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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Taxicab Robbery, by James H. Collins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+Title: The Great Taxicab Robbery
+       A True Detective Story
+
+Author: James H. Collins
+
+Release Date: September 25, 2016 [EBook #53145]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT TAXICAB ROBBERY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by ellinora and The Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
+images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                           Transcriber’s Note
+
+ Obvious spelling and punctuation errors have been corrected.
+
+ Spelling variations have been kept as in the original.
+
+ Italic text is indicated by underscores surrounding the _italic text_.
+
+ Small capitals in the original have been converted to ALL CAPS.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                               THE GREAT
+                            TAXICAB ROBBERY
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  RHINELANDER WALDO
+  Commissioner of Police, New York City
+]
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                               THE GREAT
+                            TAXICAB ROBBERY
+
+                        _A True Detective Story_
+
+                                   BY
+                            JAMES H. COLLINS
+
+               WRITTEN FROM RECORDS AND PERSONAL ACCOUNTS
+                    OF THE CASE FURNISHED BY THE NEW
+                         YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT
+
+
+                                NEW YORK
+                           JOHN LANE COMPANY
+                                 MCMXII
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                          COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY
+                           JOHN LANE COMPANY
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+             This book has something to say about practical
+             results of wiser police administration in New
+                 York. It is respectfully dedicated to
+
+                         HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR
+
+                         MAYOR OF NEW YORK CITY
+
+           the official who took the initiative in improving
+                               conditions
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                                PREFACE
+
+
+There are several reasons for this little book, but the best of all is
+the main reason—that it is a cracking good story, and right out of life.
+The characters will be found interesting, and they are real people,
+every one of them. The incidents are full of action and color. The plot
+has mystery, surprise, interplay of mind and motive—had a novelist
+invented it, the reader might declare it improbable. This is the kind of
+story that is fundamental—the kind Mr. Chesterton says is so necessary
+to plain people that, when writers do not happen to write it, plain
+people invent it for themselves in the form of folk-lore.
+
+But apart from the story interest there are other reasons.
+
+When the New York police department had run down all the threads of the
+plot, and accounted for most of the characters by locking them up, they
+had become so absorbed in the story themselves, as a story, that they
+thought the public would enjoy following it from the inside.
+
+While the crime was being dealt with, the police were subjected to
+pretty severe criticism. They felt that the facts would make it clear
+that they knew their trade and had been working at it diligently.
+
+The story gives an insight into real police methods. These are very
+different from the methods of the fiction detective, and also from the
+average citizen’s idea of police work. They ought to be better known.
+When the public understands that there is nothing secret, tyrannical or
+dangerous in good police practice, and that our laws safeguard even the
+guilty against abuses, there will be helpful public opinion behind
+officers of the law, and we shall have a higher degree of order and
+security.
+
+The directing mind in this case was that of Commissioner George
+Dougherty, executive head of the detectives of the New York Police
+Department. Thousands of clean, ambitious young fellows are constantly
+putting on the policeman’s uniform all over the country, and rising to
+places as detectives and officials. The manufacturer or merchant may
+find himself in the police commissioner’s chair. Even the suburbanite,
+with his bundles, may be, out at Lonesomehurst, a member of the village
+council, and thus responsible for the supervision of a police force
+that, though it be only two patrolmen and a chief, is important in its
+place. So in writing the story there has been an effort to show how a
+first-rate man like Commissioner Dougherty works. His methods are plain
+business methods. Most of his life he has earned his living following
+the policeman’s trade as a commercial business. What he did in a case of
+this kind, and how, and why, are matters of general interest and
+importance.
+
+Finally, the story throws some useful light on criminals. It shows the
+cunning of the underworld, and also its limitations. To free the
+law-abiding mind of romantic notions about the criminal, and show him as
+he is, is highly important in the prevention of crime.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                         LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+                                                     FACING
+                                                      PAGE
+
+            Rhinelander Waldo, Commissioner of
+              Police, New York City
+
+                                      _Frontispiece_
+
+            George S. Dougherty, Second Deputy           20
+              Police Commissioner
+
+            Edward P. Hughes, Inspector in Command       40
+              of Detective Bureau, and Dominick G.
+              Riley, Lieutenant and Aide to
+              Commissioner Dougherty
+
+            Geno Montani, Eddie Kinsman, Gene            60
+              Splaine, “Scotty the Lamb” and John
+              Molloy
+
+            James Pasquale, Bob Delio, Jess              80
+              Albrazzo, and Matteo Arbrano
+
+            “Scotty” Receives Final Instructions        110
+
+            “The Brigands” “Stick-up” the Hold-up       126
+              Men for Theirs
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                                THE CAST
+
+
+ GENO MONTANI, a taxicab proprietor.
+ WILBUR SMITH, an elderly bank teller.
+ FRANK WARDLE, a seventeen-year-old bank office boy.
+ EDDIE KINSMAN, alias “Collins,” alias “Eddie the Boob,” a hold-up man.
+ BILLY KELLER, alias “Dutch,” a hold-up man.
+ GENE SPLAINE, a hold-up man.
+ “SCOTTY THE LAMB,” a thieves’ helper, or “stall.”
+ JOE PHILADELPHIA, alias “The Kid,” a runner for thieves, or “lobbygow.”
+ JAMES PASQUALE, alias “Jimmy the Push,” keeper of shady resorts known
+   as “208” and “233.”
+ BOB DEILIO, partner of “Jimmy the Push.”
+ JESS ALBRAZZO, a middleman, formerly keeper of the Arch Café, pal of
+   Montani, “Jimmy the Push” and Bob Deilio.
+ MATTEO ARBRANO,       }
+ PAULI GONZALES,       } The “Three Brigands.”
+ CHARLES CAVAGNARO,    }
+ “KING DODO,” a Bowery character.
+ RHINELANDER WALDO, Police Commissioner of New York.
+ GEORGE S. DOUGHERTY, Second Deputy Police Commissioner, executive head
+   of detectives.
+ INSPECTOR EDWARD P. HUGHES, in command of Detective Bureau.
+ POLICE LIEUTENANT DOMINICK G. RILEY, Aide of Commissioner Dougherty’s
+   staff.
+ DETECTIVE SERGT JOHN J. O’CONNELL, Official Stenographer.
+ THE DETECTIVES on “Plants,” “Trailing,” “Surrounding,” “Arresting,”
+   etc.:
+
+    John P. Barron, Edward Boyle, Frank Campbell, James Dalton, James J.
+    Finan, John W. Finn, Joseph A. Daly, Daniel W. Clare, John Gaynor,
+    Anthony Grieco, John P. Griffith, Daniel F. Hallihan, Edward Lennon,
+    Henry Mugge, Richard Oliver, Gustavus J. Riley, James F. Shevlin,
+    Joseph Toner, George Trojan, James A. Watson.
+
+ “SWEDE ANNIE,” Kinsman’s sweetheart.
+ MYRTLE HORN, a pal of Annie.
+ ROSE LEVY, a newcomer in Thompson street, Jess Albrazzo’s girl.
+ MRS. ISABELLA GOODWIN, a police matron.
+ MRS. SULLIVAN, keeper of a West Side rooming house.
+ “JOSIE,” a lady of the Levee district, Chicago.
+
+ Detectives, policemen, informants, witnesses, denizens of the
+    underworld, newspaper reporters, trainmen, ticket sellers, etc.,
+    etc.
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+    PLACE—Chiefly in New York, with Scenes in Chicago, Albany, Memphis,
+        Boston and Montreal.
+
+    TIME—February and March, 1912.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                                  The
+                         Great Taxicab Robbery
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER I
+                 WHAT THE PUBLIC HEARD ABOUT THE CRIME
+
+
+On Thursday, February 15, 1912, the New York evening papers had a
+startling news story.
+
+Between ten and eleven o’clock that morning two messengers were sent in
+a taxicab from the East River National Bank, at Broadway and Third
+street, to draw $25,000 in currency from the Produce Exchange National
+Bank, at Broadway and Beaver street, in the downtown financial district,
+and bring it uptown. This transfer of money had been made several times
+a week for so long a period without danger or loss that the messengers
+were unarmed. One of them, Wilbur F. Smith, was an old man who had been
+in the service of the bank thirty-five years, and the other was a mere
+boy, named Wardle, seventeen years old. The taxicab man, an Italian
+named Geno Montani, seemed almost a trusted employee, too, for he
+operated two cabs from a stand near the bank, and was frequently called
+upon for such trips.
+
+While the cab was returning uptown through Church street with the money,
+five men suddenly closed in upon it. According to the chauffeur’s story,
+a sixth man forced him to slacken speed by stumbling in front of the
+vehicle. Immediately two men on each side of the cab opened the doors.
+Two assailants were boosted in and quickly beat the messengers into
+insensibility, while their two helpers ran along on the sidewalk. The
+fifth man climbed onto the seat beside the chauffeur, held a revolver to
+his ribs, and ordered him to drive fast on peril of his life. This
+fellow seemed to be familiar with automobiles, and threatened the driver
+when he tried to slacken speed. That is a busy part of the city. Yet
+nobody on the sidewalks seemed to notice anything out of the ordinary.
+The cab dodged vehicles, going at high speed for several blocks. At Park
+Place and Church street, after a trip of eleven blocks, at a busy
+corner, the chauffeur was ordered to stop the cab, and the three robbers
+got down, carrying the $25,000 in a leather bag, ran quickly to a black
+automobile without a license number which was waiting for them, and in a
+few moments were gone.
+
+That was the substance of the story.
+
+Information came chiefly from the chauffeur, because the two bank
+employees had been attacked so suddenly and viciously that they lost
+consciousness in a moment. When the chauffeur looked inside his cab
+after the crime, he said, he saw them both lying senseless and bleeding.
+They could give no description of the assailants. Eye-witnesses were
+found who had seen men loitering in the neighborhood where the cab was
+boarded shortly before the crime, but their descriptions were not very
+useful.
+
+That night the New York evening papers published accounts of the crime
+under great black headlines, and on the following morning every news
+item of a criminal nature was grouped in the same part of the papers to
+prove that the city had entered one of its sensational “waves of crime.”
+And for more than a week the public read criticism and denunciation of
+the police force.
+
+It was charged that the police had become “demoralized,” and various
+changes of administrative policy introduced into the department within
+the past eight months were blindly denounced.
+
+The most important of these changes was that devised by Mayor Gaynor.
+Eight or ten years ago, every uniformed policeman in New York carried a
+club, and often used it freely in defending himself while making
+arrests. Abuses led to the abolition of this means of defense except for
+officers patrolling the streets at night. There were still undoubted
+abuses, however, and when Mayor Gaynor came into office, bringing
+well-thought-out opinions of police administration from his experience
+as a magistrate on the bench, he took a determined stand for more humane
+methods of making arrests, and strict holding of every policeman to the
+letter of the laws. Every case of clubbing was prosecuted, the plain
+legal rights of citizens or criminals upheld, and the Police Department
+began teaching its men new ways of defending themselves by skillful
+holds in wrestling whereby prisoners may be handled effectually and
+without doing them harm. Sentiment against the use of the club began to
+grow in the Police Department itself, it being recognized that clubbing
+was an unskillful means of defense, and that special athletic devices
+were more workmanlike.
+
+Now, however, the newspapers published every chance opinion of
+discharged, retired and anonymous police officers who objected to the
+new regulations. It was alleged that criminals had got out of bounds
+because policemen no longer dared club them into good behavior, and the
+editors, without paying much attention to the many good points of the
+new regulations, or trying to understand the merits of a settled policy
+applied to an organization of more than ten thousand men, set up a cry
+for the presumably “good old days” of Inspector So-and-So and Chief
+This-and-That, when every known criminal was promptly struck over the
+head on sight and thereby taught to know his place. If the files of New
+York journals for those days following the robbery are examined they
+will reveal a curious exhibition of pleading for official lawlessness
+and autocracy.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  GEORGE S. DOUGHERTY
+  Second Deputy Police Commissioner
+]
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Another point of criticism centered on a new method adopted in the
+distribution of the detective force. This comprises more than five
+hundred men. For years they were all required to report at Police
+Headquarters every day, coming from distant precincts, and had an
+opportunity to see whatever professional criminals were under arrest.
+Then they went back to different precincts to work. This took too much
+time, it was found, and the old-fashioned “line-up” of criminals was
+chiefly a spectacle, the same offenders dropping into the hands of the
+police with more or less regularity. So detectives were re-distributed
+on a plan that attaches a proper number of plain-clothes policemen to
+each precinct, according to its needs, and in those precincts the men
+live and become acquainted with local criminals. Many of them work in
+sections where they were born, and detectives speaking foreign languages
+are assigned to foreign quarters.
+
+The newspapers charged that red-tape had brought the Police Department
+to such a low state that young detectives had no idea what a real
+criminal looked like, and urged the restoration of the old system, with
+its picturesque “line-up.”
+
+In the days of Inspector Byrnes, when practically all the banking of the
+city was done around Wall Street, the police established a “dead line”
+beyond which criminals were supposed not to operate. In its day, the
+“dead line” was real enough, undoubtedly. But it was not necessarily an
+ideal police measure, and the growth of the city has long made it a mere
+memory, living only in newspaper tradition. To-day, banking extends as
+far north as Central Park, and millions upon millions of dollars are
+being carried about daily by people of every sort. Despite the fact that
+the last loss of money from a New York bank through professional
+criminals (apart from fraud and forgery) dated back some fifteen or
+eighteen years, the newspapers seemed to agree that life and property
+were no longer safe in the city because this purely mythical “dead line”
+had been disregarded by the robbers.
+
+There was other comment of the same character, and it had an immediate
+and grievous effect.
+
+On the day after the robbery a chance remark about a safe in an East
+Side bank, coupled with the general excitement, led to a run of its
+depositors, chiefly people of foreign birth. The bank was solvent, and
+the run was undoubtedly stimulated by gossip started by criminals for
+their own ends. But the frightened depositors insisted on drawing out
+their money, and exposing themselves to danger of robbery and assault.
+The situation was met by careful police co-operation.
+
+About six months before the taxicab robbery, the New York legislature
+put into force a measure known as the “Sullivan law,” providing
+penalties for the carrying of pistols and concealed weapons. This is
+unquestionably a wise measure fundamentally, and one that was badly
+needed for police administration and public safety. It is perhaps open
+to certain modifications, to be made as actual conditions are
+encountered in practical working of the law. Newspaper opinion drew a
+connection between this law and the “wave of crime,” and its repeal was
+urged, so that every citizen might arm himself as he pleased. Hundreds
+of persons who had felt safe in going about their business unarmed now
+applied for permits to carry pistols.
+
+Fortunately, a sensation does not last long in New York.
+
+Though the Police Department felt this criticism keenly, and was
+hampered by it, pressure began to slacken in about a week. Other
+sensations came along. There was nothing to publish about the taxicab
+case, as police information was withheld for good official reasons.
+Presently the town ventured to joke about the case. At an elaborate
+public dinner one night, among other topical effects, a dummy taxicab
+suddenly scooted out before the guests, held up a dummy police
+commissioner, took his watch, and scooted away again. The diners
+laughed, and that was fairly representative of the town, which was now
+ready to have its joke about the crime, too. Had there never been any
+further action by the police, the case would have quietly dropped out of
+sight. But fortunately there was police action, and with that we shall
+now deal.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER II
+          HOW THE CRIME WAS HANDLED BY THE POLICE—ON THE TRAIL
+
+
+Now, let us follow the police story. We will begin at the very
+beginning, watch the incidents and character unfold, and give quite a
+little attention to the technical methods by which results were arrived
+at. For the story is a study in clean, straightforward detective work,
+and that work ought to be better known by the public, so that
+intelligent public opinion may back up honest police effort.
+
+The story starts with a burly, genial man, sitting in a big office at
+Police Headquarters. The office is that of the Second Deputy Police
+Commissioner, and the man is the Commissioner himself, George S.
+Dougherty.
+
+Commissioner Dougherty dominates the story. The taxicab robbers were
+caught by his methods, plans and supervision, backed by the splendid
+team work of the men under him. His own sources of information supplied
+the clues, and his personal skill in examining criminals brought out the
+confessions that saved the city the expense of trials with all but one
+offender. It is far from the writer’s wish to indulge in hero-worship,
+however, so these details will appear in their proper place in the
+narrative.
+
+George Dougherty has had nearly twenty-five years’ experience in
+criminal work in New York, and over the whole country. Until his
+appointment by Mayor Gaynor in May, 1911, he was connected with the
+Pinkerton organization. Bank and financial crimes have long been his
+specialty, so the taxicab case fell right into his own province. He
+knows the ways of forgers, bank sneaks, swindlers, burglars and
+“yeggmen,” and is personally acquainted with most of the criminals in
+those lines in and out of prison. He has also had much to do with
+protecting the crowds at races, ball games, aeronautic meetings and
+other big gatherings. As executive head of the detective bureau, five
+hundred plain-clothes policemen scattered over Greater New York cover
+all crimes of a local and routine nature, and are subject to his call
+when a special case like the taxicab robbery comes up for his personal
+attention.
+
+On an ordinarily quiet morning at Police Headquarters, there will be a
+steady stream of people passing into Dougherty’s office. Several
+assistants guard the doors leading from two ante-rooms, and marshal the
+visitors. Now a group of detectives enters and hears a talk on methods.
+Then two detectives come in, make a report and receive further
+instructions. Then there will be an interruption, perhaps, while an
+assistant soothes and sends away a crank who occasionally turns up with
+a purely imaginary affair of his own, and two more detectives pass in
+accompanied by a man and a woman who look just like the people one sees
+dining at a fashionable uptown restaurant. The woman’s furs are
+magnificent, and her hat a costly Fifth avenue creation.
+
+“A couple of taxpayers?” speculates the group of reporters, waiting
+outside to get a statement about some important case.
+
+“Two of the cleverest check swindlers in the country,” corrects a
+detective, and presently the reporters are called in, and Dougherty
+recites names, dates and facts connected with the gang to which these
+prosperous “taxpayers” belong, gazing reflectively out of the window as
+details come back in memory, and chuckling with the delighted
+journalists as the pithy slang and professional names of the underworld
+are jotted down on their pads. They fire a scattering volley of
+questions at him and depart, and then his secretary announces that the
+saloon-keeper who knows a good deal about the Blind Puppy Café case is
+outside, but refuses to talk to the police at all.
+
+“Hullo!” is the Commissioner’s off-hand greeting as the cautious
+saloon-keeper comes in, and in two minutes the latter is answering
+questions freely.
+
+“Why, say!” he exclaims, “I’ll tell _you_ anything.”
+
+Then a humble little woman in a cheap hat and a long cloak is brought
+in. For more than an hour she has been waiting outside, with her eyes
+fixed patiently on the door leading to the inner office.
+
+“Stand there,” says the Commissioner, with gruff kindness, and he makes
+a formal statement about her husband, who has been arrested with a
+criminal gang, and is pretty certain to go to prison. He tells her what
+has been done in the case, and what will follow, and the little woman
+listens mutely. When he finishes, her eyes fill with tears. But she
+makes no reply, nor any sound. The Commissioner winks fast as he looks
+out of the window again, and then says, sympathetically:
+
+“That’s the best that can be done. But don’t you worry. Come in and see
+me again. Keep in touch with me, and don’t worry yourself. Come in and
+talk with me—come in to-morrow.” And she bravely wipes her eyes and goes
+out with her trouble.
+
+The procession continues.
+
+Police captains and detectives in squads, prisoners and witnesses in
+twos and threes, newspaper men in corps and singly, and occasionally a
+cautious gentleman who wants to see the Commissioner alone, and is
+anxious that nobody say anything about this visit to Police
+Headquarters—for he is an informant.
+
+
+                           _The First Alarm_
+
+The taxicab robbery took place on a quiet morning like this.
+
+Suddenly, around eleven o’clock on Thursday, February 15, a brief
+message comes from the second precinct, stating that a robbery has been
+committed in the financial district. A little later there is a fuller
+report over police wires. The details are few, as will be seen by the
+general alarm that presently goes out over the city:
+
+    _Police Department, City of New York_,
+
+                                                  February 15, 1912.
+
+    To all, all Boroughs—notify the patrol platoon immediately.
+
+    Arrest for assault and robbery three men:
+
+    No. 1, about 35 years, five feet eight or nine inches in height,
+    160 or 170 pounds, small stubby dark mustache, dark complexion,
+    medium build, dark suit and cap, no overcoat.
+
+    No. 2, about 35 years, five feet ten inches in height, slender
+    build, dark hair, possibly smooth shaven, light brown suit, no
+    overcoat, wore a cap.
+
+    No description of No. 3.
+
+    Stole $25,000 in five and ten dollar bills, contained in a brown
+    leather telescope bag, 24 inches long, 16 inches square, from
+    two bank messengers in a taxicab about 11 this a. m., at Park
+    Place and Church Street, and escaped in a five or seven-seated
+    black touring car, top up. Look out for this car, bag and
+    occupants on streets, at ferry entrances, bridge terminals,
+    railroad stations. Inquire at all garages, automobile stands,
+    stables, etc.
+
+    If found, notify Detective Bureau.
+
+Before noon, the Commissioner has postponed appointments, assigned
+routine business, and is engaged in an investigation that will keep him
+busy until that morning, twelve days later, when the first arrests are
+made, and the case is, in police parlance, “broken.”
+
+Where do the police begin in such a crime? What do they start with when
+there is apparently so little to work upon?
+
+In spite of the wide popular interest in police and criminal matters,
+the average citizen has no very clear idea. Even the newspaper reporter,
+following police activities every day, is not well informed in technical
+details. Some information is necessarily withheld from him, and he is a
+busy young man, with his own technical viewpoint, working hard to get
+his own kind of information.
+
+This lack of knowledge leads to a feeling of mystery, helplessness and
+terror after a sensational crime, and to criticism of the police. They
+are at work, skillfully, honestly, diligently. But results take time. It
+would do little good to make arrests without evidence. The citizen’s
+sympathies are aroused by brutal lawlessness, and he urges that somebody
+be caught and punished. If results are not at once apparent, he jumps to
+the conclusion that the police are “demoralized.” He would be startled
+if he could see how quickly and persistently the underworld takes steps
+to strengthen him in that conclusion, and use him to discredit the
+police.
+
+Sixty detectives are immediately called into the case. Five of them go
+down to the scene of the robbery, with orders to work there until
+further notice. They make a thorough search of the neighborhood,
+following the route taken by Montani’s taxicab, and questioning
+merchants, newsdealers, porters, truckmen and other persons likely to
+have information as eye-witnesses. They go through the streets that may
+have been taken by the escaping robbers, and work over the whole ground.
+This search through one of the busiest sections of New York in a busy
+hour, amid the excitement created by the crime, may appear like hopeless
+business. But, as will be seen presently, it yields important results.
+Other detectives search garages for the black automobile without a
+license number in which the robbers are reported to have got away. Four
+uniformed policemen on beats along the route taken by the taxicab are
+questioned. Other detailed inquiries of the same nature are started.
+
+But the most important work of the first day centers at Police
+Headquarters, where a conference is held by Commissioner Dougherty and
+his assistants, and in the examination of Montani, the taxicab driver.
+
+Strip all the labels off a suit of clothes and lay it before a committee
+of tailors. In a few moments certain points would be agreed upon. It may
+be a new suit, or an old one, a fine piece of tailoring, or a cheap
+hand-me-down. The committee could often identify the cheap suit and tell
+the name of its manufacturer, while with a seventy-five-dollar suit it
+might be possible to determine the maker’s name. This holds true of many
+other lines of work, and it is particularly true of criminal
+investigation.
+
+Who cut and made that suit of clothes?
+
+The conference sat down to determine this, judging the robbery strictly
+as a piece of workmanship. Names of known bank criminals were brought
+up, one by one, and details gone over. It soon became clear that none of
+the men identified with bank crime were likely to have the brains, skill
+or organization to plan and execute so complicated a robbery.
+
+The criminals had known the habits of the bank in conveying cash uptown.
+They knew the route, and were aware that the guard was only an elderly
+man and a seventeen-year-old boy, both unarmed. They had boarded the cab
+at the best point, and evidently made arrangements for stopping it.
+There was team work in every detail. It showed marked insight, for
+instance, to provide additional men to boost each assailant in at the
+doors. For young Wardle, the bank employee, had made a plucky attempt to
+shove his robber out and shut the door, and might have succeeded had
+there not been an outside man. Robberies are committed under exciting
+conditions. They sometimes fail because criminals balk. That outside man
+was there not only to help his “slugger” into the cab, but to _force_
+him in if he shrank, and make certain he did his work. Whoever planned
+such details, it was agreed at the conference, possessed more cunning
+than the ordinary bank criminal.
+
+
+                         _Montani is Examined._
+
+When Montani, the taxicab driver, arrived at Police Headquarters, he was
+willing to talk, and seemed anxious to help the police in every way. He
+knew suspicion might be directed toward himself, but did not resent
+that. He talked like a man confident of the truth of his story, and
+certain that he would be found blameless.
+
+Montani is an Italian, from the northern part of Italy, about 30 years
+old, five feet six inches high, rather stout and thick-set, with very
+dark complexion. The striking feature of his countenance, his large,
+intelligent brown eyes. Commissioner Dougherty found himself thinking of
+Napoleon in connection with Montani.
+
+The first examination lasted all afternoon, Montani going out to lunch
+with the Commissioner. Hundreds of questions were asked bearing on the
+robbery, the appearance of the criminals, and Montani’s past and
+personal affairs. The story was gone over again and again, and different
+questioners relieved each other. Yet the taxicab man never lost his
+temper or patience, and did not contradict himself in any important
+particular.
+
+Montani had been in this country since the age of twelve, it appeared,
+had a wife and two children, and was the owner of two taxicabs operated
+from a stand at a hotel near the bank, whose money he regularly carried.
+He had owned three cabs, but lost one through business reverses. In
+fact, he had passed through money troubles, and his story excited
+sympathy. Starting originally as a truckman for a salvage company, his
+ambition and intelligence had won him such confidence that this company
+lent him money to set up trucking for himself. Still more ambitious, he
+had become a taxicab proprietor. Through the trickery of an ill-chosen
+partner, however, he has lost some of his savings. He seemed a little
+bitter about this, and it was a circumstance not likely to escape an
+expert police examiner, for the loss of money through fraud, coupled
+with temptation, is often the starting point in crime. The Italian’s
+former employers spoke highly of his character when questioned by
+detectives. He gave the names of chauffeurs who had worked for him
+lately, and of business people who knew him, and careful investigation
+failed to disclose any suspicious circumstances. Montani quite won the
+newspaper men—so much so that, when he was discharged in court a few
+days later for apparent lack of evidence, the newspapers criticised the
+police for having held him at all.
+
+And yet, before that first night, Montani himself, largely through
+simple answers to questions, had become so involved that there was
+ground for holding him under arrest.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  EDWARD P. HUGHES
+  Inspector in Command of Detective Bureau
+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  DOMINICK G. RILEY
+  Lieutenant and Aide to Commissioner Dougherty
+]
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+In the questions and cross-questions, the checks and counter-checks of a
+skillful examiner, there are possibilities little suspected by those not
+familiar with that kind of work.
+
+Montani had slowed down his cab at the point where the robbers boarded
+it. He said that an old man had suddenly got in front, and he had
+slackened speed to avoid running over him. But detectives along the
+route found eye-witnesses who had seen the robbers board the cab, and
+who could testify that there had been nobody in front of the vehicle.
+
+Both of his cabs had stood in line near the bank that morning, the one
+driven by himself being second, and the other, in charge of an employee,
+was first. When the call came from the bank, Montani answered it himself
+out of his turn, sending the other cab uptown, as he explained, to have
+some tires vulcanized. But it was not a good explanation.
