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diff --git a/old/53141-h/53141-h.htm b/old/53141-h/53141-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index d952adf..0000000 --- a/old/53141-h/53141-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8158 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> -<head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> -<title>Popular Official Guide to The New York Zoological Park, by William T. Hornaday: a Project Gutenberg eBook</title> -<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://dublincore.org/documents/1998/09/dces/" /> -<meta name="author" content="William T. Hornaday" /> -<meta name="DC.Creator" content="William T. 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margin-left:0; text-indent:0; }</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Popular Official Guide to the New York -Zoological Park (September 1915), by William T. Hornaday - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Popular Official Guide to the New York Zoological Park (September 1915) - Thirteenth Edition - -Author: William T. Hornaday - -Release Date: September 24, 2016 [EBook #53141] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO NY ZOOLOGICAL PARK, 1915 *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Popular Official Guide to The New York Zoological Park" width="500" height="752" /> -</div> -<div class="img" id="c52"> -<img src="images/map_lr.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="833" /> -<p class="pcap">NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK<br /><a class="ab1" href="images/map_hr.jpg">High-resolution Map</a></p> -</div> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr><td class="l">Administration Bldg., 8 </td><td class="r">D 4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Alaskan House, 32 </td><td class="r">H 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Alligator Pool, 36 </td><td class="r">H 4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Antelope House, 50 </td><td class="r">J 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Bear Dens, 37 </td><td class="r">H 5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Beaver Pond, 29 </td><td class="r">G 5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Biological Laboratory, 28 A </td><td class="r">G 4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Bird House, Aquatic, 5 </td><td class="r">D 2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Bird House, Large, 7 </td><td class="r">D 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Bison, 51 </td><td class="r">J 5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Boat House, 54 </td><td class="r">M 6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Buffalo Herd, 52 </td><td class="r">J 6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Burrowing Animals, 42 </td><td class="r">I 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Cage, Flying, 4 </td><td class="r">C 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Camel House, 39 </td><td class="r">I 2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Deer House, Small, 49 </td><td class="r">I 2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Deer, American, 30 </td><td class="r">H 2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Deer, Asiatic, 1 </td><td class="r">C-D 2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Deer, Axis and Sika, 2 </td><td class="r">C 2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Deer, Fallow, 53 </td><td class="r">K 4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Deer, Red, 10 </td><td class="r">D 2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Duck Aviary, 3 </td><td class="r">C 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Eagle and Vulture Aviary, 11 </td><td class="r">E 2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Elephant House, 20 </td><td class="r">F 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Elk Range, 21 </td><td class="r">G 2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Feed Barn, 27 </td><td class="r">G 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Flying Cage, 4 </td><td class="r">C 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Fountain, Rockefeller, 13 </td><td class="r">D 4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Fountains, Drinking, </td><td class="r">D 2, H 2, M 7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Fox Dens, 23 </td><td class="r">G 2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Lion House, 15 </td><td class="r">E 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Llama House, 38 </td><td class="r">I 2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Lydig Arch, 47 </td><td class="r">I 5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Mammal House, Small, 35 </td><td class="r">H 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Mountain Sheep Hill, 44 </td><td class="r">I 4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Musk Oxen, 48 </td><td class="r">I 2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Nursery, 18 </td><td class="r">E 9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Ostrich House, 43 </td><td class="r">I 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Otter Pools, 31 </td><td class="r">H 2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Pavilion, Shelter, 26 </td><td class="r">G 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Pheasant Aviary, 40 </td><td class="r">I 2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Polar Bear Den, 37 </td><td class="r">H 5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Prairie Dogs, 41 </td><td class="r">I 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Primate House, 17 </td><td class="r">E 4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Puma and Lynx House, 33 A </td><td class="r">H 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Raccoon’s Tree, 44 A </td><td class="r">I 5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Reptile House, 34 </td><td class="r">H 4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Restaurant, 46 </td><td class="r">I 5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Riding Animals, 6 </td><td class="r">D 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Rocking Stone, 45 </td><td class="r">I 5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Sea Lion Pool, 12 </td><td class="r">D 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Service Bldg., 28 </td><td class="r">H 4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Soda Fount’s. </td><td class="r">*D 2, G 3, H 4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Subway Station </td><td class="r">O 6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Toilets, W. M., </td><td class="r">C 3, E 3, G 3, I 5, L 6, M 8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Tortoise Yards </td><td class="r">H 4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Totem Pole, 32 </td><td class="r">H 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Turkeys, Wild, 33 </td><td class="r">H 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Wolf Dens, 22 </td><td class="r">G 3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Yak House, 55 </td><td class="r">K 4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Zebra Houses, 14 </td><td class="r">E 2</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/pmg000.jpg" alt="" width="545" height="799" /> -<p class="pcap">PENINSULA BEAR: IVAN</p> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1><span class="small">POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE</span> -<br /><span class="smallest">TO THE</span> -<br />New York Zoological Park</h1> -<p class="tbcenter">By WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc.D. -<br />Director and General Curator</p> -<p class="center"><span class="smaller">ILLUSTRATED BY ELWIN R. SANBORN</span></p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/pmg001.jpg" alt="New York Zoological Society" width="400" height="399" /> -</div> -<p class="center">GORILLA EDITION</p> -<p class="center">WITH MAPS, PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS</p> -<p class="center smaller">THIRTEENTH EDITION—SEPTEMBER, 1915</p> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="smaller">PUBLISHED BY THE</span> -<br />NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY -<br /><span class="smaller">11 WALL STREET, NEW YORK</span></p> -<p class="center"><span class="smaller"><span class="sc">Only Authorized Guide</span> <span class="hst">Price 25 Cents</span> -<br />COMPLETELY REVISED AND EXTENDED</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr><td class="r">1st </td><td class="c">Edition, </td><td class="l">October, </td><td class="l">1899— </td><td class="r">5000</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">2d </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">May, </td><td class="l">1900— </td><td class="r">5000</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">3d </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">December, </td><td class="l">1900— </td><td class="r">5000</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">4th </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">October, </td><td class="l">1901— </td><td class="r">3000</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">5th </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">June, </td><td class="l">1902— </td><td class="r">10000</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">6th </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l">1903— </td><td class="r">10000</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">7th </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l">1904— </td><td class="r">15000</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">8th </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l">1906— </td><td class="r">7000</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">9th </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l">1907— </td><td class="r">30000</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">10th </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">October, </td><td class="l">1909— </td><td class="r">30000</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">11th </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">June, </td><td class="l">1911— </td><td class="r">30000</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">12th </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l">1913— </td><td class="r">40000</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">13th </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">September, </td><td class="l">1915— </td><td class="r">20000</td></tr> -</table> -<p class="center">Copyright, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1911, 1913 and 1915. -<br />NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<h2>PREFACE</h2> -<p>The publication of this revised and extended edition of -the Guide to the Zoological Park is necessary in order to -bring our most important collections down to date. With -the completion of the Zebra House and Eagle Aviary, we -are now able to offer a Guide Book to the Zoological Park -as practically finished.</p> -<p>The visitor is not to understand, however, that with the -completion of the features named above nothing more will -remain to be done. An institution of this kind never -reaches a state of absolute completion, with no further -possibilities of improvement. But the building of boundary -walls, and the rebuilding of temporary entrances, are matters -of small moment in comparison with the completion of -a grand series of installations for animals, and buildings -for public comfort.</p> -<p>Few indeed are the persons who know, or who ever will -know, the extent to which both the general design and the -details of the Zoological Park have been originated, and -hammered out of the raw materials. From the inception -of the undertaking, the work of development has involved -a continuous struggle to meet new conditions. Although -precedents and models for things to be done were sought -far and wide, in all save a very few instances, our needs -were so peculiar, and so different from those of other -zoological gardens and parks, we have found really very -little that we could copy. The abundant-room idea on -which the Zoological Park was founded, and our desire for -the full utilization of the works of nature, have from the -first taxed the creative faculties of the Society to the utmost.</p> -<p>It has been gratifying to find in other zoological establishments -a number of features which we could utilize here, -thereby saving ourselves something in the eternal grind of -invention and experiment, and we have gladly made prominent -mention of such cases.</p> -<p>While it is possible to complete the equipment of animal -installations for a Zoological Park, and fill them with fine -collections, the demand for more animals is continuous. -Our wild creatures are not immortal; and, like human beings, -they live out their allotted lives and pass away. The -great majority do not perpetuate themselves in captivity, -<span class="pb" id="Page_6">6</span> -and the depleted ranks must be filled by new gifts and -new purchases. Gifts of specimens, and funds for purchases, -must constantly be forthcoming.</p> -<p>In the acquisition of certain representative species of -great variety but particular desirability, the Society has -been much favored by its friends, both at home and abroad. -Frequently it happens that the greatest zoological rarities -are obtainable only through the good will and tireless industry -of friends who travel into the most remote and inaccessible -regions of the earth. It is to such sources that we -owe our musk-ox herd, walrus, mountain goat herd, spectacled -bear and many other species.</p> -<p>The Executive Committee makes grateful acknowledgment -of the loyal and generous support it has constantly -received from the Board of Managers, the members of -the Zoological Society, and from the Government of the -City of New York. Thanks to a judicious union of these -forces, the development of the Zoological Park has gone -forward rapidly and satisfactorily. Although the actual -period of construction has been remarkably short for so vast -an undertaking, everything constructed is of the most permanent -character. It is only just to note the fact that -while the Zoological Park is an institution of national interest -and importance, and free to all the world, with the -exception of a few gifts of animals it has been created and -is maintained wholly by the citizens of the City of New -York. The State has contributed nothing.</p> -<p><span class="lr"><span class="sc">The Executive Committee.</span></span></p> -<p>JUNE 1, 1913.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<h2 class="center">CONTENTS.</h2> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt class="small">Page</dt> -<dt><a href="#c1">Statistics of the Zoological Park</a> 10</dt> -<dt><a href="#c2">Officers of the Society</a> 11</dt> -<dt><a href="#c3">Origin</a> 13</dt> -<dt><a href="#c4">Means of Access</a> 16</dt> -<dt><a href="#c5">Admission</a> 17</dt> -<dt><a href="#c6">Physical Aspect of the Grounds</a> 21</dt> -<dt class="center">MAMMALS.</dt> -<dt><a href="#c7">Bison Ranges</a> 26</dt> -<dt><a href="#c8">Mountain Sheep Hill</a> 29</dt> -<dt><a href="#c9">Antelope House</a> 35</dt> -<dt><a href="#c10">Small-Deer House</a> 42</dt> -<dt><a href="#c11">Miscellaneous Mammals</a> 49</dt> -<dt><a href="#c12">White Mountain Goat</a> 50</dt> -<dt><a href="#c13">Prong-Horned Antelope</a> 51</dt> -<dt><a href="#c14">Camel House</a> 53</dt> -<dt><a href="#c15">Llama House</a> 55</dt> -<dt><a href="#c16">North American Deer</a> 57</dt> -<dt><a href="#c17">Zebra House</a> 63</dt> -<dt><a href="#c18">Asiatic and European Deer</a> 66</dt> -<dt><a href="#c19">Lion House</a> 71</dt> -<dt><a href="#c20">Sea-Lions</a> 78</dt> -<dt><a href="#c21">Primate House</a> 80</dt> -<dt><a href="#c22">Elephant House</a> 89</dt> -<dt><a href="#c23">Wolf Dens</a> 98</dt> -<dt><a href="#c24">Fox Dens</a> 101</dt> -<dt><a href="#c25">Otter Pools</a> 103</dt> -<dt><a href="#c26">Small-Mammal House</a> 104</dt> -<dt><a href="#c27">Puma and Lynx House</a> 115</dt> -<dt><a href="#c28">Burrowing Mammals</a> 116</dt> -<dt><a href="#c29">Prairie-Dog Village</a> 118</dt> -<dt><a href="#c30">Bear Dens</a> 119</dt> -<dt><a href="#c31">Raccoon Tree</a> 128</dt> -<dt><a href="#c32">Beaver Pond</a> 128</dt> -<dt><a href="#c33">Economic Rodent-Reptile Collection</a> 130</dt> -<dt class="center">BIRDS.</dt> -<dt><a href="#c34">Goose Aviary</a> 133</dt> -<dt><a href="#c35">Flying Cage</a> 135</dt> -<dt><a href="#c36">Aquatic-Bird House</a> 141</dt> -<dt><a href="#c37">Eagle and Vulture Aviary</a> 143</dt> -<dt><a href="#c38">Wild Turkey Enclosure</a> 146</dt> -<dt><a href="#c39">Large-Bird House</a> 146</dt> -<dt><a href="#c40">Wild Fowl Pond</a> 153</dt> -<dt><a href="#c41">Pheasant and Pigeon Aviary</a> 155</dt> -<dt><a href="#c42">Ostrich House</a> 162</dt> -<dt><a href="#c43">Cranes</a> 167</dt> -<dt class="center">REPTILES.</dt> -<dt><a href="#c44">Reptile House</a> 171</dt> -<dt><a href="#c45">Turtles and Tortoises</a> 172</dt> -<dt><a href="#c46">Crocodiles and Alligators</a> 175</dt> -<dt><a href="#c47">Lizards</a> 177</dt> -<dt><a href="#c48">Serpents</a> 179</dt> -<dt><a href="#c49">Batrachians or Amphibians</a> 182</dt> -<dt class="center">INSECTS.</dt> -<dt><a href="#c50">Insect Collection</a> 185</dt> -<dt><a href="#c51">Index</a> 188</dt> -<dt class="center">MAPS.</dt> -<dt><a href="#c52">Map of Zoological Park</a> Second page of cover</dt> -<dt><a href="#c53">Sketch Map, New York</a> 14</dt> -<dt><a href="#c54">Sketch Map, Vicinity of Park</a> 16</dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div> -<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt>PAGE</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig1">Peninsula Bear: Ivan</a> <i>Frontispiece</i></dt> -<dt><a href="#fig2">Baird Court and Concourse</a> 12</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig3">The Boat House</a> 18</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig4">Boating on Bronx Lake</a> 20</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig5">White-Tailed Deer</a> 24</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig6">American Bison</a> 26</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig7">European Bison</a> 27</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig8">White-Fronted Musk-Ox</a> 30</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig9">Big-Horn Mountain Sheep</a> 30</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig10">Mouflon</a> 32</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig11">Arcal Sheep</a> 32</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig12">Himalayan Tahr</a> 32</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig13">Burrhel</a> 32</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig14">Chamois</a> 33</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig15">Markhor</a> 33</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig16">Aoudad</a> 33</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig17">Persian Wild Goat</a> 33</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig18">Nilgai: Indian Antelope</a> 36</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig19">Nubian Giraffes</a> 38</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig20">Beatrix Antelope</a> 40</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig21">Blessbok</a> 40</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig22">Leucoryx Antelope</a> 41</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig23">White-Tailed Gnu</a> 41</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig24">Eland</a> 42</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig25">Sable Antelope</a> 43</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig26">Redunca Antelope</a> 44</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig27">Sasin Antelope</a> 46</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig28">Great Gray Kangaroo</a> 48</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig29">Rocky Mountain Goat</a> 49</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig30">American Prong-Horned Antelope</a> 52</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig31">Bactrian Camel</a> 53</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig32">Alpaca</a> 54</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig33">Vicunia</a> 55</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig34">American Elk</a> 58</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig35">European Red Deer</a> 58</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig36">Development of Antlers</a> 61</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig37">Grant Zebra</a> 64</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig38">Prjevalsky Horses</a> 65</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig39">Axis Deer</a> 68</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig40">Burmese Deer</a> 69</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig41">Jaguar</a> 72</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig42">Cheetah</a> 73</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig43">Barbary Lion</a> 74</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig44">Snow Leopard</a> 75</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig45">Atlantic Walrus</a> 79</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig46">Chimpanzee, “Baldy”</a> 82</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig47">Orang-Utan</a> 84</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig48">Humboldt Woolly Monkey</a> 85</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig49">Japanese Red-Faced Monkey</a> 88</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig50">Pig-Tailed Macaque</a> 88</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig51">Slow Lemur</a> 89</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig52">Siamang</a> 89</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig53">Elephant House</a> 90</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig54">Indian Elephant</a> 92</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig55">African Elephants</a> 93</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig56">African Two-Horned Rhinoceros</a> 94</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig57">Indian Rhinoceros</a> 95</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig58">Pygmy Hippopotami</a> 96</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig59">Timber Wolf</a> 99</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig60">Coyote: Prairie Wolf</a> 100</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig61">Swift or Kit Fox</a> 102</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig62">Red Fox</a> 103</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig63">Ocelot</a> 106</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig64">Common Genet</a> 107</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig65">African Porcupine</a> 111</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig66">Tamandua</a> 112</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig67">Great Ant-Eater</a> 113</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig68">Six-Banded Armadillo</a> 114</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig69">Two-Toed Sloth</a> 115</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig70">Polar Bear Den</a> 120</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig71">Polar Bear “Silver King”</a> 122</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig72">Syrian Bear</a> 123</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig73">Spectacled Bear</a> 126</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig74">European Brown Bear</a> 127</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig75">Brazilian Tree Porcupine</a> 131</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig76">Mute and Trumpeter Swans</a> 133</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig77">Cereopsis Geese</a> 136</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig78">White-Faced Glossy Ibis</a> 137</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig79">Roseate Spoonbill</a> 137</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig80">Brown and White Pelicans</a> 140</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig81">Great Horned Owl</a> 142</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig82">Spectacled Owl</a> 142</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig83">Eared Vulture</a> 143</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig84">Lammergeyer</a> 143</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig85">King Vulture</a> 145</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig86">Black Vulture</a> 145</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig87">Harpy Eagle</a> 145</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig88">Griffon Vulture</a> 145</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig89">Wild Turkey</a> 147</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig90">Seriema</a> 148</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig91">Secretary Bird</a> 148</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig92">Great Crowned Pigeon</a> 150</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig93">Sulphur Crested Cockatoo</a> 151</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig94">Toco Toucan</a> 151</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig95">Ducks Feeding</a> 154</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig96">Pheasant Aviary</a> 156</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig97">Manchurian Eared Pheasant</a> 158</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig98">Indian Peacock</a> 159</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig99">North African Ostrich</a> 163</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig100">Rhea</a> 164</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig101">Cassowary</a> 164</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig102">Emeus</a> 165</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig103">Little Brown Crane</a> 167</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig104">Demoiselle Crane</a> 167</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig105">Asiatic White Crane</a> 168</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig106">Paradise Crane</a> 168</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig107">Whooping Crane</a> 169</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig108">Crowned Crane</a> 169</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig109">Adjutant</a> 169</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig110">Jabiru</a> 169</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig111">Mastigure</a> 170</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig112">Horned Rattlesnake</a> 170</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig113">Hog-Nosed Snake</a> 170</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig114">Gecko</a> 170</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig115">Tree Frog</a> 170</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig116">Giant Tortoise</a> 173</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig117">Alligator Pool</a> 176</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig118">Venezuelan Boa</a> 177</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig119">Rhinoceros Viper</a> 180</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig120">Cobra-De-Capello</a> 181</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig121">Metamorphosis of the Leopard Frog</a> 184</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig122">Giant Centipede</a> 186</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig123">Tarantula</a> 187</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig124">Red-Winged Locust</a> 187</dt> -<dt><a href="#fig125">Hercules Beetle</a> 187</dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<h2 id="c1">STATISTICS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.</h2> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">January, 1915.</th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Final plan of the Zoological Park approved by Park Board, November 22, 1897.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Zoological Society assumed control of grounds, July 1, 1898.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">First building begun, August 11, 1898.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Park formally opened to the public, November 9, 1899.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Administration and Service Buildings </td><td class="r">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Large Animal Buildings (all heated) </td><td class="r">14</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Small Animal Buildings (4 heated) </td><td class="r">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Large Groups of Outdoor Dens, Aviaries and Corrals </td><td class="r">13</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Animal Storehouses, for winter use </td><td class="r">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Restaurants </td><td class="r">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Public-Comfort Buildings </td><td class="r">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Entrances </td><td class="r">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Area of Park Land and Water </td><td class="r">264 acres</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Area of Water </td><td class="r">30 acres</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Walks and Roads </td><td class="r">7.78 miles</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Fences </td><td class="r">10.55 miles</td></tr> -</table> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="5">LIVE ANIMALS IN THE COLLECTIONS.</th></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="5">January, 1915.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Mammals </td><td class="r">204 </td><td class="c">species, </td><td class="r">586 </td><td class="c">specimens.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Birds </td><td class="r">811 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">2,753 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Reptiles </td><td class="r u">164 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r u">1,014 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Total </td><td class="r">1,179 </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r">4,353</td></tr> -</table> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr><td class="l">Attendance of visitors in 1914 </td><td class="r">2,020,433</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Total attendance of visitors from 1899 to Jan., 1915 </td><td class="r">19,325,590</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div> -<h2 id="c2">NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY</h2> -<p class="center"><i>President</i>, -<br />HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN.</p> -<p class="center">MADISON GRANT, <i>Secretary</i>, 11 Wall Street. -<br />PERCY R. PYNE, <i>Treasurer</i>, 30 Pine Street.</p> -<p class="center"><span class="sc">Executive Committee</span> -<br />MADISON GRANT, <i>Chairman</i>. -<br />PERCY R. PYNE, -<br />WATSON B. DICKERMAN, -<br />SAMUEL THORNE, -<br />WM. PIERSON HAMILTON, -<br />WILLIAM WHITE NILES, -<br />FRANK K. STURGIS, -<br />LISPENARD STEWART, -<br />HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, <i>ex-officio</i>.</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><span class="sc">General Officers</span></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c">WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, <i>Director</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">H. J. SHORTER </td><td class="r"><i>Assistant Secretary</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">R. L. CERERO </td><td class="r"><i>Assistant to Treasurer</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">DR. GEORGE S. HUNTINGTON </td><td class="r"><i>Prosector</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">C. GRANT LA FARGE </td><td class="r"><i>Architect</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">H. <span class="sc">DeB.</span> PARSONS </td><td class="r"><i>Consulting Engineer</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r"></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><span class="sc">Officers of the Zoological Park.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c">WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc.D.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Director and General Curator.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">H. R. MITCHELL </td><td class="r"><i>Chief Clerk and Disbursing Officer</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">R. L. DITMARS </td><td class="r"><i>Curator of Reptiles, Asst. Curator of Mammals</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">C. WILLIAM BEEBE </td><td class="r"><i>Curator of Birds</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">LEE S. CRANDALL </td><td class="r"><i>Assistant Curator of Birds</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">W. REID BLAIR, D.V.S. </td><td class="r"><i>Veterinarian</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">H. W. MERKEL </td><td class="r"><i>Chief Forester and Constructor</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">ELWIN R. SANBORN </td><td class="r"><i>Editor and Photographer</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">GEORGE M. BEERBOWER </td><td class="r"><i>Civil Engineer</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">WILLIAM MITCHELL </td><td class="r"><i>Cashier</i></td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/pmg002.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="452" /> -<p class="pcap">ITALIAN GARDEN, BAIRD COURT, -<br />The structure on the right is the Large Bird-House, and in the distance, the Lion House.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<h2 id="c3">GENERAL STATUS -<br />OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.</h2> -<p><b>Origin.</b>—The New York Zoological Park originated with -the New York Zoological Society, a scientific body incorporated -in 1895, under a special charter granted by the -Legislature of the State of New York. The declared objects -of the Society are three in number—“A public Zoological -Park; the preservation of our native animals; the promotion -of zoology.” The Society has enrolled among its various -classes over 2,000 members.</p> -<p>Henry Fairfield Osborn is the President of the Society. -The affairs of the Society are managed by a Board of Managers -of thirty-six persons, which meets three times each -year. The planning and general development of the Zoological -Society is in the hands of an Executive Committee -of eight members, as follows: Madison Grant, Chairman; -Percy R. Pyne, Samuel Thorne, William White Niles, Watson -B. Dickerman, Wm. Pierson Hamilton, Frank K. Sturgis, -Lispenard Stewart and Henry Fairfield Osborn, <i>ex-officio</i>. -Madison Grant, the Chairman of the Executive Committee, -is also Secretary of the Society, and his office is at No. 11 -Wall Street. Dr. William T. Hornaday is the Director and -General Curator of the Zoological Park, and his office is now -located in the Administration Building on Baird Court. The -address is 185th Street and Southern Boulevard. The Society -assumed control of the grounds on July 1, 1898, and -began the first excavation, for the Bird House, on August -11th. The Park Department began work, on the Wild-Fowl -Pond, on August 29, 1898.</p> -<p><b>Sources of Income.</b>—The funds devoted to the development -of the Zoological Park have been derived from the -following sources:</p> -<p>1. From the Zoological Society, obtained by subscriptions -from private citizens—funds for plans, for the erection of -buildings, aviaries, dens and other accommodations for -animals; and for the purchase of animals.</p> -<p>2. From the City of New York—by vote of the Board of -Estimate and Apportionment—funds for the construction of -walks, roads, sewers and drainage, water supply, public comfort -buildings, entrances, grading, excavating of large ponds -and lakes, annual maintenance, and also for animal buildings.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<div class="img" id="c53"> -<img src="images/pmg003.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="425" /> -<p class="pcap">SKETCH MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF ZOOLOGICAL PARK.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div> -<p>The Zoological Society has expended, of its own funds, -for plans, construction and live animals, over $641,000. This -sum has been derived from its special subscription fund, and -from the annual dues and fees of its members.</p> -<p><b>Privileges.</b>—Because of the fact that the Zoological Society -has undertaken to furnish all the animals for the Zoological -Park, the City of New York has agreed that all the -revenue-producing privileges of the Park shall be controlled -by the Society. <i>All net profits</i> derived from the restaurants, -boats, refreshments, riding animals, the sale of photographs, -books, etc., and all admission fees, are expended by the -Society <i>in the purchase of animals for the Park</i>. It is well -that visitors should know that <i>all net profits realized in -the Park go directly toward the increase of the animal collections</i>.</p> -<p>The Society maintains a supply of boats for hire, and -riding animals of various kinds for the amusement of children.</p> -<p><b>Location.</b>—The Zoological Park is the geographical center -of that portion of Greater New York now known as -Bronx County. From east to west it is half-way between -the Hudson River and Long Island Sound, and from north -to south it is midway between the mouth of the Harlem -River and Mount Vernon. From the City Hall to the Reptile -House the distance is eleven miles. The distance by automobile -from the Central Park Plaza to the Concourse Entrance -is 9½ miles. The Northwest Entrance is about half a -mile from Fordham station on the Harlem Railway.</p> -<p>The area of the Park is 264 acres, divided as follows:</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr><td class="l">Land area west of the Boston Road </td><td class="r">150 </td><td class="c">acres.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Land area east of the Boston Road </td><td class="r">80 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Bronx Lake </td><td class="r">25 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Lake Agassiz </td><td class="r">5½ </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Aquatic Mammals’ Pond, Cope Lake and Beaver Pond </td><td class="r u">3½ </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Total area </td><td class="r">264 </td><td class="c">acres.</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<div class="img" id="c54"> -<img src="images/pmg004.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="504" /> -<p class="pcap">SKETCH MAP OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK AND VICINITY.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c4">MEANS OF ACCESS.</h3> -<p><b>Via the Subway, to the Boston Road Entrance.</b>—The terminus -of the eastern branch of the Subway, at “180th St., -Zoological Park,” lands visitors at the southeastern entrances -to the Zoological Park, at West Farms. Visitors -from points below 96th Street must be careful to board the -“Bronx Park” trains, and not the “Broadway” trains.</p> -<p><b>Routes for Automobiles or Carriages.</b>—Via Central Park, -Lenox Avenue, Macomb’s Dam Bridge and Jerome Avenue -or Grand Concourse to Pelham Avenue, thence eastward to -the Concourse Entrance, where motor cars and carriages are -admitted to the Park.</p> -<p><b>Via the Third Avenue Elevated.</b>—The Third Avenue Elevated -Railway has been extended to Bedford Park, and -visitors coming to the Zoological Park on it or on the Harlem -Railroad should alight at Fordham Station, from which -the northwest entrance is half a mile distant, due eastward, -on Pelham Avenue, via the Union Railway surface cars.</p> -<p><b>Surface Cars.</b>—The Southern Boulevard and the Zoological -Park Cars of the Union Railway now run to both -the Crotona (Southwest) Entrance and the Fordham Entrance. -The Crosstown cars of the same line intersect the -Southern Boulevard three blocks south of the Crotona -Entrance.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div> -<h3 id="c5">ADMISSION.</h3> -<p><b>Free Admission.</b>—On all holidays, and on Sunday, Tuesday, -Wednesday, Friday and Saturday, the Zoological Park -is open free to the public.</p> -<p><b>Pay Admission.</b>—On every Monday and Thursday, save -when either of those days falls on a holiday, all members of -the Zoological Society who surrender coupons from their -membership tickets, and all other persons holding tickets -from the Society, will be admitted free. All other persons -seeking admission will be admitted on payment of twenty-five -cents for each adult, and fifteen cents for each child -under twelve years of age. Tickets are sold only at the -entrance gates.</p> -<p><b>Holidays on Pay Days.</b>—Whenever a legal holiday falls -on a Monday or Thursday, admission to the Park will be -free on that day.</p> -<p><b>Hours for Opening and Closing.</b>—From May 1st to November -1st the gates will be opened at 9 A. M. daily, and -closed half an hour before sunset. From November 1st to -May 1st the gates will open at 10 A. M.</p> -<p><b>Entrances, Walks, etc.</b>—The portion of the Zoological -Park situated west of the Boston Road has been enclosed. -Access to this area is provided by six entrances, one situated -at each corner—one on the Boston Road and one at the -bridge on Pelham Avenue. The latter is a carriage entrance -for visitors wishing to drive to the north end of Baird -Court. From all these entrances broad walks lead into the -Park and through it, reaching all the collections of animals -now installed.</p> -<p><b>Carriage Roads.</b>—The only wagon road which enters the -central portion of the Park now occupied by animals is the -Service Road, which enters from the Southern Boulevard, -at 185th Street, and runs eastward, to the Service Building, -Reptile House, Bear Dens, and Rocking Stone Restaurant.</p> -<p><i>This road is for business purposes only</i>, and is not open for -the vehicles of visitors. It is utterly impossible to admit -carriages to the <i>center</i> of the Park, save those of officers -entering on business, and <i>visitors must not ask for exceptions -to this very necessary rule</i>.</p> -<p><b>Automobile and Carriage Entrance.</b>—A fine public carriage -road and concourse, leading from Pelham Avenue -Bridge and to the upper end of Baird Court, was completed -in 1908. This drive is open to carriages or motors, daily, -and it affords easy access to the most important group of -buildings. It is subject to the same regulations as all other -entrances, except that carriages and automobiles are admitted.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/pmg005.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="436" /> -<p class="pcap">THE BOAT HOUSE, BRONX LAKE.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<p>The Boston Road, which runs through the Park from -south to north, near the western bank of the Bronx Lake, is -open at all hours. It has recently—and for the first time—been -finely improved by the Park Department for the Borough -of the Bronx, and a drive through it affords a fine -view of the eastern side of the Buffalo Range, and the finest -portion of the heavy forest of the Zoological Park.</p> -<p>As a matter of course, the ranges of the buffalo, antelope, -deer, moose, and elk, are in full view from the Kingsbridge -Road and Southern Boulevard, and the Zoological Society -has planned that the view from those avenues shall be left -open sufficiently that the herds may be seen to good advantage.</p> -<p><b>The Rocking Stone Restaurant, No. 46</b>, has been designed -to serve all the purposes that its name implies. It contains -dining-rooms in which full meals may be obtained, lunch-rooms -wherein choice food will be served at popular prices, -and in the basement, toilet-rooms will be found.</p> -<p><b>The Service Building, No. 28.</b>—Near the Reptile House, -and at the geographical center of the enclosed grounds, is -situated a building which contains the Bureau of Administration -of the Zoological Park. Here will be found the offices -of the Chief Clerk, several other Park officers, and the workshops -and storerooms.</p> -<p>Children lost in the Park, and property lost or found, -should be reported without delay at the Chief Clerk’s office -in this building. The telephone call of the Zoological Park -is 953 Tremont.</p> -<p><b>Wheeled Chairs.</b>—By persons desiring them, wheeled -chairs can always be obtained at the entrances, by applying -to gatekeepers, or at the office of the Chief Clerk, in the -Service Building. The cost is 25 cents per hour; with an -attendant, 50 cents per hour.</p> -<p><b>Arrangement of Collections.</b>—Inasmuch as the physical -features of the Zoological Park grounds were important factors -in locating the various collections of animals, a perfect -zoological arrangement was impossible. The existing plan -represents the limit of acceptable possibilities in grouping -related animals.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/pmg006.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="450" /> -<p class="pcap">BOATING ON BRONX LAKE.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<p>The entire southern and western sides of the Park are -exclusively devoted to the Hoofed Animals, in addition to -which other members of that Order will be found at the -Elephant and Small-Mammal Houses. The Carnivorous -Animals will be found at the Lion House, Wolf and Fox -Dens, Small-Mammal House and Bear Dens. The Birds are -in two groups; one in the lower end of Bird Valley, and the -Large Bird-House on Baird Court; the other around the -Wild-Fowl Pond, south of the Wolf Dens.</p> -<p>The existence of six entrances to the Park renders it impossible -to lay out an all-embracing “tour” for the visitor, -and develop the Guide Book accordingly. The various collections -will be handled in zoological groups, but the various -groups cannot follow each other in zoological sequence. The -table of contents and a comprehensive index will render -each item of the subject matter quickly available.</p> -<h3 id="c6">PHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE GROUNDS.</h3> -<p>The extreme length of the Park from north to south is -4,950 feet, or 330 feet less than one mile; and its extreme -width is 3,120 feet, or three-fifths of a mile. Roughly estimated, -one-third of the land area is covered by heavy -forest, one-third by open forest, and the remaining third consists -of open meadows and glades. The highest point of -land in the Park is the crest of Rocking Stone Hill, the -elevation of which is 94.8 feet above sea level.</p> -<p><b>Topography.</b>—Speaking broadly, the Zoological Park is -composed of granite ridges running from north to south. -In many places their crests have been denuded of earth by -the great glacier which once pushed its edge as far south as -New York City. In the valleys lying between these glacier-scraped -ridges, great quantities of sandy, micaceous soil -have been deposited; but in one spot—the Wild-Fowl Pond—what -was once a green, glacial lake fifteen feet deep, presently -became a vast rock-walled silo filled with vegetable -matter and a trembling bog of peat. Everywhere in the Park -glacial boulders of rough granite or smoothly rounded trap-rock, -varying in size from a cobble-stone to the thirty-ton -Rocking Stone, have been dropped just where the warm -southern sun freed them from the ice. The Park contains -thousands of them, many of which have been removed from -walks and building sites only with great labor.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<p>In three of the four principal valleys of the Park, bogs -have been converted into ponds, and in the largest and deepest -of all lie Bronx Lake and Lake Agassiz. The bed-rock -underlying or cropping out in the Park exhibits pink granite, -gray granite, rotten gneiss, and quartz in bewildering -variety. Occasionally in trench-digging a ledge is encountered -which yields good building-stone for rough work, but -usually our rock is so full of mica as to be worthless.</p> -<p>The water-levels in the various portions of the Park are -as follows:</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th> </th><th colspan="2">Above Sea Level.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Surface of Bronx Lake </td><td class="r">20.40 </td><td class="c">feet</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Surface of Lake Agassiz </td><td class="r">31.70 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Surface of Cope Lake and Duck Ponds </td><td class="r">47.00 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Surface of Wild-Fowl Pond </td><td class="r">65.00 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Surface of Beaver Pond </td><td class="r">44.00 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -</table> -<p>The floor levels of some of the important buildings are as -follows:</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th> </th><th colspan="2">Above Sea Level.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Of the Antelope House </td><td class="r">88 </td><td class="c">feet</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Of the Reptile House </td><td class="r">78 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Of the Lion House </td><td class="r">64 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Of the Aquatic-Bird House </td><td class="r">57 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -</table> -<p><b>Soil.</b>—The soil varies from rich black muck in the valleys, -to light and very dry soil, full of mica and sand, on the -ridges and meadows. Where not packed hard, the latter is -very porous, and the heaviest rainfall is quickly absorbed, -or carried away on the surface. As a result, the valleys are -always moist and rich in grass, and the slopes and ridges -are always dry and warm.</p> -<p><b>Streams and Ponds.</b>—The Zoological Park contains about -34 acres of still water, of which Bronx Lake comprises 25 -acres, Lake Agassiz 5½ acres, Cope Lake, the Wild-Fowl -Pond, and Beaver Pond together, about 3½ acres. The -two larger lakes are fed by the Bronx River, which drains -a valley about 15 miles long. Even in the driest seasons the -volume of water carried down by the Bronx River is sufficient -to keep the lakes well filled. The areas of still water -available for animal collections are very generous for an -institution like this, and are highly prized.</p> -<p><b>The Waterfall.</b>—At the lower end of Lake Agassiz, and -about 300 feet above the Boston Road Bridge, is a natural -waterfall nearly 12 feet in height, where the Bronx River -falls over a rugged ledge of pink granite. In times of high -<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span> -water the foaming flood that thunders over the rocks makes -an imposing spectacle, and it constitutes a most unusual -feature to be found in a city park. During the year 1901, -an improvement was made which added very greatly to the -beauty of this feature by extending the rock ledge about -200 feet farther, to the rocky side of Wilson Hill, thereby -greatly increasing the water area of Lake Agassiz, and at the -same time forming a beautiful island.</p> -<p><b>Forests.</b>—The crowning glory of the Zoological Park is -the magnificent forest growth which covers, thickly or -sparsely, about two-thirds of its land area. It consists chiefly -of white, scarlet, black, red and pin oaks, tulip, sweet gum, -hickory, beech, sassafras, maple, wild cherry, hornbeam, dogwood, -tupelo, hemlock and cedar; but there are at least -thirty other species of trees and shrubs. Thanks to the -wise foresight and broad views of David and Philip Lydig, -who for about eighty years were the sole owners of nearly -the whole of the Zoological Park site, the virgin forest was -not cut down for firewood or lumber, but was carefully preserved -for posterity. As the legal custodian of this splendid -domain of Nature, the Zoological Society is as rapidly as -possible going over the entire forest, to arrest decay and -death, and take all needed measures for the preservation of -the trees. It is safe to say that nowhere else within fifty -miles of New York can there be found any more beautiful -forests than those in the central and eastern portions of the -Park. Throughout the enclosed grounds, it is absolutely -necessary that visitors should be restricted to the walks; for -otherwise the feet of our millions of visitors would quickly -destroy every ground plant.</p> -<p><b>The Rocking Stone, No. 45</b>, a colossal cube of pinkish -granite, poised on one of its angles on a smooth pedestal of -rock, is the Zoological Park’s most interesting souvenir of -the glacial epoch. Across the bare face of the rocky hill -in which lies the Crocodile Pool, there are several glacial -scratches pointing directly toward the famous boulder; and -who will say it had no part in making one of them?</p> -<p>The Rocking Stone stands on a smooth table of granite on -the southern shoulder of the hill overlooking the Buffalo -Range. Its extreme height is 7 feet 6 inches; breadth, 10 -feet 1 inch; thickness, 8 feet 1 inch, and its weight, as roughly -calculated, is 30 tons. A pressure of about 50 lbs. exerted on -the most northern angle of the stone causes its apex to swing -north and south about two inches.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/pmg007.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="460" /> -<p class="pcap">WHITE TAILED DEER.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<h2>SECTION I.—THE MAMMALS.</h2> -<h4><span class="sc">The Hoofed Animals.</span></h4> -<p>The forming of a collection which shall fairly represent -the hoofed animals of the world is necessarily a work of -years. It is now (in 1915) fifteen years since the Zoological -Society entered upon this task, and during that period the -work of providing installations and living specimens has -been pursued with unflagging industry. In no feature of -our development has the Society been more liberal than in -the purchase of specimens for this collection, and the gifts -to it have been both numerous and valuable. In our 82 -species and 330 specimens we feel that the Order <i>Ungulata</i> -is strongly represented. On April 1, 1913, the summary of -groups stood as follows:</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="5"><span class="sc">Summary of the Ungulates.</span></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Deer </td><td class="r">24 </td><td class="c">species </td><td class="r">164 </td><td class="c">specimens</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Giraffes </td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Bovines: Bison, etc. </td><td class="r">3 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">38 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Musk Ox </td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">6 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Wild Sheep, Goats, etc. </td><td class="r">8 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">41 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Antelopes </td><td class="r">22 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">41 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Hippopotamus </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">4 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Wild Swine </td><td class="r">3 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">5 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Camels and Cameloids </td><td class="r">5 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">10 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Rhinoceros </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Tapirs </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">3 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Wild Equines </td><td class="r">6 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">9 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Elephants </td><td class="r u">3 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r u">5 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Total </td><td class="r">82 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">330 </td><td class="c">“</td></tr> -</table> -<p>The arrangement of this section of the Guide Book begins -at the Buffalo Entrance with the Bisons, and follows the -ranges, corrals and buildings for Hoofed Animals, along -the southern and western sides of the Park, to the Axis Deer -Range. The Elephant House is introduced as the visitor -leaves Baird Court, going south.</p> -<p>The large, open pastures are called “ranges,” and the -smaller fenced enclosures are known as “corrals.” The -fences are chiefly of hard steel wire, so strong and elastic -that the animals cannot break through them.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/pmg008.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="523" /> -<p class="pcap">AMERICAN BISON: BULL.</p> -</div> -<p><b>Warning.