diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/53141-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/53141-0.txt | 7564 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 7564 deletions
diff --git a/old/53141-0.txt b/old/53141-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e416d1f..0000000 --- a/old/53141-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7564 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Popular Official Guide to the New York -Zoological Park (September 1915), by William T. Hornaday - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Popular Official Guide to the New York Zoological Park (September 1915) - Thirteenth Edition - -Author: William T. Hornaday - -Release Date: September 24, 2016 [EBook #53141] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO NY ZOOLOGICAL PARK, 1915 *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - [Illustration: NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK] - - Administration Bldg., 8 D 4 - Alaskan House, 32 H 3 - Alligator Pool, 36 H 4 - Antelope House, 50 J 3 - Bear Dens, 37 H 5 - Beaver Pond, 29 G 5 - Biological Laboratory, 28 A G 4 - Bird House, Aquatic, 5 D 2 - Bird House, Large, 7 D 3 - Bison, 51 J 5 - Boat House, 54 M 6 - Buffalo Herd, 52 J 6 - Burrowing Animals, 42 I 3 - Cage, Flying, 4 C 3 - Camel House, 39 I 2 - Deer House, Small, 49 I 2 - Deer, American, 30 H 2 - Deer, Asiatic, 1 C-D 2 - Deer, Axis and Sika, 2 C 2 - Deer, Fallow, 53 K 4 - Deer, Red, 10 D 2 - Duck Aviary, 3 C 3 - Eagle and Vulture Aviary, 11 E 2 - Elephant House, 20 F 3 - Elk Range, 21 G 2 - Feed Barn, 27 G 3 - Flying Cage, 4 C 3 - Fountain, Rockefeller, 13 D 4 - Fountains, Drinking, D 2, H 2, M 7 - Fox Dens, 23 G 2 - Lion House, 15 E 3 - Llama House, 38 I 2 - Lydig Arch, 47 I 5 - Mammal House, Small, 35 H 3 - Mountain Sheep Hill, 44 I 4 - Musk Oxen, 48 I 2 - Nursery, 18 E 9 - Ostrich House, 43 I 3 - Otter Pools, 31 H 2 - Pavilion, Shelter, 26 G 3 - Pheasant Aviary, 40 I 2 - Polar Bear Den, 37 H 5 - Prairie Dogs, 41 I 3 - Primate House, 17 E 4 - Puma and Lynx House, 33 A H 3 - Raccoon’s Tree, 44 A I 5 - Reptile House, 34 H 4 - Restaurant, 46 I 5 - Riding Animals, 6 D 3 - Rocking Stone, 45 I 5 - Sea Lion Pool, 12 D 3 - Service Bldg., 28 H 4 - Soda Fount’s. *D 2, G 3, H 4 - Subway Station O 6 - Toilets, W. M., C 3, E 3, G 3, I 5, L 6, M 8 - Tortoise Yards H 4 - Totem Pole, 32 H 3 - Turkeys, Wild, 33 H 3 - Wolf Dens, 22 G 3 - Yak House, 55 K 4 - Zebra Houses, 14 E 2 - - [Illustration: PENINSULA BEAR: IVAN] - - - - - POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE - TO THE - New York Zoological Park - - - By WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc.D. - Director and General Curator - - ILLUSTRATED BY ELWIN R. SANBORN - - [Illustration: New York Zoological Society] - - GORILLA EDITION - - WITH MAPS, PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS - - THIRTEENTH EDITION—SEPTEMBER, 1915 - - - PUBLISHED BY THE - NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY - 11 WALL STREET, NEW YORK - - Only Authorized Guide Price 25 Cents - COMPLETELY REVISED AND EXTENDED - - 1st Edition, October, 1899— 5000 - 2d “ May, 1900— 5000 - 3d “ December, 1900— 5000 - 4th “ October, 1901— 3000 - 5th “ June, 1902— 10000 - 6th “ “ 1903— 10000 - 7th “ “ 1904— 15000 - 8th “ “ 1906— 7000 - 9th “ “ 1907— 30000 - 10th “ October, 1909— 30000 - 11th “ June, 1911— 30000 - 12th “ “ 1913— 40000 - 13th “ September, 1915— 20000 - - Copyright, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1911, - 1913 and 1915. - NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY - - - - - PREFACE - - -The publication of this revised and extended edition of the Guide to the -Zoological Park is necessary in order to bring our most important -collections down to date. With the completion of the Zebra House and -Eagle Aviary, we are now able to offer a Guide Book to the Zoological -Park as practically finished. - -The visitor is not to understand, however, that with the completion of -the features named above nothing more will remain to be done. An -institution of this kind never reaches a state of absolute completion, -with no further possibilities of improvement. But the building of -boundary walls, and the rebuilding of temporary entrances, are matters -of small moment in comparison with the completion of a grand series of -installations for animals, and buildings for public comfort. - -Few indeed are the persons who know, or who ever will know, the extent -to which both the general design and the details of the Zoological Park -have been originated, and hammered out of the raw materials. From the -inception of the undertaking, the work of development has involved a -continuous struggle to meet new conditions. Although precedents and -models for things to be done were sought far and wide, in all save a -very few instances, our needs were so peculiar, and so different from -those of other zoological gardens and parks, we have found really very -little that we could copy. The abundant-room idea on which the -Zoological Park was founded, and our desire for the full utilization of -the works of nature, have from the first taxed the creative faculties of -the Society to the utmost. - -It has been gratifying to find in other zoological establishments a -number of features which we could utilize here, thereby saving ourselves -something in the eternal grind of invention and experiment, and we have -gladly made prominent mention of such cases. - -While it is possible to complete the equipment of animal installations -for a Zoological Park, and fill them with fine collections, the demand -for more animals is continuous. Our wild creatures are not immortal; -and, like human beings, they live out their allotted lives and pass -away. The great majority do not perpetuate themselves in captivity, and -the depleted ranks must be filled by new gifts and new purchases. Gifts -of specimens, and funds for purchases, must constantly be forthcoming. - -In the acquisition of certain representative species of great variety -but particular desirability, the Society has been much favored by its -friends, both at home and abroad. Frequently it happens that the -greatest zoological rarities are obtainable only through the good will -and tireless industry of friends who travel into the most remote and -inaccessible regions of the earth. It is to such sources that we owe our -musk-ox herd, walrus, mountain goat herd, spectacled bear and many other -species. - -The Executive Committee makes grateful acknowledgment of the loyal and -generous support it has constantly received from the Board of Managers, -the members of the Zoological Society, and from the Government of the -City of New York. Thanks to a judicious union of these forces, the -development of the Zoological Park has gone forward rapidly and -satisfactorily. Although the actual period of construction has been -remarkably short for so vast an undertaking, everything constructed is -of the most permanent character. It is only just to note the fact that -while the Zoological Park is an institution of national interest and -importance, and free to all the world, with the exception of a few gifts -of animals it has been created and is maintained wholly by the citizens -of the City of New York. The State has contributed nothing. - -The Executive Committee. - -JUNE 1, 1913. - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - Page - Statistics of the Zoological Park 10 - Officers of the Society 11 - Origin 13 - Means of Access 16 - Admission 17 - Physical Aspect of the Grounds 21 - - - MAMMALS. - Bison Ranges 26 - Mountain Sheep Hill 29 - Antelope House 35 - Small-Deer House 42 - Miscellaneous Mammals 49 - White Mountain Goat 50 - Prong-Horned Antelope 51 - Camel House 53 - Llama House 55 - North American Deer 57 - Zebra House 63 - Asiatic and European Deer 66 - Lion House 71 - Sea-Lions 78 - Primate House 80 - Elephant House 89 - Wolf Dens 98 - Fox Dens 101 - Otter Pools 103 - Small-Mammal House 104 - Puma and Lynx House 115 - Burrowing Mammals 116 - Prairie-Dog Village 118 - Bear Dens 119 - Raccoon Tree 128 - Beaver Pond 128 - Economic Rodent-Reptile Collection 130 - - - BIRDS. - Goose Aviary 133 - Flying Cage 135 - Aquatic-Bird House 141 - Eagle and Vulture Aviary 143 - Wild Turkey Enclosure 146 - Large-Bird House 146 - Wild Fowl Pond 153 - Pheasant and Pigeon Aviary 155 - Ostrich House 162 - Cranes 167 - - - REPTILES. - Reptile House 171 - Turtles and Tortoises 172 - Crocodiles and Alligators 175 - Lizards 177 - Serpents 179 - Batrachians or Amphibians 182 - - - INSECTS. - Insect Collection 185 - Index 188 - - - MAPS. - Map of Zoological Park Second page of cover - Sketch Map, New York 14 - Sketch Map, Vicinity of Park 16 - - - - - ILLUSTRATIONS. - - - PAGE - Peninsula Bear: Ivan _Frontispiece_ - Baird Court and Concourse 12 - The Boat House 18 - Boating on Bronx Lake 20 - White-Tailed Deer 24 - American Bison 26 - European Bison 27 - White-Fronted Musk-Ox 30 - Big-Horn Mountain Sheep 30 - Mouflon 32 - Arcal Sheep 32 - Himalayan Tahr 32 - Burrhel 32 - Chamois 33 - Markhor 33 - Aoudad 33 - Persian Wild Goat 33 - Nilgai: Indian Antelope 36 - Nubian Giraffes 38 - Beatrix Antelope 40 - Blessbok 40 - Leucoryx Antelope 41 - White-Tailed Gnu 41 - Eland 42 - Sable Antelope 43 - Redunca Antelope 44 - Sasin Antelope 46 - Great Gray Kangaroo 48 - Rocky Mountain Goat 49 - American Prong-Horned Antelope 52 - Bactrian Camel 53 - Alpaca 54 - Vicunia 55 - American Elk 58 - European Red Deer 58 - Development of Antlers 61 - Grant Zebra 64 - Prjevalsky Horses 65 - Axis Deer 68 - Burmese Deer 69 - Jaguar 72 - Cheetah 73 - Barbary Lion 74 - Snow Leopard 75 - Atlantic Walrus 79 - Chimpanzee, “Baldy” 82 - Orang-Utan 84 - Humboldt Woolly Monkey 85 - Japanese Red-Faced Monkey 88 - Pig-Tailed Macaque 88 - Slow Lemur 89 - Siamang 89 - Elephant House 90 - Indian Elephant 92 - African Elephants 93 - African Two-Horned Rhinoceros 94 - Indian Rhinoceros 95 - Pygmy Hippopotami 96 - Timber Wolf 99 - Coyote: Prairie Wolf 100 - Swift or Kit Fox 102 - Red Fox 103 - Ocelot 106 - Common Genet 107 - African Porcupine 111 - Tamandua 112 - Great Ant-Eater 113 - Six-Banded Armadillo 114 - Two-Toed Sloth 115 - Polar Bear Den 120 - Polar Bear “Silver King” 122 - Syrian Bear 123 - Spectacled Bear 126 - European Brown Bear 127 - Brazilian Tree Porcupine 131 - Mute and Trumpeter Swans 133 - Cereopsis Geese 136 - White-Faced Glossy Ibis 137 - Roseate Spoonbill 137 - Brown and White Pelicans 140 - Great Horned Owl 142 - Spectacled Owl 142 - Eared Vulture 143 - Lammergeyer 143 - King Vulture 145 - Black Vulture 145 - Harpy Eagle 145 - Griffon Vulture 145 - Wild Turkey 147 - Seriema 148 - Secretary Bird 148 - Great Crowned Pigeon 150 - Sulphur Crested Cockatoo 151 - Toco Toucan 151 - Ducks Feeding 154 - Pheasant Aviary 156 - Manchurian Eared Pheasant 158 - Indian Peacock 159 - North African Ostrich 163 - Rhea 164 - Cassowary 164 - Emeus 165 - Little Brown Crane 167 - Demoiselle Crane 167 - Asiatic White Crane 168 - Paradise Crane 168 - Whooping Crane 169 - Crowned Crane 169 - Adjutant 169 - Jabiru 169 - Mastigure 170 - Horned Rattlesnake 170 - Hog-Nosed Snake 170 - Gecko 170 - Tree Frog 170 - Giant Tortoise 173 - Alligator Pool 176 - Venezuelan Boa 177 - Rhinoceros Viper 180 - Cobra-De-Capello 181 - Metamorphosis of the Leopard Frog 184 - Giant Centipede 186 - Tarantula 187 - Red-Winged Locust 187 - Hercules Beetle 187 - - - - - STATISTICS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK. - - - January, 1915. - - Final plan of the Zoological Park approved by Park Board, November - 22, 1897. - Zoological Society assumed control of grounds, July 1, 1898. - First building begun, August 11, 1898. - Park formally opened to the public, November 9, 1899. - Administration and Service Buildings 2 - Large Animal Buildings (all heated) 14 - Small Animal Buildings (4 heated) 10 - Large Groups of Outdoor Dens, Aviaries and Corrals 13 - Animal Storehouses, for winter use 3 - Restaurants 2 - Public-Comfort Buildings 6 - Entrances 7 - Area of Park Land and Water 264 acres - Area of Water 30 acres - Walks and Roads 7.78 miles - Fences 10.55 miles - - LIVE ANIMALS IN THE COLLECTIONS. - January, 1915. - - Mammals 204 species, 586 specimens. - Birds 811 “ 2,753 “ - Reptiles 164 “ 1,014 “ - Total 1,179 4,353 - - Attendance of visitors in 1914 2,020,433 - Total attendance of visitors from 1899 to Jan., 1915 19,325,590 - - - - - NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY - - - _President_, - HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. - - MADISON GRANT, _Secretary_, 11 Wall Street. - PERCY R. PYNE, _Treasurer_, 30 Pine Street. - - Executive Committee - MADISON GRANT, _Chairman_. - PERCY R. PYNE, - WATSON B. DICKERMAN, - SAMUEL THORNE, - WM. PIERSON HAMILTON, - WILLIAM WHITE NILES, - FRANK K. STURGIS, - LISPENARD STEWART, - HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, _ex-officio_. - - General Officers - WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, _Director_ - H. J. SHORTER _Assistant Secretary_ - R. L. CERERO _Assistant to Treasurer_ - DR. GEORGE S. HUNTINGTON _Prosector_ - C. GRANT LA FARGE _Architect_ - H. DeB. PARSONS _Consulting Engineer_ - Officers of the Zoological Park. - WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc.D. - _Director and General Curator._ - H. R. MITCHELL _Chief Clerk and Disbursing Officer_ - R. L. DITMARS _Curator of Reptiles, Asst. Curator - of Mammals_ - C. WILLIAM BEEBE _Curator of Birds_ - LEE S. CRANDALL _Assistant Curator of Birds_ - W. REID BLAIR, D.V.S. _Veterinarian_ - H. W. MERKEL _Chief Forester and Constructor_ - ELWIN R. SANBORN _Editor and Photographer_ - GEORGE M. BEERBOWER _Civil Engineer_ - WILLIAM MITCHELL _Cashier_ - - [Illustration: ITALIAN GARDEN, BAIRD COURT, - The structure on the right is the Large Bird-House, and in the - distance, the Lion House.] - - - - - GENERAL STATUS - OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK. - - -Origin.—The New York Zoological Park originated with the New York -Zoological Society, a scientific body incorporated in 1895, under a -special charter granted by the Legislature of the State of New York. The -declared objects of the Society are three in number—“A public Zoological -Park; the preservation of our native animals; the promotion of zoology.” -The Society has enrolled among its various classes over 2,000 members. - -Henry Fairfield Osborn is the President of the Society. The affairs of -the Society are managed by a Board of Managers of thirty-six persons, -which meets three times each year. The planning and general development -of the Zoological Society is in the hands of an Executive Committee of -eight members, as follows: Madison Grant, Chairman; Percy R. Pyne, -Samuel Thorne, William White Niles, Watson B. Dickerman, Wm. Pierson -Hamilton, Frank K. Sturgis, Lispenard Stewart and Henry Fairfield -Osborn, _ex-officio_. Madison Grant, the Chairman of the Executive -Committee, is also Secretary of the Society, and his office is at No. 11 -Wall Street. Dr. William T. Hornaday is the Director and General Curator -of the Zoological Park, and his office is now located in the -Administration Building on Baird Court. The address is 185th Street and -Southern Boulevard. The Society assumed control of the grounds on July -1, 1898, and began the first excavation, for the Bird House, on August -11th. The Park Department began work, on the Wild-Fowl Pond, on August -29, 1898. - -Sources of Income.—The funds devoted to the development of the -Zoological Park have been derived from the following sources: - -1. From the Zoological Society, obtained by subscriptions from private -citizens—funds for plans, for the erection of buildings, aviaries, dens -and other accommodations for animals; and for the purchase of animals. - -2. From the City of New York—by vote of the Board of Estimate and -Apportionment—funds for the construction of walks, roads, sewers and -drainage, water supply, public comfort buildings, entrances, grading, -excavating of large ponds and lakes, annual maintenance, and also for -animal buildings. - - [Illustration: SKETCH MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF ZOOLOGICAL PARK.] - -The Zoological Society has expended, of its own funds, for plans, -construction and live animals, over $641,000. This sum has been derived -from its special subscription fund, and from the annual dues and fees of -its members. - -Privileges.—Because of the fact that the Zoological Society has -undertaken to furnish all the animals for the Zoological Park, the City -of New York has agreed that all the revenue-producing privileges of the -Park shall be controlled by the Society. _All net profits_ derived from -the restaurants, boats, refreshments, riding animals, the sale of -photographs, books, etc., and all admission fees, are expended by the -Society _in the purchase of animals for the Park_. It is well that -visitors should know that _all net profits realized in the Park go -directly toward the increase of the animal collections_. - -The Society maintains a supply of boats for hire, and riding animals of -various kinds for the amusement of children. - -Location.—The Zoological Park is the geographical center of that portion -of Greater New York now known as Bronx County. From east to west it is -half-way between the Hudson River and Long Island Sound, and from north -to south it is midway between the mouth of the Harlem River and Mount -Vernon. From the City Hall to the Reptile House the distance is eleven -miles. The distance by automobile from the Central Park Plaza to the -Concourse Entrance is 9½ miles. The Northwest Entrance is about half a -mile from Fordham station on the Harlem Railway. - -The area of the Park is 264 acres, divided as follows: - - Land area west of the Boston Road 150 acres. - Land area east of the Boston Road 80 “ - Bronx Lake 25 “ - Lake Agassiz 5½ “ - Aquatic Mammals’ Pond, Cope Lake and Beaver Pond 3½ “ - Total area 264 acres. - - [Illustration: SKETCH MAP OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK AND VICINITY.] - - - MEANS OF ACCESS. - -Via the Subway, to the Boston Road Entrance.—The terminus of the eastern -branch of the Subway, at “180th St., Zoological Park,” lands visitors at -the southeastern entrances to the Zoological Park, at West Farms. -Visitors from points below 96th Street must be careful to board the -“Bronx Park” trains, and not the “Broadway” trains. - -Routes for Automobiles or Carriages.—Via Central Park, Lenox Avenue, -Macomb’s Dam Bridge and Jerome Avenue or Grand Concourse to Pelham -Avenue, thence eastward to the Concourse Entrance, where motor cars and -carriages are admitted to the Park. - -Via the Third Avenue Elevated.—The Third Avenue Elevated Railway has -been extended to Bedford Park, and visitors coming to the Zoological -Park on it or on the Harlem Railroad should alight at Fordham Station, -from which the northwest entrance is half a mile distant, due eastward, -on Pelham Avenue, via the Union Railway surface cars. - -Surface Cars.—The Southern Boulevard and the Zoological Park Cars of the -Union Railway now run to both the Crotona (Southwest) Entrance and the -Fordham Entrance. The Crosstown cars of the same line intersect the -Southern Boulevard three blocks south of the Crotona Entrance. - - - ADMISSION. - -Free Admission.—On all holidays, and on Sunday, Tuesday, Wednesday, -Friday and Saturday, the Zoological Park is open free to the public. - -Pay Admission.—On every Monday and Thursday, save when either of those -days falls on a holiday, all members of the Zoological Society who -surrender coupons from their membership tickets, and all other persons -holding tickets from the Society, will be admitted free. All other -persons seeking admission will be admitted on payment of twenty-five -cents for each adult, and fifteen cents for each child under twelve -years of age. Tickets are sold only at the entrance gates. - -Holidays on Pay Days.—Whenever a legal holiday falls on a Monday or -Thursday, admission to the Park will be free on that day. - -Hours for Opening and Closing.—From May 1st to November 1st the gates -will be opened at 9 A. M. daily, and closed half an hour before sunset. -From November 1st to May 1st the gates will open at 10 A. M. - -Entrances, Walks, etc.—The portion of the Zoological Park situated west -of the Boston Road has been enclosed. Access to this area is provided by -six entrances, one situated at each corner—one on the Boston Road and -one at the bridge on Pelham Avenue. The latter is a carriage entrance -for visitors wishing to drive to the north end of Baird Court. From all -these entrances broad walks lead into the Park and through it, reaching -all the collections of animals now installed. - -Carriage Roads.—The only wagon road which enters the central portion of -the Park now occupied by animals is the Service Road, which enters from -the Southern Boulevard, at 185th Street, and runs eastward, to the -Service Building, Reptile House, Bear Dens, and Rocking Stone -Restaurant. - -_This road is for business purposes only_, and is not open for the -vehicles of visitors. It is utterly impossible to admit carriages to the -_center_ of the Park, save those of officers entering on business, and -_visitors must not ask for exceptions to this very necessary rule_. - -Automobile and Carriage Entrance.—A fine public carriage road and -concourse, leading from Pelham Avenue Bridge and to the upper end of -Baird Court, was completed in 1908. This drive is open to carriages or -motors, daily, and it affords easy access to the most important group of -buildings. It is subject to the same regulations as all other entrances, -except that carriages and automobiles are admitted. - - [Illustration: THE BOAT HOUSE, BRONX LAKE.] - -The Boston Road, which runs through the Park from south to north, near -the western bank of the Bronx Lake, is open at all hours. It has -recently—and for the first time—been finely improved by the Park -Department for the Borough of the Bronx, and a drive through it affords -a fine view of the eastern side of the Buffalo Range, and the finest -portion of the heavy forest of the Zoological Park. - -As a matter of course, the ranges of the buffalo, antelope, deer, moose, -and elk, are in full view from the Kingsbridge Road and Southern -Boulevard, and the Zoological Society has planned that the view from -those avenues shall be left open sufficiently that the herds may be seen -to good advantage. - -The Rocking Stone Restaurant, No. 46, has been designed to serve all the -purposes that its name implies. It contains dining-rooms in which full -meals may be obtained, lunch-rooms wherein choice food will be served at -popular prices, and in the basement, toilet-rooms will be found. - -The Service Building, No. 28.—Near the Reptile House, and at the -geographical center of the enclosed grounds, is situated a building -which contains the Bureau of Administration of the Zoological Park. Here -will be found the offices of the Chief Clerk, several other Park -officers, and the workshops and storerooms. - -Children lost in the Park, and property lost or found, should be -reported without delay at the Chief Clerk’s office in this building. The -telephone call of the Zoological Park is 953 Tremont. - -Wheeled Chairs.—By persons desiring them, wheeled chairs can always be -obtained at the entrances, by applying to gatekeepers, or at the office -of the Chief Clerk, in the Service Building. The cost is 25 cents per -hour; with an attendant, 50 cents per hour. - -Arrangement of Collections.—Inasmuch as the physical features of the -Zoological Park grounds were important factors in locating the various -collections of animals, a perfect zoological arrangement was impossible. -The existing plan represents the limit of acceptable possibilities in -grouping related animals. - - [Illustration: BOATING ON BRONX LAKE.] - -The entire southern and western sides of the Park are exclusively -devoted to the Hoofed Animals, in addition to which other members of -that Order will be found at the Elephant and Small-Mammal Houses. The -Carnivorous Animals will be found at the Lion House, Wolf and Fox Dens, -Small-Mammal House and Bear Dens. The Birds are in two groups; one in -the lower end of Bird Valley, and the Large Bird-House on Baird Court; -the other around the Wild-Fowl Pond, south of the Wolf Dens. - -The existence of six entrances to the Park renders it impossible to lay -out an all-embracing “tour” for the visitor, and develop the Guide Book -accordingly. The various collections will be handled in zoological -groups, but the various groups cannot follow each other in zoological -sequence. The table of contents and a comprehensive index will render -each item of the subject matter quickly available. - - - PHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE GROUNDS. - -The extreme length of the Park from north to south is 4,950 feet, or 330 -feet less than one mile; and its extreme width is 3,120 feet, or -three-fifths of a mile. Roughly estimated, one-third of the land area is -covered by heavy forest, one-third by open forest, and the remaining -third consists of open meadows and glades. The highest point of land in -the Park is the crest of Rocking Stone Hill, the elevation of which is -94.8 feet above sea level. - -Topography.—Speaking broadly, the Zoological Park is composed of granite -ridges running from north to south. In many places their crests have -been denuded of earth by the great glacier which once pushed its edge as -far south as New York City. In the valleys lying between these -glacier-scraped ridges, great quantities of sandy, micaceous soil have -been deposited; but in one spot—the Wild-Fowl Pond—what was once a -green, glacial lake fifteen feet deep, presently became a vast -rock-walled silo filled with vegetable matter and a trembling bog of -peat. Everywhere in the Park glacial boulders of rough granite or -smoothly rounded trap-rock, varying in size from a cobble-stone to the -thirty-ton Rocking Stone, have been dropped just where the warm southern -sun freed them from the ice. The Park contains thousands of them, many -of which have been removed from walks and building sites only with great -labor. - -In three of the four principal valleys of the Park, bogs have been -converted into ponds, and in the largest and deepest of all lie Bronx -Lake and Lake Agassiz. The bed-rock underlying or cropping out in the -Park exhibits pink granite, gray granite, rotten gneiss, and quartz in -bewildering variety. Occasionally in trench-digging a ledge is -encountered which yields good building-stone for rough work, but usually -our rock is so full of mica as to be worthless. - -The water-levels in the various portions of the Park are as follows: - - Above Sea Level. - - Surface of Bronx Lake 20.40 feet - Surface of Lake Agassiz 31.70 “ - Surface of Cope Lake and Duck Ponds 47.00 “ - Surface of Wild-Fowl Pond 65.00 “ - Surface of Beaver Pond 44.00 “ - -The floor levels of some of the important buildings are as follows: - - Above Sea Level. - - Of the Antelope House 88 feet - Of the Reptile House 78 “ - Of the Lion House 64 “ - Of the Aquatic-Bird House 57 “ - -Soil.—The soil varies from rich black muck in the valleys, to light and -very dry soil, full of mica and sand, on the ridges and meadows. Where -not packed hard, the latter is very porous, and the heaviest rainfall is -quickly absorbed, or carried away on the surface. As a result, the -valleys are always moist and rich in grass, and the slopes and ridges -are always dry and warm. - -Streams and Ponds.—The Zoological Park contains about 34 acres of still -water, of which Bronx Lake comprises 25 acres, Lake Agassiz 5½ acres, -Cope Lake, the Wild-Fowl Pond, and Beaver Pond together, about 3½ acres. -The two larger lakes are fed by the Bronx River, which drains a valley -about 15 miles long. Even in the driest seasons the volume of water -carried down by the Bronx River is sufficient to keep the lakes well -filled. The areas of still water available for animal collections are -very generous for an institution like this, and are highly prized. - -The Waterfall.—At the lower end of Lake Agassiz, and about 300 feet -above the Boston Road Bridge, is a natural waterfall nearly 12 feet in -height, where the Bronx River falls over a rugged ledge of pink granite. -In times of high water the foaming flood that thunders over the rocks -makes an imposing spectacle, and it constitutes a most unusual feature -to be found in a city park. During the year 1901, an improvement was -made which added very greatly to the beauty of this feature by extending -the rock ledge about 200 feet farther, to the rocky side of Wilson Hill, -thereby greatly increasing the water area of Lake Agassiz, and at the -same time forming a beautiful island. - -Forests.—The crowning glory of the Zoological Park is the magnificent -forest growth which covers, thickly or sparsely, about two-thirds of its -land area. It consists chiefly of white, scarlet, black, red and pin -oaks, tulip, sweet gum, hickory, beech, sassafras, maple, wild cherry, -hornbeam, dogwood, tupelo, hemlock and cedar; but there are at least -thirty other species of trees and shrubs. Thanks to the wise foresight -and broad views of David and Philip Lydig, who for about eighty years -were the sole owners of nearly the whole of the Zoological Park site, -the virgin forest was not cut down for firewood or lumber, but was -carefully preserved for posterity. As the legal custodian of this -splendid domain of Nature, the Zoological Society is as rapidly as -possible going over the entire forest, to arrest decay and death, and -take all needed measures for the preservation of the trees. It is safe -to say that nowhere else within fifty miles of New York can there be -found any more beautiful forests than those in the central and eastern -portions of the Park. Throughout the enclosed grounds, it is absolutely -necessary that visitors should be restricted to the walks; for otherwise -the feet of our millions of visitors would quickly destroy every ground -plant. - -The Rocking Stone, No. 45, a colossal cube of pinkish granite, poised on -one of its angles on a smooth pedestal of rock, is the Zoological Park’s -most interesting souvenir of the glacial epoch. Across the bare face of -the rocky hill in which lies the Crocodile Pool, there are several -glacial scratches pointing directly toward the famous boulder; and who -will say it had no part in making one of them? - -The Rocking Stone stands on a smooth table of granite on the southern -shoulder of the hill overlooking the Buffalo Range. Its extreme height -is 7 feet 6 inches; breadth, 10 feet 1 inch; thickness, 8 feet 1 inch, -and its weight, as roughly calculated, is 30 tons. A pressure of about -50 lbs. exerted on the most northern angle of the stone causes its apex -to swing north and south about two inches. - - [Illustration: WHITE TAILED DEER.] - - - - - SECTION I.—THE MAMMALS. - - - The Hoofed Animals. - -The forming of a collection which shall fairly represent the hoofed -animals of the world is necessarily a work of years. It is now (in 1915) -fifteen years since the Zoological Society entered upon this task, and -during that period the work of providing installations and living -specimens has been pursued with unflagging industry. In no feature of -our development has the Society been more liberal than in the purchase -of specimens for this collection, and the gifts to it have been both -numerous and valuable. In our 82 species and 330 specimens we feel that -the Order _Ungulata_ is strongly represented. On April 1, 1913, the -summary of groups stood as follows: - - Summary of the Ungulates. - - Deer 24 species 164 specimens - Giraffes 1 “ 2 “ - Bovines: Bison, etc. 3 “ 38 “ - Musk Ox 1 “ 6 “ - Wild Sheep, Goats, etc. 8 “ 41 “ - Antelopes 22 “ 41 “ - Hippopotamus 2 “ 4 “ - Wild Swine 3 “ 5 “ - Camels and Cameloids 5 “ 10 “ - Rhinoceros 2 “ 2 “ - Tapirs 2 “ 3 “ - Wild Equines 6 “ 9 “ - Elephants 3 “ 5 “ - Total 82 “ 330 “ - -The arrangement of this section of the Guide Book begins at the Buffalo -Entrance with the Bisons, and follows the ranges, corrals and buildings -for Hoofed Animals, along the southern and western sides of the Park, to -the Axis Deer Range. The Elephant House is introduced as the visitor -leaves Baird Court, going south. - -The large, open pastures are called “ranges,” and the smaller fenced -enclosures are known as “corrals.” The fences are chiefly of hard steel -wire, so strong and elastic that the animals cannot break through them. - - [Illustration: AMERICAN BISON: BULL.] - -Warning.—Visitors must _never_ stand close beside a wire fence or gate, -because its elasticity between posts might enable a charging animal to -strike a person so standing and inflict a serious injury, even though -the fence or gate is not in the least affected by the blow. - - - THE BISON RANGES, Nos. 51 and 52. - -Stretching from the Boston Road to the large Antelope House (No. 50), -and from the Rocking Stone to the southern boundary, lies an open -expanse of rolling meadow land, with a total area of about twenty acres. -It is almost surrounded by shade-trees. Its easterly edge is a low-lying -strip of rich meadow, which lies under the shelter of the rocky, -tree-covered ridge that forms the natural retaining wall of the higher -plateau toward the west. This is the Bison Range. It is the first -enclosure seen on the left as the visitor enters the Park from West -Farms by way of the Boston Road. - -On the north side of the main range, near the Rocking Stone, are the -four corrals, and the Bison House. The latter is a rustic hillside barn, -eighty feet in length, with a semicircular front, affording shelter and -feed storage for thirty-four buffaloes. The flat roof of the Buffalo -House is open to the public from the main walk, and has been specially -designed as a convenient lookout over the main range and corrals. There -are other corrals, and a shelter shed, at the Buffalo Entrance. - - [Illustration: EUROPEAN BISON: BULL.] - -The American Bison, or Buffalo, (_B. americanus_), is the largest and -the best known of all North American hoofed animals. What was once the -universal herd, which occupied the whole pasture region of the West, was -cut in twain in 1867, by the building of the first trans-continental -railway. The great “southern herd,” of several millions of animals, was -destroyed by skin hunters during the years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, -and the practical extinction of the northern herd was accomplished -between 1880 and 1884. - -At present there are but two herds of wild bison in existence. The -largest band, now containing by estimate about 300 individuals, inhabits -a wide stretch of barren and inhospitable territory southwest of Great -Slave Lake. About twenty head remain in the Yellowstone Park, more than -nine-tenths of the original herd having been slaughtered by poachers -since 1890. There are now about 2000 bison alive in captivity, chiefly -in large private game preserves. - -Usually bison calves are born in May, June, and July. Full maturity is -not reached until the end of the seventh year, when the horns of the -male—at first a straight spike—have attained their full semi-circular -curve. Like all thick-haired animals of the temperate zone, the American -bison sheds its coat in spring, and does not regain full pelage until -October or November. - -The bison breeds in confinement about as readily as domestic cattle. In -appearance, it is the most imposing of all bovine animals, and with two -exceptions it is also the largest. In captivity its disposition is mild, -though inclined to stubbornness. Occasionally, however, an old bull -becomes so vicious that it is necessary to seclude him from the herd, -and treat him as a dangerous animal. - -With the exception of a very few individuals, our entire bison herd is -the gift of the late William C. Whitney, and the increase therefrom. The -total number of head on hand on April 1, 1913, was forty-two. - -In 1906, the New York Zoological Society presented to the United States -Government a herd of fifteen bison to serve as a nucleus for an -independent National herd. The Government very promptly fenced an area -of twelve square miles of fine grazing grounds in the Wichita Forest and -Game Reserve, for the proper reception of the herd. The plan was -consummated during 1907. The effort has proven completely successful, -and on April 1, 1913, the herd contained thirty-seven bison, all in fine -condition. - -European Bison.