+
+He said that as soon as the robbers left his cab he had raised a cry for
+help. But eye-witnesses were found who denied this.
+
+Instead of running north after the robbers’ automobile when he had taken
+a policeman aboard his cab, he ran south, away from it. This action, he
+maintained, was taken under orders from the policeman. But the latter
+denied that.
+
+He was not able to explain how the robbers had known where to post their
+automobile so it would be waiting at the spot where they finished their
+work.
+
+Interest centered in this mysterious black automobile without a license
+number. For, though Montani was an experienced chauffeur, and his
+replies to other questions showed that he had seen both the rear and the
+side of that car, he was unable to tell its make.
+
+Meanwhile, it was learned that three men had hurriedly boarded an
+elevated train near the scene of the robbery shortly after, not waiting
+for change from a quarter. The ticket-seller was unable to describe
+them, but connected them with the robbery when he heard about it.
+
+Montani was held in the custody of the Commissioner that night, to be
+put through further examination in the morning. But long before morning
+the police were working on an entirely new development.
+
+
+                        _The First Direct Clue_
+
+The law-abiding citizen goes around New York with little knowledge of
+the crowding underworld all about him. It is perhaps just as well that
+he knows nothing of the lives and morals of hundreds of people who elbow
+him on the streets, sit beside him in the cars, and scrutinize him with
+a strictly professional eye in many places.
+
+Nor has he any clear conception of the relations that a good police
+officer maintains with members of this underworld. It is a world just as
+complete as that of business or society, however, and much of the time
+of a detective or police official is spent keeping track of people in
+it, forming acquaintances and connections in various ways, and
+establishing the organization of informants that will help in the
+detection and prevention of crime. A good detective is like a good
+salesman—he keeps track of his “trade.”
+
+Shortly after midnight of the first day, Commissioner Dougherty received
+a message over the telephone that sent him uptown to meet an informant.
+At two o’clock in the morning of Friday, February 16, he and this person
+had a talk at a fashionable uptown hotel. Indeed, most of the meetings
+with informants during this case were held at two well-known hotels,
+perhaps the last places in the city that anybody would connect with such
+conferences.
+
+Informants are not always right, nor always possessed of useful
+information. But this one had the first real clue.
+
+On the afternoon of the robbery, it was learned, a fellow known as
+“Eddie Collins” had come to his rooming house, on the lower West Side,
+told a woman with whom he lived, known as “Swede Annie,” to pack up and
+be ready to leave the city in a hurry, and presently disappeared with
+her. He was also reported to have a large roll of money. With a rough
+estimate of the size of this roll, given by the informant, and a dummy
+roll of “stage money” made up for the purpose, the police were able to
+judge that Collins must have had between $3,000 and $5,000. That would
+have been his probable share in a division of the stolen currency among
+five men.
+
+The house where Collins had lived was kept by a Mrs. Sullivan. Steps
+were at once taken to “surround” this woman, as the operation is known
+technically. For before a possible source of information like Mrs.
+Sullivan is followed up, it is necessary to know something about it. The
+person in question may be criminal, or in league with the underworld. On
+the other hand, he or she may be quite innocent, and willing to aid the
+police. The “surround” is an interesting operation. It is often made
+without the knowledge of the person investigated. In many cases it takes
+time.
+
+Mrs. Sullivan came through the ordeal handsomely.
+
+She proved to be a wholesome, hard-working landlady, keeping a house
+that sheltered occasional suspicious characters, but entirely honest
+herself. She was not only able to furnish information about her late
+lodgers, but willing.
+
+“Sure, it’s a good deal I know about that Collins, as he calls himself,”
+she said, “and mighty little that’s good.”
+
+It seems that about two weeks previously Collins had offered to pay the
+landlady if she would appear in a Brooklyn court and testify to the good
+character of a criminal named Molloy, who was being held for trial on a
+charge of robbery.
+
+“They’re paying fifteen to twenty dollars for ‘character’ witnesses,”
+said her lodger.
+
+“And do you think I’d take the stand and perjure myself swearing for a
+man I never heard of?” asked the indignant landlady.
+
+“Oh, that’s nothing to some of the things we do,” was the reply.
+
+Several days later, while she was putting some laundry into Collins’
+bureau drawer the landlady caught sight of two new blackjacks. She asked
+Collins what he was doing with such weapons.
+
+“Aw, we use them in our business,” he said. Then, with the confidence
+often bred in criminals by success, he told her he knew a gang that was
+planning to rob a taxicab that carried money uptown to a bank every
+week. Mrs. Sullivan questioned him as to details, and he assured her it
+would be an easy job.
+
+“For we’ve got it all fixed with the chauffeur,” he said.
+
+At that point, however, like many an honest person who might aid the
+police with information, Mrs. Sullivan let the matter drop out of her
+mind. It is a simple thing to mail a letter or telephone to Police
+Headquarters, giving such information, and the experience of the
+Detective Bureau is such that the information can be investigated
+without involving innocent persons. But perhaps Mrs. Sullivan concluded
+that, in a big city like New York, it is well for people to keep their
+mouths shut. Or maybe she decided that Collins was merely boasting.
+
+On Friday, less than twenty-four hours after the robbery, a “network
+investigation” was begun.
+
+Sixty detectives searched that part of the city where Collins and Annie
+had lived, seeking further information. Photograph galleries and other
+places were investigated on the chance of finding pictures. Denizens of
+the underworld were talked with casually. Professional criminals,
+prostitutes, dive-keepers, receivers of stolen goods and other shady
+characters were brought before Commissioner Dougherty in couples and
+half-dozens for quick cross-examination. By Saturday evening the police
+had some highly important information.
+
+It was learned that Annie had been seen going away on the afternoon of
+the robbery in a taxicab, accompanied by two men, one of whom was
+Collins, and the other unknown. Good descriptions were secured of Annie
+and her sweetheart, especially of her hat, which was a cheap affair, but
+conspicuous by reason of a row of little red roses. It was also
+discovered that Collins had been a boxer, that he hailed from Boston,
+and that his real name was Eddie Kinsman. Finally, the police secured
+two photographs, one an indifferent picture of Kinsman, and the other an
+excellent portrait of Annie. These were quickly put through the
+department’s photograph gallery, where there are facilities for making
+duplicates in a hurry, and more than a hundred copies were soon ready
+for work which will be described in its proper place.
+
+The trail now seemed to lead to Boston. At all events, further
+information was to be secured there. And here came in a little
+refinement imparted by Commissioner Dougherty’s experience with the
+Pinkerton forces. For where this private detective organization works
+unhampered over the whole country, the official police forces in most
+cities confine their searches to their own territory. When it is
+believed that criminals have left town, as in this case, a general
+description is telegraphed to other cities. Dougherty’s method, however,
+is always to send a man from his own staff, with detailed instructions.
+There are no local boundaries for him.
+
+Late on Saturday night Inspector Hughes, of the Detective Bureau,
+slipped out of headquarters with Detective O’Connell, and took a train
+for Boston. Their departure was kept strictly secret. They bid good
+night to associates, saying that they expected to be up and at work
+again early next morning, and until their return on Monday everybody who
+asked for the Inspector was told that “he is usually around the building
+somewhere.”
+
+
+                    _Montani Points Out “King Dodo”_
+
+All through Friday and Saturday, while the network investigation was
+going on, Commissioner Dougherty continued his examination of Montani.
+
+Some important information against him now came from outside.
+
+It developed that Montani had been involved several months before in an
+insurance case, claiming indemnity for a burned automobile under a
+policy. He had presented, as part of its value, a bill for repairs
+amounting to $1,348. The insurance company, however, had found that this
+bill was fraudulent, that the repairs had never been made, and had
+obtained a statement to that effect from the Italian chauffeur. Out of
+pity for his wife and two children the case was not pressed against him.
+Now that he was involved in another crime, however, the insurance people
+came forward and laid the facts before the police.
+
+Of course, Montani knew nothing about this new development.
+
+For two days the chauffeur was questioned at intervals, and the inquiry
+centered chiefly on the knotty points in his story of the crime. He was
+particularly pressed for better explanations of the slackening of his
+cab when the robbers boarded it, but stuck to his original statement
+about a man getting in front of the vehicle. He described this person as
+an old man, and said he must have been in league with the criminals. As
+the police had good evidence that there had been nobody in front of the
+taxicab, however, this point was returned to again and again, and toward
+night on Saturday, February 17, the little chauffeur began to feel the
+strain.
+
+On his way to supper that evening with men from the Detective Bureau,
+Montani was taken through the Bowery. Suddenly he stopped, dramatically,
+and exclaimed:
+
+“There! That is the old man who got in front of my cab!”
+
+His finger indicated a Bowery character as typical as anything ever seen
+in melodrama—a ragged little old figure with an amazing set of whiskers,
+engaged in picking up cigar butts along the gutters. He was immediately
+taken to headquarters.
+
+No detail of his work interests Commissioner Dougherty more keenly than
+his study of the many picturesque characters who turn up as an important
+case unfolds. He has a ready appreciation of everybody who appears, from
+the society lady who lost her jewels to the typical Bowery loafer. He is
+as ready to look at facts from a criminal’s point of view as that of an
+honest man. He has often gone half across the country to get acquainted
+with a good burglar, and in this warm human interest lies the basis of
+his skill as an examiner of suspects. These details are set down, not in
+glorification of Dougherty, but for the guidance of every police officer
+interested in his methods.
+
+The moment Dougherty laid eyes on this new character, with his
+magnificent whiskers, he gave him a nickname.
+
+“King Dodo!” said the Commissioner, and that by that name he was known
+in so far as he figured in the case at all. “King Dodo” proved to be
+entirely innocent, and nothing more than the victim of a chance move of
+Montani’s, who evidently thought that he ought to produce something
+tangible to back up his assertion that the cab had been intercepted by
+an old man. “King Dodo” established a perfect alibi, proving that he had
+been elsewhere at the time of the robbery, and after being questioned
+and the truth of his story established, he was released, there being no
+reason for holding him.
+
+“I feel safe,” said the Commissioner solemnly, “in paroling you on your
+own responsibility, to appear again if wanted.”
+
+That may have been a heavier responsibility than had been put on his
+shoulders in years. But he rose to it. Two days later a decently
+dressed, clean shaven, elderly gentleman came in and asked for the
+Commissioner. He was “all dolled up,” in police parlance, and looked
+like a retired small shopkeeper. The staff did not recognize him for a
+moment. But it was “King Dodo,” doing his best to fill the part of a
+minor figure in the great taxicab mystery. There being nothing for him
+to do, he dropped back into private life.
+
+On his Sunday visit to Boston Inspector Hughes talked with Chief
+Inspector Watts of that city, learned where Kinsman lived, and that his
+family was a respectable one; found a bright patrolman named Dorsey who
+knew Kinsman, and gave more information about his personal appearance,
+habits and career as a boxer, desertion from the Navy, and so forth, and
+made arrangements to have the Kinsman home watched so that news of his
+return would be secured immediately. It was clear that Kinsman had not
+returned to Boston.
+
+
+                     _Discovery of Kinsman’s Trail_
+
+As soon as Inspector Hughes returned from Boston, on Monday morning, the
+Commissioner took steps to question the crews of every train that had
+left New York since one p. m. on the day of the robbery.
+
+Just the other afternoon the writer sat with a squad of young detectives
+at Police Headquarters and heard a talk on methods given by Dougherty,
+and one point clearly brought out was the usefulness to the
+thief-catcher of routine information.
+
+He began by relating an amusing incident. Some days before a detective
+had turned up at headquarters for instruction, and naïvely asked the
+Commissioner to lend him a pencil and a slip of paper, so he could make
+some notes. Another detective was found who had only a hazy idea of the
+location of New York’s telephone exchanges. Taking these as his text,
+the Commissioner explained the value to every police officer of what
+might be called “time-table” information—knowing the depots and ferries,
+what roads run out of them, the cities reached, the number and character
+of trains, the general methods of dispatching trains, and so forth. The
+Commissioner himself is as well informed on such matters as any railroad
+man, and thoroughly familiar with routine methods in many other lines of
+work and business. How such knowledge can be employed was shown by the
+next move in the taxicab case.
+
+Detectives were sent to every railroad terminal to secure lists of
+trains, learn the names of the crews, and make out schedules of the time
+when each crew would be back in the city. Then each man was found and
+carefully questioned. His memory could be helped by pictures of Kinsman
+and Annie, and by intimate details of personal appearance and manner.
+
+The search bore fruit, though it took time.
+
+On Wednesday Detective Watson, who was a railroad engineer before he
+joined the police, found that Train No. 13 on the New York Central had
+taken on three passengers answering the descriptions on the afternoon of
+the robbery. They had boarded the train at Peekskill, the town to which,
+as it was subsequently learned, they had ridden in a taxicab. The
+conductor’s attention had been drawn to Annie by her smoking a cigarette
+on the sly in the toilet of the day coach. He remembered her high cheek
+bones, and the black velvet hat with its little roses, and the athletic
+build of her men companions, who both appeared to be boxers. It was also
+established that the trio had gone to Albany, for one of the trainmen
+distinctly remembered helping Annie down at that station.
+
+
+                      _“Plant 21” Is Established_
+
+Monday, February 19, was an important day in more ways than one.
+
+While the train investigation was going on, it was learned that a woman
+known as “Myrtle Horn,” an intimate of Annie’s, had moved to a lower
+West Side rooming house, taking Annie’s trunk with her, as though Annie
+expected to return to the city. After a preliminary survey, this house
+was visited by Commissioner Dougherty in person. He explained that he
+was a contractor, about to build a section of the new subway, and that
+he was looking for a quiet room at a reasonable price where he might
+have some of the comforts of home. After a little talk with the landlady
+it became clear that she was honest and trustworthy, with no information
+of the new lodger who had taken her front room in the basement.
+Arrangements were quickly made to put this house, inside and outside,
+under constant surveillance.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[Illustration: GENE SPLAINE]
+
+[Illustration: EDDIE KINSMAN]
+
+[Illustration: GENO MONTANI]
+
+[Illustration: “SCOTTY THE LAMB”]
+
+[Illustration: JOHN MOLLOY]
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Along in the evening Mrs. Isabella Goodwin, a police matron, was
+installed there. The Commissioner brought her, and carried her bundle.
+The landlady and the matron had never seen each other in their lives,
+but kissed ostentatiously, and made considerable fuss on the chance of
+being overheard. Mrs. Goodwin was “planted” as the landlady’s “sister,”
+who had come from Montreal to live with her and help in the housework
+until she could find a position in New York. The Commissioner grumbled a
+little about her stinginess in refusing to pay an expressman to bring
+her bundle, and then took his departure, explaining that the train had
+been late, and the baby was not well, and his wife, Aggie, would be
+worried about him, and so forth. Mrs. Goodwin established herself in a
+room at the rear of the basement, handy to that occupied by Myrtle Horn,
+and kept her eyes and ears open as she went about the housework,
+slipping out to report when she had any information, and receiving
+instructions.
+
+Outside surveillance on this house was conducted from an empty store
+across the street. Arrangements for the use of such property are usually
+made by the police without difficulty, though occasionally a
+close-fisted owner expects rent. Blinds were put up over the windows,
+peep-holes made, and a few hammers provided, with some nails and boards.
+Then six of the best “shadow men” in the Detective Bureau were stationed
+there. They made a little noise occasionally, in “getting the store
+ready for a big firm moving up from downtown,” and watched the house day
+and night. Whenever Myrtle went out she was followed. If she had
+visitors, they were investigated. This store was known by the code term
+of “Plant 21,” so that reports could be sent without disclosing police
+information.
+
+
+                          _Montani Goes Free_
+
+On Monday, too, Montani was arraigned in court, and discharged for what
+appeared to be lack of any evidence against him.
+
+At this point the Commissioner took the liberty of fooling the newspaper
+men for the good of his case.
+
+Newspaper criticism for three days had been particularly severe. Editors
+made many charges, and were fertile in suggestions as what ought to be
+done to reorganize the presumably “demoralized” police department. The
+present writer feels confident, however, that a careful search of the
+files for those days will disclose hardly any suggestions likely to be
+at all helpful to public servants in the discharge of duty. Many
+questions with no real bearing on the case had been brought up by the
+journalists, and the Commissioner, who was patient in answering the
+newspaper men, began to be a little tired.
+
+On Sunday night his big office was filled with reporters. They sat about
+everywhere. He had admitted them because he wanted them to see that he
+was working. From time to time they quizzed him in this fashion:
+
+“Is it true that you and Commissioner Waldo have quarrelled?”
+
+“Is Waldo going to resign?”
+
+“Do you favor the Sullivan law against pistols?”
+
+“Will the ‘dead line’ be maintained now?”
+
+“Hadn’t the daily ‘line up’ of criminals ought to be restored so that
+detectives will know crooks when they see them?”
+
+“Hasn’t Mayor Gaynor tied the hands of the police?”
+
+And so forth, and so forth, and so forth.
+
+Suddenly, on Sunday night, Dougherty turned and read the newspaper men a
+lecture. He said that he wanted them to understand that he was no spring
+chicken at his business, that he was working eighteen hours a day, and
+that he knew he would show results if the people would only be patient,
+and give him time. His only recommendation in the way of new laws or
+reforms was for a statute that would enable the police to put known
+criminals, without occupation or visible means of support, at work
+mending roads. He outlined a plan which, rather strangely, did not get
+any attention in the newspapers at all. His idea of dealing with idle
+criminals, he said, was to have a cart, with commissary and sleeping
+quarters for twelve men. As soon as twelve idle criminals with records
+had been sentenced, they would pull this cart out of town themselves,
+under guard, and go to work repairing roads. If that plan were adopted,
+New York would not only be as free from criminals as the District of
+Columbia, where a similar measure is enforced, but the roads all around
+the city would be so well cared for that they could be used as
+roller-skating rinks.
+
+The newspapers next morning were quite certain that Commissioners Waldo
+and Dougherty had quarrelled, and when the journalists went down to
+report Montani’s examination in court they were decidedly partial to the
+taxicab man.
+
+Dougherty had told the newspaper men beforehand that he had evidence
+enough to have Montani held for trial. He had made very positive
+statements about this. Montani would be arraigned, he predicted, and if
+discharged on one count, would be immediately arrested on something
+else. If he was discharged on that, he would still be arraigned on
+further charges.
+
+It needs no very brilliant imagination, therefore, to picture the effect
+upon the newspapers when Montani, after being arraigned on the doubtful
+points in his own account of the crime, and those not too vigorously
+pressed, was discharged, with comment by the court upon the flimsiness
+of the police case. There was one striking discrepancy in the evidence
+presented at that examination which, if pressed, should have resulted in
+the holding of Montani for trial. He still insisted that he had stopped
+his cab because an old man had got in front of it, but this was denied
+by a witness. That point was permitted to pass by Lieutenant Riley, who
+appeared for the police. Montani could have been re-arrested on charges
+based upon his attempt to defraud the insurance company. But he was
+permitted to go free. That course had been decided on at Police
+Headquarters after some difference of opinion.
+
+The newspapers were now more pessimistic than ever in their comment.
+They contrasted this outcome with Dougherty’s promises that the
+chauffeur would be re-arrested. It was taken as a confession of police
+incompetency and bewilderment—which, as will be seen in its proper
+place, was very useful in its way. Montani went free, and was jubilant,
+calling on the Commissioner next morning to thank him. But from the
+moment he left court until he was arrested again the Italian chauffeur
+never got out of sight of the Police Department.
+
+
+                   _What Developed on a Busy Tuesday_
+
+It was on the day after Montani’s release that Commissioner Dougherty
+began to uncover more interesting characters in the taxicab drama.
+
+Bit by bit, through points supplied by informants and persons who had
+come in contact with him in various ways, a very good working knowledge
+of the fugitive Kinsman was pieced together. It appeared that he had
+come to New York the previous summer, from Boston, and after a brief
+career as a boxer, had gone to work in a Sixth avenue resort known as
+the “Nutshell Café,” where he was a waiter. Among his associates there
+had been two characters who invited further inquiry.
+
+The first of these was a fellow called “Gene,” described as having a
+“parrot nose,” and a criminal record. He had been a close pal of
+Kinsman, and had also introduced another intimate, a wily little Italian
+called “Jess,” who had formerly owned a thieves’ resort which he called
+the “Arch Café.” A good description of Jess was secured.
+
+There was some delay while the Commissioner “surrounded” this
+last-mentioned resort to find out if it was a place where any
+information might be obtained openly. The question was decided in the
+negative. So a plain-clothes man was quietly “planted” there to pick up
+information.
+
+When a criminal is arrested (or “falls”) it is customary in the
+underworld to raise a fund for his defense. The Arch Café was a center
+for the deposit of such “fall money.” It was learned that a hundred
+dollars had been raised for the defense of a man named Clarke, alias
+“Molloy,” under arrest in Brooklyn for robbery. This was the same Molloy
+to whose fine character Kinsman had asked his landlady to swear in
+court. The Italian named Jess had taken charge of Molloy’s defense fund,
+but squandered it in a spree. Later, making it good, he had sent it over
+to Molloy’s relief by Kinsman’s pal, “Dutch,” and an Italian known as
+“Matteo.”
+
+District inspectors of police were then called upon to find a detective
+who knew Jess, and an Italian plain-clothes man, Antony Grieco, who had
+grown up in that part of New York where Jess had kept a café, and who
+knew the latter well, was detailed with another detective to look him up
+and keep him under surveillance. They found that Jess, whose last name
+was Albrazzo, had headquarters in a tough resort in Thompson street,
+kept by an Italian named James Pasqualle, better known as “Jimmie the
+Push.” From that time Jess was kept “on tap,” to await further
+developments.
+
+Then the Commissioner undertook to find out more about the character
+called “Gene.” Working in New York, as waiters and bartenders, were many
+members of a criminal band known as the “Forty Thieves of Boston.” The
+Commissioner called in all of them that he could find, and sounded each
+for information about this “Gene.” After the time of day had been
+passed, the talk would turn on members of the band and criminals in
+general, and after curiosity had been excited, “Gene” would be referred
+to casually. If the party interviewed said he knew “Gene,” the
+Commissioner would probably be sceptical, ask his last name, press for
+details of appearance and habits, and then pass to some other subject.
+
+It was found that “Gene’s” last name was Splaine, that he had served a
+term in prison in Boston as a boy, and that, by his general description,
+he must be the third fugitive accompanying Kinsman and Annie. When
+Detective Watson got better descriptions of the third man at Albany, and
+comparisons were made with sources of information in New York, it became
+practically certain that Gene Splaine was with Kinsman.
+
+
+                      _Annie Shows at “Plant 21”_
+
+It was on this day, too (Tuesday, February 20), that “Swede Annie”
+suddenly stepped into police view, _wearing a new hat_. She turned up
+quietly at the house where Myrtle Horn had moved with her trunk, and
+began living in the front basement room. Matron Goodwin and “Plant 21”
+immediately reported her presence, and from that time the shadow men
+across the street had something to do besides driving nails. For
+whenever Annie or Myrtle went out of the house they were followed.
+
+Shadowing is a highly interesting kind of police work, at which some men
+have exceptional ability.
+
+The general conception is that of a detective following closely behind
+the suspected person, with his eyes glued to him, and cautiously
+crouching behind lamp-posts and trees when the victim turns suddenly.
+But that is far from the real thing. The work is done in ways altogether
+different. Shadow men operate in pairs, as a rule, and keep track of
+their party from vantage points not likely to be suspected. They dress
+according to the character of the case, always in quiet clothes, changed
+daily, and with absolutely no colors that will attract attention or lead
+to recognition through the memory. They know how to follow when the
+person under surveillance rides in cabs, cars or trains, to cover the
+different exits from a building into which he or she may have gone, and
+to loiter several hours around a given neighborhood, if need be, without
+attracting the attention of honest citizens.
+
+This work is done by shifts. The operators relieve each other almost as
+regularly as office employees, no matter how far the trail may have
+taken them. They are in constant touch with headquarters for the purpose
+of making reports and receiving instructions.
+
+In this branch of detective work, as in many others, the chief requisite
+is resourcefulness. The detective of fact wears little disguise apart
+from clothes that fit the surroundings he moves in. But he has an
+instant knack at accounting for himself as a normal character who has
+happened quite naturally into the scene. Ready wits do the trick—not
+false whiskers. Thus it came about that whenever Annie and Myrtle were
+hungry, and sat down in a restaurant, what they said was noted by a
+couple of fellows at another table, who quickly made a party of the
+chance patrons they found there, discussing wages or the suffragettes.
+Or if Annie used the telephone in a drug store, a polite young man
+turning over the directory said to her, “Go ahead, lady—I’m in no
+hurry,” and listened.
+
+At the same time, Matron Goodwin was reporting conversation from inside
+the house. It appeared that Kinsman had sent Annie back to the city
+after buying her a new hat and giving her $125. He promised to write
+soon, but did not tell her where he was going. Toward the end of the
+week, as no letter arrived, Annie began worrying, and was talkative. She
+feared that Eddie no longer loved her. She reproached herself for
+letting him go without taking her along, and spoke of setting out to
+find him.
+
+
+                        _The Trail Is Taken Up_
+
+It was now Wednesday, February 21, and all the careful detail work began
+to come together.
+
+It was this day that Detective Watson found the crew of Train No. 13, on
+the New York Central, which had taken Kinsman, Annie and Splaine aboard
+at Peekskill the afternoon of the robbery after they had ridden out of
+New York in a taxicab to avoid possible police surveillance at the
+railroad stations. Commissioner Dougherty dispatched Watson to Peekskill
+and Albany with thorough instructions. His motto in working out a case
+is, “Supervision is half the battle.”
+
+“When you get to Albany,” he said, “go to that big hat store on Broadway
+near the station. I’ll bet that’s where Annie’s new hat was bought—they
+sell the best millinery in the country outside of New York.”
+
+Nothing important was learned at Peekskill, but at Albany, sure enough,
+Detective Watson found the saleswoman right in “that big hat store” who
+had sold the new hat, and secured Annie’s discarded headgear. The new
+hat had cost twenty-five dollars. The old one looked as though it might
+have cost ninety-five cents—a “Division Street Special.” Its black
+velvet was of the cheapest grade, the famous little red roses proved to
+be, on close inspection, nothing more than little loops of pink cotton
+cloth, and the general state of the hat indicated that it was about time
+Annie had a new one. This interesting “bonnet,” however, seemed just
+then more handsome than any costly article of millinery ever smuggled
+over from Paris. It was immediately sent to New York by express, with a
+copy of the sales slip covering the purchase. The saleswoman was able to
+add one or two details of description, and remembered how, after the
+woman had selected a hat, the two men had joked about who was to pay for
+it.
+
+“She’s your girl,” said Splaine, and so Kinsman had paid the bill with
+five five-dollar bills.
+
+Nothing could be learned as to the direction in which the two men meant
+to travel. Detective Watson now began a search among train crews running
+out of Albany, and Commissioner Dougherty, in New York, got the Albany
+ticket-sellers by long-distance telephone. His knowledge of how railroad
+tickets are sold, accounted for, taken up, cancelled and checked by the
+auditing department made it possible to sift matters down to the
+strongest kind of probability. After considerable telephoning, aided by
+Detective Watson on the spot, it was determined that Kinsman and Splaine
+had been the purchasers of two consecutively numbered tickets for
+Chicago sold together on Friday morning, twenty-four hours after the
+robbery, and that they had gone west on Train No. 3, leaving Albany at
+12:10 p. m. Their tickets were available for that train, and the
+conclusion was strengthened by calculating Annie’s movements. For it was
+found that she had come back to New York the same day, between four and
+five in the afternoon. She had kept out of sight until she appeared at
+Myrtle Horn’s lodging and was reported by Matron Goodwin and “Plant 21”
+on Tuesday. But she must have taken a train from Albany about the time
+that the men were starting for Chicago, reaching New York at 3:45 p. m.