</b>—Visitors must <i>never</i> stand close beside a wire -fence or gate, because its elasticity between posts might -enable a charging animal to strike a person so standing and -inflict a serious injury, even though the fence or gate is not -in the least affected by the blow.</p> -<h3 id="c7">THE BISON RANGES, Nos. 51 and 52.</h3> -<p>Stretching from the Boston Road to the large Antelope -House (No. 50), and from the Rocking Stone to the southern -boundary, lies an open expanse of rolling meadow land, with -a total area of about twenty acres. It is almost surrounded -by shade-trees. Its easterly edge is a low-lying strip of rich -meadow, which lies under the shelter of the rocky, tree-covered -ridge that forms the natural retaining wall of the -higher plateau toward the west. This is the Bison Range. -It is the first enclosure seen on the left as the visitor enters -the Park from West Farms by way of the Boston Road.</p> -<p>On the north side of the main range, near the Rocking -Stone, are the four corrals, and the Bison House. The -latter is a rustic hillside barn, eighty feet in length, with a -semicircular front, affording shelter and feed storage for -thirty-four buffaloes. The flat roof of the Buffalo House is -open to the public from the main walk, and has been specially -designed as a convenient lookout over the main range -<span class="pb" id="Page_27">27</span> -and corrals. There are other corrals, and a shelter shed, -at the Buffalo Entrance.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/pmg009.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="525" /> -<p class="pcap">EUROPEAN BISON: BULL.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The American Bison, or Buffalo</b>, (<i>B. americanus</i>), is the -largest and the best known of all North American hoofed -animals. What was once the universal herd, which occupied -the whole pasture region of the West, was cut in twain -in 1867, by the building of the first trans-continental railway. -The great “southern herd,” of several millions of -animals, was destroyed by skin hunters during the years -1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, and the practical extinction of -the northern herd was accomplished between 1880 and -1884.</p> -<p>At present there are but two herds of wild bison in -existence. The largest band, now containing by estimate -about 300 individuals, inhabits a wide stretch of barren -and inhospitable territory southwest of Great Slave Lake. -About twenty head remain in the Yellowstone Park, more -than nine-tenths of the original herd having been slaughtered -by poachers since 1890. There are now about 2000 -bison alive in captivity, chiefly in large private game preserves.</p> -<p>Usually bison calves are born in May, June, and July. -Full maturity is not reached until the end of the seventh -year, when the horns of the male—at first a straight spike—have -attained their full semi-circular curve. Like all thick-haired -animals of the temperate zone, the American bison -<span class="pb" id="Page_28">28</span> -sheds its coat in spring, and does not regain full pelage -until October or November.</p> -<p>The bison breeds in confinement about as readily as -domestic cattle. In appearance, it is the most imposing of -all bovine animals, and with two exceptions it is also the -largest. In captivity its disposition is mild, though inclined -to stubbornness. Occasionally, however, an old bull becomes -so vicious that it is necessary to seclude him from -the herd, and treat him as a dangerous animal.</p> -<p>With the exception of a very few individuals, our entire -bison herd is the gift of the late William C. Whitney, -and the increase therefrom. The total number of head on -hand on April 1, 1913, was forty-two.</p> -<p>In 1906, the New York Zoological Society presented to the -United States Government a herd of fifteen bison to -serve as a nucleus for an independent National herd. The -Government very promptly fenced an area of twelve square -miles of fine grazing grounds in the Wichita Forest and -Game Reserve, for the proper reception of the herd. The -plan was consummated during 1907. The effort has proven -completely successful, and on April 1, 1913, the herd contained -thirty-seven bison, all in fine condition.</p> -<p><b>European Bison.</b>—In a corral adjoining the Buffalo Entrance, -on the Boston Road, are to be found two specimens -of the rare and almost extinct European Bison, (<i>Bos bonasus</i>). -This species is the nearest living relative of the -American bison, and the two specimens (male and female), -now exhibited, came quite unexpectedly into the possession -of the Zoological Society in April, 1904. They were acquired -from the small captive herd in the forest of the -Prince of Pless, in Silesia, south-eastern Germany, and are -the first living specimens of the species to be exhibited in -America. They were presented to the Society by Mr. Norman -James, of Baltimore, Mr. Charles Sheldon and Dr. -Leonard J. Sanford.</p> -<p>The distinguishing characters of this species are shorter -and less abundant hair on the head, neck and shoulders -than our bison, a tail densely covered with hair throughout -its length, very long legs, and a short body.</p> -<p>But for royal protection, this species would long ere this -have become extinct. In the year 1857, about 1,898 head -were living, but in 1892 the total had decreased to 491. It -<span class="pb" id="Page_29">29</span> -appears, however, that an increase can safely be announced. -An estimate recently published (1906) places the total -number of wild and semi-wild individuals at 1,400, while -in the captive herds of the Czar and the Prince of Pless -there are 46 more. About 700 of the survivors inhabit the -forests of Bielowitza and Swisslotsch, Lithuania, west Russia, -and are strictly protected by the Czar. Other bands -still exist on the northern slope of the Caucasus Mountains -around the sources of the Laba and Bjellaja, sometimes -ranging up to an elevation of 8,000 feet. Wherever found, -they live in scattered bands of from three to ten individuals. -All the survivors of this species are so jealously -guarded that very few of the zoological gardens of Europe -have been able to procure specimens.</p> -<p>This animal is very often miscalled the “aurochs,” and -from this error much confusion has arisen. The true aurochs, -(<i>Bos primigenius</i>), was the wild progenitor of some -of the existing breeds of domestic cattle, but it is now -extinct.</p> -<h3 id="c8">MOUNTAIN SHEEP HILL, No. 44.</h3> -<p>The wild sheep and goats of the world form an exceedingly -interesting group of animals. In form they are odd -and picturesque, and in temper and mentality they are -everything that could be desired. All the year round, deer -are either nervous or dangerous, and difficult to handle. -Wild sheep, goats and ibex appreciate man’s interest in -them, and even when not fond of attention, they act sensibly -when it is necessary to handle them.</p> -<p>The Zoological Park collection of wild sheep and goats is -one of the most interesting features of the Park. Mountain -Sheep Hill is the first high ridge west of the Rocking Stone, -and its northern end is very near the Bear Dens and Reptile -House. It consists of a ridge of pink granite 500 feet long -and 25 feet high, its southern end fully exposed, but the -northern end well shaded by oaks and cedars. For grazing -animals that love to climb, and pose on the sky line, the -slopes of bare rock, set in patches of hard, green turf, are -almost ideal. In the eastern face of the ridge, rock excavations -have been made, and five roomy caves have been constructed -in such a manner that they are cool in summer, -warm in winter, and dry at all times. On April 1, 1913, -the six wire enclosures on Mountain Sheep Hill contained -the following species:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/pmg010.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="461" /> -<p class="pcap">WHITE-FRONTED MUSK-OX.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/pmg011.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="447" /> -<p class="pcap">BIG-HORN MOUNTAIN SHEEP RAM.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Suleiman Markhor.</dt> -<dt>Arcal Mountain Sheep.</dt> -<dt>Mouflon.</dt> -<dt>Persian Wild Goat.</dt> -<dt>Himalayan Tahr.</dt> -<dt>Aoudad.</dt></dl> -<p>Because of the curious (and unaccountable) fact that they -do not thrive on Mountain Sheep Hill, the Rocky Mountain -Goat and Chamois are exhibited elsewhere. The former will -be found near the Pheasant Aviary, next to the Musk-ox.</p> -<p>Visitors are requested to make note of the fact that <i>in -winter</i>, the <i>Arcal Sheep, Mouflon, and other delicate sheep -are exhibited in the Small-Deer House</i>.</p> -<p><b>The White-Fronted Musk-Ox</b>, (<i>Ovibos wardi</i>, Lydekker), -is represented in the Park by a herd of six specimens. Five -of these animals were born in May, 1910, in Ellesmere Land, -and captured in that year by Paul J. Rainey and Harry C. -Whitney, and presented by Mr. Rainey. The sixth individual, -a vigorous and rather vicious female, was born on Melville -Island, in May, 1909, and captured by Captain Joseph -Bernier. Owing to the domineering temper of “Miss Melville,” -it is not possible to keep her with the animals a year -younger than herself, because she resents their presence in -her corral.</p> -<p>The Musk-Ox is an animal of strange form, inhabiting -a small portion of the Arctic regions of the western hemisphere, -up to the very northernmost points of land east of the -Mackenzie River. At Fort Conger (Latitude 81°, 40′), -its flesh was a godsend to General Greely, and later on to -Commander Peary, also. Structurally, this animal stands -in a genus of its own (<i>Ovibos</i>), midway between the cattle -and the sheep, but it is unqualifiedly a misnomer to call it -a “musk-sheep.”</p> -<p>An adult male Musk-Ox stands 4 ft. 5 in. high at the -shoulders and is 6 ft. 7 in. in total length. Our first specimen -was a female, two years old. She stood 3 ft. 2 in. high at -the shoulders, and was 4 ft. 10 in. in total length. Her -entire body was covered by a dense mass of fine light brown -hair, of a woolly nature, overlaid by a thatch of very long, -straight hair specially designed to shed rain.</p> -<p>The Musk-Ox inhabits the Barren Grounds of northern -Canada north of Latitude 64° from Great Bear Lake to -Hudson Bay, Grant Land, and the northeast coast of Greenland -from Franz Josef Fiord (Latitude 70°) to the most -<span class="pb" id="Page_32">32</span> -northerly point of land. About twenty living specimens -have been taken when very young at Franz Josef Fiord, -by Swedish and Norwegian whaling parties. The Peary -Arctic Club, of New York, presented to the New York -Zoological Society a young calf which was captured by -Commander Peary at Fort Conger, in 1902, but it lived -only a few months.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/pmg012.jpg" alt="" width="504" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">MOUFLON</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/pmg013.jpg" alt="" width="508" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">ARCAL SHEEP</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/pmg014.jpg" alt="" width="503" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">HIMALAYAN TAHR</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/pmg015.jpg" alt="" width="502" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">BURRHEL</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Big-Horn Mountain Sheep</b>, (<i>Ovis canadensis</i>), is -exhibited in the Zoological Park, whenever it may be obtained. -The efforts that have been made in New York, -Philadelphia, Washington and Chicago to acclimatize the -Big-Horn of the Rocky Mountains have proven the extreme -difficulty involved in keeping specimens of that -species alive and in good condition anywhere in the Mississippi -Valley, or on the Atlantic coast. The changes of atmosphere -<span class="pb" id="Page_33">33</span> -and temperature seem more violent than American -mountain sheep are fitted by nature to endure, and -thus far all specimens tried have died within a comparatively -few months.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/pmg016.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="496" /> -<p class="pcap">CHAMOIS</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/pmg017.jpg" alt="" width="490" height="488" /> -<p class="pcap">MARKHOR</p> -</div> -<p>In his own country, the Rocky Mountain Big-Horn is a -bold, hardy and robust animal. He is high-headed, keen-sighted, -and a sure-footed mountaineer. He dwells in the -wildest and most picturesque country that he can find between -the “bad-lands” of western North Dakota and the -line of perpetual snow on the Rockies. His massive circling -horns render his head a much-coveted trophy, and his -flesh is most excellent food. A full-grown ram (<i>Ovis canadensis</i>) -stands 41 inches in height at the shoulders, and -weighs 316 pounds.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig16"> -<img src="images/pmg018.jpg" alt="" width="499" height="488" /> -<p class="pcap">AOUDAD</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig17"> -<img src="images/pmg019.jpg" alt="" width="505" height="495" /> -<p class="pcap">PERSIAN WILD GOAT</p> -</div> -<p>This species ranges from the northern states of Mexico -to northern British Columbia and it culminates (i. e., -<span class="pb" id="Page_34">34</span> -reaches its finest development) in southeastern British Columbia. -In Northwest Alaska other related species occur. -A female specimen from southeastern British Columbia was -exhibited in the Zoological Park during 1905 and 1906, and -in 1902, a male specimen of a closely related species (<i>Ovis -nelsoni</i>) was also here.</p> -<p>As opportunities offer to procure male specimens, that -have been kept in their home region until they are at least -a year and a half old, they will be purchased and exhibited.</p> -<p><b>The Mouflon</b>, (<i>Ovis musimon</i>), or <b>Wild Sheep</b> of Sardinia, -is represented by a fine pair of specimens presented -by Maurice Egerton, Esq., of London, and a young male -born in the Park. The female of the adult pair was captured -when a lamb in the mountains of Sardinia by Mr. -Egerton. The ram of this species is handsomely colored, -and this specimen is noted for his friendliness, and his fondness -for admiration.</p> -<p><b>The Arcal Mountain Sheep</b>, (<i>Ovis cycloceros</i>), is one of -the smallest mountain sheep of India of the “big-horn” -type (with circling horns). The fully adult male, with its -long undermane of coarse, shaggy hair and proud postures, -is a very noteworthy creature. This species inhabits the -mountains of northern India, Tibet, Afghanistan, Beluchistan -and southern Persia.</p> -<p><b>The Burrhel</b>, or <b>Blue Mountain Sheep</b>, (<i>Ovis burrhel</i>), -also of northern India, is of quite a different mould from -the preceding species. Its countenance has almost a benign -expression, and its curious out-pointing horns, of large size -give it a most jaunty air. By some it is regarded as the -most beautiful of all mountain sheep. In size, however, it -is not imposing, for it is one of the smallest species. It is -not so hardy as the preceding species, and there may be -periods when there are no specimens on exhibition.</p> -<p><b>The Aoudad</b>, or <b>Barbary Wild Sheep</b>, (<i>Ovis tragelaphus</i>), -comes from the hot, dry mountains of northern Africa, and -it endures the cold, wet climate of New York in a manner -sufficient to put to shame our American mountain sheep, -goat and other western ruminants. The largest male Aoudad -of our herd is a very fine specimen of its kind. He is -as fond of admiration as any peacock, and often poses in -striking attitudes on the highest point of his rocks. He -was born here on March 19, 1902.</p> -<p><b>The Himalayan Tahr</b>, (<i>Hemitragus jemlaicus</i>), is really -a wild goat, of very odd and picturesque aspect, native of -<span class="pb" id="Page_35">35</span> -the higher ranges of the Himalayas of northern India. Its -horns are short and thick, and its body is covered with -long, purplish-brown hair which is much blown about by -the wind. It dwells amongst the most dangerous crags and -precipices, just below timber-line, and in reality is a forest-loving -animal. Its hair is the longest to be found on any -member of the two subfamilies of goats and goat-like animals. -The pair on exhibition have bred here, and the -young have been successfully reared to maturity. The -young Tahr is very small, but remarkably nimble-footed -and capable.</p> -<p><b>The Chamois</b>, (<i>Rupicapra tragus</i>), has usually been represented -in the hoofed-animal collection, but always out of its -proper installation. Our individuals have not thriven on -Mountain Sheep Hill, always becoming ill soon after being -placed there. They thrive well, however, in a small wire -pen with a sanded floor quite near the Puma and Lynx House -(No. 33A), and there we keep them.</p> -<p>This animal is one of the rock antelopes, and is related -to the American Mountain Goat. It is a bold mountaineer, -and even to-day is pictorially represented as leaping -“from crag to crag” across chasms apparently 200 feet -wide! Its home is in the mountains of southern Europe, -especially the Pyrenees, the Swiss Alps and the Caucasus -Mountains. But it is not so exclusively a crag-dweller, as -most persons have been led to suppose, for in many localities -it inhabits mountain forests. Like most other mountain -ungulates, the Chamois dwell high in summer, and in -winter they seek lower and more sheltered situations. They -are exceedingly wary and agile, and sure-footed on dangerous -ground.</p> -<h3 id="c9">THE ANTELOPE HOUSE, NO. 50.</h3> -<p>The Antelope House occupies a commanding situation on -a high, tree-covered knoll at the south end of the Zoological -Park. The situation seems as if specially formed by Nature -to be occupied by this building, and its outside enclosures. -The drainage is quite perfect, and the yards are -well-shaded.</p> -<p>The building has been designed to meet the wants of -giraffes and large African antelopes of all kinds, more -especially those which require 60° of heat in winter.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div> -<div class="img" id="fig18"> -<img src="images/pmg020.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="403" /> -<p class="pcap">NILGAI: INDIAN ANTELOPE.</p> -</div> -<p>The Antelope House is 142 feet long by 78 feet in extreme -width. In architectural style it conforms with the -other large animal buildings of the Park. Both for visitors -and for its animals, it is roomy and well lighted, and in -every way fitted to house and display a large and valuable -collection of tropical hoofed animals. It contains 24 interior -compartments, directly connected with 23 open-air -yards for use in mild weather. This building was completed -and occupied on October 17, 1903, and with all its -surrounding improvements has cost about $80,000.</p> -<p>As the visitor will observe from the following enumeration -of species, our collection of large and rare African and -Asiatic antelopes is very rich. Unfortunately, until the -completion of the Zebra House releases the apartments now -occupied by the equines, a number of species which belong -in the Antelope House must temporarily be quartered elsewhere.</p> -<p><b>The Nubian</b> or <b>Three-Horned Giraffes</b>, (<i>Giraffa camelopardalis</i>), -are at present the most important and interesting -animals in the building. The pair came from German East -Africa, are now (April, 1913) about twelve years old, and -cost $5,500. The male stands 14 feet 4 inches in height, -and the female 12 feet 6 inches. Both are good-tempered -<span class="pb" id="Page_37">37</span> -animals, and have been in good health ever since their -arrival. Their food consists of clover hay, broken forage-biscuits, -an assortment of raw vegetables carefully cut into -small pieces, a small quantity of bran, and rock salt.</p> -<p>A study of the Giraffes reveals most interesting conditions. -According to the point of view, the total number -of species and subspecies may be reckoned at any number -from three to six, inclusive. According to the specimens in -hand, the Southern, or Two-Horned Giraffe, (<i>Giraffa capensis</i>), -seems clearly defined from the Northern, or Three-Horned -Giraffe, (<i>G. camelopardalis</i>). Next, the Somali Giraffe, -(<i>G. reticulata</i>), of the Lake Rudolph region and northern -British East Africa, seems fairly separable. At first -the Five-Horned Giraffe, of western Uganda, seemed quite -distinct, but now British naturalists hesitate about according -to it rank as a separate species, because of its intergradation -with the Nubian form, (<i>camelopardalis</i>).</p> -<p>Judging from all evidence now available, it seems that -the Giraffes of to-day represent the midway stage of an -effort to develop several species from the parent stock, -the Three-Horned Giraffe, which is the species here represented. -The existing forms, including all species and subspecies, -intergrade and run together in a manner that is -fairly bewildering; but if the Giraffes could remain uninfluenced -by man for a sufficiently long period the probabilities -are that the species now branching off would be -clearly established.</p> -<p>The oldest, the best-known and the most common Giraffe -is the three-horned species, found from central Uganda -southward. The five-horned variety meets the former in -Uganda, and occurs from that region westward to the edge -of the great equatorial forest, and on westward even to -Lake Tchad, and the lower Niger Valley. Excepting in -Uganda, Kahma’s country, and a few other protected districts, -the Giraffe is now rare, particularly throughout the -regions that are accessible to hunters. Thousands of these -wonderful creatures have been killed by hunters, both -white and black, solely for the sake of seeing them dead, -and leaving them as prey to the hyænas and hunting-dogs. -It seems to be beyond the power of most men who can -shoot to see living wild animals, no matter how large or -wonderful, without desiring to reduce them to carcasses, -fit only for scavengers.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div> -<div class="img" id="fig19"> -<img src="images/pmg021.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" /> -<p class="pcap">NUBIAN GIRAFFES.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Eland</b>, (<i>Taurotragus oryx</i>), is the largest and most -imposing of all antelopes. As might be inferred from its -great size, it is now so nearly extinct that it has almost disappeared -from the lists of dealers in wild animals. The -fine young pair now in the Antelope House was presented by -the Duke of Bedford, from his famous animal collection at -Woburn Park. The fully adult female is the gift of Mr. C. -Ledyard Blair.</p> -<p>Of Elands there are two well-marked species. That of -eastern and southern Africa, here represented, was once -numerous on many of the fertile plains of the great plateau -now known as Rhodesia, and in fact throughout nearly the -whole of the uplands of eastern Africa, from the Cape to -the Sahara. Unfortunately, however, white hunters and -modern firearms have reduced the countless thousands of -the great herds to numbers so small that the capture and -exportation of Elands have practically ceased.</p> -<p>Although a number of Elands have been born in captivity, -the number on public exhibition still remain very -small. The only captive herd known to the writer is that -of the Duke of Bedford, in Woburn Park, England, which -is at once the admiration and envy of all collectors of living -wild animals.</p> -<p><b>The White-Tailed Gnu</b>, (<i>Connochaetes gnu</i>), once was -abundant in South Africa, south of the Vaal River. But it -has shared the fate of all the other large mammals of that -<span class="pb" id="Page_39">39</span> -region, and only a few scattered bands still exist. Nearly -all of the specimens now living in captivity were born in -captivity, for both species of Gnu take kindly to life in -parks and gardens.</p> -<p>Every way considered, the Gnu is an animal of odd and -remarkable form. It has a nose of strange shape, its -horns are curiously formed, the hair on its head and neck -exhibits various peculiarities, and its hips are oddly modeled. -Its long, flowing tail is so horse-like that for many -years this animal was pictured and popularly known as the -“Horned Horse.”</p> -<p><b>The White-Bearded Gnu</b>, (<i>Connochaetes albojubatus</i>), is -noticeably larger than the white-tailed species, and in some -respects it presents a finer appearance. Its bulk is considerably -greater, and its color is more pleasing. This species -bears a strong resemblance to the third species, which -is known as the <b>Brindled</b> or <b>Blue Gnu</b>, (<i>Connochaetes taurinus</i>), -from which the former is distinguished by its white -mane and jaw-tufts, and generally paler color. At wide -intervals the White-Bearded species inhabits southern East -Africa, from about S. Lat. 23°, to the Albert Nyanza and -Lake Rudolph, but chiefly near the coast. In only one -locality do we learn of its occurrence west of the 30th meridian. -To-day it is most numerous in German East Africa -and the southern portions of Uganda.</p> -<p><b>The Addax Antelope</b>, (<i>Addax naso-maculatus</i>), is a spiral-horned -antelope which inhabits the southern edge of the -Sahara Desert from Dongola quite across Africa to Senegal. -Its extremely broad and spreading hoofs betoken a dweller -upon sand, and are strongly suggestive of the snow-shoe -hoofs of the caribou. It is said that this animal is not to -be taken without making a journey into the desert, with -camels.</p> -<p><b>The Leucoryx Antelope</b>, (<i>Oryx leucoryx</i>), is the only -member of its genus which has curved horns. Because of the -length and very slight curvature of the horns, this species -has by some writers been spoken of as the <b>Sabre Antelope</b>, -and by a mischievous perversion that name has been turned -into “Sable” Antelope, which refers to a totally different -creature, (<i>Hippotragus niger</i>). Anyone who places an order -for the purchase of a real Sable Antelope, and receives a -Leucoryx instead of <i>Hippotragus niger</i>, is profoundly disappointed.</p> -<p>This species is a desert habitant, and its home is the desert -region of North Africa from Dongola to the Senegal country. -<span class="pb" id="Page_40">40</span> -It is breeding regularly here, and the offspring mature -successfully. The largest Leucoryx horns on record measure -39⅝ inches.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig20"> -<img src="images/pmg022.jpg" alt="" width="510" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">BEATRIX ANTELOPE</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig21"> -<img src="images/pmg023.jpg" alt="" width="505" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">BLESSBOK</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Beisa Antelope</b>, (<i>Oryx beisa</i>), is a good representative -of the group of straight-horned antelopes found in the genus -<i>Oryx</i>. Of all the long-horned species, the two Beisas and -the Gemsbok of Africa, and the Beatrix of Arabia, are the -only species possessed of horns that are practically straight -from base to tip. The Gemsbok is the largest and most -showy species, being painted like a harlequin, in a startling -pattern of roan, black and white. The Beisa is a good -second, however. The horns of all these antelopes grow -to great length, and are excellent weapons for use in -encounters with the smaller game-killing carnivores. The -largest horns of record measure 40 inches.</p> -<p>The Beisa inhabits eastern Central Africa, from Suakin -on the Red Sea southward to the Equator.</p> -<p><b>The Beatrix Antelope</b>, (<i>Oryx beatrix</i>), of the Arabian -Desert, is one of the rarest antelopes to be found in captivity, -and at this date this interesting species is represented -by a fine pair of specimens. The longest horns of record -measure 26 inches. Very few sportsmen have seen this -animal in its native haunts. Our pair has been breeding -for three years, and has reared two young.</p> -<p><b>The Sable Antelope</b>, (<i>Hippotragus niger</i>), is by many -persons regarded as the handsomest of all the numerous -species of African antelopes. In appearance it is very proud -and high-headed; it has imposing horns that sweep backward -in a semicircular curve; its large eyes and alert air betoken -keen intelligence, and its glossy black coat, marked with pure -<span class="pb" id="Page_41">41</span> -white, render it a most conspicuous animal. On its native -veldt it has now become a very rare species, and seldom is -taken by sportsmen. The fine male specimen in the Park was -presented by Miss Jean Walker Simpson.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig22"> -<img src="images/pmg024.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">LEUCORYX ANTELOPE</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig23"> -<img src="images/pmg025.jpg" alt="" width="503" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">WHITE-TAILED GNU</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Sing-Sing Waterbuck</b>, (<i>Cobus unctuosus</i>), is a creature -of the lowlands, and frequents the dense tangles of tall -reeds that border many of the rivers of West Africa, above -the great equatorial forest. In captivity it sometimes is -one of the most insanely nervous and irrational creatures -imaginable, ever seeking self-inflicted injuries.</p> -<p><b>The Blessbok</b>, (<i>Damaliscus albifrons</i>), is a small but handsome -purple-and-white antelope which is now very nearly -extinct. Formerly a number of herds were preserved on -fenced farms in the Transvaal and Orange Free State, but -it is feared that none of them survived the Boer War. This -species never lived north of the Limpopo, but south of that -river it once was so numerous that a truthful traveler -described a vast plain as being “purple with Blessbok.”</p> -<p><b>The Nilgai</b>, (<i>Portax tragocamelus</i>), is the largest of the -Indian antelopes, and while it has the stature and the high -shoulders of a Baker roan antelope, its absurdly small -horns give it, beside the large antelopes of Africa, a very -commonplace and unfinished appearance. The males and -females are as differently colored as if they belonged to -different species. This animal inhabits the roughest -portions of the central plains of Hindustan, from Mysore to -the Himalayas. In northern India it is found along the -rivers Jumna and Ganges, in rugged and barren tracts of -ravines which in character and origin resemble our western -“bad-lands.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div> -<div class="img" id="fig24"> -<img src="images/pmg026.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="395" /> -<p class="pcap">ELAND</p> -</div> -<p>The small antelopes will be found in the Small-Deer -House, the next building in order.</p> -<h3 id="c10">THE SMALL-DEER HOUSE, No. 49.</h3> -<p>In captivity the small and delicate species of deer, antelopes -and gazelles are better cared for in enclosures that -are not too large. For such creatures, freedom in a large -enclosure usually means early death from accident or exposure.</p> -<p>The very important building called the Small-Deer House -has been erected with special reference to the wants of the -interesting little hoofed animals which are too small for the -Antelope House and the large ranges. In winter it will -shelter the small tropical mountain sheep and goats, which -are unable to withstand the rigors of outdoor life on Mountain -Sheep Hill, and the tropical swine may also be expected -here.</p> -<p>The Small-Deer House is situated in close proximity to -the Antelope House, and westward thereof. Of the buildings -of secondary rank, it is one of the most satisfactory, -being roomy, well-lighted and capable of comfortably housing -and displaying a large and varied collection. The structure -is 158 feet in length by 46 feet in width. It contains -thirty compartments, each of which, under stress of necessity, -<span class="pb" id="Page_43">43</span> -can be partitioned, and formed into two. The interior -compartments are each 10 feet wide by 10 feet deep. -The building is surrounded by a series of 34 corrals, connecting -with the interior compartments, the average size of -each being 75 feet long by 20 feet wide at the outer end. -All the fences are of wire, and were specially designed in -the Park for this installation.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig25"> -<img src="images/pmg027.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="396" /> -<p class="pcap">SABLE ANTELOPE.</p> -</div> -<p>It is a practical impossibility to offer an enumeration of -the living animals in this building which will permanently -apply, and the best that can be attempted is an approximation. -It is an inexorable law of Nature that the smallest -animals shall have the shortest periods of life, and in a -zoological park a small hoofed animal may be here to-day -and gone to-morrow. In the following enumeration, mention -will be made only of those species which are likely to -remain longest on exhibition; and it may be observed that -in this building there will be found various animals which -are neither deer nor antelopes.</p> -<h4><span class="sc">The Small Deer.</span></h4> -<p><b>Osceola White-Tailed Deer</b>, (<i>Odocoileus virginianus osceola</i>), -is an interesting geographic race of the northern -White-Tailed Deer which forms the parent stem of a group -of six or seven subspecies. The robust and hardy northern -type, often with large and strong antlers, gradually diminishes -<span class="pb" id="Page_44">44</span> -in size and in antlers, until in Mexico it becomes a -small and delicate creature, with very small and light antlers -bearing only two or three small tines. The next form has so -widely diverged from the original type that it is necessary -to accord it rank as a full species.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig26"> -<img src="images/pmg028.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="400" /> -<p class="pcap">REDUNCA ANTELOPE.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Sinaloa White-Tailed Deer</b>, (<i>Odocoileus sinaloae</i>), is -still smaller and weaker than the preceding. Our pair of -specimens shown was obtained by Mr. and Mrs. C. William -Beebe, in the State of Guadalajara, Mexico, and are highly -interesting as a link near the lower terminus of the <i>Odocoileus</i> -chain. On a majority of the antlers of this species -there are no branches whatever, but simply a weak main -beam, curving over at the tip, and terminating in a rounded -point.</p> -<p>It should be noted here that the White-Tailed Deer group, -(<i>Odocoileus</i>), is very well represented in South America by -<i>O. weigmanni</i> of the Guianas.</p> -<p><b>The Marsh Deer</b>, (<i>Blastoceros paludosus</i>), of eastern -South America, is the largest South American deer. Our -first specimen was obtained in 1904. Its antlers are strongly -built but short, and in architecture resemble the antlers -of a Siamese species known as Schomburgk Deer, (<i>Cervus -schomburgki</i>); but the latter has on each beam three double -bifurcations, while the former has but two. The Marsh -Deer has very large, wide-spreading hoofs, which it would -<span class="pb" id="Page_45">45</span> -seem have been developed by many generations of existence -on soft ground. It inhabits the jungles along river banks, -in Brazil. The head of this animal is of remarkable length.</p> -<p>This important species is rather weak in captivity, and it -is by no means certain that it can constantly be exhibited -here. There is another South American species, (<i>Blastoceros -campestris</i>), which is a zoological understudy, or miniature, -of the large Marsh Deer.</p> -<p><b>The Black-Faced Brocket</b>, (<i>Mazama tema</i>), <i>whenever it -can be obtained</i>, will represent a group of American deer -which is as little known in the United States as if it inhabited -the heart of Borneo. The Brockets are smaller -than the Sinaloa white-tailed deer, and they are so nearly -hornless that the antler is merely a small, straight, sharp-pointed -spike of bone only three inches long. The adult -animal is only 25 inches in shoulder height, which is about -the size of the muntjac of India. Of the Brockets there are -several species, mostly South American, but from skulls and -horns received we now know that it is found as far north -as the State of Puebla, Mexico. A correspondent in that -locality is constantly endeavoring to secure specimens for -us, and no doubt will shortly succeed. For the reason that -we expect specimens in the near future, this species is included.</p> -<p><b>The Hog Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus porcinus</i>), which is very unlike a -hog, and is libeled by its name, is a small species from India, -which is provided with long and well-shaped antlers having -a total of six points. Sometimes the adult males are spotted -in summer, and sometimes they are not. This species -stands next to the beautiful axis deer. It breeds well in -captivity, but is a very nervous and even hysterical animal.</p> -<p><b>The Molucca Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus moluccensis</i>), is a thick-bodied, -scantily-clad and coarse-haired understudy of the -Malay sambar, (<i>Cervus unicolor</i>). Of all deer it is one of -the least beautiful. Its hair resembles the bristles of a wild -hog, and its color is a dull, raw-umber brown. It belongs -to the sambar group of East Indian deer, and really marks, -both geographically and in size, the farthest departure -from the type species of the group.</p> -<p><b>The Muntjac or Rib-Faced Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus muntjac</i>), is one -of the most interesting of all species of small deer. In one -respect it is unique. Its tiny antlers, which are only 4½ -inches in length, are placed high up on stems of solid bone, -which sometimes rise 3¾ inches clear of the cranium. -<span class="pb" id="Page_46">46</span> -These pedicles of bone are covered with skin, quite up to -the burr of the antler. The front angles of these pedicles are -continued down the face to the nasal bones, and form the -two sharply defined facial ridges which have given this -creature one of its popular names.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig27"> -<img src="images/pmg029.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" /> -<p class="pcap">SASIN ANTELOPE.</p> -</div> -<p>In India the Muntjac inhabits the jungles of the tiger, -the leopard, axis deer and sloth bear, and escapes from its -numerous enemies by hiding behind logs, and scurrying -through the thick underbush so swiftly that its pursuers can -not keep it in view. Its flesh is most excellent food. From -its peculiar, yapping cry, many times repeated, it is often -called the Barking Deer. It breeds readily in captivity, and -its bright fawn color attracts to it much attention.</p> -<p><b>The Musk Deer</b>, (<i>Moschus moschiferus</i>), of northern India, -Tibet and Southern China is the creature which produces -the well-known musk perfume of commerce. The -product is secreted by the male in the “rutting” season. -This species is one of the smallest of the true deer. Its -most remarkable anatomical feature is a pair of very long -and sharp canine teeth in the upper jaw, the points of which -project far below the lower jaw. No horns are present in -this animal. Being short-lived in captivity, and also difficult -to obtain, it must be classed as an intermittent exhibit.</p> -<h4><span class="sc">The Small African Antelopes.</span></h4> -<p>In addition to the grand array of large antelopes inhabiting -<span class="pb" id="Page_47">47</span> -Africa, of which many fine examples will be found in -the Antelope House, there is an extensive series of small -species. Indeed, the richness of Africa in antelopes, great -and small, is almost beyond belief. The species of Asia and -Europe are so few, and so inconspicuous, that they seem like -so many stray wanderers from the Dark Continent. The -fertile, grassy plains of the great Central African plateau -have cradled scores of species, some of which have wandered -into the deserts, the forests and the fluviatile swamps, and -there made their permanent homes.</p> -<p><b>The Black-Buck</b>, or <b>Sasin Antelope</b>, (<i>Antilope cervicapra</i>), -of the central plains of Hindustan, is one of the handsomest -of the smaller antelopes. The horns of the male are long, -strongly ringed, twisted spirally, and rise from the head in -the shape of a V, sometimes to a length of 28 inches. At -first the young males are fawn-colored, like the females, but -as they grow older they steadily grow darker, until finally -the whole upper body and lower neck are suffused with a -rich, brown-black color. On the plains between the rivers -Ganges and Jumna, herds of Black-Buck live in densely populated -agricultural regions, and one of the greatest difficulties -attendant upon its pursuit lies in shooting an animal -without also shooting the native.</p> -<p><b>The Reedbuck</b>, (<i>Cervicapra arundinum</i>), of South Africa, -below Angola and Mozambique, is closely related to the -larger and much more showy waterbucks, but is distinguished -from them by the pronounced forward curve of its -horns. In the western districts of Cape Colony, the number -alive, in 1905, was estimated at 350 individuals.</p> -<p><b>The Common Duiker Antelope</b>, (<i>Cephalophus grimmi</i>), or -for that matter, any species of Duiker—may be regarded -as the representative of a large group of very small African -antelopes, of wide distribution. There are about twenty -species in all, and the great majority of them are very -modestly colored, in coats of one or two colors only. The -prevailing tints are grayish brown and tawny red. The -horns of the various species of Duikers are all very much -alike. With but one or two exceptions, their horns are -straight spikes from 3 to 5 inches in length. In shoulder -height the Duikers vary from 14 to 30 inches, but the majority -are between 17 and 22 inches. Only three or four species -are strikingly colored.</p> -<p><b>The Four-Horned Antelope</b>, (<i>Tetraceros quadricornis</i>) is -a small creature which looks like a duiker, but is very far -<span class="pb" id="Page_48">48</span> -from belonging to that genus. It is an inhabitant of the -brushy plains of India, and enjoys the unique distinction of -possessing two pairs of horns. In addition to the 4-inch -pair, normally placed, it has a much smaller pair, usually -only 1 inch in height, which rises from the central area of -the forehead. I believe it is the only species of antelope -which possesses two pairs of horns.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig28"> -<img src="images/pmg030.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="403" /> -<p class="pcap">GREAT GRAY KANGAROO.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Springbuck</b>, (<i>Antidorcas euchore</i>), is to South Africa -as the “prong-horn” is to our great western plains. Once, -both were abundant, and the first hoofed animal to greet the -traveler who entered their respective domains. To-day, -both species are so nearly extinct that the hunter must -search long before finding even one. The Springbuck received -its name in recognition of its remarkable habit of -leaping high into the air when running—a habit which also -is displayed by the black-buck of India.</p> -<p><b>The Gazelles</b> are found only in Asia and Africa, and the -number of species is about 25. In general terms they may -be described as dainty antelopes,—so slender and delicate in -leg construction that it seems strange that such slender -bones can support a tall animal without breaking.</p> -<p><b>The Dorcas Gazelle</b>, of Arabia, (<i>Gazella dorcas</i>), is the -species which most frequently finds its way into captivity, -and it will serve very well as a specimen species for the -whole group. Despite its delicate and frail appearance, it -<span class="pb" id="Page_49">49</span> -is much more enduring in captivity than many animals -which seem far more robust. A pair which entered the Park -in 1900 is still living. The male has a temper which quite -belies the reputation of the “gentle gazelle.” Although -loyal and kind to his cage-mate, toward human beings generally -he has manifested a very savage disposition, and in -one of his fits of bad temper he broke off one of his own -horns.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig29"> -<img src="images/pmg031.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="403" /> -<p class="pcap">ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Indian Gazelle</b>, (<i>Gazella benneti</i>),—frequently called -in its home country Ravine “Deer,”—is a habitant of the -sterile, water-washed ravines of northern and central India, -which are the oriental counterpart of our western “badlands.” -This animal inhabits the same regions as the black-buck, -but because of the religious scruples of the Hindoos -against the taking of life, both species are secure from attack—until -the arrival among them of the white sahibs. A -full-grown Indian Gazelle is 26 inches in shoulder height. -The females of this species possess horns, which are very -slender, and vary in length from 4 to 8½ inches.</p> -<h3 id="c11"><span class="sc">Miscellaneous Mammals.</span></h3> -<p>The Small-Deer House will at all times contain various -mammals which are there shown because it is a practical -impossibility to provide a separate building for each group.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div> -<p><b>The Wild Swine</b> of the world are here represented by three -noteworthy species:</p> -<p><b>The Red River-Hog</b>, (<i>Potamochaerus pencillatus</i>), of West -Africa, is about the only handsome species of swine that -Nature has produced. In form it is compact and well-turned, -its long pencil-tipped ears are of pleasing pattern, and its -hair is a rich auburn color, and the temper of our specimen -is everything that could be desired. Beside it is shown -“Clarence,” the <b>East African Wart-Hog</b>, (<i>Phacochaerus -aethiopicus</i>), who is equally interesting, but in a different -way. This species is very weird in form. <b>The Collared -Peccary</b>, (<i>Tagassu angulatum</i>), beside it is more like the wild -swine of Europe and Japan, and is not nearly so dangerous -as general reputation demands.</p> -<p><b>The Kangaroos.</b>—Seldom is there found in Nature a group -of large-animal species whose members are so monotonously -similar in general appearance as are the Kangaroos and -Wallabies, of Australia. The great majority are either gray -or gray-brown, and the only striking variation is found in -the big <b>Red Kangaroo</b>, (<i>Macropus rufus</i>).</p> -<h3 id="c12">THE WHITE MOUNTAIN GOAT, No. 48.</h3> -<p>Fortunate indeed is the zoological park or garden which -can exhibit even one living specimen of the White Mountain -Goat. It is a very difficult matter to take an animal -from a rarified dry atmosphere, at an elevation of 8,000 -feet, and induce it to live at sea level, in a dense and humid -atmosphere, on food to which it is by nature wholly unaccustomed.</p> -<p>We have been successful in establishing here, on a breeding -basis this rare and difficult animal, (<i>Oreamnos montanus</i>). -One kid was born in 1908 and another in 1910, and -both have thriven, the former now being so large as to look -like an adult specimen.</p> -<p>For some subtle reason which we can not explain, these -animals—like the chamois and mouflon quartered in small -pens near the Small-Mammal House—do not thrive in any -of the large, rock-bound corrals of Mountain Sheep Hill. -They are kept in a rock-paved corral near the Pheasant -Aviary and the Crotona Entrance, and to their use has been -devoted a rustic barn, which they shelter in or climb over, -according to the weather. To see them walking nonchalantly -<span class="pb" id="Page_51">51</span> -over the steep roof, or perching upon its peak, is one of -the drollest sights of the Park.</p> -<p>The White Goat, sometimes mistakenly called “goat antelope,” -belongs to a small group known as the Rupicaprines -or rock antelopes. It inhabits many different kinds of territory, -but usually the rugged sides and summits of high -mountains, at irregular intervals from southwestern Montana -and northern Washington, northward to the head of -Cook Inlet on the coast of Alaska. (See map of distribution, -with label.) The valley of the upper Yukon contains practically -no goats. They are most abundant in southeastern -British Columbia, where in a very small area, in September, -1905, Mr. John M. Phillips and the writer actually counted -239 individuals.</p> -<p>Of the five animals now exhibited in the Park, three were -captured a few days after their birth, in May, 1905, about -seventy miles north of Fort Steele, British Columbia. They -arrived here October 9, 1905, and up to this date they have -thriven as well, and grown as rapidly, as they would have -in a state of nature. Their food consists of the best clover -hay obtainable, and crushed oats. When they shed their -coats, in the spring, they are almost as white as snow, but -with months of use, their pelage becomes soiled and slightly -discolored.</p> -<p>A fully adult male mountain goat stands from 39 to 41 -inches in shoulder height, and weighs, <i>on scales</i>, from 258 to -300 pounds.</p> -<h3 id="c13">THE PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE.</h3> -<p><b>The Prong-Horned Antelope</b>, (<i>Antilocapra americana</i>), is -an animal in which Americans should now take special interest. -Structurally, the Prong-Horn is so peculiar that it has -been found necessary to create for it a special zoological -family, called <i>Antilocapridae</i>, of which it is the sole member. -This is due to the following facts: (1) This is -the only living mammal possessing hollow horns (growing -over a bony core) which sheds them annually; (2) it -is the only animal possessing a hollow horn which bears a -prong, or bifurcation; (3) it has no “dew claws,” as -other ruminant animals have; (4) the horn is placed -directly above the eye; (5) the long hair of the body -and neck is tubular; and (6) that on the rump is erectile. -Beyond all possibility of doubt, it will be our next large -<span class="pb" id="Page_52">52</span> -species to become extinct, and if we may judge by the -rate at which the bands have been disappearing during the -last fifteen years, ten years more will, in all probability, witness -the extermination of the last individuals now struggling -to exist outside of rigidly protected areas. It was the intention -of the Society to make liberal provision for the study of -the species while it is yet possible to obtain living specimens, -for fifty years hence our graceful and zoologically interesting -Prong-Horn will be as extinct as the dodo. Unfortunately, -however, it fares so badly on the Atlantic coast, -there will, no doubt, be periods wherein this species will be -temporarily absent from the Park.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig30"> -<img src="images/pmg032.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="383" /> -<p class="pcap">AMERICAN PRONG HORNED ANTELOPE.</p> -</div> -<p>Forty years ago this animal inhabited practically the -whole of the great pasture region which stretches eastward -from the Rocky Mountains to the western borders of Iowa -and Missouri. Northward its range extended far into Manitoba; -southward it went far beyond the Rio Grande, and it -also ranged southwestward through Colorado and Nevada -to southern California. Its chosen home was the treeless -plains, where the rich buffalo grass and bunch grass -afforded abundant food, but it also frequented the beautiful -mountain parks of Wyoming and Colorado. It even -lived contentedly in the deserts of the southwest, where its -voluntary presence, coupled with the absence of water, constituted -a problem which has puzzled the brain of many -a desert traveller.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div> -<div class="img" id="fig31"> -<img src="images/pmg033.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="377" /> -<p class="pcap">BACTRIAN CAMEL.</p> -</div> -<p>To-day, all observers agree that in all regions wherein the -antelope are not rigidly protected, they are going fast. -Those in the Yellowstone Park are protected against man -only to be devoured by the wolves which infest the Park.</p> -<p>Unfortunately, the Prong-Horned Antelope is not a hardy -animal. The kids are very difficult to rear; they are at all -times easily hurt by accident, and even in a state of nature -this species suffers more severely in winter than any other -North American ruminant. Often the herds drift helplessly -before the blizzards, with numerous deaths from freezing -and starvation, and in spring the survivors come out thin -and weak.</p> -<h3 id="c14">THE CAMEL HOUSE, No. 39.</h3> -<p>Speaking in a collective sense, the Camel is much more -than an ordinary animal unit in a zoological park. On the -high plains of central and southwestern Asia, and throughout -the arid regions of Africa, it is an institution. Without -it, many portions of the Old World would be uninhabitable -by man. Take either Dromedary or Bactrian Camel, and it -is a sad-eyed, ungainly, slow-moving creature, full of plaints -and objections; but remember that it goes so far back toward -the foundations of man’s dynasty, that beside it the -oldest American history seems but a record of yesterday. -<span class="pb" id="Page_54">54</span> -It is only a species of the utmost tenacity which could for -fifty centuries or more withstand constant use and abuse -by man without being altered out of all resemblance to its -original form. All races of mankind and all breeds of -domestic animals save one, change and continue to change, -indefinitely, but the Camels apparently go on the same, -forever.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig32"> -<img src="images/pmg034.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="389" /> -<p class="pcap">ALPACA.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Bactrian Camel</b>, (<i>Camelus bactrianus</i>), he of the long -shaggy hair—<i>when not shedding</i>—and the two great humps, -is the beast of heavy burden, the four-footed freight-car of -the desert sands. He can carry 550 pounds of freight, for -three or four days between drinks; but a swift pace is not -for him. It is an animal of this remarkable species, from -distant Turkestan, southwestern Asia, which daily in fine -weather offers its services as a riding animal, at the stand -near the Large Bird-House.</p> -<p>It is unfortunate that the Bactrian Camel is in its finest -pelage only in winter, when visitors to the Park are few, -and camel-riding is out of the question. Promptly upon the -approach of warm weather and a million visitors, it sheds -its long, shaggy brown coat, and stands forth as if shorn by -a shearer. Of this species, the Zoological Society possesses -two fine specimens (the gift of Captain John S. Barnes), one -of which will at all times be found regularly exhibited at -the Camel House, close by the Crotona (southwest) Entrance.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div> -<div class="img" id="fig33"> -<img src="images/pmg035.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="399" /> -<p class="pcap">VICUNIA.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Dromedary, or Single-Humped Camel</b>, (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>), -is a smaller animal than the preceding, of lighter -build, and therefore capable of much more speed in travelling. -This species never is clothed with long hair.</p> -<p>Next to the Camel House and corrals is the installation -for the nearest relatives of those species,—the Llamas, Guanacos -and other cameloids of South America.</p> -<h3 id="c15">THE LLAMA HOUSE, No. 38.</h3> -<p><i>Collection of Cameloids was presented by Mr. Robert S. -Brewster.</i></p> -<p>The arid regions of South America are inhabited by four -species of long-necked, long-haired, soft-footed animals, so -closely related to the camels of the Old World that they are -called <i>cameloids</i>. There are four species. The llama and -alpaca are in a state of domestication, and are supposed to -have been derived from the wild guanaco and vicunia. All -of them might almost be described as small-sized, humpless -camels; and their tempers and mental traits are as odd -as their forms.</p> -<p>The ordinary cameloid is a quiet and inoffensive creature; -but the exception is a rogue of rogues. It will bite with the -persistence of a bull-dog, and with its massive, chisel-like -<span class="pb" id="Page_56">56</span> -lower incisors inflicts ugly wounds. At times a llama or -vicunia becomes actually insane, and seeks to destroy every -living creature within its reach. Regardless of punishment, -such creatures attack their keepers and their herd-mates, -spit upon visitors, and rage up and down their corrals in -most absurd fashion. Occasionally such individuals require -to be completely isolated.</p> -<p><b>The Llama</b>, (<i>Lama glama</i>), is the largest and strongest -member of the group. Its body is covered with a thick -mass of long, wavy hair of fine texture, which may be either -brown, white, white and brown, or almost black. The head -and legs are short-haired like those of the guanaco. From -time immemorial, this animal has been used as a beast of -burden, and in the Andes has played an important part in -the mineral industry by carrying silver ore and bullion from -the mines.