—In a corral adjoining the Buffalo Entrance, on the -Boston Road, are to be found two specimens of the rare and almost -extinct European Bison, (_Bos bonasus_). This species is the nearest -living relative of the American bison, and the two specimens (male and -female), now exhibited, came quite unexpectedly into the possession of -the Zoological Society in April, 1904. They were acquired from the small -captive herd in the forest of the Prince of Pless, in Silesia, -south-eastern Germany, and are the first living specimens of the species -to be exhibited in America. They were presented to the Society by Mr. -Norman James, of Baltimore, Mr. Charles Sheldon and Dr. Leonard J. -Sanford. - -The distinguishing characters of this species are shorter and less -abundant hair on the head, neck and shoulders than our bison, a tail -densely covered with hair throughout its length, very long legs, and a -short body. - -But for royal protection, this species would long ere this have become -extinct. In the year 1857, about 1,898 head were living, but in 1892 the -total had decreased to 491. It appears, however, that an increase can -safely be announced. An estimate recently published (1906) places the -total number of wild and semi-wild individuals at 1,400, while in the -captive herds of the Czar and the Prince of Pless there are 46 more. -About 700 of the survivors inhabit the forests of Bielowitza and -Swisslotsch, Lithuania, west Russia, and are strictly protected by the -Czar. Other bands still exist on the northern slope of the Caucasus -Mountains around the sources of the Laba and Bjellaja, sometimes ranging -up to an elevation of 8,000 feet. Wherever found, they live in scattered -bands of from three to ten individuals. All the survivors of this -species are so jealously guarded that very few of the zoological gardens -of Europe have been able to procure specimens. - -This animal is very often miscalled the “aurochs,” and from this error -much confusion has arisen. The true aurochs, (_Bos primigenius_), was -the wild progenitor of some of the existing breeds of domestic cattle, -but it is now extinct. - - - MOUNTAIN SHEEP HILL, No. 44. - -The wild sheep and goats of the world form an exceedingly interesting -group of animals. In form they are odd and picturesque, and in temper -and mentality they are everything that could be desired. All the year -round, deer are either nervous or dangerous, and difficult to handle. -Wild sheep, goats and ibex appreciate man’s interest in them, and even -when not fond of attention, they act sensibly when it is necessary to -handle them. - -The Zoological Park collection of wild sheep and goats is one of the -most interesting features of the Park. Mountain Sheep Hill is the first -high ridge west of the Rocking Stone, and its northern end is very near -the Bear Dens and Reptile House. It consists of a ridge of pink granite -500 feet long and 25 feet high, its southern end fully exposed, but the -northern end well shaded by oaks and cedars. For grazing animals that -love to climb, and pose on the sky line, the slopes of bare rock, set in -patches of hard, green turf, are almost ideal. In the eastern face of -the ridge, rock excavations have been made, and five roomy caves have -been constructed in such a manner that they are cool in summer, warm in -winter, and dry at all times. On April 1, 1913, the six wire enclosures -on Mountain Sheep Hill contained the following species: - - [Illustration: WHITE-FRONTED MUSK-OX.] - - [Illustration: BIG-HORN MOUNTAIN SHEEP RAM.] - - - Suleiman Markhor. - Arcal Mountain Sheep. - Mouflon. - Persian Wild Goat. - Himalayan Tahr. - Aoudad. - - -Because of the curious (and unaccountable) fact that they do not thrive -on Mountain Sheep Hill, the Rocky Mountain Goat and Chamois are -exhibited elsewhere. The former will be found near the Pheasant Aviary, -next to the Musk-ox. - -Visitors are requested to make note of the fact that _in winter_, the -_Arcal Sheep, Mouflon, and other delicate sheep are exhibited in the -Small-Deer House_. - -The White-Fronted Musk-Ox, (_Ovibos wardi_, Lydekker), is represented in -the Park by a herd of six specimens. Five of these animals were born in -May, 1910, in Ellesmere Land, and captured in that year by Paul J. -Rainey and Harry C. Whitney, and presented by Mr. Rainey. The sixth -individual, a vigorous and rather vicious female, was born on Melville -Island, in May, 1909, and captured by Captain Joseph Bernier. Owing to -the domineering temper of “Miss Melville,” it is not possible to keep -her with the animals a year younger than herself, because she resents -their presence in her corral. - -The Musk-Ox is an animal of strange form, inhabiting a small portion of -the Arctic regions of the western hemisphere, up to the very -northernmost points of land east of the Mackenzie River. At Fort Conger -(Latitude 81°, 40′), its flesh was a godsend to General Greely, and -later on to Commander Peary, also. Structurally, this animal stands in a -genus of its own (_Ovibos_), midway between the cattle and the sheep, -but it is unqualifiedly a misnomer to call it a “musk-sheep.” - -An adult male Musk-Ox stands 4 ft. 5 in. high at the shoulders and is 6 -ft. 7 in. in total length. Our first specimen was a female, two years -old. She stood 3 ft. 2 in. high at the shoulders, and was 4 ft. 10 in. -in total length. Her entire body was covered by a dense mass of fine -light brown hair, of a woolly nature, overlaid by a thatch of very long, -straight hair specially designed to shed rain. - -The Musk-Ox inhabits the Barren Grounds of northern Canada north of -Latitude 64° from Great Bear Lake to Hudson Bay, Grant Land, and the -northeast coast of Greenland from Franz Josef Fiord (Latitude 70°) to -the most northerly point of land. About twenty living specimens have -been taken when very young at Franz Josef Fiord, by Swedish and -Norwegian whaling parties. The Peary Arctic Club, of New York, presented -to the New York Zoological Society a young calf which was captured by -Commander Peary at Fort Conger, in 1902, but it lived only a few months. - - [Illustration: MOUFLON] - - [Illustration: ARCAL SHEEP] - - [Illustration: HIMALAYAN TAHR] - - [Illustration: BURRHEL] - -The Big-Horn Mountain Sheep, (_Ovis canadensis_), is exhibited in the -Zoological Park, whenever it may be obtained. The efforts that have been -made in New York, Philadelphia, Washington and Chicago to acclimatize -the Big-Horn of the Rocky Mountains have proven the extreme difficulty -involved in keeping specimens of that species alive and in good -condition anywhere in the Mississippi Valley, or on the Atlantic coast. -The changes of atmosphere and temperature seem more violent than -American mountain sheep are fitted by nature to endure, and thus far all -specimens tried have died within a comparatively few months. - - [Illustration: CHAMOIS] - - [Illustration: MARKHOR] - -In his own country, the Rocky Mountain Big-Horn is a bold, hardy and -robust animal. He is high-headed, keen-sighted, and a sure-footed -mountaineer. He dwells in the wildest and most picturesque country that -he can find between the “bad-lands” of western North Dakota and the line -of perpetual snow on the Rockies. His massive circling horns render his -head a much-coveted trophy, and his flesh is most excellent food. A -full-grown ram (_Ovis canadensis_) stands 41 inches in height at the -shoulders, and weighs 316 pounds. - - [Illustration: AOUDAD] - - [Illustration: PERSIAN WILD GOAT] - -This species ranges from the northern states of Mexico to northern -British Columbia and it culminates (i. e., reaches its finest -development) in southeastern British Columbia. In Northwest Alaska other -related species occur. A female specimen from southeastern British -Columbia was exhibited in the Zoological Park during 1905 and 1906, and -in 1902, a male specimen of a closely related species (_Ovis nelsoni_) -was also here. - -As opportunities offer to procure male specimens, that have been kept in -their home region until they are at least a year and a half old, they -will be purchased and exhibited. - -The Mouflon, (_Ovis musimon_), or Wild Sheep of Sardinia, is represented -by a fine pair of specimens presented by Maurice Egerton, Esq., of -London, and a young male born in the Park. The female of the adult pair -was captured when a lamb in the mountains of Sardinia by Mr. Egerton. -The ram of this species is handsomely colored, and this specimen is -noted for his friendliness, and his fondness for admiration. - -The Arcal Mountain Sheep, (_Ovis cycloceros_), is one of the smallest -mountain sheep of India of the “big-horn” type (with circling horns). -The fully adult male, with its long undermane of coarse, shaggy hair and -proud postures, is a very noteworthy creature. This species inhabits the -mountains of northern India, Tibet, Afghanistan, Beluchistan and -southern Persia. - -The Burrhel, or Blue Mountain Sheep, (_Ovis burrhel_), also of northern -India, is of quite a different mould from the preceding species. Its -countenance has almost a benign expression, and its curious out-pointing -horns, of large size give it a most jaunty air. By some it is regarded -as the most beautiful of all mountain sheep. In size, however, it is not -imposing, for it is one of the smallest species. It is not so hardy as -the preceding species, and there may be periods when there are no -specimens on exhibition. - -The Aoudad, or Barbary Wild Sheep, (_Ovis tragelaphus_), comes from the -hot, dry mountains of northern Africa, and it endures the cold, wet -climate of New York in a manner sufficient to put to shame our American -mountain sheep, goat and other western ruminants. The largest male -Aoudad of our herd is a very fine specimen of its kind. He is as fond of -admiration as any peacock, and often poses in striking attitudes on the -highest point of his rocks. He was born here on March 19, 1902. - -The Himalayan Tahr, (_Hemitragus jemlaicus_), is really a wild goat, of -very odd and picturesque aspect, native of the higher ranges of the -Himalayas of northern India. Its horns are short and thick, and its body -is covered with long, purplish-brown hair which is much blown about by -the wind. It dwells amongst the most dangerous crags and precipices, -just below timber-line, and in reality is a forest-loving animal. Its -hair is the longest to be found on any member of the two subfamilies of -goats and goat-like animals. The pair on exhibition have bred here, and -the young have been successfully reared to maturity. The young Tahr is -very small, but remarkably nimble-footed and capable. - -The Chamois, (_Rupicapra tragus_), has usually been represented in the -hoofed-animal collection, but always out of its proper installation. Our -individuals have not thriven on Mountain Sheep Hill, always becoming ill -soon after being placed there. They thrive well, however, in a small -wire pen with a sanded floor quite near the Puma and Lynx House (No. -33A), and there we keep them. - -This animal is one of the rock antelopes, and is related to the American -Mountain Goat. It is a bold mountaineer, and even to-day is pictorially -represented as leaping “from crag to crag” across chasms apparently 200 -feet wide! Its home is in the mountains of southern Europe, especially -the Pyrenees, the Swiss Alps and the Caucasus Mountains. But it is not -so exclusively a crag-dweller, as most persons have been led to suppose, -for in many localities it inhabits mountain forests. Like most other -mountain ungulates, the Chamois dwell high in summer, and in winter they -seek lower and more sheltered situations. They are exceedingly wary and -agile, and sure-footed on dangerous ground. - - - THE ANTELOPE HOUSE, NO. 50. - -The Antelope House occupies a commanding situation on a high, -tree-covered knoll at the south end of the Zoological Park. The -situation seems as if specially formed by Nature to be occupied by this -building, and its outside enclosures. The drainage is quite perfect, and -the yards are well-shaded. - -The building has been designed to meet the wants of giraffes and large -African antelopes of all kinds, more especially those which require 60° -of heat in winter. - - [Illustration: NILGAI: INDIAN ANTELOPE.] - -The Antelope House is 142 feet long by 78 feet in extreme width. In -architectural style it conforms with the other large animal buildings of -the Park. Both for visitors and for its animals, it is roomy and well -lighted, and in every way fitted to house and display a large and -valuable collection of tropical hoofed animals. It contains 24 interior -compartments, directly connected with 23 open-air yards for use in mild -weather. This building was completed and occupied on October 17, 1903, -and with all its surrounding improvements has cost about $80,000. - -As the visitor will observe from the following enumeration of species, -our collection of large and rare African and Asiatic antelopes is very -rich. Unfortunately, until the completion of the Zebra House releases -the apartments now occupied by the equines, a number of species which -belong in the Antelope House must temporarily be quartered elsewhere. - -The Nubian or Three-Horned Giraffes, (_Giraffa camelopardalis_), are at -present the most important and interesting animals in the building. The -pair came from German East Africa, are now (April, 1913) about twelve -years old, and cost $5,500. The male stands 14 feet 4 inches in height, -and the female 12 feet 6 inches. Both are good-tempered animals, and -have been in good health ever since their arrival. Their food consists -of clover hay, broken forage-biscuits, an assortment of raw vegetables -carefully cut into small pieces, a small quantity of bran, and rock -salt. - -A study of the Giraffes reveals most interesting conditions. According -to the point of view, the total number of species and subspecies may be -reckoned at any number from three to six, inclusive. According to the -specimens in hand, the Southern, or Two-Horned Giraffe, (_Giraffa -capensis_), seems clearly defined from the Northern, or Three-Horned -Giraffe, (_G. camelopardalis_). Next, the Somali Giraffe, (_G. -reticulata_), of the Lake Rudolph region and northern British East -Africa, seems fairly separable. At first the Five-Horned Giraffe, of -western Uganda, seemed quite distinct, but now British naturalists -hesitate about according to it rank as a separate species, because of -its intergradation with the Nubian form, (_camelopardalis_). - -Judging from all evidence now available, it seems that the Giraffes of -to-day represent the midway stage of an effort to develop several -species from the parent stock, the Three-Horned Giraffe, which is the -species here represented. The existing forms, including all species and -subspecies, intergrade and run together in a manner that is fairly -bewildering; but if the Giraffes could remain uninfluenced by man for a -sufficiently long period the probabilities are that the species now -branching off would be clearly established. - -The oldest, the best-known and the most common Giraffe is the -three-horned species, found from central Uganda southward. The -five-horned variety meets the former in Uganda, and occurs from that -region westward to the edge of the great equatorial forest, and on -westward even to Lake Tchad, and the lower Niger Valley. Excepting in -Uganda, Kahma’s country, and a few other protected districts, the -Giraffe is now rare, particularly throughout the regions that are -accessible to hunters. Thousands of these wonderful creatures have been -killed by hunters, both white and black, solely for the sake of seeing -them dead, and leaving them as prey to the hyænas and hunting-dogs. It -seems to be beyond the power of most men who can shoot to see living -wild animals, no matter how large or wonderful, without desiring to -reduce them to carcasses, fit only for scavengers. - - [Illustration: NUBIAN GIRAFFES.] - -The Eland, (_Taurotragus oryx_), is the largest and most imposing of all -antelopes. As might be inferred from its great size, it is now so nearly -extinct that it has almost disappeared from the lists of dealers in wild -animals. The fine young pair now in the Antelope House was presented by -the Duke of Bedford, from his famous animal collection at Woburn Park. -The fully adult female is the gift of Mr. C. Ledyard Blair. - -Of Elands there are two well-marked species. That of eastern and -southern Africa, here represented, was once numerous on many of the -fertile plains of the great plateau now known as Rhodesia, and in fact -throughout nearly the whole of the uplands of eastern Africa, from the -Cape to the Sahara. Unfortunately, however, white hunters and modern -firearms have reduced the countless thousands of the great herds to -numbers so small that the capture and exportation of Elands have -practically ceased. - -Although a number of Elands have been born in captivity, the number on -public exhibition still remain very small. The only captive herd known -to the writer is that of the Duke of Bedford, in Woburn Park, England, -which is at once the admiration and envy of all collectors of living -wild animals. - -The White-Tailed Gnu, (_Connochaetes gnu_), once was abundant in South -Africa, south of the Vaal River. But it has shared the fate of all the -other large mammals of that region, and only a few scattered bands still -exist. Nearly all of the specimens now living in captivity were born in -captivity, for both species of Gnu take kindly to life in parks and -gardens. - -Every way considered, the Gnu is an animal of odd and remarkable form. -It has a nose of strange shape, its horns are curiously formed, the hair -on its head and neck exhibits various peculiarities, and its hips are -oddly modeled. Its long, flowing tail is so horse-like that for many -years this animal was pictured and popularly known as the “Horned -Horse.” - -The White-Bearded Gnu, (_Connochaetes albojubatus_), is noticeably -larger than the white-tailed species, and in some respects it presents a -finer appearance. Its bulk is considerably greater, and its color is -more pleasing. This species bears a strong resemblance to the third -species, which is known as the Brindled or Blue Gnu, (_Connochaetes -taurinus_), from which the former is distinguished by its white mane and -jaw-tufts, and generally paler color. At wide intervals the -White-Bearded species inhabits southern East Africa, from about S. Lat. -23°, to the Albert Nyanza and Lake Rudolph, but chiefly near the coast. -In only one locality do we learn of its occurrence west of the 30th -meridian. To-day it is most numerous in German East Africa and the -southern portions of Uganda. - -The Addax Antelope, (_Addax naso-maculatus_), is a spiral-horned -antelope which inhabits the southern edge of the Sahara Desert from -Dongola quite across Africa to Senegal. Its extremely broad and -spreading hoofs betoken a dweller upon sand, and are strongly suggestive -of the snow-shoe hoofs of the caribou. It is said that this animal is -not to be taken without making a journey into the desert, with camels. - -The Leucoryx Antelope, (_Oryx leucoryx_), is the only member of its -genus which has curved horns. Because of the length and very slight -curvature of the horns, this species has by some writers been spoken of -as the Sabre Antelope, and by a mischievous perversion that name has -been turned into “Sable” Antelope, which refers to a totally different -creature, (_Hippotragus niger_). Anyone who places an order for the -purchase of a real Sable Antelope, and receives a Leucoryx instead of -_Hippotragus niger_, is profoundly disappointed. - -This species is a desert habitant, and its home is the desert region of -North Africa from Dongola to the Senegal country. It is breeding -regularly here, and the offspring mature successfully. The largest -Leucoryx horns on record measure 39⅝ inches. - - [Illustration: BEATRIX ANTELOPE] - - [Illustration: BLESSBOK] - -The Beisa Antelope, (_Oryx beisa_), is a good representative of the -group of straight-horned antelopes found in the genus _Oryx_. Of all the -long-horned species, the two Beisas and the Gemsbok of Africa, and the -Beatrix of Arabia, are the only species possessed of horns that are -practically straight from base to tip. The Gemsbok is the largest and -most showy species, being painted like a harlequin, in a startling -pattern of roan, black and white. The Beisa is a good second, however. -The horns of all these antelopes grow to great length, and are excellent -weapons for use in encounters with the smaller game-killing carnivores. -The largest horns of record measure 40 inches. - -The Beisa inhabits eastern Central Africa, from Suakin on the Red Sea -southward to the Equator. - -The Beatrix Antelope, (_Oryx beatrix_), of the Arabian Desert, is one of -the rarest antelopes to be found in captivity, and at this date this -interesting species is represented by a fine pair of specimens. The -longest horns of record measure 26 inches. Very few sportsmen have seen -this animal in its native haunts. Our pair has been breeding for three -years, and has reared two young. - -The Sable Antelope, (_Hippotragus niger_), is by many persons regarded -as the handsomest of all the numerous species of African antelopes. In -appearance it is very proud and high-headed; it has imposing horns that -sweep backward in a semicircular curve; its large eyes and alert air -betoken keen intelligence, and its glossy black coat, marked with pure -white, render it a most conspicuous animal. On its native veldt it has -now become a very rare species, and seldom is taken by sportsmen. The -fine male specimen in the Park was presented by Miss Jean Walker -Simpson. - - [Illustration: LEUCORYX ANTELOPE] - - [Illustration: WHITE-TAILED GNU] - -The Sing-Sing Waterbuck, (_Cobus unctuosus_), is a creature of the -lowlands, and frequents the dense tangles of tall reeds that border many -of the rivers of West Africa, above the great equatorial forest. In -captivity it sometimes is one of the most insanely nervous and -irrational creatures imaginable, ever seeking self-inflicted injuries. - -The Blessbok, (_Damaliscus albifrons_), is a small but handsome -purple-and-white antelope which is now very nearly extinct. Formerly a -number of herds were preserved on fenced farms in the Transvaal and -Orange Free State, but it is feared that none of them survived the Boer -War. This species never lived north of the Limpopo, but south of that -river it once was so numerous that a truthful traveler described a vast -plain as being “purple with Blessbok.” - -The Nilgai, (_Portax tragocamelus_), is the largest of the Indian -antelopes, and while it has the stature and the high shoulders of a -Baker roan antelope, its absurdly small horns give it, beside the large -antelopes of Africa, a very commonplace and unfinished appearance. The -males and females are as differently colored as if they belonged to -different species. This animal inhabits the roughest portions of the -central plains of Hindustan, from Mysore to the Himalayas. In northern -India it is found along the rivers Jumna and Ganges, in rugged and -barren tracts of ravines which in character and origin resemble our -western “bad-lands.” - - [Illustration: ELAND] - -The small antelopes will be found in the Small-Deer House, the next -building in order. - - - THE SMALL-DEER HOUSE, No. 49. - -In captivity the small and delicate species of deer, antelopes and -gazelles are better cared for in enclosures that are not too large. For -such creatures, freedom in a large enclosure usually means early death -from accident or exposure. - -The very important building called the Small-Deer House has been erected -with special reference to the wants of the interesting little hoofed -animals which are too small for the Antelope House and the large ranges. -In winter it will shelter the small tropical mountain sheep and goats, -which are unable to withstand the rigors of outdoor life on Mountain -Sheep Hill, and the tropical swine may also be expected here. - -The Small-Deer House is situated in close proximity to the Antelope -House, and westward thereof. Of the buildings of secondary rank, it is -one of the most satisfactory, being roomy, well-lighted and capable of -comfortably housing and displaying a large and varied collection. The -structure is 158 feet in length by 46 feet in width. It contains thirty -compartments, each of which, under stress of necessity, can be -partitioned, and formed into two. The interior compartments are each 10 -feet wide by 10 feet deep. The building is surrounded by a series of 34 -corrals, connecting with the interior compartments, the average size of -each being 75 feet long by 20 feet wide at the outer end. All the fences -are of wire, and were specially designed in the Park for this -installation. - - [Illustration: SABLE ANTELOPE.] - -It is a practical impossibility to offer an enumeration of the living -animals in this building which will permanently apply, and the best that -can be attempted is an approximation. It is an inexorable law of Nature -that the smallest animals shall have the shortest periods of life, and -in a zoological park a small hoofed animal may be here to-day and gone -to-morrow. In the following enumeration, mention will be made only of -those species which are likely to remain longest on exhibition; and it -may be observed that in this building there will be found various -animals which are neither deer nor antelopes. - - - The Small Deer. - -Osceola White-Tailed Deer, (_Odocoileus virginianus osceola_), is an -interesting geographic race of the northern White-Tailed Deer which -forms the parent stem of a group of six or seven subspecies. The robust -and hardy northern type, often with large and strong antlers, gradually -diminishes in size and in antlers, until in Mexico it becomes a small -and delicate creature, with very small and light antlers bearing only -two or three small tines. The next form has so widely diverged from the -original type that it is necessary to accord it rank as a full species. - - [Illustration: REDUNCA ANTELOPE.] - -The Sinaloa White-Tailed Deer, (_Odocoileus sinaloae_), is still smaller -and weaker than the preceding. Our pair of specimens shown was obtained -by Mr. and Mrs. C. William Beebe, in the State of Guadalajara, Mexico, -and are highly interesting as a link near the lower terminus of the -_Odocoileus_ chain. On a majority of the antlers of this species there -are no branches whatever, but simply a weak main beam, curving over at -the tip, and terminating in a rounded point. - -It should be noted here that the White-Tailed Deer group, -(_Odocoileus_), is very well represented in South America by _O. -weigmanni_ of the Guianas. - -The Marsh Deer, (_Blastoceros paludosus_), of eastern South America, is -the largest South American deer. Our first specimen was obtained in -1904. Its antlers are strongly built but short, and in architecture -resemble the antlers of a Siamese species known as Schomburgk Deer, -(_Cervus schomburgki_); but the latter has on each beam three double -bifurcations, while the former has but two. The Marsh Deer has very -large, wide-spreading hoofs, which it would seem have been developed by -many generations of existence on soft ground. It inhabits the jungles -along river banks, in Brazil. The head of this animal is of remarkable -length. - -This important species is rather weak in captivity, and it is by no -means certain that it can constantly be exhibited here. There is another -South American species, (_Blastoceros campestris_), which is a -zoological understudy, or miniature, of the large Marsh Deer. - -The Black-Faced Brocket, (_Mazama tema_), _whenever it can be obtained_, -will represent a group of American deer which is as little known in the -United States as if it inhabited the heart of Borneo. The Brockets are -smaller than the Sinaloa white-tailed deer, and they are so nearly -hornless that the antler is merely a small, straight, sharp-pointed -spike of bone only three inches long. The adult animal is only 25 inches -in shoulder height, which is about the size of the muntjac of India. Of -the Brockets there are several species, mostly South American, but from -skulls and horns received we now know that it is found as far north as -the State of Puebla, Mexico. A correspondent in that locality is -constantly endeavoring to secure specimens for us, and no doubt will -shortly succeed. For the reason that we expect specimens in the near -future, this species is included. - -The Hog Deer, (_Cervus porcinus_), which is very unlike a hog, and is -libeled by its name, is a small species from India, which is provided -with long and well-shaped antlers having a total of six points. -Sometimes the adult males are spotted in summer, and sometimes they are -not. This species stands next to the beautiful axis deer. It breeds well -in captivity, but is a very nervous and even hysterical animal. - -The Molucca Deer, (_Cervus moluccensis_), is a thick-bodied, -scantily-clad and coarse-haired understudy of the Malay sambar, (_Cervus -unicolor_). Of all deer it is one of the least beautiful. Its hair -resembles the bristles of a wild hog, and its color is a dull, raw-umber -brown. It belongs to the sambar group of East Indian deer, and really -marks, both geographically and in size, the farthest departure from the -type species of the group. - -The Muntjac or Rib-Faced Deer, (_Cervus muntjac_), is one of the most -interesting of all species of small deer. In one respect it is unique. -Its tiny antlers, which are only 4½ inches in length, are placed high up -on stems of solid bone, which sometimes rise 3¾ inches clear of the -cranium. These pedicles of bone are covered with skin, quite up to the -burr of the antler. The front angles of these pedicles are continued -down the face to the nasal bones, and form the two sharply defined -facial ridges which have given this creature one of its popular names. - - [Illustration: SASIN ANTELOPE.] - -In India the Muntjac inhabits the jungles of the tiger, the leopard, -axis deer and sloth bear, and escapes from its numerous enemies by -hiding behind logs, and scurrying through the thick underbush so swiftly -that its pursuers can not keep it in view. Its flesh is most excellent -food. From its peculiar, yapping cry, many times repeated, it is often -called the Barking Deer. It breeds readily in captivity, and its bright -fawn color attracts to it much attention. - -The Musk Deer, (_Moschus moschiferus_), of northern India, Tibet and -Southern China is the creature which produces the well-known musk -perfume of commerce. The product is secreted by the male in the -“rutting” season. This species is one of the smallest of the true deer. -Its most remarkable anatomical feature is a pair of very long and sharp -canine teeth in the upper jaw, the points of which project far below the -lower jaw. No horns are present in this animal. Being short-lived in -captivity, and also difficult to obtain, it must be classed as an -intermittent exhibit. - - - The Small African Antelopes. - -In addition to the grand array of large antelopes inhabiting Africa, of -which many fine examples will be found in the Antelope House, there is -an extensive series of small species. Indeed, the richness of Africa in -antelopes, great and small, is almost beyond belief. The species of Asia -and Europe are so few, and so inconspicuous, that they seem like so many -stray wanderers from the Dark Continent. The fertile, grassy plains of -the great Central African plateau have cradled scores of species, some -of which have wandered into the deserts, the forests and the fluviatile -swamps, and there made their permanent homes. - -The Black-Buck, or Sasin Antelope, (_Antilope cervicapra_), of the -central plains of Hindustan, is one of the handsomest of the smaller -antelopes. The horns of the male are long, strongly ringed, twisted -spirally, and rise from the head in the shape of a V, sometimes to a -length of 28 inches. At first the young males are fawn-colored, like the -females, but as they grow older they steadily grow darker, until finally -the whole upper body and lower neck are suffused with a rich, -brown-black color. On the plains between the rivers Ganges and Jumna, -herds of Black-Buck live in densely populated agricultural regions, and -one of the greatest difficulties attendant upon its pursuit lies in -shooting an animal without also shooting the native. - -The Reedbuck, (_Cervicapra arundinum_), of South Africa, below Angola -and Mozambique, is closely related to the larger and much more showy -waterbucks, but is distinguished from them by the pronounced forward -curve of its horns. In the western districts of Cape Colony, the number -alive, in 1905, was estimated at 350 individuals. - -The Common Duiker Antelope, (_Cephalophus grimmi_), or for that matter, -any species of Duiker—may be regarded as the representative of a large -group of very small African antelopes, of wide distribution. There are -about twenty species in all, and the great majority of them are very -modestly colored, in coats of one or two colors only. The prevailing -tints are grayish brown and tawny red. The horns of the various species -of Duikers are all very much alike. With but one or two exceptions, -their horns are straight spikes from 3 to 5 inches in length. In -shoulder height the Duikers vary from 14 to 30 inches, but the majority -are between 17 and 22 inches. Only three or four species are strikingly -colored. - -The Four-Horned Antelope, (_Tetraceros quadricornis_) is a small -creature which looks like a duiker, but is very far from belonging to -that genus. It is an inhabitant of the brushy plains of India, and -enjoys the unique distinction of possessing two pairs of horns. In -addition to the 4-inch pair, normally placed, it has a much smaller -pair, usually only 1 inch in height, which rises from the central area -of the forehead. I believe it is the only species of antelope which -possesses two pairs of horns. - - [Illustration: GREAT GRAY KANGAROO.] - -The Springbuck, (_Antidorcas euchore_), is to South Africa as the -“prong-horn” is to our great western plains. Once, both were abundant, -and the first hoofed animal to greet the traveler who entered their -respective domains. To-day, both species are so nearly extinct that the -hunter must search long before finding even one. The Springbuck received -its name in recognition of its remarkable habit of leaping high into the -air when running—a habit which also is displayed by the black-buck of -India. - -The Gazelles are found only in Asia and Africa, and the number of -species is about 25. In general terms they may be described as dainty -antelopes,—so slender and delicate in leg construction that it seems -strange that such slender bones can support a tall animal without -breaking. - -The Dorcas Gazelle, of Arabia, (_Gazella dorcas_), is the species which -most frequently finds its way into captivity, and it will serve very -well as a specimen species for the whole group. Despite its delicate and -frail appearance, it is much more enduring in captivity than many -animals which seem far more robust. A pair which entered the Park in -1900 is still living. The male has a temper which quite belies the -reputation of the “gentle gazelle.” Although loyal and kind to his -cage-mate, toward human beings generally he has manifested a very savage -disposition, and in one of his fits of bad temper he broke off one of -his own horns. - - [Illustration: ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT.] - -The Indian Gazelle, (_Gazella benneti_),—frequently called in its home -country Ravine “Deer,”—is a habitant of the sterile, water-washed -ravines of northern and central India, which are the oriental -counterpart of our western “badlands.” This animal inhabits the same -regions as the black-buck, but because of the religious scruples of the -Hindoos against the taking of life, both species are secure from -attack—until the arrival among them of the white sahibs. A full-grown -Indian Gazelle is 26 inches in shoulder height. The females of this -species possess horns, which are very slender, and vary in length from 4 -to 8½ inches. - - - Miscellaneous Mammals. - -The Small-Deer House will at all times contain various mammals which are -there shown because it is a practical impossibility to provide a -separate building for each group. - -The Wild Swine of the world are here represented by three noteworthy -species: - -The Red River-Hog, (_Potamochaerus pencillatus_), of West Africa, is -about the only handsome species of swine that Nature has produced. In -form it is compact and well-turned, its long pencil-tipped ears are of -pleasing pattern, and its hair is a rich auburn color, and the temper of -our specimen is everything that could be desired. Beside it is shown -“Clarence,” the East African Wart-Hog, (_Phacochaerus aethiopicus_), who -is equally interesting, but in a different way. This species is very -weird in form. The Collared Peccary, (_Tagassu angulatum_), beside it is -more like the wild swine of Europe and Japan, and is not nearly so -dangerous as general reputation demands. - -The Kangaroos.