+
+Commissioner Dougherty felt that the chances of finding his men in
+Chicago were so good that, without wasting time in an investigation of
+the crew of Train No. 3, he put Detectives Daly and Clare aboard a
+Chicago train that same night. Kinsman and Splaine would both find
+congenial company among the pugilists in Chicago.
+
+These detectives were given names to conceal their identity, and ordered
+to report under the code term of “Orange Growers” to eliminate all
+flavor of police business. They received detailed instructions about
+where to go and what to do. Again the Commissioner covered the trail
+when it led out of New York by sending capable assistants, instead of
+merely wiring the police in other cities. Before the “Orange Growers”
+departed, the “boss” gave them a little talk about expenses.
+
+The detective attached to a municipal police force is very often
+hampered by fear of making unusual expenditures. Accounting routine is
+strict. Telegrams are often limited to the minimum of ten words where a
+hundred are needed to send a working description or report. The
+long-distance telephone is used as a luxury, and in many instances where
+the plain-clothes man can get valuable information through an informant
+he pays the shot out of his own pocket because there is no other way of
+paying it, and trusts to the chance that this private investment out of
+his salary will help him “break” a knotty case.
+
+Commissioner Dougherty told the “Orange Growers” that they would be kept
+on this trail if it led all around the world. They must not consider
+expenditure when there was vital information to put on the wire. He
+expected them to turn to the long-distance telephone whenever they
+needed new instructions in a hurry. Briefly, he took the blinders and
+shackles off them, and sent them out to do good work, and the outcome
+justified this far-sightedness.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[Illustration: JESS ALBRAZZO]
+
+[Illustration: MATTEO ARBRANO]
+
+[Illustration: JAMES PASQUALE]
+
+[Illustration: BOB DELIO]
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+At that period of the winter trains were delayed everywhere by storms,
+so the “Orange Growers” had opportunities to make inquiries at stations
+and railroad restaurants all along the line to Buffalo. They were in
+search of their “brother,” who was described in terms of Kinsman’s
+personal appearance, and was supposed to be on his way somewhere with
+another man. At Syracuse an observant waitress remembered their
+“brother” distinctly, having served both the men when their train
+stopped for supper. Finally, the two “Orange Growers” got snowed up in
+Michigan for a time, and there we will leave them for the present.
+
+
+                      _Montani Quizzed Once More_
+
+By Thursday many loose ends of the case were being brought together so
+effectually that the outlook seemed exceedingly bright.
+
+But only to the executive circle in Dougherty’s office.
+
+Outside, all was dark. Newspaper criticism had become more caustic than
+ever, and the public, after the ingrained habit of New York, was turning
+its attention to fresher news sensations.
+
+At a big annual dinner of police officials held that evening, February
+22, the atmosphere of gloom resting upon the department was most
+tangible. The fourteen hundred guests, who were chiefly police
+inspectors, captains and lieutenants, felt that a stigma lay upon the
+service with which they were identified. They had no means of knowing,
+of course, that one week from that night the gloom would have lifted,
+criticism be turned to praise, and that policemen generally would be, as
+a witty lieutenant put it, “back to our official standing again—which
+never was so very high.”
+
+Montani had called at Police Headquarters repeatedly, accompanied by his
+unseen shadowers. He professed to be anxious to furnish further
+information, if it lay in his power, and the Commissioner chatted with
+him cordially, leading him to believe that he no longer rested under the
+slightest suspicion.
+
+On Friday Dougherty made an interesting effort to “break” Montani.
+
+He now had a minute physical description of Kinsman, as well as two
+photographs of him. The chauffeur was asked to describe once more the
+man who had sat upon the cab seat with him. The questions went over
+details from head to foot, and were prompted by details of Kinsman’s
+real appearance.
+
+Montani said the man had large brown eyes, which was true.
+
+He remembered that he had talked with a good American accent, and used
+words not common to the criminal, which was also more or less true.
+
+He suddenly recalled a gold-filled tooth in the robber’s upper
+right-hand jaw, a point already furnished by informants.
+
+In fact, as this new examination went on, it became clear to the
+Commissioner that Montani was actually describing Kinsman, changing only
+one detail. He said that the robber had had a dark mustache, while it
+was certain that Kinsman had been smooth-shaven.
+
+Suddenly the Commissioner tried what is known as a “shot.”
+
+The examiner in such an inquiry is often in possession of incriminating
+evidence. Instead of producing it bluntly as evidence, however, he will
+perhaps let it slip out bit by bit, as though by awkwardness, meanwhile
+maintaining an appearance of absolute confidence in the suspect’s
+integrity. A classic example of this device is found in the Russian
+writer Dostoieffsky’s “Crime and Punishment.” The skillful “shot” is
+usually far more disconcerting than evidence produced openly to
+overwhelm. For the suspect assumes that the examiner really knows
+nothing, and has merely blundered. So he is on his guard outwardly. But
+he also worries inwardly, and this trying conflict between inner doubt
+and the need for keeping up outer calm will often break him down
+completely.
+
+Dougherty’s “shot” was a photograph of Kinsman.
+
+By pre-arrangement an assistant came into the office and began turning
+over some papers on the Commissioner’s desk. The photo of Kinsman popped
+out where Montani could see it plainly, and then was hurriedly put out
+of sight again. The Commissioner scolded his assistant, and the latter
+stood shamefaced and silent.
+
+But in this instance the device failed.
+
+Montani not only betrayed no interest in Kinsman’s picture, but took the
+awkward assistant’s part, and asked the Commissioner not to scold him.
+
+Montani had planned his crime, fitted the plan with men, laid out every
+detail in his mind, and arranged his story beforehand. He expected to be
+arrested, and said so. He admitted that there were inconsistencies in
+his story, but hoped to clear them up. He had discussed the crime with
+Jess and Dutch, and had not been seen in the company of the other
+criminals. So, having settled on his story, Montani stuck to it without
+variation under every form of pressure. Others forgot what they had
+arranged as their defense, or departed from it, or broke down and
+confessed. But not Montani. He alone went to trial, and stuck to his
+story until the end.
+
+
+                   _The “Orange Growers” in Chicago_
+
+When Daly and Clare, the two New York detectives working as the “Orange
+Growers,” arrived in Chicago, they went to Police Headquarters in that
+city, made inquiries about Kinsman and Splaine, and secured the aid of
+Chicago detectives. Then they put up at a hotel where, by arrangements
+with the house detective, they occupied a room on the second floor handy
+to a little-used stairway leading to a side street, which would make it
+easy to slip in and out without going through the lobby. On the trip
+from New York both of them had neglected shaving, and Daly was an
+especially tough-looking citizen, for his beard grows out stiff and
+bristly, with black and red intermixed, and a little green to help the
+general effect. With suits of old clothes and sweaters they were so
+little like their official selves that for several days, though they
+went rather freely around resorts frequented by crooks who knew them in
+New York, they were not recognized.
+
+The “Orange Growers” now became a pair of hardened “yeggmen,” or bank
+robbers, and for three days were busy visiting thieves’ haunts all over
+the city, from the Levee district to the Stockyards. It was found that
+Kinsman and Splaine had put up at a high-class boarding house in a
+fashionable residence section. Kinsman seemed to be doubtful about the
+impression Splaine might make there, though in the opinion of the police
+Splaine was by far the more intelligent of the pair. So he took the
+landlady aside and asked her, privately, if she had objections to a
+prize-fighter in her house. The landlady replied, “Why, no! if he is a
+gentleman—many prize-fighters are just like other people!” Thereupon,
+Kinsman undertook that Splaine should behave himself. He also wanted to
+know if valuables were safe there, and the astonished landlady assured
+him that her house was like a home, that the guests were like one big
+family and seldom locked their doors, and that Mr. Smith, well known as
+an officer in one of the leading banks, had lived there for years.
+
+The pair had spent considerable time in criminal haunts, but had now
+disappeared. Kinsman, as it was learned later, had returned to New York.
+Splaine was apparently in Chicago still, spending his money, but the two
+“Orange Growers” seemed never to catch up with him. Their man had always
+gone around the corner within the past hour.
+
+Finally they planned a ruse with the aid of two Chicago detectives.
+Splaine had been intimate with a certain woman of the underworld, known
+as “Josie.” Clare went to her, represented himself as a “stick-up man,”
+said he and his partner were after that guy with all the money and
+diamonds, meaning Splaine, and that they meant to rob him. If Josie
+worked with them, like a good girl, she would come in for her third of
+the plunder.
+
+Josie professed ignorance. She was sure, so help her Mike, cross her
+heart, that she knew nothing about no gent with any money or diamonds—no
+such a party had been near the house in months, worse luck. Clare argued
+awhile with no results, and then said he would come back a little later
+and bring his pal. Then Daly was introduced to Josie as the extremely
+undesirable citizen who would do the strong-arm work. But Josie still
+insisted that she had no idea what they were talking about.
+
+They went out, and within a few minutes the two Chicago detectives,
+Dempsey and McFarland, known by Josie as officers, came in, described
+the disguised Clare and Daly as two of the most desperate “yeggmen” in
+the country, said that they had warrants for them, and asked if they had
+been seen. Josie crossed her heart again, and said that there had been
+nobody around there all evening—believe her, it was like living the
+simple life, and if things kept on bein’ so quiet she’d blow the town
+and go back to Keokuk.
+
+Then, enter the two “Orange Growers” once more, to be warned by the fair
+Josie.
+
+“Say, the bulls are after you boys, an’ you better pull your freight,
+‘cause if you stay around here they’re goin’ to _get_ you.”
+
+“Aw, hell!” was the reply, “We’d just as lieve kill a cop or anybody
+else. We stick in this house till you tell us where we can reach that
+guy with the money and the diamonds—understand?”
+
+Then Josie broke down, and told them Splaine had been there early in the
+evening, but had gone away to take a train out of town. She did not know
+the railroad, and urged them to leave. This was evidently the truth, so
+they hurried to Police Headquarters, telegraphed descriptions to other
+cities with a request that arriving trains be watched, and went to bed
+to get a little sleep, so that they could be at work early the next
+morning.
+
+But in the morning word came from the Memphis Police that Splaine had
+been arrested there on alighting from a train, and they thereupon
+notified New York, went to Memphis, secured Splaine on extradition
+papers, and brought him back to the metropolis.
+
+
+                         _The Traps Are Sprung_
+
+On Saturday afternoon, February 24, while most of the energy of the
+Detective Bureau was centered on the taxicab case, a brutal murder was
+committed in Brooklyn.
+
+Word came that a Flatbush merchant had been found dead in his store,
+shot by unknown criminals whose motive was robbery. They had taken his
+watch and five safety razors.
+
+Inspector Hughes was sent to the scene of the crime, and Commissioner
+Dougherty quickly followed. The murder occurred about one p. m. By six
+o’clock the same day the number of the watch had been learned through a
+canvass of jewelers in the neighborhood, it being on record by one of
+them who had repaired it, and the watch and two of the safety razors had
+been found in pawnshops. Descriptions of the murderers were obtained,
+and by three o’clock Sunday, the following day, their identity had been
+established. Within thirty hours after the crime these men had been
+arrested, positively identified as the pawners of the stolen articles,
+and completely tied up in their own statements.
+
+At half-past nine Sunday night, while the Commissioner, Inspector Hughes
+and Captain Coughlin, in charge of Brooklyn detectives, and Lieutenant
+Riley were winding up their work on this murder case, word suddenly came
+over the telephone to Commissioner Dougherty from an informant that
+Eddie Kinsman had been seen in New York with “Swede Annie,” and that he
+was accompanied by an unknown man, wearing a red necktie, supposed to be
+Gene Splaine. At the same time Matron Goodwin, stationed inside Annie’s
+lodgings, telephoned that she had information indicating that Kinsman
+had returned to the city.
+
+When the Commissioner motored over to New York, he found his men
+covering a hotel on Third avenue, not far from 42d street. Kinsman and
+Annie were inside.
+
+The Commissioner hurried to the 18th precinct police station and sent
+out a call for twenty-five detectives. Team work on the case had
+developed to such a degree by this time that, though the men came from
+many stations, they were all on hand in record time, a matter of twenty
+or thirty minutes. Then a squad of these plain-clothes men was sent to
+watch every railroad station and ferry house, each accompanied by one of
+the men from “Plant 21,” familiar with Annie from having followed her
+movements for a week. Surveillance on the hotel was strengthened, and
+steps taken to ascertain whether the unknown man in the red tie was
+really Splaine.
+
+While making these arrangements, a curious incident occurred, showing
+how small is New York, after all, with its five million people. As
+Dougherty sat in the 18th precinct station, Detective Rein brought in a
+prisoner arrested for shooting a citizen. He was drunk and extremely
+disagreeable, and gave his name as “Steigel,” living at 98 Third avenue.
+Something in this address echoed to something in Dougherty’s memory—a
+keen one for names, dates, addresses and facts generally. He
+investigated further, and found that this prisoner was no other than the
+criminal Molloy, whose urgent need of “character witnesses” had played
+so important a part in furnishing the first information in the taxicab
+case.
+
+By some mischance, these operations came to the ears of the newspaper
+men. Word went about, beginning in Brooklyn, that important arrests were
+to be made. The reporters followed the Commissioner in a crowd when he
+refused to make a statement. They not only hampered the work, but
+greatly endangered the outcome. On the following day, Monday, the papers
+published information about the police activities of the night before.
+The hazard here may be appreciated when the reader is told that Kinsman
+had been a persistent reader of newspapers from the day of the robbery,
+and that it was largely the pessimistic newspaper comment upon Montani’s
+release in court that led him to return to New York. Deceived by the
+newspaper chorus of “police demoralization,” and the easy way in which
+Montani had got free, he concluded that the taxicab investigation had
+been given up as hopeless.
+
+Kinsman was arrested in the Grand Central Station at half-past eleven
+Monday morning, with Swede Annie and the unknown in the red tie. They
+were about to set out for Boston.
+
+There were some amusing circumstances in the arrest.
+
+Kinsman’s immunity over night, and police precaution in deferring the
+arrest until the last moment, on the chance that other persons would
+join the party, gave him a false confidence. He afterward admitted that
+ideas of a “pinch” at that time were far from his mind.
+
+When a criminal thought to be dangerous is to be arrested in a crowded
+place like the Grand Central Station, police officers operate by methods
+that prevent a struggle. As two detectives closed in on the party,
+Kinsman watched one of them out of the corner of his eye. While a waiter
+at the “Nutshell Café” he had often thrown objectionable guests out onto
+the sidewalk. He now fancied that one of the detectives resembled a man
+he had once “bounced,” and was ready to fight if attacked.
+
+“I was just folding it up,” he said, referring to his fist, “and getting
+ready to land on him when one had me from behind and the other in front.
+Then I knew they were cops.”
+
+Annie was gorgeously dressed in a new blue suit and fine fur coat,
+bought out of the taxicab money. The unknown man proved to be Kinsman’s
+brother, who had come down from Boston with him. Kinsman had visited his
+native city before returning to New York, but had escaped the police net
+there by stopping at a hotel and sending for his brother. He sent a grip
+home by this brother, and it was afterward found to contain three
+packages of bills of $250 each in the original wrappers of the bank.
+
+As soon as word of these arrests was telephoned to Police Headquarters,
+the other traps were sprung. Detectives brought in Montani, Jess
+Albrazzo and Myrtle Horn, the latter, with Annie, being held as
+witnesses.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER III
+        HOW THE CRIME WAS HANDLED BY THE POLICE—THE CONFESSIONS
+
+
+Now begins some of the most interesting work connected with the taxicab
+case—the examination of the first prisoners, which led to confessions,
+the implication of other guilty persons not yet under arrest, and the
+voluntary pleas of guilty in court which saved costly trials in all but
+Montani’s case.
+
+This sort of work is familiar under the term of “third degree.” It is
+popularly supposed to be accompanied by force and sometimes
+brutality—and in wrong hands often is. Commissioner Dougherty’s
+experience with a commercial detective agency, however, has led him to
+develop intelligent methods. The commercial detective organization has
+none of the authority of an official police force, and at the same time,
+through its national operations and the general character of its work,
+deals chiefly with the most accomplished criminals. Therefore, tact and
+legal subtilty are depended upon in examining suspects, and the
+Commissioner long ago learned to get his results mainly by straight
+question and answer. He puts his own wits against those of the suspect,
+backed by experience in many other cases. He has a practical grasp of
+criminal psychology, as well as many ingenious ways of using evidence to
+the best purpose, overwhelming the suspect, and breaking down stolidity
+and deception. Dougherty is not only opposed to force in the “third
+degree,” but knows that it is of absolutely no use.
+
+The first prisoner examined was Eddie Kinsman.
+
+When he was brought to Police Headquarters Kinsman appeared to be
+thoroughly satisfied with himself, and confident that no policeman would
+get anything out of _him_. He proved to be a good-looking young fellow,
+of athletic build, and by no means a fool.
+
+Methods of examination are never twice alike, for they depend upon the
+case and the suspect. As a rule, however, when the criminal first sits
+down to answer Commissioner Dougherty he is astonished by that
+gentleman’s apparent lack of guile, and ignorance of worldly knowledge.
+When Dougherty composes himself for an inquiry, he is rather a
+heavy-looking citizen, not unlike a country magistrate, and his first
+questions, put for the purpose of determining the suspect’s character
+and previous surroundings, usually relate to bald routine matters, such
+as name, age, residence, education, family, and so on.
+
+“Gee!” thinks the suspect, “This guy is the biggest lobster I ever got
+up against! I wonder how he ever got to be a police commissioner. He
+must have a strong political pull.”
+
+Kinsman was ushered into a large, quiet office, where this bureaucratic
+official began by asking his name, birthplace and other details.
+
+“Will you kindly stand up a minute while I get your height?” asked the
+questioner, and Kinsman did so in a patronizing way. Then the
+dull-looking gentleman turned back Kinsman’s coat and looked at the
+little label sewed in the inside pocket.
+
+“I see that you have been in Chicago recently,” he observed. “This suit
+was made by a tailor there. You ordered it February 17th, two days after
+the robbery.”
+
+He looked into Kinsman’s hat.
+
+“That was bought in Chicago, too.”
+
+He examined the label on Kinsman’s tie.
+
+“This was also bought in Chicago.”
+
+He turned up the label at the back of the neck of the new silk
+underclothes worn by the prisoner.
+
+“Those were bought in State street, Chicago, and from a very good store,
+too—I know it well.”
+
+Kinsman now began to be pugnacious and defiant.
+
+“See here!” he said, “You must take me for a boob.”
+
+“Yes, I think you are a boob,” replied the Commissioner. “You might as
+well have made your getaway with a brass band as to take Swede Annie
+with you to Albany, attracting attention all the way, and then send her
+back to New York with a hundred dollars to tell the police where you had
+gone.”
+
+Suddenly Lieutenant Riley, personal aide, walked into the Commissioner’s
+office carrying a cheap article of millinery—a shabby black velvet hat
+with a row of little red roses across the front. Commissioner Dougherty
+apparently grew very angry.
+
+“What do you mean by bringing that thing in here now?” he exclaimed. “I
+am not ready for that—take it away.”
+
+This “shot” had been previously arranged, of course, but Riley pretended
+to be injured when called by his superior.
+
+“Cripes!” exclaimed Kinsman. “Annie’s old hat. How did you get that so
+quick?”
+
+“Oh, that is only one thing we’ve got on you,” replied the Commissioner.
+“We know that you went to Peekskill in a taxicab with Annie and Splaine
+on the afternoon of the robbery. We know that you took Train 13 to
+Albany, and where you stopped that night, and where you bought Annie’s
+new hat, and how much you paid for it, and what train you took to
+Chicago Friday noon. Suppose you tell me something more about your
+movements?”
+
+Kinsman became scornful.
+
+“If you know all that,” he said, “maybe you know more about where I went
+and what I did than I do myself. So what would be the use of me telling
+_you_ anything?”
+
+While certain people were being found outside, the Commissioner worked
+upon the prisoner along another line. Enough of Kinsman’s personality
+was now disclosed to show that he was vain and egotistical. This side of
+his nature was therefore fed with flattery. He was assured that the
+taxicab robbery had been a wonderful “stick-up.” Everybody in New York
+had been astonished. The whole country was talking about it, and about
+him. He must be an awfully bright, cunning fellow to have planned and
+carried out such a piece of crime.
+
+Kinsman warmed up genially under this admiration, and seemed to be more
+confident than ever that so shrewd a young man as himself would have
+little difficulty in fooling the police.
+
+But presently self-satisfaction was subjected to shock after shock.
+
+Detectives were bringing in Montani, Myrtle Hoyt, Rose Levy, Mrs.
+Sullivan, the landlady with whom Kinsman had lived, and her housekeeper.
+Jess Albrazzo was under arrest. Kinsman’s brother was there for
+examination, and Inspector Hughes and Lieutenant Riley were bringing in
+startling intelligence every few minutes.
+
+The housekeeper was ushered in, and told how Kinsman had given her five
+dollars from a huge roll of bills before leaving for Peekskill.
+
+Commissioner Waldo came in and sat while Mrs. Sullivan told what she
+knew about her late lodger.
+
+Kinsman’s brother gave information about the former’s movements from the
+time he had arrived in Boston until he brought him to New York to have a
+good time, and Kinsman knew that at the home of his parents in Boston
+the police would surely find money in the original wrappers of the bank.
+
+The prisoner was put under pressure to explain how a man like himself,
+known to be working as a waiter in a cheap resort, could suddenly have
+come into possession of such sums. Statements from the women in the case
+had been secured, and were produced, and finally Kinsman was brought to
+detailed admissions, one by one. He agreed that it was true he had gone
+to Peekskill in a taxicab with Annie and Splaine, that he had gone to
+Albany, had bought Annie a hat there, had gone to Chicago, and so forth.
+Opportunities were given him to see Montani and Jess, under arrest.
+Nothing but the truth was told him, yet by degrees he was led to see
+himself surrounded on all sides by evidence and confessing accomplices.
+At last he broke down completely, his vain self-confidence destroyed,
+and made a detailed confession.
+
+Kinsman’s story brought up fresh circumstances and new actors in the
+taxicab case.
+
+He told how he had come to New York nine months before, to have a good
+time and make money, and how, after going penniless and hungry, and
+getting a few dollars for taking part in a boxing match, he had become a
+waiter at the “Nutshell Café.” There he soon made the acquaintance of
+criminals, meeting Gene Splaine, “Dutch” Keller, “Joe the Kid,” “Scotty
+the Lamb” and other characters who were afterward to assist in the taxi
+robbery. There he also met “Swede Annie” and became her sweetheart, and
+finally, Jess Albrazzo, a dark little Italian who seemed to exert marked
+influence over all the others. It was from Jess that Kinsman first heard
+about the plan to rob a taxicab carrying money to a bank. This “swell
+job” was discussed, and Jess told him he had a friend named Montani who
+carried the bank’s cash, and would cooperate in stealing it. The job
+would be easy, because Montani would run the cab through a side street,
+and the only guard was an old man and a boy, neither of them armed.
+
+One Sunday night, two weeks before the crime, Jess took Kinsman and
+other accomplices over the route, after all had drunk themselves into
+optimistic mood, and pointed out the bank from which the money was
+drawn, the streets through which Montani would run, the place where the
+gang could board the cab, and the point at which they could leave it and
+escape uptown. Details were discussed. There was a difference of opinion
+as to methods, and the plotters parted that night with the understanding
+that each would submit his own ideas of how the robbery could be most
+effectively and safely carried out. Eventually there was a definite
+agreement as to boarding the cab, preventing an outcry, making the
+getaway and splitting up the money.
+
+According to Montani’s information, the bank messengers usually carried
+between $75,000 and $100,000. When the day for the robbery had been set,
+word suddenly came that there would not be so large a sum. This was
+disappointing, but the gang decided to put their project through,
+nevertheless. Kinsman was busy at the café, where he worked until four
+o’clock on the morning of February 15, and “Dutch” called for him
+several times, asking if he was going to “lay down on the job.” Finally
+Kinsman got away, went to a room in a lodging house taken by “Dutch,”
+and found the gang all there smoking and drinking. At five o’clock they
+all went to sleep. At eight everybody was awakened. “Dutch” and Splaine
+took blackjacks, and offered Kinsman a revolver, which he refused,
+saying he could take care of himself with his hands, being a boxer.
+There were six in the party—Kinsman, “Dutch,” Splaine, “Joe the Kid,”
+Jess and “Scotty the Lamb,” whose part was to stumble in front of
+Montani’s cab at the place selected for the boarding, and thus give the
+chauffeur a colorable reason for slackening speed if eye-witnesses
+afterward called his honesty into question. The gang had breakfast in a
+cheap restaurant, stopped for a drink at the saloon of “Jimmie the Push”
+in Thompson street, where the booty was to be divided, and proceeded
+downtown, after parting with Jess. The latter was the organizer, and
+took no part in the robbery; as he explained, he was known as a friend
+of Montani’s, and wanted to arrange so that he could prove an alibi if
+suspected, proving that he had not been near the scene of the crime when
+it was committed.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[Illustration: “Scotty” Receives Final Instructions]
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+At that saloon they had met a trio of Italian criminals known as the
+“Three Brigands,” who said they were not to take part in the robbery,
+but would be on hand to see that it was vigorously put through.
+
+Arrived upon the ground, at Church street and Trinity Place, Splaine and
+Kinsman waited on the west side of the thoroughfare, while “Dutch” and
+“Joe the Kid” stood on the opposite side. “Scotty the Lamb” posted
+himself fifty feet off.
+
+As Montani’s cab came speeding along, “Dutch” raised his hat as a
+signal. “Scotty the Lamb” did not have time to step in front of the
+vehicle before it slackened, and the robbers were aboard. “Dutch” opened
+one door and struck the old bank teller, Wilbur Smith, and “Joe the Kid”
+boosted Splaine in on the other side, where he assaulted young Wardle.
+Kinsman mounted the seat beside Montani, and the latter put on full
+speed, telling Kinsman to point his finger at his side as though he had
+a revolver. The cab slipped past trucks and dodged pedestrians. Kinsman
+said he seemed to see policemen everywhere, and was dazed when the
+vehicle stopped at Park Place and Church street. All the criminals got
+off there, “Dutch” lugging the brown bag containing the money. Splaine
+and “Dutch” were both covered with the bank guards’ blood. Taking
+Kinsman, they jumped aboard a street car. It was crowded. Several
+passengers noticed the bloody men, but were told that there had been a
+fight, and the occurrence was not reported to the police. After riding
+two or three blocks they got off, boarded an elevated train, rode to
+Bleeker street, and went to a back room in “Jimmie the Push’s” saloon,
+where the money was to be divided. Here they found Jess and the “Three
+Brigands,” and the latter now set up a claim for a share in the booty.
+Matteo, leader of the trio, pulled out a revolver, and there was a
+discussion. Finally the bag was opened, and found to contain $25,000.
+There were three packages of $5,000 each and one of $10,000. Matteo
+grabbed the latter package, saying that his gang was to get $3,000
+apiece, and that the odd $1,000 would go for “fall money” to get Molloy
+out of jail in Brooklyn. The robbers then divided the remainder, Jess
+taking $3,000 for himself and another $3,000 for Montani, Splaine
+getting $3,000, Kinsman $2,750, “Joe the Kid” $250 and “Scotty the Lamb”
+nothing. Kinsman then told how he had called for Swede Annie, and left
+town in a taxicab, going as far as Peekskill, to avoid the police at the
+Grand Central Station.
+
+
+                      _Jess Confesses and Assists_
+
+The next prisoner examined was Jess Albrazzo, a dark little Italian, who
+appeared to be somewhat ignorant.