</p> -<p><b>The Alpaca</b>, (<i>Lama pacos</i>), is bred for its wool. It is -smaller than the llama, but more abundantly haired on the -legs, neck and head. Its fleece is long, and lies in stringy -tufts. Usually its color is dark brown or black, but occasionally -a white Alpaca is seen. A white specimen in the -Zoological Park collection has blue eyes.</p> -<p><b>The Guanaco</b>, (<i>Lama guanacus</i>), is one of the most interesting -and valuable wild animals now found in Patagonia. -Unfortunately, it is so stupid and incapable that it is easily -killed. The natives of Terra del Fuego, themselves almost -the lowest and most ignorant of men, slaughter Guanacos -for food by surrounding groups of them and clubbing them -to death.</p> -<p>In size the Guanaco is between the llama and vicunia, -and its shoulder height is about 4 feet. Its hair is thick and -woolly, of a pale reddish color, and there are naked patches -on the legs. This species is found on the Andes, from Ecuador -to Terra del Fuego, and appears to be most abundant in -Patagonia.</p> -<p><b>The Vicunia</b>, (<i>Lama vicunia</i>), is the only member of the -cameloid group which is not clothed with a mass of long -hair. It is the smallest member of the group, comparatively -short-haired, its color is a uniform light brown, its head is -small, and there are no callosities on the hind legs. The -Vicunia is found from southern Ecuador, through Peru to -central Bolivia.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div> -<h3 id="c16">NORTH AMERICAN DEER. -<br />Elk, Mule Deer, White-Tail, Caribou and Moose.</h3> -<p>The American members of the Deer Family will be found -in the ranges situated on the hill west of the Wild-Fowl -Pond, stretching from the Llama House northward to the -Service Road.</p> -<p>After several years of experiments, we must admit that to -all the American members of the Deer Family save the wapiti -white-tailed and mule deer, the climate of New York City is -decidedly inimical. This densely humid and extremely saline -atmosphere is about as deadly to the black-tail, caribou -and moose as it is to the Eskimo; and thus far we have -found it an absolute impossibility to maintain satisfactory -herds of those species in the ranges available for them. In -great tracts of forests, some of them might become acclimatized; -but, be that as it may, all experiments made thus far -both here and in two of the great game preserves of New -England, prove conclusively that black-tail deer, mule deer, -caribou, moose, and also prong-horned antelope, are among -the most difficult of all ruminants to acclimatize anywhere -in the United States eastward of the great plains.</p> -<p>Although the Zoological Society will continue its experiments -with some of these preserve species, and will always -strive to exhibit some of them, our original hopes regarding -them have been abandoned. We are certain that the difficulty -lies not in the food, but in climate conditions, that are -beyond our control, and especially our very salty atmosphere.</p> -<p><b>The American Elk, or Wapiti</b>, (<i>Cervus canadensis.</i>)—Of -all the numerous members of the Deer Family, this animal is -second in size to the moose only; and in the autumn, when -its pelage is bright and luxuriant, its sides well rounded, its -massive antlers clean and held conspicuously aloft, the elk -may justly be called the king of the <i>Cervidae</i>. It is well -that in the Yellowstone Park we have an unfailing supply -of Elk, which bids fair to perpetuate this handsome species -for another century.</p> -<p>Our Elk Range might well stand for a mountain park, in -which is set a natural lakelet of real value. In October, -when the splendid groves of beech, oak, and maple along -the eastern ridge put on all the glorious tints of autumn, -and the big thicket of sumacs, ash, and haw on the northern -hill fairly blaze with scarlet—then are the elk also at their -best. There is no finer picture in animate nature than a -herd of elk in October, with such a setting of greensward, -tree-trunk, and foliage.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_58">58</div> -<div class="img" id="fig34"> -<img src="images/pmg036.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="437" /> -<p class="pcap">AMERICAN ELK.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig35"> -<img src="images/pmg037.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="469" /> -<p class="pcap">EUROPEAN RED DEER.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_59">59</div> -<p>The maximum shoulder height of the Elk is 5 feet 4 -inches, or thereabouts, and the heaviest weight noted thus -far is 927 pounds.</p> -<p>The calves are born from May to July, and are spotted -during the first six months. During the first year the antlers -are merely two straight spikes, called “dag antlers.” -As in all members of the Deer Family, the antlers are shed -every year—which to many persons is almost beyond belief. -Any person who visits a zoological garden in midsummer -will see that the old antlers have dropped off bodily, -just below the burr, and that new antlers, covered with hair, -soft, full of blood, and with club-like “points,” have sprung -up like mushrooms in place of the old ones. In supplying -the great drain on the system necessary to support this remarkable -growth, the Elk grows thin, and the fear of hurting -his tender young antlers makes him quite timid and inoffensive. -He is no longer the tyrant of the herd, and a constant -menace to his keepers.</p> -<p>At this point it is not amiss to call attention to the differences -between <i>horns</i> and <i>antlers</i>.</p> -<p>A <i>horn</i> is a hollow sheath, growing over a bony core, and -except in the case of the prong-horned antelope, is never -shed. Horns are worn by both sexes of all bison, buffaloes, -cattle, antelope, sheep, and goats.</p> -<p>An <i>antler</i> is of solid bone throughout, growing from the -skull; it is shed every year close to the skull, and quickly -renewed. Usually antlers have several branches. They are -worn by nearly all male members of the Deer Family—moose, -elk, caribou, deer, etc., and also by the female caribou. The -prongs on an antler are no index of the wearer’s age. Some -of the finest and most massive elk antlers have only twelve -or fourteen points. During August and September the hairy -covering, or “velvet,” of new antlers is rubbed off against -trees and bushes. This period is quickly followed by the -mating season, during which the neck of the bull becomes -unusually large, and often the animal becomes dangerous.</p> -<p>Although the Elk is essentially a timber-loving animal, it -also wandered far into the plains bordering the Rocky -Mountains on the east—until driven from them by man. -The ideal home of this animal is the timbered foothills of -our western mountains, up to 8,000 feet. Although once -<span class="pb" id="Page_60">60</span> -found from Virginia and New York to Oregon, and from -northern Manitoba to the Gulf of Mexico, it is now numerous -only in and adjacent to the Yellowstone Park, in central -Colorado, where it is well protected, and in western -Manitoba. The number of Elk in the National Park is -variously estimated at from 10,000 head to a much larger -number.</p> -<p>In a wild state, the Elk feeds on grasses, weeds, and the -leaves and twigs of various trees and shrubs. Of all American -deer, it is the most easy to acclimate and breed in -captivity. Large herds are now being maintained and -bred in numerous private game preserves in New Hampshire, -New York, Minnesota, Massachusetts, and elsewhere. -About 200 head have been released in the Adirondacks.</p> -<p><b>The Mule Deer</b>, (<i>Odocoileus hemionus.</i>)—This fine animal -is universally known throughout the Rocky Mountain region, -which constitutes its home, as the “Black-Tailed Deer.” -Because of its very large ears, <i>and the absence of a black -tail</i>, it is known to naturalists as the Mule Deer. Inasmuch -as its tail is not black, the above more common name properly -applies to <i>Odocoileus columbianus</i>, the true black-tailed -deer of the Pacific coast. In Manitoba this animal is called -the “Jumping Deer,” because when running at a gallop, it -makes a series of stiff-legged jumps, or “bucks,” of great -length.</p> -<p>The weight of full-grown bucks ranges from 250 to 300 -pounds, and specimens have been known to reach 325 -pounds. The antlers of the Mule Deer are larger and handsomer -than those of the white-tailed deer, and are much -better poised on the head. Instead of dropping forward, -they partake more of the set of an elk’s antlers, and many -a “tenderfoot” hunter has mistaken a heavily-antlered -Mule Deer for an elk. The antlers of a Mule Deer are -easily distinguished from those of the white-tailed species -by the two Y-shaped prongs on each antler. It will be remembered -that instead of these, the white-tailed deer antler -bears three straight, perpendicular spikes.</p> -<p>The Mule Deer makes its home in rugged ravines and -bad lands so common along the creeks and rivers of the -Rocky Mountain region, extending well eastward into the -plains. Of late years it has been driven out of the most -accessible of its former haunts, and forced to take shelter -in the rugged fastnesses of the foothills and mountains. -West of the Rocky Mountains it was formerly found along -the whole Pacific slope, from Cape St. Lucas to British -Columbia, although in northern California it is almost replaced -by the <b>Columbian Black-Tail</b>, (<i>O. columbianus</i>).</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_61">61</div> -<p class="pcap">DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTLERS OF A MALE DEER.</p> -<p class="pcapc">These pictures show the stages of growth of the antlers from the -time the old ones are dropped, to the full development. Number 1 shows -the bull with the one antler gone—picture made early in March. Number -6 shows the full grown antlers, with the velvet hanging in strips. -Number 6 was made August 24 of the same year as Number 1. This -remarkable antler development takes place every year in the life of -all male deer.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig36"> -<img src="images/pmg038.jpg" alt="" width="506" height="516" /> -<p class="pcap">1.</p> -</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/pmg039.jpg" alt="" width="502" height="516" /> -<p class="pcap">2.</p> -</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/pmg040.jpg" alt="" width="505" height="498" /> -<p class="pcap">3.</p> -</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/pmg041.jpg" alt="" width="504" height="498" /> -<p class="pcap">4.</p> -</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/pmg042.jpg" alt="" width="489" height="515" /> -<p class="pcap">5.</p> -</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/pmg043.jpg" alt="" width="496" height="520" /> -<p class="pcap">6.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_62">62</div> -<p><b>The White-Tailed Deer</b>, (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>), is the -species most widely known throughout the United States, -partly by reason of the fact that it was the first species -with which the early settlers of America became acquainted, -partly because of its wide distribution, and also its persistence -in holding its own. In various localities this animal -is known under various names, such as “White-Tailed Deer,” -“Flag-Tailed Deer,” and “Fan-Tailed Deer.” Although not -at all in need of it, quite recently it has received still another -name—American Deer. The small deer of Florida, -and also of New Mexico and the Southwest, have been -described as separate forms; and if size is to be accepted -as a factor in the differentiation of species, the diminutive -proportions of the proposed southern species are quite sufficient -to establish their separate identity.</p> -<p>The White-Tailed deer of Virginia and the northern United -States is a fine animal—large, strong-limbed, heavily-antlered, -and hardy. Between it and the deer of Florida the -difference is as great as that between a setter dog and a mastiff. -Thanks to the fact that this species is a born skulker -and lives only in thick brush and timber, it still holds its -own throughout the forest regions of the South generally, -Pennsylvania, the Adirondacks, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, -the Dakotas, Montana, and Colorado. In the West -it is often found inhabiting brushy ravines and river bottoms.</p> -<p>This species breeds readily in confinement, and when protected -in any large tract of brush or timber, increases -rapidly. During the months of September, October, and -November, the bucks are dangerous and untrustworthy. -The peculiar formation of the antlers—three strong, spear-like -points thrust straight upward from the beam—makes -them dangerous weapons; and when an ill-tempered buck -lowers his chin and drives straight forward with eight -sharp spears of solid bone, and nearly three hundred pounds -of weight to back them, he may well be considered a dangerous -animal. He is to be feared less than the elk only -because he is smaller.</p> -<p><b>The Woodland Caribou</b>, (<i>Rangifer caribou</i>).—The first -hoofed animal to arrive at the Zoological Park was a young -<span class="pb" id="Page_63">63</span> -female of this species, which was procured in Champlain -County, Canada, and forwarded to the Society by one of -our members, Mr. George S. Huntington. These animals, -when present in the Park, will be kept in a small enclosure, -because a large range containing an abundance of -green grass is fatal to them.</p> -<p>The wild range of the Woodland Caribou extends from -Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Maine, with many wide -gaps, to the head waters of the Yukon River, in southern -Alaska. The following localities are worthy of special mention: -northern Quebec and Ontario; James Bay; the northern -end of Lake Winnipeg (occasionally); Lake of Woods, -Minnesota; Oregon near Mount Hood; northern Idaho; -northwestern Montana, and the mountains of British Columbia.</p> -<p>Quite recently, three new species of caribou have been -added to our fauna, one from the Alaskan Peninsula (<i>Rangifer -granti</i>), one from the Kenai Peninsula (<i>Rangifer stonei</i>), -and one from the Cassiar Mountains (<i>Rangifer osborni</i>).</p> -<p>The Woodland Caribou attains nearly twice the bodily -bulk of its more northern congener, the Barren-Ground -caribou. In a state of nature it lives on browse, reindeer -moss, tree moss, and lichens, and it loves ice-covered lakes -and ponds as much as any boy. Its loose-jointed and wide -spreading hoofs and enormously developed “dew-claws” -have been specially designed by Nature to enable this animal -to run freely, as if on snow-shoes, over snow or bogs, -which to any small-hoofed deer would be quite impassable.</p> -<p>The female Woodland Caribou is provided with small antlers, -which, like those of the male, are shed and renewed -annually.</p> -<p>In the absence of caribou in the Park, visitors are advised -to look for specimens of the <b>Lapland Reindeer</b>, (<i>Rangifer -tarandus</i>), for we shall endeavor to keep this genus represented.</p> -<h3 id="c17">THE ZEBRA HOUSES, No. 14.</h3> -<p>Although the main building of this installation has not -yet been erected, the plan for the various buildings and -corrals has been approved, and the main building was -begun in 1911 and completed in 1912. The three buildings, -and the extensive corrals connecting with them, as a -<span class="pb" id="Page_64">64</span> -whole, do justice to the important and picturesque Family -<i>Equidae</i>, which includes all the zebras, wild asses and wild -horses of the world.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig37"> -<img src="images/pmg044.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="385" /> -<p class="pcap">GRANT ZEBRA.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Prjevalsky Horses</b>, (<i>Equus prjevalskii</i>).—Of all the -wild equines which either now or hereafter may be seen in -the Zoological Park, the strange little wild horses from -western Mongolia are, and probably will remain, the most -interesting, from a zoological point of view. Broadly speaking, -they are the connecting link between the many-striped -zebras, the little-striped quaggas and the wild asses on one -side, and the domestic, unstriped horse on the other. These -wild horses possess a narrow, dark dorsal stripe, which, in -the winter pelage is scarcely visible, but in summer is plainly -evident. A perfect specimen has an erect mane, no long -forelock and no “chestnuts” on its legs. On the upper -half of its tail the hair is short, and mule-like, but on the -lower, or terminal half, it is long and horse-like. The winter -coat of this animal is very long and shaggy.</p> -<p><b>Mountain Zebra</b>, (<i>Equus zebra</i>).—This species has been -nearly exterminated by man, and is rarely seen in captivity. -It inhabits the mountains of Cape Colony, and it is estimated -that only 400 individuals remain, which now are carefully -protected.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_65">65</div> -<div class="img" id="fig38"> -<img src="images/pmg045.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="384" /> -<p class="pcap">PRJEVALSKY HORSES.</p> -</div> -<p><b>Grevy Zebra</b>, (<i>Equus grevyi</i>).—This picturesque species -was discovered in Abyssinia, when Jules Grevy was president -of France, and it was named in his honor. It is of -large size, covered with very narrow stripes all over its body, -head and limbs, and its huge ears are of remarkable form. -This species is limited to southern Abyssinia and British -East Africa southward to the Tana River.</p> -<p><b>Grant Zebra</b>, (<i>Equus burchelli granti</i>).—Of all the zebras -now seen in captivity, the great majority belong to what -very properly may be designated as the group of Burchell -Zebras. This group contains, besides the type species, which -has practically no stripes on its legs, four subspecies, whose -legs are more or less striped, and which may or may not -possess “shadow stripes” on the hind-quarters. A “shadow -stripe” is a faint, dark stripe in the middle of a wide white -or pale yellow stripe which lies between two broad black -stripes.</p> -<p>Grant Zebra is the most heavily striped of the subspecies -composing the Burchell group. The visitor will observe -that its horizontal leg-stripes are very pronounced, and so -numerous that they are carried quite down to the hoofs. -The ground-color of the animal is a cold white, and the -thigh and body stripes are very wide and intense. This -fine pair was captured in Masailand, East Africa, in 1902.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_66">66</div> -<p><b>Chapman Zebra</b>, (<i>Equus burchelli chapmani</i>), also belongs -to the Burchell group, and in its color pattern it approaches -quite nearly to the type. The legs of the male bear a few -stripes, those of the female almost none. There are visible on -the hind-quarters of the female a few faint shadow-stripes.</p> -<p><b>The Persian Wild Ass</b>, (<i>Equus persicus</i>), is a very satisfactory -representative of the wild asses generally. Its dorsal-stripe -is very wide and sharply defined, but it bears no -shoulder-stripe, and those that are faintly indicated on its -legs are nothing more than oblong blotches of dark color. -As its name implies, it inhabits Persia, and Syria, and a -closely related form, the <b>Onager</b>, (<i>E. onager</i>), is found in -Beluchistan and western India. A third species, the <b>Kiang</b> -(<i>E. hemionus</i>), is found on the plains of Tibet.</p> -<h3 id="c18">THE ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN DEER, Nos. 1-3.</h3> -<p>In representatives of the deer, (Family <i>Cervidae</i>), Asia -far surpasses all other countries. Her species number about -38,—fully double that of any other continental area,—and -from the great Altai wapiti to the tiny musk deer, the variations -in size and form are fairly bewildering. The entire -hill that rises between the Fordham Entrance and Bird -Valley, from Cope Lake to the Zebra Houses, is devoted -to the series of houses, corrals and ranges that are occupied -by the deer of Asia and Europe.</p> -<p>It is quite certain that a number of desirable species of -Asiatic deer can successfully be acclimatized in the parks -and game preserves of America, and induced to breed. Almost -without an exception they are strong and vigorous -feeders, and they keep fat and sleek when our own black-tail, -mule deer and white-tail mince like pampered epicures, -grow thinner and thinner, and finally die of “malnutrition.”</p> -<p>Believing that the members of the group amply justify -the effort, the Zoological Society has been at considerable -pains to bring together a fine, representative collection of -the Old World <i>Cervidae</i> and properly install its members. -Although the series proposed is not quite complete, it contains -such rarities as the Altai Wapiti, Barasingha, Burmese -Thameng, Malay and Indian Sambar, and several others. -<span class="pb" id="Page_67">67</span> -They are sheltered by four houses, the largest of which -crowns the summit of the hill on the right of Osborn -Walk as the visitor enters from Fordham. For the visitors’ -convenience we will make note of the various species about -in the order of their appearance, and not in zoological sequence.</p> -<p><b>The Axis Deer</b>, (<i>Axis axis</i>), is the handsomest of all the -tropical deer. Indeed, it may even be said to be the only -species of the tropics possessing both form and pelage which -are alike pleasing to the eye. In contrast with the many -beautiful and splendidly colored antelopes of Africa, the -deer of the tropics, all round the world, are poorly provided -with those characters which make a handsome animal. -With the sole exception of the Axis Deer, nearly all the -other deer of the East Indies have thin, coarse, dull-colored -hair, their antlers are small, and seldom have more than four -points. This is equally true of the deer of Mexico, Central -and South America. Even our own white-tailed deer, so -lusty and fine in the North, becomes in Florida and Texas so -dwarfed that it has now been called a subspecies.</p> -<p>Considering the severe plainness of all the other deer in -the tropics, it is a little strange that the coat of the Axis -should be the most beautiful possessed by any deer. But it -is quite true; and apart from the majesty of the elk, there -is no more beautiful sight in cervine life than the picture -offered by a herd of Axis Deer feeding in a sunlit glade -surrounded by forest.</p> -<p>This species adapts itself to out-door life in the temperate -zone with surprising readiness, not even second in that -respect to the eland. As a matter of course the Axis can not -withstand the fierce blizzards of midwinter as do the elk -and other northern deer; but a reasonable degree of care -in providing it with a dry barn, and shelter from cold winds, -enables it to live even as far north as northern Germany -with perfect comfort. In winter our Axis Deer barn is moderately -heated by a stove.</p> -<p><b>The Japanese Sika Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus sika typicus</i>), is a small -representative of a large group of deer species inhabiting -far-eastern Asia, and known as the Sika Deer group. A -ridiculous number of forms have been described as species -and subspecies, of which possibly one-third are entitled to -stand. Some of those on the Asian mainland, as the Pekin -Sika Deer, are much larger than the Japanese Sika, and -<span class="pb" id="Page_68">68</span> -also more strikingly colored. The latter species, shown in -our northernmost corral, is about 33 inches in height, and of -a dull and uninteresting smoky-brown color. Its antlers -are quite large for a deer so small, and in the mating season -males are sometimes dangerous. This species is very hardy, -breeds persistently, requires no heat in winter, and very -rarely sends a case to the hospital.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig39"> -<img src="images/pmg046.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="389" /> -<p class="pcap">AXIS DEER.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Fallow Deer</b>, (<i>Dama vulgaris</i>), is the type of a distinct -group of deer which are distinguished by the possession -of antlers widely palmated throughout the upper half -of the beam. In some old Fallow bucks the antlers are -quite moose-like, and give this small deer an imposing appearance -far out of proportion to its actual size. The -weight of a large buck in prime condition generally is between -180 and 200 pounds, and its shoulder height is -between 36 and 40 inches. The largest antlers recorded -by Mr. J. G. Millais, in his beautiful work on “The British -Deer,” measured 29½ inches in length, 28½ inches spread, -width of palmation 8 inches, and the number of points 14. -The extinct Irish elk, with the most colossal antlers ever -carried by a cervine animal, was a near relative of the -two living species of Fallow Deer.</p> -<p>Although a native of northern Africa and the north shore -of the Mediterranean, the Fallow Deer was acclimatized in -<span class="pb" id="Page_69">69</span> -England and northern Europe so long ago that the exact -date records of the event have disappeared, and the species -is now at home in very many European forests and game -preserves. The deer parks in England possess many fine -herds, but they sometimes exhibit one unfortunate result of -long breeding in a semi-domesticated state—departure from -the original type.</p> -<p>The typical Fallow Deer is in winter very dark brown, -with light brown legs and under parts, and in summer light -red with white spots—quite like the axis. From this standard, -the variations run from pure white through the color -of the wild type to jet black.</p> -<p>The fine herd in the Zoological Park is the gift of Mr. -William Rockefeller. Six of its original members came -from the donor’s herd at Greenwich, Connecticut, and six -were purchased from one of the imperial parks of Russia, -by consent of the Czar, and represent the most hardy stock -obtainable.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig40"> -<img src="images/pmg047.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="372" /> -<p class="pcap">BURMESE DEER.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Burmese, or Eld Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus eldi</i>), also known as -the <b>Brow-Antler Deer</b>, is one of the rarest species to be seen -in captivity. Living specimens are acquired only through -special expeditions to northern Burma. Its most characteristic -feature is the antlers of the male, which sends -forward a very long and almost straight brow tine, while -<span class="pb" id="Page_70">70</span> -the main beam sweeps backward in the opposite direction, -and describes a full semicircle. The antlers are both very -heavy and long for the size of the animal. The specimens -shown here, which are breeding satisfactorily, are the gift of -Mr. William Rockefeller.</p> -<p><b>The Barasingha Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus duvauceli</i>), also called the -<b>Swamp Deer</b>, is to India what the mule deer is to North -America. To my mind, the antlers of the former always -suggests the latter species, and in size the two species are -much alike. In summer the coat of the Barasingha is of a -beautiful golden-yellow color, conspicuous from afar, and -the antlers of old males reach a length of from 35 to 41 -inches, with three bifurcations on each beam. The antlers -sometimes are shed and renewed twice in twelve months. -With us this species breeds very regularly, and the offspring -mature well.</p> -<p><b>The Altai Wapiti</b>, (<i>Cervus canadensis asiaticus</i>), is, in all -probability, the parent stock of our American elk, but it -happens to be a fact that our species was the first to be -discovered by systematic zoologists, and described. To all -visitors who are interested in deer, the Altai Wapiti—and -also the <b>Tashkent Wapiti</b>—are a constant source of wonder, -because of their well-nigh perfect similarity in all points -to our own wapiti, or American elk. Our Asiatic wapiti -are exhibited in ranges connecting with the western rooms -of the Asiatic Deer House, where they have bred twice, and -produced two fine fawns. In the rutting season the males -are very cross and dangerous. They are hardy, and require -no heat in winter.</p> -<p><b>The Indian Sambar</b>, (<i>Cervus unicolor</i>), always suggests a -tropical understudy of the Altai wapiti, clad with thin, -coarse, bristly hair, and with shorter and smaller antlers, -and a bristly mane all over the neck. Each antler possesses -three points, only. Of all the Old World <i>Cervidae</i>, this -species most nearly approaches the size of the Altai and -Tashkent wapiti. It inhabits the hill forests of India, and -in Burma, Siam and farther south it is replaced by the next -species.</p> -<p><b>The Malay Sambar</b>, (<i>Cervus equinus</i>), also called—most -inappropriately—the “<b>Horse-Tailed Deer</b>,” very strongly -resembles the preceding species, except that the bristly -mane of the former is generally absent. The antlers of -this species are shorter, also, but very thick in proportion -to their length. The Malay Sambar is confined to the Malay -<span class="pb" id="Page_71">71</span> -Peninsula and the countries immediately above, and Borneo -and Sumatra.</p> -<p>This species possesses many admirable qualities, and it -might be introduced to advantage in our southern states. -It is very even-tempered and sensible, easily handled, is -a vigorous feeder, breeds persistently, and matures very -rapidly; but in every New York winter, it requires some -heat in its barn.</p> -<p><b>The Maral Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus maral</i>), is in appearance like an -extra large red deer or a small elk. It is a midway member -of the Wapiti group, which extends in a somewhat -broken chain from Colorado, northward across Bering Strait -to Asia, and thence across Asia and Europe to Scotland. -We have owned a fine pair of Maral Deer, from the Caucasus -district, but they have failed to breed as expected.</p> -<p><b>The European Red Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>), is an understudy -of the American elk, which it much resembles in -form and in habits. Next to the elk it is the finest living -deer, and for many generations has held its own against -the dangers of in-breeding. In the parks and forest preserves -of Great Britain and Europe, it exists abundantly, -but only as private property, subject to the guns of the -owner and his friends. This species has been successfully -crossed with the American elk.</p> -<p>Other Asiatic Deer will be found in the Small-Deer House, -in the southern end of the Park.</p> -<h3 id="c19">THE LION HOUSE, No. 15.</h3> -<p>As a spectacle of captive animal life, there is none more -inspiring than a spacious, well-lighted and finely-appointed -lion house, filled with a collection of the world’s greatest -and handsomest wild beasts. To build an ideal lion house, -and to fill it with a first-class collection of large felines, are -matters involving no little time and much money; but the -sight,—for the millions of visitors,—of lions, tigers, jaguars, -pumas, leopards, cheetahs, black leopards, snow leopards -and clouded leopards, all under one roof, surely is worth -what it costs.</p> -<p>The Lion House of the Zoological Park was completed, -excepting a few minor details, early in the year 1903, and -was formally opened to the public in February. It is 244 -feet long, 115 feet wide, including the outdoor cages, and its -cost when completed reached $150,000. The materials of -the building are the same kind as those used in the Reptile -<span class="pb" id="Page_72">72</span> -House and Primate House, but the animal sculptures, -all by Mr. Eli Harvey, are more abundant and conspicuous -than on any other structure erected heretofore. The building -contains 13 indoor cages, and 9 outdoor cages, and between -the two there is free communication. The sizes of -the various cages are as follows:</p> -<p>Interior cages: Largest, 14 feet wide, 22 feet deep; smallest, -13 feet wide, 14 feet high.</p> -<p>Exterior cages: two end cages, 40×44 feet, 17 feet high; -central cage, 40 feet square, 14 feet high; smallest, 13 feet -wide, 12 feet deep, 13 feet high.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig41"> -<img src="images/pmg048.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="460" /> -<p class="pcap">JAGUAR.</p> -</div> -<p>Excepting for the single fact of having interior and exterior -cages, the Lion House of the Zoological Park is—like -the Primate House—an entirely original development. Its -most important new features are as follows:</p> -<p>All cage service, the introducing and withdrawal of animals, -is conducted from the rear, by means of a track underneath -the sleeping dens, and an elevating platform car.</p> -<p>The communication between indoor and outdoor cages is -direct and continuous.</p> -<p>Instead of upright iron bars, all the cage fronts are of -hard-steel wire netting, in rectangular pattern, attached to -<span class="pb" id="Page_73">73</span> -wrought iron frames. This is considered by the Zoological -Society a great improvement upon the heavy bar-work -hitherto in universal use for cage fronts in lion houses.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig42"> -<img src="images/pmg049.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="470" /> -<p class="pcap">CHEETAH.</p> -</div> -<p>The space above the sleeping dens has been developed -as a sunlit balcony, whereon the animals will be very conspicuous, -even to large crowds of visitors.</p> -<p>Jungle-green tiling, impervious to moisture and dirt, is -used as a back-ground for the animals.</p> -<p><b>The Lion</b> is an animal of perpetual interest, but like -every other noteworthy wild animal, its haunts are constantly -being claimed by civilization, and its members are -rapidly decreasing. It is not a difficult matter to exterminate -or drive out from a given territory any large and -conspicuous quadruped, and at the present rate of settlement -and industrial development in Africa, it may easily -come to pass that by the end of the present century, the -king of beasts will be without a home, outside of zoological -collections.</p> -<p>Like everything great, the Lion has his share of critics -and detractors. A few writers have asserted that because he -does not stalk through his native forests with head proudly -erect, like a drum-major on parade, he is mean-spirited and -cowardly. But the beast of noble countenance believes in -<span class="pb" id="Page_74">74</span> -the survival of the fittest, and both by inheritance and -observation he knows that a lion who needlessly exposes -himself in the field captures the smallest amount of game, -and attracts the greatest number of steel-tipped bullets.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig43"> -<img src="images/pmg050.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="391" /> -<p class="pcap">BARBARY LION.</p> -</div> -<p>Although Lions vary greatly in their color, and in the -length of the mane, it is conceded by naturalists that only -one species exists. In the same district and under precisely -similar conditions are found short-maned and long-maned -individuals, and all shades of color from tawny yellow to -dark brown. The present geographic range of the species -is from Southern Rhodesia to Persia and northwestern -India, but in northern Egypt there is a large extent of -territory which is lionless.</p> -<p>By reason of his heavy mane and massive countenance, -supported by the grandest roar that issues from throat of -beast, the Lion appears to be a larger animal than he really -is. It is yet an unsettled question whether it exceeds the -tiger in length, height or weight, and it is certainly true -that in point of size these two species are very evenly -matched.</p> -<p>In captivity, the Lion is reasonably contented, and under -good conditions breeds readily, and lives a goodly number -of years.</p> -<p><b>The Siberian Tiger.</b>—Strange to say, the tiger ranges -far to the northward of its proper home in Hindustan, even -to Corea, Manchuria and Russian Siberia. In those cold -<span class="pb" id="Page_75">75</span> -regions the tiger grows to its greatest size, and is clothed -with a dense coat of long and shaggy hair. In collections, -the great northern tigers are the most highly prized. The -Zoological Park has recently acquired from East Siberia -two fine young specimens, born early in 1909, and all the -year round they inhabit the great northern outdoor cage -attached to the Lion House. It is a strange sight to see -tigers living outdoors in winter in New York.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig44"> -<img src="images/pmg051.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="388" /> -<p class="pcap">SNOW LEOPARD.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Tiger</b> will be found upon the earth long after the -lion has disappeared. He is a far better hider, a more skillful -hunter, less given to taking foolish risks, and he does not -advertise his presence and invite his enemies by the bombastic -roaring in which the lion delights to indulge. The -Tiger is an animal of serious mind, and he attends strictly -to business. A lion will stalk out into the open, in broad -day, but the Tiger sticks closely to cover until the friendly -darkness renders it safe to roam abroad.</p> -<p>Despite the density of the population of India, and the -omnipresence of sahibs with rifles of large caliber, the Tiger -still inhabits all India from Cape Comorin to the Himalayas, -the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Burma, Siam, and certain -portions of China up to the region of snows. Corean and -Siberian Tigers are much sought after by zoological gardens, -partly on account of their size, and also because they -are so hardy they are able to live out doors all winter in -<span class="pb" id="Page_76">76</span> -the temperate zone. The Tiger is not found in Africa, nor -in any country westward of India.</p> -<p>The maximum length attained by this animal, head, body -and tail, is 10 feet 2 inches. A very large specimen -killed by Dr. Hornaday measured 9 feet 8½ inches in length, -stood 3 feet 7 inches high at the shoulders, and weighed, on -the scales, 495 pounds. In India, Tigers are classed according -to their habits, as “game-killers,” “cattle-lifters,” or -“man-eaters.” Fortunately, in comparison with the total -number of these animals, the latter are few and far between.</p> -<p>Of yellow-coated felines, <b>The Jaguar</b>, (<i>Felis onca</i>), is -next in size to the tiger. In South America, it is almost -universally called “El Tigre” (pronounced Te’-gre), which -is Spanish for tiger. Comparatively few Americans are -aware that this superb animal belongs in the fauna of the -United States, but such is the fact. The northern limit of -its distribution is found in southern Texas, where it still -exists in small numbers. In South America it extends to -Patagonia.</p> -<p>The Jaguar is a stocky, heavily-built animal, with a massive -head and powerful forearm. It is a good climber, and -many wonderful stories of its strength have been told and -printed. Among leopards of all kinds it can always be -identified by the great size of the black rosettes on its body, -as well as by its heavy build.</p> -<p>The splendid male specimen, named “Senor Lopez,” in -honor of a former President of Paraguay, was the first to -arrive for the new Lion House. It was captured in August, -1901, in the wilds of central Paraguay, expressly for us, -through the efforts of Mr. William Mill Butler, of Philadelphia, -and by him presented to the Zoological Park. After -a long journey in small river craft, in a flimsy wooden cage -that several times came near collapsing, the animal reached -Asuncion, was taken to Liverpool by Mr. Butler, and finally -reached New York.</p> -<p><b>The Leopard</b>, (<i>Felis pardus</i>), is fourth in size from the -lion, and is distinguished from the jaguar by smaller spots -and less powerful form. It inhabits both Asia and Africa, -from Japan to Cape Colony. While the species is regarded -as the same throughout that vast extent of territory, it is -undoubtedly true that the Leopards of Africa have smaller -spots and more intense coloring than those of Asia. The -maximum size for this species is a total length of 8 feet, -which is attained only by a very large animal, with a long -tail.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_77">77</div> -<p>Naturally, the Leopard preys upon smaller animals -than those most sought by the lion and tiger. It prefers -small antelopes, and young animals generally, goats and -sheep. When pursued, it is very skilful in hiding, and will -shelter in brushy cover until fairly beaten out.</p> -<p><b>The Black Leopard</b> is the most ill-tempered of all feline -animals—perpetually snarling and growling, and seeking to -do some one an injury. Naturalists regard it as of the -same species as the common leopard, (<i>Felis pardus</i>), despite -the fact that it is found only in southeastern Asia, and -both in appearance and disposition is totally different -from the typical <i>pardus</i>. With but few exceptions, the -world’s supply of Black Leopards comes from Singapore.</p> -<p><b>The Cheetah</b>, or <b>Hunting Leopard</b>, (<i>Cynaelurus jubatus</i>), -is marked by its long legs, slender body, small head, small -spots, and claws that are only partially retractile. Its -structure suggests that of the dogs. It is distributed very -irregularly through portions of Africa and southern Asia, -and is by no means a common animal like the leopard and -tiger.</p> -<p>In central India, this animal is trained to hunt the sasin -antelope, a form of sport indulged in chiefly by native rajahs. -The Cheetah takes kindly to captivity, and permits -handling to an extent quite unknown with other large -felines. Its keepers place the animal upon an open cart, -blindfold it, and then drive to within 200 yards of a herd of -antelope. At the point of nearest possible approach, the -hood is removed, and the animal is set free. Leaping to the -ground, the Cheetah stalks the herd of antelope as closely as -possible, then makes a sudden rush forward, and endeavors -to seize a victim. If successful, the animal is pulled down -and killed. If not, the Cheetah sullenly retires, and again -places itself in the hands of its friends.</p> -<p><b>The Snow Leopard</b>, or <b>Ounce</b>, (<i>Felis uncia</i>), is the rarest, -and also one of the most beautiful of all the large felines. -It inhabits the high plateau of central Asia from the Himalayas -to the Altai Mountains of Mongolia, above 9,000 feet. -It is the neighbor of the Marco Polo sheep, the giant-horned -argali, and the Siberian ibex. In its home country, -this creature is sufficiently numerous that 2,000 tanned skins -sometimes reach Shanghai in a single year, but owing to its -great distance from railways and sea, not more than fifteen -or twenty specimens have reached the zoological gardens of -Europe and America. Some individuals are good-natured -and playful, but others are morose.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_78">78</div> -<p><b>The Puma</b>, or <b>Mountain Lion</b>, (<i>Felis concolor</i>), is the -most widely-known feline in North America. At present -it is at home in Florida, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, -Texas, and all the states westward thereof. Southward it -inhabits Mexico and Central America, and ranges through -South America quite down to southern Patagonia. It attains -its maximum size (8 feet in length, weight 225 pounds) -in Colorado, where it appears to be more numerous than in -any other state. In Routt County it is hunted very successfully -with dogs. When pursued, it is compelled to take -refuge in a low tree, in which it can be photographed or shot -without danger.</p> -<p>Despite the numerous thrilling stories that have been -written and published about the dangerous doings of this -animal, it is by no means really dangerous to man. No -Puma holding an option on a safe line of retreat ever stops -to fight a man.</p> -<p>The Puma was formed for agility rather than strength. -It swims well, and it is the most agile climber of all the -large felines. The head of this animal is particularly beautiful, -and its temper in captivity is entirely satisfactory. -The first specimen of this species to enter the Zoological -Park came from Peru, as a gift from Mr. Joseph P. Grace, -and during the years 1901 and 1902 it lived out doors, constantly, -in the Puma House (No. 33A), where its health was -excellent.</p> -<h3 id="c20">THE SEA-LIONS, No. 12.</h3> -<p>Of all animals which find permanent homes in zoological -gardens and parks, very few afford the public more constant -entertainment than Sea-Lions. They are delightfully -active, and in one way or another—diving, swimming, climbing -or hopping about—are nearly always “showing off.” -No one within a quarter of a mile of their pool need inquire -where they are, for their loud and cheerful “Hook! hook! -hook,” is heard far and wide, and draws visitors like a -magnet.</p> -<p>The Sea-Lion Pool is situated about in the center of Baird -Court.</p> -<p><b>The California Sea-Lion</b>, or <b>“Barking Sea-Lion,”</b> (<i>Zalophus -californianus</i>), is the species most easily caught alive, -and the one usually seen in captivity. Its home is the coast -of California, but it is said to enter the Sacramento River -and travel upward for a considerable distance in pursuit of -<span class="pb" id="Page_79">79</span> -spawning salmon. Comparatively few Sea-Lions are now -found on the mainland coast of California. On the United -States Light-House reservations their slaughter is prohibited -by the Light-House Board.</p> -<p>The California Sea-Lion is very similar in size, and, leaving -the old males out of consideration, it is almost the exact -counterpart in form of that apple of perpetual international -discord—the Alaskan “fur seal.” The unfortunate fact that -the latter animal has become known as a “seal,” has caused -much confusion in people’s minds regarding the classification -of pinnipeds (fin-footed animals) generally. For this -reason, it is proper to observe at this point that:</p> -<p><i>Sea-Lions</i> have flat, triangular, naked front flippers, -without claws; they have long necks, and carry their heads -high. There are nine species, of which the so-called “fur -seal” is one.</p> -<p><i>Seals</i> always have short and stubby front flippers, -which are covered with hair, and provided with claws. In -most species the hair is coarse and valueless. The seal has -a very short neck and by reason of the weakness of its -front flippers, it is not nearly so active nor so interesting -as the sea-lion.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig45"> -<img src="images/pmg052.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="392" /> -<p class="pcap">ATLANTIC WALRUS.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Atlantic Walrus</b> inhabits the arctic regions between -America and Europe, and it is estimated that not more than -ten specimens ever have been exhibited in captivity. Because -of their unusual feeding habits, Walruses are very -<span class="pb" id="Page_80">80</span> -difficult to keep alive. Their standard food is clams; and -frequently clams are very difficult to obtain. The Atlantic -Walrus grows to great size, probably exceeding 4,000 -pounds in weight. The specimen exhibited in the rocky -pool near the Reptile House was presented by Mr. Paul -J. Rainey, in 1911, and has thriven continuously ever since -its arrival. It was captured in Kane Basin, north of Baffin’s -Bay.</p> -<p><b>The Harbor Seal</b>, (<i>Phoca vitulina</i>), is the species common -along our Atlantic coast, and since it serves so well as a -type of hair seals, or true seals, it will occasionally be -shown in the Park. In comparison with the active and -vivacious sea-lion, it is a tame and rather uninteresting -creature; but neither has any commercial value, save for the -purposes of exhibition when alive.</p> -<h3 id="c21">THE PRIMATE HOUSE, No. 17.</h3> -<p>The Primates are the four-handed animals belonging to -the zoological order called by that name, which includes -man, the anthropoid apes both great and small, the baboons, -monkeys and lemurs. The word “monkey” is by no means -sufficiently comprehensive to embrace all these forms. -Were it otherwise, this building would be called, officially, -the Monkey House.</p> -<p>The Primates include the creatures which stand nearest to -man in the zoological scale, and in interest to all classes of -humanity they stand above all others. There is no intelligent -person, civilized or savage, to whom the humanlikeness -of apes and monkeys does not appeal. On the other hand, -some of the baboons are in feature and temper so thoroughly -beast-like, their diabolism is almost as fascinating as the -man-like character of the great apes. The variety of forms -in the Order Primates, and the wide differences between the -various groups, imperatively demand, for the proper representation -of this Order, a large collection.</p> -<p>The Primate House was erected in 1901, at a cost of -$65,000, and opened to the public on December 22d, of that -year. It is 162 feet in length, 74 feet in width, contains -16 large interior cages, 22 small cages, and 11 exterior cages, -two of which are of great size. The points of special excellence -in this building are as follows: An abundance of -room for the animals, an abundance of sunlight, perfect -ventilation, an extensive series of open-air cages, freedom -<span class="pb" id="Page_81">81</span> -of communication between outside and inside cages, floors -and walls impervious to moisture and disease germs, and the -absence of iron bars from all cages save three.</p> -<p>During the months of mild weather, all the inmates of the -large interior cages occupy, at will, corresponding cages -in the outdoor series. It is also intended that certain hardy -species of baboons, and the red-faced monkey of Japan, -shall be provided with comfortable sleeping quarters and -live outdoors, every winter. It is believed that they can -do this, not only with comfort, but with great physical -benefit.</p> -<p>For general convenience, and the promotion of a universal -understanding of the primates, we propose to set -them forth in four groups, a subdivision strictly according -to Nature, readily comprehended, and easily remembered -They are as follows, with typical examples of each:</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><span class="sc">I. Anthropoid Apes.</span></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Chimpanzee </td><td class="l"><i>Anthropopithecus calvus</i> </td><td class="c">of </td><td class="l">Africa.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Orang-Utan </td><td class="l"><i>Simia satyrus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Borneo.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Gray Gibbon </td><td class="l"><i>Hylobates leuciscus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span></td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><span class="sc">II. Old World Monkeys and Baboons.</span></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Mona Monkey </td><td class="l"><i>Cercopithecus mona</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Africa.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">White-Collared Mangabey </td><td class="l"><i>Cercocebus collaris</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Magot: Barbary “Ape” </td><td class="l"><i>Macacus inuus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">N. Africa.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Japanese Red-Faced Monkey </td><td class="l"><i><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">fuscatus</span></i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Japan.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Pig-Tailed Monkey </td><td class="l"><i><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">nemestrinus</span></i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">E. India.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Rhesus Monkey </td><td class="l"><i><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">rhesus</span></i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">India.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Entellus Monkey </td><td class="l"><i><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">entellus</span></i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Black “Ape” </td><td class="l"><i>Cynopithecus niger</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Celebes.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Golden Baboon </td><td class="l"><i>Papio babuin</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">N. Africa.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Hamadryas </td><td class="l"><i><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">hamadryas</span></i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Arabia.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Mandrill </td><td class="l"><i><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">mormon</span></i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">W. Africa.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Gelada </td><td class="l"><i>Theropithecus gelada</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Abyssinia.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><span class="sc">III. New World Monkeys.</span></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">White-Throated Sapajou </td><td class="l"><i>Cebus hypoleucus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">S. America.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Red-Faced Spider Monkey </td><td class="l"><i>Ateles paniscus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">“ <span class="hst">“</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">White-Headed Saki </td><td class="l"><i>Pithecia leucocephala</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">“ <span class="hst">“</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Yarkee: Short-Tailed Monkey </td><td class="l"><i>Brachyurus calva</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">“ <span class="hst">“</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Squirrel Monkey </td><td class="l"><i>Chrysothrix sciurea</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">“ <span class="hst">“</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Common Marmoset </td><td class="l"><i>Hapale jacchus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">“ <span class="hst">“</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Douroucoli </td><td class="l"><i>Nyctipithecus trivirgatus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">“ <span class="hst">“</span></td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><span class="sc">IV. Lemurs and Lemuroids.</span></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Ring-Tailed Lemur </td><td class="l"><i>Lemur catta</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Madagascar.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Indri </td><td class="l"><i>Indri brevicaudata</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">India.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Galago </td><td class="l"><i>Galago galago</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Madagascar.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Slow Lemur </td><td class="l"><i>Nycticebus tardigradus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Madagascar.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Aye-Aye </td><td class="l"><i>Cheiromys madagascariensis</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">India.</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_82">82</div> -<div class="img" id="fig46"> -<img src="images/pmg053.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="834" /> -<p class="pcap">CHIMPANZEE BALDY.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_83">83</div> -<p>Nearly all the above-named species are now living in the -Primate House, besides which there are many others. So -far as the available supply of captive primates will permit, -these typical species will constantly be kept on exhibition, -together with many others equally interesting. In this -small volume it is possible to notice only the most important -forms.</p> -<p><b>The Gorilla</b>, (<i>Gorilla savagei</i>), of equatorial West Africa, -is the largest and ugliest of the great apes, walks erect, and -in form of body and limbs, it most resembles man. Its -brain, however, is less man-like than that of the chimpanzee -and orang-utan. It is very rarely seen in captivity. The -only specimen which up to 1911 had reached America alive -lived but five days after its arrival. Despite the fact that -these creatures seldom live in captivity longer than a few -months, they are always being sought by zoological gardens. -The agents of the New York Zoological Society are constantly -on the watch for an opportunity to procure and send -hither a good specimen of this wonderful creature; and -whenever one arrives, all persons interested are advised to -see it <i>immediately</i>,—before it dies of sullenness, lack of -exercise, and indigestion.