—Seldom is there found in Nature a group of large-animal -species whose members are so monotonously similar in general appearance -as are the Kangaroos and Wallabies, of Australia. The great majority are -either gray or gray-brown, and the only striking variation is found in -the big Red Kangaroo, (_Macropus rufus_). - - - THE WHITE MOUNTAIN GOAT, No. 48. - -Fortunate indeed is the zoological park or garden which can exhibit even -one living specimen of the White Mountain Goat. It is a very difficult -matter to take an animal from a rarified dry atmosphere, at an elevation -of 8,000 feet, and induce it to live at sea level, in a dense and humid -atmosphere, on food to which it is by nature wholly unaccustomed. - -We have been successful in establishing here, on a breeding basis this -rare and difficult animal, (_Oreamnos montanus_). One kid was born in -1908 and another in 1910, and both have thriven, the former now being so -large as to look like an adult specimen. - -For some subtle reason which we can not explain, these animals—like the -chamois and mouflon quartered in small pens near the Small-Mammal -House—do not thrive in any of the large, rock-bound corrals of Mountain -Sheep Hill. They are kept in a rock-paved corral near the Pheasant -Aviary and the Crotona Entrance, and to their use has been devoted a -rustic barn, which they shelter in or climb over, according to the -weather. To see them walking nonchalantly over the steep roof, or -perching upon its peak, is one of the drollest sights of the Park. - -The White Goat, sometimes mistakenly called “goat antelope,” belongs to -a small group known as the Rupicaprines or rock antelopes. It inhabits -many different kinds of territory, but usually the rugged sides and -summits of high mountains, at irregular intervals from southwestern -Montana and northern Washington, northward to the head of Cook Inlet on -the coast of Alaska. (See map of distribution, with label.) The valley -of the upper Yukon contains practically no goats. They are most abundant -in southeastern British Columbia, where in a very small area, in -September, 1905, Mr. John M. Phillips and the writer actually counted -239 individuals. - -Of the five animals now exhibited in the Park, three were captured a few -days after their birth, in May, 1905, about seventy miles north of Fort -Steele, British Columbia. They arrived here October 9, 1905, and up to -this date they have thriven as well, and grown as rapidly, as they would -have in a state of nature. Their food consists of the best clover hay -obtainable, and crushed oats. When they shed their coats, in the spring, -they are almost as white as snow, but with months of use, their pelage -becomes soiled and slightly discolored. - -A fully adult male mountain goat stands from 39 to 41 inches in shoulder -height, and weighs, _on scales_, from 258 to 300 pounds. - - - THE PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE. - -The Prong-Horned Antelope, (_Antilocapra americana_), is an animal in -which Americans should now take special interest. Structurally, the -Prong-Horn is so peculiar that it has been found necessary to create for -it a special zoological family, called _Antilocapridae_, of which it is -the sole member. This is due to the following facts: (1) This is the -only living mammal possessing hollow horns (growing over a bony core) -which sheds them annually; (2) it is the only animal possessing a hollow -horn which bears a prong, or bifurcation; (3) it has no “dew claws,” as -other ruminant animals have; (4) the horn is placed directly above the -eye; (5) the long hair of the body and neck is tubular; and (6) that on -the rump is erectile. Beyond all possibility of doubt, it will be our -next large species to become extinct, and if we may judge by the rate at -which the bands have been disappearing during the last fifteen years, -ten years more will, in all probability, witness the extermination of -the last individuals now struggling to exist outside of rigidly -protected areas. It was the intention of the Society to make liberal -provision for the study of the species while it is yet possible to -obtain living specimens, for fifty years hence our graceful and -zoologically interesting Prong-Horn will be as extinct as the dodo. -Unfortunately, however, it fares so badly on the Atlantic coast, there -will, no doubt, be periods wherein this species will be temporarily -absent from the Park. - - [Illustration: AMERICAN PRONG HORNED ANTELOPE.] - -Forty years ago this animal inhabited practically the whole of the great -pasture region which stretches eastward from the Rocky Mountains to the -western borders of Iowa and Missouri. Northward its range extended far -into Manitoba; southward it went far beyond the Rio Grande, and it also -ranged southwestward through Colorado and Nevada to southern California. -Its chosen home was the treeless plains, where the rich buffalo grass -and bunch grass afforded abundant food, but it also frequented the -beautiful mountain parks of Wyoming and Colorado. It even lived -contentedly in the deserts of the southwest, where its voluntary -presence, coupled with the absence of water, constituted a problem which -has puzzled the brain of many a desert traveller. - - [Illustration: BACTRIAN CAMEL.] - -To-day, all observers agree that in all regions wherein the antelope are -not rigidly protected, they are going fast. Those in the Yellowstone -Park are protected against man only to be devoured by the wolves which -infest the Park. - -Unfortunately, the Prong-Horned Antelope is not a hardy animal. The kids -are very difficult to rear; they are at all times easily hurt by -accident, and even in a state of nature this species suffers more -severely in winter than any other North American ruminant. Often the -herds drift helplessly before the blizzards, with numerous deaths from -freezing and starvation, and in spring the survivors come out thin and -weak. - - - THE CAMEL HOUSE, No. 39. - -Speaking in a collective sense, the Camel is much more than an ordinary -animal unit in a zoological park. On the high plains of central and -southwestern Asia, and throughout the arid regions of Africa, it is an -institution. Without it, many portions of the Old World would be -uninhabitable by man. Take either Dromedary or Bactrian Camel, and it is -a sad-eyed, ungainly, slow-moving creature, full of plaints and -objections; but remember that it goes so far back toward the foundations -of man’s dynasty, that beside it the oldest American history seems but a -record of yesterday. It is only a species of the utmost tenacity which -could for fifty centuries or more withstand constant use and abuse by -man without being altered out of all resemblance to its original form. -All races of mankind and all breeds of domestic animals save one, change -and continue to change, indefinitely, but the Camels apparently go on -the same, forever. - - [Illustration: ALPACA.] - -The Bactrian Camel, (_Camelus bactrianus_), he of the long shaggy -hair—_when not shedding_—and the two great humps, is the beast of heavy -burden, the four-footed freight-car of the desert sands. He can carry -550 pounds of freight, for three or four days between drinks; but a -swift pace is not for him. It is an animal of this remarkable species, -from distant Turkestan, southwestern Asia, which daily in fine weather -offers its services as a riding animal, at the stand near the Large -Bird-House. - -It is unfortunate that the Bactrian Camel is in its finest pelage only -in winter, when visitors to the Park are few, and camel-riding is out of -the question. Promptly upon the approach of warm weather and a million -visitors, it sheds its long, shaggy brown coat, and stands forth as if -shorn by a shearer. Of this species, the Zoological Society possesses -two fine specimens (the gift of Captain John S. Barnes), one of which -will at all times be found regularly exhibited at the Camel House, close -by the Crotona (southwest) Entrance. - - [Illustration: VICUNIA.] - -The Dromedary, or Single-Humped Camel, (_Camelus dromedarius_), is a -smaller animal than the preceding, of lighter build, and therefore -capable of much more speed in travelling. This species never is clothed -with long hair. - -Next to the Camel House and corrals is the installation for the nearest -relatives of those species,—the Llamas, Guanacos and other cameloids of -South America. - - - THE LLAMA HOUSE, No. 38. - -_Collection of Cameloids was presented by Mr. Robert S. Brewster._ - -The arid regions of South America are inhabited by four species of -long-necked, long-haired, soft-footed animals, so closely related to the -camels of the Old World that they are called _cameloids_. There are four -species. The llama and alpaca are in a state of domestication, and are -supposed to have been derived from the wild guanaco and vicunia. All of -them might almost be described as small-sized, humpless camels; and -their tempers and mental traits are as odd as their forms. - -The ordinary cameloid is a quiet and inoffensive creature; but the -exception is a rogue of rogues. It will bite with the persistence of a -bull-dog, and with its massive, chisel-like lower incisors inflicts ugly -wounds. At times a llama or vicunia becomes actually insane, and seeks -to destroy every living creature within its reach. Regardless of -punishment, such creatures attack their keepers and their herd-mates, -spit upon visitors, and rage up and down their corrals in most absurd -fashion. Occasionally such individuals require to be completely -isolated. - -The Llama, (_Lama glama_), is the largest and strongest member of the -group. Its body is covered with a thick mass of long, wavy hair of fine -texture, which may be either brown, white, white and brown, or almost -black. The head and legs are short-haired like those of the guanaco. -From time immemorial, this animal has been used as a beast of burden, -and in the Andes has played an important part in the mineral industry by -carrying silver ore and bullion from the mines. - -The Alpaca, (_Lama pacos_), is bred for its wool. It is smaller than the -llama, but more abundantly haired on the legs, neck and head. Its fleece -is long, and lies in stringy tufts. Usually its color is dark brown or -black, but occasionally a white Alpaca is seen. A white specimen in the -Zoological Park collection has blue eyes. - -The Guanaco, (_Lama guanacus_), is one of the most interesting and -valuable wild animals now found in Patagonia. Unfortunately, it is so -stupid and incapable that it is easily killed. The natives of Terra del -Fuego, themselves almost the lowest and most ignorant of men, slaughter -Guanacos for food by surrounding groups of them and clubbing them to -death. - -In size the Guanaco is between the llama and vicunia, and its shoulder -height is about 4 feet. Its hair is thick and woolly, of a pale reddish -color, and there are naked patches on the legs. This species is found on -the Andes, from Ecuador to Terra del Fuego, and appears to be most -abundant in Patagonia. - -The Vicunia, (_Lama vicunia_), is the only member of the cameloid group -which is not clothed with a mass of long hair. It is the smallest member -of the group, comparatively short-haired, its color is a uniform light -brown, its head is small, and there are no callosities on the hind legs. -The Vicunia is found from southern Ecuador, through Peru to central -Bolivia. - - - NORTH AMERICAN DEER. - Elk, Mule Deer, White-Tail, Caribou and Moose. - -The American members of the Deer Family will be found in the ranges -situated on the hill west of the Wild-Fowl Pond, stretching from the -Llama House northward to the Service Road. - -After several years of experiments, we must admit that to all the -American members of the Deer Family save the wapiti white-tailed and -mule deer, the climate of New York City is decidedly inimical. This -densely humid and extremely saline atmosphere is about as deadly to the -black-tail, caribou and moose as it is to the Eskimo; and thus far we -have found it an absolute impossibility to maintain satisfactory herds -of those species in the ranges available for them. In great tracts of -forests, some of them might become acclimatized; but, be that as it may, -all experiments made thus far both here and in two of the great game -preserves of New England, prove conclusively that black-tail deer, mule -deer, caribou, moose, and also prong-horned antelope, are among the most -difficult of all ruminants to acclimatize anywhere in the United States -eastward of the great plains. - -Although the Zoological Society will continue its experiments with some -of these preserve species, and will always strive to exhibit some of -them, our original hopes regarding them have been abandoned. We are -certain that the difficulty lies not in the food, but in climate -conditions, that are beyond our control, and especially our very salty -atmosphere. - -The American Elk, or Wapiti, (_Cervus canadensis._)—Of all the numerous -members of the Deer Family, this animal is second in size to the moose -only; and in the autumn, when its pelage is bright and luxuriant, its -sides well rounded, its massive antlers clean and held conspicuously -aloft, the elk may justly be called the king of the _Cervidae_. It is -well that in the Yellowstone Park we have an unfailing supply of Elk, -which bids fair to perpetuate this handsome species for another century. - -Our Elk Range might well stand for a mountain park, in which is set a -natural lakelet of real value. In October, when the splendid groves of -beech, oak, and maple along the eastern ridge put on all the glorious -tints of autumn, and the big thicket of sumacs, ash, and haw on the -northern hill fairly blaze with scarlet—then are the elk also at their -best. There is no finer picture in animate nature than a herd of elk in -October, with such a setting of greensward, tree-trunk, and foliage. - - [Illustration: AMERICAN ELK.] - - [Illustration: EUROPEAN RED DEER.] - -The maximum shoulder height of the Elk is 5 feet 4 inches, or -thereabouts, and the heaviest weight noted thus far is 927 pounds. - -The calves are born from May to July, and are spotted during the first -six months. During the first year the antlers are merely two straight -spikes, called “dag antlers.” As in all members of the Deer Family, the -antlers are shed every year—which to many persons is almost beyond -belief. Any person who visits a zoological garden in midsummer will see -that the old antlers have dropped off bodily, just below the burr, and -that new antlers, covered with hair, soft, full of blood, and with -club-like “points,” have sprung up like mushrooms in place of the old -ones. In supplying the great drain on the system necessary to support -this remarkable growth, the Elk grows thin, and the fear of hurting his -tender young antlers makes him quite timid and inoffensive. He is no -longer the tyrant of the herd, and a constant menace to his keepers. - -At this point it is not amiss to call attention to the differences -between _horns_ and _antlers_. - -A _horn_ is a hollow sheath, growing over a bony core, and except in the -case of the prong-horned antelope, is never shed. Horns are worn by both -sexes of all bison, buffaloes, cattle, antelope, sheep, and goats. - -An _antler_ is of solid bone throughout, growing from the skull; it is -shed every year close to the skull, and quickly renewed. Usually antlers -have several branches. They are worn by nearly all male members of the -Deer Family—moose, elk, caribou, deer, etc., and also by the female -caribou. The prongs on an antler are no index of the wearer’s age. Some -of the finest and most massive elk antlers have only twelve or fourteen -points. During August and September the hairy covering, or “velvet,” of -new antlers is rubbed off against trees and bushes. This period is -quickly followed by the mating season, during which the neck of the bull -becomes unusually large, and often the animal becomes dangerous. - -Although the Elk is essentially a timber-loving animal, it also wandered -far into the plains bordering the Rocky Mountains on the east—until -driven from them by man. The ideal home of this animal is the timbered -foothills of our western mountains, up to 8,000 feet. Although once -found from Virginia and New York to Oregon, and from northern Manitoba -to the Gulf of Mexico, it is now numerous only in and adjacent to the -Yellowstone Park, in central Colorado, where it is well protected, and -in western Manitoba. The number of Elk in the National Park is variously -estimated at from 10,000 head to a much larger number. - -In a wild state, the Elk feeds on grasses, weeds, and the leaves and -twigs of various trees and shrubs. Of all American deer, it is the most -easy to acclimate and breed in captivity. Large herds are now being -maintained and bred in numerous private game preserves in New Hampshire, -New York, Minnesota, Massachusetts, and elsewhere. About 200 head have -been released in the Adirondacks. - -The Mule Deer, (_Odocoileus hemionus._)—This fine animal is universally -known throughout the Rocky Mountain region, which constitutes its home, -as the “Black-Tailed Deer.” Because of its very large ears, _and the -absence of a black tail_, it is known to naturalists as the Mule Deer. -Inasmuch as its tail is not black, the above more common name properly -applies to _Odocoileus columbianus_, the true black-tailed deer of the -Pacific coast. In Manitoba this animal is called the “Jumping Deer,” -because when running at a gallop, it makes a series of stiff-legged -jumps, or “bucks,” of great length. - -The weight of full-grown bucks ranges from 250 to 300 pounds, and -specimens have been known to reach 325 pounds. The antlers of the Mule -Deer are larger and handsomer than those of the white-tailed deer, and -are much better poised on the head. Instead of dropping forward, they -partake more of the set of an elk’s antlers, and many a “tenderfoot” -hunter has mistaken a heavily-antlered Mule Deer for an elk. The antlers -of a Mule Deer are easily distinguished from those of the white-tailed -species by the two Y-shaped prongs on each antler. It will be remembered -that instead of these, the white-tailed deer antler bears three -straight, perpendicular spikes. - -The Mule Deer makes its home in rugged ravines and bad lands so common -along the creeks and rivers of the Rocky Mountain region, extending well -eastward into the plains. Of late years it has been driven out of the -most accessible of its former haunts, and forced to take shelter in the -rugged fastnesses of the foothills and mountains. West of the Rocky -Mountains it was formerly found along the whole Pacific slope, from Cape -St. Lucas to British Columbia, although in northern California it is -almost replaced by the Columbian Black-Tail, (_O. columbianus_). - - DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTLERS OF A MALE DEER. - -These pictures show the stages of growth of the antlers from the time -the old ones are dropped, to the full development. Number 1 shows the -bull with the one antler gone—picture made early in March. Number 6 -shows the full grown antlers, with the velvet hanging in strips. Number -6 was made August 24 of the same year as Number 1. This remarkable -antler development takes place every year in the life of all male deer. - - [Illustration: 1.] - - [Illustration: 2.] - - [Illustration: 3.] - - [Illustration: 4.] - - [Illustration: 5.] - - [Illustration: 6.] - -The White-Tailed Deer, (_Odocoileus virginianus_), is the species most -widely known throughout the United States, partly by reason of the fact -that it was the first species with which the early settlers of America -became acquainted, partly because of its wide distribution, and also its -persistence in holding its own. In various localities this animal is -known under various names, such as “White-Tailed Deer,” “Flag-Tailed -Deer,” and “Fan-Tailed Deer.” Although not at all in need of it, quite -recently it has received still another name—American Deer. The small -deer of Florida, and also of New Mexico and the Southwest, have been -described as separate forms; and if size is to be accepted as a factor -in the differentiation of species, the diminutive proportions of the -proposed southern species are quite sufficient to establish their -separate identity. - -The White-Tailed deer of Virginia and the northern United States is a -fine animal—large, strong-limbed, heavily-antlered, and hardy. Between -it and the deer of Florida the difference is as great as that between a -setter dog and a mastiff. Thanks to the fact that this species is a born -skulker and lives only in thick brush and timber, it still holds its own -throughout the forest regions of the South generally, Pennsylvania, the -Adirondacks, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Montana, and -Colorado. In the West it is often found inhabiting brushy ravines and -river bottoms. - -This species breeds readily in confinement, and when protected in any -large tract of brush or timber, increases rapidly. During the months of -September, October, and November, the bucks are dangerous and -untrustworthy. The peculiar formation of the antlers—three strong, -spear-like points thrust straight upward from the beam—makes them -dangerous weapons; and when an ill-tempered buck lowers his chin and -drives straight forward with eight sharp spears of solid bone, and -nearly three hundred pounds of weight to back them, he may well be -considered a dangerous animal. He is to be feared less than the elk only -because he is smaller. - -The Woodland Caribou, (_Rangifer caribou_).—The first hoofed animal to -arrive at the Zoological Park was a young female of this species, which -was procured in Champlain County, Canada, and forwarded to the Society -by one of our members, Mr. George S. Huntington. These animals, when -present in the Park, will be kept in a small enclosure, because a large -range containing an abundance of green grass is fatal to them. - -The wild range of the Woodland Caribou extends from Newfoundland, Nova -Scotia, and Maine, with many wide gaps, to the head waters of the Yukon -River, in southern Alaska. The following localities are worthy of -special mention: northern Quebec and Ontario; James Bay; the northern -end of Lake Winnipeg (occasionally); Lake of Woods, Minnesota; Oregon -near Mount Hood; northern Idaho; northwestern Montana, and the mountains -of British Columbia. - -Quite recently, three new species of caribou have been added to our -fauna, one from the Alaskan Peninsula (_Rangifer granti_), one from the -Kenai Peninsula (_Rangifer stonei_), and one from the Cassiar Mountains -(_Rangifer osborni_). - -The Woodland Caribou attains nearly twice the bodily bulk of its more -northern congener, the Barren-Ground caribou. In a state of nature it -lives on browse, reindeer moss, tree moss, and lichens, and it loves -ice-covered lakes and ponds as much as any boy. Its loose-jointed and -wide spreading hoofs and enormously developed “dew-claws” have been -specially designed by Nature to enable this animal to run freely, as if -on snow-shoes, over snow or bogs, which to any small-hoofed deer would -be quite impassable. - -The female Woodland Caribou is provided with small antlers, which, like -those of the male, are shed and renewed annually. - -In the absence of caribou in the Park, visitors are advised to look for -specimens of the Lapland Reindeer, (_Rangifer tarandus_), for we shall -endeavor to keep this genus represented. - - - THE ZEBRA HOUSES, No. 14. - -Although the main building of this installation has not yet been -erected, the plan for the various buildings and corrals has been -approved, and the main building was begun in 1911 and completed in 1912. -The three buildings, and the extensive corrals connecting with them, as -a whole, do justice to the important and picturesque Family _Equidae_, -which includes all the zebras, wild asses and wild horses of the world. - - [Illustration: GRANT ZEBRA.] - -The Prjevalsky Horses, (_Equus prjevalskii_).—Of all the wild equines -which either now or hereafter may be seen in the Zoological Park, the -strange little wild horses from western Mongolia are, and probably will -remain, the most interesting, from a zoological point of view. Broadly -speaking, they are the connecting link between the many-striped zebras, -the little-striped quaggas and the wild asses on one side, and the -domestic, unstriped horse on the other. These wild horses possess a -narrow, dark dorsal stripe, which, in the winter pelage is scarcely -visible, but in summer is plainly evident. A perfect specimen has an -erect mane, no long forelock and no “chestnuts” on its legs. On the -upper half of its tail the hair is short, and mule-like, but on the -lower, or terminal half, it is long and horse-like. The winter coat of -this animal is very long and shaggy. - -Mountain Zebra, (_Equus zebra_).—This species has been nearly -exterminated by man, and is rarely seen in captivity. It inhabits the -mountains of Cape Colony, and it is estimated that only 400 individuals -remain, which now are carefully protected. - - [Illustration: PRJEVALSKY HORSES.] - -Grevy Zebra, (_Equus grevyi_).—This picturesque species was discovered -in Abyssinia, when Jules Grevy was president of France, and it was named -in his honor. It is of large size, covered with very narrow stripes all -over its body, head and limbs, and its huge ears are of remarkable form. -This species is limited to southern Abyssinia and British East Africa -southward to the Tana River. - -Grant Zebra, (_Equus burchelli granti_).—Of all the zebras now seen in -captivity, the great majority belong to what very properly may be -designated as the group of Burchell Zebras. This group contains, besides -the type species, which has practically no stripes on its legs, four -subspecies, whose legs are more or less striped, and which may or may -not possess “shadow stripes” on the hind-quarters. A “shadow stripe” is -a faint, dark stripe in the middle of a wide white or pale yellow stripe -which lies between two broad black stripes. - -Grant Zebra is the most heavily striped of the subspecies composing the -Burchell group. The visitor will observe that its horizontal leg-stripes -are very pronounced, and so numerous that they are carried quite down to -the hoofs. The ground-color of the animal is a cold white, and the thigh -and body stripes are very wide and intense. This fine pair was captured -in Masailand, East Africa, in 1902. - -Chapman Zebra, (_Equus burchelli chapmani_), also belongs to the -Burchell group, and in its color pattern it approaches quite nearly to -the type. The legs of the male bear a few stripes, those of the female -almost none. There are visible on the hind-quarters of the female a few -faint shadow-stripes. - -The Persian Wild Ass, (_Equus persicus_), is a very satisfactory -representative of the wild asses generally. Its dorsal-stripe is very -wide and sharply defined, but it bears no shoulder-stripe, and those -that are faintly indicated on its legs are nothing more than oblong -blotches of dark color. As its name implies, it inhabits Persia, and -Syria, and a closely related form, the Onager, (_E. onager_), is found -in Beluchistan and western India. A third species, the Kiang (_E. -hemionus_), is found on the plains of Tibet. - - - THE ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN DEER, Nos. 1-3. - -In representatives of the deer, (Family _Cervidae_), Asia far surpasses -all other countries. Her species number about 38,—fully double that of -any other continental area,—and from the great Altai wapiti to the tiny -musk deer, the variations in size and form are fairly bewildering. The -entire hill that rises between the Fordham Entrance and Bird Valley, -from Cope Lake to the Zebra Houses, is devoted to the series of houses, -corrals and ranges that are occupied by the deer of Asia and Europe. - -It is quite certain that a number of desirable species of Asiatic deer -can successfully be acclimatized in the parks and game preserves of -America, and induced to breed. Almost without an exception they are -strong and vigorous feeders, and they keep fat and sleek when our own -black-tail, mule deer and white-tail mince like pampered epicures, grow -thinner and thinner, and finally die of “malnutrition.” - -Believing that the members of the group amply justify the effort, the -Zoological Society has been at considerable pains to bring together a -fine, representative collection of the Old World _Cervidae_ and properly -install its members. Although the series proposed is not quite complete, -it contains such rarities as the Altai Wapiti, Barasingha, Burmese -Thameng, Malay and Indian Sambar, and several others. They are sheltered -by four houses, the largest of which crowns the summit of the hill on -the right of Osborn Walk as the visitor enters from Fordham. For the -visitors’ convenience we will make note of the various species about in -the order of their appearance, and not in zoological sequence. - -The Axis Deer, (_Axis axis_), is the handsomest of all the tropical -deer. Indeed, it may even be said to be the only species of the tropics -possessing both form and pelage which are alike pleasing to the eye. In -contrast with the many beautiful and splendidly colored antelopes of -Africa, the deer of the tropics, all round the world, are poorly -provided with those characters which make a handsome animal. With the -sole exception of the Axis Deer, nearly all the other deer of the East -Indies have thin, coarse, dull-colored hair, their antlers are small, -and seldom have more than four points. This is equally true of the deer -of Mexico, Central and South America. Even our own white-tailed deer, so -lusty and fine in the North, becomes in Florida and Texas so dwarfed -that it has now been called a subspecies. - -Considering the severe plainness of all the other deer in the tropics, -it is a little strange that the coat of the Axis should be the most -beautiful possessed by any deer. But it is quite true; and apart from -the majesty of the elk, there is no more beautiful sight in cervine life -than the picture offered by a herd of Axis Deer feeding in a sunlit -glade surrounded by forest. - -This species adapts itself to out-door life in the temperate zone with -surprising readiness, not even second in that respect to the eland. As a -matter of course the Axis can not withstand the fierce blizzards of -midwinter as do the elk and other northern deer; but a reasonable degree -of care in providing it with a dry barn, and shelter from cold winds, -enables it to live even as far north as northern Germany with perfect -comfort. In winter our Axis Deer barn is moderately heated by a stove. - -The Japanese Sika Deer, (_Cervus sika typicus_), is a small -representative of a large group of deer species inhabiting far-eastern -Asia, and known as the Sika Deer group. A ridiculous number of forms -have been described