+
+In this examination the Commissioner had ample outside proof, and he
+also employed what he calls his “psychological study.” Years ago, in
+dealing with negro suspects in Southern crime, Dougherty devised a
+little instrument which he dubbed his “lie watch.” This was a dial with
+a needle, hung round the suspect’s neck. If the latter told the truth,
+the needle presumably pointed to “Truth,” and if he didn’t, it pointed
+to “Lie.” Being out of the suspect’s sight, it had a strong effect.
+
+From that, Dougherty went into studies of the mental states of suspects
+under examination, and found rough physiological indications which he
+uses as a guide to the integrity of the suspect. Investigations of
+European criminal experts like Professor Hans Gross amply demonstrate
+that there is a real scientific basis for such methods.
+
+Dougherty took it a little easier with Jess. They sat down, and the
+Commissioner went over the Italian’s movements for the past few months,
+showing him how thoroughly he was implicated. Jess had worked for
+Montani, and been intimate with the rest of the taxicab “mob.” He and
+Montani were confronted with each other, and points brought out in
+Kinsman’s confession were skillfully used.
+
+At one point in this examination the Commissioner rose from his desk,
+took the lobe of Jess’s ear between his thumb and finger, pinched it
+slightly, looked at the ear closely, and then walked out of the room.
+
+Jess was all on edge with curiosity.
+
+“Why did he pinch my ear?” he asked of Lieutenant Riley.
+
+“To see if you are telling the truth,” was the answer, and in a moment
+the Commissioner came back and examined that ear again.
+
+“Yes, he’s lying,” he declared. “Look at his ear—can’t you see it
+yourself?” Others were invited to look at Jess’s ear, and the little
+Italian became so curious that he actually tried to look around the side
+of his skull and see his own ear!
+
+This psychological study was backed up with abundant proof that Jess had
+not told the whole truth. Presently he weakened and confessed. He told
+how he had handed $2,000 in a collar box to “Jimmie the Push” on the day
+of the robbery, which was to be taken to a Bowery bank and put in a
+safe-deposit vault for Montani. He agreed to accompany the police to
+Jimmie’s place in Thompson street, and late that evening a party made up
+of Commissioner Dougherty, Inspector Hughes and Lieutenant Riley went
+there, taking Jess along.
+
+“Jimmie the Push’s” place is one of the most picturesque thieves’
+resorts in lower New York.
+
+“Typical of the old village,” as Dougherty puts it. “In fact, this whole
+case has a strong flavor of the little old village of New York.”
+
+Jimmie was out when they got there, but this saloon was in charge of the
+biggest, swarthiest Italian bartender in town, a tough Hercules weighing
+somewhere around three hundred pounds. The room was crowded with motley
+characters, drinking beverages known to the neighborhood as “shocks” and
+“high hats.” For their edification, a tramp magician was taking coins
+out of his ears, his nose and the air.
+
+Jess was not known to be under arrest, and immediately sent a boy called
+“Reddy” to fetch the proprietor, who had known the three police officers
+for years. Presently Reddy came back and said that Jimmie would come in
+about half an hour, as he was playing cards and had a fine hand.
+
+Reddy was sent back to impress upon Jimmie that Jess wanted to see him
+right away—it was very important. In about two minutes, just as the
+Commissioner had bought a “high hat” for everybody in his party, Jimmie
+appeared. He was told that Jess had got into trouble in connection with
+the taxicab robbery, and asked about the money in the safe deposit
+vault. “Jimmie the Push,” with his partner, Bob Deilio, had by this time
+been implicated themselves, for it was clear that the money had been
+divided in their resort, and that probably they had taken part in the
+planning, and the decidedly one-sided division of the spoils. Jimmie was
+led to believe that he did not rest under suspicion, however, and that
+he was only asked to aid the police. He said Jess had handed him a
+collar box on the day of the robbery, asking him to put it in a vault in
+his own name, but that he had had no idea what the box contained, and
+had left it lying behind the bar for a couple of days before he got a
+chance to go to the bank with it. He readily promised to appear at
+Police Headquarters the following morning, bring the key to the safe
+deposit box, and help recover the money. Thereupon the police officials
+bade him good night and went away. But no chances were taken on “Jimmie
+the Push.” From that moment he was shadowed.
+
+That Monday was a busy day in many other ways.
+
+Developments came thick and fast.
+
+Kinsman’s home in Boston was visited, and $750 of the bank money
+recovered in the original wrappers. It had laid in his grip, unknown to
+the honest Kinsman family.
+
+Swede Annie, Myrtle Horn and a girl named Rose Levy were examined,
+quickly broke down, and made tearful statements to be used in evidence.
+These women were held only as witnesses, and as the case cleared up
+after a few days’ detention, were released.
+
+The girl, Rose Levy, greatly attracted the Commissioner. She was only
+nineteen years old, a mild-mannered little Jewess with jet black hair
+and very remarkable eyes. The Commissioner went into details of her
+personal story. It seems that she had left her home in Brooklyn two
+months before, after a quarrel with her mother, and had come to New York
+looking for a position. But she quickly fell into the lower world,
+became known as Jess’s girl, and was ambitious to be “one of the gang.”
+After a fatherly talk she was persuaded to return to her home and live a
+decent life. But within a week she was back in New York again, in her
+old haunts, trying to raise money to help Jess, for whom, she told the
+Commissioner, she would willingly work for the rest of her days.
+
+Before visiting Jimmie’s saloon the Commissioner called up the “Orange
+Growers” in Chicago, had a long talk with them, told what progress was
+being made, and put new life into them.
+
+
+                         _More Money Recovered_
+
+True to his word, “Jimmie the Push” walked into Police Headquarters at
+nine o’clock Tuesday morning, February 27, closely followed by his
+unseen shadowers. He produced the key of the safe-deposit vault, and
+went with officers to see the money recovered. There was $2,000, as Jess
+had stated, still in the wrappers of the bank. Jimmie was still
+permitted to go free, under the impression that he had come through the
+ordeal “clean,” while fresh evidence was being obtained against him.
+
+That morning the Commissioner also took Kinsman down over the route of
+the robbery, to have him explain it in his own way. This was done to
+strengthen the case against Montani, and upset his story in court.
+
+Then “Scotty the Lamb” was located, arrested, brought to headquarters
+and led to confess. “Scotty the Lamb” was in some respects a pathetic
+figure in the case, and also a humorous one. He had been in charge of
+the lunch kitchen at the Arch Café when Jess owned it, and later worked
+as a dishwasher in a Washington Square hotel. A Scotch youth, from
+Glasgow, he had been in this country about four years, and while no
+criminal record appeared against him, he was plainly in the company of
+thieves most of the time. According to his statement, he had been
+promised $25 for doing some work for Jess, and without inquiring into
+the nature of it at all, had shown up with the gang and gone along to do
+his minor part of a “stall,” stumbling in front of the cab. But before
+he could get out into the street, the cab had been boarded. So poor
+“Scotty the Lamb,” without a nickel for carfare, plodded all the way
+uptown again to the saloon where the money was to be divided, and got
+nothing whatever. He was a cheerful soul, however, and the life of the
+party when the gang was locked up, cracking jokes, and taking the view
+that, as sentences ought to be proportioned to the amount of money each
+member of the gang had got in the division, and he had got nothing, he
+might be let off with six months’ imprisonment.
+
+“Scotty, haven’t you got any overcoat?” asked Inspector Hughes,
+sympathetically, as they were going to court one brisk morning. “Did you
+_ever_ have an overcoat, Scotty?”
+
+“No, sir, I never had an overcoat,” replied Scotty, and then as he
+thought of his prospects for going to prison, added drolly, “And now I
+don’t expect, sir, that I ever will!”
+
+
+                        _The Fine Italian Hand_
+
+The next step in the case was that of arresting “Jimmie the Push” and
+his partner, Bob Deilio.
+
+Another phase of the robbery now began to come out plainly.
+
+Up to the present time the main burden of proof pointed to the four
+“hold-up” men of American birth as the chief actors in the crime.
+Montani and Jess, the two Italians, appeared to be accessories.
+
+But as the tangled threads were unravelled, one by one, it was found
+that the Italians involved outnumbered the American thugs, and that
+furthermore they had outwitted them.
+
+When Bob Deilio was arrested he drew $215 in five-dollar bills out of
+his pocket and handed it to the police, admitting that it was part of
+$5,500 of the stolen money. The rest, he asserted, had just been paid
+for rent of the two resorts operated by “Jimmie the Push” and himself.
+
+Jimmie and Bob were taken to Police Headquarters and examined, with Jess
+present. Commissioner Dougherty played one against the other so
+skillfully, with cross-questions and counter pressure, that in a little
+while each was excitedly telling tales on his two companions with the
+desperate hope of clearing himself, and denunciations flew back and
+forth among the trio as evidence came out that was likely to send them
+all to prison. Their confessions were obtained, and used in a new effort
+to break down Montani. But this was without results. The little Italian
+chauffeur still stuck doggedly to his original story.
+
+From these new confessions it appeared that the Italians had planned the
+crime, enlisted the American hold-up men to carry out the dirty work,
+and laid a counter-plot for holding them up in turn when the money was
+divided. The “Three Brigands” were ostensibly offered a chance to take
+part in the actual robbery, but refused on the plea that it would be too
+risky, and that they did not believe Montani could carry it out
+successfully. On the morning of the crime they walked north over the
+route. When they met the taxicab coming south, with a policeman on the
+seat beside Montani and two unconscious bank messengers inside, they
+knew that the project had succeeded. So the “Three Brigands” hurried
+uptown to “Jimmie the Push’s” saloon. They got there so quickly that
+they were ahead of the robbers. Jess made a rehearsed protest when they
+insisted in sharing in the plunder, but the “Three Brigands” drew
+revolvers, threatened to make a disturbance that would bring in the
+police, and finally helped themselves to $10,000. When the thugs who had
+done the actual work left the saloon, they had only $8,000 all told. The
+Italians, who had “played safe” at every point, had $17,000.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+[Illustration: “The Brigands” “Stick-up” the Hold-up Men for Theirs]
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+                     _One of the Brigands Comes In_
+
+The actual whereabouts of the “Three Brigands” was not known to the
+police then. But there were certain channels through which news might
+reach at least one of them. Word was sent through those channels,
+therefore, that it might be best for them to appear and give an account
+of themselves, and on Friday, March 1, just at the time Splaine had been
+brought back from Memphis, the little leader of the brigands, Matteo
+Arbrano, an undersized Italian wearing spectacles, who had carried out
+the job of robbing the hold-up men, surrendered himself to the District
+Attorney.
+
+Arbrano said that he had divided his $10,000 with his two companions,
+Gonzales and Cavaquero, and immediately left New York, taking a steamer
+for Mexico by way of Havana. At the latter city he stopped over night,
+met a woman and accompanied her to a resort, was drugged and robbed of
+$2,700, and woke on the Prado with only $100 left, a single bill that
+had been concealed in his shoe. With that he returned to New York. The
+story is regarded by the police as more picturesque than convincing. It
+is probable that Matteo’s share of the plunder, with that of other
+Italians involved, has been carefully “planted.”
+
+Pauli Gonzales, another of the brigands, was traced to Vera Cruz,
+Mexico. In the present state of that country, however, it was found
+impossible to arrest and extradite him upon the evidence at hand.
+
+Three other persons concerned in the robbery are still at large at this
+writing—“Dutch” Keller, “Joe the Kid,” and an “unknown” whose identity
+is concealed for police reasons.
+
+Montani pleaded “Not guilty,” and stood trial. After two days, exactly a
+month and a day subsequent to the robbery, he was convicted by a jury,
+and sentenced to not less than ten years and not more than eighteen
+years and two months in prison, with hard labor.
+
+A word must be said about the prompt action of the District Attorney’s
+office in the taxicab case. Where crime has had such publicity there is
+an opportunity to make a demonstration of great value by pressing the
+prosecutions. It was not lost. Under Assistant Charles C. Nott, Jr.,
+evidence was succinctly laid before judges and juries, the trials
+finished in a matter of hours, and convictions and sentences secured
+within six weeks after the robbery. Furthermore, the various sentences
+were just, being carefully graded according to the part played by each
+offender, his character and previous record, and his individual effort
+in facilitating justice.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+      _Name_       _Arrested_   _Pleaded_   _Sentenced_    _Sentence_
+
+ MONTANI, GENO    Feb. 26,’12  Feb. 29,’12  Mch. 16,’12  Not less than
+                                                           10 yrs. nor
+                                                           more than 18
+                                                           yrs. 2 mos.
+                                                           Judge
+                                                           Seabury.
+
+ KINSMAN, EDW.    Feb. 26,’12  Mch. 1,’12   April 9,’12  Not less than 3
+                                                           yrs. nor more
+                                                           than 6 yrs.
+                                                           Judge Crain.
+
+ SPLAINE, EUGENE  Mch. 2,’12   Mch. 4,’12   Mch. 25,’12  Not less than 7
+                                                           yrs. 6 mos.
+                                                           nor more than
+                                                           14 yrs. 6
+                                                           mos. Judge
+                                                           Seabury.
+
+ DELIO, ROBERT    Feb. 28,’12  Mch. 4,’12   Mch. 29,’12  Not less than 2
+                                                           yrs. 6 mos.
+                                                           nor more than
+                                                           4 yrs. 2 mos.
+                                                           Judge
+                                                           Seabury.
+
+ PASQUALE, JAMES  Feb. 28,’12  Mch. 4,’12   April 8,’12  6 mos.
+ (“Jimmie the                                              Penitent’ry.
+ Push”)                                                    Judge Davis.
+
+ LAMB, JOSEPH     Feb. 27,’12  Mch. 18,’12  Mch. 29,’12  Indeterminate
+ (“Scotty the                                              sentence,
+ Lamb”)                                                    Elmira. Judge
+                                                           Seabury.
+
+ ARBRANO, MATTEO  Mch. 2,’12   April 3,’12               2 to 4 years.
+                                                           Judge Davis.
+
+ ALBRAZZO, JESS   Mch. 26,’12  Mch. 18,’12               3 to 6 years.
+                                                           Judge Davis.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                                 FINAL
+                    A WORD ABOUT THE NEW YORK POLICE
+
+
+It has been the writer’s good fortune to look into the work of both the
+London and the New York policemen recently, within the same year.
+
+A somewhat embarrassing point arose.
+
+In London, the “bobby” was anxious to know which police force the writer
+considered best. The “bobby” gets his ideas of the New York “cop” from
+such accounts as filter through the cable dispatches from our
+newspapers. He hears chiefly the worst, and pictures the “cop” as a
+lawless individual, wielding pistol and club indiscriminately, with whom
+it is not safe to pass a civil word. So, when he puts his little
+question about the respective merits of the two organizations, he
+reserves the right to keep his opinion that the London force is best
+anyway.
+
+In New York, it is much the same. The “cop” has heard just enough about
+the “bobby” to regard him with mild tolerance. He pictures him as a
+policeman servile to the last degree, thankfully accepting sixpenny tips
+from pedestrians, and occupied chiefly with unarmed thieves and harmless
+political offenders.
+
+When one has good friends in both forces, the question “Which do you
+think best?” is to be met with tactful evasions. And the more one thinks
+it over, the more it becomes clear that there is really little
+difference at bottom. Both police organizations are made up of good men,
+following the same trade along the same lines, and dealing with about
+the same general conditions.
+
+The London “bobby,” however, enjoys excellent leadership, is governed by
+a definite administrative policy, has the backing of the courts, and
+therefore comes in for a general public good will which is exceedingly
+useful to him in the performance of duty.
+
+The New York “cop” rather lacks public good will. Administrative policy
+has not been well defined in the past. The courts do not always accept
+his evidence, much less back him up, and he has been made the scapegoat
+for various shortcomings in leadership.
+
+But to-day the New York policeman is working on an entirely new basis.
+Before long his public is certain to understand and like him as
+thoroughly as London does its “bobby.”
+
+The change began with Mayor Gaynor, who insisted that both policeman and
+citizen have plain legal rights—until the citizen has committed a crime
+the policeman may not arrest him. The policeman has plain rights—the law
+empowers him to use all necessary force in making arrests in grave
+cases. But force must not be used for minor offenses. Confusion existed
+on these points to such a degree that when the Mayor began insisting
+upon them, many people thought he was putting into effect some of his
+personal whims. But they are all in the statute books, and many of them
+were there before the Mayor was born, because they are constitutional.
+
+The present Police Commissioner, Rhinelander Waldo, is not only
+administering the department along the strict legal line pointed out by
+the Mayor, but is effecting improvements of organization and method that
+must favorably alter the whole future of the service.
+
+Commissioner Waldo is a soldier, with a record of service in the United
+States Army, and the Army’s fine standards to guide him.
+
+In some ways the administration of the New York Police Department is a
+soldier’s job. If the ten thousand members were mobilized, they would
+make quite an impressive little standing army, with eight or ten full
+regiments of patrolmen, a brigade of cavalry, a small transport corps, a
+little navy, and so forth. As in an army, too, the men are enlisted, and
+may only be discharged for serious offenses. It is a force scattered
+over three hundred square miles of territory. The leader must be
+skillful in laying down regulations, and handling men in the mass rather
+than by personal contact. He must define duty plainly, hold everybody to
+it, eliminate departmental politics and abuses. Every man, wherever he
+is stationed, must feel that the general knows his business, that he
+lays down regulations for good reasons, and that day by day he is taking
+the organization somewhere.
+
+For years, every Police Commissioner has asked for more men to keep pace
+with the growing city. When Waldo took charge he asked, too. While he
+was waiting, however, he overhauled the organization and got one
+thousand additional patrolmen by cutting off men detailed for clerical
+and other special duty. Every large working force tends to create
+superfluous routine work. The useless routine was eliminated by better
+accounting methods, and the men sent back to do the street duty for
+which they originally enlisted.
+
+Then Waldo’s system of “fixed posts” was introduced. Complaints that
+policemen were hard to find at night had become common. So the platoon
+on duty from 11 p. m. to 7 a. m. was distributed by a plan under which
+the men work in pairs, one patrolling a given beat and the other
+standing on a street intersection. Each hour they change places, or
+oftener in severe weather. The fixed posts are about a thousand feet
+apart all over Manhattan and parts of Brooklyn. The system has been
+indiscriminately criticised, but produces its results. Fire losses were
+cut down the first six months, night crime has decreased, and many
+notable arrests are due to the fact that policemen stand all over town
+like checkers through the night. The exposure is no greater than that
+endured by traffic men. The men have better opportunities to advance
+themselves by making meritorious arrests, and the Commissioner knows
+that, as citizens see the police on duty, night after night, and crime
+decreases, there will be a growing good will for the department.
+
+The Detective Bureau has not only been reorganized so that plain-clothes
+men are distributed over the whole city, but a new spirit has been
+introduced. Formerly, when the patrolman rose to detective rank, he felt
+that he had “arrived.” No longer wearing the uniform or keeping
+scheduled hours, he was in danger of going to sleep. To-day, however,
+the detective has, not a job, but an opportunity. He must maintain his
+rank by results, or be reduced. To help him do this, he is taught
+methods in the school for detectives. But he knows that hundreds of
+ambitious men in brass buttons are working to attain that rank.
+
+In an organization of ten thousand men, it would be strange if there
+were not some intriguing and politics. New York policemen are
+exceptionally shrewd, and occasionally they will try to “put one over”
+on the Commissioner, going around his authority. But Commissioner Waldo
+has proved singularly resourceful. He meets such an emergency with the
+quickness, certainty and impartiality of a natural force like gravity,
+and the department has found it out.
+
+He has laid out a clear path for advancement all through the department.
+The newest uniformed patrolman understands that, for meritorious work,
+he will have a chance of promotion. If he makes a commendable arrest, he
+is sent to the Detective Bureau, given instruction, and tried at
+detective work. If he makes good, he stays. If unfitted for
+plain-clothes duty, he has still had his chance. What is just as
+important, the Detective Bureau has had a chance to see him.
+
+Under Commissioner Waldo and Deputy Commissioner Dougherty, the
+so-called “Black Hand” crimes among Italians have been checked, and will
+be stopped. Many of these cases were traced to sensational reporting of
+ordinary quarrels and assaults, and others to business rivalries. In the
+serious cases, arrests have been made and convictions secured.
+
+Another well-known form of law-breaking in New York is gambling. This is
+particularly difficult to check because of ingenuity in concealing
+evidence, developed by long experience on the part of the law-breakers,
+and also the strong political alliances of gambling-house keepers. But
+after several experiments in dealing with it, the Commissioner now feels
+confident that he has a method which will result in the suppression of
+gambling, and that, as he says, “When you put a crimp into things of
+that sort they don’t generally come back.”
+
+In other directions red tape has been abolished and economies brought
+about; the way has been opened for individual merit in all ranks; steps
+have been taken to develop and teach better methods; the work of the
+department has been brought closer to the public. There is a new spirit
+in the New York Police Department to-day—a spirit certain to develop the
+public good will and appreciation that is so necessary to the best order
+of public service.
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+                SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE POLICE
+                   DEPARTMENT OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
+
+The Police Department of the City of New York is made up as follows:
+
+         Commissioner and four Deputy Commissioners
+
+      19 Inspectors
+
+      25 Surgeons
+
+      95 Captains
+
+     624 Lieutenants
+
+     586 Sergeants
+
+   8,585 Patrolmen
+
+     191 Doormen
+
+      69 Matrons
+
+       1 Superintendent of Telegraph
+
+       2 Assistant Superintendents of Telegraph
+
+       1 Chief Lineman
+
+       5 Linemen
+
+       2 Boiler Inspectors
+
+  ------
+
+  10,207 Total uniform force
+
+Of this number, 500 are detectives in civilian dress.
+
+In addition, there are over 247 civilians employed in clerical capacity.
+
+There are 6 automobiles and 161 other vehicles, including patrol wagons,
+used by the Department. Also 679 horses for mounted patrolmen.
+
+The Harbor Squad numbers: 1 Captain, 7 Lieutenants, 9 Sergeants, 36
+Patrolmen, 2 Doormen, besides civilians employed as engineers, firemen,
+oilers, deck-hands, etc.
+
+It is provided with one vessel of 235 tons, five launches, two dories,
+and six boats.
+
+These boats patrol about 340 miles of water front.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Great Taxicab Robbery, by James H. Collins
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Taxicab Robbery, by James H. Collins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+Title: The Great Taxicab Robbery
+       A True Detective Story
+
+Author: James H. Collins
+
+Release Date: September 25, 2016 [EBook #53145]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT TAXICAB ROBBERY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by ellinora and The Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
+images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>Transcriber’s Note</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+  <ul  class='ul_1'>
+    <li>Obvious spelling and punctuation errors have been corrected.
+    </li>
+    <li class='c000'>Spelling variations have been kept as in the original.
+    </li>
+    <li class='c000'>The cover has been created by the transcriber from elements in the book and
+    has been placed in the public domain.
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/cover.jpg' alt='cover' class='ig001' />
+</div>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><span class='xlarge'>THE GREAT</span></div>
+    <div><span class='xlarge'>TAXICAB ROBBERY</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div id='rw'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/image004.jpg' alt='RHINELANDER WALDO, Commissioner of Police, New York City' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>RHINELANDER WALDO<br />Commissioner of Police, New York City</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <h1 class='c003'><span class='xlarge'>THE GREAT <br /> TAXICAB ROBBERY</span></h1>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div><span class='large'><i>A True Detective Story</i></span></div>
+    <div class='c001'>BY</div>
+    <div><span class='large'>JAMES H. COLLINS</span></div>
+    <div class='c001'>WRITTEN FROM RECORDS AND PERSONAL ACCOUNTS</div>
+    <div>OF THE CASE FURNISHED BY THE NEW</div>
+    <div>YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c004'>
+    <div><span class='small'>NEW YORK</span></div>
+    <div>JOHN LANE COMPANY</div>
+    <div><span class='small'>MCMXII</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><span class='small'><span class='sc'>Copyright, 1912, by</span></span></div>
+    <div><span class='small'>JOHN LANE COMPANY</span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c1'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div>This book has something to say about practical</div>
+    <div>results of wiser police administration in New</div>
+    <div>York. It is respectfully dedicated to</div>
+    <div class='c001'><span class='large'>HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR</span></div>
+    <div class='c001'><span class='xsmall'>MAYOR OF NEW YORK CITY</span></div>
+    <div class='c001'>the official who took the initiative in improving</div>
+    <div>conditions</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>PREFACE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c006'>There are several reasons for this
+little book, but the best of all is the
+main reason—that it is a cracking
+good story, and right out of life. The
+characters will be found interesting, and
+they are real people, every one of them.
+The incidents are full of action and color.
+The plot has mystery, surprise, interplay
+of mind and motive—had a novelist invented
+it, the reader might declare it
+improbable. This is the kind of story
+that is fundamental—the kind Mr. Chesterton
+says is so necessary to plain people
+that, when writers do not happen to
+write it, plain people invent it for themselves
+in the form of folk-lore.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>But apart from the story interest there
+are other reasons.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>When the New York police department
+had run down all the threads of
+the plot, and accounted for most of the
+characters by locking them up, they had
+become so absorbed in the story themselves,
+as a story, that they thought the
+public would enjoy following it from the
+inside.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>While the crime was being dealt with,
+the police were subjected to pretty severe
+criticism. They felt that the facts would
+make it clear that they knew their trade
+and had been working at it diligently.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The story gives an insight into real
+police methods. These are very different
+from the methods of the fiction detective,
+and also from the average citizen’s idea
+of police work. They ought to be better
+known. When the public understands
+that there is nothing secret, tyrannical or
+dangerous in good police practice, and
+that our laws safeguard even the guilty
+against abuses, there will be helpful public
+opinion behind officers of the law, and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>we shall have a higher degree of order
+and security.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The directing mind in this case was
+that of Commissioner George Dougherty,
+executive head of the detectives of
+the New York Police Department. Thousands
+of clean, ambitious young fellows
+are constantly putting on the policeman’s
+uniform all over the country, and rising
+to places as detectives and officials. The
+manufacturer or merchant may find himself
+in the police commissioner’s chair.
+Even the suburbanite, with his bundles,
+may be, out at Lonesomehurst, a member
+of the village council, and thus responsible
+for the supervision of a police
+force that, though it be only two patrolmen
+and a chief, is important in its place.
+So in writing the story there has been an
+effort to show how a first-rate man like
+Commissioner Dougherty works. His
+methods are plain business methods.
+Most of his life he has earned his living
+following the policeman’s trade as a commercial
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>business. What he did in a case
+of this kind, and how, and why, are matters
+of general interest and importance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Finally, the story throws some useful
+light on criminals. It shows the cunning
+of the underworld, and also its limitations.
+To free the law-abiding mind of
+romantic notions about the criminal, and
+show him as he is, is highly important
+in the prevention of crime.</p>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class='table0' summary=''>
+<colgroup>
+<col width='86%' />
+<col width='13%' />
+</colgroup>
+  <tr>
+    <th class='c008'></th>
+    <th class='c009'>FACING PAGE</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#rw'>Rhinelander Waldo</a>, Commissioner of Police, New York City</td>
+    <td class='c010'>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c011'><i>Frontispiece</i></td>
+    <td class='c010'>&nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#gsd'>George S. Dougherty</a>, Second Deputy Police Commissioner</td>
+    <td class='c010'>20</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#eph'>Edward P. Hughes</a>, Inspector in Command of Detective Bureau, and <a href='#dgr'>Dominick G. Riley</a>, Lieutenant and Aide to Commissioner Dougherty</td>
+    <td class='c010'>40</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#gm'>Geno Montani</a>, <a href='#ek'>Eddie Kinsman</a>, <a href='#gs'>Gene Splaine</a>, <a href='#stl'>“Scotty the Lamb”</a> and <a href='#jm'>John Molloy</a></td>
+    <td class='c010'>60</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#jp'>James Pasquale</a>, <a href='#bd'>Bob Delio</a>, <a href='#ja'>Jess Albrazzo</a>, and <a href='#ma'>Matteo Arbrano</a></td>
+    <td class='c010'>80</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#scotty'>“Scotty” Receives Final Instructions</a></td>
+    <td class='c010'>110</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c008'><a href='#brigands'>“The Brigands” “Stick-up” the Hold-up Men for Theirs</a></td>
+    <td class='c010'>126</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>THE CAST</h2>
+</div>
+
+ <ul class='ul_1 c004'>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Geno Montani</span>, a taxicab proprietor.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Wilbur Smith</span>, an elderly bank teller.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Frank Wardle</span>, a seventeen-year-old bank office boy.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Eddie Kinsman</span>, alias “Collins,” alias “Eddie the Boob,” a
+    hold-up man.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Billy Keller</span>, alias “Dutch,” a hold-up man.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Gene Splaine</span>, a hold-up man.
