relate that Gregory
+lived for fifteen years in this dry well, food and
+drink being conveyed to him secretly by a
+woman, herself a christian. On this spot is built
+the famous monastery of “Khorvirap” meaning
+“deep well.”</p>
+
+<p>A beautiful Roman maiden by the name of Rhipsimè fleeing from the
+addresses of the Emperor Diocletian sought refuge in Armenia; she was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>
+accompanied by a friend, a woman of maturer years of the name of Caiana,
+and some other christian maidens, all fleeing from persecution in Rome.</p>
+
+<p>Rhipsimè’s rare beauty had captivated the Roman emperor, and she
+had sought to escape from his passion by flight, but a crueller fate awaited
+her in Armenia, for king Terdat in his turn smitten by the exquisite beauty
+of her face offered to make her his queen, and her refusal to accept his throne
+and his love so exasperated the king that he ordered her beautiful head to
+be cut off. Thus Rhipsimè with Caiana and their young companions were
+cruelly martyred. Rhipsimè and Caiana were later beatified as saints in
+the Armenian church.</p>
+
+<p>The king however did not escape the Nemesis of his diabolical crime,
+the memory of the beautiful Rhipsimè haunted him; remorse took the place
+of the ferocious anger that had doomed his hapless victim to her cruel death
+and the king lost his reason. The king having become incapacitated,
+Gregory was released from his underground prison by the king’s sister
+Khosrovidookt, and as the malady of the king was mental, remorse for his
+own crime having overturned his reason, it became the peculiar office of
+Gregory to minister to the king, and by his spiritual ministrations to effect
+the restoration of the royal mind.</p>
+
+<p>Terdat recovered his reason and as a broken-hearted penitent accepted
+the religion of Gregory and the beautiful Rhipsimè.</p>
+
+<p>Gregory now freely preached Christianity in Armenia. It was a grand
+Revival; the temples of Anahid were turned into the churches of Christ,
+and the whole nation accepted Christianity, which became the established
+religion in the country.<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> The name of Gregory has been handed down to
+posterity as Soorb Gregore Loosavoritch (Saint Gregory the Illuminator).
+“Illuminator” is the generally accepted English translation of the Armenian
+term “Loosavoritch,” but it is true nevertheless that neither the term
+“Illuminator” nor “Enlightener” suitably conveys the definition of its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>
+meaning; sometimes modes of expression are so difficult to translate from
+one language into another, and it can be said that the term “Illuminator” is
+used for want of a better word in English. The Armenians call their
+religion “loois havat;” the word “loois” means “light” and “havat”
+means “faith” or “religion,” but if I translated the two words as
+“enlightened faith” or “enlightened religion” the translation would not
+suitably convey the meaning of the original.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="img14" style="width: 400px;">
+
+<img src="images/i_081.jpg" width="400" height="280" alt="" />
+
+<p class="caption">THE CATHEDRAL OF ETCHMIATZIN.</p>
+
+<p class="caption">(Only Begotten Descended).</p>
+
+<p class="caption2">Seat of the Supreme Patriarch. The foundation stone was laid by St. Gregory the
+Illuminator who built the Church in the third century of the Christian era.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The cathedral of Etchmiatzin is identified with Gregory; its name
+“Etchmiatzin” means in the Armenian language “the only begotten is
+descended,” and the story attached to it is, that in a vision Christ appeared
+to Gregory descended in light; Gregory built his church on the spot where
+the vision had appeared to him, giving it the name of “Etchmiatzin” (only
+begotten descended). The cathedral also gives its name to the town
+Etchmiatzin, the ecclesiastical metropolis of Armenia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Since the time of Gregory, Christianity has been the national religion
+of the Armenians, and they have clung to their christian faith through unremitting
+persecutions and martyrdoms such as no other christian people
+have been called upon to endure.</p>
+
+<p>The cathedral of Etchmiatzin built by Gregory still stands to-day; it has
+constantly been repaired and rebuilt in some part or other, until perhaps
+little of the original building may be left, but it still claims to be the church
+built by the patron saint of Armenia. I shall here quote a passage from
+“Historical Sketch of the Armenian Church,” written by an Armenian
+priest:</p>
+
+<p>“Owing to political circumstances the Armenian Patriarchate had at
+times to be transferred to metropolises and to other principal towns of
+Armenia. In the year A.D. 452 it was removed to Dwin, in 993 to Ani,
+in 1114 to Rômklah, and in 1294 to Sis. The Kingdom of Cilicia becoming
+extinct, and, we having no more a kingdom and no longer a capital town, it
+was natural and proper to re-transfer the See to its own original place, as