as species and subspecies, of which possibly -one-third are entitled to stand. Some of those on the Asian mainland, as -the Pekin Sika Deer, are much larger than the Japanese Sika, and also -more strikingly colored. The latter species, shown in our northernmost -corral, is about 33 inches in height, and of a dull and uninteresting -smoky-brown color. Its antlers are quite large for a deer so small, and -in the mating season males are sometimes dangerous. This species is very -hardy, breeds persistently, requires no heat in winter, and very rarely -sends a case to the hospital. - - [Illustration: AXIS DEER.] - -The Fallow Deer, (_Dama vulgaris_), is the type of a distinct group of -deer which are distinguished by the possession of antlers widely -palmated throughout the upper half of the beam. In some old Fallow bucks -the antlers are quite moose-like, and give this small deer an imposing -appearance far out of proportion to its actual size. The weight of a -large buck in prime condition generally is between 180 and 200 pounds, -and its shoulder height is between 36 and 40 inches. The largest antlers -recorded by Mr. J. G. Millais, in his beautiful work on “The British -Deer,” measured 29½ inches in length, 28½ inches spread, width of -palmation 8 inches, and the number of points 14. The extinct Irish elk, -with the most colossal antlers ever carried by a cervine animal, was a -near relative of the two living species of Fallow Deer. - -Although a native of northern Africa and the north shore of the -Mediterranean, the Fallow Deer was acclimatized in England and northern -Europe so long ago that the exact date records of the event have -disappeared, and the species is now at home in very many European -forests and game preserves. The deer parks in England possess many fine -herds, but they sometimes exhibit one unfortunate result of long -breeding in a semi-domesticated state—departure from the original type. - -The typical Fallow Deer is in winter very dark brown, with light brown -legs and under parts, and in summer light red with white spots—quite -like the axis. From this standard, the variations run from pure white -through the color of the wild type to jet black. - -The fine herd in the Zoological Park is the gift of Mr. William -Rockefeller. Six of its original members came from the donor’s herd at -Greenwich, Connecticut, and six were purchased from one of the imperial -parks of Russia, by consent of the Czar, and represent the most hardy -stock obtainable. - - [Illustration: BURMESE DEER.] - -The Burmese, or Eld Deer, (_Cervus eldi_), also known as the Brow-Antler -Deer, is one of the rarest species to be seen in captivity. Living -specimens are acquired only through special expeditions to northern -Burma. Its most characteristic feature is the antlers of the male, which -sends forward a very long and almost straight brow tine, while the main -beam sweeps backward in the opposite direction, and describes a full -semicircle. The antlers are both very heavy and long for the size of the -animal. The specimens shown here, which are breeding satisfactorily, are -the gift of Mr. William Rockefeller. - -The Barasingha Deer, (_Cervus duvauceli_), also called the Swamp Deer, -is to India what the mule deer is to North America. To my mind, the -antlers of the former always suggests the latter species, and in size -the two species are much alike. In summer the coat of the Barasingha is -of a beautiful golden-yellow color, conspicuous from afar, and the -antlers of old males reach a length of from 35 to 41 inches, with three -bifurcations on each beam. The antlers sometimes are shed and renewed -twice in twelve months. With us this species breeds very regularly, and -the offspring mature well. - -The Altai Wapiti, (_Cervus canadensis asiaticus_), is, in all -probability, the parent stock of our American elk, but it happens to be -a fact that our species was the first to be discovered by systematic -zoologists, and described. To all visitors who are interested in deer, -the Altai Wapiti—and also the Tashkent Wapiti—are a constant source of -wonder, because of their well-nigh perfect similarity in all points to -our own wapiti, or American elk. Our Asiatic wapiti are exhibited in -ranges connecting with the western rooms of the Asiatic Deer House, -where they have bred twice, and produced two fine fawns. In the rutting -season the males are very cross and dangerous. They are hardy, and -require no heat in winter. - -The Indian Sambar, (_Cervus unicolor_), always suggests a tropical -understudy of the Altai wapiti, clad with thin, coarse, bristly hair, -and with shorter and smaller antlers, and a bristly mane all over the -neck. Each antler possesses three points, only. Of all the Old World -_Cervidae_, this species most nearly approaches the size of the Altai -and Tashkent wapiti. It inhabits the hill forests of India, and in -Burma, Siam and farther south it is replaced by the next species. - -The Malay Sambar, (_Cervus equinus_), also called—most -inappropriately—the “Horse-Tailed Deer,” very strongly resembles the -preceding species, except that the bristly mane of the former is -generally absent. The antlers of this species are shorter, also, but -very thick in proportion to their length. The Malay Sambar is confined -to the Malay Peninsula and the countries immediately above, and Borneo -and Sumatra. - -This species possesses many admirable qualities, and it might be -introduced to advantage in our southern states. It is very even-tempered -and sensible, easily handled, is a vigorous feeder, breeds persistently, -and matures very rapidly; but in every New York winter, it requires some -heat in its barn. - -The Maral Deer, (_Cervus maral_), is in appearance like an extra large -red deer or a small elk. It is a midway member of the Wapiti group, -which extends in a somewhat broken chain from Colorado, northward across -Bering Strait to Asia, and thence across Asia and Europe to Scotland. We -have owned a fine pair of Maral Deer, from the Caucasus district, but -they have failed to breed as expected. - -The European Red Deer, (_Cervus elaphus_), is an understudy of the -American elk, which it much resembles in form and in habits. Next to the -elk it is the finest living deer, and for many generations has held its -own against the dangers of in-breeding. In the parks and forest -preserves of Great Britain and Europe, it exists abundantly, but only as -private property, subject to the guns of the owner and his friends. This -species has been successfully crossed with the American elk. - -Other Asiatic Deer will be found in the Small-Deer House, in the -southern end of the Park. - - - THE LION HOUSE, No. 15. - -As a spectacle of captive animal life, there is none more inspiring than -a spacious, well-lighted and finely-appointed lion house, filled with a -collection of the world’s greatest and handsomest wild beasts. To build -an ideal lion house, and to fill it with a first-class collection of -large felines, are matters involving no little time and much money; but -the sight,—for the millions of visitors,—of lions, tigers, jaguars, -pumas, leopards, cheetahs, black leopards, snow leopards and clouded -leopards, all under one roof, surely is worth what it costs. - -The Lion House of the Zoological Park was completed, excepting a few -minor details, early in the year 1903, and was formally opened to the -public in February. It is 244 feet long, 115 feet wide, including the -outdoor cages, and its cost when completed reached $150,000. The -materials of the building are the same kind as those used in the Reptile -House and Primate House, but the animal sculptures, all by Mr. Eli -Harvey, are more abundant and conspicuous than on any other structure -erected heretofore. The building contains 13 indoor cages, and 9 outdoor -cages, and between the two there is free communication. The sizes of the -various cages are as follows: - -Interior cages: Largest, 14 feet wide, 22 feet deep; smallest, 13 feet -wide, 14 feet high. - -Exterior cages: two end cages, 40×44 feet, 17 feet high; central cage, -40 feet square, 14 feet high; smallest, 13 feet wide, 12 feet deep, 13 -feet high. - - [Illustration: JAGUAR.] - -Excepting for the single fact of having interior and exterior cages, the -Lion House of the Zoological Park is—like the Primate House—an entirely -original development. Its most important new features are as follows: - -All cage service, the introducing and withdrawal of animals, is -conducted from the rear, by means of a track underneath the sleeping -dens, and an elevating platform car. - -The communication between indoor and outdoor cages is direct and -continuous. - -Instead of upright iron bars, all the cage fronts are of hard-steel wire -netting, in rectangular pattern, attached to wrought iron frames. This -is considered by the Zoological Society a great improvement upon the -heavy bar-work hitherto in universal use for cage fronts in lion houses. - - [Illustration: CHEETAH.] - -The space above the sleeping dens has been developed as a sunlit -balcony, whereon the animals will be very conspicuous, even to large -crowds of visitors. - -Jungle-green tiling, impervious to moisture and dirt, is used as a -back-ground for the animals. - -The Lion is an animal of perpetual interest, but like every other -noteworthy wild animal, its haunts are constantly being claimed by -civilization, and its members are rapidly decreasing. It is not a -difficult matter to exterminate or drive out from a given territory any -large and conspicuous quadruped, and at the present rate of settlement -and industrial development in Africa, it may easily come to pass that by -the end of the present century, the king of beasts will be without a -home, outside of zoological collections. - -Like everything great, the Lion has his share of critics and detractors. -A few writers have asserted that because he does not stalk through his -native forests with head proudly erect, like a drum-major on parade, he -is mean-spirited and cowardly. But the beast of noble countenance -believes in the survival of the fittest, and both by inheritance and -observation he knows that a lion who needlessly exposes himself in the -field captures the smallest amount of game, and attracts the greatest -number of steel-tipped bullets. - - [Illustration: BARBARY LION.] - -Although Lions vary greatly in their color, and in the length of the -mane, it is conceded by naturalists that only one species exists. In the -same district and under precisely similar conditions are found -short-maned and long-maned individuals, and all shades of color from -tawny yellow to dark brown. The present geographic range of the species -is from Southern Rhodesia to Persia and northwestern India, but in -northern Egypt there is a large extent of territory which is lionless. - -By reason of his heavy mane and massive countenance, supported by the -grandest roar that issues from throat of beast, the Lion appears to be a -larger animal than he really is. It is yet an unsettled question whether -it exceeds the tiger in length, height or weight, and it is certainly -true that in point of size these two species are very evenly matched. - -In captivity, the Lion is reasonably contented, and under good -conditions breeds readily, and lives a goodly number of years. - -The Siberian Tiger.—Strange to say, the tiger ranges far to the -northward of its proper home in Hindustan, even to Corea, Manchuria and -Russian Siberia. In those cold regions the tiger grows to its greatest -size, and is clothed with a dense coat of long and shaggy hair. In -collections, the great northern tigers are the most highly prized. The -Zoological Park has recently acquired from East Siberia two fine young -specimens, born early in 1909, and all the year round they inhabit the -great northern outdoor cage attached to the Lion House. It is a strange -sight to see tigers living outdoors in winter in New York. - - [Illustration: SNOW LEOPARD.] - -The Tiger will be found upon the earth long after the lion has -disappeared. He is a far better hider, a more skillful hunter, less -given to taking foolish risks, and he does not advertise his presence -and invite his enemies by the bombastic roaring in which the lion -delights to indulge. The Tiger is an animal of serious mind, and he -attends strictly to business. A lion will stalk out into the open, in -broad day, but the Tiger sticks closely to cover until the friendly -darkness renders it safe to roam abroad. - -Despite the density of the population of India, and the omnipresence of -sahibs with rifles of large caliber, the Tiger still inhabits all India -from Cape Comorin to the Himalayas, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Burma, -Siam, and certain portions of China up to the region of snows. Corean -and Siberian Tigers are much sought after by zoological gardens, partly -on account of their size, and also because they are so hardy they are -able to live out doors all winter in the temperate zone. The Tiger is -not found in Africa, nor in any country westward of India. - -The maximum length attained by this animal, head, body and tail, is 10 -feet 2 inches. A very large specimen killed by Dr. Hornaday measured 9 -feet 8½ inches in length, stood 3 feet 7 inches high at the shoulders, -and weighed, on the scales, 495 pounds. In India, Tigers are classed -according to their habits, as “game-killers,” “cattle-lifters,” or -“man-eaters.” Fortunately, in comparison with the total number of these -animals, the latter are few and far between. - -Of yellow-coated felines, The Jaguar, (_Felis onca_), is next in size to -the tiger. In South America, it is almost universally called “El Tigre” -(pronounced Te’-gre), which is Spanish for tiger. Comparatively few -Americans are aware that this superb animal belongs in the fauna of the -United States, but such is the fact. The northern limit of its -distribution is found in southern Texas, where it still exists in small -numbers. In South America it extends to Patagonia. - -The Jaguar is a stocky, heavily-built animal, with a massive head and -powerful forearm. It is a good climber, and many wonderful stories of -its strength have been told and printed. Among leopards of all kinds it -can always be identified by the great size of the black rosettes on its -body, as well as by its heavy build. - -The splendid male specimen, named “Senor Lopez,” in honor of a former -President of Paraguay, was the first to arrive for the new Lion House. -It was captured in August, 1901, in the wilds of central Paraguay, -expressly for us, through the efforts of Mr. William Mill Butler, of -Philadelphia, and by him presented to the Zoological Park. After a long -journey in small river craft, in a flimsy wooden cage that several times -came near collapsing, the animal reached Asuncion, was taken to -Liverpool by Mr. Butler, and finally reached New York. - -The Leopard, (_Felis pardus_), is fourth in size from the lion, and is -distinguished from the jaguar by smaller spots and less powerful form. -It inhabits both Asia and Africa, from Japan to Cape Colony. While the -species is regarded as the same throughout that vast extent of -territory, it is undoubtedly true that the Leopards of Africa have -smaller spots and more intense coloring than those of Asia. The maximum -size for this species is a total length of 8 feet, which is attained -only by a very large animal, with a long tail. - -Naturally, the Leopard preys upon smaller animals than those most sought -by the lion and tiger. It prefers small antelopes, and young animals -generally, goats and sheep. When pursued, it is very skilful in hiding, -and will shelter in brushy cover until fairly beaten out. - -The Black Leopard is the most ill-tempered of all feline -animals—perpetually snarling and growling, and seeking to do some one an -injury. Naturalists regard it as of the same species as the common -leopard, (_Felis pardus_), despite the fact that it is found only in -southeastern Asia, and both in appearance and disposition is totally -different from the typical _pardus_. With but few exceptions, the -world’s supply of Black Leopards comes from Singapore. - -The Cheetah, or Hunting Leopard, (_Cynaelurus jubatus_), is marked by -its long legs, slender body, small head, small spots, and claws that are -only partially retractile. Its structure suggests that of the dogs. It -is distributed very irregularly through portions of Africa and southern -Asia, and is by no means a common animal like the leopard and tiger. - -In central India, this animal is trained to hunt the sasin antelope, a -form of sport indulged in chiefly by native rajahs. The Cheetah takes -kindly to captivity, and permits handling to an extent quite unknown -with other large felines. Its keepers place the animal upon an open -cart, blindfold it, and then drive to within 200 yards of a herd of -antelope. At the point of nearest possible approach, the hood is -removed, and the animal is set free. Leaping to the ground, the Cheetah -stalks the herd of antelope as closely as possible, then makes a sudden -rush forward, and endeavors to seize a victim. If successful, the animal -is pulled down and killed. If not, the Cheetah sullenly retires, and -again places itself in the hands of its friends. - -The Snow Leopard, or Ounce, (_Felis uncia_), is the rarest, and also one -of the most beautiful of all the large felines. It inhabits the high -plateau of central Asia from the Himalayas to the Altai Mountains of -Mongolia, above 9,000 feet. It is the neighbor of the Marco Polo sheep, -the giant-horned argali, and the Siberian ibex. In its home country, -this creature is sufficiently numerous that 2,000 tanned skins sometimes -reach Shanghai in a single year, but owing to its great distance from -railways and sea, not more than fifteen or twenty specimens have reached -the zoological gardens of Europe and America. Some individuals are -good-natured and playful, but others are morose. - -The Puma, or Mountain Lion, (_Felis concolor_), is the most widely-known -feline in North America. At present it is at home in Florida, Montana, -Wyoming, Colorado, Texas, and all the states westward thereof. Southward -it inhabits Mexico and Central America, and ranges through South America -quite down to southern Patagonia. It attains its maximum size (8 feet in -length, weight 225 pounds) in Colorado, where it appears to be more -numerous than in any other state. In Routt County it is hunted very -successfully with dogs. When pursued, it is compelled to take refuge in -a low tree, in which it can be photographed or shot without danger. - -Despite the numerous thrilling stories that have been written and -published about the dangerous doings of this animal, it is by no means -really dangerous to man. No Puma holding an option on a safe line of -retreat ever stops to fight a man. - -The Puma was formed for agility rather than strength. It swims well, and -it is the most agile climber of all the large felines. The head of this -animal is particularly beautiful, and its temper in captivity is -entirely satisfactory. The first specimen of this species to enter the -Zoological Park came from Peru, as a gift from Mr. Joseph P. Grace, and -during the years 1901 and 1902 it lived out doors, constantly, in the -Puma House (No. 33A), where its health was excellent. - - - THE SEA-LIONS, No. 12. - -Of all animals which find permanent homes in zoological gardens and -parks, very few afford the public more constant entertainment than -Sea-Lions. They are delightfully active, and in one way or -another—diving, swimming, climbing or hopping about—are nearly always -“showing off.” No one within a quarter of a mile of their pool need -inquire where they are, for their loud and cheerful “Hook! hook! hook,” -is heard far and wide, and draws visitors like a magnet. - -The Sea-Lion Pool is situated about in the center of Baird Court. - -The California Sea-Lion, or “Barking Sea-Lion,” (_Zalophus -californianus_), is the species most easily caught alive, and the one -usually seen in captivity. Its home is the coast of California, but it -is said to enter the Sacramento River and travel upward for a -considerable distance in pursuit of spawning salmon. Comparatively few -Sea-Lions are now found on the mainland coast of California. On the -United States Light-House reservations their slaughter is prohibited by -the Light-House Board. - -The California Sea-Lion is very similar in size, and, leaving the old -males out of consideration, it is almost the exact counterpart in form -of that apple of perpetual international discord—the Alaskan “fur seal.” -The unfortunate fact that the latter animal has become known as a -“seal,” has caused much confusion in people’s minds regarding the -classification of pinnipeds (fin-footed animals) generally. For this -reason, it is proper to observe at this point that: - -_Sea-Lions_ have flat, triangular, naked front flippers, without claws; -they have long necks, and carry their heads high. There are nine -species, of which the so-called “fur seal” is one. - -_Seals_ always have short and stubby front flippers, which are covered -with hair, and provided with claws. In most species the hair is coarse -and valueless. The seal has a very short neck and by reason of the -weakness of its front flippers, it is not nearly so active nor so -interesting as the sea-lion. - - [Illustration: ATLANTIC WALRUS.] - -The Atlantic Walrus inhabits the arctic regions between America and -Europe, and it is estimated that not more than ten specimens ever have -been exhibited in captivity. Because of their unusual feeding habits, -Walruses are very difficult to keep alive. Their standard food is clams; -and frequently clams are very difficult to obtain. The Atlantic Walrus -grows to great size, probably exceeding 4,000 pounds in weight. The -specimen exhibited in the rocky pool near the Reptile House was -presented by Mr. Paul J. Rainey, in 1911, and has thriven continuously -ever since its arrival. It was captured in Kane Basin, north of Baffin’s -Bay. - -The Harbor Seal, (_Phoca vitulina_), is the species common along our -Atlantic coast, and since it serves so well as a type of hair seals, or -true seals, it will occasionally be shown in the Park. In comparison -with the active and vivacious sea-lion, it is a tame and rather -uninteresting creature; but neither has any commercial value, save for -the purposes of exhibition when alive. - - - THE PRIMATE HOUSE, No. 17. - -The Primates are the four-handed animals belonging to the zoological -order called by that name, which includes man, the anthropoid apes both -great and small, the baboons, monkeys and lemurs. The word “monkey” is -by no means sufficiently comprehensive to embrace all these forms. Were -it otherwise, this building would be called, officially, the Monkey -House. - -The Primates include the creatures which stand nearest to man in the -zoological scale, and in interest to all classes of humanity they stand -above all others. There is no intelligent person, civilized or savage, -to whom the humanlikeness of apes and monkeys does not appeal. On the -other hand, some of the baboons are in feature and temper so thoroughly -beast-like, their diabolism is almost as fascinating as the man-like -character of the great apes. The variety of forms in the Order Primates, -and the wide differences between the various groups, imperatively -demand, for the proper representation of this Order, a large collection. - -The Primate House was erected in 1901, at a cost of $65,000, and opened -to the public on December 22d, of that year. It is 162 feet in length, -74 feet in width, contains 16 large interior cages, 22 small cages, and -11 exterior cages, two of which are of great size. The points of special -excellence in this building are as follows: An abundance of room for the -animals, an abundance of sunlight, perfect ventilation, an extensive -series of open-air cages, freedom of communication between outside and -inside cages, floors and walls impervious to moisture and disease germs, -and the absence of iron bars from all cages save three. - -During the months of mild weather, all the inmates of the large interior -cages occupy, at will, corresponding cages in the outdoor series. It is -also intended that certain hardy species of baboons, and the red-faced -monkey of Japan, shall be provided with comfortable sleeping quarters -and live outdoors, every winter. It is believed that they can do this, -not only with comfort, but with great physical benefit. - -For general convenience, and the promotion of a universal understanding -of the primates, we propose to set them forth in four groups, a -subdivision strictly according to Nature, readily comprehended, and -easily remembered They are as follows, with typical examples of each: - - I. Anthropoid Apes. - - Chimpanzee _Anthropopithecus calvus_ of Africa. - Orang-Utan _Simia satyrus_ “ Borneo. - Gray Gibbon _Hylobates leuciscus_ “ “ - - II. Old World Monkeys and Baboons. - - Mona Monkey _Cercopithecus mona_ “ Africa. - White-Collared Mangabey _Cercocebus collaris_ “ “ - Magot: Barbary “Ape” _Macacus inuus_ “ N. Africa. - Japanese Red-Faced Monkey _ “ fuscatus_ “ Japan. - Pig-Tailed Monkey _ “ nemestrinus_ “ E. India. - Rhesus Monkey _ “ rhesus_ “ India. - Entellus Monkey _ “ entellus_ “ “ - Black “Ape” _Cynopithecus niger_ “ Celebes. - Golden Baboon _Papio babuin_ “ N. Africa. - Hamadryas _ “ hamadryas_ “ Arabia. - Mandrill _ “ mormon_ “ W. Africa. - Gelada _Theropithecus gelada_ “ Abyssinia. - - III. New World Monkeys. - - White-Throated Sapajou _Cebus hypoleucus_ “ S. America. - Red-Faced Spider Monkey _Ateles paniscus_ “ “ “ - White-Headed Saki _Pithecia leucocephala_ “ “ “ - Yarkee: Short-Tailed Monkey _Brachyurus calva_ “ “ “ - Squirrel Monkey _Chrysothrix sciurea_ “ “ “ - Common Marmoset _Hapale jacchus_ “ “ “ - Douroucoli _Nyctipithecus trivirgatus_ “ “ “ - - IV. Lemurs and Lemuroids. - - Ring-Tailed Lemur _Lemur catta_ “ Madagascar. - Indri _Indri brevicaudata_ “ India. - Galago _Galago galago_ “ Madagascar. - Slow Lemur _Nycticebus tardigradus_ “ Madagascar. - Aye-Aye _Cheiromys “ India. - madagascariensis_ - - [Illustration: CHIMPANZEE BALDY.] - -Nearly all the above-named species are now living in the Primate House, -besides which there are many others. So far as the available supply of -captive primates will permit, these typical species will constantly be -kept on exhibition, together with many others equally interesting. In -this small volume it is possible to notice only the most important -forms. - -The Gorilla, (_Gorilla savagei_), of equatorial West Africa, is the -largest and ugliest of the great apes, walks erect, and in form of body -and limbs, it most resembles man. Its brain, however, is less man-like -than that of the chimpanzee and orang-utan. It is very rarely seen in -captivity. The only specimen which up to 1911 had reached America alive -lived but five days after its arrival. Despite the fact that these -creatures seldom live in captivity longer than a few months, they are -always being sought by zoological gardens. The agents of the New York -Zoological Society are constantly on the watch for an opportunity to -procure and send hither a good specimen of this wonderful creature; and -whenever one arrives, all persons interested are advised to see it -_immediately_,—before it dies of sullenness, lack of exercise, and -indigestion. - -The Orang-Utan is intellectually superior to the gorilla, and is -equalled only by the chimpanzee. Unfortunately, as a rule, none of the -great apes are long-lived in captivity, and in zoological gardens they -come and go. For this reason, it is seldom that an adult specimen, 4 -feet in height, and weighing 150 pounds, is seen in captivity. Among -other apes, the Orang-Utan is readily recognized by its _brown skin, red -hair and small ears_. - -In disposition this creature is naturally docile and affectionate. It is -fond of the society of human beings, takes to training with wonderful -readiness and success, and young specimens can easily be taught to wear -clothes, sit at table, and eat with spoon and fork. In the summer of -1911, the daily open-air exhibition of _nine_ apes dining at 4 o’clock -on an elevated platform in the large outside cage at the Primate House, -will long be remembered by the crowds of visitors who saw it. Such -exhibitions are entirely germane to the educational purposes of a -zoological garden or park, for they illustrate the mentality of animals -and their wonderful likeness to man, far more forcibly than the best -printed statements. - -The north hall of the Primate House is specially intended for the -anthropoid apes, and it is not likely that any lengthy periods will -elapse during which it contains neither orang-utans nor chimpanzees. - - [Illustration: ORANG-UTAN.] - -The Chimpanzee, (_Anthropopithecus calvus_), of equatorial Africa from -the west coast to the central lake region, is quite as common in -captivity as the orang-utan. Both structurally and mentally this animal -is very much like the orang-utan, and for keenness of intellect and -susceptibility to training, it is second to none of the animals lower -than man. A Chimpanzee is easily recognized by its _black hair and large -ears_. There are two or three species. - -The Gibbon shows off to poor advantage in a cage, but in the tree-tops -it is a wonderful creature. It is like a long-armed skeleton clothed -with skin and hair, animated by the spirit of an Ariel. In its home in -the jungles of Borneo and southeastern Asia, it dwells in hilly forests, -and never descends to the earth. When attacked, it flees down-hill, if -possible, and it seems actually to fly through the tree-tops. It boldly -flings itself forward through space, grasps with its hands the first -available branch, swings underneath, feet foremost, and after another -flight presently catches with its feet, thus actually making revolutions -as it goes. Its progress is so swift and so silent that successful -pursuit is impossible to any enemy not provided with wings. - -This animal is naturally very timid, but does not hesitate to expose -itself to mortal danger when its young are in distress. In captivity -gibbons are shy and nervous, and take life very seriously. - - [Illustration: HUMBOLDT WOOLLY MONKEY.] - - - Old-World Monkeys. - -The Baboons have been specially designed by Nature for life upon the -ground, surrounded by dangerous enemies. But for their big canine teeth, -their fierce tempers and bull-dog courage, backed by a fine combination -of strength and agility, the lions, leopards, hyenas and jackals of -Africa would have exterminated them all, ages ago. They were not formed -to become hand-organ beasts of burden, nor even companions to man, but -rather to fight off their enemies, and bluff even the king of beasts -when occasion requires. In captivity, their strength and ferocity always -inspires respect, and sometimes genuine terror. At all times they -require to be treated as dangerous animals. - -Of the various species of baboons on exhibition in the Primate House, -the full-grown Mandrill is the most interesting, and wonderful. It seems -like an animal not of this earth, and reminds the visitor of one of the -great beasts of the visions of St. John the Divine. The home of this -species is in West Africa, and it is found from Senegambia to the Congo. -The long shaggy hair, lion-like appearance, the peculiar color markings -of the face, and the indescribable grimaces, instantly fix the attention -of every visitor. - -The Hamadryas Baboon, with long side whiskers and cape of long hair, is -one of the handsomest animals of this group. Its explosive, ear-racking -cry is almost as startling to visitors as a cannon-shot. - -The Golden Baboon has the liveliest disposition and the best temper -possessed by any baboon. Young specimens are full of good-natured -mischief, and are much given to hectoring their cage-mates. The -Long-Armed Yellow Baboon is quite at home in the Primate House, and has -bred here. It is a good species to keep in captivity. - -The Group of Old World Monkeys, in addition to the baboons, contains -several species worthy of special remark. There are some which have -tails so very short and insignificant that they seem to be tailless, and -several of them are called “apes.” _They are not true anthropoids_ -(manlike apes), however, and it is a confusing error to designate any of -them as “apes.” The species referred to are the following: - - The Black “Ape,” of Celebes, exceedingly like a true baboon. - - The Magot, or Barbary “Ape,” of North Africa and Gibraltar, which is a - true macaque. - - The Japanese Red-Faced Monkey, another macaque, with a brilliant red - face, and long, thick coat of hair, which enables it to live out of - doors all winter, even in this Zoological Park. - - The Pig-Tailed Monkey, several species of which are found in Burma and - other portions of southeastern Asia. - -All the above are on exhibition in the Primate House, and the outdoor -cages. - -The Rhesus Monkey, of India, is one of the sacred species, and ages of -immunity from molestation, or even wholesome discipline, have made this -animal aggressive and domineering in temper. - -The Bonneted Macaque is the best-tempered monkey of all the monkey -species found in the East Indies, and it is by far the best to keep as a -pet. - -The Entellus Monkey, of India, is also a sacred species, and its natural -seriousness of manner, and dignified bearing, quite befit the direct -descendants of the original Hunuman, or monkey deity of the Hindoos, who -helped to build Adam’s Bridge. - -Of the many African monkeys, some of the most showy (such as the Guerzas -and Colobos) are so difficult to procure they can not be set forth as -permanent residents in the Primate House. The following species, -however, may be classed with the reliables: - -The White-Collared Mangabey and Sooty Mangabey are both so lively, so -good-natured, and so free from the fighting habit, they are prime -favorites with everybody. - -The Mona Monkey is handsome and easily kept, and an excellent -representative of the great African genus _Cercopithecus_. - -The Green Monkey and the Vervet are lively but quarrelsome, and at times -become dangerous. The Patas, or Red Monkey, is very sedate, and makes a -good cage-mate for the mona. - -The New World Monkeys, even at their best, never make a strong showing -in a vivarium. The trouble is that many of the most interesting species -are so delicate it is impossible to keep them alive in captivity. Fame -awaits the man who can discover a bill of fare on which Howling Monkeys, -Sakis and Yarkees can live in captivity to old age, and repay their cost -and care. Their digestive organs are delicate, and are subject to -derangement from causes so slight they can not be reckoned with. - -The Sapajous are the hardiest, the most intelligent and in some respects -the most interesting of the New World monkeys. They all possess the -prehensile (or grasping) tail, _which is not found on any Old World -monkey_, and the use made of it is a constant source of wonder. Monkeys -of this species are quite common in captivity, and their wrinkled brows -and serious countenances give them an appearance of being burdened with -cares,—which most captive monkeys certainly are! These are the -unfortunate creatures which so often come to grief on hand-organs. - -The Black Spider Monkey and the Gray Spider Monkey represent a genus of -animals quite as attenuated in form as the gibbons. Their slender -bodies, exceedingly long and slender legs and tail,—the latter strongly -prehensile, and better than a fifth arm and hand,—give them when in the -tree-tops an appearance truly spider-like. They are agile climbers, but -not rapid runners, and having no means of defense are very timid. Their -stomachs are so simple they seem to lack some element or function that -is necessary to the life of the animal in captivity. Notwithstanding the -fact that “Jess,” of Bath, New York, in defiance of all laws and -precedents, _lived thirteen years in a cold climate_, the great majority -of spider monkeys die before they reach full maturity, and nearly always -of stomach troubles. Fortunately, however, there are exceptions to this -rule. - - [Illustration: JAPANESE RED-FACED MONKEY.] - - [Illustration: PIG-TAILED MACAQUE.] - -The Squirrel Monkey, often called a “Marmoset,” is a pretty little -olive-yellow monkey, almost as delicate as the true Marmoset, and the -Pinche. These diminutive creatures are so delicate they require the -greatest care and tenderness, and thrive better in moderately small -cages than in large ones. True marmosets are the smallest of American -primates, being next in size to the Tarsier, of Borneo, smallest of all -quadrumanes. - -The Lemurs and Lemuroids.