+    </li>
+    <li>“<span class='sc'>Scotty the Lamb</span>,” a thieves’ helper, or “stall.”
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Joe Philadelphia</span>, alias “The Kid,” a runner for thieves, or
+    “lobbygow.”
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>James Pasquale</span>, alias “Jimmy the Push,” keeper of shady
+    resorts known as “208” and “233.”
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Bob Deilio</span>, partner of “Jimmy the Push.”
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Jess Albrazzo</span>, a middleman, formerly keeper of the Arch Café,
+    pal of Montani, “Jimmy the Push” and Bob Deilio.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Matteo Arbrano</span>, <span class="spacing2">}</span>
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Pauli Gonzales</span>, <span class="spacing3">}</span> The “Three
+    Brigands.”
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Charles Cavagnaro</span>, <span class="spacing1">}</span>
+    </li>
+    <li>“<span class='sc'>King Dodo</span>,” a Bowery character.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Rhinelander Waldo</span>, Police Commissioner of New York.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>George S. Dougherty</span>, Second Deputy Police Commissioner,
+    executive head of detectives.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Inspector Edward P. Hughes</span>, in command of Detective Bureau.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Police Lieutenant Dominick G. Riley</span>, Aide of Commissioner
+    Dougherty’s staff.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Detective Sergt John J. O’Connell</span>, Official Stenographer.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span><span class='sc'>The Detectives</span> on “Plants,” “Trailing,” “Surrounding,”
+    “Arresting,” etc.:
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+<p class='c012'>John P. Barron, Edward Boyle, Frank Campbell,
+James Dalton, James J. Finan, John W. Finn, Joseph A.
+Daly, Daniel W. Clare, John Gaynor, Anthony Grieco,
+John P. Griffith, Daniel F. Hallihan, Edward Lennon,
+Henry Mugge, Richard Oliver, Gustavus J. Riley, James
+F. Shevlin, Joseph Toner, George Trojan, James A.
+Watson.</p>
+ <ul class='ul_1 c001'>
+    <li>“<span class='sc'>Swede Annie</span>,” Kinsman’s sweetheart.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Myrtle Horn</span>, a pal of Annie.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Rose Levy</span>, a newcomer in Thompson street, Jess Albrazzo’s
+    girl.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Mrs. Isabella Goodwin</span>, a police matron.
+    </li>
+    <li><span class='sc'>Mrs. Sullivan</span>, keeper of a West Side rooming house.
+    </li>
+    <li>“<span class='sc'>Josie</span>,” a lady of the Levee district, Chicago.
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+
+<p class='c013'>Detectives, policemen, informants, witnesses, denizens of the
+underworld, newspaper reporters, trainmen, ticket sellers,
+etc., etc.</p>
+<hr class='c014' />
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Place</span>—Chiefly in New York, with Scenes in Chicago,
+Albany, Memphis, Boston and Montreal.</p>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Time</span>—February and March, 1912.</p>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'><span class='xlarge'>The <br /> Great Taxicab Robbery</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER I <br /> <span class='small'>WHAT THE PUBLIC HEARD ABOUT THE CRIME</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa_2__6 c016'>On Thursday, February 15, 1912,
+the New York evening papers had
+a startling news story.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Between ten and eleven o’clock that
+morning two messengers were sent in a
+taxicab from the East River National
+Bank, at Broadway and Third street,
+to draw $25,000 in currency from the
+Produce Exchange National Bank, at
+Broadway and Beaver street, in the
+downtown financial district, and bring it
+uptown. This transfer of money had
+been made several times a week for so
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>long a period without danger or loss that
+the messengers were unarmed. One of
+them, Wilbur F. Smith, was an old man
+who had been in the service of the bank
+thirty-five years, and the other was a mere
+boy, named Wardle, seventeen years old.
+The taxicab man, an Italian named Geno
+Montani, seemed almost a trusted employee,
+too, for he operated two cabs
+from a stand near the bank, and was frequently
+called upon for such trips.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>While the cab was returning uptown
+through Church street with the money,
+five men suddenly closed in upon it. According
+to the chauffeur’s story, a sixth
+man forced him to slacken speed by
+stumbling in front of the vehicle. Immediately
+two men on each side of the
+cab opened the doors. Two assailants
+were boosted in and quickly beat the
+messengers into insensibility, while their
+two helpers ran along on the sidewalk.
+The fifth man climbed onto the seat beside
+the chauffeur, held a revolver to his
+ribs, and ordered him to drive fast on
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>peril of his life. This fellow seemed to
+be familiar with automobiles, and
+threatened the driver when he tried to
+slacken speed. That is a busy part of
+the city. Yet nobody on the sidewalks
+seemed to notice anything out of the ordinary.
+The cab dodged vehicles, going
+at high speed for several blocks. At
+Park Place and Church street, after a
+trip of eleven blocks, at a busy corner,
+the chauffeur was ordered to stop the
+cab, and the three robbers got down,
+carrying the $25,000 in a leather bag,
+ran quickly to a black automobile without
+a license number which was waiting
+for them, and in a few moments were
+gone.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>That was the substance of the story.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Information came chiefly from the
+chauffeur, because the two bank employees
+had been attacked so suddenly
+and viciously that they lost consciousness
+in a moment. When the chauffeur
+looked inside his cab after the crime, he
+said, he saw them both lying senseless
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>and bleeding. They could give no description
+of the assailants. Eye-witnesses
+were found who had seen men loitering
+in the neighborhood where the cab was
+boarded shortly before the crime, but
+their descriptions were not very useful.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>That night the New York evening papers
+published accounts of the crime under
+great black headlines, and on the following
+morning every news item of a
+criminal nature was grouped in the same
+part of the papers to prove that the city
+had entered one of its sensational “waves
+of crime.” And for more than a week the
+public read criticism and denunciation of
+the police force.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>It was charged that the police had
+become “demoralized,” and various
+changes of administrative policy introduced
+into the department within the past
+eight months were blindly denounced.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The most important of these changes
+was that devised by Mayor Gaynor.
+Eight or ten years ago, every uniformed
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>policeman in New York carried a club,
+and often used it freely in defending
+himself while making arrests. Abuses
+led to the abolition of this means of defense
+except for officers patrolling the
+streets at night. There were still undoubted
+abuses, however, and when
+Mayor Gaynor came into office, bringing
+well-thought-out opinions of police
+administration from his experience as a
+magistrate on the bench, he took a determined
+stand for more humane methods
+of making arrests, and strict holding
+of every policeman to the letter of the
+laws. Every case of clubbing was prosecuted,
+the plain legal rights of citizens
+or criminals upheld, and the Police Department
+began teaching its men new
+ways of defending themselves by skillful
+holds in wrestling whereby prisoners
+may be handled effectually and without
+doing them harm. Sentiment against the
+use of the club began to grow in the Police
+Department itself, it being recognized
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>that clubbing was an unskillful
+means of defense, and that special athletic
+devices were more workmanlike.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Now, however, the newspapers published
+every chance opinion of discharged,
+retired and anonymous police
+officers who objected to the new regulations.
+It was alleged that criminals had
+got out of bounds because policemen no
+longer dared club them into good behavior,
+and the editors, without paying
+much attention to the many good points
+of the new regulations, or trying to understand
+the merits of a settled policy
+applied to an organization of more than
+ten thousand men, set up a cry for the
+presumably “good old days” of Inspector
+So-and-So and Chief This-and-That,
+when every known criminal was promptly
+struck over the head on sight and
+thereby taught to know his place. If the
+files of New York journals for those days
+following the robbery are examined they
+will reveal a curious exhibition of pleading
+for official lawlessness and autocracy.</p>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div id='gsd'  class='figcenter id003'>
+<img src='images/image023.jpg' alt='GEORGE S. DOUGHERTY Second Deputy Police Commissioner' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>GEORGE S. DOUGHERTY<br />Second Deputy Police Commissioner</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>Another point of criticism centered on
+a new method adopted in the distribution
+of the detective force. This comprises
+more than five hundred men. For years
+they were all required to report at Police
+Headquarters every day, coming
+from distant precincts, and had an opportunity
+to see whatever professional
+criminals were under arrest. Then they
+went back to different precincts to work.
+This took too much time, it was found,
+and the old-fashioned “line-up” of criminals
+was chiefly a spectacle, the same offenders
+dropping into the hands of the
+police with more or less regularity. So
+detectives were re-distributed on a plan
+that attaches a proper number of plain-clothes
+policemen to each precinct, according
+to its needs, and in those precincts
+the men live and become acquainted
+with local criminals. Many of them
+work in sections where they were born,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>and detectives speaking foreign languages
+are assigned to foreign quarters.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The newspapers charged that red-tape
+had brought the Police Department to
+such a low state that young detectives
+had no idea what a real criminal looked
+like, and urged the restoration of the old
+system, with its picturesque “line-up.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>In the days of Inspector Byrnes, when
+practically all the banking of the city
+was done around Wall Street, the police
+established a “dead line” beyond which
+criminals were supposed not to operate.
+In its day, the “dead line” was real
+enough, undoubtedly. But it was not
+necessarily an ideal police measure, and
+the growth of the city has long made it a
+mere memory, living only in newspaper
+tradition. To-day, banking extends as
+far north as Central Park, and millions
+upon millions of dollars are being carried
+about daily by people of every sort.
+Despite the fact that the last loss of
+money from a New York bank through
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>professional criminals (apart from fraud
+and forgery) dated back some fifteen or
+eighteen years, the newspapers seemed to
+agree that life and property were no
+longer safe in the city because this purely
+mythical “dead line” had been disregarded
+by the robbers.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>There was other comment of the same
+character, and it had an immediate and
+grievous effect.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>On the day after the robbery a chance
+remark about a safe in an East Side bank,
+coupled with the general excitement, led
+to a run of its depositors, chiefly people
+of foreign birth. The bank was solvent,
+and the run was undoubtedly stimulated
+by gossip started by criminals for their
+own ends. But the frightened depositors
+insisted on drawing out their money, and
+exposing themselves to danger of robbery
+and assault. The situation was met
+by careful police co-operation.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>About six months before the taxicab
+robbery, the New York legislature put
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>into force a measure known as the “Sullivan
+law,” providing penalties for the
+carrying of pistols and concealed weapons.
+This is unquestionably a wise measure
+fundamentally, and one that was
+badly needed for police administration
+and public safety. It is perhaps open to
+certain modifications, to be made as actual
+conditions are encountered in practical
+working of the law. Newspaper opinion
+drew a connection between this law and
+the “wave of crime,” and its repeal was
+urged, so that every citizen might arm
+himself as he pleased. Hundreds of persons
+who had felt safe in going about
+their business unarmed now applied for
+permits to carry pistols.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Fortunately, a sensation does not last
+long in New York.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Though the Police Department felt
+this criticism keenly, and was hampered
+by it, pressure began to slacken in about
+a week. Other sensations came along.
+There was nothing to publish about the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>taxicab case, as police information was
+withheld for good official reasons. Presently
+the town ventured to joke about the
+case. At an elaborate public dinner one
+night, among other topical effects, a
+dummy taxicab suddenly scooted out before
+the guests, held up a dummy police
+commissioner, took his watch, and scooted
+away again. The diners laughed, and
+that was fairly representative of the town,
+which was now ready to have its joke
+about the crime, too. Had there never
+been any further action by the police, the
+case would have quietly dropped out of
+sight. But fortunately there was police
+action, and with that we shall now deal.</p>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER II <br /> <span class='small'>HOW THE CRIME WAS HANDLED BY THE POLICE—ON THE TRAIL</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa_2__6 c016'>Now, let us follow the police story.
+We will begin at the very beginning,
+watch the incidents and
+character unfold, and give quite a little
+attention to the technical methods by
+which results were arrived at. For the
+story is a study in clean, straightforward
+detective work, and that work ought to
+be better known by the public, so that intelligent
+public opinion may back up
+honest police effort.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The story starts with a burly, genial
+man, sitting in a big office at Police
+Headquarters. The office is that of the
+Second Deputy Police Commissioner,
+and the man is the Commissioner himself,
+George S. Dougherty.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>Commissioner Dougherty dominates
+the story. The taxicab robbers were
+caught by his methods, plans and supervision,
+backed by the splendid team work
+of the men under him. His own sources
+of information supplied the clues, and
+his personal skill in examining criminals
+brought out the confessions that saved the
+city the expense of trials with all but one
+offender. It is far from the writer’s wish
+to indulge in hero-worship, however, so
+these details will appear in their proper
+place in the narrative.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>George Dougherty has had nearly
+twenty-five years’ experience in criminal
+work in New York, and over the whole
+country. Until his appointment by
+Mayor Gaynor in May, 1911, he was connected
+with the Pinkerton organization.
+Bank and financial crimes have long been
+his specialty, so the taxicab case fell right
+into his own province. He knows the
+ways of forgers, bank sneaks, swindlers,
+burglars and “yeggmen,” and is personally
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>acquainted with most of the criminals
+in those lines in and out of prison.
+He has also had much to do with protecting
+the crowds at races, ball games, aeronautic
+meetings and other big gatherings.
+As executive head of the detective bureau,
+five hundred plain-clothes policemen
+scattered over Greater New York cover
+all crimes of a local and routine nature,
+and are subject to his call when a special
+case like the taxicab robbery comes up
+for his personal attention.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>On an ordinarily quiet morning at Police
+Headquarters, there will be a steady
+stream of people passing into Dougherty’s
+office. Several assistants guard the
+doors leading from two ante-rooms, and
+marshal the visitors. Now a group of detectives
+enters and hears a talk on methods.
+Then two detectives come in, make
+a report and receive further instructions.
+Then there will be an interruption, perhaps,
+while an assistant soothes and sends
+away a crank who occasionally turns up
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>with a purely imaginary affair of his own,
+and two more detectives pass in accompanied
+by a man and a woman who look
+just like the people one sees dining at a
+fashionable uptown restaurant. The woman’s
+furs are magnificent, and her hat
+a costly Fifth avenue creation.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“A couple of taxpayers?” speculates
+the group of reporters, waiting outside to
+get a statement about some important
+case.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Two of the cleverest check swindlers
+in the country,” corrects a detective, and
+presently the reporters are called in, and
+Dougherty recites names, dates and facts
+connected with the gang to which these
+prosperous “taxpayers” belong, gazing
+reflectively out of the window as details
+come back in memory, and chuckling
+with the delighted journalists as the pithy
+slang and professional names of the underworld
+are jotted down on their pads.
+They fire a scattering volley of questions
+at him and depart, and then his secretary
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>announces that the saloon-keeper who
+knows a good deal about the Blind
+Puppy Café case is outside, but refuses
+to talk to the police at all.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Hullo!” is the Commissioner’s off-hand
+greeting as the cautious saloon-keeper
+comes in, and in two minutes the
+latter is answering questions freely.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Why, say!” he exclaims, “I’ll tell <em>you</em>
+anything.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Then a humble little woman in a cheap
+hat and a long cloak is brought in. For
+more than an hour she has been waiting
+outside, with her eyes fixed patiently on
+the door leading to the inner office.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Stand there,” says the Commissioner,
+with gruff kindness, and he makes a formal
+statement about her husband, who
+has been arrested with a criminal gang,
+and is pretty certain to go to prison. He
+tells her what has been done in the case,
+and what will follow, and the little woman
+listens mutely. When he finishes,
+her eyes fill with tears. But she makes
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>no reply, nor any sound. The Commissioner
+winks fast as he looks out of the
+window again, and then says, sympathetically:</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“That’s the best that can be done. But
+don’t you worry. Come in and see me
+again. Keep in touch with me, and don’t
+worry yourself. Come in and talk with
+me—come in to-morrow.” And she
+bravely wipes her eyes and goes out with
+her trouble.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The procession continues.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Police captains and detectives in
+squads, prisoners and witnesses in twos
+and threes, newspaper men in corps and
+singly, and occasionally a cautious gentleman
+who wants to see the Commissioner
+alone, and is anxious that nobody
+say anything about this visit to Police
+Headquarters—for he is an informant.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c017'><i>The First Alarm</i></h3>
+
+<p class='c018'>The taxicab robbery took place on a
+quiet morning like this.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>Suddenly, around eleven o’clock on
+Thursday, February 15, a brief message
+comes from the second precinct, stating
+that a robbery has been committed in the
+financial district. A little later there is a
+fuller report over police wires. The details
+are few, as will be seen by the general
+alarm that presently goes out over
+the city:</p>
+
+<p class='c019'><i>Police Department, City of New York</i>,</p>
+<div class='c020'>February 15, 1912.</div>
+
+<p class='c021'>To all, all Boroughs—notify the patrol
+platoon immediately.</p>
+
+<p class='c021'>Arrest for assault and robbery three men:</p>
+
+<p class='c021'>No. 1, about 35 years, five feet eight or
+nine inches in height, 160 or 170 pounds,
+small stubby dark mustache, dark complexion,
+medium build, dark suit and cap,
+no overcoat.</p>
+
+<p class='c021'>No. 2, about 35 years, five feet ten inches
+in height, slender build, dark hair, possibly
+smooth shaven, light brown suit, no overcoat,
+wore a cap.</p>
+
+<p class='c021'>No description of No. 3.</p>
+
+<p class='c021'>Stole $25,000 in five and ten dollar bills,
+contained in a brown leather telescope bag,
+24 inches long, 16 inches square, from two
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>bank messengers in a taxicab about 11 this
+a. m., at Park Place and Church Street, and
+escaped in a five or seven-seated black touring
+car, top up. Look out for this car, bag
+and occupants on streets, at ferry entrances,
+bridge terminals, railroad stations. Inquire
+at all garages, automobile stands, stables,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p class='c021'>If found, notify Detective Bureau.</p>
+
+<p class='c018'>Before noon, the Commissioner has
+postponed appointments, assigned routine
+business, and is engaged in an investigation
+that will keep him busy until
+that morning, twelve days later, when the
+first arrests are made, and the case is, in
+police parlance, “broken.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Where do the police begin in such a
+crime? What do they start with when
+there is apparently so little to work upon?</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>In spite of the wide popular interest
+in police and criminal matters, the average
+citizen has no very clear idea. Even
+the newspaper reporter, following police
+activities every day, is not well informed
+in technical details. Some information
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>is necessarily withheld from him, and he
+is a busy young man, with his own technical
+viewpoint, working hard to get his
+own kind of information.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>This lack of knowledge leads to a feeling
+of mystery, helplessness and terror
+after a sensational crime, and to criticism
+of the police. They are at work, skillfully,
+honestly, diligently. But results
+take time. It would do little good to
+make arrests without evidence. The citizen’s
+sympathies are aroused by brutal
+lawlessness, and he urges that somebody
+be caught and punished. If results are
+not at once apparent, he jumps to the conclusion
+that the police are “demoralized.”
+He would be startled if he could
+see how quickly and persistently the underworld
+takes steps to strengthen him in
+that conclusion, and use him to discredit
+the police.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Sixty detectives are immediately called
+into the case. Five of them go down to
+the scene of the robbery, with orders to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>work there until further notice. They
+make a thorough search of the neighborhood,
+following the route taken by Montani’s
+taxicab, and questioning merchants,
+newsdealers, porters, truckmen and other
+persons likely to have information as eye-witnesses.
+They go through the streets
+that may have been taken by the escaping
+robbers, and work over the whole ground.
+This search through one of the busiest
+sections of New York in a busy hour,
+amid the excitement created by the crime,
+may appear like hopeless business. But,
+as will be seen presently, it yields important
+results. Other detectives search garages
+for the black automobile without a
+license number in which the robbers are
+reported to have got away. Four uniformed
+policemen on beats along the
+route taken by the taxicab are questioned.
+Other detailed inquiries of the same nature
+are started.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>But the most important work of the
+first day centers at Police Headquarters,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>where a conference is held by Commissioner
+Dougherty and his assistants, and
+in the examination of Montani, the taxicab
+driver.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Strip all the labels off a suit of clothes
+and lay it before a committee of tailors.
+In a few moments certain points would
+be agreed upon. It may be a new suit,
+or an old one, a fine piece of tailoring,
+or a cheap hand-me-down. The committee
+could often identify the cheap suit
+and tell the name of its manufacturer,
+while with a seventy-five-dollar suit it
+might be possible to determine the
+maker’s name. This holds true of many
+other lines of work, and it is particularly
+true of criminal investigation.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Who cut and made that suit of clothes?</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The conference sat down to determine
+this, judging the robbery strictly as a
+piece of workmanship. Names of known
+bank criminals were brought up, one by
+one, and details gone over. It soon became
+clear that none of the men identified
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>with bank crime were likely to have the
+brains, skill or organization to plan and
+execute so complicated a robbery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The criminals had known the habits of
+the bank in conveying cash uptown. They
+knew the route, and were aware that the
+guard was only an elderly man and a seventeen-year-old
+boy, both unarmed. They
+had boarded the cab at the best point, and
+evidently made arrangements for stopping
+it. There was team work in every
+detail. It showed marked insight, for instance,
+to provide additional men to boost
+each assailant in at the doors. For young
+Wardle, the bank employee, had made a
+plucky attempt to shove his robber out
+and shut the door, and might have succeeded
+had there not been an outside man.
+Robberies are committed under exciting
+conditions. They sometimes fail because
+criminals balk. That outside man was
+there not only to help his “slugger” into
+the cab, but to <em>force</em> him in if he shrank,
+and make certain he did his work. Whoever
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>planned such details, it was agreed
+at the conference, possessed more cunning
+than the ordinary bank criminal.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c017'><i>Montani is Examined.</i></h3>
+
+<p class='c018'>When Montani, the taxicab driver, arrived
+at Police Headquarters, he was
+willing to talk, and seemed anxious to
+help the police in every way. He knew
+suspicion might be directed toward himself,
+but did not resent that. He talked
+like a man confident of the truth of his
+story, and certain that he would be found
+blameless.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Montani is an Italian, from the northern
+part of Italy, about 30 years old, five
+feet six inches high, rather stout and
+thick-set, with very dark complexion.
+The striking feature of his countenance,
+his large, intelligent brown eyes. Commissioner
+Dougherty found himself
+thinking of Napoleon in connection with
+Montani.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>The first examination lasted all afternoon,
+Montani going out to lunch with
+the Commissioner. Hundreds of questions
+were asked bearing on the robbery,
+the appearance of the criminals, and
+Montani’s past and personal affairs. The
+story was gone over again and again, and
+different questioners relieved each other.
+Yet the taxicab man never lost his temper
+or patience, and did not contradict himself
+in any important particular.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Montani had been in this country since
+the age of twelve, it appeared, had a wife
+and two children, and was the owner of
+two taxicabs operated from a stand at a
+hotel near the bank, whose money he regularly
+carried. He had owned three
+cabs, but lost one through business reverses.
+In fact, he had passed through
+money troubles, and his story excited sympathy.
+Starting originally as a truckman
+for a salvage company, his ambition and
+intelligence had won him such confidence
+that this company lent him money to set
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>up trucking for himself. Still more ambitious,
+he had become a taxicab proprietor.
+Through the trickery of an ill-chosen
+partner, however, he has lost some
+of his savings. He seemed a little bitter
+about this, and it was a circumstance not
+likely to escape an expert police examiner,
+for the loss of money through fraud,
+coupled with temptation, is often the
+starting point in crime. The Italian’s
+former employers spoke highly of his
+character when questioned by detectives.
+He gave the names of chauffeurs who had
+worked for him lately, and of business
+people who knew him, and careful investigation
+failed to disclose any suspicious
+circumstances. Montani quite won the
+newspaper men—so much so that, when
+he was discharged in court a few days
+later for apparent lack of evidence, the
+newspapers criticised the police for having
+held him at all.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>And yet, before that first night, Montani
+himself, largely through simple answers
+to questions, had become so involved
+that there was ground for holding
+him under arrest.</p>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div id='eph'  class='figcenter id004'>
+<img src='images/image045a.jpg' alt='EDWARD P. HUGHES Inspector in Command of Detective Bureau' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>EDWARD P. HUGHES<br />Inspector in Command of Detective Bureau</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='dgr'  class='figcenter id004'>
+<img src='images/image045b.jpg' alt='DOMINICK G. RILEY Lieutenant and Aide to Commissioner Dougherty' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>DOMINICK G. RILEY<br />Lieutenant and Aide to Commissioner Dougherty</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>In the questions and cross-questions,
+the checks and counter-checks of a skillful
+examiner, there are possibilities little
+suspected by those not familiar with that
+kind of work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Montani had slowed down his cab at
+the point where the robbers boarded it.
+He said that an old man had suddenly
+got in front, and he had slackened speed
+to avoid running over him. But detectives
+along the route found eye-witnesses
+who had seen the robbers board the cab,
+and who could testify that there had been
+nobody in front of the vehicle.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Both of his cabs had stood in line near
+the bank that morning, the one driven by
+himself being second, and the other, in
+charge of an employee, was first. When
+the call came from the bank, Montani
+answered it himself out of his turn, sending
+the other cab uptown, as he explained,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>to have some tires vulcanized. But it was
+not a good explanation.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>He said that as soon as the robbers left
+his cab he had raised a cry for help. But
+eye-witnesses were found who denied this.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Instead of running north after the robbers’
+automobile when he had taken a policeman
+aboard his cab, he ran south,
+away from it. This action, he maintained,
+was taken under orders from the
+policeman. But the latter denied that.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>He was not able to explain how the
+robbers had known where to post their
+automobile so it would be waiting at the
+spot where they finished their work.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Interest centered in this mysterious
+black automobile without a license number.
+For, though Montani was an experienced
+chauffeur, and his replies to other
+questions showed that he had seen both
+the rear and the side of that car, he was
+unable to tell its make.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Meanwhile, it was learned that three
+men had hurriedly boarded an elevated
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>train near the scene of the robbery shortly
+after, not waiting for change from a quarter.
+The ticket-seller was unable to describe
+them, but connected them with the
+robbery when he heard about it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Montani was held in the custody of the
+Commissioner that night, to be put
+through further examination in the morning.
+But long before morning the police
+were working on an entirely new development.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c017'><i>The First Direct Clue</i></h3>
+
+<p class='c018'>The law-abiding citizen goes around
+New York with little knowledge of the
+crowding underworld all about him. It
+is perhaps just as well that he knows
+nothing of the lives and morals of hundreds
+of people who elbow him on the
+streets, sit beside him in the cars, and
+scrutinize him with a strictly professional
+eye in many places.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Nor has he any clear conception of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>relations that a good police officer maintains
+with members of this underworld.
+It is a world just as complete as that of
+business or society, however, and much of
+the time of a detective or police official is
+spent keeping track of people in it, forming
+acquaintances and connections in various
+ways, and establishing the organization
+of informants that will help in the
+detection and prevention of crime. A
+good detective is like a good salesman—he
+keeps track of his “trade.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Shortly after midnight of the first day,
+Commissioner Dougherty received a message
+over the telephone that sent him uptown
+to meet an informant. At two
+o’clock in the morning of Friday, February
+16, he and this person had a talk at a
+fashionable uptown hotel. Indeed, most
+of the meetings with informants during
+this case were held at two well-known hotels,
+perhaps the last places in the city
+that anybody would connect with such
+conferences.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>Informants are not always right, nor
+always possessed of useful information.