+the entire nation unanimously desired it. Accordingly, in the year 1441, it
+was decided by an ecclesiastical meeting that the seat of the Catholicus should
+return to Holy Etchmiatzin, where to this day has been preserved the
+proper unbroken succession from our Apostles and from our holy Father,
+St. Gregory the Illuminator.”</p>
+
+<p>I read the other day in one of the foreign papers published in Japan,
+the following piece of news:</p>
+
+<p>“An Armenian Church pronounced by experts to date from the second
+century of the Christian era, has been discovered in a fair state of preservation
+in the neighbourhood of Bash-Aparnah.”</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the excavations in Armenia which Professor Marr is now
+conducting might lead to throwing more light on Armenian history.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>FOOTNOTES</h2>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> In a recent publication “Fifty Years in Constantinople,” the author Dr. George Washburn,
+ex-President of Robert College, estimates the number that were slaughtered in cold blood in the
+streets of the city as 10,000. Dr. Washburn adds the following: “The massacre of the Armenians
+came to an end on Friday, the day after the soldiers came to the College; but the persecution of
+them which went on for months was worse than the massacre. Their business was destroyed, they
+were plundered and blackmailed without mercy, they were hunted like wild beasts, they were
+imprisoned, tortured, killed, deported, fled the country, until the Armenian population of the city
+was reduced by some seventy-five thousand, mostly men, including those massacred.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> “Transcaucasia and Ararat: Twenty Years of the Armenian Question.”&mdash;<span class="smcap">James Bryce.</span></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> “Our Responsibilities For Turkey.”&mdash;Argyll (note to 2nd printing).</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> In 1826 the Russian General Paskevitch defeated the Persians at Elizabetopol and in the
+following year 1827 he seized the monastery of Etchmiatzin (the seat of the Armenian Patriarch) and
+Erivan one of the great towns of Armenia and gained for himself the title of Erivanski. By these
+successes Russia advanced as far as the line of the Araxes and wrested from Persia the provinces of
+Erivan and Nakhitchvan. The Treaty of Peace was concluded between Russia and Persia at
+Turkmantchai on the 22nd of February 1828.&mdash;Note to 2nd printing.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Commenting on the effect on Abdul Hamid of the indignation aroused in England over the
+massacres, Mr. James Bryce writes, “The indignation expressed in England exasperated him; he
+passed from fear to fury, and back again to fear; and went so far as to beg, and obtain, the friendly
+offices of the Pope, who, through the Government of Spain, asked the British Government not to
+press too hardly upon the Sultan with regard to the Armenians.”&mdash;Note to 2nd printing.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> “Transcaucasia and Ararat: Twenty Years of the Armenian Question.”&mdash;James Bryce.
+Note to 2nd printing.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> “Abdul Hamid Intime,” Georges Dorys. In the Preface by Pierre Guillard to the same book,
+there occurs the following passage: “Gladstone dénonça le Grand Assassin; M. Albert Vandal flétrit
+le Sultan Rouge; M. Anatole France fit trembler dans l’antre de Yildiz le Despote fou d’épouvante
+et d’autres le traitèrent de Bête Rouge et de Sultan blême.
+</p>
+<p>
+“Cependant aucun de ces termes excessifs en apparence n’est encore satisfaisant et n’exprime
+en toute son horreur le caractère d’un être à face humaine, tel, disait récemment un haut exilé
+ottoman, qu’il n’en existe point de semblable, qu’il n’en a jamais existé de pareil et que selon toute
+probabilité, il n’en pourra dans l’avenir exister un second. Les conquérants assyriens qui se vantent
+dans des inscriptions lapidaires d’avoir exterminé les peuples rebelles et tendu de peaux écorchées
+les murailles des villes prises, Néron, Caligula, Timour, Gengiz Khan, les inquisiteurs catholiques et
+les tortionnaires chinois, aucun tueur d’hommes n’égala Abdul-Hamid.”&mdash;Note to 2nd printing.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> “Abdul Hamid Intime,” Georges Dorys.&mdash;Note to 2nd printing.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Nicholas C. Adossides [Youngest Son of Adossides Pasha] in the “Cosmopolitan” for July,
+1909, (“Abdul the Dethroned”) writes as follows:
+</p>
+<p>
+“I remember the following incident which depicts the official Russian attitude: One night,
+while dining at the Russian legation in Bern, Switzerland, many Russian officials being present, the
+conversation was directed to the ever-engrossing Eastern question. A diplomat from St. Petersburg
+expressed his admiration of Abdul Hamid, praising his extraordinary intelligence and diplomatic
+skill. ‘Besides,’ he continued, ‘he is not so black as his enemies have painted him.’