</p> -<p><b>The Orang-Utan</b> is intellectually superior to the gorilla, -and is equalled only by the chimpanzee. Unfortunately, as -a rule, none of the great apes are long-lived in captivity, -and in zoological gardens they come and go. For this reason, -it is seldom that an adult specimen, 4 feet in height, -and weighing 150 pounds, is seen in captivity. Among -other apes, the Orang-Utan is readily recognized by its -<i>brown skin, red hair and small ears</i>.</p> -<p>In disposition this creature is naturally docile and affectionate. -It is fond of the society of human beings, takes -to training with wonderful readiness and success, and young -specimens can easily be taught to wear clothes, sit at table, -and eat with spoon and fork. In the summer of 1911, the -daily open-air exhibition of <i>nine</i> apes dining at 4 o’clock -on an elevated platform in the large outside cage at the -Primate House, will long be remembered by the crowds of -visitors who saw it. Such exhibitions are entirely germane -to the educational purposes of a zoological garden or park, -for they illustrate the mentality of animals and their wonderful -likeness to man, far more forcibly than the best -printed statements.</p> -<p>The north hall of the Primate House is specially intended -for the anthropoid apes, and it is not likely that any -<span class="pb" id="Page_84">84</span> -lengthy periods will elapse during which it contains neither -orang-utans nor chimpanzees.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig47"> -<img src="images/pmg054.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="389" /> -<p class="pcap">ORANG-UTAN.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Chimpanzee</b>, (<i>Anthropopithecus calvus</i>), of equatorial -Africa from the west coast to the central lake region, is -quite as common in captivity as the orang-utan. Both -structurally and mentally this animal is very much like the -orang-utan, and for keenness of intellect and susceptibility -to training, it is second to none of the animals lower than -man. A Chimpanzee is easily recognized by its <i>black hair -and large ears</i>. There are two or three species.</p> -<p><b>The Gibbon</b> shows off to poor advantage in a cage, but in -the tree-tops it is a wonderful creature. It is like a long-armed -skeleton clothed with skin and hair, animated by the -spirit of an Ariel. In its home in the jungles of Borneo and -southeastern Asia, it dwells in hilly forests, and never -descends to the earth. When attacked, it flees down-hill, if -possible, and it seems actually to fly through the tree-tops. -It boldly flings itself forward through space, grasps with its -hands the first available branch, swings underneath, feet -foremost, and after another flight presently catches with -its feet, thus actually making revolutions as it goes. Its -progress is so swift and so silent that successful pursuit is -impossible to any enemy not provided with wings.</p> -<p>This animal is naturally very timid, but does not hesitate -to expose itself to mortal danger when its young are in -<span class="pb" id="Page_85">85</span> -distress. In captivity gibbons are shy and nervous, and -take life very seriously.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig48"> -<img src="images/pmg055.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="385" /> -<p class="pcap">HUMBOLDT WOOLLY MONKEY.</p> -</div> -<h4><span class="sc">Old-World Monkeys.</span></h4> -<p><b>The Baboons</b> have been specially designed by Nature for -life upon the ground, surrounded by dangerous enemies. -But for their big canine teeth, their fierce tempers and bull-dog -courage, backed by a fine combination of strength -and agility, the lions, leopards, hyenas and jackals of -Africa would have exterminated them all, ages ago. They -were not formed to become hand-organ beasts of burden, -nor even companions to man, but rather to fight off their -enemies, and bluff even the king of beasts when occasion -requires. In captivity, their strength and ferocity always -inspires respect, and sometimes genuine terror. At all -times they require to be treated as dangerous animals.</p> -<p>Of the various species of baboons on exhibition in the -Primate House, the full-grown <b>Mandrill</b> is the most interesting, -and wonderful. It seems like an animal not of this -earth, and reminds the visitor of one of the great beasts of -the visions of St. John the Divine. The home of this species -is in West Africa, and it is found from Senegambia to the -Congo. The long shaggy hair, lion-like appearance, the -peculiar color markings of the face, and the indescribable -grimaces, instantly fix the attention of every visitor.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_86">86</div> -<p><b>The Hamadryas Baboon</b>, with long side whiskers and -cape of long hair, is one of the handsomest animals of this -group. Its explosive, ear-racking cry is almost as startling -to visitors as a cannon-shot.</p> -<p><b>The Golden Baboon</b> has the liveliest disposition and the -best temper possessed by any baboon. Young specimens -are full of good-natured mischief, and are much given to -hectoring their cage-mates. The <b>Long-Armed Yellow Baboon</b> -is quite at home in the Primate House, and has bred -here. It is a good species to keep in captivity.</p> -<p><b>The Group of Old World Monkeys</b>, in addition to the -baboons, contains several species worthy of special remark. -There are some which have tails so very short and insignificant -that they seem to be tailless, and several of them -are called “apes.” <i>They are not true anthropoids</i> (manlike -apes), however, and it is a confusing error to designate -any of them as “apes.” The species referred to are the -following:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><b>The Black “Ape,”</b> of Celebes, exceedingly like a true -baboon.</p> -<p><b>The Magot, or Barbary “Ape,”</b> of North Africa and Gibraltar, -which is a true macaque.</p> -<p><b>The Japanese Red-Faced Monkey</b>, another macaque, with -a brilliant red face, and long, thick coat of hair, which -enables it to live out of doors all winter, even in this -Zoological Park.</p> -<p><b>The Pig-Tailed Monkey</b>, several species of which are -found in Burma and other portions of southeastern -Asia.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>All the above are on exhibition in the Primate House, -and the outdoor cages.</p> -<p><b>The Rhesus Monkey</b>, of India, is one of the sacred species, -and ages of immunity from molestation, or even wholesome -discipline, have made this animal aggressive and domineering -in temper.</p> -<p><b>The Bonneted Macaque</b> is the best-tempered monkey of all -the monkey species found in the East Indies, and it is by -far the best to keep as a pet.</p> -<p><b>The Entellus Monkey</b>, of India, is also a sacred species, -and its natural seriousness of manner, and dignified bearing, -quite befit the direct descendants of the original Hunuman, -or monkey deity of the Hindoos, who helped to build Adam’s -Bridge.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_87">87</div> -<p>Of the many African monkeys, some of the most showy -(such as the Guerzas and Colobos) are so difficult to procure -they can not be set forth as permanent residents in the -Primate House. The following species, however, may be -classed with the reliables:</p> -<p><b>The White-Collared Mangabey</b> and <b>Sooty Mangabey</b> are -both so lively, so good-natured, and so free from the fighting -habit, they are prime favorites with everybody.</p> -<p><b>The Mona Monkey</b> is handsome and easily kept, and an -excellent representative of the great African genus <i>Cercopithecus</i>.</p> -<p><b>The Green Monkey</b> and the <b>Vervet</b> are lively but quarrelsome, -and at times become dangerous. The <b>Patas</b>, or <b>Red -Monkey</b>, is very sedate, and makes a good cage-mate for the -mona.</p> -<p><b>The New World Monkeys</b>, even at their best, never make -a strong showing in a vivarium. The trouble is that many -of the most interesting species are so delicate it is impossible -to keep them alive in captivity. Fame awaits the man who -can discover a bill of fare on which <b>Howling Monkeys</b>, <b>Sakis</b> -and <b>Yarkees</b> can live in captivity to old age, and repay their -cost and care. Their digestive organs are delicate, and are -subject to derangement from causes so slight they can not -be reckoned with.</p> -<p><b>The Sapajous</b> are the hardiest, the most intelligent and -in some respects the most interesting of the New World -monkeys. They all possess the prehensile (or grasping) -tail, <i>which is not found on any Old World monkey</i>, and the -use made of it is a constant source of wonder. Monkeys of -this species are quite common in captivity, and their -wrinkled brows and serious countenances give them an appearance -of being burdened with cares,—which most captive -monkeys certainly are! These are the unfortunate -creatures which so often come to grief on hand-organs.</p> -<p><b>The Black Spider Monkey</b> and the <b>Gray Spider Monkey</b> -represent a genus of animals quite as attenuated in form -as the gibbons. Their slender bodies, exceedingly long and -slender legs and tail,—the latter strongly prehensile, and -better than a fifth arm and hand,—give them when in the -tree-tops an appearance truly spider-like. They are agile -climbers, but not rapid runners, and having no means of -defense are very timid. Their stomachs are so simple they -seem to lack some element or function that is necessary to -<span class="pb" id="Page_88">88</span> -the life of the animal in captivity. Notwithstanding the -fact that “Jess,” of Bath, New York, in defiance of all laws -and precedents, <i>lived thirteen years in a cold climate</i>, the -great majority of spider monkeys die before they reach full -maturity, and nearly always of stomach troubles. Fortunately, -however, there are exceptions to this rule.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig49"> -<img src="images/pmg056.jpg" alt="" width="460" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">JAPANESE RED-FACED MONKEY.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig50"> -<img src="images/pmg057.jpg" alt="" width="472" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">PIG-TAILED MACAQUE.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Squirrel Monkey</b>, often called a “Marmoset,” is a -pretty little olive-yellow monkey, almost as delicate as the -true <b>Marmoset</b>, and the <b>Pinche</b>. These diminutive creatures -are so delicate they require the greatest care and tenderness, -and thrive better in moderately small cages than -in large ones. True marmosets are the smallest of American -primates, being next in size to the Tarsier, of Borneo, smallest -of all quadrumanes.</p> -<p><b>The Lemurs and Lemuroids.</b>—A lemur is a monkey-like -animal belonging to the lowest group of primates, but in -some respects is so little like a typical monkey that the relationship -is not always apparent. There are about thirty -species, and all save a very few are found on the Island of -Madagascar. They are gentle-spirited, harmless and inoffensive -animals, and not being persecuted by their human -neighbors, as all American wild animals are, they are quite -numerous.</p> -<p>Nearly all the Lemurs have long tails, long and fine -hair, large eyes and pointed muzzles. Many of them are -strikingly colored in various shades of black, white and -gray. All Lemurs are supposed to be of nocturnal habit, and -in fact they really are; but the specimens in the large jungle -cage of the Primate House are quite as lively and interesting -<span class="pb" id="Page_89">89</span> -in the daytime as most of the monkeys. So far from -manifesting a disposition to retire to dark corners, they -love to lie in the sunshine.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig51"> -<img src="images/pmg058.jpg" alt="" width="462" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">SLOW LEMUR.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig52"> -<img src="images/pmg059.jpg" alt="" width="453" height="497" /> -<p class="pcap">SIAMANG.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Ruffed Lemur, or Black-and-White Lemur</b>, (<i>Lemur -varia</i>), is the handsomest member of this entire group. -Its fur is very long, silky, and alternately pure white and -jet black. <b>The Ring-Tailed Lemur</b> has a very long, pointed -tail, ornamented with about 25 alternating rings of brown -and gray, which it carries very gracefully. This species -is of a more lively disposition than most others. The curious -<b>Indri</b> has not up to this time come into the collection, -but it is expected in the near future. When it arrives it -can at once be recognized by the entire absence of a tail, -except a mere stump, and by its large hands and feet.</p> -<h3 id="c22">ELEPHANT HOUSE, No. 20.</h3> -<p>Of its buildings for animals, the Elephant House is the -culminating feature of the Zoological Park, and it comes -quite near to being the last of the series. In token of these -facts, it is fittingly crowned with a dome. Through its position -in the general plan it closes a wide gap, and effectively -links together the northern and southern halves of the -establishment.</p> -<p>The erection of this great structure began in 1907, and the -building was completed and its inmates housed in the fall -of 1908. The yards surrounding the structure were finished -in 1909.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_90">90</div> -<div class="img" id="fig53"> -<img src="images/pmg060.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="435" /> -<p class="pcap">ELEPHANT HOUSE.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_91">91</div> -<p>Any building which can comfortably accommodate a representative -collection of the largest of all living land -animals, must unquestionably be large and substantial. There -is no pleasure in seeing a ponderous elephant chained to -the floor of a small room, unable even to walk to and fro, -and never permitted to roam at will in the open air and sunlight. -It is no wonder that dungeon-kept elephants go mad, -and do mischief. If an elephant—or for that matter any -animal—cannot be kept in <i>comfortable</i> captivity, then let it -not be kept at all.</p> -<p>The Elephant House of the City of New York is a large -and roomy structure, built to render good service for two -centuries. Its extreme length over all is 170 feet, and its -width is 84 feet. Its two sides are divided into 8 huge -compartments, of which 4 are for elephants, 2 for rhinoceroses, -and 2 for hippopotami. Each of these is 24×21½ -feet.</p> -<p>The Hippopotami have within the building a tank 24×21 -feet, and 8 feet in total depth; and another will be constructed -in their corral.</p> -<p>Each end of the building furnishes two cages of smaller -dimensions, for tapirs, and young elephants. The whole -area surrounding the building, excepting the axial walk, is -devoted to open-air yards, so arranged that each cage in the -interior connects directly with a corral which affords both -sunshine and shade. Nature seems to have made this beautiful -open grove—strangely free from trees in its center—especially -for the purposes to which it now is devoted.</p> -<p>It is by no means the intention of the Zoological Society, -that, because an axial walk leads through the Elephant -House, the building shall be used <i>as a thoroughfare</i> for foot -traffic between the northern and southern portions of the -Park. Such use would surely defeat the main purpose of -the structure. It is intended to be entered <i>only by persons -who desire to see the animals, and all others must pass around -it</i>, by one or the other of the two very direct promenades -which will be provided. The employees of the Park are -strictly forbidden to consider the walk through the building -as a convenient highway, and visitors are requested to -observe the obvious necessities of this case.</p> -<p><b>The Indian Elephant</b>, (<i>Elephas indicus</i>), is the universal -elephant of captivity, the African species being shown only -as a great rarity. For every elephant that comes from -Africa, about thirty come from India, and of those about -twenty-nine are prosy and unromantic females. In order -to secure a male Indian Elephant, it must be specially -ordered.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_92">92</div> -<div class="img" id="fig54"> -<img src="images/pmg061.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="401" /> -<p class="pcap">INDIAN ELEPHANT.</p> -</div> -<p>Our first Indian Elephant, a fine male named “Gunda,” -was caught wild in the interior of Assam, northeastern India, -and he arrived at the Zoological Park in May, 1904, -as the gift of Col. Oliver H. Payne. He was then about -seven years old. He stood 6 feet 7 inches in shoulder -height, weighed 3,740 pounds, and had all the points of a -“high-caste” elephant. His tusks were then 16 inches long. -He is very mischievous about breaking anything in his -quarters that is breakable, and he manifests special dislike -toward certain individuals who come near him. Like most -Indian elephants, “Gunda” is very intelligent. In two -days he was taught to receive pennies, lift the lid of his -“bank,” drop the coin within, and ring his bell.</p> -<p>Since his arrival here, in May, 1904, he has grown in -height at the rate of about 5 inches each year. On November -1, 1910, he stood 8 feet 9 inches in shoulder height, his -weight was 8100 pounds, and his tusks were 36 inches long.</p> -<p><b>The Sudan African Elephant</b>, (<i>Elephas oxyotis</i>, Matschie), -is the largest of the four species of African elephants now -recognized. The other species are the South African Elephant, -(<i>E. capensis</i>), the German-East-African Elephant, -(<i>E. knochenhaueri</i>), and the West African Elephant, (<i>E. -cyclotis</i>).</p> -<p>After some years of waiting, and many futile efforts, we -have at last come into possession of a pair of young Sudan -Elephants, representing, so we believe, the great species to -<span class="pb" id="Page_93">93</span> -which belonged Jumbo, and also the bearer of the enormous -tusks presented to the Zoological Society by Mr. Charles T. -Barney. Like all elephants newly arrived from Africa, -they are young, and small; but if they have good health -they will grow very rapidly, and about A. D. 1927 they -should attain full stature,—11 feet at the shoulders for the -male, or thereabouts.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig55"> -<img src="images/pmg062.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="392" /> -<p class="pcap">AFRICAN ELEPHANTS.</p> -</div> -<p>The different species of elephants are most easily recognized -by their ears. Compare the enormous “sail-area” of -the ears of this species with the small, triangular ear of the -Indian elephant, and the small, round ear of the next species.</p> -<p><b>The West African Elephant</b>, (<i>Elephas cyclotis</i>), of equatorial -West Africa, especially the Congo country, is apparently -a small species, not exceeding seven feet in height, even -if that height is ever attained. Mr. Carl Hagenbeck reports -that out of nearly 300 pairs of tusks of this species -examined by him in the German ivory market, not one pair -exceeded two feet in length, and many measured only 10 -inches.</p> -<p>On July 25, 1905, we received a male specimen representing -this species, as a gift from Mr. Barney. It is strikingly -marked by its small round ears, and the presence of 5 toes -on each fore-foot and 4 on the hind foot, the number in the -East African species being 4 and 3, respectively. At the -time of its arrival, little “Congo” stood 43 inches in shoulder -height, his weight was precisely 600 pounds, and his tusks -<span class="pb" id="Page_94">94</span> -were 4 inches long. On June 1, 1911, his shoulder height -was 60 inches, and his weight was 1650 pounds, and his -tusks were 23 inches long.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig56"> -<img src="images/pmg063.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="395" /> -<p class="pcap">AFRICAN TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS.</p> -</div> -<p>Regarding the life history and distribution of this odd -species, much remains to be ascertained; and precise information -is greatly desired.</p> -<p><b>The African Two-Horned Rhinoceros</b>, (<i>Rhinoceros bicornis</i>), -is already represented by a female specimen which was -acquired in 1906. “Victoria” was captured in July, 1905, -in the northern point of German East Africa, within about -sixty miles of the head of Speke Gulf, which is the southeastern -arm of Lake Victoria Nyanza. The elevation is between -4,000 and 5,000 feet. She was slung under a pole, and -carried, six days’ journey on men’s shoulders, to the shore -of the lake.</p> -<p>From thence she was transported by steamer to Port -Florence, at the head of the Uganda Railway, thence by -rail 500 miles to Mombasa. Ever since her arrival in New -York, “Victoria” has developed rapidly. Captivity does -not seem to fret her in the least. She is very docile, is very -friendly toward her keeper, and it is quite apparent that -she enjoys herself.</p> -<p>The African Two-Horned Rhinoceros once was very abundant -throughout the whole of the fertile plains region of -east and south Africa, but the onslaughts of hunters have -exterminated it from probably nine-tenths of the territory -<span class="pb" id="Page_95">95</span> -that it once occupied. To-day, the Englishmen of Africa are -earnestly endeavoring to regulate and abate the slaughter -of African big game, and beyond doubt safe, good results -in that line are being accomplished. It is to be hoped that -the protection lines will now be drawn so tightly around -the game that remains that it will be perpetuated for centuries -to come.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig57"> -<img src="images/pmg064.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="395" /> -<p class="pcap">INDIAN RHINOCEROS.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Indian Rhinoceros</b>, (<i>Rhinoceros unicornis</i>).—A full-grown -Indian Rhinoceros is one of the most wonderful of all -living animals. It seems like a prehistoric monster, belonging -to the days of the dinosaurs, rather than a creature of -to-day; and the killing of so grand a creature solely for the -sake of “sport,” and a stuffed head to hang upon a wall, is -murder, no less. It is quite time that the most wonderful -works of animated Nature should universally be recognized -as safe from attack with the rifle and knife.</p> -<p>So pronounced is the rarity of the great Indian Rhinoceros, -it is a fact that for nearly fifteen years no living specimens -came into the wild-animal market. At last, however, the persistence -and industry of the renowned Carl Hagenbeck was -rewarded by the capture, in 1906, of four young specimens, -all of which reached Hamburg in May, 1907. One of the -best specimens of the quartette was purchased for the New -York Zoological Park, and is now living in the Park in the -quarters prepared for him at the Elephant House.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_96">96</div> -<div class="img" id="fig58"> -<img src="images/pmg065.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="407" /> -<p class="pcap">PYGMY HIPPOPOTAMI.</p> -</div> -<p>The Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros is the largest of all living -rhinoceroses. A full-grown male is about 5 feet, 6 inches -in shoulder height, and 10 feet 6 inches long from end of -nose to root of tail. The length of the horn is not great, -rarely exceeding 12 inches. The skin is very thick, and lies -upon the animal in great rigid slabs which are divided by -articulating areas of thinner skin.</p> -<p><b>The Hippopotamus</b>, (<i>Hippopotamus amphibius</i>), is more -frequently seen in captivity than any of the large rhinoceroses, -or the African elephant. In the lakes and large rivers -of central East Africa it still exists in fair numbers, and -still is killed for “sport.”</p> -<p>Strange as it may seem, this very inert and usually lethargic -monster can, under what it deems just provocation, -become very angry, and even dangerous. Four years ago, -in one of the rivers of Uganda, a hippopotamus not only -overturned a boat, but killed one of its native occupants by -biting him.</p> -<p>The Hippopotamus breeds readily in captivity, even under -poor conditions, and the supply for the zoological gardens -of the world is chiefly maintained in that way. The fine -male specimen exhibited in the Zoological Park was purchased -from the Central Park Menagerie, for $3,000, and is -a gift from Mr. Samuel Thorne. He was born on July 13, -1904. His weight on November 1, 1909, at five years of age, -was 3,114 pounds; and he is growing rapidly.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_97">97</div> -<p><b>The Pygmy Hippopotamus</b> (<i>Hippopotamus liberiensis</i>), is -a great zoological novelty, and second in rarity only to the -okapi. Thus far only five specimens ever have been exhibited. -An adult Pygmy Hippo is only <i>one-fourteenth</i> -the size of an adult Nile Hippo. Our three specimens, a -female and two males, are exhibited in the Elephant House. -They arrived in 1912, and were captured in Liberia, West -Africa. The cost price of the trio was $15,000. They have -excellent appetites, never have been ill, and they seem to -enjoy their new home. Their habits, capture, and their -home surroundings have been fully described in the <i>Bulletin</i> -(No. 52) and the Annual Report for 1912 of the Zoological -Society.</p> -<p>The Pygmy Hippopotamus is far more widely distributed -throughout Liberia than might be inferred from the surprising -scarcity of specimens in museums, and the long absence -of the species from zoological gardens. It is an inhabitant -of swampy forests, and while it frequents rivers -it is not confined to them, like the large hippo. It seeks -shelter from molestation in large cavities in river banks, -usually under the roots of overhanging trees. These specimens -were caught by digging pits in their runways, with -sides so steep that the captives could not climb out. After -capture, each animal was placed in a huge basket crate, -slung under a pole, and carried by natives over the rough -forest trails to the nearest river transportation.</p> -<p><b>The Tapirs.</b>—Near the end of the Order of Hoofed Animals, -(<i>Ungulata</i>), is found the Tapir Family, represented -in both the old world and the new, by about five species. -These very odd creatures inhabit the densest forests of the -tropics, where vegetation grows rankly, and few other large -hoofed animals can live. They are very fond of water, and -swim well.</p> -<p><b>The South American Tapir</b>, (<i>Tapirus terrestris</i>), takes -kindly to captivity, breeds in confinement, and always manages -to look well-fed and as sleek as a seal. Its color is a -rich mahogany brown, and its long, prehensile nose is -strongly suggestive of the end of an elephant’s trunk. The -shoulder height of a full-grown animal is about 37 inches. -This species inhabits Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay, -Uruguay and some other regions of South America. -Some of the Central American Tapirs inhabit mountain regions, -but all are exceedingly wary, and difficult to find -without dogs.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_98">98</div> -<p><b>The Malay Tapir</b>, (<i>Tapirus indicus</i>), of the Malay Peninsula -and Sumatra, may be recognized as far as it can be seen, -by its colors. The front half of the animal, and its legs, -are black or dark brown, and the rear half of the body is -white. It is much larger than the preceding species.</p> -<h3 id="c23">THE WOLF DENS, No. 22.</h3> -<p>At the northeastern corner of the Elk Range there is a -huge, bare granite rock, two hundred feet long, shaped precisely -like the hump of a bull buffalo. The high end of the -hump is toward the north, and its crest is about fifteen feet -above the ground on its eastern side. A fringe of small -trees and bushes grows along its western side. On the east -side, well sheltered by the rock itself from the cold west -winds of winter, and also shaded by several fine trees which -most opportunely grow close beside the ledge, the Wolf -Dens and Fox Dens are situated.</p> -<p>In regard to the iron work, these dens are merely an -understudy of the Bear Dens. The dimensions of each den -of the series are 16 by 48 feet, and the height of the bars to -the top of the overhang is 9 feet 6 inches. The sleeping -dens are of simple construction, all save one being of wood, -trimmed with bark-covered slabs. At present the Wolf -Dens are divided into four compartments.</p> -<p><b>The Gray Wolf</b>, (<i>Canis nubilis</i>), is known by as many -names as it has color phases. In the North, where it is -white, it is called the “White Wolf,” while in Florida it -becomes the “Black Wolf.” In British Columbia and -around Great Slave Lake, both white and black wolves -abound, as well as the standard gray, but on the Barren -Grounds the white phase predominates. In Texas a “Red -Wolf” is found, but apparently the red phase is of somewhat -rare occurrence, and is never found in the North.</p> -<p>In the West this animal has recently come into prominence -in a way that is striking terror to the hearts of -ranchmen and others who have stock to lose. While all -kinds of desirable game animals are decreasing at an alarming -rate, the Gray Wolf not only holds its own, but is -multiplying rapidly. The destruction by it of calves, colts -and sheep, has become so great that nearly every western -State has placed on the head of this bold marauder a -bounty varying from $2 to $10. In some States this law -<span class="pb" id="Page_99">99</span> -has been in force for several years, but with no sensible -diminution in the number of wolves.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig59"> -<img src="images/pmg066.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="388" /> -<p class="pcap">TIMBER WOLF.</p> -</div> -<p>The Gray Wolves which live in touch with civilization -are by no means such bold and dangerous animals as they -formerly were. In the early days, when wolves were -numerous and fire-arms few and primitive, the Gray Wolf -undoubtedly was a dangerous animal. But the breech-loading -rifle has changed all this. Excepting for his stock-killing -propensities, the Gray Wolf is now a skulking creature. -In the United States this animal possesses the courage -of a coyote, but in the Barren Grounds it is still fierce -and dangerous. However much the wolf may skulk and -flee when the way is open, when brought to bay he knows -how to fight. One snap of his powerful jaws and shear-like -teeth is enough to disable almost any dog, and send it -howling to the rear. It is no wonder that western dogs -of experience are shy of approaching a Gray Wolf within -snapping distance.</p> -<p>Excepting the localities from which it has been driven -out by civilization, the Gray Wolf ranges over the whole -North American continent from central Mexico to 83° 24′ N.</p> -<p><b>The Coyote, or Prairie Wolf</b>, (<i>Canis latrans</i>), is a personal -acquaintance of nearly every trans-continental traveler. -To those who have camped on the “plains,” he is quite like -<span class="pb" id="Page_100">100</span> -an old friend; and the high-pitched, staccato cry—half -howl and half bark—with which he announces the dawn, -is associated with memories of vast stretches of open country, -magnificent distances, sage-brush and freedom. Because -of his fondness of barking, Thomas Say, the naturalist -who first described this species, christened it, <i>Canis -latrans</i>, which means “barking wolf.”</p> -<div class="img" id="fig60"> -<img src="images/pmg067.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="388" /> -<p class="pcap">COYOTE: PRAIRIE WOLF.</p> -</div> -<p>This animal averages about one-third smaller than the -gray wolf, and while the finest male specimens are, in the -autumn, really handsome animals, at other times the majority -are of very ordinary appearance. At no time, however, -even in the dark, is a Coyote a courageous animal. So far -as man is concerned, a band of a thousand coyotes would -be as easily put to flight as one; but in hanging upon the -ragged edges of civilization, and living by its wits, the -Coyote is audacity itself. By inheritance, and also by personal -experience, this animal knows to a rod how far it -is safe to trust a man with a gun. If the hunter has left -his gun behind him, the Coyote knows it at once, and -boldly flaunts himself within stone’s throw of his enemy.</p> -<p>The Coyote varies in color quite markedly, exhibiting the -gray, brown and black phases. Formerly it was supposed -that one species comprehended all, but Dr. Merriam’s series -of specimens from all parts of the West and Southwest -have led him to separate these animals into eleven species.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_101">101</div> -<h3 id="c24">THE FOX DENS, No. 23.</h3> -<p>Of the many species of foxes found in North America, -three species stand forth as the types of prominent groups, -and it is very desirable that all three should be well known.</p> -<p><b>The Red Fox</b>, (<i>Vulpes fulvus</i>), is the representative of the -group which contains also the cross fox and black fox of -the Northwest. In spite of dogs, traps, guns, spades and -poison, this cunning creature persists in living in close -touch with the poultry yards of civilized man. His perfect -familiarity with old-fashioned dangers enables him to -avoid them all, and no sooner does a new danger menace -him than he promptly invents a way to escape it. The -manner in which the Red Fox lives with civilization without -being exterminated really is surprising, and speaks -volumes for the astuteness of this animal.</p> -<p>The geographical range of the Red Fox is very wide, -From North Carolina and Tennessee it extends northward -through the whole northeastern United States, gradually -bearing westward to Montana, and northward almost to -the Arctic Ocean. It is the commonest species in Alaska, -where it is found practically everywhere.</p> -<p>The typical Red Fox and its two subspecies, the <b>Cross Fox</b>, -(<i>Vulpes fulvus decussatus</i>), and the <b>Black Fox</b>, (<i>V. f. argentatus</i>)—the -latter many times miscalled the “<b>Silver Fox</b>”—vary -in all possible gradations of color from bright red to -pure black. Often it is difficult to decide where one type -leaves off and another begins. The Cross Fox stands midway -between the Red and Black, with some of the yellow -color of the former on the sides of the neck and behind -the foreleg, while the remainder of the general color is -grizzled gray-brown laid across his shoulders in a more or -less distinct cross. The Black Fox varies in color from -very dark iron-gray to dark brown or black, with a slight -wash of white-tipped hairs over the head, body and tail. -The tip of the tail is always white, which is the only constant -color mark about him.</p> -<p><b>The Swift, or Kit Fox</b>, (<i>Vulpes velox</i>), is the daintiest, -smallest and liveliest of all American foxes. From his -delicate little nose to the tip of his well-trimmed tail, he -is every inch a thoroughbred. His countenance is bright -and pert, and when several specimens are kept together -they are very playful. One striking feature of this little -animal is what may well be termed its trimness. When in -<span class="pb" id="Page_102">102</span> -fair condition, its coat of thick, silvery gray fur is as smooth -and even as if recently trimmed by a barber.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig61"> -<img src="images/pmg068.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="390" /> -<p class="pcap">SWIFT OR KIT FOX.</p> -</div> -<p>On the western plains, where it once had for companions -the buffalo and prong-horn, the Swift is becoming rare. Its -worst enemy is the deadly strychnine bottle of the ranchman. -This species does not thrive in the Fox Dens, and it -will be found in the Burrowing Animal’s Quarters, where it -seems pleased to consider itself at home.</p> -<p>In the Small-Mammal House is shown a new species, -closely allied to the above, from Phoenix, Arizona, recently -described by Dr. C. H. Merriam as <i>Vulpes macrotis</i>, or the -<b>Large-Eared Swift</b>.</p> -<p><b>The Gray Fox</b>, (<i>Urocyon virginianus</i>), is the fox of the -South, even though it does range northward well into the -territory of the red fox. This species is distinctly smaller -and more lightly built than the red, its hair is not so luxuriant, -it is more shy and retiring, and its colors change very -little. When hotly pursued by dogs it often climbs trees -that are quite perpendicular, to a height of twenty feet or -more. In captivity Gray Foxes are forever trying to escape -by climbing, instead of by burrowing, as would naturally -be expected. In temper, they are treacherous to their -keepers, and also to each other, and as “pets” are anything -but desirable.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_103">103</div> -<div class="img" id="fig62"> -<img src="images/pmg069.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="386" /> -<p class="pcap">RED FOX.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Tasmanian Wolf, or Thylacine</b>, (<i>Thylacinus cynocephalus</i>), -is a very strange-looking and interesting creature, -about the size of a pointer dog. Its color is dark yellowish -brown, and it has a series of broad black stripes, or bands, -running across its hind quarters and loins. The wide gape -of its mouth reminds one of an iguana or a monitor.</p> -<p>This animal, fully named above, is the largest of the carnivorous -marsupials of Australia, and the female possesses -an abdominal pouch in which she carries her young, like -a kangaroo. It is now found only in Tasmania, and it dwells -amongst rocks, in rugged and mountainous regions. Because -of its depredations upon the sheep herds, the Thylacine -has been diligently hunted and destroyed, and now -living specimens rarely are taken.</p> -<p>In the zoological gardens of Europe and America, this -species usually is kept in heated buildings, but it has been -ascertained by experiment that this specimen thrives best -in the open air. Living examples in captivity are now so -very rare it is a difficult matter to keep one constantly on -exhibition.</p> -<h3 id="c25">THE OTTER POOLS, No. 31.</h3> -<p><b>The American Otter</b>, (<i>Lutra canadensis</i>), is unfortunate -in being the bearer of valuable fur; and in the northern -regions, where the cold causes the development of fur that -<span class="pb" id="Page_104">104</span> -is available for the use of the furrier, this creature is so -nearly extinct that trappers no longer pursue it. In the -southern States, where its fur is short, rather coarse and -“off color,” the Otter still is found. In some portions of -eastern Florida, and along the coast of South Carolina, it -is frequently taken. In captivity, it often becomes quite -tame, even affectionate, and always is interesting. Unless -closely confined, however, it is prone to wander, and meet -premature death.</p> -<p>In captivity the Otter usually is active and restless, and -very much in evidence. Owing to the strength of its jaws, -its ability to climb under certain conditions and its restless -activity, it is difficult to confine a full-grown Otter in anything -else than a complete box of iron cage-work.</p> -<p>Few persons save woodsmen and naturalists are aware of -the fact that in a wild state the Otter is a very playful animal, -and is as fond of sliding down hill, over a wet and -muddy slide, with a water plunge at the bottom, as any -young person is of “shooting the chutes.” Like the small -boy with the sled and a snowy hillside, the Otter sometimes -indulges in its sliding pastime for an hour at a time, with -a keen relish for the sport that is quite evident to all who -have ever watched it.</p> -<p>The Otter is a carnivorous animal, and in a wild state -lives upon fish, frogs, crabs, young birds, small mammals, -and, in fact, about any living thing which it can catch.</p> -<p><b>The Coypu Rat</b>, (<i>Myopotamus coypu</i>), of Central and -South America, is interesting because of the fact that it is -the largest of all rats or rat-like animals. In its habits it -is as fond of water as the musk-rat. It is sufficiently clothed -with fur to endure outdoor life in the Park, even in winter, -and it has been acclimatized here in one of the other pools. -It breeds persistently, and thrives in captivity, provided it -is treated as it should be.</p> -<h3 id="c26">THE SMALL-MAMMAL HOUSE, No. 35.</h3> -<p>The new Small-Mammal House, erected and occupied in -1905, is a very different structure from the temporary building -which formerly occupied the site. The present building -is a twin of the Ostrich House, and in it much effort has -been expended in devising ways and means to keep its living -inhabitants clean, odorless and in good health. Owing, -however, to the musky odors secreted by many of the civet -<span class="pb" id="Page_105">105</span> -cats and members of the Marten Family, it is beyond human -power to keep a large collection such as this building contains -without a certain amount of wild-animal odor.</p> -<p>Most difficult of all collections to settle satisfactorily in a -modern zoological park or garden is the great <i>omnium -gatherum</i> of small species—and some large ones, also—which -fall within the meaning of the term “small mammals.” -The number of mammalian miscellanea which can not have -buildings all their own is really very great. In addition to -that there are always with us a considerable number of -young and tender animals which require small quarters, and -close attention. The visitor will therefore always find in -the Small-Mammal House a great array of viverrine animals, -of tropical squirrels and other small rodents, of mustelines, -the nasuas, the small marsupials, young leopards, the -lynxes and their relatives, baby bears, and many other -species.</p> -<p>Attention is invited to the great variety of cages in and -around this building, of which there are five different types. -The total number is 176. All those on the western side are -adjustable as to their bottoms and sides, so that it is easy -to throw several cages into one, and make cages either -very long or very high. The idea of the collapsible cage, -and also the general plan of it, has been copied from the -model developed and in use in the Zoological Garden of -Frankfort, Germany, by Director A. Seitz, to whom this -acknowledgment is justly due. It will be noticed that -every animal in this building enjoys the use of an outdoor -cage, which connects directly with its interior quarters.</p> -<p>Of such an odd mixture of animals as we are now to consider, -anything like a perfect systematic zoological arrangement -is a practical impossibility; but as far as it is possible, -we will take up the animals by groups.</p> -<p>On the whole, the most striking animals in the Small-Mammal -House are the small cats and lynxes. Of the -spotted cats, the <b>Serval</b>, (<i>Felis serval</i>), of Africa, is one of -the rarest. Its long, slender legs, small head, slender body -and round spots proclaim it a near relative of the cheetah.</p> -<p><b>The Clouded Leopard</b>, (<i>Felis nebulosa</i>).—The dense and -humid jungles of Borneo contain a beautiful tree-climbing -leopard whose markings are laid on its sides in large, elliptical -patches of pleasing pattern. This is the Clouded -Leopard, so delicate in captivity that only one out of every -four or five becomes acclimatized outside its native jungles. -<span class="pb" id="Page_106">106</span> -Our fine adult specimen, with very long canine teeth suggestive -of those of the saber-toothed tiger, really belongs -in the Lion House, but we dare not move it, for fear the -change would in some manner prove fatal to it. It is an -animal of vicious temper, and makes friends with no one. -The half light of its cage is a welcome approach to the -dense shadows in which it lives when at home.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig63"> -<img src="images/pmg070.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="382" /> -<p class="pcap">OCELOT.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Jungle Cat</b>, (<i>F. bengalensis</i>), is a small and inconspicuous -type, as befits an animal which lives by stealth in -densely populated regions. The <b>Ocelot</b>, (<i>Felis pardalis</i>), of -South and Central America, is a small spotted cat which -very often is called a “young jaguar.” In size it is the -third largest <i>Felis</i> of the American continent; but for all -that, it is so small that an adult specimen would not make -more than one square meal for a hungry jaguar. It is -found from southern Texas to southern Brazil.</p> -<p>The little <b>Margay Cat</b>, (<i>F. tigrina</i>), is our smallest and -also rarest spotted cat. It is no larger than a good-sized -domestic cat, and its tawny ground-color is marked all over -with round spots. The rarest American feline in our possession -is the queer, otter-like <b>Yaguarundi Cat</b>, (<i>F. yaguarundi</i>), -of a uniform gray-brown color, without spots. It -is found in southern Texas and Mexico, and is so seldom -seen in captivity that comparatively few persons north of -the Rio Grande are aware of its existence. Our specimen -came from Brownsville, Texas.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_107">107</div> -<div class="img" id="fig64"> -<img src="images/pmg071.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="385" /> -<p class="pcap">COMMON GENET.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Bay Lynx, Red Lynx, or Wild Cat</b>, (<i>Lynx rufus</i>), is -the smallest of American Lynxes, and it is the one that inhabits -the United States eastward of the great plains. Until -further notice, this species will be found in the Small-Mammal -House. It may have a few dark spots, or none at all. -Its color varies so greatly that it is at times impossible to -determine where this species leaves off, and the more heavily -spotted subspecies of the southwest takes its place. The -latter is known as the <b>Spotted Lynx</b>, (<i>L. r. maculatus</i>).</p> -<p>The large and important group of Viverrines, or long-faced -cat-like carnivores of the East Indies, (Family <i>Viverridae</i>), -is well represented. It is the true Civets which furnish—some -of them—the evil-smelling civet of commerce—an -odor which we would gladly do without. The <b>Common -Civet-Cat</b>, (<i>Viverra zibetha</i>), is the best known member of -this Family, and it is easily recognized by its large size, -heavily-spotted body and ring-streaked tail. It is common -throughout the Malay Peninsula, and in many other portions -of the Malay Archipelago. The larger <b>Malayan Civet-Cat</b>, -(<i>V. malaccensis</i>), strongly resembles its understudy, but its -black spots and blotches are larger and more intense, and in -form it is much more robust.</p> -<p>The large and handsome <b>White-Whiskered Paradoxure</b>, -(<i>Paradoxurus leucomystax</i>), has been in the Park about six -years, and to-day it coughs and snarls at the visitor just as -it did in the beginning. It is a smooth-coated creature, -<span class="pb" id="Page_108">108</span> -colored like a puma, and comes from northern China. Other -members of the Family <i>Viverridae</i> contained in the collection -are the <b>Malayan Paradoxure</b>, (<i>P. hermaphroditus</i>); the <b>Black -Paradoxure</b>, (<i>P. niger</i>); the <b>African Ichneumon</b>, (<i>Herpestes -ichneumon</i>), the strange black creature from the Malay Peninsula -called the <b>Binturong, or “Bear-Cat,”</b> (<i>Arctictis binturong</i>), -and the <b>Suricate, or Slender-Tailed Meerkat</b>, (<i>Suricata -tetradactyla</i>), of South Africa.</p> -<p>Into the Small-Mammal House have drifted and comfortably -settled down several canine species which are not so -well satisfied, elsewhere. <b>The Black-Backed Jackal</b>, (<i>Canis -mesomelas</i>), of Africa, is one of the most interesting, and it -is also the one that thrives best in captivity. It is very -much like a dark phase of the Azara Dog, of South America, -and it is the handsomest of all the Jackals. <b>The Cape Hunting -Dog</b>, of eastern Africa, has for years been present in -this building, and it will be kept as continuously as circumstances -will permit.</p> -<p><b>The New Mexico Desert Fox</b>, (<i>Vulpes macrotis neomexicanus</i>), is -a small understudy of the better known <b>Swift</b> or -<b>Kit Fox</b> of the northern plains, but it has larger ears. -Neither of these delicate little species seems to thrive in our -large Fox Dens, which seem to be too large for them; but -in this building they thrive and are quite content with life. -The Swift Fox is the four-footed elf of the plains, and it -is unfortunate that the poison laid for the fierce and cruel -stock-killing wolves should prove its extermination—as it -surely will, ere long.</p> -<p><b>The Arctic Fox</b>, (<i>Vulpes lagopus</i>).—This creature of the -polar world is a striking example of climatic influence on -a species, and also of the danger that lies in describing a -species from a single specimen. In the far north, the -Arctic Fox is snow-white all the year round. Farther south -it is white in winter, but in summer is bluish-brown. In the -southern part of its range, the Aleutian Archipelago for -example, except for an occasional white individual, it is -dark all the year round, and is known only as the <b>Blue -Fox</b>. At first it may seem difficult to believe that these two -widely-different extremes are only color-phases of the same -species; but it is quite true. The dark-colored animal is -not even accorded subspecific rank.</p> -<p>On various islands along the Alaska coast, especially in -the Aleutian Archipelago, about forty commercial companies -are engaged in breeding Blue Foxes for their fur, some of -<span class="pb" id="Page_109">109</span> -them with satisfactory success. The foxes are fed daily, -on cooked corn meal and dried fish. They come up to be -fed, and when the time comes to handle and sort them -previous to killing the annual allotment, they greatly facilitate -matters by the readiness with which they enter box -traps.</p> -<p>The great decrease in the annual supply of good fur -has caused many persons to hope that fox-breeding may -be developed into a remunerative industry. Except in -Alaska, no extensive experiments in that line have been -made. It is quite desirable that fox-breeding in the United -States should be taken up under state or national auspices, -and worked out to a successful issue. There is good reason -to hope and believe that it might be developed into an important -industry.</p> -<p>From Argentina, South America, have come two fine -specimens of the <b>Azara Dog</b>, (<i>Canis azarae</i>), which, but for -their half dog-like tails might pass anywhere as rather odd-looking -gray foxes. But they are a visible reminder of the -fact that the pampas of South America contain an extensive -series of foxes and wild dogs, which thus far is practically -unknown everywhere north of the Amazon.</p> -<p><b>The Dingo, or Australian Wild Dog</b>, (<i>Canis dingo</i>), is -represented by two specimens which look like ordinary -yellow dogs. By many persons it is believed that this animal -was not indigenous to Australia, and was planted there -by man, but the evidence in support of that supposition is -by no means conclusive.</p> -<p><b>The Coati-Mundi</b>, (pronounced coy-ty mon-day), is for -its size one of the best exhibition animals that can be found -outside of the Primate House. It is closely related to our -raccoon, but is far more showy and interesting. It has a -very lively and industrious disposition, is a good climber, -and from dawn until dark is almost constantly on the move. -Although it is a carnivorous animal, and provided with -powerful canine teeth, it is not naturally quarrelsome, but -on the contrary is quite gregarious in its habits. The genus -<i>Nasua</i> inhabits Mexico, Central and South America. We -have two species, the <b>Red Coati-Mondi</b>, (<i>Nasua rufa</i>), and -the <b>White-Nosed</b>, (<i>N. narica</i>).</p> -<p><b>The Raccoon Dog</b>, of Japan, (<i>Nyctereutes procyonoides</i>), -is to all outward appearances a raccoon, but its feet are -digitigrade, not plantigrade, and it is a true dog.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_110">110</div> -<p><b>The American Badger</b>, (<i>Taxidea americana</i>), is represented -by a fine, large and very light-colored specimen that -was presented by President Roosevelt. The <b>European -Badger</b>, (<i>Meles taxus</i>), is shown near by.</p> -<p>Our collection of Rodents contains the following important -and representative species of squirrels:</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><span class="sc">North American.</span></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Gray Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus</i> </td><td class="l"><i>carolinensis</i> </td><td class="l">New York.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Black Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l">Ohio.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Fox Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><i>ludovicianus</i> </td><td class="l">Kansas.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Southern Fox Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><i>niger</i> </td><td class="l">Louisiana.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Red Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><i>hudsonius</i> </td><td class="l">New York.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Eastern Chipmunk </td><td class="l"><i>Tamias</i> </td><td class="l"><i>striatus</i> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Western Chipmunk </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><i>speciosus</i> </td><td class="l">California.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Parry’s Spermophile </td><td class="l"><i>Citellus</i> </td><td class="l"><i>parryi</i> </td><td class="l">Alaska.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Thirteen-Lined Spermophile </td><td class="l"><i>Spermophilus</i> </td><td class="l"><i>tridecem-lineatus</i> </td><td class="l">Iowa.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><span class="sc">Foreign Species.</span></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Malabar Hill Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus</i> </td><td class="l"><i>malabaricus</i> </td><td class="l">S. India.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Indian Hill Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><i>bicolor</i> </td><td class="l">N. India.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Prevost Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><i>prevosti</i> </td><td class="l">Malayana.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Golden-Bellied Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><i>aureogaster</i> </td><td class="l">Mexico.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Columbia Fire-Backed Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><i>variabilis</i> </td><td class="l">S. America.</td></tr> -</table> -<p>No collection of Rodents is worthy of acceptance by the -public without a fair representation of Porcupines. The -most wonderful species is the <b>African Porcupine</b>, (<i>Hystrix -cristata</i>), which when disturbed erects a threatening array -of enormously-long, shining black-and-white quills that are -a wonder to behold. The lofty white crest of this animal -is one of its most conspicuous features.</p> -<p><b>The Indian Crestless Hill Porcupine</b>, (<i>H. longicauda</i>), -usually present in our collection, is merely a quiet understudy -of the former. Strange to say—and also provoking—our -old friend of the North Woods, the <b>Canada Porcupine</b>, -(<i>Erethizon dorsatus</i>), is much more capricious and -difficult to keep for a long period than either of the fine -foreign species already mentioned. It is only the men who -know all about animals who can tell us why nothing seems -to exactly satisfy them, and why they will not breed here, -live ten years and be happy. Even the best cage life does -not seem to be good enough for them; but we are still -experimenting.</p> -<p>In order that visitors to the Park may at all times be -able to see a <b>Beaver</b>, (<i>Castor canadensis</i>), and not be -thwarted in that desire by the very shy habits of the animals -<span class="pb" id="Page_111">111</span> -in the Beaver Pond, we have a specimen on exhibition -in the Small-Mammal House. This individual came from -the Rio Grande, as a small kit, and has been reared in its -present quarters. It is kept constantly supplied with food--wood, -chiefly of poplar and maple, and clean water in which -to bathe.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig65"> -<img src="images/pmg072.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="392" /> -<p class="pcap">AFRICAN PORCUPINE.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Capybara</b>, (<i>Hydrochaerus capybara</i>), is the largest of -all gnawing animals, and the most remarkable rodent in -our collection. In form and size it suggests a large, gray, -coarse-haired pig. It is a water-loving animal, of the American -tropics, and lives on the grassy banks of the delta of -the Orinoco, and similar places farther south. It is one of -the best divers of all land animals, and when attacked on -land always plunges into the water and dives for about -100 feet before coming to the surface. It is strictly a vegetable -feeder, and its flesh is very palatable food. It takes -kindly to captivity, and in disposition it is very affectionate.