—A lemur is a monkey-like animal belonging to -the lowest group of primates, but in some respects is so little like a -typical monkey that the relationship is not always apparent. There are -about thirty species, and all save a very few are found on the Island of -Madagascar. They are gentle-spirited, harmless and inoffensive animals, -and not being persecuted by their human neighbors, as all American wild -animals are, they are quite numerous. - -Nearly all the Lemurs have long tails, long and fine hair, large eyes -and pointed muzzles. Many of them are strikingly colored in various -shades of black, white and gray. All Lemurs are supposed to be of -nocturnal habit, and in fact they really are; but the specimens in the -large jungle cage of the Primate House are quite as lively and -interesting in the daytime as most of the monkeys. So far from -manifesting a disposition to retire to dark corners, they love to lie in -the sunshine. - - [Illustration: SLOW LEMUR.] - - [Illustration: SIAMANG.] - -The Ruffed Lemur, or Black-and-White Lemur, (_Lemur varia_), is the -handsomest member of this entire group. Its fur is very long, silky, and -alternately pure white and jet black. The Ring-Tailed Lemur has a very -long, pointed tail, ornamented with about 25 alternating rings of brown -and gray, which it carries very gracefully. This species is of a more -lively disposition than most others. The curious Indri has not up to -this time come into the collection, but it is expected in the near -future. When it arrives it can at once be recognized by the entire -absence of a tail, except a mere stump, and by its large hands and feet. - - - ELEPHANT HOUSE, No. 20. - -Of its buildings for animals, the Elephant House is the culminating -feature of the Zoological Park, and it comes quite near to being the -last of the series. In token of these facts, it is fittingly crowned -with a dome. Through its position in the general plan it closes a wide -gap, and effectively links together the northern and southern halves of -the establishment. - -The erection of this great structure began in 1907, and the building was -completed and its inmates housed in the fall of 1908. The yards -surrounding the structure were finished in 1909. - - [Illustration: ELEPHANT HOUSE.] - -Any building which can comfortably accommodate a representative -collection of the largest of all living land animals, must -unquestionably be large and substantial. There is no pleasure in seeing -a ponderous elephant chained to the floor of a small room, unable even -to walk to and fro, and never permitted to roam at will in the open air -and sunlight. It is no wonder that dungeon-kept elephants go mad, and do -mischief. If an elephant—or for that matter any animal—cannot be kept in -_comfortable_ captivity, then let it not be kept at all. - -The Elephant House of the City of New York is a large and roomy -structure, built to render good service for two centuries. Its extreme -length over all is 170 feet, and its width is 84 feet. Its two sides are -divided into 8 huge compartments, of which 4 are for elephants, 2 for -rhinoceroses, and 2 for hippopotami. Each of these is 24×21½ feet. - -The Hippopotami have within the building a tank 24×21 feet, and 8 feet -in total depth; and another will be constructed in their corral. - -Each end of the building furnishes two cages of smaller dimensions, for -tapirs, and young elephants. The whole area surrounding the building, -excepting the axial walk, is devoted to open-air yards, so arranged that -each cage in the interior connects directly with a corral which affords -both sunshine and shade. Nature seems to have made this beautiful open -grove—strangely free from trees in its center—especially for the -purposes to which it now is devoted. - -It is by no means the intention of the Zoological Society, that, because -an axial walk leads through the Elephant House, the building shall be -used _as a thoroughfare_ for foot traffic between the northern and -southern portions of the Park. Such use would surely defeat the main -purpose of the structure. It is intended to be entered _only by persons -who desire to see the animals, and all others must pass around it_, by -one or the other of the two very direct promenades which will be -provided. The employees of the Park are strictly forbidden to consider -the walk through the building as a convenient highway, and visitors are -requested to observe the obvious necessities of this case. - -The Indian Elephant, (_Elephas indicus_), is the universal elephant of -captivity, the African species being shown only as a great rarity. For -every elephant that comes from Africa, about thirty come from India, and -of those about twenty-nine are prosy and unromantic females. In order to -secure a male Indian Elephant, it must be specially ordered. - - [Illustration: INDIAN ELEPHANT.] - -Our first Indian Elephant, a fine male named “Gunda,” was caught wild in -the interior of Assam, northeastern India, and he arrived at the -Zoological Park in May, 1904, as the gift of Col. Oliver H. Payne. He -was then about seven years old. He stood 6 feet 7 inches in shoulder -height, weighed 3,740 pounds, and had all the points of a “high-caste” -elephant. His tusks were then 16 inches long. He is very mischievous -about breaking anything in his quarters that is breakable, and he -manifests special dislike toward certain individuals who come near him. -Like most Indian elephants, “Gunda” is very intelligent. In two days he -was taught to receive pennies, lift the lid of his “bank,” drop the coin -within, and ring his bell. - -Since his arrival here, in May, 1904, he has grown in height at the rate -of about 5 inches each year. On November 1, 1910, he stood 8 feet 9 -inches in shoulder height, his weight was 8100 pounds, and his tusks -were 36 inches long. - -The Sudan African Elephant, (_Elephas oxyotis_, Matschie), is the -largest of the four species of African elephants now recognized. The -other species are the South African Elephant, (_E. capensis_), the -German-East-African Elephant, (_E. knochenhaueri_), and the West African -Elephant, (_E. cyclotis_). - -After some years of waiting, and many futile efforts, we have at last -come into possession of a pair of young Sudan Elephants, representing, -so we believe, the great species to which belonged Jumbo, and also the -bearer of the enormous tusks presented to the Zoological Society by Mr. -Charles T. Barney. Like all elephants newly arrived from Africa, they -are young, and small; but if they have good health they will grow very -rapidly, and about A. D. 1927 they should attain full stature,—11 feet -at the shoulders for the male, or thereabouts. - - [Illustration: AFRICAN ELEPHANTS.] - -The different species of elephants are most easily recognized by their -ears. Compare the enormous “sail-area” of the ears of this species with -the small, triangular ear of the Indian elephant, and the small, round -ear of the next species. - -The West African Elephant, (_Elephas cyclotis_), of equatorial West -Africa, especially the Congo country, is apparently a small species, not -exceeding seven feet in height, even if that height is ever attained. -Mr. Carl Hagenbeck reports that out of nearly 300 pairs of tusks of this -species examined by him in the German ivory market, not one pair -exceeded two feet in length, and many measured only 10 inches. - -On July 25, 1905, we received a male specimen representing this species, -as a gift from Mr. Barney. It is strikingly marked by its small round -ears, and the presence of 5 toes on each fore-foot and 4 on the hind -foot, the number in the East African species being 4 and 3, -respectively. At the time of its arrival, little “Congo” stood 43 inches -in shoulder height, his weight was precisely 600 pounds, and his tusks -were 4 inches long. On June 1, 1911, his shoulder height was 60 inches, -and his weight was 1650 pounds, and his tusks were 23 inches long. - - [Illustration: AFRICAN TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS.] - -Regarding the life history and distribution of this odd species, much -remains to be ascertained; and precise information is greatly desired. - -The African Two-Horned Rhinoceros, (_Rhinoceros bicornis_), is already -represented by a female specimen which was acquired in 1906. “Victoria” -was captured in July, 1905, in the northern point of German East Africa, -within about sixty miles of the head of Speke Gulf, which is the -southeastern arm of Lake Victoria Nyanza. The elevation is between 4,000 -and 5,000 feet. She was slung under a pole, and carried, six days’ -journey on men’s shoulders, to the shore of the lake. - -From thence she was transported by steamer to Port Florence, at the head -of the Uganda Railway, thence by rail 500 miles to Mombasa. Ever since -her arrival in New York, “Victoria” has developed rapidly. Captivity -does not seem to fret her in the least. She is very docile, is very -friendly toward her keeper, and it is quite apparent that she enjoys -herself. - -The African Two-Horned Rhinoceros once was very abundant throughout the -whole of the fertile plains region of east and south Africa, but the -onslaughts of hunters have exterminated it from probably nine-tenths of -the territory that it once occupied. To-day, the Englishmen of Africa -are earnestly endeavoring to regulate and abate the slaughter of African -big game, and beyond doubt safe, good results in that line are being -accomplished. It is to be hoped that the protection lines will now be -drawn so tightly around the game that remains that it will be -perpetuated for centuries to come. - - [Illustration: INDIAN RHINOCEROS.] - -The Indian Rhinoceros, (_Rhinoceros unicornis_).—A full-grown Indian -Rhinoceros is one of the most wonderful of all living animals. It seems -like a prehistoric monster, belonging to the days of the dinosaurs, -rather than a creature of to-day; and the killing of so grand a creature -solely for the sake of “sport,” and a stuffed head to hang upon a wall, -is murder, no less. It is quite time that the most wonderful works of -animated Nature should universally be recognized as safe from attack -with the rifle and knife. - -So pronounced is the rarity of the great Indian Rhinoceros, it is a fact -that for nearly fifteen years no living specimens came into the -wild-animal market. At last, however, the persistence and industry of -the renowned Carl Hagenbeck was rewarded by the capture, in 1906, of -four young specimens, all of which reached Hamburg in May, 1907. One of -the best specimens of the quartette was purchased for the New York -Zoological Park, and is now living in the Park in the quarters prepared -for him at the Elephant House. - - [Illustration: PYGMY HIPPOPOTAMI.] - -The Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros is the largest of all living -rhinoceroses. A full-grown male is about 5 feet, 6 inches in shoulder -height, and 10 feet 6 inches long from end of nose to root of tail. The -length of the horn is not great, rarely exceeding 12 inches. The skin is -very thick, and lies upon the animal in great rigid slabs which are -divided by articulating areas of thinner skin. - -The Hippopotamus, (_Hippopotamus amphibius_), is more frequently seen in -captivity than any of the large rhinoceroses, or the African elephant. -In the lakes and large rivers of central East Africa it still exists in -fair numbers, and still is killed for “sport.” - -Strange as it may seem, this very inert and usually lethargic monster -can, under what it deems just provocation, become very angry, and even -dangerous. Four years ago, in one of the rivers of Uganda, a -hippopotamus not only overturned a boat, but killed one of its native -occupants by biting him. - -The Hippopotamus breeds readily in captivity, even under poor -conditions, and the supply for the zoological gardens of the world is -chiefly maintained in that way. The fine male specimen exhibited in the -Zoological Park was purchased from the Central Park Menagerie, for -$3,000, and is a gift from Mr. Samuel Thorne. He was born on July 13, -1904. His weight on November 1, 1909, at five years of age, was 3,114 -pounds; and he is growing rapidly. - -The Pygmy Hippopotamus (_Hippopotamus liberiensis_), is a great -zoological novelty, and second in rarity only to the okapi. Thus far -only five specimens ever have been exhibited. An adult Pygmy Hippo is -only _one-fourteenth_ the size of an adult Nile Hippo. Our three -specimens, a female and two males, are exhibited in the Elephant House. -They arrived in 1912, and were captured in Liberia, West Africa. The -cost price of the trio was $15,000. They have excellent appetites, never -have been ill, and they seem to enjoy their new home. Their habits, -capture, and their home surroundings have been fully described in the -_Bulletin_ (No. 52) and the Annual Report for 1912 of the Zoological -Society. - -The Pygmy Hippopotamus is far more widely distributed throughout Liberia -than might be inferred from the surprising scarcity of specimens in -museums, and the long absence of the species from zoological gardens. It -is an inhabitant of swampy forests, and while it frequents rivers it is -not confined to them, like the large hippo. It seeks shelter from -molestation in large cavities in river banks, usually under the roots of -overhanging trees. These specimens were caught by digging pits in their -runways, with sides so steep that the captives could not climb out. -After capture, each animal was placed in a huge basket crate, slung -under a pole, and carried by natives over the rough forest trails to the -nearest river transportation. - -The Tapirs.—Near the end of the Order of Hoofed Animals, (_Ungulata_), -is found the Tapir Family, represented in both the old world and the -new, by about five species. These very odd creatures inhabit the densest -forests of the tropics, where vegetation grows rankly, and few other -large hoofed animals can live. They are very fond of water, and swim -well. - -The South American Tapir, (_Tapirus terrestris_), takes kindly to -captivity, breeds in confinement, and always manages to look well-fed -and as sleek as a seal. Its color is a rich mahogany brown, and its -long, prehensile nose is strongly suggestive of the end of an elephant’s -trunk. The shoulder height of a full-grown animal is about 37 inches. -This species inhabits Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay -and some other regions of South America. Some of the Central American -Tapirs inhabit mountain regions, but all are exceedingly wary, and -difficult to find without dogs. - -The Malay Tapir, (_Tapirus indicus_), of the Malay Peninsula and -Sumatra, may be recognized as far as it can be seen, by its colors. The -front half of the animal, and its legs, are black or dark brown, and the -rear half of the body is white. It is much larger than the preceding -species. - - - THE WOLF DENS, No. 22. - -At the northeastern corner of the Elk Range there is a huge, bare -granite rock, two hundred feet long, shaped precisely like the hump of a -bull buffalo. The high end of the hump is toward the north, and its -crest is about fifteen feet above the ground on its eastern side. A -fringe of small trees and bushes grows along its western side. On the -east side, well sheltered by the rock itself from the cold west winds of -winter, and also shaded by several fine trees which most opportunely -grow close beside the ledge, the Wolf Dens and Fox Dens are situated. - -In regard to the iron work, these dens are merely an understudy of the -Bear Dens. The dimensions of each den of the series are 16 by 48 feet, -and the height of the bars to the top of the overhang is 9 feet 6 -inches. The sleeping dens are of simple construction, all save one being -of wood, trimmed with bark-covered slabs. At present the Wolf Dens are -divided into four compartments. - -The Gray Wolf, (_Canis nubilis_), is known by as many names as it has -color phases. In the North, where it is white, it is called the “White -Wolf,” while in Florida it becomes the “Black Wolf.” In British Columbia -and around Great Slave Lake, both white and black wolves abound, as well -as the standard gray, but on the Barren Grounds the white phase -predominates. In Texas a “Red Wolf” is found, but apparently the red -phase is of somewhat rare occurrence, and is never found in the North. - -In the West this animal has recently come into prominence in a way that -is striking terror to the hearts of ranchmen and others who have stock -to lose. While all kinds of desirable game animals are decreasing at an -alarming rate, the Gray Wolf not only holds its own, but is multiplying -rapidly. The destruction by it of calves, colts and sheep, has become so -great that nearly every western State has placed on the head of this -bold marauder a bounty varying from $2 to $10. In some States this law -has been in force for several years, but with no sensible diminution in -the number of wolves. - - [Illustration: TIMBER WOLF.] - -The Gray Wolves which live in touch with civilization are by no means -such bold and dangerous animals as they formerly were. In the early -days, when wolves were numerous and fire-arms few and primitive, the -Gray Wolf undoubtedly was a dangerous animal. But the breech-loading -rifle has changed all this. Excepting for his stock-killing -propensities, the Gray Wolf is now a skulking creature. In the United -States this animal possesses the courage of a coyote, but in the Barren -Grounds it is still fierce and dangerous. However much the wolf may -skulk and flee when the way is open, when brought to bay he knows how to -fight. One snap of his powerful jaws and shear-like teeth is enough to -disable almost any dog, and send it howling to the rear. It is no wonder -that western dogs of experience are shy of approaching a Gray Wolf -within snapping distance. - -Excepting the localities from which it has been driven out by -civilization, the Gray Wolf ranges over the whole North American -continent from central Mexico to 83° 24′ N. - -The Coyote, or Prairie Wolf, (_Canis latrans_), is a personal -acquaintance of nearly every trans-continental traveler. To those who -have camped on the “plains,” he is quite like an old friend; and the -high-pitched, staccato cry—half howl and half bark—with which he -announces the dawn, is associated with memories of vast stretches of -open country, magnificent distances, sage-brush and freedom. Because of -his fondness of barking, Thomas Say, the naturalist who first described -this species, christened it, _Canis latrans_, which means “barking -wolf.” - - [Illustration: COYOTE: PRAIRIE WOLF.] - -This animal averages about one-third smaller than the gray wolf, and -while the finest male specimens are, in the autumn, really handsome -animals, at other times the majority are of very ordinary appearance. At -no time, however, even in the dark, is a Coyote a courageous animal. So -far as man is concerned, a band of a thousand coyotes would be as easily -put to flight as one; but in hanging upon the ragged edges of -civilization, and living by its wits, the Coyote is audacity itself. By -inheritance, and also by personal experience, this animal knows to a rod -how far it is safe to trust a man with a gun. If the hunter has left his -gun behind him, the Coyote knows it at once, and boldly flaunts himself -within stone’s throw of his enemy. - -The Coyote varies in color quite markedly, exhibiting the gray, brown -and black phases. Formerly it was supposed that one species comprehended -all, but Dr. Merriam’s series of specimens from all parts of the West -and Southwest have led him to separate these animals into eleven -species. - - - THE FOX DENS, No. 23. - -Of the many species of foxes found in North America, three species stand -forth as the types of prominent groups, and it is very desirable that -all three should be well known. - -The Red Fox, (_Vulpes fulvus_), is the representative of the group which -contains also the cross fox and black fox of the Northwest. In spite of -dogs, traps, guns, spades and poison, this cunning creature persists in -living in close touch with the poultry yards of civilized man. His -perfect familiarity with old-fashioned dangers enables him to avoid them -all, and no sooner does a new danger menace him than he promptly invents -a way to escape it. The manner in which the Red Fox lives with -civilization without being exterminated really is surprising, and speaks -volumes for the astuteness of this animal. - -The geographical range of the Red Fox is very wide, From North Carolina -and Tennessee it extends northward through the whole northeastern United -States, gradually bearing westward to Montana, and northward almost to -the Arctic Ocean. It is the commonest species in Alaska, where it is -found practically everywhere. - -The typical Red Fox and its two subspecies, the Cross Fox, (_Vulpes -fulvus decussatus_), and the Black Fox, (_V. f. argentatus_)—the latter -many times miscalled the “Silver Fox”—vary in all possible gradations of -color from bright red to pure black. Often it is difficult to decide -where one type leaves off and another begins. The Cross Fox stands -midway between the Red and Black, with some of the yellow color of the -former on the sides of the neck and behind the foreleg, while the -remainder of the general color is grizzled gray-brown laid across his -shoulders in a more or less distinct cross. The Black Fox varies in -color from very dark iron-gray to dark brown or black, with a slight -wash of white-tipped hairs over the head, body and tail. The tip of the -tail is always white, which is the only constant color mark about him. - -The Swift, or Kit Fox, (_Vulpes velox_), is the daintiest, smallest and -liveliest of all American foxes. From his delicate little nose to the -tip of his well-trimmed tail, he is every inch a thoroughbred. His -countenance is bright and pert, and when several specimens are kept -together they are very playful. One striking feature of this little -animal is what may well be termed its trimness. When in fair condition, -its coat of thick, silvery gray fur is as smooth and even as if recently -trimmed by a barber. - - [Illustration: SWIFT OR KIT FOX.] - -On the western plains, where it once had for companions the buffalo and -prong-horn, the Swift is becoming rare. Its worst enemy is the deadly -strychnine bottle of the ranchman. This species does not thrive in the -Fox Dens, and it will be found in the Burrowing Animal’s Quarters, where -it seems pleased to consider itself at home. - -In the Small-Mammal House is shown a new species, closely allied to the -above, from Phoenix, Arizona, recently described by Dr. C. H. Merriam as -_Vulpes macrotis_, or the Large-Eared Swift. - -The Gray Fox, (_Urocyon virginianus_), is the fox of the South, even -though it does range northward well into the territory of the red fox. -This species is distinctly smaller and more lightly built than the red, -its hair is not so luxuriant, it is more shy and retiring, and its -colors change very little. When hotly pursued by dogs it often climbs -trees that are quite perpendicular, to a height of twenty feet or more. -In captivity Gray Foxes are forever trying to escape by climbing, -instead of by burrowing, as would naturally be expected. In temper, they -are treacherous to their keepers, and also to each other, and as “pets” -are anything but desirable. - - [Illustration: RED FOX.] - -The Tasmanian Wolf, or Thylacine, (_Thylacinus cynocephalus_), is a very -strange-looking and interesting creature, about the size of a pointer -dog. Its color is dark yellowish brown, and it has a series of broad -black stripes, or bands, running across its hind quarters and loins. The -wide gape of its mouth reminds one of an iguana or a monitor. - -This animal, fully named above, is the largest of the carnivorous -marsupials of Australia, and the female possesses an abdominal pouch in -which she carries her young, like a kangaroo. It is now found only in -Tasmania, and it dwells amongst rocks, in rugged and mountainous -regions. Because of its depredations upon the sheep herds, the Thylacine -has been diligently hunted and destroyed, and now living specimens -rarely are taken. - -In the zoological gardens of Europe and America, this species usually is -kept in heated buildings, but it has been ascertained by experiment that -this specimen thrives best in the open air. Living examples in captivity -are now so very rare it is a difficult matter to keep one constantly on -exhibition. - - - THE OTTER POOLS, No. 31. - -The American Otter, (_Lutra canadensis_), is unfortunate in being the -bearer of valuable fur; and in the northern regions, where the cold -causes the development of fur that is available for the use of the -furrier, this creature is so nearly extinct that trappers no longer -pursue it. In the southern States, where its fur is short, rather coarse -and “off color,” the Otter still is found. In some portions of eastern -Florida, and along the coast of South Carolina, it is frequently taken. -In captivity, it often becomes quite tame, even affectionate, and always -is interesting. Unless closely confined, however, it is prone to wander, -and meet premature death. - -In captivity the Otter usually is active and restless, and very much in -evidence. Owing to the strength of its jaws, its ability to climb under -certain conditions and its restless activity, it is difficult to confine -a full-grown Otter in anything else than a complete box of iron -cage-work. - -Few persons save woodsmen and naturalists are aware of the fact that in -a wild state the Otter is a very playful animal, and is as fond of -sliding down hill, over a wet and muddy slide, with a water plunge at -the bottom, as any young person is of “shooting the chutes.” Like the -small boy with the sled and a snowy hillside, the Otter sometimes -indulges in its sliding pastime for an hour at a time, with a keen -relish for the sport that is quite evident to all who have ever watched -it. - -The Otter is a carnivorous animal, and in a wild state lives upon fish, -frogs, crabs, young birds, small mammals, and, in fact, about any living -thing which it can catch. - -The Coypu Rat, (_Myopotamus coypu_), of Central and South America, is -interesting because of the fact that it is the largest of all rats or -rat-like animals. In its habits it is as fond of water as the musk-rat. -It is sufficiently clothed with fur to endure outdoor life in the Park, -even in winter, and it has been acclimatized here in one of the other -pools. It breeds persistently, and thrives in captivity, provided it is -treated as it should be. - - - THE SMALL-MAMMAL HOUSE, No. 35. - -The new Small-Mammal House, erected and occupied in 1905, is a very -different structure from the temporary building which formerly occupied -the site. The present building is a twin of the Ostrich House, and in it -much effort has been expended in devising ways and means to keep its -living inhabitants clean, odorless and in good health. Owing, however, -to the musky odors secreted by many of the civet cats and members of the -Marten Family, it is beyond human power to keep a large collection such -as this building contains without a certain amount of wild-animal odor. - -Most difficult of all collections to settle satisfactorily in a modern -zoological park or garden is the great _omnium gatherum_ of small -species—and some large ones, also—which fall within the meaning of the -term “small mammals.” The number of mammalian miscellanea which can not -have buildings all their own is really very great. In addition to that -there are always with us a considerable number of young and tender -animals which require small quarters, and close attention. The visitor -will therefore always find in the Small-Mammal House a great array of -viverrine animals, of tropical squirrels and other small rodents, of -mustelines, the nasuas, the small marsupials, young leopards, the lynxes -and their relatives, baby bears, and many other species. - -Attention is invited to the great variety of cages in and around this -building, of which there are five different types. The total number is -176. All those on the western side are adjustable as to their bottoms -and sides, so that it is easy to throw several cages into one, and make -cages either very long or very high. The idea of the collapsible cage, -and also the general plan of it, has been copied from the model -developed and in use in the Zoological Garden of Frankfort, Germany, by -Director A. Seitz, to whom this acknowledgment is justly due. It will be -noticed that every animal in this building enjoys the use of an outdoor -cage, which connects directly with its interior quarters. - -Of such an odd mixture of animals as we are now to consider, anything -like a perfect systematic zoological arrangement is a practical -impossibility; but as far as it is possible, we will take up the animals -by groups. - -On the whole, the most striking animals in the Small-Mammal House are -the small cats and lynxes. Of the spotted cats, the Serval, (_Felis -serval_), of Africa, is one of the rarest. Its long, slender legs, small -head, slender body and round spots proclaim it a near relative of the -cheetah. - -The Clouded Leopard, (_Felis nebulosa_).—The dense and humid jungles of -Borneo contain a beautiful tree-climbing leopard whose markings are laid -on its sides in large, elliptical patches of pleasing pattern. This is -the Clouded Leopard, so delicate in captivity that only one out of every -four or five becomes acclimatized outside its native jungles. Our fine -adult specimen, with very long canine teeth suggestive of those of the -saber-toothed tiger, really belongs in the Lion House, but we dare not -move it, for fear the change would in some manner prove fatal to it. It -is an animal of vicious temper, and makes friends with no one. The half -light of its cage is a welcome approach to the dense shadows in which it -lives when at home. - - [Illustration: OCELOT.] - -The Jungle Cat, (_F. bengalensis_), is a small and inconspicuous type, -as befits an animal which lives by stealth in densely populated regions. -The Ocelot, (_Felis pardalis_), of South and Central America, is a small -spotted cat which very often is called a “young jaguar.” In size it is -the third largest _Felis_ of the American continent; but for all that, -it is so small that an adult specimen would not make more than one -square meal for a hungry jaguar. It is found from southern Texas to -southern Brazil. - -The little Margay Cat, (_F. tigrina_), is our smallest and also rarest -spotted cat. It is no larger than a good-sized domestic cat, and its -tawny ground-color is marked all over with round spots. The rarest -American feline in our possession is the queer, otter-like Yaguarundi -Cat, (_F. yaguarundi_), of a uniform gray-brown color, without spots. It -is found in southern Texas and Mexico, and is so seldom seen in -captivity that comparatively few persons north of the Rio Grande are -aware of its existence. Our specimen came from Brownsville, Texas. - - [Illustration: COMMON GENET.] - -The Bay Lynx, Red Lynx, or Wild Cat, (_Lynx rufus_), is the smallest of -American Lynxes, and it is the one that inhabits the United States -eastward of the great plains. Until further notice, this species will be -found in the Small-Mammal House. It may have a few dark spots, or none -at all. Its color varies so greatly that it is at times impossible to -determine where this species leaves off, and the more heavily spotted -subspecies of the southwest takes its place. The latter is known as the -Spotted Lynx, (_L. r. maculatus_). - -The large and important group of Viverrines, or long-faced cat-like -carnivores of the East Indies, (Family _Viverridae_), is well -represented. It is the true Civets which furnish—some of them—the -evil-smelling civet of commerce—an odor which we would gladly do -without. The Common Civet-Cat, (_Viverra zibetha_), is the best known -member of this Family, and it is easily recognized by its large size, -heavily-spotted body and ring-streaked tail. It is common throughout the -Malay Peninsula, and in many other portions of the Malay Archipelago. -The larger Malayan Civet-Cat, (_V. malaccensis_), strongly resembles its -understudy, but its black spots and blotches are larger and more -intense, and in form it is much more robust. - -The large and handsome White-Whiskered Paradoxure, (_Paradoxurus -leucomystax_), has been in the Park about six years, and to-day it -coughs and snarls at the visitor just as it did in the beginning. It is -a smooth-coated creature, colored like a puma, and comes from northern -China. Other members of the Family _Viverridae_ contained in the -collection are the Malayan Paradoxure, (_P. hermaphroditus_); the Black -Paradoxure, (_P. niger_); the African Ichneumon, (_Herpestes -ichneumon_), the strange black creature from the Malay Peninsula called -the Binturong, or “Bear-Cat,” (_Arctictis binturong_), and the Suricate, -or Slender-Tailed Meerkat, (_Suricata tetradactyla_), of South Africa. - -Into the Small-Mammal House have drifted and comfortably settled down -several canine species which are not so well satisfied, elsewhere. The -Black-Backed Jackal, (_Canis mesomelas_), of Africa, is one of the most -interesting, and it is also the one that thrives best in captivity. It -is very much like a dark phase of the Azara Dog, of South America, and -it is the handsomest of all the Jackals. The Cape Hunting Dog, of -eastern Africa, has for years been present in this building, and it will -be kept as continuously as circumstances will permit. - -The New Mexico Desert Fox, (_Vulpes macrotis neomexicanus_), is a small -understudy of the better known Swift or Kit Fox of the northern plains, -but it has larger ears. Neither of these delicate little species seems -to thrive in our large Fox Dens, which seem to be too large for them; -but in this building they thrive and are quite content with life. The -Swift Fox is the four-footed elf of the plains, and it is unfortunate -that the poison laid for the fierce and cruel stock-killing wolves -should prove its extermination—as it surely will, ere long. - -The Arctic Fox, (_Vulpes lagopus_).