+But this one had the first real clue.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>On the afternoon of the robbery, it was
+learned, a fellow known as “Eddie Collins”
+had come to his rooming house, on
+the lower West Side, told a woman with
+whom he lived, known as “Swede Annie,”
+to pack up and be ready to leave the
+city in a hurry, and presently disappeared
+with her. He was also reported to have
+a large roll of money. With a rough estimate
+of the size of this roll, given by
+the informant, and a dummy roll of
+“stage money” made up for the purpose,
+the police were able to judge that Collins
+must have had between $3,000 and $5,000.
+That would have been his probable share
+in a division of the stolen currency among
+five men.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The house where Collins had lived was
+kept by a Mrs. Sullivan. Steps were at
+once taken to “surround” this woman, as
+the operation is known technically. For
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>before a possible source of information
+like Mrs. Sullivan is followed up, it is
+necessary to know something about it.
+The person in question may be criminal,
+or in league with the underworld. On
+the other hand, he or she may be quite
+innocent, and willing to aid the police.
+The “surround” is an interesting operation.
+It is often made without the knowledge
+of the person investigated. In many
+cases it takes time.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Mrs. Sullivan came through the ordeal
+handsomely.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>She proved to be a wholesome, hard-working
+landlady, keeping a house that
+sheltered occasional suspicious characters,
+but entirely honest herself. She was not
+only able to furnish information about
+her late lodgers, but willing.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Sure, it’s a good deal I know about
+that Collins, as he calls himself,” she said,
+“and mighty little that’s good.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>It seems that about two weeks previously
+Collins had offered to pay the landlady
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>if she would appear in a Brooklyn
+court and testify to the good character of
+a criminal named Molloy, who was being
+held for trial on a charge of robbery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“They’re paying fifteen to twenty dollars
+for ‘character’ witnesses,” said her
+lodger.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“And do you think I’d take the stand
+and perjure myself swearing for a man
+I never heard of?” asked the indignant
+landlady.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Oh, that’s nothing to some of the
+things we do,” was the reply.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Several days later, while she was putting
+some laundry into Collins’ bureau
+drawer the landlady caught sight of two
+new blackjacks. She asked Collins what
+he was doing with such weapons.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Aw, we use them in our business,” he
+said. Then, with the confidence often
+bred in criminals by success, he told her
+he knew a gang that was planning to rob
+a taxicab that carried money uptown to
+a bank every week. Mrs. Sullivan questioned
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>him as to details, and he assured
+her it would be an easy job.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“For we’ve got it all fixed with the
+chauffeur,” he said.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>At that point, however, like many an
+honest person who might aid the police
+with information, Mrs. Sullivan let the
+matter drop out of her mind. It is a
+simple thing to mail a letter or telephone
+to Police Headquarters, giving such information,
+and the experience of the Detective
+Bureau is such that the information
+can be investigated without involving
+innocent persons. But perhaps Mrs.
+Sullivan concluded that, in a big city like
+New York, it is well for people to keep
+their mouths shut. Or maybe she decided
+that Collins was merely boasting.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>On Friday, less than twenty-four hours
+after the robbery, a “network investigation”
+was begun.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Sixty detectives searched that part of
+the city where Collins and Annie had
+lived, seeking further information. Photograph
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>galleries and other places were
+investigated on the chance of finding pictures.
+Denizens of the underworld were
+talked with casually. Professional criminals,
+prostitutes, dive-keepers, receivers
+of stolen goods and other shady characters
+were brought before Commissioner
+Dougherty in couples and half-dozens for
+quick cross-examination. By Saturday
+evening the police had some highly important
+information.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>It was learned that Annie had been seen
+going away on the afternoon of the robbery
+in a taxicab, accompanied by two
+men, one of whom was Collins, and the
+other unknown. Good descriptions were
+secured of Annie and her sweetheart, especially
+of her hat, which was a cheap
+affair, but conspicuous by reason of a row
+of little red roses. It was also discovered
+that Collins had been a boxer, that he
+hailed from Boston, and that his real
+name was Eddie Kinsman. Finally, the
+police secured two photographs, one an
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>indifferent picture of Kinsman, and the
+other an excellent portrait of Annie.
+These were quickly put through the department’s
+photograph gallery, where
+there are facilities for making duplicates
+in a hurry, and more than a hundred
+copies were soon ready for work
+which will be described in its proper
+place.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The trail now seemed to lead to Boston.
+At all events, further information
+was to be secured there. And here came
+in a little refinement imparted by Commissioner
+Dougherty’s experience with
+the Pinkerton forces. For where this private
+detective organization works unhampered
+over the whole country, the official
+police forces in most cities confine their
+searches to their own territory. When it
+is believed that criminals have left town,
+as in this case, a general description is
+telegraphed to other cities. Dougherty’s
+method, however, is always to send a man
+from his own staff, with detailed instructions.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>There are no local boundaries for
+him.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Late on Saturday night Inspector
+Hughes, of the Detective Bureau, slipped
+out of headquarters with Detective
+O’Connell, and took a train for Boston.
+Their departure was kept strictly secret.
+They bid good night to associates, saying
+that they expected to be up and at work
+again early next morning, and until their
+return on Monday everybody who asked
+for the Inspector was told that “he is
+usually around the building somewhere.”</p>
+
+<h3 class='c017'><i>Montani Points Out “King Dodo”</i></h3>
+
+<p class='c018'>All through Friday and Saturday,
+while the network investigation was going
+on, Commissioner Dougherty continued
+his examination of Montani.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Some important information against
+him now came from outside.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>It developed that Montani had been
+involved several months before in an insurance
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>case, claiming indemnity for a
+burned automobile under a policy. He
+had presented, as part of its value, a bill
+for repairs amounting to $1,348. The insurance
+company, however, had found
+that this bill was fraudulent, that the repairs
+had never been made, and had obtained
+a statement to that effect from the
+Italian chauffeur. Out of pity for his
+wife and two children the case was not
+pressed against him. Now that he was
+involved in another crime, however, the
+insurance people came forward and laid
+the facts before the police.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Of course, Montani knew nothing
+about this new development.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>For two days the chauffeur was questioned
+at intervals, and the inquiry centered
+chiefly on the knotty points in his
+story of the crime. He was particularly
+pressed for better explanations of the
+slackening of his cab when the robbers
+boarded it, but stuck to his original statement
+about a man getting in front of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>vehicle. He described this person as an
+old man, and said he must have been in
+league with the criminals. As the police
+had good evidence that there had been
+nobody in front of the taxicab, however,
+this point was returned to again and
+again, and toward night on Saturday,
+February 17, the little chauffeur began
+to feel the strain.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>On his way to supper that evening with
+men from the Detective Bureau, Montani
+was taken through the Bowery. Suddenly
+he stopped, dramatically, and exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“There! That is the old man who got
+in front of my cab!”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>His finger indicated a Bowery character
+as typical as anything ever seen in
+melodrama—a ragged little old figure
+with an amazing set of whiskers, engaged
+in picking up cigar butts along the gutters.
+He was immediately taken to headquarters.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>No detail of his work interests Commissioner
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>Dougherty more keenly than
+his study of the many picturesque characters
+who turn up as an important case
+unfolds. He has a ready appreciation of
+everybody who appears, from the society
+lady who lost her jewels to the typical
+Bowery loafer. He is as ready to look
+at facts from a criminal’s point of view as
+that of an honest man. He has often gone
+half across the country to get acquainted
+with a good burglar, and in this warm
+human interest lies the basis of his skill
+as an examiner of suspects. These details
+are set down, not in glorification of
+Dougherty, but for the guidance of every
+police officer interested in his methods.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The moment Dougherty laid eyes on
+this new character, with his magnificent
+whiskers, he gave him a nickname.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“King Dodo!” said the Commissioner,
+and that by that name he was known in so
+far as he figured in the case at all. “King
+Dodo” proved to be entirely innocent,
+and nothing more than the victim of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>a chance move of Montani’s, who evidently
+thought that he ought to produce
+something tangible to back up his assertion
+that the cab had been intercepted by
+an old man. “King Dodo” established a
+perfect alibi, proving that he had been
+elsewhere at the time of the robbery, and
+after being questioned and the truth of his
+story established, he was released, there
+being no reason for holding him.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“I feel safe,” said the Commissioner
+solemnly, “in paroling you on your
+own responsibility, to appear again if
+wanted.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>That may have been a heavier responsibility
+than had been put on his shoulders
+in years. But he rose to it. Two
+days later a decently dressed, clean
+shaven, elderly gentleman came in and
+asked for the Commissioner. He was “all
+dolled up,” in police parlance, and looked
+like a retired small shopkeeper. The
+staff did not recognize him for a moment.
+But it was “King Dodo,” doing his best
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>to fill the part of a minor figure in the
+great taxicab mystery. There being nothing
+for him to do, he dropped back into
+private life.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>On his Sunday visit to Boston Inspector
+Hughes talked with Chief Inspector
+Watts of that city, learned where Kinsman
+lived, and that his family was a respectable
+one; found a bright patrolman
+named Dorsey who knew Kinsman, and
+gave more information about his personal
+appearance, habits and career as a
+boxer, desertion from the Navy, and so
+forth, and made arrangements to have
+the Kinsman home watched so that news
+of his return would be secured immediately.
+It was clear that Kinsman had
+not returned to Boston.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c017'><i>Discovery of Kinsman’s Trail</i></h3>
+
+<p class='c018'>As soon as Inspector Hughes returned
+from Boston, on Monday morning, the
+Commissioner took steps to question the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>crews of every train that had left New
+York since one p. m. on the day of the
+robbery.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Just the other afternoon the writer sat
+with a squad of young detectives at Police
+Headquarters and heard a talk on
+methods given by Dougherty, and one
+point clearly brought out was the usefulness
+to the thief-catcher of routine information.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>He began by relating an amusing incident.
+Some days before a detective had
+turned up at headquarters for instruction,
+and naïvely asked the Commissioner to
+lend him a pencil and a slip of paper, so
+he could make some notes. Another detective
+was found who had only a hazy
+idea of the location of New York’s telephone
+exchanges. Taking these as his
+text, the Commissioner explained the
+value to every police officer of what might
+be called “time-table” information—knowing
+the depots and ferries, what
+roads run out of them, the cities reached,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>the number and character of trains, the
+general methods of dispatching trains,
+and so forth. The Commissioner himself
+is as well informed on such matters as
+any railroad man, and thoroughly familiar
+with routine methods in many
+other lines of work and business. How
+such knowledge can be employed was
+shown by the next move in the taxicab
+case.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Detectives were sent to every railroad
+terminal to secure lists of trains, learn the
+names of the crews, and make out schedules
+of the time when each crew would
+be back in the city. Then each man was
+found and carefully questioned. His
+memory could be helped by pictures of
+Kinsman and Annie, and by intimate details
+of personal appearance and manner.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The search bore fruit, though it took
+time.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>On Wednesday Detective Watson, who
+was a railroad engineer before he joined
+the police, found that Train No. 13 on
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>the New York Central had taken on three
+passengers answering the descriptions on
+the afternoon of the robbery. They had
+boarded the train at Peekskill, the town
+to which, as it was subsequently learned,
+they had ridden in a taxicab. The conductor’s
+attention had been drawn to Annie
+by her smoking a cigarette on the sly
+in the toilet of the day coach. He remembered
+her high cheek bones, and the
+black velvet hat with its little roses, and
+the athletic build of her men companions,
+who both appeared to be boxers. It was
+also established that the trio had gone to
+Albany, for one of the trainmen distinctly
+remembered helping Annie down at that
+station.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c017'><i>“Plant 21” Is Established</i></h3>
+
+<p class='c018'>Monday, February 19, was an important
+day in more ways than one.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>While the train investigation was going
+on, it was learned that a woman
+known as “Myrtle Horn,” an intimate of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>Annie’s, had moved to a lower West Side
+rooming house, taking Annie’s trunk with
+her, as though Annie expected to return
+to the city. After a preliminary survey,
+this house was visited by Commissioner
+Dougherty in person. He explained that
+he was a contractor, about to build a section
+of the new subway, and that he was
+looking for a quiet room at a reasonable
+price where he might have some of the
+comforts of home. After a little talk with
+the landlady it became clear that she was
+honest and trustworthy, with no information
+of the new lodger who had taken her
+front room in the basement. Arrangements
+were quickly made to put this
+house, inside and outside, under constant
+surveillance.</p>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div id='gs'  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/image067a.jpg' alt='GENE SPLAINE' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>GENE SPLAINE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='ek'  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/image067b.jpg' alt='EDDIE KINSMAN' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>EDDIE KINSMAN</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='gm'  class='figcenter id006'>
+<img src='images/image067c.jpg' alt='GENO MONTANI' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>GENO MONTANI</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='stl'  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/image067d.jpg' alt='SCOTTY THE LAMB' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>“SCOTTY THE LAMB”</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='jm'  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/image067e.jpg' alt='JOHN MOLLOY' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>JOHN MOLLOY</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>Along in the evening Mrs. Isabella
+Goodwin, a police matron, was installed
+there. The Commissioner brought her,
+and carried her bundle. The landlady
+and the matron had never seen each other
+in their lives, but kissed ostentatiously,
+and made considerable fuss on the chance
+of being overheard. Mrs. Goodwin was
+“planted” as the landlady’s “sister,” who
+had come from Montreal to live with her
+and help in the housework until she could
+find a position in New York. The Commissioner
+grumbled a little about her
+stinginess in refusing to pay an expressman
+to bring her bundle, and then took
+his departure, explaining that the train
+had been late, and the baby was not well,
+and his wife, Aggie, would be worried
+about him, and so forth. Mrs. Goodwin
+established herself in a room at the rear
+of the basement, handy to that occupied
+by Myrtle Horn, and kept her eyes and
+ears open as she went about the housework,
+slipping out to report when she had
+any information, and receiving instructions.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Outside surveillance on this house was
+conducted from an empty store across the
+street. Arrangements for the use of such
+property are usually made by the police
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>without difficulty, though occasionally a
+close-fisted owner expects rent. Blinds
+were put up over the windows, peep-holes
+made, and a few hammers provided,
+with some nails and boards. Then six of
+the best “shadow men” in the Detective
+Bureau were stationed there. They made
+a little noise occasionally, in “getting the
+store ready for a big firm moving up from
+downtown,” and watched the house day
+and night. Whenever Myrtle went out
+she was followed. If she had visitors,
+they were investigated. This store was
+known by the code term of “Plant 21,”
+so that reports could be sent without disclosing
+police information.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c017'><i>Montani Goes Free</i></h3>
+
+<p class='c018'>On Monday, too, Montani was arraigned
+in court, and discharged for what
+appeared to be lack of any evidence
+against him.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>At this point the Commissioner took
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>the liberty of fooling the newspaper men
+for the good of his case.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Newspaper criticism for three days
+had been particularly severe. Editors
+made many charges, and were fertile in
+suggestions as what ought to be done to
+reorganize the presumably “demoralized”
+police department. The present
+writer feels confident, however, that a
+careful search of the files for those days
+will disclose hardly any suggestions likely
+to be at all helpful to public servants in
+the discharge of duty. Many questions
+with no real bearing on the case had been
+brought up by the journalists, and the
+Commissioner, who was patient in answering
+the newspaper men, began to be
+a little tired.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>On Sunday night his big office was
+filled with reporters. They sat about
+everywhere. He had admitted them because
+he wanted them to see that he was
+working. From time to time they quizzed
+him in this fashion:</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>“Is it true that you and Commissioner
+Waldo have quarrelled?”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Is Waldo going to resign?”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Do you favor the Sullivan law against
+pistols?”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Will the ‘dead line’ be maintained
+now?”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Hadn’t the daily ‘line up’ of criminals
+ought to be restored so that detectives will
+know crooks when they see them?”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Hasn’t Mayor Gaynor tied the hands
+of the police?”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>And so forth, and so forth, and so forth.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Suddenly, on Sunday night, Dougherty
+turned and read the newspaper men a
+lecture. He said that he wanted them to
+understand that he was no spring chicken
+at his business, that he was working eighteen
+hours a day, and that he knew he
+would show results if the people would
+only be patient, and give him time. His
+only recommendation in the way of new
+laws or reforms was for a statute that
+would enable the police to put known
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>criminals, without occupation or visible
+means of support, at work mending roads.
+He outlined a plan which, rather strangely,
+did not get any attention in the newspapers
+at all. His idea of dealing with
+idle criminals, he said, was to have a
+cart, with commissary and sleeping quarters
+for twelve men. As soon as twelve
+idle criminals with records had been sentenced,
+they would pull this cart out of
+town themselves, under guard, and go to
+work repairing roads. If that plan were
+adopted, New York would not only be as
+free from criminals as the District of Columbia,
+where a similar measure is enforced,
+but the roads all around the city
+would be so well cared for that they could
+be used as roller-skating rinks.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The newspapers next morning were
+quite certain that Commissioners Waldo
+and Dougherty had quarrelled, and when
+the journalists went down to report Montani’s
+examination in court they were decidedly
+partial to the taxicab man.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>Dougherty had told the newspaper men
+beforehand that he had evidence enough
+to have Montani held for trial. He had
+made very positive statements about this.
+Montani would be arraigned, he predicted,
+and if discharged on one count, would
+be immediately arrested on something
+else. If he was discharged on that, he
+would still be arraigned on further
+charges.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>It needs no very brilliant imagination,
+therefore, to picture the effect upon the
+newspapers when Montani, after being
+arraigned on the doubtful points in his
+own account of the crime, and those not
+too vigorously pressed, was discharged,
+with comment by the court upon the flimsiness
+of the police case. There was one
+striking discrepancy in the evidence presented
+at that examination which, if
+pressed, should have resulted in the holding
+of Montani for trial. He still insisted
+that he had stopped his cab because
+an old man had got in front of it, but this
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>was denied by a witness. That point was
+permitted to pass by Lieutenant Riley,
+who appeared for the police. Montani
+could have been re-arrested on charges
+based upon his attempt to defraud the insurance
+company. But he was permitted
+to go free. That course had been decided
+on at Police Headquarters after some difference
+of opinion.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The newspapers were now more pessimistic
+than ever in their comment. They
+contrasted this outcome with Dougherty’s
+promises that the chauffeur would be re-arrested.
+It was taken as a confession of
+police incompetency and bewilderment—which,
+as will be seen in its proper
+place, was very useful in its way. Montani
+went free, and was jubilant, calling
+on the Commissioner next morning to
+thank him. But from the moment he left
+court until he was arrested again the
+Italian chauffeur never got out of sight
+of the Police Department.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>
+  <h3 class='c017'><i>What Developed on a Busy Tuesday</i></h3>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c018'>It was on the day after Montani’s release
+that Commissioner Dougherty began
+to uncover more interesting characters
+in the taxicab drama.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Bit by bit, through points supplied by
+informants and persons who had come in
+contact with him in various ways, a very
+good working knowledge of the fugitive
+Kinsman was pieced together. It appeared
+that he had come to New York
+the previous summer, from Boston, and
+after a brief career as a boxer, had gone
+to work in a Sixth avenue resort known
+as the “Nutshell Café,” where he was a
+waiter. Among his associates there had
+been two characters who invited further
+inquiry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The first of these was a fellow called
+“Gene,” described as having a “parrot
+nose,” and a criminal record. He had
+been a close pal of Kinsman, and had
+also introduced another intimate, a wily
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>little Italian called “Jess,” who had formerly
+owned a thieves’ resort which he
+called the “Arch Café.” A good description
+of Jess was secured.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>There was some delay while the Commissioner
+“surrounded” this last-mentioned
+resort to find out if it was a place
+where any information might be obtained
+openly. The question was decided in the
+negative. So a plain-clothes man was
+quietly “planted” there to pick up information.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>When a criminal is arrested (or
+“falls”) it is customary in the underworld
+to raise a fund for his defense. The Arch
+Café was a center for the deposit of such
+“fall money.” It was learned that a hundred
+dollars had been raised for the defense
+of a man named Clarke, alias “Molloy,”
+under arrest in Brooklyn for robbery.
+This was the same Molloy to
+whose fine character Kinsman had asked
+his landlady to swear in court. The
+Italian named Jess had taken charge of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>Molloy’s defense fund, but squandered it
+in a spree. Later, making it good, he had
+sent it over to Molloy’s relief by Kinsman’s
+pal, “Dutch,” and an Italian known
+as “Matteo.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>District inspectors of police were then
+called upon to find a detective who knew
+Jess, and an Italian plain-clothes man,
+Antony Grieco, who had grown up in
+that part of New York where Jess had
+kept a café, and who knew the latter well,
+was detailed with another detective to
+look him up and keep him under surveillance.
+They found that Jess, whose last
+name was Albrazzo, had headquarters in
+a tough resort in Thompson street, kept
+by an Italian named James Pasqualle,
+better known as “Jimmie the Push.”
+From that time Jess was kept “on tap,” to
+await further developments.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Then the Commissioner undertook to
+find out more about the character called
+“Gene.” Working in New York, as
+waiters and bartenders, were many members
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>of a criminal band known as the
+“Forty Thieves of Boston.” The Commissioner
+called in all of them that he
+could find, and sounded each for information
+about this “Gene.” After the time
+of day had been passed, the talk would
+turn on members of the band and criminals
+in general, and after curiosity had
+been excited, “Gene” would be referred
+to casually. If the party interviewed said
+he knew “Gene,” the Commissioner
+would probably be sceptical, ask his last
+name, press for details of appearance and
+habits, and then pass to some other
+subject.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>It was found that “Gene’s” last name
+was Splaine, that he had served a term
+in prison in Boston as a boy, and that,
+by his general description, he must
+be the third fugitive accompanying Kinsman
+and Annie. When Detective Watson
+got better descriptions of the third
+man at Albany, and comparisons were
+made with sources of information in
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>New York, it became practically certain
+that Gene Splaine was with Kinsman.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c017'><i>Annie Shows at “Plant 21”</i></h3>
+
+<p class='c018'>It was on this day, too (Tuesday, February
+20), that “Swede Annie” suddenly
+stepped into police view, <em>wearing a new
+hat</em>. She turned up quietly at the house
+where Myrtle Horn had moved with her
+trunk, and began living in the front basement
+room. Matron Goodwin and “Plant
+21” immediately reported her presence,
+and from that time the shadow men across
+the street had something to do besides
+driving nails. For whenever Annie or
+Myrtle went out of the house they were
+followed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Shadowing is a highly interesting kind
+of police work, at which some men have
+exceptional ability.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The general conception is that of a detective
+following closely behind the suspected
+person, with his eyes glued to him,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>and cautiously crouching behind lamp-posts
+and trees when the victim turns suddenly.
+But that is far from the real
+thing. The work is done in ways altogether
+different. Shadow men operate in
+pairs, as a rule, and keep track of their
+party from vantage points not likely to
+be suspected. They dress according to
+the character of the case, always in quiet
+clothes, changed daily, and with absolutely
+no colors that will attract attention
+or lead to recognition through the memory.
+They know how to follow when the
+person under surveillance rides in cabs,
+cars or trains, to cover the different exits
+from a building into which he or she may
+have gone, and to loiter several hours
+around a given neighborhood, if need be,
+without attracting the attention of honest
+citizens.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>This work is done by shifts. The operators
+relieve each other almost as regularly
+as office employees, no matter how
+far the trail may have taken them. They
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>are in constant touch with headquarters
+for the purpose of making reports and
+receiving instructions.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>In this branch of detective work, as in
+many others, the chief requisite is resourcefulness.
+The detective of fact wears
+little disguise apart from clothes that fit
+the surroundings he moves in. But he has
+an instant knack at accounting for himself
+as a normal character who has happened
+quite naturally into the scene. Ready
+wits do the trick—not false whiskers.
+Thus it came about that whenever Annie
+and Myrtle were hungry, and sat down
+in a restaurant, what they said was noted
+by a couple of fellows at another table,
+who quickly made a party of the chance
+patrons they found there, discussing
+wages or the suffragettes. Or if Annie
+used the telephone in a drug store, a polite
+young man turning over the directory
+said to her, “Go ahead, lady—I’m
+in no hurry,” and listened.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>At the same time, Matron Goodwin
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>was reporting conversation from inside
+the house. It appeared that Kinsman had
+sent Annie back to the city after buying
+her a new hat and giving her $125. He
+promised to write soon, but did not tell
+her where he was going. Toward the
+end of the week, as no letter arrived, Annie
+began worrying, and was talkative.
+She feared that Eddie no longer loved
+her. She reproached herself for letting
+him go without taking her along, and
+spoke of setting out to find him.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c017'><i>The Trail Is Taken Up</i></h3>
+
+<p class='c018'>It was now Wednesday, February 21,
+and all the careful detail work began to
+come together.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>It was this day that Detective Watson
+found the crew of Train No. 13, on the
+New York Central, which had taken
+Kinsman, Annie and Splaine aboard at
+Peekskill the afternoon of the robbery
+after they had ridden out of New York
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>in a taxicab to avoid possible police surveillance
+at the railroad stations. Commissioner
+Dougherty dispatched Watson
+to Peekskill and Albany with thorough
+instructions. His motto in working out
+a case is, “Supervision is half the battle.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“When you get to Albany,” he said, “go
+to that big hat store on Broadway near
+the station. I’ll bet that’s where Annie’s
+new hat was bought—they sell the best
+millinery in the country outside of New
+York.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Nothing important was learned at
+Peekskill, but at Albany, sure enough,
+Detective Watson found the saleswoman
+right in “that big hat store” who had sold
+the new hat, and secured Annie’s discarded
+headgear. The new hat had cost
+twenty-five dollars. The old one looked
+as though it might have cost ninety-five
+cents—a “Division Street Special.” Its
+black velvet was of the cheapest grade,
+the famous little red roses proved to be,
+on close inspection, nothing more than
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>little loops of pink cotton cloth, and the
+general state of the hat indicated that it
+was about time Annie had a new one.
+This interesting “bonnet,” however,
+seemed just then more handsome than any
+costly article of millinery ever smuggled
+over from Paris. It was immediately sent
+to New York by express, with a copy of
+the sales slip covering the purchase. The
+saleswoman was able to add one or two
+details of description, and remembered
+how, after the woman had selected a hat,
+the two men had joked about who was to
+pay for it.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“She’s your girl,” said Splaine, and so
+Kinsman had paid the bill with five five-dollar
+bills.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Nothing could be learned as to the direction
+in which the two men meant to
+travel. Detective Watson now began a
+search among train crews running out of
+Albany, and Commissioner Dougherty, in
+New York, got the Albany ticket-sellers
+by long-distance telephone. His knowledge
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>of how railroad tickets are sold, accounted
+for, taken up, cancelled and
+checked by the auditing department made
+it possible to sift matters down to the
+strongest kind of probability. After considerable
+telephoning, aided by Detective
+Watson on the spot, it was determined
+that Kinsman and Splaine had been the
+purchasers of two consecutively numbered
+tickets for Chicago sold together on
+Friday morning, twenty-four hours after
+the robbery, and that they had gone west
+on Train No. 3, leaving Albany at 12:10
+p. m. Their tickets were available for
+that train, and the conclusion was
+strengthened by calculating Annie’s
+movements. For it was found that she
+had come back to New York the same
+day, between four and five in the afternoon.