</p> -<p><b>The Agouti</b>, (<i>Dasyprocta</i>), is to the jungles of South -America as the cotton-tail rabbit is to the forests of the -eastern United States; but structurally it is not closely -related to the members of the Rabbit Family. It lives -wholly on the ground, in dense cover, and is very difficult -to shoot. As a rule, it is impossible for dogs to catch it -because it runs so swiftly through the dense cover that -they cannot keep it in sight. There are a number of species, -varying in color from dark brown to golden yellow.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_112">112</div> -<div class="img" id="fig66"> -<img src="images/pmg073.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="399" /> -<p class="pcap">TAMANDUA.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Toothless Mammals.</b>—The Order <i>Edentata</i> contains -some of the most odd and remarkable mammals that ever -find their way into a zoological park. They are the armadilloes, -ant-eaters and sloths. Without exception, they are -delicate feeders, and difficult to keep for long periods, and -for this reason the number on exhibition constantly varies -between half a score and none at all! As far as it is possible, -the species named below will be kept on exhibition; -but these rarities are difficult to obtain, and the supply -must be regarded as intermittent.</p> -<p><b>The Nine-Banded Armadillo</b>, (<i>Tatu novemcinctum</i>), of -southern Texas and Arizona, and southward, is the only -edentate found in the United States. Its total length, from -nose to tail-tip, is about 26 inches, and it is about as large -as an opossum. Its strangest feature is the horny shell, -with 9 jointed bands in the middle, which Nature has designed -for the animal’s protection. It lives in burrows in -the earth, and in a wild state it feeds on a mixed diet of -worms, ants, snails, beetles, grasshoppers and other insects.</p> -<p><b>The Six-Banded Armadillo</b>, (<i>Dasypus sexcinctus</i>), of South -America, has a much stronger and more bony shell than the -preceding species, but very similar habits. <b>The Three-Banded -Armadillo</b>, (<i>Tolypeutes tricinctus</i>), is the most remarkable -of all—and also the most difficult to obtain. It -is able to convert itself into a round ball covered at all -<span class="pb" id="Page_113">113</span> -points by bony armor, and remarkably well protected from -the teeth of predatory animals.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig67"> -<img src="images/pmg074.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="396" /> -<p class="pcap">GREAT ANT-EATER.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Great Ant-Eater</b>, (<i>Myrmecophaga jubata</i>).—This is a -very remarkable animal, and usually is to be found alive in -the Small-Mammal House. Its anatomical peculiarities are -apparent at a glance. Its toothless jaws are enormously -elongated, and taper to a rounded point, where the mouth -opens as a narrow slit, scarcely large enough to admit the -large end of a lead pencil. Its front claws are large and -strong, for use in tearing open ant-hills and decayed logs; -and the creature walks upon them as if club-footed. Its -tail is long and thick, and bears a luxuriant brush, of coarse, -wavy hair more than a foot long. The negroes of British -Guiana gravely inform travellers that the Ant-Eater uses -his bushy tail as a broom, with which he sweeps up ants in -order to devour them wholesale.</p> -<p>As may be inferred from the total absence of teeth, this -strange creature lives chiefly upon crawling insects. In devouring -the dreadful ants, which in a South American forest -often make life a burden, it helps to preserve the balance -of Nature. In captivity the food of this animal consists of -milk, raw eggs and ground meat. In taking its food it -thrusts out from four to eight inches of round, wormlike -tongue, which contrary to many published statements, is -not covered with sticky saliva.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_114">114</div> -<div class="img" id="fig68"> -<img src="images/pmg075.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" /> -<p class="pcap">SIX-BANDED ARMADILLO.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Tamandua</b>, (<i>Tamandua tetradactyla</i>), is a smaller -ant-eater than the preceding species, of tree-climbing habits, -with a proportionately shorter head, no long hair on its -tail, and extremely large front claws. It is found in Venezuela, -the Guianas, Brazil, and in fact that greater portion -of the region of tropical forests on this continent south of -Mexico. Its tail is prehensile, or grasping, and in climbing -is used almost constantly.</p> -<p><b>The Sloths</b> are the slowest, the most helpless and defenseless -of the edentates. They subsist chiefly upon leaves, -they climb no more swiftly than a man, and they escape -their enemies through the resemblance of their pelage to the -rough bark of the tree-trunks among which they live. They -have a few teeth, but none for defense, and their claws -are of use only in climbing, except that they can pinch -with them.</p> -<p>Two species of Sloth are occasionally seen in the Zoological -Park, but usually <i>in the Primate House</i>, where the -high temperature is better suited to their needs.</p> -<p><b>The Three-Toed Sloth</b>, (<i>Bradypus tridactylus</i>), is the one -with a brown “saddle-mark” of short hair in the middle of -its back. The remainder of its pelage is coarse and long, -and its greenish tint renders it a close imitation of algae-covered -tree-bark. <b>The Two-Toed Sloth</b>, (<i>Choloepus hoffmani</i>), -is much larger than the preceding, and lives longer -in captivity. Four fine adult specimens occupy a large cage -<span class="pb" id="Page_115">115</span> -at the Primate House, where they seem to be fully acclimatized. -In form and habit they are remarkable animals, and -well worthy of close attention.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig69"> -<img src="images/pmg076.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" /> -<p class="pcap">TWO-TOED SLOTH.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Egg-Laying Mammals.</b>—For several months there -were exhibited here two <b>Echidnas</b>—of all small mammals -ever seen alive in New York the most wonderful. The Echidna -comes from Australia, the home of remarkable types of -animals, and belongs to the lowest Order of Mammals, -(<i>Monotremata</i>). Like its distant relative, the duck-billed -platypus, it reproduces by <i>laying eggs</i>! Its back -is covered with short but very thick spines, and its nose is -a long, slender beak, absolutely unique. Other examples -of this species will be exhibited whenever possible.</p> -<h3 id="c27">THE PUMA AND LYNX HOUSE, No. 33A.</h3> -<p>Near the Small-Mammal House (No. 35) will be found -a log cabin with its entire front opening into two wire-covered -yards. The interior of the building is provided -with sleeping-dens in which the occupants of the two enclosures -can keep dry and warm. This installation is for -lynxes, but half of it is occupied by pumas. Already it has -fully proven the desirability of keeping lynxes and pumas -constantly in the open air, and without artificial heat. To -lynxes especially there is nothing more deadly than a well-heated -room, indoors.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_116">116</div> -<p><b>The Puma</b>, (<i>Felis concolor</i>), is described in the section -relating to the Lion House, where other Pumas are exhibited -(<a href="#Page_78">page 78</a>).</p> -<p>Of the Lynxes, we have two well-defined species, and -one subspecies. The <b>Canada Lynx</b>, (<i>Lynx canadensis</i>), is -well represented in the southern compartment of the Puma -House, where a fine adult pair has become acclimatized. -This is the <i>Loup Cervier</i> of the French Canadians, and it is -truly the Lynx of Canada and the subarctic North. It has -<i>no spots on its body</i>, and its pelage is a cold pepper-and-salt -gray color. Its feet are large and heavily furred, and -it has a long, black hair-pencil on the tip of each ear. A -large specimen stands 18 inches high, and weighs 22 pounds. -The food of the American Lynxes generally consists of hares -and rabbits, ground birds of all kinds, and anything else -that can be caught and killed, except porcupine. To man -they are not “dangerous animals.”</p> -<h3 id="c28">THE BURROWING MAMMALS, AND OTHERS, No. 42.</h3> -<p>North America is wonderfully rich in species of gnawing -animals, and the end is not yet. The investigations of our -mammalogists are adding new species with a degree of -rapidity and parallelism that is fairly bewildering.</p> -<p>It is the duty of the Zoological Society to do its utmost -to increase as much as possible the sum total of knowledge -of our largest Order of Mammals. Manifestly, however, it -is impracticable to do more than place before visitors a reasonable -number of well-chosen types, which shall represent -as many as possible of the twelve Families, and also the -genera most worth knowing.</p> -<p>The most serious obstacle in the way of anyone who attempts -to exhibit collections of living rodents lies in the -natural propensity of so many species to keep out of sight -during the daytime. This is particularly true of the members -of the Mouse, Pocket Gopher, and Pouched Rat Families, -comprising about three hundred species in all. With -very few exceptions, the whole matter of the exhibition -of collections of living rodents is something new, and every -step is an experiment. In the belief that even the most shy -burrowing animals will appreciate abundant room, perfectly -natural surroundings, plenty of food, and immunity from -annoyance, and eventually fall into the habit of spending -many of the daylight hours above ground, as do prairie-dogs, -<span class="pb" id="Page_117">117</span> -the Society has constructed a series of fifteen small -yards, each 10×20 feet, bounded by walls going down to -bedrock, and enclosed above by a box-like arrangement of -very light wire-netting 5 feet high. The ground is chiefly -undisturbed soil of a firm and gravelly nature, thoroughly -drained, and all earth filling has been tightly rammed into -place to prevent caving in the burrows. Above ground, -each yard contains weathered rocks, stumps, and hollow -logs in abundance.</p> -<p>In these fifteen yards, each of which will hold specimens -of at least two or three species, will be placed strongly -marked types of those families whose representatives are -most numerous in North America, and also the least known, -only a few of which may be mentioned here.</p> -<p><b>The Sewellel Family</b>, (<i>Aplodontidae</i>), contains five or six -species and is of unusual scientific interest. The Sewellel, -Mountain Beaver, Farmer or “Showt’l” (<i>Aplodontia rufus</i> -and <i>major</i>), is an animal of the size and general appearance -of a large, short-tailed muskrat. It inhabits a few localities -in remote regions in the mountain-valleys of northern California, -Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia. -It feeds like a beaver, climbs bushes four feet high, burrows -in <i>wet</i> ground, and fights like a little fiend when brought to -bay. Notwithstanding the size of this animal, it is very -seldom seen, and is but little known.</p> -<p><b>The Squirrel Family</b>, (<i>Sciuridae</i>), is large (one hundred -and forty-one species), very interesting, and entitled to -much consideration. In the present enclosure will be shown -in summer many species of interesting ground squirrels, -chipmunks, and marmots. In winter all the squirrels, save -one or two hardy native species, will be found in the Small-Mammal -House, near by.</p> -<p><b>The Rabbit Family</b>, (<i>Leporidae</i>), is one of the most difficult -to install and exhibit. Its members are large and -showy, but for several reasons it is very difficult to keep -them on exhibition in captivity. In time, however, all four -of the great groups—<b>Rabbit</b>, <b>Varying Hare</b>, <b>Jack Hare</b>, and -also the <b>Pikas</b>, forming the allied Family <i>Ochotonidae</i>—will -be represented by specimens.</p> -<p>Just what can be accomplished satisfactorily with the -most interesting members of the <b>Jumping Mouse</b>, <b>Pouched -Rat</b>, and <b>Pocket Gopher</b> Families, remains to be determined -by trial. If they can be induced to show themselves to -<span class="pb" id="Page_118">118</span> -visitors, during daylight hours, they will be kept for exhibition; -otherwise not. At present, some examples of these -species can be seen in the Reptile House.</p> -<p><b>In Winter.</b>—In the temperate zone, when “winter comes -to rule the varied year,” all the burrowing animals must -retire to their burrows, live upon their buried stores of -winter food, and hibernate until spring. The tropical -species do not know how to hibernate, and therefore they -must be taken indoors, or they perish.</p> -<p>In order that our native species of rodents may be seen -all winter, and that the tropical species may be kept alive, -nearly all the animals that in summer live in the Burrowing -Mammal Quarters are removed in autumn to the well-warmed -Small-Mammal House. It also happens that in -summer a few of the small carnivores, and all armadilloes, -are kept in these Quarters.</p> -<p>In addition to the rodents which it is practicable to exhibit -in these enclosures, the summer season will find some -of them occupied by certain especially interesting species -which need the soil of Mother Earth as well as sunlight -and air. Here will be found the <b>Armadilloes</b>, the <b>Nasuas</b>, -the <b>Raccoon Dogs</b>, the <b>Swift Foxes</b> and a few others, which -in winter belong in the Small-Mammal House.</p> -<h3 id="c29">THE PRAIRIE-DOG VILLAGE, No. 41.</h3> -<p><b>The Western Prairie-“Dog,”</b> or <b>Prairie Marmot</b>, (<i>Cynomys -ludovicianus</i>).—Occupying a conspicuous hill-top near -the Small-Deer House, and overlooking the Wild-Fowl -Pond, is a circular enclosure, 80 feet in diameter, surrounded -by an iron fence with an overhang, with walls -going down to bedrock. This contains about fifty fat and -jolly little Prairie Marmots, one-half of which are the gift -of a Montana ranchman, Mr. Howard Eaton. The soil of -the enclosure has never been disturbed, and there is no -danger that the little creatures ever will be smothered in -their burrows, as frequently happens in earth that has once -been dug up and filled in again.</p> -<p>Owing to its optimistic and even joyous disposition, the -Prairie-“Dog” has many friends, and “happy as a Prairie-'Dog’” -would be a far better comparison than “happy as a -king.” His cousin, the woodchuck, has the air of being -perpetually “in the dumps,” but the Prairie-“Dog”—never. -His so-called bark is really a laugh, and his absurd little tail -<span class="pb" id="Page_119">119</span> -was given to him solely as a means of visible expression of -good nature. But he has his enemies and detractors. The -coyote loves his plump and toothsome body; the “granger” -hates him for the multitude of his holes, and puts spoonfuls -of poisoned wheat into his burrow.</p> -<h3 id="c30">THE BEAR DENS, No. 37.</h3> -<p>The bears of the world form a very interesting group; -and when its representatives are properly installed—in -large, open yards, with abundant sunlight, fresh air and -room for exercise—they develop finely, live happily, and -furnish endless entertainment. Under proper conditions, -bears are cheerful animals, full of the playful spirit that -robs captivity of its chief terror. To confine large bears -singly, in small cages, or in wet-floored, high-walled dungeons, -or in the unspeakable “pits” of mediaeval type, is a -sin against Nature. It is to be noted, however, that small -and timid bears, like <i>Ursus japonicus</i>, are better off in small -cages than in the very large ones; and it is for this reason -that eight small dens have been provided, opposite the original -series.</p> -<p>The Zoological Society has put forth considerable effort -in constructing a series of nine large Bear Dens which provide -ideal conditions for their inmates. Bears do not need -<i>buildings</i>! Their habits call for large, open yards, properly -situated, with snug and dry sleeping-dens attached, to -which they can retire whenever they wish. To them, -masonry walls are worse than useless, for they cut off sunlight -and promote dampness; but rocks and trees upon -which to climb are very beneficial. In warm weather, all -bears are fond of bathing, and a bathing pool in each cage -is very necessary.</p> -<p><i>It is cruelty to animals</i> for visitors to throw peanuts, or -food of any kind, into our bear dens; and it is <i>strictly forbidden</i>. -All persons who do not wish to be reprimanded in -public, or arrested, are advised to refrain from it. Teasing -with food always irritates bears, sets them to fighting, spoils -their dispositions and <i>renders them dangerous to the keepers -who have to go in with them</i>! <i>All visitors who are law-abiding, -and friendly to the Zoological Society, are requested -to assist the keepers and policemen in preventing lawless persons -from throwing food into the bear dens.</i> A stern reprimand -often prevents serious trouble.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_120">120</div> -<div class="img" id="fig70"> -<img src="images/pmg077.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" /> -<p class="pcap">POLAR BEARS. -<br />Showing a portion of their den and pool cut from the solid rock.</p> -</div> -<p>The bears of North America form four well-defined groups, -as follows:</p> -<dl class="undent"><dt>The Polar Bear.</dt> -<dt>The Grizzly Bear.</dt> -<dt>The Alaskan Brown Bears.</dt> -<dt>The Black Bears, and their allies.</dt></dl> -<p>Up to this date (April 1, 1913), 24 species and subspecies -have been described, and it is reasonably certain that much -more work remains to be done on the members of this group -of animals before the status of each valid and invalid species -will be rendered thoroughly clear.</p> -<p>The most noteworthy species are as follows:</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">THE MOST IMPORTANT SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN BEARS.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus maritimus</i>, (Desm.), Polar Bear. Arctic regions generally.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">The Brown Bears. </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus middendorffi</i>, (Merriam), Kadiak Bear. Kadiak Is., Alaska.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus dalli</i>, (Merr.), Yakutat Bear. Yakutat Bay, Alaska.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus eulophus</i>, (Merr.), Admiralty Bear. Admiralty Is., Alaska.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus gyas</i>, (Merr.), Peninsula Bear. Portage Bay, Alaska Peninsula.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">The Grizzly Bears. </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus Horribilis</i>, (Ord.), Grizzly Bear: Silver-Tip. Wyoming and Utah to Alaska.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursas horribilis horriaeus</i>, (Baird), Mexican Grizzly. Southwestern New Mexico.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus richardsoni</i>, (Swainson), Barren-Ground Grizzly. Great Slave Lake region, and Barren-Grounds.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">The Black Bears. </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus americanus</i>, (Pallas), Black Bear. Eastern North America.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus luteolus</i>, (Griffith), Louisiana Bear. Louisiana and Texas.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus floridanus</i>, (Merr.), Everglade Bear. Florida.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus emmonsi</i>, (Dall), Glacier Bear. St. Elias Alps, Yakutat Bay.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus kermodei</i>, (Hornaday), Inland White Bear. Northwestern British Columbia.</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_121">121</div> -<p><b>The Polar Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>).—In nearly every collection -of living bears the individuals of this species are the -most showy and attractive. Their white coats quickly catch -the eye of the visitor, and whether young or old, they are -generally the most active and playful of all captive bears. -In cold weather, when other bears lie in the sun, or, if permitted, -curl up in the straw of their sleeping dens, the -Polar Bear will disport himself in the freezing cold water -of his swimming pool, and joyously play with a cake of ice -until the sight of it makes one shiver.</p> -<p>The Polar Bear Den is situated at the north end of Rocking-Stone -Hill, about two hundred feet from the north end -of the main series of Bear Dens. It is reached by descending -the steps leading toward the Beaver Pond, and turning to -the right. From the Rocking-Stone Restaurant, the Polar -Bears are quickly reached by descending the hill toward the -north.</p> -<p>Although the Polar Bear inhabits practically the whole of -the Arctic Ocean and its numerous islands, it is by no means -the most northerly warm-blooded mammal. Nansen found -fox tracks at 85° N., but the most northerly bear observed -was on the 84th parallel. The favorite home of this animal -is the edge of the great polar ice cap, where Neptune -and the “Frost King” wage continuous warfare. He seldom -ventures more than a day’s journey inland, on any shore. -<span class="pb" id="Page_122">122</span> -In winter, as the edge of the ice-pack moves southward, and -in summer when it retreats northward, he follows it in -order to keep in touch with the ringed seals and walrus -that also go with it.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig71"> -<img src="images/pmg078.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="403" /> -<p class="pcap">POLAR BEAR “SILVER KING.”</p> -</div> -<p>The power of the Polar Bear to resist ice-cold water—nay, -even to enjoy it—may fairly be regarded as one of -the wonders of Nature. On the coast of Alaska this strange -creature will plunge into the Arctic Ocean and swim miles -from shore, through tossing fields of broken ice, and wherever -the mother leads, her cubs follow.</p> -<p>In the Autumn of 1910, the sealing steamer “<i>Boethic</i>” arrived -at New York bringing two adult Polar Bears that were -captured in the summer of that year by Mr. Paul J. Rainey. -Both animals were presented to the Zoological Society, and -the largest one called “Silver King” occupies the cage -that was specially built for the polar bears, and the female -is exhibited in very comfortable quarters, built for her near -that installation. Owing to their savage temper neither -of these bears ever can be kept with other bears, nor can -any keeper ever enter the cage of either. “Silver King” -weighs 880 pounds and is probably the largest Polar Bear -ever captured alive and unhurt. While the female is not as -large as “Silver King,” she is in every way as perfect a -specimen.</p> -<p><b>The Yakutat Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus dalli</i>).—In 1899, we received -from Hudson Lake, Copper River District, Alaska, two -<span class="pb" id="Page_123">123</span> -young Alaskan Brown Bears which for some time we believed -would prove to represent the species found on Kadiak -Island. In this belief they were for a time labeled as Kadiak -Bears, (<i>U. middendorffi</i>), and so entered provisionally -in previous editions of the Guide Book. The maturity of -the animals has proven that this supposition was erroneous. -The extremely short and thick muzzle of the adult male -proves conclusively that they are not identical with the -long-skulled species of Kadiak. This interesting pair, absolutely -identical in color with <i>middendorffi</i>, are now identified, -pending further revisions of our <i>Urisdae</i>, as <i>Ursus -dalli</i>.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig72"> -<img src="images/pmg079.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="396" /> -<p class="pcap">SYRIAN BEAR.</p> -</div> -<p>This species, and the two following, well represent the -group of big Alaskan Brown Bears, which are quite distinct -from the grizzlies and blacks. They are characterized by -their great size, high shoulders, massive heads, shaggy brown -pelage, and large claws. They live chiefly upon salmon, -which they catch from the small streams, but they also -devour great quantities of <i>grass</i>.</p> -<p><b>The Peninsula Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus gyas</i>), of Moeller Bay, well -down the Alaskan Peninsula, may at once be recognized -by its light brownish-yellow color, and its great size for a -bear born in 1904. Its claws are of enormous thickness.</p> -<p>This animal is now beyond doubt one of the two largest -bears in captivity, his only rival being in the Zoological Park -at Washington.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_124">124</div> -<p><b>The Admiralty Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus eulophus</i>), represents a large -species originally discovered on Admiralty Island, southern -Alaska. Its dark brown color is very much like that of the -Yakutat and Kadiak bears.</p> -<p><b>The Grizzly Bear</b>, or “<b>Silver-Tip Grizzly</b>,” -(<i>Ursus horribilis</i>).—The -rapid disappearance of this species from the -United States renders all living examples of it specially -interesting.</p> -<p>Of all bears, the Silver-Tip Grizzly is the most savage and -dangerous. He is easily angered, and when wounded or -harried not only becomes furiously vindictive, but he also -possesses a degree of courage which renders him a dangerous -antagonist. As a general thing, a Grizzly Bear, like a -lion or tiger, will run as soon as he discovers the presence of -his only enemy—man; but if he is wounded or cornered—or -<i>thinks</i> he is cornered—he assumes the aggressive, without -an instant’s delay. Unfortunately, the largest Silver-Tip -Grizzlies ever killed have been too far from scales to make -it possible to weigh them.</p> -<p>The most interesting specimen of the Rocky Mountain -Silver-Tip now on exhibition is a dark-colored and very -handsome specimen, named “Engineer,” obtained in -Meeker, Colorado, by Professor Henry F. Osborn, and presented -to the Society by the Engineers’ Club of New York -City. The color of this individual is darker than the most -common type of the Silver-Tip, which is sometimes almost -as gray as a badger.</p> -<p>A very beautiful male Silver-Tip, from Wyoming, is much -lighter in color than the Colorado specimen. Its face and -head are so light-colored it would be called by Rocky -Mountain hunters a “Bald-Faced” Grizzly. A third specimen -was obtained for the Society at White Horse, Yukon -Territory, in 1905, and its development will be watched with -much interest. Throughout the Rocky Mountain region -the “Silver-Tip” and the “Grizzly” are identical; but the -color of the species varies considerably.</p> -<p>In a wild state Grizzly Bears live on berries and fruits of -all kinds available, succulent roots, grubs, carrion if it comes -handy, and live game if it can be killed. In the cattle-growing -states bordering the Rocky Mountains, owing to -their cattle-killing propensities, a bounty of from twelve to -fifteen dollars per head is paid for their destruction.</p> -<p><b>The Black Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus americanus</i>).—Until quite recently -all black bears in North America were referred to a -<span class="pb" id="Page_125">125</span> -single species, with the type of which most persons are -familiar. Even during the last twenty years living representatives -of the Black Bear group have been found in nearly -every state and territory of the United States, and also -in northern Mexico, Labrador, Province of Quebec, Alberta, -Assiniboia, British Columbia, Alaska, and the Mackenzie -River basin. Our collection contains Black Bears representing -several widely separated localities.</p> -<p><b>The Spectacled Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus ornatus</i>).—After ten years of -constant effort the Zoological Park finally acquired late in -1910, a fine male specimen of the very rare and little known -Spectacled Bear of the Andes of Ecuador and Peru. -This zoological prize was procured for us in Quito, by Mr. -Edgar Beecher Bronson (Author of “In Closed Territory,”) -and by him presented to the Society. “Frederico” is distinguished -by a glossy jet-black coat, very small ears, long -feet and a large imperfect circle of white around each eye, -with white bands down the cheeks and throat. In size it -matches a small American black bear. As soon as the new -bear dens are finished, this animal will be removed from the -Small-Mammal House to one of them. If this species was -ever before exhibited in North America, we have never -heard of it.</p> -<p><b>The Andean Black Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus ornatus thomasi</i>), from -Southern Columbia, South America, is a subspecies of the -spectacled bear, with no “spectacles” around its eyes, and no -white markings save under its chin and throat. This specimen -is smaller than the one from Quito. Practically nothing -is known of the habits of these two species.</p> -<p><b>The Brown Bear</b> of Europe, (<i>Ursus arctos</i>), is represented -by two specimens from Central Russia which bear a general -resemblance to Rocky Mountain grizzlies. This is so striking -that were they not labeled very few persons would suspect -their European birth. They have the high shoulders and -grizzly brown coat of the silver-tip, and in the Rocky -Mountains would be considered good examples of <i>Ursus -horribilis</i>.</p> -<p>This pair has bred four times and reared some very fine -cubs.</p> -<p><b>The Syrian Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus syriacus</i>), is well represented by -a fine specimen from Trebizond, Asia Minor. This bear is -of a pale yellow color, with very high shoulders, narrow -head and smooth pelage. The Syrian bear represents “the -bears of the Bible,” which appeared in punishment of the -<span class="pb" id="Page_126">126</span> -children who were disrespectful to the prophet Elisha. -Bears of this species are often trained to dance, and perform -various tricks at command, and usually lead very -miserable lives at the hands of gypsies and other bear -specialists of nomadic habits.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig73"> -<img src="images/pmg080.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="399" /> -<p class="pcap">SPECTACLED BEAR.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Hairy-Eared Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus piscator</i>), a species very -rarely seen in captivity, is represented by two fine specimens -from the Altai Mountains, Central Asia. This animal -is sometimes called, on account of its peculiar light brown -color, the <b>Isabella Bear</b>. Its more correct name has been -bestowed on account of its large and very hairy ears. It -inhabits northeastern Asia, as far southwestward as the -Altai Mountains. The fine pair exhibited were presented -to the Society by Mr. Carl Hagenbeck.</p> -<p><b>The Himalayan Black Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus torquatus</i>), is the -handsomest of the four living species of black bears, and -can easily be identified anywhere by three distinct characters, -neither of which is possessed by any other black bear. -They are, a <i>pure white chin</i>, <i>long side-whiskers on the jaws -and sides of the neck</i> and <i>very large ears</i>. Up to this date -the geographic range of this very interesting animal has -been recorded as extending from eastern Persia through -Beluchistan, Afghanistan, Assam, and South China to Formosa; -but the three specimens exhibited were taken in -northern Japan, where the existence of this species seems to -be established beyond question.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_127">127</div> -<div class="img" id="fig74"> -<img src="images/pmg081.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="390" /> -<p class="pcap">EUROPEAN BROWN BEAR. -<br />Two cubs are nursing.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Japanese Black Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus japonicus</i>), from northern -Japan, is one of the smallest of living bears, being only -slightly larger than the Malay sun bear. In general appearance -it suggests a small edition of the American black -bear. The first specimen exhibited at the Zoological Park -was very good-natured, but all these received since are -nervous and irritable, and also very timid.</p> -<p><b>The Sloth Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus labiatus</i>), often called the <b>Long-Lipped -Bear</b>, can be recognized as far as it can be seen by its -shaggy mop of enormously long, black hair, its white muzzle, -and its very long, white claws. It is a creature of many -peculiarities. It inhabits India generally in forest regions. -This is Kipling’s “Baloo.”</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="5">LIST OF BEARS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.</th></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="5">April 1, 1913.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="r">2 </td><td class="l">Polar Bears </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus maritimus</i> </td><td class="c">from </td><td class="l">Ellesmere Land.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">2 </td><td class="l">Yakutat Bears </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus dalli</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Alaska.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Peninsula Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus gyas</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Alaska Peninsula.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Admiralty Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus eulophus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Adm. Is., Alaska.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">3 </td><td class="l">Kadiak Bears </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus middendorffi</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Kadiak Island.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Kobuk Brown Bear </td><td class="l">Undetermined </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Kobuk River, AL</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Grizzly Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus horribilis</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Colorado.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Yukon Terr.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Wyoming.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Spectacled Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus ornatus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Equador.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Andean Black Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus ornatus thomasi</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Columbia, S. A.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Black Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus americanus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Pennsylvania.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Virginia.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">3 </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Alaska.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">West Ontario.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Mexico.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Cinnamon Bear </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Colorado.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">“</span><span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Wyoming.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Syrian Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus syriacus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Asiatic Turkey.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">3 </td><td class="l">Brown Bears </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus arctos</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Central Russia.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">2 </td><td class="l">Hairy-Eared Bears </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus piscator</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">N. W. Mongolia.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Himalayan Black Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus torquatus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Japan.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Japanese Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus japonicus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Japan.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Sloth Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus labiatus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">India.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">2 </td><td class="l">Yezo Bears </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus ferox</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Yezo, Japan.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r u">1 </td><td class="l">Malay Sun Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus malayanus</i> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">Borneo.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">36 </td><td colspan="2" class="l">specimens, representing 18 species.</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_128">128</div> -<p><b>The Malay Sun Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus malayanus</i>), is the smallest -bear in the world, also the ugliest and the most ill-tempered. -When fully enraged, it sometimes barks like a dog. Its hair -is very short and close, and its head and feet seem to be too -large for its body. This species inhabits Borneo, Sumatra, -the Malay Peninsula and Farther India. Two specimens will -be found <i>in the Small-Mammal House</i>.</p> -<h3 id="c31">THE RACCOON TREE.</h3> -<p><b>The Raccoon Tree.</b>—A permanent installation for Raccoons -has been established near the southern end of the -Bear Dens, where its inmates will be near their plantigrade -relatives. At the foot of the steps leading down from the -Rocking Stone, a cedar-tree, forty feet in height, has been -enclosed by an elliptical iron fence provided with a sheet-metal -overhang which is not negotiable by any <i>Procyon</i>. -Inside the fence is a dry yard, a pool of water for all -purposes, and the trunk of the tree is surrounded by a -rustic shelter house, divided into ten warm and dry compartments. -Underneath the house is a clean and smooth -wooden floor, on which the food is served.</p> -<p>The smooth, horizontal limbs of a cedar-tree are grateful -and comforting to a dozing Raccoon, and the tree is not so -high that the animals can climb beyond the visual power of -the visitor.</p> -<h3 id="c32">THE BEAVER POND, No. 29.</h3> -<p>Hidden away in the deep valley between high hills of -virgin forest lies the Beaver Pond. The spot is so secluded, -<span class="pb" id="Page_129">129</span> -so silent and primeval, that it seems like the heart of the -Adirondack wilderness. Lying fairly in the lap of the -granite hills is a three-acre oval of level swamp, which -recently was full of woodland rubbish and choked by rank -weeds. The seclusion of the spot, the splendid forest, the -food-wood and the possibilities of the dam, all naturally -suggested the beaver.</p> -<p>In order that the building of a dam by the beavers would -not raise the water level so high as to flood the roots of a -number of fine forest trees and destroy them, two feet of -soil was taken out of the swamp, and at the same time a -broad outlet was excavated. A fence of small iron bars, -with an overhang, was designed to encircle an area of about -three acres. Within the enclosure thus made, stand several -large forest trees—chiefly oak, sweet gum, and maple—which -have been protected by guards of wire and corrugated -iron. The small maples, however, have been given -over to the beavers, to cut down and use as food-wood and -also in their dam-building operations.</p> -<p><b>The Beaver Colony</b> in our pond is in good working order, -and its display of work makes a highly satisfactory exhibit. -The dam, about 40 feet long and 4 feet high, was built of -poles and sticks which were cut, peeled, floated down and -placed by the beavers, and pointed up with mud. There is -a house 10 feet in diameter and 4 feet high, similarly constructed. -Within the enclosure about twenty saplings and -trees have been cut down by the beavers and used up for -food and building materials.</p> -<p>For this colony the Society is indebted to Mr. Hugh J. -Chisholm, who procured for it two specimens from Canada -and three from Maine.</p> -<p><b>The American Beaver</b>, (<i>Castor canadensis</i>), is a remarkable -animal. In original thought it is equalled by few animals, -and in industry by none. With the possible exception -of the porcupine, it is the largest gnawing animal in North -America, once was widely distributed, and its beautiful fur -has been in demand ever since the days of the colonists. -Unfortunately, the Beaver’s intelligence was directed chiefly -to the building of dams, canals, and houses, and procuring -an abundant supply of food-wood, rather than in providing -itself with means of escape from its arch enemy—the man -with a steel trap. Because of the constant demand for its -fur, this animal has been so nearly exterminated throughout -the United States that practically none remains save where -<span class="pb" id="Page_130">130</span> -they are rigidly protected. At present the largest colonies -known are those in the Yellowstone Park, although in Canada -and the Northwest many still remain.</p> -<p>The most wonderful thing about the Beaver is the manner -in which he builds dams, to make ponds deep enough for -his timber-floating operations, and to afford him a submarine -passage to his house. Give him a valley and a -stream of water, and he will gladly make a pond out of -whatever raw materials are at hand. He uses the four-foot -sticks from which he has eaten the bark for food, and with -these, and an abundance of mud, he will raise a good strong -dam to a height of four feet, and a width on the ground of -ten feet or more. The mud used is dug out of the bottom -and sides of his pond, and carried, while swimming, between -his paws, with his front feet holding it against his -breast. The sticks used in the dam are thrust endwise into -the mud on top of the dam, and the mud used is patted -down with his fore feet. The tail is not used as a trowel, -but in swimming it is the Beaver’s propeller.</p> -<p>In captivity the Beaver is not wholly a satisfactory animal. -Like some human craftsmen, he positively declines to work -under observation, and performs nearly all his tasks at -night. He thinks nothing of gnawing down a tree a foot -in diameter, and cutting its limbs into pieces which he can -handle while swimming. If he can secure enough food-wood -of kinds of his liking, he eats little else. Besides -building dams to create ponds in which he can take refuge -when hard pressed, he constructs canals, and houses for -winter use. He also digs burrows into high banks; but his -entrances to his various homes always are under water.</p> -<h3 id="c33">THE ECONOMIC RODENT-REPTILE COLLECTION.</h3> -<p>As an answer to a frequent question—“Of what use are -reptiles?”—a new collection has been installed in the -Reptile House. It is supplied with descriptive labels, and -serves several purposes. In the first place there is presented -an elaborate series of the small gnawing animals, or rodents, -a number of the species of which are highly injurious to the -interests of agriculturists; secondly, the exhibition contains -a large series of those species of snakes that prey upon the -destructive rodents,—thus presenting for observation the -serpents of marked economic value. Finally, the entire -series stands as a clear demonstration of the perfect logic of -<span class="pb" id="Page_131">131</span> -Nature in which the production of all animal life is carefully -balanced; for a part of the exhibition is composed of -representative species of mammals that, in turn, prey upon -the serpents, thus keeping even the destroyers of the smaller -injurious creatures within bounds!</p> -<div class="img" id="fig75"> -<img src="images/pmg082.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="436" /> -<p class="pcap">BRAZILIAN TREE PORCUPINE.</p> -</div> -<p>During the past two years the collection of rodents has -been steadily growing in importance. The following is a -list of the species on exhibition at the close of the year 1912:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_132">132</div> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">RODENTS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.</th></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">HARES AND RABBITS</span> (<i>Leporidae</i>)</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Mexican Swamp Rabbit </td><td class="l"><i>Lepus palustris</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Cotton-Tail Rabbit </td><td class="l"><i>Lepus palustris mallurus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Domestic Rabbits, various breeds </td><td class="l">(Nursery stock.)</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">SQUIRRELS AND MARMOTS</span> (<i>Sciuridae</i>)</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Thirteen-Lined Spermophile </td><td class="l"><i>Spermophilus 13-lineatus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Desert Spermophile </td><td class="l"><i>Spermophilus leucurus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Richardson Spermophile </td><td class="l"><i>Spermophilus richardsoni</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Woodchuck </td><td class="l"><i>Arctomys monax</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Prairie Dog </td><td class="l"><i>Cynomys ludovicianus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">European Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus vulgaris</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Mexican Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus aureogaster</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Central American Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus variabilis</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Cuban Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus chrysurus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Variable Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus griseo-flavus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Gray Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus carolinensis</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Black Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus carolinensis niger</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Fox Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus ludovicianus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">White-Headed Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus macrouroides</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Malabar Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus malabaricus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Chipmunk </td><td class="l"><i>Tamicis striatus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">African Ground Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Xerus capensis</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Flying Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciuropterus volans</i>.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">BEAVERS</span> (<i>Castoridae</i>)</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">American Beaver </td><td class="l"><i>Castor canadensis</i>.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">KANGAROO RATS</span> (<i>Heteromyidae</i>)</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Kangaroo Rat </td><td class="l"><i>Dipodomys merriami</i>.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">POCKET GOPHERS</span> (<i>Geomyidae</i>)</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Harsh-Coated Pocket Gopher </td><td class="l"><i>Geomys hispidus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">DORMICE</span> (<i>Gliridae</i>)</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Squirrel-Tailed Dormouse </td><td class="l"><i>Myoxus glis</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Lesser Dormouse </td><td class="l"><i>Myoxus dryas</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">English Dormouse </td><td class="l"><i>Muscardinus avellanarius</i>.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">MICE AND RATS</span> (<i>Muridae</i>)</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Domestic Mouse—Unusual Color Phases </td><td class="l"><i>Mus musculus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Japanese Waltzing Mouse </td><td class="l"><i>Mus musculus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Black Rat </td><td class="l"><i>Mus rattus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Black-and-White Rat </td><td class="l"><i>Mus norwegicus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Gray-and-White Rat </td><td class="l"><i>Mus norwegicus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Porcupine Mouse </td><td class="l"><i>Acomys cahirinus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Egyptian Gerbille </td><td class="l"><i>Gerbillus pyramidum</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Muskrat </td><td class="l"><i>Fiber zibethicus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Cotton Rat </td><td class="l"><i>Sigmodon hispidus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">JERBOAS</span> (<i>Dipodidae</i>)</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Greater Jerboa </td><td class="l"><i>Dipus aegyptius</i>.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">COYPU AND SPINY RATS</span> (<i>Octodontidae</i>)</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Coypu Rat </td><td class="l"><i>Myocastor coypu</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Hutia: Cuban Tree Rat </td><td class="l"><i>Capromys pilorides</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Short-Tailed Hutia </td><td class="l"><i>Capromys browni</i>.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">PORCUPINES</span> (<i>Hystricidae</i>)</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Canada Porcupine </td><td class="l"><i>Erethizon dorsatus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Brazilian Porcupine </td><td class="l"><i>Sphingurus prehensilis</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">African Porcupine </td><td class="l"><i>Hystrix cristata</i>.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">VISCACHAS AND CHINCHILLAS</span> (<i>Chinchillidae</i>)</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Viscacha </td><td class="l"><i>Lagostoma trichodactylus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">AGOUTIS</span> (<i>Dasyproctidae</i>)</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Golden Agouti </td><td class="l"><i>Dasyprocta agouti</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Gray Agouti </td><td class="l"><i>Dasyprocta prymnolopha</i>.</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">CAVIES</span> (<i>Caviidae</i>)</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Domestic Cavy </td><td class="l"><i>Cavia porcellus</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Capybara </td><td class="l"><i>Hydrochaerus capybara</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Patagonian Cavy </td><td class="l"><i>Dolichotis patagonica</i>.</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_133">133</div> -<div class="img" id="fig76"> -<img src="images/pmg083.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" /> -<p class="pcap">MUTE AND TRUMPETER SWANS.</p> -</div> -<h2>SECTION II.—BIRDS.</h2> -<h3 id="c34">THE GOOSE AVIARY, No. 3.</h3> -<p>There are no birds which take more kindly to captivity, -or which better repay their keep and their keepers, than the -ducks, geese, swans and pelicans. The only drawback to -the maintenance of large collections of these birds in this -latitude is the annual struggle with our arctic winter. On -account of the fierce winter storms to which we must pay -tribute, many species of swimming birds require to be taken -out of their aviary, and housed in sheltered buildings, with -moderate warmth. For this reason the pelicans, tree-ducks -of all species, and all species from the tropics, must necessarily -be absent in winter from their summer quarters.</p> -<p>For the accommodation of a large, systematic collection of -wild geese, an aviary two hundred and fifty feet long by -one hundred and forty-three feet in width has been constructed -in the north end of Bird Valley. To secure as much -space as possible, the entire width of the open valley has -been taken into the enclosure.</p> -<p>The Goose Aviary consists of a pond containing three -islands, two of which are subdivided by low fences of wire -netting into twelve separate enclosures. The collection of -geese has become so large and important the original Duck -<span class="pb" id="Page_134">134</span> -Aviary has been taken for it, and the Ducks will hereafter -be found on the Wild-Fowl Pond and in the Flying Cage.</p> -<p><b>The Geese.</b>—The collection of wild geese, in the Goose -Aviary, is unusually large, there being generally about -twenty out of the thirty-five known species. Among these -one of the best known is the <b>Common Wild</b>, or <b>Canada -Goose</b>, (<i>Branta canadensis</i>). Once common throughout -many parts of the United States, continual persecution by -sportsmen and market hunters has so generally reduced its -numbers that now it is of comparatively rare occurrence.</p> -<p>This exceeding rarity made the arrival of nine superb wild -specimens on November 8, 1900, on the Wild-Fowl Pond, a -most interesting event. Seven of the birds, including a fine -gander, through the artifice of a trap, were induced to remain -with us, and have taken up a peaceful abode on the -little lake, with others of their kind presented by Mr. A. B. -Frost.</p> -<p><b>The African Spur-Winged Goose</b>, (<i>Plectropterus gambensis</i>), -although of large size, is more properly a duck than a -goose. A long sharp spur arises from the bend of each -wing, which the birds use in fighting with each other for -their mates.</p> -<p><b>The Gray-Lag Goose</b>, (<i>Anser anser</i>), is, perhaps, the -most interesting of all geese, as being the wild species from -which our domestic birds are descended. The white color -and large size are the chief differences between the domestic -and wild birds.</p> -<p><b>The White-Fronted Goose</b>, (<i>Anser albifrons</i>), is worthy of -special notice because it is the handsomest of the ten species -of North American geese. The breeding grounds are far -to the north, and in Alaska the nests are mere hollows in -the sand, lined with moss and down.</p> -<p><b>The Bar-Headed Goose</b>, (<i>Eulabia indica</i>), inhabits the -mountains of Central Asia, nesting always over a mile above -the sea. It is perhaps the handsomest of all geese.</p> -<p><b>The Swans.</b>—Usually at least six out of the seven known -species of swans may be seen on exhibition here.</p> -<p><b>The Mute Swan</b>, (<i>Cygnus olor</i>), is the commonest swan in -captivity, and is the one made famous in European history -and legend. It may always be known from the other species -by the black knob at the base of the bill. It breeds -freely in captivity and the young birds are known as -cygnets.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_135">135</div> -<p><b>The Trumpeter Swan</b>, (<i>Cygnus buccinator</i>), being the largest -bird in the aviary, and also snowy white, is therefore -the most conspicuous. Several fine specimens are shown on -the North Island, living contentedly with other species. -Some of these specimens were captured in Idaho, when -young enough to take kindly to captivity.</p> -<p><b>The Black Swan</b>, (<i>Chenopsis atrata</i>), of South Australia -and Tasmania, is as glossy black, excepting its primaries, -as other swans are white. It is a large and handsome bird, -and much sought by all persons who form collections of -water fowl.</p> -<p><b>The Coscoroba Goose</b>, (<i>Coscoroba coscoroba</i>), is a fair connecting -link between the swans and the ducks, partaking -about equally of the characters of each. In size and color -it is very much like our snow goose, (<i>Chen hyperborea</i>), but -it is peculiar in possessing very long legs of a bright pink -color, by which it is quickly recognized. Its bill, also is -pink, and the tips of its primaries are black. The Coscoroba -Goose is a native of southern South America, and a few years -ago specimens were so rare in captivity that a pair sold -for $300.</p> -<h3 id="c35">THE FLYING CAGE, No. 4.</h3> -<p>This mammoth bird-cage is one of the wonders of the -Zoological Park. It represents an attempt to do for certain -large and showy water birds, precisely what has been done -for the hoofed animals, the beaver, otter, and other species—give -them a section of Nature’s own domain. In this -they can fly to and fro, build nests and rear their young in -real freedom.