—This creature of the polar world is -a striking example of climatic influence on a species, and also of the -danger that lies in describing a species from a single specimen. In the -far north, the Arctic Fox is snow-white all the year round. Farther -south it is white in winter, but in summer is bluish-brown. In the -southern part of its range, the Aleutian Archipelago for example, except -for an occasional white individual, it is dark all the year round, and -is known only as the Blue Fox. At first it may seem difficult to believe -that these two widely-different extremes are only color-phases of the -same species; but it is quite true. The dark-colored animal is not even -accorded subspecific rank. - -On various islands along the Alaska coast, especially in the Aleutian -Archipelago, about forty commercial companies are engaged in breeding -Blue Foxes for their fur, some of them with satisfactory success. The -foxes are fed daily, on cooked corn meal and dried fish. They come up to -be fed, and when the time comes to handle and sort them previous to -killing the annual allotment, they greatly facilitate matters by the -readiness with which they enter box traps. - -The great decrease in the annual supply of good fur has caused many -persons to hope that fox-breeding may be developed into a remunerative -industry. Except in Alaska, no extensive experiments in that line have -been made. It is quite desirable that fox-breeding in the United States -should be taken up under state or national auspices, and worked out to a -successful issue. There is good reason to hope and believe that it might -be developed into an important industry. - -From Argentina, South America, have come two fine specimens of the Azara -Dog, (_Canis azarae_), which, but for their half dog-like tails might -pass anywhere as rather odd-looking gray foxes. But they are a visible -reminder of the fact that the pampas of South America contain an -extensive series of foxes and wild dogs, which thus far is practically -unknown everywhere north of the Amazon. - -The Dingo, or Australian Wild Dog, (_Canis dingo_), is represented by -two specimens which look like ordinary yellow dogs. By many persons it -is believed that this animal was not indigenous to Australia, and was -planted there by man, but the evidence in support of that supposition is -by no means conclusive. - -The Coati-Mundi, (pronounced coy-ty mon-day), is for its size one of the -best exhibition animals that can be found outside of the Primate House. -It is closely related to our raccoon, but is far more showy and -interesting. It has a very lively and industrious disposition, is a good -climber, and from dawn until dark is almost constantly on the move. -Although it is a carnivorous animal, and provided with powerful canine -teeth, it is not naturally quarrelsome, but on the contrary is quite -gregarious in its habits. The genus _Nasua_ inhabits Mexico, Central and -South America. We have two species, the Red Coati-Mondi, (_Nasua rufa_), -and the White-Nosed, (_N. narica_). - -The Raccoon Dog, of Japan, (_Nyctereutes procyonoides_), is to all -outward appearances a raccoon, but its feet are digitigrade, not -plantigrade, and it is a true dog. - -The American Badger, (_Taxidea americana_), is represented by a fine, -large and very light-colored specimen that was presented by President -Roosevelt. The European Badger, (_Meles taxus_), is shown near by. - -Our collection of Rodents contains the following important and -representative species of squirrels: - - North American. - - Gray Squirrel _Sciurus_ _carolinensis_ New York. - Black Squirrel “ “ Ohio. - Fox Squirrel “ _ludovicianus_ Kansas. - Southern Fox Squirrel “ _niger_ Louisiana. - Red Squirrel “ _hudsonius_ New York. - Eastern Chipmunk _Tamias_ _striatus_ “ - Western Chipmunk “ _speciosus_ California. - Parry’s Spermophile _Citellus_ _parryi_ Alaska. - Thirteen-Lined _Spermophilus_ _tridecem-lineatus_ Iowa. - Spermophile - - Foreign Species. - - Malabar Hill Squirrel _Sciurus_ _malabaricus_ S. India. - Indian Hill Squirrel “ _bicolor_ N. India. - Prevost Squirrel “ _prevosti_ Malayana. - Golden-Bellied “ _aureogaster_ Mexico. - Squirrel - Columbia Fire-Backed “ _variabilis_ S. America. - Squirrel - -No collection of Rodents is worthy of acceptance by the public without a -fair representation of Porcupines. The most wonderful species is the -African Porcupine, (_Hystrix cristata_), which when disturbed erects a -threatening array of enormously-long, shining black-and-white quills -that are a wonder to behold. The lofty white crest of this animal is one -of its most conspicuous features. - -The Indian Crestless Hill Porcupine, (_H. longicauda_), usually present -in our collection, is merely a quiet understudy of the former. Strange -to say—and also provoking—our old friend of the North Woods, the Canada -Porcupine, (_Erethizon dorsatus_), is much more capricious and difficult -to keep for a long period than either of the fine foreign species -already mentioned. It is only the men who know all about animals who can -tell us why nothing seems to exactly satisfy them, and why they will not -breed here, live ten years and be happy. Even the best cage life does -not seem to be good enough for them; but we are still experimenting. - -In order that visitors to the Park may at all times be able to see a -Beaver, (_Castor canadensis_), and not be thwarted in that desire by the -very shy habits of the animals in the Beaver Pond, we have a specimen on -exhibition in the Small-Mammal House. This individual came from the Rio -Grande, as a small kit, and has been reared in its present quarters. It -is kept constantly supplied with food--wood, chiefly of poplar and -maple, and clean water in which to bathe. - - [Illustration: AFRICAN PORCUPINE.] - -The Capybara, (_Hydrochaerus capybara_), is the largest of all gnawing -animals, and the most remarkable rodent in our collection. In form and -size it suggests a large, gray, coarse-haired pig. It is a water-loving -animal, of the American tropics, and lives on the grassy banks of the -delta of the Orinoco, and similar places farther south. It is one of the -best divers of all land animals, and when attacked on land always -plunges into the water and dives for about 100 feet before coming to the -surface. It is strictly a vegetable feeder, and its flesh is very -palatable food. It takes kindly to captivity, and in disposition it is -very affectionate. - -The Agouti, (_Dasyprocta_), is to the jungles of South America as the -cotton-tail rabbit is to the forests of the eastern United States; but -structurally it is not closely related to the members of the Rabbit -Family. It lives wholly on the ground, in dense cover, and is very -difficult to shoot. As a rule, it is impossible for dogs to catch it -because it runs so swiftly through the dense cover that they cannot keep -it in sight. There are a number of species, varying in color from dark -brown to golden yellow. - - [Illustration: TAMANDUA.] - -The Toothless Mammals.—The Order _Edentata_ contains some of the most -odd and remarkable mammals that ever find their way into a zoological -park. They are the armadilloes, ant-eaters and sloths. Without -exception, they are delicate feeders, and difficult to keep for long -periods, and for this reason the number on exhibition constantly varies -between half a score and none at all! As far as it is possible, the -species named below will be kept on exhibition; but these rarities are -difficult to obtain, and the supply must be regarded as intermittent. - -The Nine-Banded Armadillo, (_Tatu novemcinctum_), of southern Texas and -Arizona, and southward, is the only edentate found in the United States. -Its total length, from nose to tail-tip, is about 26 inches, and it is -about as large as an opossum. Its strangest feature is the horny shell, -with 9 jointed bands in the middle, which Nature has designed for the -animal’s protection. It lives in burrows in the earth, and in a wild -state it feeds on a mixed diet of worms, ants, snails, beetles, -grasshoppers and other insects. - -The Six-Banded Armadillo, (_Dasypus sexcinctus_), of South America, has -a much stronger and more bony shell than the preceding species, but very -similar habits. The Three-Banded Armadillo, (_Tolypeutes tricinctus_), -is the most remarkable of all—and also the most difficult to obtain. It -is able to convert itself into a round ball covered at all points by -bony armor, and remarkably well protected from the teeth of predatory -animals. - - [Illustration: GREAT ANT-EATER.] - -The Great Ant-Eater, (_Myrmecophaga jubata_).—This is a very remarkable -animal, and usually is to be found alive in the Small-Mammal House. Its -anatomical peculiarities are apparent at a glance. Its toothless jaws -are enormously elongated, and taper to a rounded point, where the mouth -opens as a narrow slit, scarcely large enough to admit the large end of -a lead pencil. Its front claws are large and strong, for use in tearing -open ant-hills and decayed logs; and the creature walks upon them as if -club-footed. Its tail is long and thick, and bears a luxuriant brush, of -coarse, wavy hair more than a foot long. The negroes of British Guiana -gravely inform travellers that the Ant-Eater uses his bushy tail as a -broom, with which he sweeps up ants in order to devour them wholesale. - -As may be inferred from the total absence of teeth, this strange -creature lives chiefly upon crawling insects. In devouring the dreadful -ants, which in a South American forest often make life a burden, it -helps to preserve the balance of Nature. In captivity the food of this -animal consists of milk, raw eggs and ground meat. In taking its food it -thrusts out from four to eight inches of round, wormlike tongue, which -contrary to many published statements, is not covered with sticky -saliva. - - [Illustration: SIX-BANDED ARMADILLO.] - -The Tamandua, (_Tamandua tetradactyla_), is a smaller ant-eater than the -preceding species, of tree-climbing habits, with a proportionately -shorter head, no long hair on its tail, and extremely large front claws. -It is found in Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, and in fact that greater -portion of the region of tropical forests on this continent south of -Mexico. Its tail is prehensile, or grasping, and in climbing is used -almost constantly. - -The Sloths are the slowest, the most helpless and defenseless of the -edentates. They subsist chiefly upon leaves, they climb no more swiftly -than a man, and they escape their enemies through the resemblance of -their pelage to the rough bark of the tree-trunks among which they live. -They have a few teeth, but none for defense, and their claws are of use -only in climbing, except that they can pinch with them. - -Two species of Sloth are occasionally seen in the Zoological Park, but -usually _in the Primate House_, where the high temperature is better -suited to their needs. - -The Three-Toed Sloth, (_Bradypus tridactylus_), is the one with a brown -“saddle-mark” of short hair in the middle of its back. The remainder of -its pelage is coarse and long, and its greenish tint renders it a close -imitation of algae-covered tree-bark. The Two-Toed Sloth, (_Choloepus -hoffmani_), is much larger than the preceding, and lives longer in -captivity. Four fine adult specimens occupy a large cage at the Primate -House, where they seem to be fully acclimatized. In form and habit they -are remarkable animals, and well worthy of close attention. - - [Illustration: TWO-TOED SLOTH.] - -The Egg-Laying Mammals.—For several months there were exhibited here two -Echidnas—of all small mammals ever seen alive in New York the most -wonderful. The Echidna comes from Australia, the home of remarkable -types of animals, and belongs to the lowest Order of Mammals, -(_Monotremata_). Like its distant relative, the duck-billed platypus, it -reproduces by _laying eggs_! Its back is covered with short but very -thick spines, and its nose is a long, slender beak, absolutely unique. -Other examples of this species will be exhibited whenever possible. - - - THE PUMA AND LYNX HOUSE, No. 33A. - -Near the Small-Mammal House (No. 35) will be found a log cabin with its -entire front opening into two wire-covered yards. The interior of the -building is provided with sleeping-dens in which the occupants of the -two enclosures can keep dry and warm. This installation is for lynxes, -but half of it is occupied by pumas. Already it has fully proven the -desirability of keeping lynxes and pumas constantly in the open air, and -without artificial heat. To lynxes especially there is nothing more -deadly than a well-heated room, indoors. - -The Puma, (_Felis concolor_), is described in the section relating to -the Lion House, where other Pumas are exhibited (page 78). - -Of the Lynxes, we have two well-defined species, and one subspecies. The -Canada Lynx, (_Lynx canadensis_), is well represented in the southern -compartment of the Puma House, where a fine adult pair has become -acclimatized. This is the _Loup Cervier_ of the French Canadians, and it -is truly the Lynx of Canada and the subarctic North. It has _no spots on -its body_, and its pelage is a cold pepper-and-salt gray color. Its feet -are large and heavily furred, and it has a long, black hair-pencil on -the tip of each ear. A large specimen stands 18 inches high, and weighs -22 pounds. The food of the American Lynxes generally consists of hares -and rabbits, ground birds of all kinds, and anything else that can be -caught and killed, except porcupine. To man they are not “dangerous -animals.” - - - THE BURROWING MAMMALS, AND OTHERS, No. 42. - -North America is wonderfully rich in species of gnawing animals, and the -end is not yet. The investigations of our mammalogists are adding new -species with a degree of rapidity and parallelism that is fairly -bewildering. - -It is the duty of the Zoological Society to do its utmost to increase as -much as possible the sum total of knowledge of our largest Order of -Mammals. Manifestly, however, it is impracticable to do more than place -before visitors a reasonable number of well-chosen types, which shall -represent as many as possible of the twelve Families, and also the -genera most worth knowing. - -The most serious obstacle in the way of anyone who attempts to exhibit -collections of living rodents lies in the natural propensity of so many -species to keep out of sight during the daytime. This is particularly -true of the members of the Mouse, Pocket Gopher, and Pouched Rat -Families, comprising about three hundred species in all. With very few -exceptions, the whole matter of the exhibition of collections of living -rodents is something new, and every step is an experiment. In the belief -that even the most shy burrowing animals will appreciate abundant room, -perfectly natural surroundings, plenty of food, and immunity from -annoyance, and eventually fall into the habit of spending many of the -daylight hours above ground, as do prairie-dogs, the Society has -constructed a series of fifteen small yards, each 10×20 feet, bounded by -walls going down to bedrock, and enclosed above by a box-like -arrangement of very light wire-netting 5 feet high. The ground is -chiefly undisturbed soil of a firm and gravelly nature, thoroughly -drained, and all earth filling has been tightly rammed into place to -prevent caving in the burrows. Above ground, each yard contains -weathered rocks, stumps, and hollow logs in abundance. - -In these fifteen yards, each of which will hold specimens of at least -two or three species, will be placed strongly marked types of those -families whose representatives are most numerous in North America, and -also the least known, only a few of which may be mentioned here. - -The Sewellel Family, (_Aplodontidae_), contains five or six species and -is of unusual scientific interest. The Sewellel, Mountain Beaver, Farmer -or “Showt’l” (_Aplodontia rufus_ and _major_), is an animal of the size -and general appearance of a large, short-tailed muskrat. It inhabits a -few localities in remote regions in the mountain-valleys of northern -California, Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia. It feeds -like a beaver, climbs bushes four feet high, burrows in _wet_ ground, -and fights like a little fiend when brought to bay. Notwithstanding the -size of this animal, it is very seldom seen, and is but little known. - -The Squirrel Family, (_Sciuridae_), is large (one hundred and forty-one -species), very interesting, and entitled to much consideration. In the -present enclosure will be shown in summer many species of interesting -ground squirrels, chipmunks, and marmots. In winter all the squirrels, -save one or two hardy native species, will be found in the Small-Mammal -House, near by. - -The Rabbit Family, (_Leporidae_), is one of the most difficult to -install and exhibit. Its members are large and showy, but for several -reasons it is very difficult to keep them on exhibition in captivity. In -time, however, all four of the great groups—Rabbit, Varying Hare, Jack -Hare, and also the Pikas, forming the allied Family _Ochotonidae_—will -be represented by specimens. - -Just what can be accomplished satisfactorily with the most interesting -members of the Jumping Mouse, Pouched Rat, and Pocket Gopher Families, -remains to be determined by trial. If they can be induced to show -themselves to visitors, during daylight hours, they will be kept for -exhibition; otherwise not. At present, some examples of these species -can be seen in the Reptile House. - -In Winter.—In the temperate zone, when “winter comes to rule the varied -year,” all the burrowing animals must retire to their burrows, live upon -their buried stores of winter food, and hibernate until spring. The -tropical species do not know how to hibernate, and therefore they must -be taken indoors, or they perish. - -In order that our native species of rodents may be seen all winter, and -that the tropical species may be kept alive, nearly all the animals that -in summer live in the Burrowing Mammal Quarters are removed in autumn to -the well-warmed Small-Mammal House. It also happens that in summer a few -of the small carnivores, and all armadilloes, are kept in these -Quarters. - -In addition to the rodents which it is practicable to exhibit in these -enclosures, the summer season will find some of them occupied by certain -especially interesting species which need the soil of Mother Earth as -well as sunlight and air. Here will be found the Armadilloes, the -Nasuas, the Raccoon Dogs, the Swift Foxes and a few others, which in -winter belong in the Small-Mammal House. - - - THE PRAIRIE-DOG VILLAGE, No. 41. - -The Western Prairie-“Dog,” or Prairie Marmot, (_Cynomys -ludovicianus_).—Occupying a conspicuous hill-top near the Small-Deer -House, and overlooking the Wild-Fowl Pond, is a circular enclosure, 80 -feet in diameter, surrounded by an iron fence with an overhang, with -walls going down to bedrock. This contains about fifty fat and jolly -little Prairie Marmots, one-half of which are the gift of a Montana -ranchman, Mr. Howard Eaton. The soil of the enclosure has never been -disturbed, and there is no danger that the little creatures ever will be -smothered in their burrows, as frequently happens in earth that has once -been dug up and filled in again. - -Owing to its optimistic and even joyous disposition, the Prairie-“Dog” -has many friends, and “happy as a Prairie-'Dog’” would be a far better -comparison than “happy as a king.” His cousin, the woodchuck, has the -air of being perpetually “in the dumps,” but the Prairie-“Dog”—never. -His so-called bark is really a laugh, and his absurd little tail was -given to him solely as a means of visible expression of good nature. But -he has his enemies and detractors. The coyote loves his plump and -toothsome body; the “granger” hates him for the multitude of his holes, -and puts spoonfuls of poisoned wheat into his burrow. - - - THE BEAR DENS, No. 37. - -The bears of the world form a very interesting group; and when its -representatives are properly installed—in large, open yards, with -abundant sunlight, fresh air and room for exercise—they develop finely, -live happily, and furnish endless entertainment. Under proper -conditions, bears are cheerful animals, full of the playful spirit that -robs captivity of its chief terror. To confine large bears singly, in -small cages, or in wet-floored, high-walled dungeons, or in the -unspeakable “pits” of mediaeval type, is a sin against Nature. It is to -be noted, however, that small and timid bears, like _Ursus japonicus_, -are better off in small cages than in the very large ones; and it is for -this reason that eight small dens have been provided, opposite the -original series. - -The Zoological Society has put forth considerable effort in constructing -a series of nine large Bear Dens which provide ideal conditions for -their inmates. Bears do not need _buildings_! Their habits call for -large, open yards, properly situated, with snug and dry sleeping-dens -attached, to which they can retire whenever they wish. To them, masonry -walls are worse than useless, for they cut off sunlight and promote -dampness; but rocks and trees upon which to climb are very beneficial. -In warm weather, all bears are fond of bathing, and a bathing pool in -each cage is very necessary. - -_It is cruelty to animals_ for visitors to throw peanuts, or food of any -kind, into our bear dens; and it is _strictly forbidden_. All persons -who do not wish to be reprimanded in public, or arrested, are advised to -refrain from it. Teasing with food always irritates bears, sets them to -fighting, spoils their dispositions and _renders them dangerous to the -keepers who have to go in with them_! _All visitors who are law-abiding, -and friendly to the Zoological Society, are requested to assist the -keepers and policemen in preventing lawless persons from throwing food -into the bear dens._ A stern reprimand often prevents serious trouble. - - [Illustration: POLAR BEARS. - Showing a portion of their den and pool cut from the solid rock.] - -The bears of North America form four well-defined groups, as follows: - - - The Polar Bear. - The Grizzly Bear. - The Alaskan Brown Bears. - The Black Bears, and their allies. - - -Up to this date (April 1, 1913), 24 species and subspecies have been -described, and it is reasonably certain that much more work remains to -be done on the members of this group of animals before the status of -each valid and invalid species will be rendered thoroughly clear. - -The most noteworthy species are as follows: - - THE MOST IMPORTANT SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN BEARS. - - _Ursus maritimus_, (Desm.), Polar Bear. Arctic - regions generally. - The Brown Bears. _Ursus middendorffi_, (Merriam), Kadiak Bear. - Kadiak Is., Alaska. - _Ursus dalli_, (Merr.), Yakutat Bear. Yakutat Bay, - Alaska. - _Ursus eulophus_, (Merr.), Admiralty Bear. - Admiralty Is., Alaska. - _Ursus gyas_, (Merr.), Peninsula Bear. Portage - Bay, Alaska Peninsula. - The Grizzly Bears. _Ursus Horribilis_, (Ord.), Grizzly Bear: - Silver-Tip. Wyoming and Utah to Alaska. - _Ursas horribilis horriaeus_, (Baird), Mexican - Grizzly. Southwestern New Mexico. - _Ursus richardsoni_, (Swainson), Barren-Ground - Grizzly. Great Slave Lake region, and - Barren-Grounds. - The Black Bears. _Ursus americanus_, (Pallas), Black Bear. Eastern - North America. - _Ursus luteolus_, (Griffith), Louisiana Bear. - Louisiana and Texas. - _Ursus floridanus_, (Merr.), Everglade Bear. - Florida. - _Ursus emmonsi_, (Dall), Glacier Bear. St. Elias - Alps, Yakutat Bay. - _Ursus kermodei_, (Hornaday), Inland White Bear. - Northwestern British Columbia. - -The Polar Bear, (_Ursus maritimus_).—In nearly every collection of -living bears the individuals of this species are the most showy and -attractive. Their white coats quickly catch the eye of the visitor, and -whether young or old, they are generally the most active and playful of -all captive bears. In cold weather, when other bears lie in the sun, or, -if permitted, curl up in the straw of their sleeping dens, the Polar -Bear will disport himself in the freezing cold water of his swimming -pool, and joyously play with a cake of ice until the sight of it makes -one shiver. - -The Polar Bear Den is situated at the north end of Rocking-Stone Hill, -about two hundred feet from the north end of the main series of Bear -Dens. It is reached by descending the steps leading toward the Beaver -Pond, and turning to the right. From the Rocking-Stone Restaurant, the -Polar Bears are quickly reached by descending the hill toward the north. - -Although the Polar Bear inhabits practically the whole of the Arctic -Ocean and its numerous islands, it is by no means the most northerly -warm-blooded mammal. Nansen found fox tracks at 85° N., but the most -northerly bear observed was on the 84th parallel. The favorite home of -this animal is the edge of the great polar ice cap, where Neptune and -the “Frost King” wage continuous warfare. He seldom ventures more than a -day’s journey inland, on any shore. In winter, as the edge of the -ice-pack moves southward, and in summer when it retreats northward, he -follows it in order to keep in touch with the ringed seals and walrus -that also go with it. - - [Illustration: POLAR BEAR “SILVER KING.”] - -The power of the Polar Bear to resist ice-cold water—nay, even to enjoy -it—may fairly be regarded as one of the wonders of Nature. On the coast -of Alaska this strange creature will plunge into the Arctic Ocean and -swim miles from shore, through tossing fields of broken ice, and -wherever the mother leads, her cubs follow. - -In the Autumn of 1910, the sealing steamer “_Boethic_” arrived at New -York bringing two adult Polar Bears that were captured in the summer of -that year by Mr. Paul J. Rainey. Both animals were presented to the -Zoological Society, and the largest one called “Silver King” occupies -the cage that was specially built for the polar bears, and the female is -exhibited in very comfortable quarters, built for her near that -installation. Owing to their savage temper neither of these bears ever -can be kept with other bears, nor can any keeper ever enter the cage of -either. “Silver King” weighs 880 pounds and is probably the largest -Polar Bear ever captured alive and unhurt. While the female is not as -large as “Silver King,” she is in every way as perfect a specimen. - -The Yakutat Bear, (_Ursus dalli_).—In 1899, we received from Hudson -Lake, Copper River District, Alaska, two young Alaskan Brown Bears which -for some time we believed would prove to represent the species found on -Kadiak Island. In this belief they were for a time labeled as Kadiak -Bears, (_U. middendorffi_), and so entered provisionally in previous -editions of the Guide Book. The maturity of the animals has proven that -this supposition was erroneous. The extremely short and thick muzzle of -the adult male proves conclusively that they are not identical with the -long-skulled species of Kadiak. This interesting pair, absolutely -identical in color with _middendorffi_, are now identified, pending -further revisions of our _Urisdae_, as _Ursus dalli_. - - [Illustration: SYRIAN BEAR.] - -This species, and the two following, well represent the group of big -Alaskan Brown Bears, which are quite distinct from the grizzlies and -blacks. They are characterized by their great size, high shoulders, -massive heads, shaggy brown pelage, and large claws. They live chiefly -upon salmon, which they catch from the small streams, but they also -devour great quantities of _grass_. - -The Peninsula Bear, (_Ursus gyas_), of Moeller Bay, well down the -Alaskan Peninsula, may at once be recognized by its light -brownish-yellow color, and its great size for a bear born in 1904. Its -claws are of enormous thickness. - -This animal is now beyond doubt one of the two largest bears in -captivity, his only rival being in the Zoological Park at Washington. - -The Admiralty Bear, (_Ursus eulophus_), represents a large species -originally discovered on Admiralty Island, southern Alaska. Its dark -brown color is very much like that of the Yakutat and Kadiak bears. - -The Grizzly Bear, or “Silver-Tip Grizzly,” (_Ursus horribilis_).—The -rapid disappearance of this species from the United States renders all -living examples of it specially interesting. - -Of all bears, the Silver-Tip Grizzly is the most savage and dangerous. -He is easily angered, and when wounded or harried not only becomes -furiously vindictive, but he also possesses a degree of courage which -renders him a dangerous antagonist. As a general thing, a Grizzly Bear, -like a lion or tiger, will run as soon as he discovers the presence of -his only enemy—man; but if he is wounded or cornered—or _thinks_ he is -cornered—he assumes the aggressive, without an instant’s delay. -Unfortunately, the largest Silver-Tip Grizzlies ever killed have been -too far from scales to make it possible to weigh them. - -The most interesting specimen of the Rocky Mountain Silver-Tip now on -exhibition is a dark-colored and very handsome specimen, named -“Engineer,” obtained in Meeker, Colorado, by Professor Henry F. Osborn, -and presented to the Society by the Engineers’ Club of New York City. -The color of this individual is darker than the most common type of the -Silver-Tip, which is sometimes almost as gray as a badger. - -A very beautiful male Silver-Tip, from Wyoming, is much lighter in color -than the Colorado specimen. Its face and head are so light-colored it -would be called by Rocky Mountain hunters a “Bald-Faced” Grizzly. A -third specimen was obtained for the Society at White Horse, Yukon -Territory, in 1905, and its development will be watched with much -interest. Throughout the Rocky Mountain region the “Silver-Tip” and the -“Grizzly” are identical; but the color of the species varies -considerably. - -In a wild state Grizzly Bears live on berries and fruits of all kinds -available, succulent roots, grubs, carrion if it comes handy, and live -game if it can be killed. In the cattle-growing states bordering the -Rocky Mountains, owing to their cattle-killing propensities, a bounty of -from twelve to fifteen dollars per head is paid for their destruction. - -The Black Bear, (_Ursus americanus_).—Until quite recently all black -bears in North America were referred to a single species, with the type -of which most persons are familiar. Even during the last twenty years -living representatives of the Black Bear group have been found in nearly -every state and territory of the United States, and also in northern -Mexico, Labrador, Province of Quebec, Alberta, Assiniboia, British -Columbia, Alaska, and the Mackenzie River basin. Our collection contains -Black Bears representing several widely separated localities. - -The Spectacled Bear, (_Ursus ornatus_).