+She had kept out of sight until she
+appeared at Myrtle Horn’s lodging and
+was reported by Matron Goodwin and
+“Plant 21” on Tuesday. But she must
+have taken a train from Albany about the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>time that the men were starting for Chicago,
+reaching New York at 3:45 p. m.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Commissioner Dougherty felt that the
+chances of finding his men in Chicago
+were so good that, without wasting time
+in an investigation of the crew of Train
+No. 3, he put Detectives Daly and Clare
+aboard a Chicago train that same night.
+Kinsman and Splaine would both find
+congenial company among the pugilists
+in Chicago.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>These detectives were given names to
+conceal their identity, and ordered to report
+under the code term of “Orange
+Growers” to eliminate all flavor of police
+business. They received detailed instructions
+about where to go and what to do.
+Again the Commissioner covered the
+trail when it led out of New York by
+sending capable assistants, instead of
+merely wiring the police in other cities.
+Before the “Orange Growers” departed,
+the “boss” gave them a little talk about
+expenses.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>The detective attached to a municipal
+police force is very often hampered by
+fear of making unusual expenditures. Accounting
+routine is strict. Telegrams are
+often limited to the minimum of ten
+words where a hundred are needed to
+send a working description or report. The
+long-distance telephone is used as a luxury,
+and in many instances where the
+plain-clothes man can get valuable information
+through an informant he pays the
+shot out of his own pocket because there
+is no other way of paying it, and trusts
+to the chance that this private investment
+out of his salary will help him “break” a
+knotty case.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Commissioner Dougherty told the
+“Orange Growers” that they would be
+kept on this trail if it led all around the
+world. They must not consider expenditure
+when there was vital information to
+put on the wire. He expected them to
+turn to the long-distance telephone whenever
+they needed new instructions in a
+hurry. Briefly, he took the blinders and
+shackles off them, and sent them out to
+do good work, and the outcome justified
+this far-sightedness.</p>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div id='ja'  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/image089a.jpg' alt='JESS ALBRAZZO' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>JESS ALBRAZZO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='ma'  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/image089b.jpg' alt='MATTEO ARBRANO' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>MATTEO ARBRANO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='jp'  class='figleft id005'>
+<img src='images/image089c.jpg' alt='JAMES PASQUALE' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>JAMES PASQUALE</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div id='bd'  class='figright id005'>
+<img src='images/image089d.jpg' alt='BOB DELIO' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>BOB DELIO</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>At that period of the winter trains were
+delayed everywhere by storms, so the
+“Orange Growers” had opportunities to
+make inquiries at stations and railroad
+restaurants all along the line to Buffalo.
+They were in search of their “brother,”
+who was described in terms of Kinsman’s
+personal appearance, and was supposed
+to be on his way somewhere with another
+man. At Syracuse an observant waitress
+remembered their “brother” distinctly,
+having served both the men when their
+train stopped for supper. Finally, the
+two “Orange Growers” got snowed up in
+Michigan for a time, and there we will
+leave them for the present.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c017'><i>Montani Quizzed Once More</i></h3>
+
+<p class='c018'>By Thursday many loose ends of the
+case were being brought together so effectually
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>that the outlook seemed exceedingly
+bright.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>But only to the executive circle in
+Dougherty’s office.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Outside, all was dark. Newspaper
+criticism had become more caustic than
+ever, and the public, after the ingrained
+habit of New York, was turning its attention
+to fresher news sensations.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>At a big annual dinner of police officials
+held that evening, February 22, the
+atmosphere of gloom resting upon the department
+was most tangible. The fourteen
+hundred guests, who were chiefly police
+inspectors, captains and lieutenants,
+felt that a stigma lay upon the service
+with which they were identified. They
+had no means of knowing, of course, that
+one week from that night the gloom
+would have lifted, criticism be turned to
+praise, and that policemen generally
+would be, as a witty lieutenant put it,
+“back to our official standing again—which
+never was so very high.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>Montani had called at Police Headquarters
+repeatedly, accompanied by his
+unseen shadowers. He professed to be
+anxious to furnish further information,
+if it lay in his power, and the Commissioner
+chatted with him cordially, leading
+him to believe that he no longer
+rested under the slightest suspicion.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>On Friday Dougherty made an interesting
+effort to “break” Montani.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>He now had a minute physical description
+of Kinsman, as well as two photographs
+of him. The chauffeur was asked
+to describe once more the man who had
+sat upon the cab seat with him. The questions
+went over details from head to foot,
+and were prompted by details of Kinsman’s
+real appearance.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Montani said the man had large brown
+eyes, which was true.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>He remembered that he had talked
+with a good American accent, and used
+words not common to the criminal, which
+was also more or less true.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>He suddenly recalled a gold-filled
+tooth in the robber’s upper right-hand
+jaw, a point already furnished by informants.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>In fact, as this new examination went
+on, it became clear to the Commissioner
+that Montani was actually describing
+Kinsman, changing only one detail. He
+said that the robber had had a dark mustache,
+while it was certain that Kinsman
+had been smooth-shaven.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Suddenly the Commissioner tried what
+is known as a “shot.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The examiner in such an inquiry is
+often in possession of incriminating evidence.
+Instead of producing it bluntly as
+evidence, however, he will perhaps let it
+slip out bit by bit, as though by awkwardness,
+meanwhile maintaining an appearance
+of absolute confidence in the suspect’s
+integrity. A classic example of this
+device is found in the Russian writer Dostoieffsky’s
+“Crime and Punishment.” The
+skillful “shot” is usually far more disconcerting
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>than evidence produced openly to
+overwhelm. For the suspect assumes that
+the examiner really knows nothing, and
+has merely blundered. So he is on his
+guard outwardly. But he also worries inwardly,
+and this trying conflict between
+inner doubt and the need for keeping up
+outer calm will often break him down
+completely.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Dougherty’s “shot” was a photograph
+of Kinsman.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>By pre-arrangement an assistant came
+into the office and began turning over
+some papers on the Commissioner’s desk.
+The photo of Kinsman popped out where
+Montani could see it plainly, and then
+was hurriedly put out of sight again. The
+Commissioner scolded his assistant, and
+the latter stood shamefaced and silent.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>But in this instance the device failed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Montani not only betrayed no interest
+in Kinsman’s picture, but took the awkward
+assistant’s part, and asked the Commissioner
+not to scold him.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>Montani had planned his crime, fitted
+the plan with men, laid out every detail
+in his mind, and arranged his story beforehand.
+He expected to be arrested,
+and said so. He admitted that there were
+inconsistencies in his story, but hoped to
+clear them up. He had discussed the
+crime with Jess and Dutch, and had not
+been seen in the company of the other
+criminals. So, having settled on his story,
+Montani stuck to it without variation under
+every form of pressure. Others forgot
+what they had arranged as their defense,
+or departed from it, or broke down
+and confessed. But not Montani. He
+alone went to trial, and stuck to his story
+until the end.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c017'><i>The “Orange Growers” in Chicago</i></h3>
+
+<p class='c018'>When Daly and Clare, the two New
+York detectives working as the “Orange
+Growers,” arrived in Chicago, they went
+to Police Headquarters in that city, made
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>inquiries about Kinsman and Splaine, and
+secured the aid of Chicago detectives.
+Then they put up at a hotel where, by
+arrangements with the house detective,
+they occupied a room on the second floor
+handy to a little-used stairway leading to
+a side street, which would make it easy
+to slip in and out without going through
+the lobby. On the trip from New York
+both of them had neglected shaving, and
+Daly was an especially tough-looking
+citizen, for his beard grows out stiff and
+bristly, with black and red intermixed,
+and a little green to help the general effect.
+With suits of old clothes and
+sweaters they were so little like their official
+selves that for several days, though
+they went rather freely around resorts
+frequented by crooks who knew them in
+New York, they were not recognized.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The “Orange Growers” now became a
+pair of hardened “yeggmen,” or bank robbers,
+and for three days were busy visiting
+thieves’ haunts all over the city, from the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>Levee district to the Stockyards. It was
+found that Kinsman and Splaine had put
+up at a high-class boarding house in a
+fashionable residence section. Kinsman
+seemed to be doubtful about the impression
+Splaine might make there, though in
+the opinion of the police Splaine was by
+far the more intelligent of the pair. So
+he took the landlady aside and asked her,
+privately, if she had objections to a prize-fighter
+in her house. The landlady replied,
+“Why, no! if he is a gentleman—many
+prize-fighters are just like other
+people!” Thereupon, Kinsman undertook
+that Splaine should behave himself.
+He also wanted to know if valuables were
+safe there, and the astonished landlady
+assured him that her house was like a
+home, that the guests were like one big
+family and seldom locked their doors, and
+that Mr. Smith, well known as an officer
+in one of the leading banks, had lived
+there for years.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The pair had spent considerable time
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>in criminal haunts, but had now disappeared.
+Kinsman, as it was learned later,
+had returned to New York. Splaine was
+apparently in Chicago still, spending his
+money, but the two “Orange Growers”
+seemed never to catch up with him. Their
+man had always gone around the corner
+within the past hour.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Finally they planned a ruse with the
+aid of two Chicago detectives. Splaine
+had been intimate with a certain woman
+of the underworld, known as “Josie.”
+Clare went to her, represented himself as
+a “stick-up man,” said he and his partner
+were after that guy with all the money
+and diamonds, meaning Splaine, and
+that they meant to rob him. If Josie
+worked with them, like a good girl,
+she would come in for her third of the
+plunder.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Josie professed ignorance. She was
+sure, so help her Mike, cross her heart,
+that she knew nothing about no gent with
+any money or diamonds—no such a party
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>had been near the house in months, worse
+luck. Clare argued awhile with no results,
+and then said he would come back
+a little later and bring his pal. Then Daly
+was introduced to Josie as the extremely
+undesirable citizen who would do the
+strong-arm work. But Josie still insisted
+that she had no idea what they were talking
+about.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>They went out, and within a few minutes
+the two Chicago detectives, Dempsey
+and McFarland, known by Josie as
+officers, came in, described the disguised
+Clare and Daly as two of the most desperate
+“yeggmen” in the country, said
+that they had warrants for them, and
+asked if they had been seen. Josie
+crossed her heart again, and said that
+there had been nobody around there all
+evening—believe her, it was like living
+the simple life, and if things kept on
+bein’ so quiet she’d blow the town and go
+back to Keokuk.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Then, enter the two “Orange Growers”
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>once more, to be warned by the fair
+Josie.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Say, the bulls are after you boys, an’
+you better pull your freight, ‘cause if you
+stay around here they’re goin’ to <em>get</em> you.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Aw, hell!” was the reply, “We’d just
+as lieve kill a cop or anybody else. We
+stick in this house till you tell us where
+we can reach that guy with the money and
+the diamonds—understand?”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Then Josie broke down, and told them
+Splaine had been there early in the evening,
+but had gone away to take a train out
+of town. She did not know the railroad,
+and urged them to leave. This was
+evidently the truth, so they hurried to Police
+Headquarters, telegraphed descriptions
+to other cities with a request that arriving
+trains be watched, and went to bed
+to get a little sleep, so that they could be
+at work early the next morning.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>But in the morning word came from
+the Memphis Police that Splaine had
+been arrested there on alighting from a
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>train, and they thereupon notified New
+York, went to Memphis, secured Splaine
+on extradition papers, and brought him
+back to the metropolis.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c017'><i>The Traps Are Sprung</i></h3>
+
+<p class='c018'>On Saturday afternoon, February 24,
+while most of the energy of the Detective
+Bureau was centered on the taxicab
+case, a brutal murder was committed in
+Brooklyn.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Word came that a Flatbush merchant
+had been found dead in his store, shot by
+unknown criminals whose motive was
+robbery. They had taken his watch and
+five safety razors.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Inspector Hughes was sent to the scene
+of the crime, and Commissioner Dougherty
+quickly followed. The murder occurred
+about one p. m. By six o’clock
+the same day the number of the watch
+had been learned through a canvass of
+jewelers in the neighborhood, it being on
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>record by one of them who had repaired
+it, and the watch and two of the safety
+razors had been found in pawnshops. Descriptions
+of the murderers were obtained,
+and by three o’clock Sunday, the
+following day, their identity had been established.
+Within thirty hours after the
+crime these men had been arrested, positively
+identified as the pawners of the
+stolen articles, and completely tied up in
+their own statements.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>At half-past nine Sunday night, while
+the Commissioner, Inspector Hughes and
+Captain Coughlin, in charge of Brooklyn
+detectives, and Lieutenant Riley were
+winding up their work on this murder
+case, word suddenly came over the telephone
+to Commissioner Dougherty from
+an informant that Eddie Kinsman had
+been seen in New York with “Swede Annie,”
+and that he was accompanied by
+an unknown man, wearing a red necktie,
+supposed to be Gene Splaine. At the
+same time Matron Goodwin, stationed
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>inside Annie’s lodgings, telephoned
+that she had information indicating
+that Kinsman had returned to the
+city.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>When the Commissioner motored over
+to New York, he found his men covering
+a hotel on Third avenue, not far from
+42d street. Kinsman and Annie were inside.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The Commissioner hurried to the 18th
+precinct police station and sent out a call
+for twenty-five detectives. Team work
+on the case had developed to such a degree
+by this time that, though the men
+came from many stations, they were all
+on hand in record time, a matter of
+twenty or thirty minutes. Then a squad
+of these plain-clothes men was sent to
+watch every railroad station and ferry
+house, each accompanied by one of the
+men from “Plant 21,” familiar with Annie
+from having followed her movements
+for a week. Surveillance on the hotel was
+strengthened, and steps taken to ascertain
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>whether the unknown man in the red tie
+was really Splaine.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>While making these arrangements, a
+curious incident occurred, showing how
+small is New York, after all, with its five
+million people. As Dougherty sat in the
+18th precinct station, Detective Rein
+brought in a prisoner arrested for shooting
+a citizen. He was drunk and extremely
+disagreeable, and gave his name
+as “Steigel,” living at 98 Third avenue.
+Something in this address echoed to something
+in Dougherty’s memory—a keen
+one for names, dates, addresses and facts
+generally. He investigated further, and
+found that this prisoner was no other than
+the criminal Molloy, whose urgent need
+of “character witnesses” had played so
+important a part in furnishing the first
+information in the taxicab case.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>By some mischance, these operations
+came to the ears of the newspaper men.
+Word went about, beginning in Brooklyn,
+that important arrests were to be
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>made. The reporters followed the Commissioner
+in a crowd when he refused to
+make a statement. They not only hampered
+the work, but greatly endangered
+the outcome. On the following day, Monday,
+the papers published information
+about the police activities of the night before.
+The hazard here may be appreciated
+when the reader is told that Kinsman
+had been a persistent reader of newspapers
+from the day of the robbery, and
+that it was largely the pessimistic newspaper
+comment upon Montani’s release
+in court that led him to return to New
+York. Deceived by the newspaper chorus
+of “police demoralization,” and the
+easy way in which Montani had got free,
+he concluded that the taxicab investigation
+had been given up as hopeless.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Kinsman was arrested in the Grand
+Central Station at half-past eleven Monday
+morning, with Swede Annie and the
+unknown in the red tie. They were about
+to set out for Boston.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>There were some amusing circumstances
+in the arrest.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Kinsman’s immunity over night, and
+police precaution in deferring the arrest
+until the last moment, on the chance that
+other persons would join the party, gave
+him a false confidence. He afterward admitted
+that ideas of a “pinch” at that time
+were far from his mind.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>When a criminal thought to be dangerous
+is to be arrested in a crowded place
+like the Grand Central Station, police
+officers operate by methods that prevent
+a struggle. As two detectives closed in
+on the party, Kinsman watched one of
+them out of the corner of his eye. While
+a waiter at the “Nutshell Café” he had
+often thrown objectionable guests out onto
+the sidewalk. He now fancied that one
+of the detectives resembled a man he had
+once “bounced,” and was ready to fight if
+attacked.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“I was just folding it up,” he said, referring
+to his fist, “and getting ready to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>land on him when one had me from behind
+and the other in front. Then I knew
+they were cops.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Annie was gorgeously dressed in a new
+blue suit and fine fur coat, bought out of
+the taxicab money. The unknown man
+proved to be Kinsman’s brother, who had
+come down from Boston with him. Kinsman
+had visited his native city before returning
+to New York, but had escaped
+the police net there by stopping at a hotel
+and sending for his brother. He sent a
+grip home by this brother, and it was afterward
+found to contain three packages
+of bills of $250 each in the original wrappers
+of the bank.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>As soon as word of these arrests was
+telephoned to Police Headquarters, the
+other traps were sprung. Detectives
+brought in Montani, Jess Albrazzo and
+Myrtle Horn, the latter, with Annie, being
+held as witnesses.</p>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER III <br /> <span class='small'>HOW THE CRIME WAS HANDLED BY THE POLICE—THE CONFESSIONS</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa_2__6 c016'>Now begins some of the most interesting
+work connected with the
+taxicab case—the examination of
+the first prisoners, which led to confessions,
+the implication of other guilty persons
+not yet under arrest, and the voluntary
+pleas of guilty in court which saved
+costly trials in all but Montani’s case.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>This sort of work is familiar under the
+term of “third degree.” It is popularly
+supposed to be accompanied by force and
+sometimes brutality—and in wrong hands
+often is. Commissioner Dougherty’s experience
+with a commercial detective
+agency, however, has led him to develop
+intelligent methods. The commercial detective
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>organization has none of the
+authority of an official police force, and
+at the same time, through its national operations
+and the general character of its
+work, deals chiefly with the most accomplished
+criminals. Therefore, tact and legal
+subtilty are depended upon in examining
+suspects, and the Commissioner
+long ago learned to get his results mainly
+by straight question and answer. He puts
+his own wits against those of the suspect,
+backed by experience in many other cases.
+He has a practical grasp of criminal psychology,
+as well as many ingenious ways
+of using evidence to the best purpose,
+overwhelming the suspect, and breaking
+down stolidity and deception. Dougherty
+is not only opposed to force in the “third
+degree,” but knows that it is of absolutely
+no use.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The first prisoner examined was Eddie
+Kinsman.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>When he was brought to Police Headquarters
+Kinsman appeared to be thoroughly
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>satisfied with himself, and confident
+that no policeman would get anything
+out of <em>him</em>. He proved to be a
+good-looking young fellow, of athletic
+build, and by no means a fool.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Methods of examination are never
+twice alike, for they depend upon the case
+and the suspect. As a rule, however, when
+the criminal first sits down to answer
+Commissioner Dougherty he is astonished
+by that gentleman’s apparent lack of
+guile, and ignorance of worldly knowledge.
+When Dougherty composes himself
+for an inquiry, he is rather a heavy-looking
+citizen, not unlike a country magistrate,
+and his first questions, put for the
+purpose of determining the suspect’s
+character and previous surroundings, usually
+relate to bald routine matters, such
+as name, age, residence, education, family,
+and so on.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Gee!” thinks the suspect, “This guy
+is the biggest lobster I ever got up
+against! I wonder how he ever got to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>be a police commissioner. He must have
+a strong political pull.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Kinsman was ushered into a large,
+quiet office, where this bureaucratic official
+began by asking his name, birthplace
+and other details.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Will you kindly stand up a minute
+while I get your height?” asked the questioner,
+and Kinsman did so in a patronizing
+way. Then the dull-looking gentleman
+turned back Kinsman’s coat and
+looked at the little label sewed in the inside
+pocket.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“I see that you have been in Chicago
+recently,” he observed. “This suit was
+made by a tailor there. You ordered it
+February 17th, two days after the robbery.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>He looked into Kinsman’s hat.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“That was bought in Chicago, too.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>He examined the label on Kinsman’s
+tie.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“This was also bought in Chicago.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>He turned up the label at the back of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>the neck of the new silk underclothes
+worn by the prisoner.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Those were bought in State street,
+Chicago, and from a very good store, too—I
+know it well.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Kinsman now began to be pugnacious
+and defiant.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“See here!” he said, “You must take
+me for a boob.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Yes, I think you are a boob,” replied
+the Commissioner. “You might as well
+have made your getaway with a brass
+band as to take Swede Annie with you to
+Albany, attracting attention all the way,
+and then send her back to New York with
+a hundred dollars to tell the police where
+you had gone.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Suddenly Lieutenant Riley, personal
+aide, walked into the Commissioner’s office
+carrying a cheap article of millinery—a
+shabby black velvet hat with a row
+of little red roses across the front. Commissioner
+Dougherty apparently grew
+very angry.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>“What do you mean by bringing that
+thing in here now?” he exclaimed. “I
+am not ready for that—take it away.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>This “shot” had been previously arranged,
+of course, but Riley pretended
+to be injured when called by his superior.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Cripes!” exclaimed Kinsman. “Annie’s
+old hat. How did you get that so
+quick?”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Oh, that is only one thing we’ve got
+on you,” replied the Commissioner. “We
+know that you went to Peekskill in a taxicab
+with Annie and Splaine on the afternoon
+of the robbery. We know that you
+took Train 13 to Albany, and where you
+stopped that night, and where you bought
+Annie’s new hat, and how much you paid
+for it, and what train you took to Chicago
+Friday noon. Suppose you tell me something
+more about your movements?”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Kinsman became scornful.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“If you know all that,” he said, “maybe
+you know more about where I went and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>what I did than I do myself. So what
+would be the use of me telling <em>you</em> anything?”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>While certain people were being found
+outside, the Commissioner worked upon
+the prisoner along another line. Enough
+of Kinsman’s personality was now disclosed
+to show that he was vain and egotistical.
+This side of his nature was therefore
+fed with flattery. He was assured
+that the taxicab robbery had been a wonderful
+“stick-up.” Everybody in New
+York had been astonished. The whole
+country was talking about it, and about
+him. He must be an awfully bright, cunning
+fellow to have planned and carried
+out such a piece of crime.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Kinsman warmed up genially under
+this admiration, and seemed to be more
+confident than ever that so shrewd a
+young man as himself would have little
+difficulty in fooling the police.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>But presently self-satisfaction was subjected
+to shock after shock.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>Detectives were bringing in Montani,
+Myrtle Hoyt, Rose Levy, Mrs. Sullivan,
+the landlady with whom Kinsman had
+lived, and her housekeeper. Jess Albrazzo
+was under arrest. Kinsman’s
+brother was there for examination, and
+Inspector Hughes and Lieutenant Riley
+were bringing in startling intelligence
+every few minutes.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The housekeeper was ushered in, and
+told how Kinsman had given her five dollars
+from a huge roll of bills before leaving
+for Peekskill.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Commissioner Waldo came in and sat
+while Mrs. Sullivan told what she knew
+about her late lodger.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Kinsman’s brother gave information
+about the former’s movements from the
+time he had arrived in Boston until he
+brought him to New York to have a good
+time, and Kinsman knew that at the home
+of his parents in Boston the police would
+surely find money in the original wrappers
+of the bank.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>The prisoner was put under pressure
+to explain how a man like himself, known
+to be working as a waiter in a cheap resort,
+could suddenly have come into possession
+of such sums. Statements from
+the women in the case had been secured,
+and were produced, and finally Kinsman
+was brought to detailed admissions, one
+by one. He agreed that it was true he
+had gone to Peekskill in a taxicab with
+Annie and Splaine, that he had gone to
+Albany, had bought Annie a hat there,
+had gone to Chicago, and so forth. Opportunities
+were given him to see Montani
+and Jess, under arrest. Nothing but
+the truth was told him, yet by degrees he
+was led to see himself surrounded on all
+sides by evidence and confessing accomplices.
+At last he broke down completely,
+his vain self-confidence destroyed, and
+made a detailed confession.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Kinsman’s story brought up fresh circumstances
+and new actors in the taxicab
+case.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>He told how he had come to New York
+nine months before, to have a good time
+and make money, and how, after going
+penniless and hungry, and getting a few
+dollars for taking part in a boxing match,
+he had become a waiter at the “Nutshell
+Café.” There he soon made the acquaintance
+of criminals, meeting Gene Splaine,
+“Dutch” Keller, “Joe the Kid,” “Scotty
+the Lamb” and other characters who were
+afterward to assist in the taxi robbery.
+There he also met “Swede Annie” and
+became her sweetheart, and finally, Jess
+Albrazzo, a dark little Italian who
+seemed to exert marked influence over
+all the others. It was from Jess that
+Kinsman first heard about the plan to rob
+a taxicab carrying money to a bank. This
+“swell job” was discussed, and Jess told
+him he had a friend named Montani who
+carried the bank’s cash, and would cooperate
+in stealing it. The job would be
+easy, because Montani would run the cab
+through a side street, and the only guard
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>was an old man and a boy, neither of
+them armed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>One Sunday night, two weeks before
+the crime, Jess took Kinsman and other
+accomplices over the route, after all had
+drunk themselves into optimistic mood,
+and pointed out the bank from which the
+money was drawn, the streets through
+which Montani would run, the place
+where the gang could board the cab, and
+the point at which they could leave it and
+escape uptown. Details were discussed.
+There was a difference of opinion as to
+methods, and the plotters parted that
+night with the understanding that each
+would submit his own ideas of how the
+robbery could be most effectively and
+safely carried out. Eventually there was
+a definite agreement as to boarding the
+cab, preventing an outcry, making the
+getaway and splitting up the money.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>According to Montani’s information,
+the bank messengers usually carried between
+$75,000 and $100,000. When the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>day for the robbery had been set, word
+suddenly came that there would not be so
+large a sum. This was disappointing, but
+the gang decided to put their project
+through, nevertheless. Kinsman was busy
+at the café, where he worked until four
+o’clock on the morning of February 15,
+and “Dutch” called for him several
+times, asking if he was going to “lay down
+on the job.” Finally Kinsman got away,
+went to a room in a lodging house taken
+by “Dutch,” and found the gang all there
+smoking and drinking. At five o’clock
+they all went to sleep. At eight everybody
+was awakened. “Dutch” and Splaine took
+blackjacks, and offered Kinsman a revolver,
+which he refused, saying he could
+take care of himself with his hands, being
+a boxer. There were six in the party—Kinsman,
+“Dutch,” Splaine, “Joe the
+Kid,” Jess and “Scotty the Lamb,” whose
+part was to stumble in front of Montani’s
+cab at the place selected for the boarding,
+and thus give the chauffeur a colorable
+reason for slackening speed if eye-witnesses
+afterward called his honesty into
+question. The gang had breakfast in a
+cheap restaurant, stopped for a drink at
+the saloon of “Jimmie the Push” in
+Thompson street, where the booty was to
+be divided, and proceeded downtown, after
+parting with Jess. The latter was the
+organizer, and took no part in the robbery;
+as he explained, he was known as
+a friend of Montani’s, and wanted to arrange
+so that he could prove an alibi if
+suspected, proving that he had not been
+near the scene of the crime when it was
+committed.</p>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+<div id='scotty'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/image121.jpg' alt='“Scotty” Receives Final Instructions' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>“Scotty” Receives Final Instructions</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>At that saloon they had met a trio of
+Italian criminals known as the “Three
+Brigands,” who said they were not to take
+part in the robbery, but would be on hand
+to see that it was vigorously put through.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Arrived upon the ground, at Church
+street and Trinity Place, Splaine and
+Kinsman waited on the west side of the
+thoroughfare, while “Dutch” and “Joe
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>the Kid” stood on the opposite side.
+“Scotty the Lamb” posted himself fifty
+feet off.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>As Montani’s cab came speeding along,
+“Dutch” raised his hat as a signal. “Scotty
+the Lamb” did not have time to step in
+front of the vehicle before it slackened,
+and the robbers were aboard. “Dutch”
+opened one door and struck the old bank
+teller, Wilbur Smith, and “Joe the Kid”
+boosted Splaine in on the other side,
+where he assaulted young Wardle. Kinsman
+mounted the seat beside Montani,
+and the latter put on full speed, telling
+Kinsman to point his finger at his side as
+though he had a revolver. The cab
+slipped past trucks and dodged pedestrians.