</p> -<p>Near the lower end of Bird Valley, as a sort of climax -for the Goose Aviary when seen from the north, rises a lofty, -web-like structure, in the form of a huge, gothic arch. It is -55 feet in height, 75 feet wide, and 152 feet long. The -whole structure consists of a series of steel-pipe arches and -purlins, the former eight feet apart, over which wire-netting -has been tightly stretched.</p> -<p>The wire-netting seems peculiarly open. It is of the kind -known as chain-netting, which offers the least possible -obstruction to the eye. This cage is so large that a very -respectable block of houses, three stories high and of ample -dimensions, could stand within it without touching the wire. -It completely encloses three forest trees of very considerable -<span class="pb" id="Page_136">136</span> -size, two hickories and an oak; and it contains a pool -of water a hundred feet long, and shrubbery in abundance.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig77"> -<img src="images/pmg084.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="410" /> -<p class="pcap">CEREOPSIS GEESE.</p> -</div> -<p>The idea of a very large cage for herons and egrets, is not -new, for there are in existence several other flying cages, -somewhat smaller than this. The first was erected in the -Rotterdam Zoological Garden by its Director, the late Dr. -A. Von Bemmelin, whose experiment proved very successful. -Others are at London and in Paris Jardin d’Acclimatation.</p> -<p>The Flying Cage is the summer home of a mixed flock of -such large and showy water birds as are most inclined to -fly about within it, and afford students and the public an -opportunity to study their movements and attitudes. Save -for such allowances as must be made for accidents and -epidemics, this enclosure will contain the following noteworthy -species, along with others of less importance:</p> -<p><b>The American Flamingo</b>, (<i>Phoenicopterns ruber</i>), is, in -appearance, a connecting link between the herons and -ducks, resembling the former in the great length of its legs, -and the latter in the duck-like bill and webbed feet. When -the plumage of this species is perfect, it is of a beautiful -scarlet color throughout, excepting the primaries, which -are black. In captivity, the color fades somewhat. This -bird is found in the Bahama Islands and Cuba, but in Florida, -where once it was fairly numerous, it no longer exists. -<span class="pb" id="Page_137">137</span> -Fortunately, this remarkable bird takes kindly to captivity, -and the Zoological Park is never without a good-sized flock. -Their strange form, showy colors and droll attitudes render -them unusually interesting to visitors.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig78"> -<img src="images/pmg085.jpg" alt="" width="470" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig79"> -<img src="images/pmg085a.jpg" alt="" width="455" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">ROSEATE SPOONBILL.</p> -</div> -<p>With the birds of the above species are shown a few specimens -of the <b>European Flamingo</b>, (<i>P. roseus</i>), which is almost -white. The only parts which show the characteristic -scarlet of this genus, are the wing coverts, which are pale -red, or pink.</p> -<p><b>The Scarlet Ibis</b>, (<i>Guara rubra</i>), is for its size the most -showy bird in existence, not even excepting the birds of -paradise. Excepting the black primaries, every feather on -the adult bird in perfect plumage is of a brilliant Chinese -vermilion color, visible in nature for a long distance. The -immature birds are mottled and patched with white. This -species once came as far north as southern Florida, but now -it is found only from Cuba southward. They frequent the -mud banks at the various mouths of the Orinoco, and not -long since were quite abundant on the coast of British -Guiana.</p> -<p><b>The White-Faced Glossy Ibis</b>, (<i>Plegadis guarauna</i>), is not -a rare bird in captivity, and it will doubtless be possible to -maintain this species perpetually in the Flying Cage and -Aquatic-Bird House.</p> -<p><b>The Wood Ibis</b>, (<i>Tantalus loculator</i>).—The Park obtains -its supply of birds of this species from Florida, where they -breed, in very greatly reduced numbers, on the headwaters -of the St. Johns. This bird is a very satisfactory member of -avian society. Although amply large to lord it over the -<span class="pb" id="Page_138">138</span> -other birds of the cage, he quarrels with none, but peacefully -goes his way, feeling with the point of his beak along -the sandy bottom of the pool for something edible, or standing -in quiet meditation on the bank. Notwithstanding its -common name, this bird is not an ibis, but a true stork. In -its black and white plumage it is quite a handsome bird. -Although not so fond of using its wings in captivity as are -herons and egrets, the Wood Ibis is for many reasons a very -welcome tenant.</p> -<p><b>The White Stork</b>, (<i>Ciconia ciconia</i>), is as large as our -wood ibis, which it strongly resembles in form and habits. -This bird is literally the household bird of Germany, and its -place in the family has now become of more importance -than its place in nature. Throughout Holland, Germany, -and very nearly the whole of eastern and central Europe, -the White Stork is so prized and protected by the people -that it has attained a state of semi-domestication. Nesting -places are prepared for it, usually near or even upon human -habitations, and it enjoys an immunity from molestation -quite like that of the adjutant in India.</p> -<p><b>The Great Blue Heron</b>, (<i>Ardea herodias</i>), is frequently -called the “blue crane”; but the latter name is a misnomer. -It properly belongs to our sandhill crane (<i>Grus canadensis</i>). -Just why so large a number of people should be so persistent -in this error is a psychological problem; but the fact -remains that people will not say “heron.”</p> -<p>This Great Blue Heron is the largest and most noteworthy -bird of our northern marshes. Thanks to the fact that it -bears no desirable “plumes,” and its flesh is not edible, it -has been permitted to live. When not molested, it becomes -quite trustful, and when wading along a shore, fishing for -minnows, it affords for the field-glass or the camera a very -interesting subject. In summer these birds are quite numerous -in the marshes along the Shrewsbury River, between -Sandy Hook and Long Branch, and they are an unfailing -source of interest to excursionists. It is sincerely to be -hoped that the evil eye of “Dame Fashion” will not fall -upon this bird, and cause its extermination.</p> -<p><b>The Great White Heron</b>, (<i>Ardea americana</i>), is taller than -the great blue heron, and it is the largest of all the white -herons and egrets. Like the whooping crane, it is now a -bird of such exceeding rarity that the procuring of a specimen -may be counted a stroke of good fortune. In eight -<span class="pb" id="Page_139">139</span> -years the Zoological Park has secured only three specimens, -all of which came from southern Florida.</p> -<p><b>The Little Blue Heron</b>, (<i>Florida caerulea</i>).—The immature -birds of this species are snowy white, and so closely -resemble snowy herons of the same age, that only one well -acquainted with both can distinguish between them. They -are, however, separately recognized by the fact that the -snowy heron has black legs, and a black bill, whereas the -legs and bill of the Little Blue Heron are pale yellow. This -species is still common in some parts of its Florida home, -and occasionally a specimen strays as far north as Staten -Island.</p> -<p><b>The Louisiana Heron</b>, (<i>Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis</i>), once -very numerous in Florida, is still found there, but in greatly -reduced numbers. It ranges from Central America and the -West Indies northward to the Gulf States, and occasionally -to Long Island. The general coloring is dark blue, but a -prominent distinguishing character is the chestnut brown -on the sides of the neck.</p> -<p><b>The Black-Crowned Night Heron</b>, (<i>Nycticorax nycticorax -naevius</i>), is one of the commonest herons about New York -City and occasionally nests in the Park itself. It breeds in -large colonies, and feeds chiefly at night. Its note is a -hoarse <i>quok</i>, very much like the bark of a dog.</p> -<p><b>The Snowy Heron</b>, or <b>Snowy Egret</b>, (<i>Egretta candidissima</i>), -when fully adult, is the most beautiful white bird in -all the avian world. Its form is the embodiment of symmetry -and grace, its plumage is immaculate, and the filmy -“plumes” on its head and back are like spun glass. Its -black legs and bill merely serve to intensify the whiteness -of its feathers. The vanity of woman has been the curse of -the Snowy Egret. Its plumes are finest during the breeding -season, and it was then that the hunters sought them, -slaughtering the old birds in the rookeries by thousands -(when they were abundant), and leaving the nestlings to -die of starvation. If all women could know the price in -blood and suffering which is paid for the accursed “aigrettes” -of fashion, surely but few could find any pleasure -in wearing them. It is strange that civilized woman—the -tender-hearted, the philanthropic, and the ever-compassionate—should -prove to be the evil genius of the world’s most -beautiful birds.</p> -<p>In the United States the Snowy Egret now exists only by -accident, and the “plume hunters” are pursuing this and -<span class="pb" id="Page_140">140</span> -the following species in Central and South America, to their -most remote haunts, sometimes even at the risk of their -lives. Fashion has decreed that the egrets must go.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig80"> -<img src="images/pmg086.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="377" /> -<p class="pcap">BROWN AND WHITE PELICANS.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The American Egret</b>, (<i>Herodias egretta</i>).—Much to the -misfortune of this species, it possesses about fifty “aigrette” -plumes which droop in graceful curves from the middle of -its back far beyond the tail and wing tips. For these beautiful -feathers this bird has been pursued by plume hunters -almost to the point of total extermination in the United -States.</p> -<p><b>The White Pelican</b>, (<i>Pelecanus erythrorhynchus</i>), is one of -the largest birds of North America and by reason of its -size, its pure white plumage, its enormously long amber-colored -bill and gular pouch, it is one of the most showy -birds in the aviary. As consumers of fish they stand pre-eminent -among birds, and their only rivals in the Park are -the sea-lions. The specimens exhibited were collected for the -Society in southern Texas.</p> -<p><b>The Brown Pelican</b>, (<i>Pelecanus occidentalis</i>), when adult, -is a handsome and showy bird, and one which not only is -easily reconciled to life in a comfortable aviary, but positively -enjoys it. The specimens in our collection were collected -for the Society on Pelican Island, Florida, and their -interesting home life at that place may be studied from the -series of photographs on exhibition in the Aquatic Bird -House. When their daily allowance of fish appears they -<span class="pb" id="Page_141">141</span> -crowd around their keeper, and with wide-open pouches -earnestly solicit contributions.</p> -<h3 id="c36">THE AQUATIC BIRD HOUSE, No. 5.</h3> -<p>This building is the result of an attempt to solve an old -problem in a new way—the care of large migratory water -birds in the most uneven winter climate on earth. In comparison -with the care in winter of flamingoes, large herons, -egrets, ibises, and the like, the housing of perching birds, -birds of prey and the parrots, presents few difficulties. But -the wealth of fine water birds in North America alone, and -the interest attaching to them, seem to justify the labor -and expense that have been involved in this building and -its appointments. Practically all of the birds to be seen in -this building in winter are mentioned elsewhere in this -volume.</p> -<p><b>THE OWL CAGES.</b>—After the completion of the Eagle -and Vulture Aviary, the ten large cages on the exterior of -the Aquatic-Bird House, which have been occupied temporarily -by the birds of prey, will be used for the owl collection.</p> -<p><b>The Giant Eagle Owl</b>, (<i>Bubo bubo</i>), is a true giant among -the owls. It is found throughout continental Europe, keeping -mostly to the deep forests, and feeding on grouse, rabbits, -etc. It is unusually long-lived in captivity, and breeds -freely.</p> -<p><b>The Milky Eagle Owl</b>, (<i>Bubo lacteus</i>), has the same general -characters as its congener, but its feathers are of a -beautiful, soft gray. It is very rare in collections.</p> -<p><b>The Great Horned Owl</b>, (<i>Bubo virginianus</i>).—These nocturnal -birds of prey inhabit heavily wooded regions, feeding -on mice, and poultry when it is obtainable. The bright -yellow iris, the conspicuous feather horns, and the apparently -pivoted neck are curious features of these birds. -Their reputation for wisdom is founded only on their external -appearance, for in reality they are rather dull birds.</p> -<p><b>The Snowy Owl</b>, (<i>Nyctea nyctea</i>), of the Arctic regions, -migrating in winter to the northern United States, sometimes -remains for several seasons in succession so far north -that no specimens are obtainable. During 1899, 1900, and -the first half of 1901, not one specimen could be procured, -but in the late autumn of 1901 a southward migration began. -<span class="pb" id="Page_142">142</span> -On June 1, 1911, the Park exhibited six fine specimens, -one of which was almost pure white. During the -three hottest months of summer, these birds would suffer -considerably, so during this period they are confined in a -cool, dark cellar, thus keeping in perfect health and comfort -throughout the year.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig81"> -<img src="images/pmg088.jpg" alt="" width="415" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">GREAT HORNED OWL.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig82"> -<img src="images/pmg089.jpg" alt="" width="421" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">SPECTACLED OWL.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Screech Owl</b>, (<i>Otus asio</i>).—This little horned owl is -our commonest species, and frequents the neighborhood of -dwellings and orchards. Being nocturnal it is more common -than is generally supposed, and its curious cry, which -is not a screech, but a musical, quavering series of notes, is -the cause most frequently leading to its discovery. Its two -phases of plumage, red and gray, occur independently of -sex, age or season. Its food consists of mice and insects.</p> -<p><b>The Barred Owl</b>, (<i>Syrnium varium</i>).—This owl is more -diurnal than its nearest relatives, and often hunts its prey -in bright moonshine. Its deep, penetrating call, “woo-o-o, -whoo-o-o,” is one of the most weird and striking cries of the -bird world. Another peculiarity, common to all owls, but -more noticeable in this less nocturnal species, is the absolutely -noiseless flight. The soft, downy feathers of the owl -permit it to wing its way through the air with as little noise -as a falling leaf.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_143">143</div> -<h3 id="c37">THE EAGLE AND VULTURE AVIARY, No. 11.</h3> -<div class="img" id="fig83"> -<img src="images/pmg090.jpg" alt="" width="380" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">EARED VULTURE.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig84"> -<img src="images/pmg091.jpg" alt="" width="371" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">LAMMERGEYER.</p> -</div> -<p>The Eagle and Vulture Aviary stands in an open glade, -but well surrounded by forest trees, in Bird Valley, between -the Aquatic Bird House and the new Zebra House. -It is a commodious and pleasant installation, well adapted -to exhibit the Society’s collection of rapacious birds. Its -length over all is 210 feet. It has seven very large flight -cages and six smaller ones. The largest cages are 24 feet -wide, 33 feet deep and 31 feet high. In the rear of the -great wire structure will stand a very comfortable brick -building to serve as a winter shelter for the tropical birds -of the collection; but it will not be open to the public.</p> -<p>Now that our eagles and vultures are to be brought together, -visitors will find that the collection is a large one, -and contains many fine species.</p> -<p><b>The Condor</b>, (<i>Sarcorhamphus gryphus</i>), of the Andes, is the -largest of the birds of prey, having a wing-spread of over -nine feet. It feeds entirely on carrion, rarely attacking living -animals. In the male, the head is adorned with a large -fleshy comb, much like that of a barn-yard cock. The Society -at present possesses several specimens of this great -bird.</p> -<p><b>The King Vulture</b>, (<i>Gypagus papa</i>), is as its proud name -implies, the one member of the Vulture Family which really -<span class="pb" id="Page_144">144</span> -is clad in royal robes, and color-decked to match. Its range -extends from Mexico and Central America to Trinidad and -Brazil. The visitor should not fail to see this gorgeously -caparisoned body of white, cream-yellow and black, and -head of orange, purple and crimson.</p> -<p><b>Black Vulture</b>, (<i>Catharista urubu</i>).—These ill-favored but -very useful birds are quite abundant, and even semi-domesticated, -in some of our southern cities. This is due to the -protection accorded them, because of their valuable services -as scavengers. They are said to devour every particle of -exposed organic refuse, and in a warm climate these services -are of more value than we in the north can realize.</p> -<p><b>The Yellow-Headed Vulture</b>, (<i>Cathartes urobitinga</i>), of -northern South America, is a much handsomer bird than -its two preceding relatives. It has much the same feeding -habits, but is very rare and delicate in captivity.</p> -<p><b>The California Condor</b>, (<i>Gymnogyps californianus</i>).—This -is one of the rarest, and to all Americans the most interesting, -bird of prey in the Park. The species is confined to a -very small area in the rugged mountains of southern and -lower California, and beyond all doubt, the skin-collecting -ornithologists will exterminate it within the next twenty -years, or less.</p> -<p><b>The Griffon Vulture</b>, (<i>Gyps pulvus</i>), and the Kolbe Vulture, -(<i>G. kolbi</i>), are Old World birds and although more -closely related to the eagles than to the vultures of the New -World, resemble the latter in general habits.</p> -<p>Differing strongly from its congeners in general appearance, -is the <b>Eared Vulture</b>, (<i>Otogyps auricularis</i>). This rare -bird is a native of North Africa, where it feeds on such carrion -as it is able to find. Its bare, wrinkled head and neck -and great bill give it a decidedly gruesome appearance.</p> -<p><b>The Red-Tailed Hawk</b>, (<i>Buteo borealis</i>).—The “Hen -Hawk,” or “Chicken Hawk,” is one of our commonest birds -of prey. It hardly merits its common name, as its favorite -food is mice and other small mammals. This is the hawk -seen, in the fall of the year, going south in flocks, sometimes -of one hundred or more.</p> -<p>One of the most splendid members of the collection is the -<b>Harpy Eagle</b>, (<i>Thrasaetus harpyia</i>), of South America. The -remarkably large legs and claws indicate the great strength -which enables the bird to prey upon sloths, monkeys, and -other fairly large animals.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_145">145</div> -<div class="img" id="fig85"> -<img src="images/pmg092.jpg" alt="" width="506" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">KING VULTURE.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig86"> -<img src="images/pmg093.jpg" alt="" width="485" height="490" /> -<p class="pcap">BLACK VULTURE.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Lammergeyer</b> or <b>Bearded Vulture</b>, (<i>Gypaetus barbatus</i>), -is now probably extinct in Europe, but is still found in -parts of Asia. It feeds largely on lambs.</p> -<p>A nearly cosmopolitan bird is the <b>Golden Eagle</b>, (<i>Aquila -chrysaetos</i>). It is equally at home in the highlands of Scotland -and the mountains of North America, nesting on the -highest cliffs.</p> -<p><b>The Bateleur Eagle</b>, of Africa, (<i>Helotarsus ecaudatus</i>), has -narrowly missed the distinction of being the most beautiful -of all birds of prey. Its plumage is charmingly colored -but it is out of proportion. Its tail is so absurdly short -that its wings quite conceal it, and make it appear as if -altogether tailless.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig87"> -<img src="images/pmg094.jpg" alt="" width="387" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">HARPY EAGLE.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig88"> -<img src="images/pmg095.jpg" alt="" width="381" height="480" /> -<p class="pcap">GRIFFON VULTURE.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_146">146</div> -<p><b>Bald Eagle</b>, (<i>Haliaëtus leucocephalus</i>).—The appearance -of the adult Bald Eagle, our National emblem, with its conspicuous -white head and tail, is familiar to all; but the immature -birds, as shown by several of the specimens, lack the -white in their plumage. These birds are found usually near -water, and their food is chiefly fish. These they sometimes -catch for themselves, but if ospreys are found in the vicinity, -they are watched by the eagles, and often robbed of their -hard-earned prey.</p> -<p>Perhaps the fiercest among all the hawks is the <b>White -Gyrfalcon</b>, (<i>Falco islandus</i>). A native of the far north, it -descends to a more equable clime only when forced to do -so by scarcity of food. It is so swift of wing that it is able -to capture a duck in full flight.</p> -<p>Sea snakes form the rather unusual food of the <b>White-Breasted -Sea Eagle</b>, (<i>Haliaëtus leucogaster</i>), of the East -Indies, while the strikingly-colored <b>Vulturine Sea Eagle</b>, -(<i>Gypohierax angolensis</i>), a native of Africa, feeds on fish, -crabs, and the fruit of the oil palm.</p> -<h3 id="c38">THE WILD TURKEY ENCLOSURE, No. 33.</h3> -<p>At the northern end of Squirrel Ridge, where the Alligator -Walk intersects the Rodent Walk, an ideal quarter of -an acre, of oak and hickory trees, underbrush, and bare rock, -has been dedicated to the king of game birds.</p> -<p><b>The Wild Turkey</b>, (<i>Meleagris gallopavo silvestris</i>), is a -bird of magnificent size and presence, and the splendid metallic -luster of his plumage—a mixture of burnished bronze -copper, lapis lazuli, and fire opal iridescence—backed up -by a great bulk of savory flesh, all combine to make this the -finest game bird on earth. It was once fairly abundant -throughout the eastern United States, and still is found in -Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, Virginia and other southern -states as far west as Texas. Three other species of <i>Meleagris</i> -are now recognized—one in Florida, one in southern -Texas and northeastern Mexico, and the fourth in Mexico, -extending to western Texas and Arizona.</p> -<h3 id="c39">THE LARGE BIRD-HOUSE, No. 7.</h3> -<p>On the northwest quarter of Baird Court stands the largest -and the most generously equipped home for perching -birds now in existence. This is not an unnecessary boast, -<span class="pb" id="Page_147">147</span> -but merely a brief statement of a fact which the visitor has -a right to know. It was designed on our long-established -principle that every captive wild creature is entitled to -life, exercise and happiness. Our principle of very large -cages, with many birds in each cage, is just the reverse of -the views that have prevailed in the older zoological gardens, -even down to the present day. To an important extent, the -cage equipment of this building represents a new departure. -There are many zoologists with experience longer than ours -who believe that small birds thrive better and live longer -when installed in small cages, with only one or two birds in -each.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig89"> -<img src="images/pmg096.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="406" /> -<p class="pcap">WILD TURKEY.</p> -</div> -<p>The Large Bird-House, specially designed for Passerine -birds, was developed on the strength of experiments previously -made in the Aquatic-Bird House, and in community -cages outside. After three years’ experience with the -new building, and a careful tabulation of diseases and death -rates within it, we are able to state that this installation -is a complete and gratifying success.</p> -<p>The Large Bird-House is an L-shaped building, with an -all-glass house in its angle. The main hall extends east and -west, and it is 60 feet long by 50 feet wide. This great -room contains the foreign song-birds, many tropical doves -and pigeons, and such tropical varieties and oddities as the -<span class="pb" id="Page_148">148</span> -great crowned pigeons, tinamous, toucans, giant king-fishers -and hornbills. In the great central flying cage there is perhaps -the most remarkable <i>omnium-gatherum</i> of small tropical -birds—swimmers, waders, upland game birds and perchers—ever -brought together in one cage. The bottom of -the L is the Parrots’ Hall, 65×30 feet. It contains the parrots, -macaws, cockatoos, and a few other species.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig90"> -<img src="images/pmg097.jpg" alt="" width="397" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">SERIEMA.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig91"> -<img src="images/pmg098.jpg" alt="" width="410" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">SECRETARY BIRD.</p> -</div> -<p>In the angle of the main building stands a structure almost -wholly composed of metal and glass, which is known as -the Glass Court. It was designed especially for North American -song-birds. The visitor should not overlook the fact -that there are cages filled with birds all along both the eastern -and western sides of the Large Bird House.</p> -<p>Nearly all the cages of both the exterior and interior of -the Main and Parrots’ Halls, are accessible from the back -by passage-ways; a convenience that greatly facilitates the -work of the keepers in caring for their various charges.</p> -<p>The capacity of this installation as a whole may be judged -from the following memorandum of cages:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_149">149</div> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="4">APPROXIMATE SIZES OF CAGES OF THE LARGE BIRD-HOUSE</th></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><i>INDOORS.</i></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Main Hall </td><td class="l">Central Flying Cage </td><td class="l">15×36×20 feet high </td><td class="r">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Side Cages </td><td class="l">5×5×9 </td><td class="r">35</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">End Cages </td><td class="l">5×12×9 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Parrot Hall </td><td class="l">Side Cages </td><td class="l">6×8×9 </td><td class="r">21</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Glass Court </td><td class="l">West Cages </td><td class="l">8×9×9 </td><td class="r">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">East & North Cages </td><td class="l">5×6×8 </td><td class="r">16</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><i>OUTDOORS.</i></th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Northeast Cages </td><td class="l">7×12×10 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">East Cages </td><td class="l">6×8×10 </td><td class="r">10</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Southeast Circular Flight Cage </td><td class="l">20×20×2 </td><td class="r">1</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">South Cages </td><td class="l">6×8×10 </td><td class="r">3</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Large Western Cages </td><td class="l">15×15×15 </td><td class="r">3</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Smaller Western Cages </td><td class="l">6×9×10 </td><td class="r u">14</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3" class="l">Total number of cages </td><td class="r">114</td></tr> -</table> -<p>Regarding the state of health and spirits of the birds in -this building, the visitor must be left to judge for himself. -It is only fair to state, however, that the death rate here -and indeed amongst the birds of the Park generally, is -<i>very low</i>.</p> -<p>In view of the great number of avian species inhabiting -the Large Bird-House, it is a practical impossibility to give -more than a general outline of the groups and leading features -of the collection.</p> -<p>As the visitor enters at the south door, nearest the Lion -House, he is greeted by a discordant chorus of ear-piercing -shrieks and squawks, joyous but very raucous, and at times -too persistent. Loudest are the voices of the gorgeously-plumaged -Blue-and-Yellow Macaw, (<i>Ara ararauna</i>); the Red-and-Blue -Macaw, (<i>Ara macao</i>), and the Great Green Macaw. -Around their cages there is no such thing as stagnation or -somnolence. The soft-hued Rosella Parakeets, the flock of -mostly-green Cuban Parrots, the Leadbeater Cockatoos and -the White Cockatoos all join in their voices, to the limit of -their respective abilities, but against macaws which can be -heard a mile, their best efforts seem tame. The members of -the Order <i>Psittaciformes</i> (as above) have been beautifully -colored by Nature, and their harsh voices seem strangely -out of harmony with their plumage.</p> -<p>The indoor cages along the western side of the Large -Bird-House (both halls included), contain an extensive -series of tropical Pigeons and Doves, which are well worth -some attention.</p> -<p>The most startling exhibit in this group is the Bleeding -Heart Pigeon (<i>Phlogoenas luzonica</i>), from the Philippines, -whose creamy-white breast seems to have been recently -stabbed with a stiletto. It is no wonder that now and -then a sympathetic visitor seeks the curator, or a keeper, -<span class="pb" id="Page_150">150</span> -and reports that a bird has been injured, and is bleeding -from a wound in its breast.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig92"> -<img src="images/pmg099.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="398" /> -<p class="pcap">GREAT CROWNED PIGEON.</p> -</div> -<p>The Flying Cage in the center of the Main Hall contains -a pool of running water, some small trees, an imitation rock, -and the floor is covered with a comfortable layer of sand. -Hopping or flying about, and perching on the trees, is a -really remarkable medley of birds. There are the Wood Duck -and Mandarin Duck, Black Skimmers, Common and Sooty -Terns, several species of Teal, Curlews, Gallinules, Coots, -Lapwings, Snipe, Ruffs, Quail, Francolins, Senegal, Turtle, -Wonga-wonga and other Pigeons and Doves, Skylarks, -Robins, Orioles, Cardinals, Woodpeckers, Java, Fox, Tree, -and other Sparrows and Weavers.</p> -<p>The south side of the Main Hall is devoted to miscellaneous -rare birds from the tropics, regardless of the Orders to -which they belong. The largest are the Great Crowned -Pigeons,—Victoria and Common,—the oddest are the Concave-Casqued -Hornbills and the Toucans (eight species). -The Rufous Tinamou, of South America, is a species which, -through lack of use for its wings, is rapidly losing the -power of flight. The Giant Kingfisher is the “Laughing -Jackass” of Australia, and its cry is strangely like the -mirthless horse-laugh of a man who has few smiles and -seldom uses one. The Himalayan Jay-Thrush is so confirmed -a murderer of birds smaller than himself, it is necessary -<span class="pb" id="Page_151">151</span> -to quarter that species with other birds abundantly -able to defend themselves against its attacks.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig93"> -<img src="images/pmg100.jpg" alt="" width="444" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">SULPHUR CRESTED COCKATOO.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig94"> -<img src="images/pmg101.jpg" alt="" width="446" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">TOCO TOUCAN.</p> -</div> -<p>On the northern side of the Main Hall there will be found -a very interesting group of Cuban birds, another of birds of -the Bahamas, a fair-sized collection of Finches, Weavers, -Canaries, Trogons, and other small species of foreign lands. -Here also is the rare and beautifully-plumed Greater Bird -of Paradise, (<i>Paradisea apoda</i>).</p> -<p>The visitor is reminded that for all cages that contain -more than one species, the picture labels quickly furnish a -key for identification of each.</p> -<p>In the Glass Court and around it, the Curator of Birds, -Mr. C. William Beebe, has scored a gratifying success in -the installation of the Order <i>Passeres</i>. The birds are arranged -by Families, and <i>all of the twenty-one families of -eastern North American perching birds are represented</i>. -These Families are as follows: Flycatchers, Swallows, Wrens, -Mockingbirds and Catbirds, Thrushes, Kinglets, Vireos, -Waxwings, Shrikes, Chickadees, Nuthatches, Brown -Creepers, Warblers, Pipits, Horned Larks, Sparrows, Honey -Creepers, Tanagers, Blackbirds and Orioles, English Starling, -Crows and Jays. It is only those who have attempted to -form and install such a collection who can appreciate the -effort which that collection has cost, or the difficulties involved -in the maintenance of so large a number of insect-eating -<span class="pb" id="Page_152">152</span> -birds. The birds in this section of the Bird-House -are especially interesting to the teachers of pupils of the -public schools of this city.</p> -<p>The large circular flying cage, at the outer corner of the -Glass Court, is filled with Robins, Bluebirds, Thrushes and -Woodpeckers which winter there very comfortably, because -they are fed and watered, and sheltered from the -worst storms.</p> -<p>Along the western wall of the Large Bird-House, outside, -fourteen large cages are filled with members of the Crow -and Blackbird Families (<i>Corvidae</i> and <i>Icteridae</i>), such as -the Ravens, Crows, Jays, Magpies, Blackbirds, Meadowlarks, -Cowbirds and Grackles, beside which appear our old -friends the Yellow-Shafted Flicker and Red-Headed Woodpecker.</p> -<p>The following is a systematic enumeration of the Orders -of birds represented in the Zoological Park on April 1, 1913:</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="4">LIST OF BIRDS, APRIL 1, 1913.</th></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">ORDERS. </th><th>Species. </th><th>Specimens.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Rheiformes </td><td class="l">Rheas </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Struthioniformes </td><td class="l">Ostriches </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Casuariiformes </td><td class="l">Emeus and Cassowaries </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="r">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Tinamiformes </td><td class="l">Tinamou </td><td class="r">5 </td><td class="r">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Galliformes </td><td class="l">Quail and Pheasants </td><td class="r">88 </td><td class="r">204</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Turniciformes </td><td class="l">Hemipodes </td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Ptericlidiformes </td><td class="l">Sand Grouse </td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="r">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Columbiformes </td><td class="l">Pigeons and Doves </td><td class="r">57 </td><td class="r">183</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Ralliformes </td><td class="l">Coots and Gallinules </td><td class="r">15 </td><td class="r">35</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Lariformes </td><td class="l">Gulls and Terns </td><td class="r">17 </td><td class="r">54</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Charadriiformes </td><td class="l">Plovers and Sandpipers </td><td class="r">18 </td><td class="r">48</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Gruiformes </td><td class="l">Cranes, Seriema </td><td class="r">13 </td><td class="r">30</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Ardeiformes </td><td class="l">Ibises, Storks and Herons </td><td class="r">35 </td><td class="r">85</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Palamedeiformes </td><td class="l">Screamers </td><td class="r">3 </td><td class="r">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Phoenicopteriformes </td><td class="l">Flamingoes </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="r">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Anseriformes </td><td class="l">Swans, Geese and Ducks </td><td class="r">72 </td><td class="r">712</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Pelecaniformes </td><td class="l">New World Vultures </td><td class="r">9 </td><td class="r">30</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Cathartidiformes </td><td class="l">Cormorants and Pelicans </td><td class="r">8 </td><td class="r">27</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Serpentariiformes </td><td class="l">Secretary Birds </td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Accipitriformes </td><td class="l">Hawks and Eagles; Old World Vultures </td><td class="r">28 </td><td class="r">48</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Strigiformes </td><td class="l">Owls </td><td class="r">20 </td><td class="r">47</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Psittaciformes </td><td class="l">Parrots, Macaws and Cockatoos </td><td class="r">86 </td><td class="r">194</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Coraciiformes </td><td class="l">Kingfishers and Hornbills </td><td class="r">12 </td><td class="r">15</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Trogoniformes </td><td class="l">Trogons </td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="r">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Cuculiformes </td><td class="l">Touracos and Cuckoos </td><td class="r">10 </td><td class="r">18</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Scansoriforme </td><td class="l">Toucans and Barbets </td><td class="r">8 </td><td class="r">13</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Piciformes </td><td class="l">Woodpecker </td><td class="r">9 </td><td class="r">26</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Passeriformes </td><td class="l">Thrushes, Sparrows and all perching birds </td><td class="r u">378 </td><td class="r u">1242</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Totals </td><td class="r">903 </td><td class="r">3038</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_153">153</div> -<h3 id="c40">WILD-FOWL POND, -<br /><i>Heretofore Called the Aquatic Mammals’ Pond</i>.</h3> -<p>As the birds on this pond have been transferred from the -Duck Aviary, the interest of this exhibit is of special character, -and greatly enjoyed by hosts of visitors. This is -the nursery of the ducks and geese, where, in the tangle of -long grass, briars and underbrush along the east side of the -pond, the nests are built in early spring, the eggs are laid -and patiently incubated. Finally the broods of ducklings -are led to the water, to feed to repletion, throughout the -summer, on the worms, bugs and insects so dear to the appetite -of these amusing little fellows.</p> -<p>Cope Lake is the especial province of the nesting pairs of -Canada geese, and sometimes as many as eight golden-colored -goslings are hatched in one nest on the small island.</p> -<p><b>The Mallard Duck</b>, (<i>Anas boschas</i>), is one of our finest -swimming birds, the joy of the sportsman who finds it in -its haunts, the delight of the epicure who finds it on the bill -of fare. Sluggish indeed must be the blood which does not -beat faster at the sight of a flock of wild Mallards, free in -Nature, and ready to leap into the air and away at the -slightest alarm. After the pintail and the wood duck, this -is one of the handsomest ducks of North America, and also -one of the finest for the table. Its range covers practically -the whole of the western continent down to Panama, and -even extends to the Azores, north Africa, and northern India. -The drakes are readily recognized by the splendid irridescent -green of the head.</p> -<p><b>The Green-Winged Teal</b>, (<i>Nettion carolinensis</i>), and <b>Blue-Winged -Teal</b>, (<i>Querquedula discors</i>), are very delicate birds, -and therefore rather difficult to maintain in captivity. A -flock of each will be found in the Flying Cage.</p> -<p><b>The Pintail Duck</b>, (<i>Dafila acuta</i>), is specially commended -to the notice of visitors because of its great beauty, both -in color and form. Its colors form an exquisite harmony of -<span class="pb" id="Page_154">154</span> -soft brown and gray tones which fairly rival the more -gaudy color-pattern of the wood duck. The species is yet -found occasionally along the Atlantic Coast, but like all -other edible birds, its numbers are rapidly diminishing. -A large flock of these birds will be found on the Wild-Fowl -Pond.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig95"> -<img src="images/pmg102.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="382" /> -<p class="pcap">DUCKS FEEDING: WILD FOWL POND.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Gadwall</b>, (<i>Chaulelasmas strepera</i>), is a handsome gray -bird, well known to gunners along the Mississippi Valley, -but rarely seen along the Atlantic coast. Its chief breeding -grounds are in the great marshes of central Canada.</p> -<p><b>The Baldpate</b>, (<i>Mareca americana</i>), one of the finest of -water-fowl, is now so scarce that it is difficult to obtain specimens -for exhibition. These birds are poor divers, but gain a -good livelihood by feeding on floating sea lettuce, disturbed -from the bottom by the better equipped canvas-backs and -redheads.</p> -<p>The bill of the <b>Shoveller</b>, (<i>Spatula clypeata</i>), has become so -specialized for mud-sifting that it has actually assumed the -shape of a shovel, and is out of all proportion to the size of -the bird’s body. The sides of the bill are equipped with -bony plates, through which the mud is strained, the particles -of food being caught and swallowed.</p> -<p><b>The Canvas-Back</b> (<i>Aythya vallisneria</i>), and the <b>Red-Head</b>, -(<i>A. americana</i>), two prime favorites with the sportsman and -epicure, are exhibited on the Wild Fowl Pond. Of the latter, -<span class="pb" id="Page_155">155</span> -a good-sized flock is shown. Canvas-Backs, however, are -difficult to capture unhurt, and still more difficult to keep -alive in captivity, and for these reasons the number exhibited -always is very small.</p> -<p><b>The Lesser Scaup</b>, (<i>Marila affinis</i>), is one of the sea ducks, -and, like its congeners, a very expert diver. It feeds chiefly -on mollusks, which it finds in the mud, often at considerable -depths under water.</p> -<p><b>The Paradise Sheldrake</b>, (<i>Casarca variegata</i>), of Australia, -is a striking bird, occupying a position mid-way between -the ducks and geese. It is interesting to note that the female -is much more attractive than the male, the head and -neck being pure white, in contrast with the more sombre -body. This species is very quarrelsome in captivity.</p> -<p><b>The Ruddy Sheldrake</b>, (<i>Casarca casarca</i>), is a bird of wide -distribution, being found from the Mediterranean countries -to Japan, and also in northeast Africa. Both sexes are of -a uniform light chestnut, the male being distinguished by -a black ring around the neck. The nest is always well -sheltered, often being placed in a hollow log.</p> -<p><b>The Common</b> or <b>Tadorna Sheldrake</b>, (<i>Tadorna tadorna</i>), is -a remarkably colored bird, but unfortunately difficult to -keep alive in this climate. It nests in holes in the ground, -preferably in disused rabbit burrows.</p> -<p><b>The Mandarin Duck</b>, (<i>Aix galericulata</i>), is the Chinese -counterpart of our beautiful <b>Wood</b> or <b>Summer Duck</b>, (<i>Aix -sponsa</i>). Of all living ducks, the males of these two species -are the most gorgeously colored and plumed, and they are -also of elegant form. Although both species are much -sought after, the number of available specimens continues -to be limited to a comparatively small number.</p> -<h3 id="c41">THE PHEASANT AND PIGEON AVIARY, No. 40. -<br /><i>Entire Collection is the Gift of Mr. Jacob H. Schiff.</i></h3> -<p>The Pheasant Aviary is a building like a corridor 240 feet -long with a cross pavilion at each end. The main structure -is divided into 22 shelters connecting with a like number of -wire enclosed outside runways, each of which is 8 feet wide, -24 feet long and 8 feet high. The two end pavilions furnish -32 smaller shelters and runways, making a total of 48 compartments. -The shelters are divided into two stories, the -upper series being designed for pigeons, doves and perching -birds of various kinds. Each bird in this aviary can at -every moment of his life choose according to his needs from -the following series of accommodations that are available -to him: An open, sunlit yard, a storm shelter with an open -front, or a closed room with one small door and a large -window.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_156">156</div> -<div class="img" id="fig96"> -<img src="images/pmg103.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="436" /> -<p class="pcap">PHEASANT AVIARY AND WILD FOWL POND.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_157">157</div> -<p>This beautiful and generous installation, 240 feet long, -with 48 runways, accommodates the true Pheasants of the -world, the largest group of birds of the Pheasant Family -(<i>Phasianidae</i>), which in turn is one of the grand divisions -of the sportsman’s own Order <i>Gallinae</i>, or upland gamebirds. -Of the whole Order <i>Gallinae</i>,—which includes the -Grouse, Ptarmigan, Partridges, Pheasants, Turkeys, Guinea-Fowls, -Jungle Fowl, Quails, Brush-Turkeys, Curassows and -Guans—the group of the Pheasants can justly claim the distinction -of possessing the most beautiful birds. Indeed, I -think there is not to be found in the whole avian world a -group of game birds all the members of which, taken species -by species, are so gorgeously apparelled as these.</p> -<p>In this brief notice of what is really one of the finest -pheasant collections in the world, it is not possible to do -more than direct the visitors’ attention to its chief items of -interest. It must be stated well in advance, however, that -these are birds of very shy and retiring habit, which owe -their existence as species to the success with which they -retreat from danger, and conceal themselves from man and -beast. These birds must not be forced to spend all the daylight -hours in their runways; for some of them could not -long survive such exposure and excitement. To preserve -their lives, and keep them in health, they must have the -privilege of retiring into their shelters whenever they desire. -But they roam in and out, and by the exercise of a -little effort in returning to them, the interested visitor will -find no great difficulty in seeing all the species.</p> -<p>There are few species of pheasants whose members are -sufficiently peace-loving that many individuals can be kept -together without deadly combats. Of most species save the -golden, silver and ring-neck, the cocks are so quarrelsome -that even two can not be kept together; and this fact constitutes -a handicap upon those whose duty it is to maintain -the full strength of the exhibition. If a rare and quarrelsome -male pheasant dies unexpectedly, it is not always possible -to fill the vacancy on short notice.</p> -<p>Out of the half-dozen species which claim first place in -an enumeration based on beauty and luxuriance of plumage—the -<span class="pb" id="Page_158">158</span> -Amherst, Reeve, golden, silver, impeyan, Argus -or Soemmerring—it is difficult to choose. Each has its share -of strong points, and it seems as if there is no “finest of -all.” Let us take them as they come to mind, for by reason -of the changes so often necessary in the runways, it is inexpedient -to attempt an end-to-end enumeration.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig97"> -<img src="images/pmg104.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="395" /> -<p class="pcap">MANCHURIAN EARED PHEASANT.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Golden Pheasant</b>, (<i>Chrysolophus pictus</i>), is a universal -favorite; and it well deserves its wide popularity. -Although small, it is as beautiful as the most entrancing -sunset ever seen. It is very alert and <i>chic</i>, it is so good -tempered that we can have the rare pleasure of seeing a -whole flock in one runway, and it is a good breeder. To -crown all these fine qualities, it is so hardy, and so competent -a “rustler” in seeking food that under fair conditions -it is easily transplanted from its native home in -western and southern China. It has been introduced and -acclimatized with gratifying success in Oregon, Washington, -southern British Columbia near the Pacific coast, and elsewhere. -In the shooting season, the shops of the taxidermists -of Vancouver and Portland are filled with these gorgeous -creatures, which appreciative sportsmen have found -“too beautiful to eat.” One might as well try to describe -a sunset as to pen a mental picture of the wonderful combination -of golden yellow, orange, lapis-lazuli blue and deep -crimson that appear in the plumage of this gorgeous bird.</p> -<p><b>The Amherst Pheasant</b>, (<i>Chrysolophus amherstiae</i>), is the -<span class="pb" id="Page_159">159</span> -nearest relative to the golden species, and also a strong candidate -for first honors on the score of beauty. As far as -you can see the cock bird, you can recognize it by its marvellous -cape of pure white feathers marked with semicircles -of black and steel-blue, which reaches from its eyes far back -upon the shoulders. It is also easily recognized by its enormously -long tail, the middle feathers of which are conspicuously -marked by a regular series of diagonal bars of black -laid on a light ground color. This bird is of small size, and -fortunately for the public, it breeds in confinement with sufficient -readiness that a good supply for exhibition purposes is -thereby maintained.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig98"> -<img src="images/pmg105.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="383" /> -<p class="pcap">INDIAN PEACOCK.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Silver Pheasant</b>, (<i>Gennaeas nycthemerus</i>), of China, -is Nature’s “running mate” for the golden pheasant, not -only in the rocky hill forests of southern China, but in -acclimatization, in captivity, and everywhere else. Wherever -you see a golden pheasant, look for the Silver also, with -its showy, snow-white tail, and white mantle of feathers -which covers the whole upper two-thirds of the bird from -its ears to its tail. Its dark-colored under surface serves well -to accentuate the whiteness of its other parts. It is a larger -bird than the golden and Amherst pheasants, but it is so -good tempered that every summer two or three cock birds -are kept in the great Flying Cage along with many small -and defenseless birds which might easily be molested. In -parks which are not visited by great numbers of people, -<span class="pb" id="Page_160">160</span> -both this species and the golden are easily domesticated, and -permitted to roam at will.</p> -<p><b>The Reeves Pheasant</b>, (<i>Syrmaticus reevesi</i>), of northern -China, is a most beautiful species, closely related to the -Japanese, Elliott, Hume and Soemmerring pheasants,—all of -them fine, showy birds. Like the Amherst, the Reeves -Pheasant has a very long tail, which in fully adult or old -male birds often attains a length of five feet. When you -see in captivity a pheasant with an enormously long tail, -it is safe to assume that it is either an Amherst or a Reeves.</p> -<p><b>The Soemmerring Pheasant</b>, (<i>Phasianus soemmerringii</i>), -sometimes very aptly called the <b>Copper Pheasant</b>, is a native -of Japan, and a bird of which any country might well be -proud. In size, form and length of tail it matches the common -ring-necked pheasant. Its head and neck plumage is -of a warm copper-bronze tint, but its most beautiful colors -are found in the elaborate cross-bar markings of its tail. -The pattern of the latter reveals first a strong cross-bar of -chocolate brown, above that a broad band of fawn-color, -and this blends into a mottling of black on cream-color, -edged across with black.</p> -<p><b>The True Ring-Necked Pheasant</b>, (<i>P. torquatus</i>), of China, -brings to view a question that frequently is asked regarding -the <b>English Pheasant</b>, (<i>P. colchicus</i>), which is the common -species of southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, and of -Great Britain and other continental areas by <i>introduction</i>. -We are asked, “Has the English Pheasant a white ring -around its neck, or not?”</p> -<p>The answer is, <i>the true, pure-blooded</i> English, or Common -Pheasant, (<i>P. colchicus</i>), has <i>no ring</i> around its neck; but so -many persons have crossed the true Ring-Necked Pheasant, -of China, with that species that in many flocks of the former -species the majority of the individuals are of mixed breed, -with necks perceptibly ringed, yet passing as English Pheasants. -As a matter of fact, in the world to-day, pure-blooded -English Pheasants are rare. Both the English and Ring-Necked -species have been successfully introduced into several -portions of the United States.</p> -<p>While on this subject, we will here record the fact that -the name Mongolian Pheasant, as often applied to the Ring-Neck, -is a misleading error. The real <b>Mongolian Pheasant</b>, -of Turkestan, (<i>P. mongolicus</i>), is a species of such extreme -rarity that it is almost unknown, alive, in the United States. -A fine pair of these birds is now on exhibition at the Pheasant -Aviary.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_161">161</div> -<p><b>The Argus Pheasant</b>, (<i>Argusianus argus</i>), is a bird with a -great reputation for beauty, but as seen alive in zoological -collections it does not always come up to expectations. Both -its secondary feathers—which when fully developed are of -enormous length—and its primaries, are extremely beautiful; -but unfortunately those beauties are not visible until -the bird is dead, and its plumage displayed in a manner -very rarely adopted by the living, captive bird. But the -eyes on the huge secondary feathers are wonderful, and each -primary is a dream in ecru and brown tints, laid on in a -most elaborate pattern. The Argus Pheasants are most shy -and wide-awake birds, inhabiting the dense, hot and moist -jungles of Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, and -are almost impossible to shoot. They are snared by the -Dyaks and Malays, and after the skin has been removed and -carefully preserved for museum purposes, the flesh is as fine -eating as the breast of a quail and quite as palatable. A -few successful attempts have been made to breed this -species in captivity.</p> -<p><b>The Impeyan Pheasant</b>, (<i>Lophophorus impeyanus</i>), is the -neighbor of the Himalayan tahr, the burrhel, the ibex and -the markhor, and the delight of every sportsman who dares -the rocks of “the Roof of the World” in quest of Himalayan -big game. Its beauty is due chiefly to its metallic colors, -and the splendid iridescence of its plumage. Its home is -in the world’s most gigantic mountains, and it is not uncommon -for a bird that has flown out from a mountain-side -and been shot on the wing to fall 2,000 feet, and beyond -human reach. No wonder this bird is popular with Anglo-Indian -sportsmen.</p> -<p>The Pheasant Aviary is a <i>double installation</i>, and as an -aviary for Pigeons and Doves it is quite as perfect as it is -for Pheasants.</p> -<p>During the year 1910 and part of 1911, the pheasants -of the Old World were studied in their haunts by Mr. C. -William Beebe, Curator of Birds. By reason of a cash gift -to the Zoological Society made by Col. Anthony R. Kuser, -he was enabled to make the expedition. The results will be -embodied in an elaborate monograph, which probably will -be published in the near future.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_162">162</div> -<h3 id="c42">THE OSTRICH HOUSE, No. 43. -<br /><i>This entire collection presented by the late Charles T. Barney.</i></h3> -<p>Originally it was our intention to devote this fine building -solely to the great “running birds,”—Ostriches, Rheas, -Emeus and Cassowaries; but the pressure for space has been -so great that this intention never has been carried into -effect, and we fear it never will be. There are so many -cranes, seriemas, tropical vultures and other large birds -which appeal for space in these very pleasant and healthful -quarters, we have felt compelled to set our original plan -half at naught. It seems probable that some of the feathered -interlopers now in the Ostrich House will remain there, -indefinitely—or at least until we erect a Crane Aviary.