—After ten years of constant -effort the Zoological Park finally acquired late in 1910, a fine male -specimen of the very rare and little known Spectacled Bear of the Andes -of Ecuador and Peru. This zoological prize was procured for us in Quito, -by Mr. Edgar Beecher Bronson (Author of “In Closed Territory,”) and by -him presented to the Society. “Frederico” is distinguished by a glossy -jet-black coat, very small ears, long feet and a large imperfect circle -of white around each eye, with white bands down the cheeks and throat. -In size it matches a small American black bear. As soon as the new bear -dens are finished, this animal will be removed from the Small-Mammal -House to one of them. If this species was ever before exhibited in North -America, we have never heard of it. - -The Andean Black Bear, (_Ursus ornatus thomasi_), from Southern -Columbia, South America, is a subspecies of the spectacled bear, with no -“spectacles” around its eyes, and no white markings save under its chin -and throat. This specimen is smaller than the one from Quito. -Practically nothing is known of the habits of these two species. - -The Brown Bear of Europe, (_Ursus arctos_), is represented by two -specimens from Central Russia which bear a general resemblance to Rocky -Mountain grizzlies. This is so striking that were they not labeled very -few persons would suspect their European birth. They have the high -shoulders and grizzly brown coat of the silver-tip, and in the Rocky -Mountains would be considered good examples of _Ursus horribilis_. - -This pair has bred four times and reared some very fine cubs. - -The Syrian Bear, (_Ursus syriacus_), is well represented by a fine -specimen from Trebizond, Asia Minor. This bear is of a pale yellow -color, with very high shoulders, narrow head and smooth pelage. The -Syrian bear represents “the bears of the Bible,” which appeared in -punishment of the children who were disrespectful to the prophet Elisha. -Bears of this species are often trained to dance, and perform various -tricks at command, and usually lead very miserable lives at the hands of -gypsies and other bear specialists of nomadic habits. - - [Illustration: SPECTACLED BEAR.] - -The Hairy-Eared Bear, (_Ursus piscator_), a species very rarely seen in -captivity, is represented by two fine specimens from the Altai -Mountains, Central Asia. This animal is sometimes called, on account of -its peculiar light brown color, the Isabella Bear. Its more correct name -has been bestowed on account of its large and very hairy ears. It -inhabits northeastern Asia, as far southwestward as the Altai Mountains. -The fine pair exhibited were presented to the Society by Mr. Carl -Hagenbeck. - -The Himalayan Black Bear, (_Ursus torquatus_), is the handsomest of the -four living species of black bears, and can easily be identified -anywhere by three distinct characters, neither of which is possessed by -any other black bear. They are, a _pure white chin_, _long side-whiskers -on the jaws and sides of the neck_ and _very large ears_. Up to this -date the geographic range of this very interesting animal has been -recorded as extending from eastern Persia through Beluchistan, -Afghanistan, Assam, and South China to Formosa; but the three specimens -exhibited were taken in northern Japan, where the existence of this -species seems to be established beyond question. - - [Illustration: EUROPEAN BROWN BEAR. - Two cubs are nursing.] - -The Japanese Black Bear, (_Ursus japonicus_), from northern Japan, is -one of the smallest of living bears, being only slightly larger than the -Malay sun bear. In general appearance it suggests a small edition of the -American black bear. The first specimen exhibited at the Zoological Park -was very good-natured, but all these received since are nervous and -irritable, and also very timid. - -The Sloth Bear, (_Ursus labiatus_), often called the Long-Lipped Bear, -can be recognized as far as it can be seen by its shaggy mop of -enormously long, black hair, its white muzzle, and its very long, white -claws. It is a creature of many peculiarities. It inhabits India -generally in forest regions. This is Kipling’s “Baloo.” - - LIST OF BEARS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK. - April 1, 1913. - - 2 Polar Bears _Ursus maritimus_ from Ellesmere Land. - 2 Yakutat Bears _Ursus dalli_ “ Alaska. - 1 Peninsula Bear _Ursus gyas_ “ Alaska Peninsula. - 1 Admiralty Bear _Ursus eulophus_ “ Adm. Is., Alaska. - 3 Kadiak Bears _Ursus middendorffi_ “ Kadiak Island. - 1 Kobuk Brown Bear Undetermined “ Kobuk River, AL - 1 Grizzly Bear _Ursus horribilis_ “ Colorado. - 1 “ “ “ “ “ Yukon Terr. - 1 “ “ “ “ “ Wyoming. - 1 Spectacled Bear _Ursus ornatus_ “ Equador. - 1 Andean Black Bear _Ursus ornatus “ Columbia, S. A. - thomasi_ - 1 Black Bear _Ursus americanus_ “ Pennsylvania. - 1 “ “ “ “ “ Virginia. - 3 “ “ “ “ “ Alaska. - 1 “ “ “ “ “ West Ontario. - 1 “ “ “ “ “ Mexico. - 1 Cinnamon Bear “ “ “ Colorado. - 1 “ “ “ “ “ Wyoming. - 1 Syrian Bear _Ursus syriacus_ “ Asiatic Turkey. - 3 Brown Bears _Ursus arctos_ “ Central Russia. - 2 Hairy-Eared Bears _Ursus piscator_ “ N. W. Mongolia. - 1 Himalayan Black _Ursus torquatus_ “ Japan. - Bear - 1 Japanese Bear _Ursus japonicus_ “ Japan. - 1 Sloth Bear _Ursus labiatus_ “ India. - 2 Yezo Bears _Ursus ferox_ “ Yezo, Japan. - 1 Malay Sun Bear _Ursus malayanus_ “ Borneo. - 36 specimens, representing 18 species. - -The Malay Sun Bear, (_Ursus malayanus_), is the smallest bear in the -world, also the ugliest and the most ill-tempered. When fully enraged, -it sometimes barks like a dog. Its hair is very short and close, and its -head and feet seem to be too large for its body. This species inhabits -Borneo, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Farther India. Two specimens -will be found _in the Small-Mammal House_. - - - THE RACCOON TREE. - -The Raccoon Tree.—A permanent installation for Raccoons has been -established near the southern end of the Bear Dens, where its inmates -will be near their plantigrade relatives. At the foot of the steps -leading down from the Rocking Stone, a cedar-tree, forty feet in height, -has been enclosed by an elliptical iron fence provided with a -sheet-metal overhang which is not negotiable by any _Procyon_. Inside -the fence is a dry yard, a pool of water for all purposes, and the trunk -of the tree is surrounded by a rustic shelter house, divided into ten -warm and dry compartments. Underneath the house is a clean and smooth -wooden floor, on which the food is served. - -The smooth, horizontal limbs of a cedar-tree are grateful and comforting -to a dozing Raccoon, and the tree is not so high that the animals can -climb beyond the visual power of the visitor. - - - THE BEAVER POND, No. 29. - -Hidden away in the deep valley between high hills of virgin forest lies -the Beaver Pond. The spot is so secluded, so silent and primeval, that -it seems like the heart of the Adirondack wilderness. Lying fairly in -the lap of the granite hills is a three-acre oval of level swamp, which -recently was full of woodland rubbish and choked by rank weeds. The -seclusion of the spot, the splendid forest, the food-wood and the -possibilities of the dam, all naturally suggested the beaver. - -In order that the building of a dam by the beavers would not raise the -water level so high as to flood the roots of a number of fine forest -trees and destroy them, two feet of soil was taken out of the swamp, and -at the same time a broad outlet was excavated. A fence of small iron -bars, with an overhang, was designed to encircle an area of about three -acres. Within the enclosure thus made, stand several large forest -trees—chiefly oak, sweet gum, and maple—which have been protected by -guards of wire and corrugated iron. The small maples, however, have been -given over to the beavers, to cut down and use as food-wood and also in -their dam-building operations. - -The Beaver Colony in our pond is in good working order, and its display -of work makes a highly satisfactory exhibit. The dam, about 40 feet long -and 4 feet high, was built of poles and sticks which were cut, peeled, -floated down and placed by the beavers, and pointed up with mud. There -is a house 10 feet in diameter and 4 feet high, similarly constructed. -Within the enclosure about twenty saplings and trees have been cut down -by the beavers and used up for food and building materials. - -For this colony the Society is indebted to Mr. Hugh J. Chisholm, who -procured for it two specimens from Canada and three from Maine. - -The American Beaver, (_Castor canadensis_), is a remarkable animal. In -original thought it is equalled by few animals, and in industry by none. -With the possible exception of the porcupine, it is the largest gnawing -animal in North America, once was widely distributed, and its beautiful -fur has been in demand ever since the days of the colonists. -Unfortunately, the Beaver’s intelligence was directed chiefly to the -building of dams, canals, and houses, and procuring an abundant supply -of food-wood, rather than in providing itself with means of escape from -its arch enemy—the man with a steel trap. Because of the constant demand -for its fur, this animal has been so nearly exterminated throughout the -United States that practically none remains save where they are rigidly -protected. At present the largest colonies known are those in the -Yellowstone Park, although in Canada and the Northwest many still -remain. - -The most wonderful thing about the Beaver is the manner in which he -builds dams, to make ponds deep enough for his timber-floating -operations, and to afford him a submarine passage to his house. Give him -a valley and a stream of water, and he will gladly make a pond out of -whatever raw materials are at hand. He uses the four-foot sticks from -which he has eaten the bark for food, and with these, and an abundance -of mud, he will raise a good strong dam to a height of four feet, and a -width on the ground of ten feet or more. The mud used is dug out of the -bottom and sides of his pond, and carried, while swimming, between his -paws, with his front feet holding it against his breast. The sticks used -in the dam are thrust endwise into the mud on top of the dam, and the -mud used is patted down with his fore feet. The tail is not used as a -trowel, but in swimming it is the Beaver’s propeller. - -In captivity the Beaver is not wholly a satisfactory animal. Like some -human craftsmen, he positively declines to work under observation, and -performs nearly all his tasks at night. He thinks nothing of gnawing -down a tree a foot in diameter, and cutting its limbs into pieces which -he can handle while swimming. If he can secure enough food-wood of kinds -of his liking, he eats little else. Besides building dams to create -ponds in which he can take refuge when hard pressed, he constructs -canals, and houses for winter use. He also digs burrows into high banks; -but his entrances to his various homes always are under water. - - - THE ECONOMIC RODENT-REPTILE COLLECTION. - -As an answer to a frequent question—“Of what use are reptiles?”—a new -collection has been installed in the Reptile House. It is supplied with -descriptive labels, and serves several purposes. In the first place -there is presented an elaborate series of the small gnawing animals, or -rodents, a number of the species of which are highly injurious to the -interests of agriculturists; secondly, the exhibition contains a large -series of those species of snakes that prey upon the destructive -rodents,—thus presenting for observation the serpents of marked economic -value. Finally, the entire series stands as a clear demonstration of the -perfect logic of Nature in which the production of all animal life is -carefully balanced; for a part of the exhibition is composed of -representative species of mammals that, in turn, prey upon the serpents, -thus keeping even the destroyers of the smaller injurious creatures -within bounds! - - [Illustration: BRAZILIAN TREE PORCUPINE.] - -During the past two years the collection of rodents has been steadily -growing in importance. The following is a list of the species on -exhibition at the close of the year 1912: - - RODENTS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK. - HARES AND RABBITS (_Leporidae_) - - Mexican Swamp Rabbit _Lepus palustris_. - Cotton-Tail Rabbit _Lepus palustris mallurus_. - Domestic Rabbits, various breeds (Nursery stock.) - - SQUIRRELS AND MARMOTS (_Sciuridae_) - - Thirteen-Lined Spermophile _Spermophilus 13-lineatus_. - Desert Spermophile _Spermophilus leucurus_. - Richardson Spermophile _Spermophilus richardsoni_. - Woodchuck _Arctomys monax_. - Prairie Dog _Cynomys ludovicianus_. - European Squirrel _Sciurus vulgaris_. - Mexican Squirrel _Sciurus aureogaster_. - Central American Squirrel _Sciurus variabilis_. - Cuban Squirrel _Sciurus chrysurus_. - Variable Squirrel _Sciurus griseo-flavus_. - Gray Squirrel _Sciurus carolinensis_. - Black Squirrel _Sciurus carolinensis niger_. - Fox Squirrel _Sciurus ludovicianus_. - White-Headed Squirrel _Sciurus macrouroides_. - Malabar Squirrel _Sciurus malabaricus_. - Chipmunk _Tamicis striatus_. - African Ground Squirrel _Xerus capensis_. - Flying Squirrel _Sciuropterus volans_. - - BEAVERS (_Castoridae_) - - American Beaver _Castor canadensis_. - - KANGAROO RATS (_Heteromyidae_) - - Kangaroo Rat _Dipodomys merriami_. - - POCKET GOPHERS (_Geomyidae_) - - Harsh-Coated Pocket Gopher _Geomys hispidus_. - - DORMICE (_Gliridae_) - - Squirrel-Tailed Dormouse _Myoxus glis_. - Lesser Dormouse _Myoxus dryas_. - English Dormouse _Muscardinus avellanarius_. - - MICE AND RATS (_Muridae_) - - Domestic Mouse—Unusual Color Phases _Mus musculus_. - Japanese Waltzing Mouse _Mus musculus_. - Black Rat _Mus rattus_. - Black-and-White Rat _Mus norwegicus_. - Gray-and-White Rat _Mus norwegicus_. - Porcupine Mouse _Acomys cahirinus_. - Egyptian Gerbille _Gerbillus pyramidum_. - Muskrat _Fiber zibethicus_. - Cotton Rat _Sigmodon hispidus_. - - JERBOAS (_Dipodidae_) - - Greater Jerboa _Dipus aegyptius_. - - COYPU AND SPINY RATS (_Octodontidae_) - - Coypu Rat _Myocastor coypu_. - Hutia: Cuban Tree Rat _Capromys pilorides_. - Short-Tailed Hutia _Capromys browni_. - - PORCUPINES (_Hystricidae_) - - Canada Porcupine _Erethizon dorsatus_. - Brazilian Porcupine _Sphingurus prehensilis_. - African Porcupine _Hystrix cristata_. - - VISCACHAS AND CHINCHILLAS (_Chinchillidae_) - - Viscacha _Lagostoma trichodactylus_. - - AGOUTIS (_Dasyproctidae_) - - Golden Agouti _Dasyprocta agouti_. - Gray Agouti _Dasyprocta prymnolopha_. - - CAVIES (_Caviidae_) - - Domestic Cavy _Cavia porcellus_. - Capybara _Hydrochaerus capybara_. - Patagonian Cavy _Dolichotis patagonica_. - - [Illustration: MUTE AND TRUMPETER SWANS.] - - - - - SECTION II.—BIRDS. - - - THE GOOSE AVIARY, No. 3. - -There are no birds which take more kindly to captivity, or which better -repay their keep and their keepers, than the ducks, geese, swans and -pelicans. The only drawback to the maintenance of large collections of -these birds in this latitude is the annual struggle with our arctic -winter. On account of the fierce winter storms to which we must pay -tribute, many species of swimming birds require to be taken out of their -aviary, and housed in sheltered buildings, with moderate warmth. For -this reason the pelicans, tree-ducks of all species, and all species -from the tropics, must necessarily be absent in winter from their summer -quarters. - -For the accommodation of a large, systematic collection of wild geese, -an aviary two hundred and fifty feet long by one hundred and forty-three -feet in width has been constructed in the north end of Bird Valley. To -secure as much space as possible, the entire width of the open valley -has been taken into the enclosure. - -The Goose Aviary consists of a pond containing three islands, two of -which are subdivided by low fences of wire netting into twelve separate -enclosures. The collection of geese has become so large and important -the original Duck Aviary has been taken for it, and the Ducks will -hereafter be found on the Wild-Fowl Pond and in the Flying Cage. - -The Geese.—The collection of wild geese, in the Goose Aviary, is -unusually large, there being generally about twenty out of the -thirty-five known species. Among these one of the best known is the -Common Wild, or Canada Goose, (_Branta canadensis_). Once common -throughout many parts of the United States, continual persecution by -sportsmen and market hunters has so generally reduced its numbers that -now it is of comparatively rare occurrence. - -This exceeding rarity made the arrival of nine superb wild specimens on -November 8, 1900, on the Wild-Fowl Pond, a most interesting event. Seven -of the birds, including a fine gander, through the artifice of a trap, -were induced to remain with us, and have taken up a peaceful abode on -the little lake, with others of their kind presented by Mr. A. B. Frost. - -The African Spur-Winged Goose, (_Plectropterus gambensis_), although of -large size, is more properly a duck than a goose. A long sharp spur -arises from the bend of each wing, which the birds use in fighting with -each other for their mates. - -The Gray-Lag Goose, (_Anser anser_), is, perhaps, the most interesting -of all geese, as being the wild species from which our domestic birds -are descended. The white color and large size are the chief differences -between the domestic and wild birds. - -The White-Fronted Goose, (_Anser albifrons_), is worthy of special -notice because it is the handsomest of the ten species of North American -geese. The breeding grounds are far to the north, and in Alaska the -nests are mere hollows in the sand, lined with moss and down. - -The Bar-Headed Goose, (_Eulabia indica_), inhabits the mountains of -Central Asia, nesting always over a mile above the sea. It is perhaps -the handsomest of all geese. - -The Swans.—Usually at least six out of the seven known species of swans -may be seen on exhibition here. - -The Mute Swan, (_Cygnus olor_), is the commonest swan in captivity, and -is the one made famous in European history and legend. It may always be -known from the other species by the black knob at the base of the bill. -It breeds freely in captivity and the young birds are known as cygnets. - -The Trumpeter Swan, (_Cygnus buccinator_), being the largest bird in the -aviary, and also snowy white, is therefore the most conspicuous. Several -fine specimens are shown on the North Island, living contentedly with -other species. Some of these specimens were captured in Idaho, when -young enough to take kindly to captivity. - -The Black Swan, (_Chenopsis atrata_), of South Australia and Tasmania, -is as glossy black, excepting its primaries, as other swans are white. -It is a large and handsome bird, and much sought by all persons who form -collections of water fowl. - -The Coscoroba Goose, (_Coscoroba coscoroba_), is a fair connecting link -between the swans and the ducks, partaking about equally of the -characters of each. In size and color it is very much like our snow -goose, (_Chen hyperborea_), but it is peculiar in possessing very long -legs of a bright pink color, by which it is quickly recognized. Its -bill, also is pink, and the tips of its primaries are black. The -Coscoroba Goose is a native of southern South America, and a few years -ago specimens were so rare in captivity that a pair sold for $300. - - - THE FLYING CAGE, No. 4. - -This mammoth bird-cage is one of the wonders of the Zoological Park. It -represents an attempt to do for certain large and showy water birds, -precisely what has been done for the hoofed animals, the beaver, otter, -and other species—give them a section of Nature’s own domain. In this -they can fly to and fro, build nests and rear their young in real -freedom. - -Near the lower end of Bird Valley, as a sort of climax for the Goose -Aviary when seen from the north, rises a lofty, web-like structure, in -the form of a huge, gothic arch. It is 55 feet in height, 75 feet wide, -and 152 feet long. The whole structure consists of a series of -steel-pipe arches and purlins, the former eight feet apart, over which -wire-netting has been tightly stretched. - -The wire-netting seems peculiarly open. It is of the kind known as -chain-netting, which offers the least possible obstruction to the eye. -This cage is so large that a very respectable block of houses, three -stories high and of ample dimensions, could stand within it without -touching the wire. It completely encloses three forest trees of very -considerable size, two hickories and an oak; and it contains a pool of -water a hundred feet long, and shrubbery in abundance. - - [Illustration: CEREOPSIS GEESE.] - -The idea of a very large cage for herons and egrets, is not new, for -there are in existence several other flying cages, somewhat smaller than -this. The first was erected in the Rotterdam Zoological Garden by its -Director, the late Dr. A. Von Bemmelin, whose experiment proved very -successful. Others are at London and in Paris Jardin d’Acclimatation. - -The Flying Cage is the summer home of a mixed flock of such large and -showy water birds as are most inclined to fly about within it, and -afford students and the public an opportunity to study their movements -and attitudes. Save for such allowances as must be made for accidents -and epidemics, this enclosure will contain the following noteworthy -species, along with others of less importance: - -The American Flamingo, (_Phoenicopterns ruber_), is, in appearance, a -connecting link between the herons and ducks, resembling the former in -the great length of its legs, and the latter in the duck-like bill and -webbed feet. When the plumage of this species is perfect, it is of a -beautiful scarlet color throughout, excepting the primaries, which are -black. In captivity, the color fades somewhat. This bird is found in the -Bahama Islands and Cuba, but in Florida, where once it was fairly -numerous, it no longer exists. Fortunately, this remarkable bird takes -kindly to captivity, and the Zoological Park is never without a -good-sized flock. Their strange form, showy colors and droll attitudes -render them unusually interesting to visitors. - - [Illustration: WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS.] - - [Illustration: ROSEATE SPOONBILL.] - -With the birds of the above species are shown a few specimens of the -European Flamingo, (_P. roseus_), which is almost white. The only parts -which show the characteristic scarlet of this genus, are the wing -coverts, which are pale red, or pink. - -The Scarlet Ibis, (_Guara rubra_), is for its size the most showy bird -in existence, not even excepting the birds of paradise. Excepting the -black primaries, every feather on the adult bird in perfect plumage is -of a brilliant Chinese vermilion color, visible in nature for a long -distance. The immature birds are mottled and patched with white. This -species once came as far north as southern Florida, but now it is found -only from Cuba southward. They frequent the mud banks at the various -mouths of the Orinoco, and not long since were quite abundant on the -coast of British Guiana. - -The White-Faced Glossy Ibis, (_Plegadis guarauna_), is not a rare bird -in captivity, and it will doubtless be possible to maintain this species -perpetually in the Flying Cage and Aquatic-Bird House. - -The Wood Ibis, (_Tantalus loculator_).—The Park obtains its supply of -birds of this species from Florida, where they breed, in very greatly -reduced numbers, on the headwaters of the St. Johns. This bird is a very -satisfactory member of avian society. Although amply large to lord it -over the other birds of the cage, he quarrels with none, but peacefully -goes his way, feeling with the point of his beak along the sandy bottom -of the pool for something edible, or standing in quiet meditation on the -bank. Notwithstanding its common name, this bird is not an ibis, but a -true stork. In its black and white plumage it is quite a handsome bird. -Although not so fond of using its wings in captivity as are herons and -egrets, the Wood Ibis is for many reasons a very welcome tenant. - -The White Stork, (_Ciconia ciconia_), is as large as our wood ibis, -which it strongly resembles in form and habits. This bird is literally -the household bird of Germany, and its place in the family has now -become of more importance than its place in nature. Throughout Holland, -Germany, and very nearly the whole of eastern and central Europe, the -White Stork is so prized and protected by the people that it has -attained a state of semi-domestication. Nesting places are prepared for -it, usually near or even upon human habitations, and it enjoys an -immunity from molestation quite like that of the adjutant in India. - -The Great Blue Heron, (_Ardea herodias_), is frequently called the “blue -crane”; but the latter name is a misnomer. It properly belongs to our -sandhill crane (_Grus canadensis_). Just why so large a number of people -should be so persistent in this error is a psychological problem; but -the fact remains that people will not say “heron.” - -This Great Blue Heron is the largest and most noteworthy bird of our -northern marshes. Thanks to the fact that it bears no desirable -“plumes,” and its flesh is not edible, it has been permitted to live. -When not molested, it becomes quite trustful, and when wading along a -shore, fishing for minnows, it affords for the field-glass or the camera -a very interesting subject. In summer these birds are quite numerous in -the marshes along the Shrewsbury River, between Sandy Hook and Long -Branch, and they are an unfailing source of interest to excursionists. -It is sincerely to be hoped that the evil eye of “Dame Fashion” will not -fall upon this bird, and cause its extermination. - -The Great White Heron, (_Ardea americana_), is taller than the great -blue heron, and it is the largest of all the white herons and egrets. -Like the whooping crane, it is now a bird of such exceeding rarity that -the procuring of a specimen may be counted a stroke of good fortune. In -eight years the Zoological Park has secured only three specimens, all of -which came from southern Florida. - -The Little Blue Heron, (_Florida caerulea_).—The immature birds of this -species are snowy white, and so closely resemble snowy herons of the -same age, that only one well acquainted with both can distinguish -between them. They are, however, separately recognized by the fact that -the snowy heron has black legs, and a black bill, whereas the legs and -bill of the Little Blue Heron are pale yellow. This species is still -common in some parts of its Florida home, and occasionally a specimen -strays as far north as Staten Island. - -The Louisiana Heron, (_Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis_), once very -numerous in Florida, is still found there, but in greatly reduced -numbers. It ranges from Central America and the West Indies northward to -the Gulf States, and occasionally to Long Island. The general coloring -is dark blue, but a prominent distinguishing character is the chestnut -brown on the sides of the neck. - -The Black-Crowned Night Heron, (_Nycticorax nycticorax naevius_), is one -of the commonest herons about New York City and occasionally nests in -the Park itself. It breeds in large colonies, and feeds chiefly at -night. Its note is a hoarse _quok_, very much like the bark of a dog. - -The Snowy Heron, or Snowy Egret, (_Egretta candidissima_), when fully -adult, is the most beautiful white bird in all the avian world. Its form -is the embodiment of symmetry and grace, its plumage is immaculate, and -the filmy “plumes” on its head and back are like spun glass. Its black -legs and bill merely serve to intensify the whiteness of its feathers. -The vanity of woman has been the curse of the Snowy Egret. Its plumes -are finest during the breeding season, and it was then that the hunters -sought them, slaughtering the old birds in the rookeries by thousands -(when they were abundant), and leaving the nestlings to die of -starvation. If all women could know the price in blood and suffering -which is paid for the accursed “aigrettes” of fashion, surely but few -could find any pleasure in wearing them. It is strange that civilized -woman—the tender-hearted, the philanthropic, and the -ever-compassionate—should prove to be the evil genius of the world’s -most beautiful birds. - -In the United States the Snowy Egret now exists only by accident, and -the “plume hunters” are pursuing this and the following species in -Central and South America, to their most remote haunts, sometimes even -at the risk of their lives. Fashion has decreed that the egrets must go. - - [Illustration: BROWN AND WHITE PELICANS.] - -The American Egret, (_Herodias egretta_).—Much to the misfortune of this -species, it possesses about fifty “aigrette” plumes which droop in -graceful curves from the middle of its back far beyond the tail and wing -tips. For these beautiful feathers this bird has been pursued by plume -hunters almost to the point of total extermination in the United States. - -The White Pelican, (_Pelecanus erythrorhynchus_), is one of the largest -birds of North America and by reason of its size, its pure white -plumage, its enormously long amber-colored bill and gular pouch, it is -one of the most showy birds in the aviary. As consumers of fish they -stand pre-eminent among birds, and their only rivals in the Park are the -sea-lions. The specimens exhibited were collected for the Society in -southern Texas. - -The Brown Pelican, (_Pelecanus occidentalis_), when adult, is a handsome -and showy bird, and one which not only is easily reconciled to life in a -comfortable aviary, but positively enjoys it. The specimens in our -collection were collected for the Society on Pelican Island, Florida, -and their interesting home life at that place may be studied from the -series of photographs on exhibition in the Aquatic Bird House. When -their daily allowance of fish appears they crowd around their keeper, -and with wide-open pouches earnestly solicit contributions. - - - THE AQUATIC BIRD HOUSE, No. 5. - -This building is the result of an attempt to solve an old problem in a -new way—the care of large migratory water birds in the most uneven -winter climate on earth. In comparison with the care in winter of -flamingoes, large herons, egrets, ibises, and the like, the housing of -perching birds, birds of prey and the parrots, presents few -difficulties. But the wealth of fine water birds in North America alone, -and the interest attaching to them, seem to justify the labor and -expense that have been involved in this building and its appointments. -Practically all of the birds to be seen in this building in winter are -mentioned elsewhere in this volume. - -THE OWL CAGES.—After the completion of the Eagle and Vulture Aviary, the -ten large cages on the exterior of the Aquatic-Bird House, which have -been occupied temporarily by the birds of prey, will be used for the owl -collection. - -The Giant Eagle Owl, (_Bubo bubo_), is a true giant among the owls. It -is found throughout continental Europe, keeping mostly to the deep -forests, and feeding on grouse, rabbits, etc. It is unusually long-lived -in captivity, and breeds freely. - -The Milky Eagle Owl, (_Bubo lacteus_), has the same general characters -as its congener, but its feathers are of a beautiful, soft gray. It is -very rare in collections. - -The Great Horned Owl, (_Bubo virginianus_).—These nocturnal birds of -prey inhabit heavily wooded regions, feeding on mice, and poultry when -it is obtainable. The bright yellow iris, the conspicuous feather horns, -and the apparently pivoted neck are curious features of these birds. -Their reputation for wisdom is founded only on their external -appearance, for in reality they are rather dull birds. - -The Snowy Owl, (_Nyctea nyctea_), of the Arctic regions, migrating in -winter to the northern United States, sometimes remains for several -seasons in succession so far north that no specimens are obtainable. -During 1899, 1900, and the first half of 1901, not one specimen could be -procured, but in the late autumn of 1901 a southward migration began. On -June 1, 1911, the Park exhibited six fine specimens, one of which was -almost pure white. During the three hottest months of summer, these -birds would suffer considerably, so during this period they are confined -in a cool, dark cellar, thus keeping in perfect health and comfort -throughout the year. - - [Illustration: GREAT HORNED OWL.] - - [Illustration: SPECTACLED OWL.] - -The Screech Owl, (_Otus asio_).—This little horned owl is our commonest -species, and frequents the neighborhood of dwellings and orchards. Being -nocturnal it is more common than is generally supposed, and its curious -cry, which is not a screech, but a musical, quavering series of notes, -is the cause most frequently leading to its discovery. Its two phases of -plumage, red and gray, occur independently of sex, age or season. Its -food consists of mice and insects. - -The Barred Owl, (_Syrnium varium_).—This owl is more diurnal than its -nearest relatives, and often hunts its prey in bright moonshine. Its -deep, penetrating call, “woo-o-o, whoo-o-o,” is one of the most weird -and striking cries of the bird world. Another peculiarity, common to all -owls, but more noticeable in this less nocturnal species, is the -absolutely noiseless flight. The soft, downy feathers of the owl permit -it to wing its way through the air with as little noise as a falling -leaf. - - - THE EAGLE AND VULTURE AVIARY, No. 11. - - [Illustration: EARED VULTURE.] - - [Illustration: LAMMERGEYER.] - -The Eagle and Vulture Aviary stands in an open glade, but well -surrounded by forest trees, in Bird Valley, between the Aquatic Bird -House and the new Zebra House. It is a commodious and pleasant -installation, well adapted to exhibit the Society’s collection of -rapacious birds. Its length over all is 210 feet. It has seven very -large flight cages and six smaller ones. The largest cages are 24 feet -wide, 33 feet deep and 31 feet high. In the rear of the great wire -structure will stand a very comfortable brick building to serve as a -winter shelter for the tropical birds of the collection; but it will not -be open to the public. - -Now that our eagles and vultures are to be brought together, visitors -will find that the collection is a large one, and contains many fine -species. - -The Condor, (_Sarcorhamphus gryphus_), of the Andes, is the largest of -the birds of prey, having a wing-spread of over nine feet. It feeds -entirely on carrion, rarely attacking living animals. In the male, the -head is adorned with a large fleshy comb, much like that of a barn-yard -cock. The Society at present possesses several specimens of this great -bird. - -The King Vulture, (_Gypagus papa_), is as its proud name implies, the -one member of the Vulture Family which really is clad in royal robes, -and color-decked to match. Its range extends from Mexico and Central -America to Trinidad and Brazil. The visitor should not fail to see this -gorgeously caparisoned body of white, cream-yellow and black, and head -of orange, purple and crimson. - -Black Vulture, (_Catharista urubu_).—These ill-favored but very useful -birds are quite abundant, and even semi-domesticated, in some of our -southern cities. This is due to the protection accorded them, because of -their valuable services as scavengers. They are said to devour every -particle of exposed organic refuse, and in a warm climate these services -are of more value than we in the north can realize. - -The Yellow-Headed Vulture, (_Cathartes urobitinga_), of northern South -America, is a much handsomer bird than its two preceding relatives. It -has much the same feeding habits, but is very rare and delicate in -captivity. - -The California Condor, (_Gymnogyps californianus_).—This is one of the -rarest, and to all Americans the most interesting, bird of prey in the -Park. The species is confined to a very small area in the rugged -mountains of southern and lower California, and beyond all doubt, the -skin-collecting ornithologists will exterminate it within the next -twenty years, or less. - -The Griffon Vulture, (_Gyps pulvus_), and the Kolbe Vulture, (_G. -kolbi_), are Old World birds and although more closely related to the -eagles than to the vultures of the New World, resemble the latter in -general habits. - -Differing strongly from its congeners in general appearance, is the -Eared Vulture, (_Otogyps auricularis_). This rare bird is a native of -North Africa, where it feeds on such carrion as it is able to find. Its -bare, wrinkled head and neck and great bill give it a decidedly gruesome -appearance. - -The Red-Tailed Hawk, (_Buteo borealis_).—The “Hen Hawk,” or “Chicken -Hawk,” is one of our commonest birds of prey. It hardly merits its -common name, as its favorite food is mice and other small mammals. This -is the hawk seen, in the fall of the year, going south in flocks, -sometimes of one hundred or more. - -One of the most splendid members of the collection is the Harpy Eagle, -(_Thrasaetus harpyia_), of South America. The remarkably large legs and -claws indicate the great strength which enables the bird to prey upon -sloths, monkeys, and other fairly large animals. - - [Illustration: KING VULTURE.] - - [Illustration: BLACK VULTURE.] - -The Lammergeyer or Bearded Vulture, (_Gypaetus barbatus_), is now -probably extinct in Europe, but is still found in parts of Asia. It -feeds largely on lambs. - -A nearly cosmopolitan bird is the Golden Eagle, (_Aquila chrysaetos_). -It is equally at home in the highlands of Scotland and the mountains of -North America, nesting on the highest cliffs. - -The Bateleur Eagle, of Africa, (_Helotarsus ecaudatus_), has narrowly -missed the distinction of being the most beautiful of all birds of prey. -Its plumage is charmingly colored but it is out of proportion. Its tail -is so absurdly short that its wings quite conceal it, and make it appear -as if altogether tailless. - - [Illustration: HARPY EAGLE.] - - [Illustration: GRIFFON VULTURE.] - -Bald Eagle, (_Haliaëtus leucocephalus_).