+Kinsman said he seemed to see
+policemen everywhere, and was dazed
+when the vehicle stopped at Park Place
+and Church street. All the criminals got
+off there, “Dutch” lugging the brown bag
+containing the money. Splaine and
+“Dutch” were both covered with the bank
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>guards’ blood. Taking Kinsman, they
+jumped aboard a street car. It was
+crowded. Several passengers noticed the
+bloody men, but were told that there had
+been a fight, and the occurrence was not
+reported to the police. After riding two
+or three blocks they got off, boarded an
+elevated train, rode to Bleeker street, and
+went to a back room in “Jimmie the
+Push’s” saloon, where the money was to
+be divided. Here they found Jess and
+the “Three Brigands,” and the latter now
+set up a claim for a share in the booty.
+Matteo, leader of the trio, pulled out a
+revolver, and there was a discussion.
+Finally the bag was opened, and found to
+contain $25,000. There were three packages
+of $5,000 each and one of $10,000.
+Matteo grabbed the latter package, saying
+that his gang was to get $3,000 apiece,
+and that the odd $1,000 would go for
+“fall money” to get Molloy out of jail in
+Brooklyn. The robbers then divided the
+remainder, Jess taking $3,000 for himself
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>and another $3,000 for Montani, Splaine
+getting $3,000, Kinsman $2,750, “Joe the
+Kid” $250 and “Scotty the Lamb” nothing.
+Kinsman then told how he had
+called for Swede Annie, and left town
+in a taxicab, going as far as Peekskill, to
+avoid the police at the Grand Central
+Station.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c017'><i>Jess Confesses and Assists</i></h3>
+
+<p class='c018'>The next prisoner examined was Jess
+Albrazzo, a dark little Italian, who appeared
+to be somewhat ignorant.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>In this examination the Commissioner
+had ample outside proof, and he also employed
+what he calls his “psychological
+study.” Years ago, in dealing with negro
+suspects in Southern crime, Dougherty
+devised a little instrument which he
+dubbed his “lie watch.” This was a dial
+with a needle, hung round the suspect’s
+neck. If the latter told the truth, the
+needle presumably pointed to “Truth,”
+and if he didn’t, it pointed to “Lie.” Being
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>out of the suspect’s sight, it had a
+strong effect.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>From that, Dougherty went into studies
+of the mental states of suspects under
+examination, and found rough physiological
+indications which he uses as a guide
+to the integrity of the suspect. Investigations
+of European criminal experts like
+Professor Hans Gross amply demonstrate
+that there is a real scientific basis for such
+methods.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Dougherty took it a little easier with
+Jess. They sat down, and the Commissioner
+went over the Italian’s movements
+for the past few months, showing him
+how thoroughly he was implicated. Jess
+had worked for Montani, and been intimate
+with the rest of the taxicab “mob.”
+He and Montani were confronted with
+each other, and points brought out in
+Kinsman’s confession were skillfully used.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>At one point in this examination the
+Commissioner rose from his desk, took
+the lobe of Jess’s ear between his thumb
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>and finger, pinched it slightly, looked at
+the ear closely, and then walked out of
+the room.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Jess was all on edge with curiosity.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Why did he pinch my ear?” he asked
+of Lieutenant Riley.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“To see if you are telling the truth,”
+was the answer, and in a moment the
+Commissioner came back and examined
+that ear again.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Yes, he’s lying,” he declared. “Look
+at his ear—can’t you see it yourself?”
+Others were invited to look at Jess’s ear,
+and the little Italian became so curious
+that he actually tried to look around the
+side of his skull and see his own ear!</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>This psychological study was backed
+up with abundant proof that Jess had not
+told the whole truth. Presently he weakened
+and confessed. He told how he had
+handed $2,000 in a collar box to “Jimmie
+the Push” on the day of the robbery,
+which was to be taken to a Bowery bank
+and put in a safe-deposit vault for Montani.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>He agreed to accompany the police
+to Jimmie’s place in Thompson street, and
+late that evening a party made up
+of Commissioner Dougherty, Inspector
+Hughes and Lieutenant Riley went there,
+taking Jess along.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Jimmie the Push’s” place is one of the
+most picturesque thieves’ resorts in lower
+New York.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Typical of the old village,” as Dougherty
+puts it. “In fact, this whole case has
+a strong flavor of the little old village of
+New York.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Jimmie was out when they got there,
+but this saloon was in charge of the biggest,
+swarthiest Italian bartender in town,
+a tough Hercules weighing somewhere
+around three hundred pounds. The room
+was crowded with motley characters,
+drinking beverages known to the neighborhood
+as “shocks” and “high hats.” For
+their edification, a tramp magician was
+taking coins out of his ears, his nose and
+the air.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>Jess was not known to be under arrest,
+and immediately sent a boy called
+“Reddy” to fetch the proprietor, who had
+known the three police officers for years.
+Presently Reddy came back and said that
+Jimmie would come in about half an
+hour, as he was playing cards and had a
+fine hand.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Reddy was sent back to impress upon
+Jimmie that Jess wanted to see him
+right away—it was very important. In
+about two minutes, just as the Commissioner
+had bought a “high hat”
+for everybody in his party, Jimmie appeared.
+He was told that Jess had got
+into trouble in connection with the taxicab
+robbery, and asked about the money
+in the safe deposit vault. “Jimmie the
+Push,” with his partner, Bob Deilio, had
+by this time been implicated themselves,
+for it was clear that the money had been
+divided in their resort, and that probably
+they had taken part in the planning, and
+the decidedly one-sided division of the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>spoils. Jimmie was led to believe that he
+did not rest under suspicion, however,
+and that he was only asked to aid the police.
+He said Jess had handed him a collar
+box on the day of the robbery, asking
+him to put it in a vault in his own name,
+but that he had had no idea what the box
+contained, and had left it lying behind
+the bar for a couple of days before he got
+a chance to go to the bank with it. He
+readily promised to appear at Police
+Headquarters the following morning,
+bring the key to the safe deposit box, and
+help recover the money. Thereupon the
+police officials bade him good night and
+went away. But no chances were taken
+on “Jimmie the Push.” From that moment
+he was shadowed.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>That Monday was a busy day in many
+other ways.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Developments came thick and fast.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Kinsman’s home in Boston was visited,
+and $750 of the bank money recovered in
+the original wrappers. It had laid in his
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>grip, unknown to the honest Kinsman
+family.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Swede Annie, Myrtle Horn and a
+girl named Rose Levy were examined,
+quickly broke down, and made tearful
+statements to be used in evidence. These
+women were held only as witnesses, and
+as the case cleared up after a few days’
+detention, were released.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The girl, Rose Levy, greatly attracted
+the Commissioner. She was only nineteen
+years old, a mild-mannered little Jewess
+with jet black hair and very remarkable
+eyes. The Commissioner went into details
+of her personal story. It seems that
+she had left her home in Brooklyn two
+months before, after a quarrel with her
+mother, and had come to New York looking
+for a position. But she quickly fell
+into the lower world, became known
+as Jess’s girl, and was ambitious to be
+“one of the gang.” After a fatherly talk
+she was persuaded to return to her home
+and live a decent life. But within a week
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>she was back in New York again, in her
+old haunts, trying to raise money to help
+Jess, for whom, she told the Commissioner,
+she would willingly work for the
+rest of her days.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Before visiting Jimmie’s saloon the
+Commissioner called up the “Orange
+Growers” in Chicago, had a long talk
+with them, told what progress was being
+made, and put new life into them.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c017'><i>More Money Recovered</i></h3>
+
+<p class='c018'>True to his word, “Jimmie the Push”
+walked into Police Headquarters at nine
+o’clock Tuesday morning, February 27,
+closely followed by his unseen shadowers.
+He produced the key of the safe-deposit
+vault, and went with officers to see the
+money recovered. There was $2,000, as
+Jess had stated, still in the wrappers of
+the bank. Jimmie was still permitted to
+go free, under the impression that he had
+come through the ordeal “clean,” while
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>fresh evidence was being obtained against
+him.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>That morning the Commissioner also
+took Kinsman down over the route of the
+robbery, to have him explain it in his own
+way. This was done to strengthen the
+case against Montani, and upset his story
+in court.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Then “Scotty the Lamb” was located,
+arrested, brought to headquarters and led
+to confess. “Scotty the Lamb” was in
+some respects a pathetic figure in the case,
+and also a humorous one. He had been
+in charge of the lunch kitchen at the Arch
+Café when Jess owned it, and later
+worked as a dishwasher in a Washington
+Square hotel. A Scotch youth, from Glasgow,
+he had been in this country about
+four years, and while no criminal record
+appeared against him, he was plainly in
+the company of thieves most of the time.
+According to his statement, he had been
+promised $25 for doing some work for
+Jess, and without inquiring into the nature
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>of it at all, had shown up with the
+gang and gone along to do his minor part
+of a “stall,” stumbling in front of the
+cab. But before he could get out into the
+street, the cab had been boarded. So poor
+“Scotty the Lamb,” without a nickel for
+carfare, plodded all the way uptown
+again to the saloon where the money was
+to be divided, and got nothing whatever.
+He was a cheerful soul, however, and the
+life of the party when the gang was
+locked up, cracking jokes, and taking the
+view that, as sentences ought to be proportioned
+to the amount of money each
+member of the gang had got in the division,
+and he had got nothing, he might
+be let off with six months’ imprisonment.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“Scotty, haven’t you got any overcoat?”
+asked Inspector Hughes, sympathetically,
+as they were going to court one brisk
+morning. “Did you <em>ever</em> have an overcoat,
+Scotty?”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>“No, sir, I never had an overcoat,” replied
+Scotty, and then as he thought of
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>his prospects for going to prison, added
+drolly, “And now I don’t expect, sir, that
+I ever will!”</p>
+
+<h3 class='c017'><i>The Fine Italian Hand</i></h3>
+
+<p class='c018'>The next step in the case was that of
+arresting “Jimmie the Push” and his partner,
+Bob Deilio.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Another phase of the robbery now began
+to come out plainly.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Up to the present time the main burden
+of proof pointed to the four “hold-up”
+men of American birth as the chief actors
+in the crime. Montani and Jess, the two
+Italians, appeared to be accessories.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>But as the tangled threads were unravelled,
+one by one, it was found that
+the Italians involved outnumbered the
+American thugs, and that furthermore
+they had outwitted them.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>When Bob Deilio was arrested he drew
+$215 in five-dollar bills out of his pocket
+and handed it to the police, admitting
+that it was part of $5,500 of the stolen
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>money. The rest, he asserted, had just
+been paid for rent of the two resorts operated
+by “Jimmie the Push” and himself.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Jimmie and Bob were taken to Police
+Headquarters and examined, with Jess
+present. Commissioner Dougherty played
+one against the other so skillfully, with
+cross-questions and counter pressure, that
+in a little while each was excitedly telling
+tales on his two companions with the
+desperate hope of clearing himself, and
+denunciations flew back and forth among
+the trio as evidence came out that was
+likely to send them all to prison. Their
+confessions were obtained, and used in a
+new effort to break down Montani. But
+this was without results. The little Italian
+chauffeur still stuck doggedly to his original
+story.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>From these new confessions it appeared
+that the Italians had planned the
+crime, enlisted the American hold-up
+men to carry out the dirty work, and laid
+a counter-plot for holding them up in
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>turn when the money was divided. The
+“Three Brigands” were ostensibly offered
+a chance to take part in the actual
+robbery, but refused on the plea that it
+would be too risky, and that they did not
+believe Montani could carry it out successfully.
+On the morning of the crime
+they walked north over the route. When
+they met the taxicab coming south, with
+a policeman on the seat beside Montani
+and two unconscious bank messengers inside,
+they knew that the project had succeeded.
+So the “Three Brigands” hurried
+uptown to “Jimmie the Push’s” saloon.
+They got there so quickly that they
+were ahead of the robbers. Jess made a
+rehearsed protest when they insisted in
+sharing in the plunder, but the “Three
+Brigands” drew revolvers, threatened to
+make a disturbance that would bring in
+the police, and finally helped themselves
+to $10,000. When the thugs who had done
+the actual work left the saloon, they had
+only $8,000 all told. The Italians, who
+had “played safe” at every point, had
+$17,000.</p>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div id='brigands'  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/image139.jpg' alt='“The Brigands” “Stick-up” the Hold-up Men for Theirs' class='ig001' />
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p>“The Brigands” “Stick-up” the Hold-up Men for Theirs</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>
+  <h3 class='c017'><i>One of the Brigands Comes In</i></h3>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c018'>The actual whereabouts of the “Three
+Brigands” was not known to the police
+then. But there were certain channels
+through which news might reach at least
+one of them. Word was sent through
+those channels, therefore, that it might
+be best for them to appear and give an
+account of themselves, and on Friday,
+March 1, just at the time Splaine had
+been brought back from Memphis, the
+little leader of the brigands, Matteo Arbrano,
+an undersized Italian wearing
+spectacles, who had carried out the job
+of robbing the hold-up men, surrendered
+himself to the District Attorney.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Arbrano said that he had divided his
+$10,000 with his two companions, Gonzales
+and Cavaquero, and immediately
+left New York, taking a steamer for
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>Mexico by way of Havana. At the latter
+city he stopped over night, met a woman
+and accompanied her to a resort, was
+drugged and robbed of $2,700, and woke
+on the Prado with only $100 left, a single
+bill that had been concealed in his shoe.
+With that he returned to New York. The
+story is regarded by the police as more
+picturesque than convincing. It is probable
+that Matteo’s share of the plunder,
+with that of other Italians involved, has
+been carefully “planted.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Pauli Gonzales, another of the brigands,
+was traced to Vera Cruz, Mexico.
+In the present state of that country, however,
+it was found impossible to arrest
+and extradite him upon the evidence at
+hand.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Three other persons concerned in the
+robbery are still at large at this writing—“Dutch”
+Keller, “Joe the Kid,” and
+an “unknown” whose identity is concealed
+for police reasons.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>Montani pleaded “Not guilty,” and
+stood trial. After two days, exactly a
+month and a day subsequent to the robbery,
+he was convicted by a jury, and sentenced
+to not less than ten years and not
+more than eighteen years and two months
+in prison, with hard labor.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>A word must be said about the prompt
+action of the District Attorney’s office in
+the taxicab case. Where crime has had
+such publicity there is an opportunity to
+make a demonstration of great value by
+pressing the prosecutions. It was not
+lost. Under Assistant Charles C. Nott,
+Jr., evidence was succinctly laid before
+judges and juries, the trials finished in
+a matter of hours, and convictions and
+sentences secured within six weeks after
+the robbery. Furthermore, the various
+sentences were just, being carefully
+graded according to the part played by
+each offender, his character and previous
+record, and his individual effort
+in facilitating justice.</p>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+<table class='table1' summary=''>
+<colgroup>
+<col width='23%' />
+<col width='17%' />
+<col width='17%' />
+<col width='17%' />
+<col width='22%' />
+</colgroup>
+  <tr><td class='c022' colspan='5'><span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span></td></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th class='c023'><i>Name</i></th>
+    <th class='c023'><i>Arrested</i></th>
+    <th class='c023'><i>Pleaded</i></th>
+    <th class='c023'><i>Sentenced</i></th>
+    <th class='c009'><i>Sentence</i></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c024'><span class='sc'>Montani, Geno</span></td>
+    <td class='c024'>Feb. 26,’12</td>
+    <td class='c024'>Feb. 29,’12</td>
+    <td class='c024'>Mch. 16,’12</td>
+    <td class='c025'>Not less than 10 yrs. nor more than 18 yrs. 2 mos. Judge Seabury.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c024'><span class='sc'>Kinsman, Edw.</span></td>
+    <td class='c024'>Feb. 26,’12</td>
+    <td class='c024'>Mch. 1,’12</td>
+    <td class='c024'>April 9,’12</td>
+    <td class='c025'>Not less than 3 yrs. nor more than 6 yrs. Judge Crain.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c024'><span class='sc'>Splaine, Eugene</span></td>
+    <td class='c024'>Mch. 2,’12</td>
+    <td class='c024'>Mch. 4,’12</td>
+    <td class='c024'>Mch. 25,’12</td>
+    <td class='c025'>Not less than 7 yrs. 6 mos. nor more than 14 yrs. 6 mos. Judge Seabury.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c024'><span class='sc'>Delio, Robert</span></td>
+    <td class='c024'>Feb. 28,’12</td>
+    <td class='c024'>Mch. 4,’12</td>
+    <td class='c024'>Mch. 29,’12</td>
+    <td class='c025'>Not less than 2 yrs. 6 mos. nor more than 4 yrs. 2 mos. Judge Seabury.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c024'><span class='sc'>Pasquale, James</span><br /><span class='small'>(“Jimmie the Push”)</span></td>
+    <td class='c024'>Feb. 28,’12</td>
+    <td class='c024'>Mch. 4,’12</td>
+    <td class='c024'>April 8,’12</td>
+    <td class='c025'>6 mos. Penitent’ry. Judge Davis.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c024'><span class='sc'>Lamb, Joseph</span><br /><span class='small'>(“Scotty the Lamb”)</span></td>
+    <td class='c024'>Feb. 27,’12</td>
+    <td class='c024'>Mch. 18,’12</td>
+    <td class='c024'>Mch. 29,’12</td>
+    <td class='c025'>Indeterminate sentence, Elmira. Judge Seabury.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c024'><span class='sc'>Arbrano, Matteo</span></td>
+    <td class='c024'>Mch. 2,’12</td>
+    <td class='c024'>April 3,’12</td>
+    <td class='c026'></td>
+    <td class='c025'>2 to 4 years. Judge Davis.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c024'><span class='sc'>Albrazzo, Jess</span></td>
+    <td class='c024'>Mch. 26,’12</td>
+    <td class='c024'>Mch. 18,’12</td>
+    <td class='c026'></td>
+    <td class='c025'>3 to 6 years. Judge Davis.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c001' />
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>
+  <h2 class='c005'>FINAL <br /> <span class='small'>A WORD ABOUT THE NEW YORK POLICE</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='drop-capa_2__6 c016'>It has been the writer’s good fortune
+to look into the work of both the London
+and the New York policemen
+recently, within the same year.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>A somewhat embarrassing point arose.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>In London, the “bobby” was anxious to
+know which police force the writer considered
+best. The “bobby” gets his ideas
+of the New York “cop” from such accounts
+as filter through the cable dispatches
+from our newspapers. He hears
+chiefly the worst, and pictures the “cop”
+as a lawless individual, wielding pistol
+and club indiscriminately, with whom it
+is not safe to pass a civil word. So, when
+he puts his little question about the respective
+merits of the two organizations,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>he reserves the right to keep his opinion
+that the London force is best anyway.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>In New York, it is much the same. The
+“cop” has heard just enough about the
+“bobby” to regard him with mild tolerance.
+He pictures him as a policeman
+servile to the last degree, thankfully accepting
+sixpenny tips from pedestrians,
+and occupied chiefly with unarmed
+thieves and harmless political offenders.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>When one has good friends in both
+forces, the question “Which do you think
+best?” is to be met with tactful evasions.
+And the more one thinks it over, the more
+it becomes clear that there is really little
+difference at bottom. Both police organizations
+are made up of good men, following
+the same trade along the same
+lines, and dealing with about the same
+general conditions.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The London “bobby,” however, enjoys
+excellent leadership, is governed by a
+definite administrative policy, has the
+backing of the courts, and therefore
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>comes in for a general public good will
+which is exceedingly useful to him in the
+performance of duty.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The New York “cop” rather lacks public
+good will. Administrative policy has
+not been well defined in the past. The
+courts do not always accept his evidence,
+much less back him up, and he has been
+made the scapegoat for various shortcomings
+in leadership.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>But to-day the New York policeman
+is working on an entirely new basis. Before
+long his public is certain to understand
+and like him as thoroughly as London
+does its “bobby.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The change began with Mayor Gaynor,
+who insisted that both policeman and
+citizen have plain legal rights—until the
+citizen has committed a crime the policeman
+may not arrest him. The policeman
+has plain rights—the law empowers him
+to use all necessary force in making arrests
+in grave cases. But force must not
+be used for minor offenses. Confusion
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>existed on these points to such a degree
+that when the Mayor began insisting
+upon them, many people thought he was
+putting into effect some of his personal
+whims. But they are all in the statute
+books, and many of them were there before
+the Mayor was born, because they
+are constitutional.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The present Police Commissioner,
+Rhinelander Waldo, is not only administering
+the department along the strict legal
+line pointed out by the Mayor, but
+is effecting improvements of organization
+and method that must favorably alter the
+whole future of the service.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Commissioner Waldo is a soldier, with
+a record of service in the United States
+Army, and the Army’s fine standards to
+guide him.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>In some ways the administration of the
+New York Police Department is a soldier’s
+job. If the ten thousand members
+were mobilized, they would make quite
+an impressive little standing army, with
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>eight or ten full regiments of patrolmen,
+a brigade of cavalry, a small transport
+corps, a little navy, and so forth. As in
+an army, too, the men are enlisted, and
+may only be discharged for serious offenses.
+It is a force scattered over three
+hundred square miles of territory. The
+leader must be skillful in laying down
+regulations, and handling men in the mass
+rather than by personal contact. He must
+define duty plainly, hold everybody to
+it, eliminate departmental politics and
+abuses. Every man, wherever he is stationed,
+must feel that the general knows
+his business, that he lays down regulations
+for good reasons, and that day by day he
+is taking the organization somewhere.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>For years, every Police Commissioner
+has asked for more men to keep pace with
+the growing city. When Waldo took
+charge he asked, too. While he was waiting,
+however, he overhauled the organization
+and got one thousand additional
+patrolmen by cutting off men detailed for
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>clerical and other special duty. Every
+large working force tends to create superfluous
+routine work. The useless routine
+was eliminated by better accounting methods,
+and the men sent back to do the street
+duty for which they originally enlisted.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Then Waldo’s system of “fixed posts”
+was introduced. Complaints that policemen
+were hard to find at night had become
+common. So the platoon on duty
+from 11 p. m. to 7 a. m. was distributed
+by a plan under which the men work in
+pairs, one patrolling a given beat and the
+other standing on a street intersection.
+Each hour they change places, or oftener
+in severe weather. The fixed posts are
+about a thousand feet apart all over Manhattan
+and parts of Brooklyn. The system
+has been indiscriminately criticised,
+but produces its results. Fire losses were
+cut down the first six months, night crime
+has decreased, and many notable arrests
+are due to the fact that policemen stand
+all over town like checkers through the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>night. The exposure is no greater than
+that endured by traffic men. The men
+have better opportunities to advance
+themselves by making meritorious arrests,
+and the Commissioner knows that, as citizens
+see the police on duty, night after
+night, and crime decreases, there will be
+a growing good will for the department.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>The Detective Bureau has not only
+been reorganized so that plain-clothes
+men are distributed over the whole city,
+but a new spirit has been introduced. Formerly,
+when the patrolman rose to detective
+rank, he felt that he had “arrived.”
+No longer wearing the uniform or keeping
+scheduled hours, he was in danger of
+going to sleep. To-day, however, the detective
+has, not a job, but an opportunity.
+He must maintain his rank by results, or
+be reduced. To help him do this, he is
+taught methods in the school for detectives.
+But he knows that hundreds of
+ambitious men in brass buttons are working
+to attain that rank.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>In an organization of ten thousand
+men, it would be strange if there were not
+some intriguing and politics. New York
+policemen are exceptionally shrewd, and
+occasionally they will try to “put one
+over” on the Commissioner, going around
+his authority. But Commissioner Waldo
+has proved singularly resourceful. He
+meets such an emergency with the quickness,
+certainty and impartiality of a natural
+force like gravity, and the department
+has found it out.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>He has laid out a clear path for advancement
+all through the department.
+The newest uniformed patrolman understands
+that, for meritorious work, he will
+have a chance of promotion. If he makes
+a commendable arrest, he is sent to the
+Detective Bureau, given instruction, and
+tried at detective work. If he makes
+good, he stays. If unfitted for plain-clothes
+duty, he has still had his chance.
+What is just as important, the Detective
+Bureau has had a chance to see him.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>Under Commissioner Waldo and Deputy
+Commissioner Dougherty, the so-called
+“Black Hand” crimes among
+Italians have been checked, and will be
+stopped. Many of these cases were traced
+to sensational reporting of ordinary quarrels
+and assaults, and others to business
+rivalries. In the serious cases, arrests
+have been made and convictions secured.</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>Another well-known form of law-breaking
+in New York is gambling. This
+is particularly difficult to check because
+of ingenuity in concealing evidence, developed
+by long experience on the part
+of the law-breakers, and also the strong
+political alliances of gambling-house
+keepers. But after several experiments in
+dealing with it, the Commissioner now
+feels confident that he has a method
+which will result in the suppression of
+gambling, and that, as he says, “When
+you put a crimp into things of that sort
+they don’t generally come back.”</p>
+
+<p class='c007'>In other directions red tape has been
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>abolished and economies brought about;
+the way has been opened for individual
+merit in all ranks; steps have been taken
+to develop and teach better methods; the
+work of the department has been brought
+closer to the public. There is a new spirit
+in the New York Police Department to-day—a
+spirit certain to develop the
+public good will and appreciation that is
+so necessary to the best order of public
+service.</p>
+
+<hr class='c014' />
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c027'>
+    <div>SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE POLICE</div>
+    <div>DEPARTMENT OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c028'>The Police Department of the City of New York is made
+up as follows:</p>
+
+  <dl class='dl_1'>
+    <dt>&nbsp;</dt>
+    <dd>Commissioner and four Deputy Commissioners
+    </dd>
+    <dt>19</dt>
+    <dd>Inspectors
+    </dd>
+    <dt>25</dt>
+    <dd>Surgeons
+    </dd>
+    <dt>95</dt>
+    <dd>Captains
+    </dd>
+    <dt>624</dt>
+    <dd>Lieutenants
+    </dd>
+    <dt>586</dt>
+    <dd>Sergeants
+    </dd>
+    <dt>8,585</dt>
+    <dd>Patrolmen
+    </dd>
+    <dt>191</dt>
+    <dd>Doormen
+    </dd>
+    <dt>69</dt>
+    <dd>Matrons
+    </dd>
+    <dt>1</dt>
+    <dd>Superintendent of Telegraph
+    </dd>
+    <dt>2</dt>
+    <dd>Assistant Superintendents of Telegraph
+    </dd>
+    <dt>1</dt>
+    <dd>Chief Lineman
+    </dd>
+    <dt>5</dt>
+    <dd>Linemen
+    </dd>
+    <dt>2</dt>
+    <dd>Boiler Inspectors
+    </dd>
+    <dt>------</dt>
+    <dd>&nbsp;
+    </dd>
+    <dt>10,207</dt>
+    <dd>Total uniform force
+    </dd>
+    </dl>
+
+<p class='c028'><span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>Of this number, 500 are detectives in civilian dress.</p>
+
+<p class='c028'>In addition, there are over 247 civilians employed in clerical
+capacity.</p>
+
+<p class='c028'>There are 6 automobiles and 161 other vehicles, including
+patrol wagons, used by the Department. Also 679 horses for
+mounted patrolmen.</p>
+
+<p class='c028'>The Harbor Squad numbers: 1 Captain, 7 Lieutenants, 9
+Sergeants, 36 Patrolmen, 2 Doormen, besides civilians employed
+as engineers, firemen, oilers, deck-hands, etc.</p>
+
+<p class='c028'>It is provided with one vessel of 235 tons, five launches,
+two dories, and six boats.</p>
+
+<p class='c028'>These boats patrol about 340 miles of water front.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Great Taxicab Robbery, by James H. Collins
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+</pre>
+
+  </body>
+  <!-- created with ppgen.py 3.56b on 2016-09-25 19:22:33 GMT -->
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diff --git a/old/53145-h/images/image121.jpg b/old/53145-h/images/image121.jpg
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