</p> -<p>Architecturally, the Ostrich House is the counterpart of -the Small-Mammal House, the two being identical in size -and form, and connected by a handsome pavilion. Each -building is 170 feet long, and 54 feet wide. The Ostrich -House contains 13 cages, each 10×12 feet, by 8 feet in height. -A flood of warm light pours through a glass roof into these -cages, and makes them as light as the yards without. It is -no wonder that birds thrive in this building. Movable partitions -were provided, so that a few of the cages might be -subdivided whenever necessary. This provision has proven -of much practical value.</p> -<p>Each interior cage connects with a spacious outside yard, -in which the big birds spend the warm months. The yards -are enclosed by wire fences, and to the eye of the visitor -they are open from three directions.</p> -<p>The members of the Subclass <i>Ratitae</i>,—once called the -Cursores, or the “running birds,”—are the present-day -giants of the avian world. We have reason to be glad that -all these splendid birds did not disappear from the earth -before ornithology took form as a science. Undoubtedly, -they mark the end of the line of birds of their kind, for the -far-reaching destructiveness of civilized man has already -put a period to the natural evolution of animal life. To-day, -the preservers of wild life are engaged in a hand-to-hand -struggle with the annihilators, over the preservation of a -remnant for those who come after us.</p> -<p><b>The African Ostriches</b> are now very prominently in the -public eye, not because of their relationship to the Dinornis -and Aepyornis of the past, but by reason of the value of -<span class="pb" id="Page_163">163</span> -their plumes in enhancing the attractiveness of woman. -And surely, no plume-bearing bird ever enlisted in a better -cause, or on a more satisfactory basis; for to-day the plume -crop is being grown and plucked and marketed with almost -as much certainty as the annual crop of wool. In the -United States, the most important plume-producing ostrich -farms are situated in southern California and Arizona, -where the industry is quite successful. So valuable are the -adult birds that it is possible to purchase specimens imported -from Africa for less money than would be necessary -to procure them in the United States.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig99"> -<img src="images/pmg106.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="390" /> -<p class="pcap">NORTH AFRICAN OSTRICH: MALE.</p> -</div> -<p>A full-grown male African Ostrich stands 8 feet in height, -and weighs about 300 pounds. Its value on arrival in New -York, before acclimatization and moulting into perfect plumage, -is from $200 to $250. The female lays about 90 eggs -in a year, each of which is equal to about 20 hen’s eggs. -The time of incubation is about 40 days. In captivity only -about 60 per cent of the eggs hatch, and of those not more -than one-half live to attain full maturity. The plumage of -immature birds and adult females is gray, but that of the -adult male is black on the body, and white on the wings and -tail.</p> -<p><b>The South African Ostrich</b>, (<i>Struthio australis</i>), differs -from the species found in the north. The color of the -naked skin of its neck and thighs, and the front scales on -<span class="pb" id="Page_164">164</span> -its metatarsus, is distinctly bluish, and dark. This is the -species of the southern half of Africa, now so successfully -farmed in Cape Colony for its feathers that the annual -crop is said to yield about $5,000,000. And it is this species -which is kept on the ostrich farms of California and -Arizona.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig100"> -<img src="images/pmg107.jpg" alt="" width="490" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">RHEA.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig101"> -<img src="images/pmg108.jpg" alt="" width="489" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">CASSOWARY.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The North African, or Sudan Ostrich</b>, (<i>S. camelus</i>), is the -species first and longest known. Its neck, thighs and front -metatarsal scales are of a decided pink color. Originally -the range of this species extended from north Africa well -into southwestern Asia, embracing Arabia, Syria and Mesopotamia.</p> -<p>Generally speaking, the African Ostriches originally covered -all the open, sandy plains of Africa; but they never -inhabited the regions of dense forests. To-day their total -inhabited range is small, and rapidly becoming more so. It -is highly probable that within the life period of many persons -now living, wild Ostriches will totally disappear from -the earth.</p> -<p><b>The Common Rhea, or South American Ostrich</b>, (<i>Rhea -americana</i>), represents a group of ostriches much smaller -than those of Africa, and found only on the open plans of -Argentina and Patagonia, below the great equatorial forest -belt. There are three species in the group. In general -terms it may be stated that an adult Rhea is about two-thirds -the size of an adult African ostrich. It is with great -difficulty that these birds are reared to maturity in the -United States.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_165">165</div> -<div class="img" id="fig102"> -<img src="images/pmg109.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="401" /> -<p class="pcap">EMEUS.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Common Emeu</b>, (<i>Dromacus novae-hollandiae</i>), of Australia, -is the neighbor of the kangaroo and wallaby, and in -form is as odd as are the majority of the birds and mammals -of that continent of strange creatures. Its body suggests a -pile of gray-brown hay elevated on stilts, to one end of -which a hay-covered neck and head have been attached. The -bird-lover should make much of this creature, for in its -home country it has been almost exterminated. Fortunately, -in climates reasonably well suited to it—but not in -or near New York—it is possible to breed this bird in captivity. -In size the Emeu is next to the African ostrich.</p> -<p><b>The Ceram Cassowary</b>, (<i>Casuarius casuarius</i>), of the -Island of Ceram, Malay Archipelago, represents a group -which contains a number of well-defined species which are -scattered through the northern cape of Australia, New -Guinea, the Aru Islands, Ceram, and other islands of Malayana -east of Celebes. They are all distinguished by their -glossy purple or black body plumage—which looks far more -like coarse hair than like feathers—their huge legs, and -their helmeted heads. The differences between species are -based chiefly upon the bright orange red and purple colors -of their upper necks and wattles.</p> -<p>In size the Cassowaries are all of them smaller than the -emeus. In captivity they are the best of all the large cursorial -<span class="pb" id="Page_166">166</span> -birds, and live longer than either ostriches, rheas or -emeus. They are essentially birds of the thick forests rather -than open plains, and can not bear the glaring light and heat -of midsummer that is the delight of an ostrich. In captivity -they are very apt to be quarrelsome toward each other.</p> -<p><b>Miscellaneous Birds in the Ostrich House.</b>—At present -these are so numerous and so important it is necessary to -mention a few of them, even though the labels may be supposed -to speak for them. They fall into several groups, chiefly -birds of prey and cranes.</p> -<p>One of the most remarkable creatures in the entire collection -is the <b>Secretary Bird</b>, (<i>Serpentarius serpentarius</i>). It is -well known as a snake killer, its attacks being made with -the feet alone, and never with the beak. Its long legs are remarkably -powerful, and capable of dealing a crushing blow, -always aimed at the head of the victim. Although it does -not resemble the hawks and eagles in general appearance, -it is in reality one of this group, and might well be described -as a “hawk on stilts.” The snakes, frogs, small animals -and birds which form its diet are generally swallowed entire. -The long cockades of black feathers falling backwards -at each side of the head are said to have suggested -the name Secretary Bird, from a fancied resemblance to a -quill stuck behind the ear of a clerk.</p> -<p><b>The Brush Turkey</b>, or <b>Telegalla</b>, (<i>Catheturus lathami</i>), is a -bird of the dark tropical forests of New Guinea and Australia. -For many years it has been regarded as a zoological -wonder, because of the remarkable manner in which it nests -and produces its young. Instead of building a small, hollow -nest, and hatching its eggs by the heat of its own body, -it pursues the plan of the crocodile! Choosing an open spot -in the forest it builds a huge mound, and as the structure -rises, it lays its eggs in the heart of it. Turning its tail to -the mound-site, this absurd little bird—no larger than a -barnyard hen—scratches about right and left, gathers a big -footful of small dead sticks, grass and dirt, and fiercely -flings it backward upon the pile. A Brush Turkey in good -working order can fling a bunch of jungle debris fully ten -feet. Usually the finished mound is about three feet high -by ten feet in diameter on the ground, and contains two or -three <i>cart-loads</i> of sticks, leaves and grass. The eggs are -deposited in a circle, well separated from each other, and -each newly hatched bird must scratch out or die. Of course, -<span class="pb" id="Page_167">167</span> -the eggs are incubated by the heat of the sun and the fermentation -of the mass. When hatched, the young chicks are -able to fly.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig103"> -<img src="images/pmg110.jpg" alt="" width="406" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">LITTLE BROWN CRANE.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig104"> -<img src="images/pmg111.jpg" alt="" width="403" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">DEMOISELLE CRANE.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c43">THE CRANES.</h3> -<p>At present the Cranes of the Zoological Park are divided -between the Ostrich House and the Aquatic Bird House, and -their environs. In summer there are exhibits of these birds -in the outdoor yards adjacent to each of those buildings. -Recently, a number of species have been acclimatized in the -Crane Paddock, and are to be seen there winter and summer.</p> -<p><b>The Whooping Crane</b>, (<i>Grus americana</i>), is the largest, the -handsomest and the rarest crane species in America. Its -great size and its pure-white plumage—except its primaries—render -it conspicuous from afar, and its voice will carry -half a mile. The arched secondary wing feathers of the -adult give the bird a very jaunty appearance. This species -is so rare that thus far we have been able in eight years -to secure only three specimens. The Whooping Crane nests -in summer in the Arctic regions, but in winter it ranges -as far south as Mexico. Our specimens of this bird will in -summer be found in the large paddock immediately north -of the Aquatic Bird House, with the next species.</p> -<p><b>The Sandhill Crane</b>, (<i>Grus mexicana</i>), is smaller than the -preceding species, more common, and is frequently seen in -<span class="pb" id="Page_168">168</span> -captivity. Its color is slaty-blue. It is found in the southeastern -United States, but once was fairly common throughout -the Mississippi valley. In captivity this bird often indulges -in some very droll antics—at times actually dancing. -The adult males are often quite pugnacious, and inclined to -attack those who go near them, and all visitors are warned -not to go within striking distance of them. Children especially -should not be permitted to climb over the guard wires, -and approach close up to the cranes’ fences.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig105"> -<img src="images/pmg112.jpg" alt="" width="401" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">ASIATIC WHITE CRANE.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig106"> -<img src="images/pmg113.jpg" alt="" width="402" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">PARADISE CRANE.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Sarus Crane</b>, of the plains and sand-bars of northern -India, (<i>Antigone antigone</i>), greatly resembles our sandhill -crane, but is a much larger bird. This also is a quarrelsome -species, and in captivity individuals are inclined to be cruel -toward each other.</p> -<p><b>The Asiatic White Crane</b>, (<i>Sarcogeranus leucogeranus</i>), is -like a modest understudy to our whooping crane, in all -respects save the elevated tail-crest. It is a bird of wide -distribution.</p> -<p><b>The Paradise Crane</b>, (<i>Tetrapteryx paradisea</i>), of the open -plains of Africa outside the deserts, is a slaty-blue bird with -a head so puffed out with side feathers that it looks almost -reptilian. Its tail-feathers taper out to infinity, and gracefully -droop quite to the ground. The little African <b>Demoiselle -Crane</b>, (<i>Anthropoides virgo</i>), is so diminutive, so -dainty in appearance and so gentle-spirited that its young-ladylikeness -has been proclaimed in its name. Of all -<span class="pb" id="Page_169">169</span> -foreign species of cranes, it is the one easiest to procure, -and the most satisfactory to keep in collections. It never -quarrels, it is very sociable in its habits, and thrives in -captivity.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig107"> -<img src="images/pmg114.jpg" alt="" width="636" height="922" /> -<p class="pcap">WHOOPING CRANE.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig108"> -<img src="images/pmg115.jpg" alt="" width="390" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">CROWNED CRANE.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Crowned Crane</b>, (<i>Balearica pavonina</i>), also of Africa, -is, perhaps, the most beautiful of all living cranes. It is of -medium size, royally colored, and strikingly set off with a -conspicuous crown of stiff, quill-like feathers that stand as -erect and regular as the aigret of an Indian prince.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig109"> -<img src="images/pmg116.jpg" alt="" width="392" height="586" /> -<p class="pcap">ADJUTANT.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig110"> -<img src="images/pmg117.jpg" alt="" width="385" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">JABIRU.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_170">170</div> -<div class="img" id="fig111"> -<img src="images/pmg118.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="277" /> -<p class="pcap">MASTIGURE.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig112"> -<img src="images/pmg119.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="504" /> -<p class="pcap">HORNED RATTLESNAKE.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig113"> -<img src="images/pmg120.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="500" /> -<p class="pcap">HOG-NOSED SNAKE.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig114"> -<img src="images/pmg121.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="708" /> -<p class="pcap">GECKO.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig115"> -<img src="images/pmg122.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="710" /> -<p class="pcap">TREE FROG.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_171">171</div> -<h2>SECTION III.—THE REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS.</h2> -<h3 id="c44">THE REPTILE HOUSE, No. 34.</h3> -<p>The Reptile House was the first large building erected in -the Zoological Park. It represents an earnest effort to present -carefully selected examples of the reptilian Orders, in a -manner which may afford the visitor and the student a general -view of the important groups of living reptiles.</p> -<p>The length of the Reptile House, over all, is 146 feet, and -its greatest width is 100 feet. It is constructed of buff mottled -brick, combined with granite and Indiana limestone. -In the ornamental cornice of terra cotta, reptilian forms -modelled by Mr. A. Phimister Proctor, the well-known animal -sculptor, constitute an important feature. The building -is roofed with slate, heated by hot water, and cost, with -its cages, about $50,000. It is beautifully situated on the -edge of a forest of primeval oaks, very near the geographical -center of the Park.</p> -<p>The great center hall is unbroken by a single column, and -at one end it opens across the Crocodile Pool and its sandbanks, -through three huge arches, into the green, jungly -mass of the conservatory. Of the tropical vegetation -massed behind the pool—palmettoes, bayonet cacti, yuccas, -and the like, and the tillandsias, Spanish moss, resurrection -ferns, and butterfly orchids,—nearly the whole came from -Florida, along with five alligators which were the first -occupants of the pool.</p> -<p>In effect, the central hall appears to be 115 feet in length, -by 40 feet wide, exclusive of the cages. But, large as this -building is, it would be an easy matter to fill all its available -space with the reptiles of North America alone, choosing -only the handsome and showy forms. As we contemplate -the great number of species in our own reptilian -fauna, the thought occurs, what can we do with the reptiles -of the Old World? Manifestly, the only proper course -is to choose from the reptiles of the world the forms which -will make for our visitors and students the most instructive -and attractive series of important types.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_172">172</div> -<h4>SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASS REPTILIA.</h4> -<p>On April 1, 1913, all these examples are on exhibition in the -Reptile House:</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th><span class="small">ORDERS.</span> </th><th><span class="small">CONSPICUOUS EXAMPLES.</span> </th><th><span class="small">LOCALITY.</span></th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3" class="l">LIVING REPTILES.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3" class="l"><span class="sc">Turtles</span>, or <i>Chelonia</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Aligator Turtle </td><td class="l">Louisiana.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Snapping Turtle </td><td class="l">Zoological Park.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Box Turtle </td><td class="l">Zoological Park.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Giant Tortoise </td><td class="l">Galapagos Island.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Gopher Tortoise </td><td class="l">Florida.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Painted Turtle </td><td class="l">New York.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Green Turtle (marine) </td><td class="l">New York.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Soft-shelled Turtle </td><td class="l">Indiana.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3" class="l"><span class="sc">Saurians</span>, or <i>Crocodilia</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Alligator </td><td class="l">Florida.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Florida Crocodile </td><td class="l">Southern Florida.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Broad-nosed Crocodile </td><td class="l">Africa.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3" class="l"><span class="sc">Lizards</span>, or <i>Lacertilia</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Iguana (<i>I. tuberculata</i>) </td><td class="l">West Indies.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Horned “Toad” </td><td class="l">Arizona.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Green Lizard (<i>L. viridis</i>) </td><td class="l">Europe.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Monitor </td><td class="l">Ceylon.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">“Glass Snake” </td><td class="l">Florida.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Gila Monster </td><td class="l">Arizona.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Chameleon </td><td class="l">Africa.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3" class="l"><span class="sc">Serpents</span>, or <i>Ophidia</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3" class="l"><span class="hst">Harmless.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Regal Python </td><td class="l">Malay Peninsula.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Anaconda </td><td class="l">British Guiana.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Black Snake (<i>B. constrictor</i>) </td><td class="l">Zoological Garden.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Garter Snake </td><td class="l">Zoological Park.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Hog-Nosed Snake </td><td class="l">Zoological Park.</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="3" class="l"><span class="hst">Venomous.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Coral Snake </td><td class="l">Florida.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Cobra de Capello </td><td class="l">India.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Diamond-Backed Rattlesnake </td><td class="l">Florida.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Water Moccasin </td><td class="l">Florida.</td></tr> -</table> -<h3 id="c45">THE TURTLES AND TORTOISES.</h3> -<p><b>The Order of Turtles</b>, (<i>Chelonia</i>), is so large that it has -been found necessary to devote to its representatives the -whole central space of the main hall of the Reptile House, -and also a specially designed Tortoise House of glass in the -eastern end of the building. In the main hall are two features—one, -a large square tank for large turtles; the other, -a pool of running water between banks of earth, sand, and -living plants. This tank is 35 feet in length, and by means -of low, plate-glass partitions it is divided into ten cross sections, -each of which can very comfortably provide for the -wants of at least three species of turtles of medium size. -<span class="pb" id="Page_173">173</span> -With a wonderfully rich Chelonian fauna on the western -continent to provide for, there is little room to spare for -Old World forms, and the temptation to make this collection -strictly Occidental, is almost too great to be resisted. -For the sake of brevity and clearness, only six types have -been chosen for special mention.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig116"> -<img src="images/pmg123.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="533" /> -<p class="pcap">GIANT TORTOISE.</p> -</div> -<p>The following species taken together fairly represent the -different forms of Chelonians, from the highest to the lowest:</p> -<p><b>The Alligator Turtle</b>, (<i>Macrochelys lacertina</i>), is the largest -fresh-water chelonian in North America. In form and -temper it resembles the common snapping turtle of the -North, and its home is in the Gulf States. The largest of -the two Louisiana specimens on exhibition weighs 115 -pounds.</p> -<p><b>The Snapping Turtle</b>, (<i>Chelydra serpentina</i>), which is the -most courageous and pugnacious of all turtles, is rather -poorly protected by its shell, and must therefore fight for its -place in nature.</p> -<p><b>The Painted Turtle</b>, (<i>Chrysemys picta</i>), is a species of -wide and common distribution, and fairly representative of -the host of fresh water terrapins and turtles so common -throughout the United States in ponds and streams of all -sorts.</p> -<p><b>The Box Tortoise</b>, (<i>Cistudo carolina</i>), lives on land, and as -a means of perfect protection has been enabled by nature -completely to withdraw its head and legs within its shell, -<span class="pb" id="Page_174">174</span> -and by means of a hinge across the middle of the plastron, -or lower shell, to close it tightly.</p> -<p><b>The Tortoise and Lizard Yards.</b>—At the eastern end of the -Reptile House is a commodious glass-roofed hall, opening -into a series of sandy yards. This installation is occupied -by the collection of tortoises and the larger tropical lizards. -These reptiles do better in captivity, and show to best advantage, -if given outdoor sunlight and plenty of room for -exercise.</p> -<p><b>The Giant Tortoises</b> are among the most interesting of -living reptiles. There are fourteen distinct species, all belonging -to the genus <i>Testudo</i>. These creatures appear to be -survivors of the reptilian ages when reptiles attained colossal -proportions. Fossil remains of the great tortoises show -these creatures to have formerly inhabited the continents, -but the survivors are restricted to isolated groups of small -islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Six species inhabit -the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Four are found -in the Aldabra Islands in the Indian Ocean, and four inhabit -the Mauritius-Rodriguez group of Islands. All the -species are rapidly becoming extinct. Recent expeditions -to the Galapagos Islands have reported that very few Giant -Tortoises now survive in those islands.</p> -<p>The Giant Tortoises are entirely herbivorous. The specimens -exhibited consume great quantities of green food, -which varies in kind according to the season’s supply. During -the summer months they feed largely upon melons.</p> -<p>Among the species exhibited is <i>Testudo vicina</i>, represented -by our largest specimen, captured in the Galapagos -Islands. It weighs slightly over two hundred and twenty-five -pounds. Another example from the same islands represents -<i>Testudo nigrita</i>, a smaller and flatter species. <i>Testudo -elephantina</i>, the Elephant Tortoise, is represented by a large -specimen from the Aldabra Islands, which is growing -rapidly. The latter tortoise has a very high shell, and proportionately -small head.</p> -<p><b>The Gopher Tortoises</b>, (<i>Testudo carolina</i>), are large, thick-shelled, -clumsy creatures, which burrow in holes in the -sandy southern regions where they live. Once they were -common in southern Florida, but their edibility has resulted -in a great decrease in their abundance.</p> -<p><b>The South American Tortoise</b>, (<i>Testudo tabulata</i>), is a -good representative of the smaller tortoises from various -parts of the world. It is common throughout tropical -<span class="pb" id="Page_175">175</span> -South America and attains a maximum length of shell of -about 14 inches. The shell is elongated and blackish, each -of the shields having a yellowish center. Like all of the -tortoises, this is a herbivorous reptile.</p> -<p><b>The Marine Turtles.</b>—At the New York Aquarium, situated -in Battery Park, and managed by the New York -Zoological Society, will be found a fine collection of such -large sea-turtles as the <b>Loggerhead</b>, <b>Green Turtle</b> and -<b>Hawksbill</b>, which require salt water.</p> -<p><b>The Soft-Shelled Turtle</b>, (<i>Aspidonectes ferox</i>).—As to living -relatives, this strange genus seems apropos of nothing. -Like some of the marine turtles its shell is greatly reduced -in weight, so that it can float more readily; instead of being -solid bone, it terminates in a wide, thin edge of cartilage, -which is so soft that when properly boiled it constitutes -palatable food.</p> -<h3 id="c46">THE CROCODILES AND ALLIGATORS.</h3> -<p><b>The Order of Crocodilians.</b>—This important Order, the -members of which are widely distributed throughout the -tropics and sub-tropics of the world, contains nineteen -species. At this point it is well to correct certain very -general misapprehensions regarding crocodilians.</p> -<p>Crocodiles are <i>not</i> confined to the Old World; at least -three species being found abundantly in tropical America.</p> -<p>The “movement” of a crocodile’s jaw differs in no manner -whatever from that of an alligator.</p> -<p>Only a few species of crocodiles are dangerous to man.</p> -<p>There is no authentic record of the loss of a human life -through our common alligator.</p> -<p>The <b>Alligator</b> genus embraces the <b>American Alligator</b>, -(<i>A. mississippiensis</i>), of the southern United States and a -small species found in China! The head of the Alligator is -very flat and its sides are nearly parallel, while the head of -a typical crocodile is nearly triangular.</p> -<p>The American Alligator is well represented in the Pool in -the Reptile House, by several lusty specimens, all of which -eat voraciously, are growing rapidly, and undoubtedly enjoying -life. The largest specimen, a burly monster over -twelve feet in length, has grown nearly five feet in length -since its arrival here in 1899.</p> -<p>In summer, the Alligator Pool on the hill, southeast of the -Reptile House, is well stocked with alligators of various -<span class="pb" id="Page_176">176</span> -sizes, and it is there that visitors can secure most realistic -impressions of the appearance of this species in a state of -nature, and in abundant numbers.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig117"> -<img src="images/pmg124.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="504" /> -<p class="pcap">ALLIGATOR POOL.</p> -</div> -<p>Under favorable conditions,—warm water and air, good -light, plenty of room, and abundant food,—the Alligator -grows rapidly. A specimen hatched in our Reptile House -in October, 1900, was in January, 1911, 8 feet 3 inches long, -and weighed 75 pounds.</p> -<p>The <b>Crocodile</b> genus is widely represented throughout the -world. Of the whole eleven species, the American continent -contains four—the <b>Florida Crocodile</b>, (<i>Crocodilus -acutus floridanus</i>), attaining a length of 14 feet, which was -discovered at the head of Biscayne Bay, in 1875, by W. T. -Hornaday; the <b>American Crocodile</b>, (<i>C. acutus</i>); the <b>Sharp-nosed -Orinoco Crocodile</b> (<i>Crocodilus intermedius</i>), found in -South America; and the small <i>Crocodilus rhombifer</i>, which -is found only in Cuba and the West Indies.</p> -<p>Of the seven remaining species, Asia contains four, and -Africa three. Of the Asiatic species, one frequents salt -water.</p> -<p><b>The Florida Crocodile</b> is now represented by two specimens -nearly 9 feet long, from Madina Creek, southern Florida, -presented by Mr. Julian A. Dimock. It is to be recognized -at a glance by its dark olive color and sharp-pointed -head. This is the only species of crocodile found in the -United States. Its maximum length is 14 feet 2 inches.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_177">177</div> -<div class="img" id="fig118"> -<img src="images/pmg125.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="398" /> -<p class="pcap">VENEZUELAN BOA.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Broad-Nosed Crocodile</b>, (<i>Osteolaemus tetraspis</i>), of -Africa, is represented by two specimens. This species is -characterized by the broad, bony-looking head. It is one of -the smaller crocodilians attaining a maximum length of five -feet.</p> -<h3 id="c47">THE LIZARDS.</h3> -<p><b>The Tropical Lizards.</b>—Several families of lizards are -represented among the specimens occupying the Reptile -House, the Tortoise room and outside runways. Among -these are the <b>Iguanas, Tegus and Monitors</b>.</p> -<p>Among the <b>Iguanas</b> are several large and interesting lizards. -The largest of these is the <b>Rhinoceros Iguana</b>, (<i>Cyclura -cornuta</i>), found in Hayti. Contrary to the general -belief, but like all the Iguanas, it is partly carnivorous, -though it feeds largely upon vegetables and fruit. This -species receives its name from the presence of three well-defined -horns upon the snout.</p> -<p><b>The Mexican Iguana</b>, (<i>Ctenosaura acanthura</i>), looks -unique in the possession of rings of sharp spines about the -tail. Most specimens are jet black when adult, but very -young examples are pale green.</p> -<p><b>The South American Iguana</b>, (<i>Iguana tuberculata</i>), may be -readily distinguished by the very pronounced fringe of -<span class="pb" id="Page_178">178</span> -erect spines which rise along the back-bone of male specimens, -and also by the presence of a rounded tubercle or -plate on each side of the head. This is a brightly colored -Iguana, having bars of green, gray and black. It is strictly -arboreal, and evinces stronger herbivorous habits than species -of the allied genera. A large male specimen is seven -feet long, but much of this length is taken up by the gradually -tapering tail. In South America—on the Orinoco, at -least—this species is considered edible, and the writer can -testify that to a hungry man its flesh is excellent.</p> -<p>The very popular <b>Horned “Toad”</b>, (<i>Phrynosoma</i>), of the -southwestern states, of which there are eight or nine species, -should be mentioned if for no other reason than to place -it where it belongs—with the lizards, and not with the -toads.</p> -<p><b>The Tegus</b>, (genus <i>Tupinambis</i>), are powerful lizards, -growing to a length of four feet, and inhabiting tropical -South America. They are fleet of foot, mainly carnivorous -and very quarrelsome. It is impossible to keep any but the -larger lizards in the yard with them. Tegus are fond of -eggs, breaking the shell at one end and lapping up the contents -by means of the very broad, forked tongue. They will -also eat raw beef.</p> -<p><b>The Australian Monitor</b>, (<i>Varanus gouldii</i>), is a good representative -of a genus of large and powerful lizards confined -to the Old World, where they occur in India, Malaysia, -Africa and Australia. Monitors grow to a length of eight -feet. They are swift runners, entirely carnivorous, and -usually dwell in thick jungles. They are able to swallow -entire an animal as large as a half-grown rabbit. All are -fond of eggs, swallowing them without breaking the shell, -which is soon dissolved by the powerful gastric juices.</p> -<p><b>Other Lizards.</b>—Within the main halls of the Reptile -House will be found various representatives of the smaller -Lizards, a few of which may be mentioned.</p> -<p>The beautiful, emerald-colored <b>Green Lizard</b>, (<i>Lacerta -viridis</i>), of Europe, is not only a handsome species, but it is -also one of the most satisfactory to keep in a vivarium—a -good feeder and always posing.</p> -<p>The famous <b>Glass “Snake,”</b> (<i>Ophiosauris ventralis</i>), is important -because its resemblance to a snake is so perfect -it is generally mistaken for one, although a true lizard. It -<span class="pb" id="Page_179">179</span> -is not, however, a “connecting link” between the lizards -and the serpents.</p> -<p>Our well-known <b>Gila Monster</b>, (pronounced <i>He</i>-la) (<i>Heloderma -suspectum</i>), is a stupid, slow-moving creature from the -southwestern deserts, thick-set and stumpy in body, and it -has the appearance of being covered all over with dark-brown-black, -and yellow beads, such as Indians use in their -bead industry. Its bite is sufficiently venomous that it inflicts -a painful wound, but it is not necessarily fatal.</p> -<p>The <b>Chameleon</b> of the Old World, (<i>Chamaeleo vulgaris</i>), -because of its color phases and its remarkable form, is truly -a great “curiosity”; but it should not be confused with our -so-called American Chameleon, which belongs to another -Family, and is also less interesting.</p> -<h3 id="c48">THE SERPENTS.</h3> -<p><b>The Order of Serpents</b>, (<i>Ophidia</i>).—The large glazed -cases along the northern side of the main hall of the Reptile -House are devoted to the larger serpents, while the smaller -species are provided for along the south wall, and in the -adjoining room. One serious difficulty in the management of -a collection of living serpents lies in the fact that often the -most valuable specimens are so nervous and shy in their -feeding habits it is impossible to cage several together.</p> -<p>Out of the many species of serpents exhibited in the Reptile -House, ten are chosen as fairly representing the principal -groups.</p> -<p><b>The Regal Python</b>, (<i>Python reticulatus</i>), here represented -by a fine specimen, 22 feet in length, weighing 170 pounds, -is the best representative of the rock pythons of Asia and -Africa. The island of Borneo is its center of distribution. -None of the constrictors is venomous, but their crushing -power is almost beyond belief.</p> -<p><b>The Rock Python</b>, (<i>Python sebae</i>), of Africa, is a light-colored -species with a very small head, and is frequently -seen in the hands and around the necks of snake-charmers.</p> -<p><b>The Anaconda</b>, (<i>Eunectes murinus</i>), is one of the largest -constrictors of tropical America, and is noted for its aquatic -habits. It is a handsome serpent, being of a rich green -color, marked with large black spots.</p> -<p><b>The Black Snake</b>, (<i>Bascanium constrictor</i>), a common species -in the eastern United States, is probably the highest -<span class="pb" id="Page_180">180</span> -type of the harmless snakes. It is a serpent of great vigor -and activity in running, climbing, and swimming; it possesses -great courage, and seeks prey of many kinds in all -kinds of situations.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig119"> -<img src="images/pmg126.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="400" /> -<p class="pcap">RHINOCEROS VIPER.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Garter Snake</b>, (<i>Eutaenia sirtalis</i>), is more frequently -seen in the eastern United States than any other serpent. -Although the warfare waged against it is perpetual, regardless -of the fact that it is as harmless as a fly, its numbers do -not sensibly diminish.</p> -<p><b>The Hog-Nosed Snake, “Puff Adder,” or “Sand-Viper,”</b> -(<i>Heterodon platyrhinus</i>), represents a large and important -Family, and, despite its dangerous appearance and terrifying -names, it is quite harmless. It represents one of Nature’s -methods for protecting harmless and inactive creatures, -by making them resemble others which are dangerous.</p> -<p><b>Venomous Reptiles.</b>—Because of the number of species -of rattlesnakes which have found lodgment in the United -States, and the trouble they have caused in a few localities, -we are specially interested in all serpents which are dangerous -to man. The species named below represents the deadly -genera which civilized man has most cause to fear.</p> -<p><b>The Harlequin Snake, or Coral Snake</b>, (<i>Elaps fulvius</i>), -represents a genus which contains many species, though but -few of them occur in America.</p> -<p><b>The King Cobra</b>, (<i>Naja bungaris</i>), from the Malay Peninsula, -<span class="pb" id="Page_181">181</span> -often called <b>Snake-Eating Cobra</b>, is the most dangerous -of all serpents, because it is the largest and the most athletic -of the venomous species, and for its bite there is no -effective antidote. It feeds only on living snakes. The fine -specimen exhibited is about ten feet in length.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig120"> -<img src="images/pmg127.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="395" /> -<p class="pcap">COBRA-DE-CAPELLO.</p> -</div> -<p><b>The Cobra-de-Capello</b>, (<i>Naja tripudians</i>), of which some -fine specimens are shown, is the terror of India, where it -kills between 18,000 and 20,000 people annually! This -is the most deadly of all serpents. For its bite, science has -thus far been powerless to find an antidote, although Dr. -Albert Calmette, of Lille, France, experimenting extensively -in this direction, has secured partially successful results.</p> -<p>The most vicious snake in North America, and one of -the ugliest in appearance, is the <b>Water Moccasin</b>, (<i>Ancistrodon -piscivorus</i>),—closely related to the beautiful <b>Copperhead</b>, -(<i>A. contortrix</i>). It is more dreaded in the South than -the rattler, because it strikes on the slightest provocation, -and without the rattler’s timely warning. Its colors are -dull, its scales rough, its body ill-shaped and clumsy, its -temper is vicious, and for every reason it is a serpent to be -disliked.</p> -<p><b>The Diamond-Back Rattlesnake</b>, (<i>Crotalus adamanteus</i>), is -too handsome, too showy, and too large to be chosen as the -best average type of the genus <i>Crotalus</i>; but he is king of -his kind, and cannot be ignored. Three species shown side -<span class="pb" id="Page_182">182</span> -by side in our Reptile House afford striking examples of -protective coloration. The Diamond-Back Rattler of Florida -and the South is yellow, brown, and black, to match the -checkers of sunbeam and shadow that fall upon the sands -under the palmetto leaves.</p> -<h3 id="c49">THE BATRACHIANS, OR AMPHIBIANS.</h3> -<p>Among the many wonders of Nature, none is more interesting -than those forms which serve to connect the great -groups of vertebrate animals, by bridging over what otherwise -would seem like impassable chasms.</p> -<p>Between the birds and the reptiles there is a fossil bird, -called the Archæopteryx, with a long, vertebrated, lizard-like -tail, which is covered with feathers, and the Hesperornis, -a water bird with teeth, but no wings, which inhabited the -shores of the great western lake which has already yielded -to American paleontologists a great number of most remarkable -fossil forms.</p> -<p>Between the reptiles and the fishes, stretches a wonderful -chain of living links by which those two Classes of vertebrates -are so closely and unbrokenly united, and by such -an array of forms, that they constitute an independent Class, -the Batrachia, or Amphibia. In the transition from water -to land, from fins and gills to legs and lungs, Nature has -made some strange combinations. In some instances the -fins, legs, lungs and gills have become so mixed that several -notable misfits have resulted, and in some cases we see gills -and legs going together, while in other lungs and fins are -associated.</p> -<p>The Reptile House contains about two dozen species of -Amphibians, and it is reasonably certain that this number -will be maintained and increased. They are to be found -in small aquarium cases, ranged along the south side and -eastern end of the Main Hall.</p> -<p><b>The Bullfrog</b>, (<i>Rana catesbiana</i>), is a fair representative -of the Batrachians which stand nearest to the true land-going -reptiles. During the early stages of its existence it is -in turn, a fin-tailed tadpole with no legs, a short-tailed tadpole -with a pair of front legs, a shorter-tailed tadpole with -four legs, and finally a fully-developed, land-going frog -with a voice like a small bull, and no tail whatever. Of the -genus <i>Rana</i>, there are five species in the eastern United -States, several of which inhabit the Zoological Park.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_183">183</div> -<p><b>The Wood Frog</b>, (<i>Rana sylvatica</i>), is frequently seen in -moist valleys in the Zoological Park, where its chocolate -brown back so closely matches the color of the dead leaves -and moist earth; it is difficult to find, save when it takes one -of its flying leaps. The specimens shown were taken near -the Beaver Pond.</p> -<p><b>The Tree Frog</b>, (<i>Hyla pickeringi</i>), is the commonest of -the queer little tree-loving species which are so easy to hear, -and so difficult to find. In spring their voices are the first -to be heard in the swamps. The Zoological Park is full of -<i>Hylas</i>, and their cheerful piping is heard at all seasons, -especially in dry midsummer, when dark storm-clouds -gather and promise rain.</p> -<p><b>The Common Toad</b>, (<i>Bufo lentiginosus</i>), is found in the -Zoological Park, though not in such abundance as the two -preceding species.</p> -<p>Among the most remarkable creatures in the Reptile -House are the specimens of <b>Smooth-Clawed Frog</b>, (<i>Xenopus -laevis</i>), from Africa and <b>The Surinam Toad</b>, (<i>Pipa americana</i>). -Both of these species are strictly aquatic and have broadly -palmated hind feet. The Surinam Toad comes from Dutch -Guiana. It is unique in its breeding habits. The male collects -the eggs and places them on the female’s back where -they are engulfed in large folds of the skin, which form -cells in which the metamorphosis occurs.</p> -<p><b>The Spotted Salamander</b>, (<i>Salamandra maculosa</i>), because -of its broad, bright yellow bands and blotches, laid on a -rich, dark-brown body color, is one of the most showy of all -Amphibians. It comes from Europe, and being much prized -in collections, it frequently passes through the hands of -dealers in reptiles. Its skin is very moist and clammy, -which gives the creature the appearance of having been -varnished. This is the creature which is supposed to be -able to withstand fire—a belief which is purely imaginative.</p> -<p><b>The Tiger Salamander or Axolotl</b>, (<i>Amblystoma tigrinum</i>), -is a widely different creature from the preceding. It is -found throughout the greater portion of the North American -continent, and as far south as Central Mexico. Thirteen -other species of the genus <i>Amblystoma</i> are found in -North America and Mexico. In the matter of “harmonizing -with environment,” the <i>Amblystoma</i> is one of the most -remarkable creatures in existence. In its larval stage -(corresponding with the tadpole stage of a frog), this animal -<span class="pb" id="Page_184">184</span> -possesses external gills, red and sponge-like in appearance, -and its tail has a fin-like edge above and below, like -the tail of an eel.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig121"> -<img src="images/pmg128.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" /> -<p class="pcap">METAMORPHOSIS OF THE LEOPARD FROG.</p> -</div> -<p>So long as this larval creature remains in water, its external -gills remain and do duty, and the larval stage continues -indefinitely. Remove it from water, or let its home -pool dry up, and, presto! its gills dry up, its tail loses its -fin-like edges, and the creature goes about on land, breathing -air instead of water, with lungs instead of gills.</p> -<p><b>The “Water-Dog”</b> or “<b>Hellbender</b>,” (<i>Cryptobranchus -allegheniensis</i>), is a salamander-like amphibian, from 18 to 22 -inches long when adult, found more frequently in Pennsylvania -than elsewhere. They are said to be very tenacious -of life, and voracious in their food habits, feeding on -worms, minnows and crayfish, and often taking the hook of -the fisherman in quest of that most repulsive of all American -fishes, the cat-fish. Between cat-fish and water-dog -there would seem to be small choice. Mr. William Frear -offers this testimony in regard to the tenacity of life of this -creature:</p> -<p>“One specimen, about 18 inches in length, which had lain -on the ground exposed to a summer sun for 48 hours, was -brought to the museum, and left lying a day longer before -it was placed in alcohol. The day following, desiring to -<span class="pb" id="Page_185">185</span> -note a few points of structure, I removed it from the alcohol -in which it had been completely submerged for at least -20 hours, and had no sooner placed in on the table than it -began to open its big mouth, vigorously sway its tail to and -fro, and give other undoubted signs of vitality.”</p> -<p><b>The Congo Snake</b>, or <b>Amphiuma</b>, (<i>Amphiuma means</i>), is -a creature which closely resembles a thick-tailed snake. -A close examination, however, discloses a tiny pair of front -legs; and far back, well toward the end of the tail, a small -pair of hind legs appear. These are about as valuable to -the animal as the tiger’s clavicle is to him. There are but -two species belonging to this strange genus, both of which -are found in the stagnant waters of our southeastern states. -Still lower than the amphiuma, is <b>The Mud Eel</b>, (<i>Siren lacertina</i>), -of the southeastern quarter of the United States, -which possesses small external gills, and only one pair of -legs, which are in front.</p> -<p><b>The Menobranchus</b>, or <b>Mud Puppy</b>, (<i>Necturus maculatus</i>), -possesses external gills and four legs, and inhabits many of -the rivers of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, the great lakes -and also the lakes of northern New York. It is often taken -in fisherman’s nets.</p> -<h2>SECTION IV.— THE INSECTS.</h2> -<h3 id="c50">THE INSECT COLLECTION.<a class="fn" id="fr_1" href="#fn_1">[1]</a></h3> -<p>A collection of insects was formed and placed on exhibition -during the early summer of 1910. While this first -exhibit was not elaborate, it excited such interest that it -was decided to enlarge it, by taking advantage of the season -which then was at its best for insect collecting.</p> -<p>A series of long shelves has been built in the Pavilion -between the Small-Mammal House and the Ostrich House, -and thirty-five glass-fronted cages, together with a row of -aquaria for aquatic specimens, were installed. A number -of collecting trips were made into the country within a -radius of twenty-five miles of the city, with such marked -success, that by the middle of July the collection was pronounced -by a number of visitors to equal in interest any -exhibition of the kind heretofore attempted in this country, -or in Europe. In view of the marked interest created by -this display, the insect collection will hereafter be a permanent -feature of the Park.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_186">186</div> -<div class="img" id="fig122"> -<img src="images/pmg129.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="356" /> -<p class="pcap">GIANT CENTIPEDE.</p> -</div> -<p>There are so many possibilities in exhibiting living insects -that it is difficult to select groups to feature for the -summer. Our efforts were first directed toward exhibiting a -series of the different insects that sing, and also a series -of species injurious to the interests of the agriculturists, -together with a number of the insects that prey upon the -noxious species. The collection of singing insects was a -marked success and will hereafter be continued each summer.</p> -<p>We are gathering from both the Old World and the New, -a fine collection of the larger silk moths. The cocoons will -be shown on panels, and inasmuch as a number of the -moths will be emerging daily, this exhibit should be instructive. -During the winter the insect collection is made up -largely of tropical species; and in this series we include the -large bird-killing spiders, scorpions and centipedes, even -though these creatures are not to be classified as true insects.</p> -<p>The collection of singing insects of the past summer was -composed of the meadow locust, greater and lesser cone-headed -locust, the Katy-did, broad-winged locust, field -cricket, lesser field cricket, smooth-winged cricket and two -species of the tree crickets. There were about five hundred -specimens in the collection, and at times the noise made -by them was so great that visitors had to shout to one another -to make their own voices audible. The sounds coming -from this collection varied according to the time of day. -It was late in the afternoon, when the larger locusts commenced -their singing (which continued throughout the -night), and inasmuch as the strictly diurnal species were yet -active, the insect chorus was quite vociferous.</p> -<p>It is only with considerable difficulty that singing insects -are collected. The best time to capture them is at -<span class="pb" id="Page_187">187</span> -night, when the collector stalks the loudest singers, and by -approaching within definite investigating distance, can accurately -locate the insects by bringing into use an electric -flash-lamp. The glare of the light usually causes the insect -to stop its calls, but it remains motionless upon a branch or -leaf and may be grasped with a delicate pair of forceps, -provided the movements of the collector’s arm are performed -outside the rays of light. If the locust has become silent -and cannot be detected when the light is thrown upon it, -the collector simply switches off the light and remains -quiet. In a few minutes the creature continues its song, -when its exact location is again determined. In this way -the night songsters of a big meadow are collected, one by -one, and the collector leaves behind him a silent field that a -few hours before resounded with the stridulations of the -insect chorus.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig123"> -<img src="images/pmg130.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="566" /> -<p class="pcap">TARANTULA.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig124"> -<img src="images/pmg131.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="286" /> -<p class="pcap">RED-WINGED LOCUST.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig125"> -<img src="images/pmg132.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="291" /> -<p class="pcap">HERCULES BEETLE.</p> -</div> -<p>Among the more interesting insects exhibited, in our -series are to be found the walking-stick, the praying mantis, -the huge red-winged locust of the South, the Egyptian -scarab, the luminous beetle of Central and South America, -and broods of silk worm. The life history of the mosquito -will be permanently illustrated in a series of tanks, and adjoining -these an exhibit of natural enemies of these pests.</p> -<p>The insect collection is supplied with interesting descriptive -labels. During the latter part of spring it is removed -from the Reptile House, where, during the winter the number -of its cages are much reduced, and replaced in the -quarters occupied during the summer.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_188">188</div> -<h2 id="c51">INDEX.