+</p>
+<p>
+“Not being able to restrain my indignation at this, I protested, saying he was an arch assassin.
+‘Not to speak of his innumerable cruelties and many villainies,’ I said, ‘can you deny, Sir, that he
+instigated and accomplished the annihilation of 360,000 Armenians?’
+</p>
+<p>
+“The admirer of the Sultan smiled, but before he could answer me, the military attaché of the
+legation, who was sitting next to me, exclaimed:
+</p>
+<p>
+“If you condemn the Sultan for that, you astonish me. The Armenians? Bah! They ought to
+be exterminated <i>en masse</i>, and the Sultan did an excellent piece of work when he got rid of them.
+I have no use for them. Besides,’ he continued, ‘can’t you see that a free Armenia would be a
+serious obstacle to Russian expansion and to our advance to the south and into Persia? Abdul
+Hamid has proved himself a very valuable ally of Russia. He is the best Ambassador at Constantinople
+that we’ve ever had.”&mdash;Note to 2nd printing.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> This statement is corroborated by Dr. George Washburn in his account of the Constantinople
+Massacre: “But the Concert of Europe did nothing. It accepted the situation. The Emperor of Germany
+went further. He sent a special embassy to present to the Sultan a portrait of his family as a
+token of his esteem.”&mdash;“Fifty Years in Constantinople,” George Washburn. (Note to 2nd printing.)</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Since these lines were written later accounts show that over a hundred thousand have been
+precipitated into homelessness and destitution, and this misery is growing greater every day.&mdash;Note
+to 2nd printing.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> “Transcaucasia and Ararat: Twenty Years of the Armenian Question,” James Bryce.&mdash;Note
+to 2nd printing.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> “The Strenuous Life: Expansion and Peace,” Theodore Roosevelt.&mdash;Note to 2nd printing.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Edmund Burke&mdash;Speech in Parliament in opposition to Mr. Pitt, 1791.&mdash;Note to 2nd printing.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Nakhitchvan&mdash;Invaded and seized by the Persian Monarch Shah Abbas in 1603. Taken from
+Persia by Russia in 1827.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Erivan&mdash;Invaded and seized by the Persian monarch Shah Abbas in 1603. Taken from Persia
+by Russia 1827.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> The Hittites flourished in the sixteenth and fifteenth centuries B.C. King Aram completed
+his conquest of Cappadocia in B.C. 1796.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> The orthodox church of Armenia is the church founded by Gregory. Since the loss of their
+independence, persecution has scattered and dispersed the people, thousands fleeing from their
+native home sought refuge in other countries and in some cases they or their descendants have
+come under the influence of other churches; thus the Mukhitharian monks of the monastery of St.
+Lazar in Venice have been drawn into the Romish Church and their influence has been extended
+over a small minority of laymen; also the influence of the American Missionaries in Asiatic Turkey
+has drawn others into Protestantism, but the bulk of the nation has remained Gregorians. It is
+well to remark here however that the orthodox Church, although calling herself “The Holy
+Catholic and Apostolic Church” has devoted her energies mainly to upholding the essential
+principles of Christianity and has not concerned herself much about dogmas. As for the modern
+Armenians of the Gregorian Church their religious views are characterized by liberalism, they look
+to the central figure of Christianity and regard dogmas as immaterial: their jealousy of their
+church is only actuated by the passionate feeling of preserving nationalism. They regard their
+church as the ark in which nationalism may be preserved until the dawn of better days.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+
+<img src="images/i_083.jpg" width="400" height="335" alt="Flag, possibly intended to depict the coat of arms of Armenia?" />
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 345px;">
+
+<p>明治四十三年五月廿二日印刷</p>
+
+<p>明治四十三年五月廿五日發行</p>
+
+<p>著作兼</p>
+
+<p>發行者</p>
+
+<p>印刷者</p>
+
+<p>印刷所</p>
+
+<p>神奈川縣横濱市山手町二百二十番地</p>
+
+<p>ダイアナ・アガベッグ・アプカー</p>
+
+<p>神奈川縣横濱市山下町十番地</p>
+
+<p>エス・エッチ・ソマートン</p>
+
+<p>神奈川縣横濱市山下町十番地</p>
+
+<p>ジャパン・ガゼット新聞社</p>
+
+<img src="images/i_084.jpg" width="345" height="600" alt="Image of the Japanese text above" />
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Betrayed Armenia, by Diana Agabeg Apcar
+
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-06 10:20:34 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-06 10:20:34 -0800
commit	d718c2aec13e2c55934262f50707775e8a63a002 (patch)
tree	1e15c09daf855583d95399900d1fcfebfcf81e19 /53170-h