</h2> -<p class="center"><a class="ab" href="#index_A">A</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_B">B</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_C">C</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_D">D</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_E">E</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_F">F</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_G">G</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_H">H</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_I">I</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_J">J</a> <span class="ab">K</span> <a class="ab" href="#index_L">L</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_M">M</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_N">N</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_O">O</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_P">P</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_Q">Q</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_R">R</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_S">S</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_T">T</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_U">U</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_V">V</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_W">W</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_X">X</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_Y">Y</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_Z">Z</a></p> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_A">A</dt> -<dt>Access, means of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt> -<dt>Admission, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt> -<dt><i>Aix galericulata</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt> -<dd><i>sponsa</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd> -<dt>Agouti, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt> -<dt>Alpaca, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt> -<dt><i>Amblystoma tigrinum</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt> -<dt><i>Amphiuma means</i>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt> -<dt>Anaconda, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt> -<dt><i>Anas boschas</i>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt> -<dt><i>Ancistrodon contortrix</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt> -<dd><i>piscivorus</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dd> -<dt><i>Anser anser</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt> -<dd><i>albifrons</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd> -<dt>Ant-eater, great, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt> -<dt>Antelope, addax, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt> -<dd>beatrix, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dd> -<dd>beisa, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dd> -<dd>duiker, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dd> -<dd>prong-horned, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dd> -<dd>sable, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dd> -<dd>sabre, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dd> -<dd>sasin, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dd> -<dt>Antelopes, small African, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt> -<dt><i>Anthropopithecus calvus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt><i>Anthropoides virgo</i>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt> -<dt><i>Antidorcas</i>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt> -<dt><i>Antigone antigone</i>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt> -<dt><i>Antilocapra americana</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt> -<dt><i>Antilocapridae</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt> -<dt><i>Antilope cervicapra</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -<dt>Antlers, development of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></dt> -<dt>Aoudad, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt> -<dt>Ape Barbary, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dt> -<dd>black, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd> -<dt><i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt> -<dt><i>Arctictis binturong</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dt><i>Ardea americana</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt> -<dd><i>herodias</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dd> -<dt><i>Argusianus argus</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt> -<dt>Armadillo, nine-banded, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt> -<dd>six-banded, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dd> -<dd>three-banded, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dd> -<dt>Ass, Persian Wild, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt> -<dt>Aurochs, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></dt> -<dt>Aviary, eagle and vulture, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dt> -<dd>goose, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></dd> -<dd>pheasant, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd> -<dt><i>Axis axis</i>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt> -<dt>Axis deer, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt> -<dt><i>Aythya americana</i>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt> -<dd><i>vallisneria</i>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_B">B</dt> -<dt>Baboon, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt> -<dd>golden, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd> -<dd>hamadryas, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd> -<dd>long-armed yellow, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd> -<dt>Bactrachians, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt> -<dt>Badger, American, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt> -<dd>European, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dd> -<dt><i>Balearica pavonina</i>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dt> -<dt><i>Bascanium constrictor</i>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt> -<dt>Bear, Admiralty, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dd>Andean black, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dd> -<dd>black, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dd> -<dd>brown, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dd> -<dd>hairy-eared, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd> -<dd>Himalayan black, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd> -<dd>Isabella, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd> -<dd>Japanese black, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dd> -<dd>Peninsula, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dd> -<dd>Polar, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dd> -<dd>sloth, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dd> -<dd>spectacled, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd> -<dd>Syrian, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dd> -<dd>Yakutat, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dd> -<dt>Beaver, American, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -<dt>Big-horn, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt> -<dt>Binturong, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dt>Birds, list of, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt> -<dt>Bison, American, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt> -<dd>European, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dd> -<dd>ranges, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dd> -<dt>Black buck, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -<dt><i>Blastoceros paludosus</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt> -<dt>Blessbok, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt> -<dt><i>Bos americanus</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt> -<dd><i>primigenius</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></dd> -<dt><i>Bradypus tridactylus</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt> -<dt><i>Branta canadensis</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt> -<dt>Brocket, black-faced, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt> -<dt><i>Bubo bubo</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dt> -<dd><i>lacteus</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dd> -<dd><i>virginianus</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dd> -<dt><i>Bufo lentiginosus</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt> -<dt>Burrhel, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt> -<dt><i>Buteo borealis</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_C">C</dt> -<dt>Cage, flying, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dt> -<dt>Camel, bactrian, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt> -<dt><i>Camelus dromedarius</i>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt> -<dt>Cameloids, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt> -<dt><i>Canis azarae</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt> -<dd><i>dingo</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dd> -<dd><i>latrans</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dd> -<dd><i>mesomelas</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd> -<dd><i>nubilis</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dd> -<dt>Capybara, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt> -<dt>Caribou, woodland, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt> -<dd>Barren-Ground, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dd> -<dt><i>Casarca casarca</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt> -<dd><i>variegata</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd> -<dt>Cassowary, Ceram, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></dt> -<dt><i>Castor canadensis</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -<dt>Cat, common civet, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt> -<dd>jungle, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd> -<dd>Malayan, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dd> -<dd>margay, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd> -<dd>wild, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dd> -<dd>yaguarundi, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd> -<dt><i>Catharista urubu</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt> -<dd><i>urobitinga</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd> -<dt><i>Cebus hypoleucus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dt> -<dt><i>Cephalophus grimmi</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -<dt><i>Cercocebus collaris</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt> -<dt><i>Cervicapra arundinum</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -<dt><i>Cervus canadensis</i>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt> -<dd><i>canadensis asiaticus</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> -<dd><i>duvauceli</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> -<dd><i>elaphus</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dd> -<dd><i>eldi</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dd> -<dd><i>equinus</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> -<dd><i>maral</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dd> -<dd><i>moluccensis</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dd> -<dd><i>muntjac</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dd> -<dd><i>porcinus</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dd> -<dd><i>schomburgki</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd> -<dd><i>unicolor</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> -<dt>Chameleon, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt> -<dt>Chamois, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt> -<dt>Cheetah, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> -<dt><i>Chelydra serpentina</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_189">189</dt> -<dt><i>Chelonia</i>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></dt> -<dt><i>Chen hyperborea</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt> -<dt><i>Chenopsis atrata</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt> -<dt>Chimpanzee, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt><i>Choloepus hoffmani</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt> -<dt><i>Chrysemys picta</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt> -<dt><i>Chrysolophus amherstiae</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt> -<dt><i>Chrysolophus pictus</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt> -<dt><i>Chrysothrix sciurea</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt> -<dt><i>Ciconia ciconia</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt> -<dt><i>Cistudo carolina</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt> -<dt>Coati-mundi, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt> -<dd>red, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dd> -<dd>white-nosed, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dd> -<dt>Cobra-de-capello, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt> -<dd>king, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd> -<dt><i>Cobus unctuosus</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt> -<dt>Collections, arrangement of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt> -<dd>census of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dd> -<dt><i>Connochaetes gnu</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt> -<dd><i>albojubatus</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dd> -<dt>Condor, California, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt> -<dd>South American, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dd> -<dt><i>Corvidae</i>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt> -<dt><i>Coscoroba coscoroba</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt> -<dt>Coyote, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dt> -<dt>Crane, Asiatic, white, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt> -<dd>crowned, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dd> -<dd>demoiselle, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dd> -<dd>little brown, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dd> -<dd>paradise, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dd> -<dd>sandhill, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dd> -<dd>sarus, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dd> -<dd>whooping, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dd> -<dt>Crocodile, American, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dt> -<dd>broad-nosed, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dd> -<dd>Florida, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dd> -<dd>sharp-nosed Orinoco, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dd> -<dt><i>Crocodilus acutus</i>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dt> -<dd><i>acutus floridanus</i>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dd> -<dd><i>intermedius</i>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dd> -<dd><i>osteolaemus tetraspis</i>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dd> -<dt><i>Crotalus adamanteus</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt> -<dt><i>Cryptobranchus allegheniensis</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt> -<dt><i>Ctenosaura acanthura</i>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt> -<dt><i>Cyclura cornuta</i>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt> -<dt><i>Cynomys ludovicianus</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt> -<dt><i>Cygnus buccinator</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt> -<dd><i>olor</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_D">D</dt> -<dt><i>Dama vulgaris</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt> -<dt><i>Damaliscus albifrons</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt> -<dt><i>Dasyprocta</i>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt> -<dt><i>Dasypus sexcinctus</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt> -<dt>Deer, axis, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt> -<dd>barasingha, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> -<dd>Columbian black-tailed, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dd> -<dd>Eld, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dd> -<dd>European red, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dd> -<dd>fallow, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dd> -<dd>hog, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dd> -<dd>horse-tailed, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> -<dd>Japanese sika, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dd> -<dd>jumping, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dd> -<dd>maral, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dd> -<dd>marsh, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd> -<dd>Molucca, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dd> -<dd>mule, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dd> -<dd>musk, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dd> -<dd>Osceola, white-tailed, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dd> -<dd>rib-faced, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dd> -<dd>Indian sambar, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> -<dd>Malay sambar, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> -<dd>Schomburgk, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd> -<dd>Sinaloa white-tailed, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd> -<dd>swamp, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> -<dd>white-tailed, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dd> -<dt>Dens, bear, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt> -<dd>fox, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dd> -<dd>wolf, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dd> -<dt>Dingo, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt> -<dt>Dog, Australian, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt> -<dd>Azara, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dd> -<dd>raccoon, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dd> -<dt>Dromedary, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt> -<dt><i>Dromaeus novae-hollandiae</i>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></dt> -<dt>Duck, canvas back, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt> -<dd>lesser scaup, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd> -<dd>mallard, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dd> -<dd>mandarin, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd> -<dd>pintail, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dd> -<dd>red-head, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dd> -<dd>shoveller, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dd> -<dd>wood, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd> -<dt>Duiker, antelope, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_E">E</dt> -<dt>Eagle, bald, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt> -<dd>bateleur, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dd> -<dd>golden, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dd> -<dd>harpy, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd> -<dd>vulturine sea, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd> -<dd>white-breasted, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd> -<dt>Egret, American, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dt> -<dd>snowy, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dd> -<dt><i>Egretta candidissima</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dt> -<dt>Eland, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt> -<dt><i>Elaps fulvius</i>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dt> -<dt>Elephant, Indian, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt> -<dd>Sudan African, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dd> -<dd>West African, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dd> -<dt><i>Elephas, capensis</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt> -<dd><i>cyclotis</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dd> -<dd><i>indicus</i>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dd> -<dd><i>knochenhaueri</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dd> -<dd><i>oxyotis</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dd> -<dt>Elk, American, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt> -<dt>Entrances, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt> -<dt><i>Equus burchelli chapmani</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt> -<dd><i>burchelli granti</i>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dd> -<dd><i>grevyi</i>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dd> -<dd><i>onager</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dd> -<dd><i>persicus</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dd> -<dd><i>prjevalskii</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dd> -<dd><i>zebra</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dd> -<dt><i>Erethizon dorsatus</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt> -<dt><i>Eulabia indica</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt> -<dt><i>Eunectes murinus</i>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_F">F</dt> -<dt><i>Falco islandus</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt> -<dt>Fallow Deer, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt> -<dt><i>Felis bengalensis</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt> -<dd><i>concolor</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dd> -<dt><i>Felis nebulosa</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt> -<dd><i>onca</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> -<dd><i>pardalis</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd> -<dd><i>serval</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dd> -<dd><i>tigrina</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd> -<dd><i>uncia</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dd> -<dd><i>yaguarundi</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd> -<dt><i>Florida caerulea</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dt> -<dt>Forests, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt> -<dt>Four-horned antelope, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -<dt>Flamingo, American, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dt> -<dd>European, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_190">190</dt> -<dt>Fox, Arctic, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dd>black, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dd> -<dd>blue, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd> -<dd>cross, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dd> -<dd>gray, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dd> -<dd>kit, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd> -<dd>large-eared swift, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dd> -<dd>New Mexico, desert, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd> -<dd>red, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dd> -<dd>silver, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dd> -<dd>swift, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd> -<dt>Frog, smooth-clawed, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt> -<dd>tree, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dd> -<dd>wood, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_G">G</dt> -<dt><i>Gazella benneti</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt> -<dd><i>dorcas</i>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dd> -<dt>Gazelle, dorcas, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt> -<dd>Indian, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dd> -<dt><i>Gennaeas nycthemerus</i>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></dt> -<dt>Gibbon, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt>Gila monster, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt> -<dt><i>Giraffa camelopardalis</i>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt> -<dd><i>capensis</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dd> -<dd><i>reticulata</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dd> -<dt>Giraffe, five-horned, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt> -<dd>Nubian, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dd> -<dd>two-horned, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dd> -<dt>Gnu, brindled, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt> -<dd>white-tailed, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dd> -<dt>Goat, Persian wild, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt> -<dd>Rocky Mountain, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dd> -<dt>Goose, African spur-winged, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt> -<dd>bar-headed, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd> -<dd>Canada, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd> -<dd>coscoroba, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dd> -<dd>gray-lag, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd> -<dd>snow, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dd> -<dd>white-fronted, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd> -<dt>Grounds, physical aspect of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt> -<dt><i>Grus americana</i>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dt> -<dd><i>mexicana</i>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dd> -<dt><i>Guara rubra</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt> -<dt>Guanaco, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt> -<dt><i>Gymnogyps californianus</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt> -<dt><i>Gypaetus barbatus</i>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt> -<dt><i>Gypagus papa</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dt> -<dt><i>Gypohierax angolensis</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt> -<dt><i>Gyps pulvus</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_H">H</dt> -<dt><i>Haliaëtus leucocephalus</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt> -<dd><i>leucogaster</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd> -<dt><i>Hapale jacchus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt> -<dt>Hawk, red-tailed, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt> -<dt>Hellbender, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt> -<dt><i>Helotarsus ecaudatus</i>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt> -<dt><i>Hemitragus jemlaicus</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt> -<dt>Heron, black-crowned, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dt> -<dd>great blue, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dd> -<dd>great white, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dd> -<dd>little blue, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dd> -<dd>Louisiana, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dd> -<dd>snowy, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dd> -<dt><i>Herodias egretta</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dt> -<dt><i>Herpestes ichneumon</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dt>Hippopotamus, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt> -<dt><i>Hippotragus niger</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt> -<dt>Hog Deer, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt> -<dt>Horned “toad,” <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt> -<dt>Horse, Prjevalsky, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt> -<dt>House, antelope, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt> -<dd>aquatic-bird, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dd> -<dd>camel, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dd> -<dd>elephant, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dd> -<dd>large bird, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd> -<dd>lion, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dd> -<dd>llama, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dd> -<dd>ostrich, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dd> -<dd>primate, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dd> -<dd>puma and lynx, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dd> -<dd>reptile, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></dd> -<dd>small-deer, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd> -<dd>small-mammal, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dd> -<dd>zebra, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dd> -<dt><i>Hydrochaerus capybara</i>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt> -<dt><i>Hylobates leuciscus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt><i>Hystrix cristata</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt> -<dd><i>longicauda</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_I">I</dt> -<dt>Ibis, scarlet, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt> -<dd>white-faced, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dd> -<dd>wood, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dd> -<dt>Ichneumon, African, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dt><i>Icteridae</i>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt> -<dt>Iguana, Mexican, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt> -<dd>rhinoceros, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dd> -<dd>South American, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dd> -<dd><i>tuberculata</i>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dd> -<dt>Income, sources of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt> -<dt>Insects, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_J">J</dt> -<dt>Jackal, black-backed, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dt>Jaguar, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> -<dt>Jungle cat, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_L">L</dt> -<dt><i>Lacerta viridis</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt> -<dt><i>Lama glama</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt> -<dd><i>guanacus</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dd> -<dd><i>pacos</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dd> -<dd><i>vicunia</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dd> -<dt>Lammergeyer, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt> -<dt>Llama, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt> -<dt>Leopard, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> -<dd>black, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dd> -<dd>clouded, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dd> -<dd>hunting, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dd> -<dd>snow, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dd> -<dt><i>Lemur catta</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt> -<dd>ring-tailed, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dd> -<dd>ruffed, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dd> -<dd>slow, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dd> -<dd><i>varia</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dd> -<dt>Leucoryx antelope, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt> -<dt>Lion, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dt> -<dd>Barbary, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dd> -<dd>mountain, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dd> -<dt>Lizards, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt> -<dt>Location of Park, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt> -<dt><i>Lophophorus impeyanus</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt> -<dt><i>Lutra canadensis</i>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt> -<dt>Lynx, bay, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt> -<dd>Canada, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dd> -<dd>spotted, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_M">M</dt> -<dt><i>Macacus entellus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dt> -<dd><i>fuscatus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dd> -<dd><i>nemestrinus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dd> -<dd><i>rhesus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd> -<dt>Macaws, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt> -<dt><i>Macropus rufus</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt> -<dt>Mammals, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt> -<dd>burrowing, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dd> -<dd>egg-laying, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dd> -<dd>toothless, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dd> -<dt>Mandrill, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt> -<dt>Margay cat, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt> -<dt>Markhor Suleiman, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt> -<dt>Marmoset, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt> -<dt>Marsh deer, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_191">191</dt> -<dt><i>Mazama tema</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt> -<dt><i>Meleagris gallopavo silvestris</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt> -<dt><i>Meles taxus</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt> -<dt>Molucca deer, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt> -<dt>Monkey, black spider, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt> -<dd>entellus, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd> -<dd>gray spider, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dd> -<dd>green, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dd> -<dd>howling, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dd> -<dd>mona, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dd> -<dd>pig-tailed, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dd> -<dd>rhesus, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd> -<dd>squirrel, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dd> -<dt><i>Moschus moschiferus</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt> -<dt>Mouflon, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt> -<dt>Mountain sheep, big-horn, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt> -<dt>Mud eel, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt> -<dd>puppy, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dd> -<dt>Muntjac deer, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt> -<dt>Musk deer, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt> -<dt>Musk-ox, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt> -<dt><i>Myopotamus coypu</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt> -<dt><i>Myrmecophaga jubata</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_N">N</dt> -<dt><i>Nasua rufa</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt> -<dt><i>Naja bungaris</i>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dt> -<dd><i>tripudians</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dd> -<dt><i>Necturus maculatus</i>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt> -<dt><i>Nettion carolinensis</i>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt> -<dt>Nilgai, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt> -<dt><i>Nyctea nyctea</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt> -<dt><i>Nyctereutes procyonoides</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_O">O</dt> -<dt>Ocelot, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt> -<dt><i>Odocoileus columbianus</i>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt> -<dd><i>hemionus</i>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dd> -<dd><i>sinaloae</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd> -<dd><i>virginianus</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dd> -<dd><i>virginianus osceola</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dd> -<dt>Onager, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt> -<dt>Ophidia, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt> -<dt><i>Ophiosauris ventralis</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt> -<dt>Orang-utan, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt><i>Oreamnos montanus</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt> -<dt><i>Oryx</i>, <i>beatrix</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt> -<dd><i>beisa</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dd> -<dd><i>leucoryx</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dd> -<dt>Otter, American, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt> -<dt><i>Otus asio</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt> -<dt>Ounce, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> -<dt><i>Ovibos wardi</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt> -<dt><i>Ovis burrhel</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt> -<dd><i>canadensis</i>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dd> -<dd><i>cycloceros</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dd> -<dd><i>musimon</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dd> -<dd><i>tragelaphus</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dd> -<dt>Owl, barred, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt> -<dd>giant eagle, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dd> -<dd>great horned, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dd> -<dd>milky, eagle, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dd> -<dd>screech, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dd> -<dd>snowy, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_P">P</dt> -<dt><i>Papio babuin</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt> -<dd><i>hamadryas</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd> -<dd><i>mormon</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dd> -<dt>Paradoxure, black, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dd>Malayan, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd> -<dd>white-whiskered, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dd> -<dt><i>Paradoxurus hermaphroditus</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dd><i>leucomystax</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dd> -<dd><i>niger</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd> -<dt><i>Passeres</i>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></dt> -<dt>Pelicans, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dt> -<dt><i>Pelicanus occidentalis</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dt> -<dd><i>erthrorhynchus</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dd> -<dt>Peccary, collared, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt> -<dt><i>Phacochaerus aethiopicus</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt> -<dt><i>Phasianus colchicus</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dt> -<dd><i>mongolicus</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd> -<dd><i>soemmerringii</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd> -<dd><i>torquatus</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd> -<dt>Pheasant, Amherst, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt> -<dd>Argus, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dd> -<dd>copper, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd> -<dd>English, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd> -<dd>golden, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dd> -<dd>impeyan, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dd> -<dd>Mongolian, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd> -<dd>Reeve, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd> -<dd>ring-necked, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd> -<dd>silver, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></dd> -<dd>Soemmerring, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd> -<dt><i>Pheonicopterus ruber</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dt> -<dd><i>roseus</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dd> -<dt><i>Phrynosoma</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt> -<dt>Pigeon, bleeding-heart, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt> -<dd>great crowned, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></dd> -<dt><i>Pipa americana</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt> -<dt><i>Plegadis guarauna</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt> -<dt>Porcupine, African, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt> -<dd>Brazilian tree, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dd> -<dd>Canada, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dd> -<dd>Indian crestless, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dd> -<dt><i>Portax tragocamelus</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt> -<dt><i>Potamochaerus pencillatus</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt> -<dt>Prairie “dog” village, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt> -<dt>Primates, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dt> -<dt>Puma, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dt> -<dt>Python, regal, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt> -<dd>rock, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dd> -<dd><i>reticulatus</i>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dd> -<dd><i>sebae</i>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_Q">Q</dt> -<dt><i>Querquedula discors</i>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_R">R</dt> -<dt>Rabbit family, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt> -<dt><i>Rana catesbiana</i>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt> -<dd><i>sylvatica</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dd> -<dt><i>Rangifer, caribou</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt> -<dd><i>granti</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dd> -<dd><i>osborni</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dd> -<dd><i>stonei</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dd> -<dd><i>tarandus</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dd> -<dt>Rat, coypu, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt> -<dt>Rattlesnake, diamond-back, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt> -<dt>Red river-hog, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt> -<dt>Reedbuck, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -<dt>Reindeer, Lapland, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dt> -<dt>Reptiles, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></dt> -<dd>synopsis, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></dd> -<dd>venomous, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd> -<dt>Restaurant, Rocking Stone, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt> -<dt>Rhea, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dt> -<dt>Rhinoceros, African two-horned, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt> -<dd>Indian, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dd> -<dd>white, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dd> -<dd>square-mouthed, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dd> -<dd><i>bicornis</i>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dd> -<dd><i>unicornis</i>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dd> -<dt>Rodents, list of, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt> -<dt>Rodent-Reptile collection, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></dt> -<dt>Rocking Stone, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt> -<dt><i>Rupicapra tragus</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_S">S</dt> -<dt>Sable antelope, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt> -<dt>Salamander, spotted, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt> -<dd>tiger, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_192">192</dt> -<dt>Sapajou, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt> -<dt><i>Sarcogeranus leucogeranus</i>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt> -<dt>Sasin antelope, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -<dt>Seal, harbor, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dt> -<dt>Sea-lion, California, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt> -<dt>Secretary bird, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt> -<dt><i>Serpentarius serpentarius</i>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt> -<dt>Serval, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt> -<dt>Sewellel family, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt> -<dt>Sheep, arcal, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt> -<dd>arcal mountain, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dd> -<dd>Barbary wild, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dd> -<dd>blue mountain, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dd> -<dt>Sheldrake, paradise, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt> -<dd>ruddy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd> -<dd>tadorna, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd> -<dt>Siamang, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt> -<dt><i>Siren lacertina</i>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt> -<dt>Sloths, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt> -<dt>Snake, black, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt> -<dd>coral, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd> -<dd>garter, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd> -<dd>harlequin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd> -<dd>hog-nosed, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd> -<dt>Springbuck, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt> -<dt>Squirrels, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt> -<dt>Statistics, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt> -<dt>Stork, white, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt> -<dt><i>Struthio australis</i>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></dt> -<dd><i>camelus</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dd> -<dt>Suricate, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dt>Swan, black, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt> -<dd>mute, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd> -<dd>trumpeter, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dd> -<dt><i>Syrmaticus reevesi</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dt> -<dt><i>Syrnium varium</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_T">T</dt> -<dt><i>Tadorna tadorna</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt> -<dt><i>Tagassu angulatum</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt> -<dt>Tahr, Himalayan, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt> -<dt>Tamandua, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt> -<dt><i>Tantalus loculator</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt> -<dt>Tapirs, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt> -<dt><i>Tapirus indicus</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt> -<dd><i>terrestris</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dd> -<dt><i>Tatu novemcinctum</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt> -<dt><i>Taurotragus oryx</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt> -<dt><i>Taxidea americana</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt> -<dt>Tegu, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt> -<dt>Telegalla, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt> -<dt><i>Testudo, carolina</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dt> -<dd><i>elephantina</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd> -<dd><i>nigrita</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd> -<dd><i>tabulata</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd> -<dd><i>vicina</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd> -<dt><i>Tetraceros quadricornis</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -<dt><i>Tetrapteryx paradisea</i>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt> -<dt><i>Thrasaetus harpyia</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt> -<dt><i>Thylacinus cynocephalus</i>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt> -<dt>Tiger, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dt> -<dt>Toad, common, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt> -<dd>surinam, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dd> -<dt>Tortoise, box, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt> -<dd>giant, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd> -<dd>gopher, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd> -<dd>South American, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd> -<dt>Turkey, brush, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt> -<dd>wild, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd> -<dt>Turtle, alligator, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt> -<dd>marine, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dd> -<dd>painted, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dd> -<dd>snapping, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dd> -<dd>soft-shell, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_U">U</dt> -<dt>Ungulates, summary of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt> -<dt><i>Urocyon virginianus</i>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt> -<dt><i>Ursus, americanus</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dd><i>arctos</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dd> -<dd><i>dalli</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dd> -<dd><i>emmonsi</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd> -<dd><i>eulophus</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dd> -<dd><i>floridanus</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd> -<dd><i>gyas</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dd> -<dd><i>horribilis</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dd> -<dd><i>horribilis horriaeus</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd> -<dd><i>japonicus</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dd> -<dd><i>kermodei</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd> -<dd><i>labiatus</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dd> -<dd><i>luteolus</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd> -<dd><i>maritimus</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd> -<dd><i>middendorffi</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dd> -<dd><i>ornatus</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dd> -<dd><i>ornatus</i>, thomasi, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dd> -<dd><i>piscator</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd> -<dd><i>richardsoni</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd> -<dd><i>torquatus</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_V">V</dt> -<dt><i>Varanus gouldii</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt> -<dt>Vervet, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt> -<dt>Vicunia, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt> -<dt><i>Viverra malaccensis</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt> -<dd><i>zibetha</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dd> -<dt><i>Vulpes fulvus</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt> -<dd><i>fulvus argentatus</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dd> -<dd><i>fulvus decussatus</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dd> -<dd><i>macrotis,</i> 102</dd> -<dd><i>macrotis neomexicanus</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd> -<dd><i>lagopus</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd> -<dd><i>velox</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dd> -<dt>Vulture, bearded, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt> -<dd>black, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd> -<dd>eared, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd> -<dd>griffon, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd> -<dd>king, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dd> -<dd>yellow-headed, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_W">W</dt> -<dt>Walrus, Atlantic, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt> -<dt>Wapiti, Altai, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt> -<dd>American, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dd> -<dd>tashkent, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> -<dt>Wart-hog, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt> -<dt>Waterbuck, sing-sing, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt> -<dt>Waterfall, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt> -<dt>White-tailed deer, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt> -<dt>Wichita Game Reserve, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt> -<dt>Wild-fowl pond, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt> -<dt>Wolf, gray, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt> -<dd>prairie, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dd> -<dd>Tasmanian, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_X">X</dt> -<dt><i>Xenopus laevis</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_Y">Y</dt> -<dt>Yaguarundi cat, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt> -<dt><i>Zalophus californianus</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_Z">Z</dt> -<dt>Zebra, Chapman, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt> -<dd>Grant, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dd> -<dd>Grevy, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dd> -<dd>mountain, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dd> -</dl> -<hr /> -<h2>Footnotes</h2> -<div class="fnblock"><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_1" href="#fr_1">[1]</a>This interesting collection was formed, installed and labeled by Curator R. L. Ditmars, with the assistance of Mr. Charles Snyder and other members of the Department of Reptiles. -</div> -</div> -<h3>Membership in the Zoological Society</h3> -<p>Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all who are interested in the objects of the -organization, and desire to contribute toward its support.</p> -<p>The cost of Annual Membership is $10 per year, which entitles the holder to admission -to the Zoological Park on all pay days, when he may see the collections to the best advantage. -Members are entitled to all the Annual Reports, bi-monthly Bulletins, Zoologica, privileges of -the Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten complimentary tickets -to the Zoological Park for distribution.</p> -<p>Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A subscriber -of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder; $5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a -Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000 a Benefactor.</p> -<p>Applications for membership may be handed to the Chief Clerk, in the Zoological Park; -Dr. C. H. Townsend, N. Y. Aquarium, Battery Park, New York City, or forwarded to the -General Secretary, No. 11 Wall Street, New York City.</p> -<h3>PUBLICATIONS</h3> -<p>Reports and Publications of the Zoological Society are for sale at prices affixed below:</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr><td class="c">Annual </td><td class="c">Report </td><td class="c">No. </td><td class="l">1 </td><td class="c">Paper </td><td class="r">$ .40</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">“ </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">2 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">.75 </td><td class="c">Cloth </td><td class="r">$1.00</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">“ </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">3 and 4, each </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">.40 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">.60</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">“ </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">5 <span class="hst">“</span> 6 <span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">.75 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">1.00</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">“ </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">7 <span class="hst">“</span> 8 <span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">1.00 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">1.25</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">“ </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">9 <span class="hst">“</span> 10 <span class="hst">“</span> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">1.25 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">1.50</td></tr> -<tr><td class="c">“ </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="l">11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, each </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">1.00 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">1.25</td></tr> -</table> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr><td class="l">Our Vanishing Wild Life (Hornaday) postpaid </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">1.65</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Destruction of Our Birds and Mammals (Hornaday) </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">.15 </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Notes on Mountain Sheep of North America (Hornaday) </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">.40 </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">The Caribou (Grant) </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">.40 </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">.60</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">The Origin and Relationship of the Large Mammals of North America (Grant) </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">1.00</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">The Rocky Mountain Goat (Grant) </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">1.00</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Zoologica Vol. 1, Nos 1-11 inclusive, set </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">2.30 </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Sea-Shore Life (Mayer) </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">1.20</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">The National Collection of Heads and Horns (Hornaday) Large Quarto. Parts 1 and 2, each </td><td class="c">“ </td><td class="r">1.00 </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td></td></tr> -</table> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Bulletin Nos. 1 and 6 Out of Print</dt> -<dt>Bulletins—Bi-monthly 20c., each; Yearly by Mail $1.00</dt> -<dt>Bulletin Nos. 5 to 23 inclusive (15 cents each). Set, cloth bound 5.00</dt> -<dt>Popular and Official Guide to the New York Zoological Park (Hornaday) .25</dt> -<dt><i>Souvenir Books</i>: Series No. 2, 36 pages, 5½ × 7½ inches, 33 full page illustrations in colors. Price, 25c.; postage 3c.</dt> -<dt>Series No. 3, 48 pages, 7 × 9 inches, 73 illustrations from four color plates. Price, 50c.; postage 3c.</dt> -<dt><i>Souvenir Postal Cards</i>: Series of 72 subjects in colors, sold in sets of 24 cards, assorted subjects, for 25 cents; postage 2 cents per set.</dt> -<dt><i>Photogravures</i>: Series of 12 subjects in sepia. Animals and views in the Zoological Park. Splendid pictures for framing. Sold in sets of 2 subjects. Price, 25 cents per set; sent postpaid.</dt> -<dt>Enlargements of Animal Pictures: A series of 12 enlargements, size 11 × 14, from selected photographs of animals in the Zoological Park. Can be purchased singly and forwarded by mail. Furnished in three different styles; black and white, 25 cents each; duotone brown, 35 cents each; hand colored, 75 cents each.</dt> -<dt><i>Souvenir Map Fan</i>: A novel fan and map of the Zoological Park. An ingenious arrangement makes it possible to instantly locate any building or installation. Price, 10c.; postage 2c.</dt> -<dt><i>Panorama</i> of the Zoological Park in colors. Reproduced from an original drawing in perspective. Sold in folder form, or flat, suitable for framing. This wonderful drawing gives a vivid recollection of the World’s greatest Zoological Park Price, 20c.; postage, 2c.</dt> -<dt><i>Photo-Letter</i>: Two series of different photographs, reproduced in photogravure and four colors. Price, 10c. each postpaid.</dt> -<dt><i>Animal Art Stamps</i>: A series of 130 subjects, each stamp 2⅛ × 3, printed from four color plates. Sold in sets of 20 stamps for 10 cents. Album containing 10 stamps, providing space for entire series, 15 cents. Postage 2 cents. Album and complete series of 6 sets, 75 cents. Postage 3 cents.</dt></dl> -<p class="center">Address all inquiries and orders to</p> -<p class="center">H. R. MITCHELL, -<br />Manager of Privileges, -<br />Zoological Park, 185th St. & Southern Boulevard. <span class="hst">New York City.</span></p> -<p class="center"><span class="sc">Rocking-Stone Restaurant</span></p> -<div class="img" id="fig126"> -<img src="images/pmg133.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="559" /> -<p class="pcap">EMU AND YOUNG BIRD HATCHED IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK</p> -</div> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>Corrected a few palpable typographical errors and invalid index entries.</li> -<li>Swapped entries in the table of illustrations to match the actual order.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Popular Official Guide to the New York -Zoological Park (September 1915), by William T. 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