—The appearance of the adult -Bald Eagle, our National emblem, with its conspicuous white head and -tail, is familiar to all; but the immature birds, as shown by several of -the specimens, lack the white in their plumage. These birds are found -usually near water, and their food is chiefly fish. These they sometimes -catch for themselves, but if ospreys are found in the vicinity, they are -watched by the eagles, and often robbed of their hard-earned prey. - -Perhaps the fiercest among all the hawks is the White Gyrfalcon, (_Falco -islandus_). A native of the far north, it descends to a more equable -clime only when forced to do so by scarcity of food. It is so swift of -wing that it is able to capture a duck in full flight. - -Sea snakes form the rather unusual food of the White-Breasted Sea Eagle, -(_Haliaëtus leucogaster_), of the East Indies, while the -strikingly-colored Vulturine Sea Eagle, (_Gypohierax angolensis_), a -native of Africa, feeds on fish, crabs, and the fruit of the oil palm. - - - THE WILD TURKEY ENCLOSURE, No. 33. - -At the northern end of Squirrel Ridge, where the Alligator Walk -intersects the Rodent Walk, an ideal quarter of an acre, of oak and -hickory trees, underbrush, and bare rock, has been dedicated to the king -of game birds. - -The Wild Turkey, (_Meleagris gallopavo silvestris_), is a bird of -magnificent size and presence, and the splendid metallic luster of his -plumage—a mixture of burnished bronze copper, lapis lazuli, and fire -opal iridescence—backed up by a great bulk of savory flesh, all combine -to make this the finest game bird on earth. It was once fairly abundant -throughout the eastern United States, and still is found in -Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, Virginia and other southern states as far -west as Texas. Three other species of _Meleagris_ are now recognized—one -in Florida, one in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico, and the -fourth in Mexico, extending to western Texas and Arizona. - - - THE LARGE BIRD-HOUSE, No. 7. - -On the northwest quarter of Baird Court stands the largest and the most -generously equipped home for perching birds now in existence. This is -not an unnecessary boast, but merely a brief statement of a fact which -the visitor has a right to know. It was designed on our long-established -principle that every captive wild creature is entitled to life, exercise -and happiness. Our principle of very large cages, with many birds in -each cage, is just the reverse of the views that have prevailed in the -older zoological gardens, even down to the present day. To an important -extent, the cage equipment of this building represents a new departure. -There are many zoologists with experience longer than ours who believe -that small birds thrive better and live longer when installed in small -cages, with only one or two birds in each. - - [Illustration: WILD TURKEY.] - -The Large Bird-House, specially designed for Passerine birds, was -developed on the strength of experiments previously made in the -Aquatic-Bird House, and in community cages outside. After three years’ -experience with the new building, and a careful tabulation of diseases -and death rates within it, we are able to state that this installation -is a complete and gratifying success. - -The Large Bird-House is an L-shaped building, with an all-glass house in -its angle. The main hall extends east and west, and it is 60 feet long -by 50 feet wide. This great room contains the foreign song-birds, many -tropical doves and pigeons, and such tropical varieties and oddities as -the great crowned pigeons, tinamous, toucans, giant king-fishers and -hornbills. In the great central flying cage there is perhaps the most -remarkable _omnium-gatherum_ of small tropical birds—swimmers, waders, -upland game birds and perchers—ever brought together in one cage. The -bottom of the L is the Parrots’ Hall, 65×30 feet. It contains the -parrots, macaws, cockatoos, and a few other species. - - [Illustration: SERIEMA.] - - [Illustration: SECRETARY BIRD.] - -In the angle of the main building stands a structure almost wholly -composed of metal and glass, which is known as the Glass Court. It was -designed especially for North American song-birds. The visitor should -not overlook the fact that there are cages filled with birds all along -both the eastern and western sides of the Large Bird House. - -Nearly all the cages of both the exterior and interior of the Main and -Parrots’ Halls, are accessible from the back by passage-ways; a -convenience that greatly facilitates the work of the keepers in caring -for their various charges. - -The capacity of this installation as a whole may be judged from the -following memorandum of cages: - - APPROXIMATE SIZES OF CAGES OF THE LARGE BIRD-HOUSE - _INDOORS._ - - Main Hall Central Flying Cage 15×36×20 feet high 1 - Side Cages 5×5×9 35 - End Cages 5×12×9 2 - Parrot Hall Side Cages 6×8×9 21 - Glass Court West Cages 8×9×9 6 - East & North Cages 5×6×8 16 - - _OUTDOORS._ - - Northeast Cages 7×12×10 2 - East Cages 6×8×10 10 - Southeast Circular Flight Cage 20×20×2 1 - South Cages 6×8×10 3 - Large Western Cages 15×15×15 3 - Smaller Western Cages 6×9×10 14 - Total number of cages 114 - -Regarding the state of health and spirits of the birds in this building, -the visitor must be left to judge for himself. It is only fair to state, -however, that the death rate here and indeed amongst the birds of the -Park generally, is _very low_. - -In view of the great number of avian species inhabiting the Large -Bird-House, it is a practical impossibility to give more than a general -outline of the groups and leading features of the collection. - -As the visitor enters at the south door, nearest the Lion House, he is -greeted by a discordant chorus of ear-piercing shrieks and squawks, -joyous but very raucous, and at times too persistent. Loudest are the -voices of the gorgeously-plumaged Blue-and-Yellow Macaw, (_Ara -ararauna_); the Red-and-Blue Macaw, (_Ara macao_), and the Great Green -Macaw. Around their cages there is no such thing as stagnation or -somnolence. The soft-hued Rosella Parakeets, the flock of mostly-green -Cuban Parrots, the Leadbeater Cockatoos and the White Cockatoos all join -in their voices, to the limit of their respective abilities, but against -macaws which can be heard a mile, their best efforts seem tame. The -members of the Order _Psittaciformes_ (as above) have been beautifully -colored by Nature, and their harsh voices seem strangely out of harmony -with their plumage. - -The indoor cages along the western side of the Large Bird-House (both -halls included), contain an extensive series of tropical Pigeons and -Doves, which are well worth some attention. - -The most startling exhibit in this group is the Bleeding Heart Pigeon -(_Phlogoenas luzonica_), from the Philippines, whose creamy-white breast -seems to have been recently stabbed with a stiletto. It is no wonder -that now and then a sympathetic visitor seeks the curator, or a keeper, -and reports that a bird has been injured, and is bleeding from a wound -in its breast. - - [Illustration: GREAT CROWNED PIGEON.] - -The Flying Cage in the center of the Main Hall contains a pool of -running water, some small trees, an imitation rock, and the floor is -covered with a comfortable layer of sand. Hopping or flying about, and -perching on the trees, is a really remarkable medley of birds. There are -the Wood Duck and Mandarin Duck, Black Skimmers, Common and Sooty Terns, -several species of Teal, Curlews, Gallinules, Coots, Lapwings, Snipe, -Ruffs, Quail, Francolins, Senegal, Turtle, Wonga-wonga and other Pigeons -and Doves, Skylarks, Robins, Orioles, Cardinals, Woodpeckers, Java, Fox, -Tree, and other Sparrows and Weavers. - -The south side of the Main Hall is devoted to miscellaneous rare birds -from the tropics, regardless of the Orders to which they belong. The -largest are the Great Crowned Pigeons,—Victoria and Common,—the oddest -are the Concave-Casqued Hornbills and the Toucans (eight species). The -Rufous Tinamou, of South America, is a species which, through lack of -use for its wings, is rapidly losing the power of flight. The Giant -Kingfisher is the “Laughing Jackass” of Australia, and its cry is -strangely like the mirthless horse-laugh of a man who has few smiles and -seldom uses one. The Himalayan Jay-Thrush is so confirmed a murderer of -birds smaller than himself, it is necessary to quarter that species with -other birds abundantly able to defend themselves against its attacks. - - [Illustration: SULPHUR CRESTED COCKATOO.] - - [Illustration: TOCO TOUCAN.] - -On the northern side of the Main Hall there will be found a very -interesting group of Cuban birds, another of birds of the Bahamas, a -fair-sized collection of Finches, Weavers, Canaries, Trogons, and other -small species of foreign lands. Here also is the rare and -beautifully-plumed Greater Bird of Paradise, (_Paradisea apoda_). - -The visitor is reminded that for all cages that contain more than one -species, the picture labels quickly furnish a key for identification of -each. - -In the Glass Court and around it, the Curator of Birds, Mr. C. William -Beebe, has scored a gratifying success in the installation of the Order -_Passeres_. The birds are arranged by Families, and _all of the -twenty-one families of eastern North American perching birds are -represented_. These Families are as follows: Flycatchers, Swallows, -Wrens, Mockingbirds and Catbirds, Thrushes, Kinglets, Vireos, Waxwings, -Shrikes, Chickadees, Nuthatches, Brown Creepers, Warblers, Pipits, -Horned Larks, Sparrows, Honey Creepers, Tanagers, Blackbirds and -Orioles, English Starling, Crows and Jays. It is only those who have -attempted to form and install such a collection who can appreciate the -effort which that collection has cost, or the difficulties involved in -the maintenance of so large a number of insect-eating birds. The birds -in this section of the Bird-House are especially interesting to the -teachers of pupils of the public schools of this city. - -The large circular flying cage, at the outer corner of the Glass Court, -is filled with Robins, Bluebirds, Thrushes and Woodpeckers which winter -there very comfortably, because they are fed and watered, and sheltered -from the worst storms. - -Along the western wall of the Large Bird-House, outside, fourteen large -cages are filled with members of the Crow and Blackbird Families -(_Corvidae_ and _Icteridae_), such as the Ravens, Crows, Jays, Magpies, -Blackbirds, Meadowlarks, Cowbirds and Grackles, beside which appear our -old friends the Yellow-Shafted Flicker and Red-Headed Woodpecker. - -The following is a systematic enumeration of the Orders of birds -represented in the Zoological Park on April 1, 1913: - - LIST OF BIRDS, APRIL 1, 1913. - ORDERS. Species. Specimens. - - Rheiformes Rheas 2 2 - Struthioniformes Ostriches 2 2 - Casuariiformes Emeus and Cassowaries 2 3 - Tinamiformes Tinamou 5 5 - Galliformes Quail and Pheasants 88 204 - Turniciformes Hemipodes 1 2 - Ptericlidiformes Sand Grouse 1 1 - Columbiformes Pigeons and Doves 57 183 - Ralliformes Coots and Gallinules 15 35 - Lariformes Gulls and Terns 17 54 - Charadriiformes Plovers and Sandpipers 18 48 - Gruiformes Cranes, Seriema 13 30 - Ardeiformes Ibises, Storks and Herons 35 85 - Palamedeiformes Screamers 3 4 - Phoenicopteriformes Flamingoes 2 5 - Anseriformes Swans, Geese and Ducks 72 712 - Pelecaniformes New World Vultures 9 30 - Cathartidiformes Cormorants and Pelicans 8 27 - Serpentariiformes Secretary Birds 1 2 - Accipitriformes Hawks and Eagles; Old World 28 48 - Vultures - Strigiformes Owls 20 47 - Psittaciformes Parrots, Macaws and Cockatoos 86 194 - Coraciiformes Kingfishers and Hornbills 12 15 - Trogoniformes Trogons 1 1 - Cuculiformes Touracos and Cuckoos 10 18 - Scansoriforme Toucans and Barbets 8 13 - Piciformes Woodpecker 9 26 - Passeriformes Thrushes, Sparrows and all 378 1242 - perching birds - Totals 903 3038 - - - WILD-FOWL POND, - _Heretofore Called the Aquatic Mammals’ Pond_. - -As the birds on this pond have been transferred from the Duck Aviary, -the interest of this exhibit is of special character, and greatly -enjoyed by hosts of visitors. This is the nursery of the ducks and -geese, where, in the tangle of long grass, briars and underbrush along -the east side of the pond, the nests are built in early spring, the eggs -are laid and patiently incubated. Finally the broods of ducklings are -led to the water, to feed to repletion, throughout the summer, on the -worms, bugs and insects so dear to the appetite of these amusing little -fellows. - -Cope Lake is the especial province of the nesting pairs of Canada geese, -and sometimes as many as eight golden-colored goslings are hatched in -one nest on the small island. - -The Mallard Duck, (_Anas boschas_), is one of our finest swimming birds, -the joy of the sportsman who finds it in its haunts, the delight of the -epicure who finds it on the bill of fare. Sluggish indeed must be the -blood which does not beat faster at the sight of a flock of wild -Mallards, free in Nature, and ready to leap into the air and away at the -slightest alarm. After the pintail and the wood duck, this is one of the -handsomest ducks of North America, and also one of the finest for the -table. Its range covers practically the whole of the western continent -down to Panama, and even extends to the Azores, north Africa, and -northern India. The drakes are readily recognized by the splendid -irridescent green of the head. - -The Green-Winged Teal, (_Nettion carolinensis_), and Blue-Winged Teal, -(_Querquedula discors_), are very delicate birds, and therefore rather -difficult to maintain in captivity. A flock of each will be found in the -Flying Cage. - -The Pintail Duck, (_Dafila acuta_), is specially commended to the notice -of visitors because of its great beauty, both in color and form. Its -colors form an exquisite harmony of soft brown and gray tones which -fairly rival the more gaudy color-pattern of the wood duck. The species -is yet found occasionally along the Atlantic Coast, but like all other -edible birds, its numbers are rapidly diminishing. A large flock of -these birds will be found on the Wild-Fowl Pond. - - [Illustration: DUCKS FEEDING: WILD FOWL POND.] - -The Gadwall, (_Chaulelasmas strepera_), is a handsome gray bird, well -known to gunners along the Mississippi Valley, but rarely seen along the -Atlantic coast. Its chief breeding grounds are in the great marshes of -central Canada. - -The Baldpate, (_Mareca americana_), one of the finest of water-fowl, is -now so scarce that it is difficult to obtain specimens for exhibition. -These birds are poor divers, but gain a good livelihood by feeding on -floating sea lettuce, disturbed from the bottom by the better equipped -canvas-backs and redheads. - -The bill of the Shoveller, (_Spatula clypeata_), has become so -specialized for mud-sifting that it has actually assumed the shape of a -shovel, and is out of all proportion to the size of the bird’s body. The -sides of the bill are equipped with bony plates, through which the mud -is strained, the particles of food being caught and swallowed. - -The Canvas-Back (_Aythya vallisneria_), and the Red-Head, (_A. -americana_), two prime favorites with the sportsman and epicure, are -exhibited on the Wild Fowl Pond. Of the latter, a good-sized flock is -shown. Canvas-Backs, however, are difficult to capture unhurt, and still -more difficult to keep alive in captivity, and for these reasons the -number exhibited always is very small. - -The Lesser Scaup, (_Marila affinis_), is one of the sea ducks, and, like -its congeners, a very expert diver. It feeds chiefly on mollusks, which -it finds in the mud, often at considerable depths under water. - -The Paradise Sheldrake, (_Casarca variegata_), of Australia, is a -striking bird, occupying a position mid-way between the ducks and geese. -It is interesting to note that the female is much more attractive than -the male, the head and neck being pure white, in contrast with the more -sombre body. This species is very quarrelsome in captivity. - -The Ruddy Sheldrake, (_Casarca casarca_), is a bird of wide -distribution, being found from the Mediterranean countries to Japan, and -also in northeast Africa. Both sexes are of a uniform light chestnut, -the male being distinguished by a black ring around the neck. The nest -is always well sheltered, often being placed in a hollow log. - -The Common or Tadorna Sheldrake, (_Tadorna tadorna_), is a remarkably -colored bird, but unfortunately difficult to keep alive in this climate. -It nests in holes in the ground, preferably in disused rabbit burrows. - -The Mandarin Duck, (_Aix galericulata_), is the Chinese counterpart of -our beautiful Wood or Summer Duck, (_Aix sponsa_). Of all living ducks, -the males of these two species are the most gorgeously colored and -plumed, and they are also of elegant form. Although both species are -much sought after, the number of available specimens continues to be -limited to a comparatively small number. - - - THE PHEASANT AND PIGEON AVIARY, No. 40. - _Entire Collection is the Gift of Mr. Jacob H. Schiff._ - -The Pheasant Aviary is a building like a corridor 240 feet long with a -cross pavilion at each end. The main structure is divided into 22 -shelters connecting with a like number of wire enclosed outside runways, -each of which is 8 feet wide, 24 feet long and 8 feet high. The two end -pavilions furnish 32 smaller shelters and runways, making a total of 48 -compartments. The shelters are divided into two stories, the upper -series being designed for pigeons, doves and perching birds of various -kinds. Each bird in this aviary can at every moment of his life choose -according to his needs from the following series of accommodations that -are available to him: An open, sunlit yard, a storm shelter with an open -front, or a closed room with one small door and a large window. - - [Illustration: PHEASANT AVIARY AND WILD FOWL POND.] - -This beautiful and generous installation, 240 feet long, with 48 -runways, accommodates the true Pheasants of the world, the largest group -of birds of the Pheasant Family (_Phasianidae_), which in turn is one of -the grand divisions of the sportsman’s own Order _Gallinae_, or upland -gamebirds. Of the whole Order _Gallinae_,—which includes the Grouse, -Ptarmigan, Partridges, Pheasants, Turkeys, Guinea-Fowls, Jungle Fowl, -Quails, Brush-Turkeys, Curassows and Guans—the group of the Pheasants -can justly claim the distinction of possessing the most beautiful birds. -Indeed, I think there is not to be found in the whole avian world a -group of game birds all the members of which, taken species by species, -are so gorgeously apparelled as these. - -In this brief notice of what is really one of the finest pheasant -collections in the world, it is not possible to do more than direct the -visitors’ attention to its chief items of interest. It must be stated -well in advance, however, that these are birds of very shy and retiring -habit, which owe their existence as species to the success with which -they retreat from danger, and conceal themselves from man and beast. -These birds must not be forced to spend all the daylight hours in their -runways; for some of them could not long survive such exposure and -excitement. To preserve their lives, and keep them in health, they must -have the privilege of retiring into their shelters whenever they desire. -But they roam in and out, and by the exercise of a little effort in -returning to them, the interested visitor will find no great difficulty -in seeing all the species. - -There are few species of pheasants whose members are sufficiently -peace-loving that many individuals can be kept together without deadly -combats. Of most species save the golden, silver and ring-neck, the -cocks are so quarrelsome that even two can not be kept together; and -this fact constitutes a handicap upon those whose duty it is to maintain -the full strength of the exhibition. If a rare and quarrelsome male -pheasant dies unexpectedly, it is not always possible to fill the -vacancy on short notice. - -Out of the half-dozen species which claim first place in an enumeration -based on beauty and luxuriance of plumage—the Amherst, Reeve, golden, -silver, impeyan, Argus or Soemmerring—it is difficult to choose. Each -has its share of strong points, and it seems as if there is no “finest -of all.” Let us take them as they come to mind, for by reason of the -changes so often necessary in the runways, it is inexpedient to attempt -an end-to-end enumeration. - - [Illustration: MANCHURIAN EARED PHEASANT.] - -The Golden Pheasant, (_Chrysolophus pictus_), is a universal favorite; -and it well deserves its wide popularity. Although small, it is as -beautiful as the most entrancing sunset ever seen. It is very alert and -_chic_, it is so good tempered that we can have the rare pleasure of -seeing a whole flock in one runway, and it is a good breeder. To crown -all these fine qualities, it is so hardy, and so competent a “rustler” -in seeking food that under fair conditions it is easily transplanted -from its native home in western and southern China. It has been -introduced and acclimatized with gratifying success in Oregon, -Washington, southern British Columbia near the Pacific coast, and -elsewhere. In the shooting season, the shops of the taxidermists of -Vancouver and Portland are filled with these gorgeous creatures, which -appreciative sportsmen have found “too beautiful to eat.” One might as -well try to describe a sunset as to pen a mental picture of the -wonderful combination of golden yellow, orange, lapis-lazuli blue and -deep crimson that appear in the plumage of this gorgeous bird. - -The Amherst Pheasant, (_Chrysolophus amherstiae_), is the nearest -relative to the golden species, and also a strong candidate for first -honors on the score of beauty. As far as you can see the cock bird, you -can recognize it by its marvellous cape of pure white feathers marked -with semicircles of black and steel-blue, which reaches from its eyes -far back upon the shoulders. It is also easily recognized by its -enormously long tail, the middle feathers of which are conspicuously -marked by a regular series of diagonal bars of black laid on a light -ground color. This bird is of small size, and fortunately for the -public, it breeds in confinement with sufficient readiness that a good -supply for exhibition purposes is thereby maintained. - - [Illustration: INDIAN PEACOCK.] - -The Silver Pheasant, (_Gennaeas nycthemerus_), of China, is Nature’s -“running mate” for the golden pheasant, not only in the rocky hill -forests of southern China, but in acclimatization, in captivity, and -everywhere else. Wherever you see a golden pheasant, look for the Silver -also, with its showy, snow-white tail, and white mantle of feathers -which covers the whole upper two-thirds of the bird from its ears to its -tail. Its dark-colored under surface serves well to accentuate the -whiteness of its other parts. It is a larger bird than the golden and -Amherst pheasants, but it is so good tempered that every summer two or -three cock birds are kept in the great Flying Cage along with many small -and defenseless birds which might easily be molested. In parks which are -not visited by great numbers of people, both this species and the golden -are easily domesticated, and permitted to roam at will. - -The Reeves Pheasant, (_Syrmaticus reevesi_), of northern China, is a -most beautiful species, closely related to the Japanese, Elliott, Hume -and Soemmerring pheasants,—all of them fine, showy birds. Like the -Amherst, the Reeves Pheasant has a very long tail, which in fully adult -or old male birds often attains a length of five feet. When you see in -captivity a pheasant with an enormously long tail, it is safe to assume -that it is either an Amherst or a Reeves. - -The Soemmerring Pheasant, (_Phasianus soemmerringii_), sometimes very -aptly called the Copper Pheasant, is a native of Japan, and a bird of -which any country might well be proud. In size, form and length of tail -it matches the common ring-necked pheasant. Its head and neck plumage is -of a warm copper-bronze tint, but its most beautiful colors are found in -the elaborate cross-bar markings of its tail. The pattern of the latter -reveals first a strong cross-bar of chocolate brown, above that a broad -band of fawn-color, and this blends into a mottling of black on -cream-color, edged across with black. - -The True Ring-Necked Pheasant, (_P. torquatus_), of China, brings to -view a question that frequently is asked regarding the English Pheasant, -(_P. colchicus_), which is the common species of southeastern Europe and -Asia Minor, and of Great Britain and other continental areas by -_introduction_. We are asked, “Has the English Pheasant a white ring -around its neck, or not?” - -The answer is, _the true, pure-blooded_ English, or Common Pheasant, -(_P. colchicus_), has _no ring_ around its neck; but so many persons -have crossed the true Ring-Necked Pheasant, of China, with that species -that in many flocks of the former species the majority of the -individuals are of mixed breed, with necks perceptibly ringed, yet -passing as English Pheasants. As a matter of fact, in the world to-day, -pure-blooded English Pheasants are rare. Both the English and -Ring-Necked species have been successfully introduced into several -portions of the United States. - -While on this subject, we will here record the fact that the name -Mongolian Pheasant, as often applied to the Ring-Neck, is a misleading -error. The real Mongolian Pheasant, of Turkestan, (_P. mongolicus_), is -a species of such extreme rarity that it is almost unknown, alive, in -the United States. A fine pair of these birds is now on exhibition at -the Pheasant Aviary. - -The Argus Pheasant, (_Argusianus argus_), is a bird with a great -reputation for beauty, but as seen alive in zoological collections it -does not always come up to expectations. Both its secondary -feathers—which when fully developed are of enormous length—and its -primaries, are extremely beautiful; but unfortunately those beauties are -not visible until the bird is dead, and its plumage displayed in a -manner very rarely adopted by the living, captive bird. But the eyes on -the huge secondary feathers are wonderful, and each primary is a dream -in ecru and brown tints, laid on in a most elaborate pattern. The Argus -Pheasants are most shy and wide-awake birds, inhabiting the dense, hot -and moist jungles of Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, and are -almost impossible to shoot. They are snared by the Dyaks and Malays, and -after the skin has been removed and carefully preserved for museum -purposes, the flesh is as fine eating as the breast of a quail and quite -as palatable. A few successful attempts have been made to breed this -species in captivity. - -The Impeyan Pheasant, (_Lophophorus impeyanus_), is the neighbor of the -Himalayan tahr, the burrhel, the ibex and the markhor, and the delight -of every sportsman who dares the rocks of “the Roof of the World” in -quest of Himalayan big game. Its beauty is due chiefly to its metallic -colors, and the splendid iridescence of its plumage. Its home is in the -world’s most gigantic mountains, and it is not uncommon for a bird that -has flown out from a mountain-side and been shot on the wing to fall -2,000 feet, and beyond human reach. No wonder this bird is popular with -Anglo-Indian sportsmen. - -The Pheasant Aviary is a _double installation_, and as an aviary for -Pigeons and Doves it is quite as perfect as it is for Pheasants. - -During the year 1910 and part of 1911, the pheasants of the Old World -were studied in their haunts by Mr. C. William Beebe, Curator of Birds. -By reason of a cash gift to the Zoological Society made by Col. Anthony -R. Kuser, he was enabled to make the expedition. The results will be -embodied in an elaborate monograph, which probably will be published in -the near future. - - - THE OSTRICH HOUSE, No. 43. - _This entire collection presented by the late Charles T. Barney._ - -Originally it was our intention to devote this fine building solely to -the great “running birds,”—Ostriches, Rheas, Emeus and Cassowaries; but -the pressure for space has been so great that this intention never has -been carried into effect, and we fear it never will be. There are so -many cranes, seriemas, tropical vultures and other large birds which -appeal for space in these very pleasant and healthful quarters, we have -felt compelled to set our original plan half at naught. It seems -probable that some of the feathered interlopers now in the Ostrich House -will remain there, indefinitely—or at least until we erect a Crane -Aviary. - -Architecturally, the Ostrich House is the counterpart of the -Small-Mammal House, the two being identical in size and form, and -connected by a handsome pavilion. Each building is 170 feet long, and 54 -feet wide. The Ostrich House contains 13 cages, each 10×12 feet, by 8 -feet in height. A flood of warm light pours through a glass roof into -these cages, and makes them as light as the yards without. It is no -wonder that birds thrive in this building. Movable partitions were -provided, so that a few of the cages might be subdivided whenever -necessary. This provision has proven of much practical value. - -Each interior cage connects with a spacious outside yard, in which the -big birds spend the warm months. The yards are enclosed by wire fences, -and to the eye of the visitor they are open from three directions. - -The members of the Subclass _Ratitae_,—once called the Cursores, or the -“running birds,”—are the present-day giants of the avian world. We have -reason to be glad that all these splendid birds did not disappear from -the earth before ornithology took form as a science. Undoubtedly, they -mark the end of the line of birds of their kind, for the far-reaching -destructiveness of civilized man has already put a period to the natural -evolution of animal life. To-day, the preservers of wild life are -engaged in a hand-to-hand struggle with the annihilators, over the -preservation of a remnant for those who come after us. - -The African Ostriches are now very prominently in the public eye, not -because of their relationship to the Dinornis and Aepyornis of the past, -but by reason of the value of their plumes in enhancing the -attractiveness of woman. And surely, no plume-bearing bird ever enlisted -in a better cause, or on a more satisfactory basis; for to-day the plume -crop is being grown and plucked and marketed with almost as much -certainty as the annual crop of wool. In the United States, the most -important plume-producing ostrich farms are situated in southern -California and Arizona, where the industry is quite successful. So -valuable are the adult birds that it is possible to purchase specimens -imported from Africa for less money than would be necessary to procure -them in the United States. - - [Illustration: NORTH AFRICAN OSTRICH: MALE.] - -A full-grown male African Ostrich stands 8 feet in height, and weighs -about 300 pounds. Its value on arrival in New York, before -acclimatization and moulting into perfect plumage, is from $200 to $250. -The female lays about 90 eggs in a year, each of which is equal to about -20 hen’s eggs. The time of incubation is about 40 days. In captivity -only about 60 per cent of the eggs hatch, and of those not more than -one-half live to attain full maturity. The plumage of immature birds and -adult females is gray, but that of the adult male is black on the body, -and white on the wings and tail. - -The South African Ostrich, (_Struthio australis_), differs from the -species found in the north. The color of the naked skin of its neck and -thighs, and the front scales on its metatarsus, is distinctly bluish, -and dark. This is the species of the southern half of Africa, now so -successfully farmed in Cape Colony for its feathers that the annual crop -is said to yield about $5,000,000. And it is this species which is kept -on the ostrich farms of California and Arizona. - - [Illustration: RHEA.] - - [Illustration: CASSOWARY.] - -The North African, or Sudan Ostrich, (_S. camelus_), is the species -first and longest known. Its neck, thighs and front metatarsal scales -are of a decided pink color. Originally the range of this species -extended from north Africa well into southwestern Asia, embracing -Arabia, Syria and Mesopotamia. - -Generally speaking, the African Ostriches originally covered all the -open, sandy plains of Africa; but they never inhabited the regions of -dense forests. To-day their total inhabited range is small, and rapidly -becoming more so. It is highly probable that within the life period of -many persons now living, wild Ostriches will totally disappear from the -earth. - -The Common Rhea, or South American Ostrich, (_Rhea americana_), -represents a group of ostriches much smaller than those of Africa, and -found only on the open plans of Argentina and Patagonia, below the great -equatorial forest belt. There are three species in the group. In general -terms it may be stated that an adult Rhea is about two-thirds the size -of an adult African ostrich. It is with great difficulty that these -birds are reared to maturity in the United States. - - [Illustration: EMEUS.] - -The Common Emeu, (_Dromacus novae-hollandiae_), of Australia, is the -neighbor of the kangaroo and wallaby, and in form is as odd as are the -majority of the birds and mammals of that continent of strange -creatures. Its body suggests a pile of gray-brown hay elevated on -stilts, to one end of which a hay-covered neck and head have been -attached. The bird-lover should make much of this creature, for in its -home country it has been almost exterminated. Fortunately, in climates -reasonably well suited to it—but not in or near New York—it is possible -to breed this bird in captivity. In size the Emeu is next to the African -ostrich. - -The Ceram Cassowary, (_Casuarius casuarius_), of the Island of Ceram, -Malay Archipelago, represents a group which contains a number of -well-defined species which are scattered through the northern cape of -Australia, New Guinea, the Aru Islands, Ceram, and other islands of -Malayana east of Celebes. They are all distinguished by their glossy -purple or black body plumage—which looks far more like coarse hair than -like feathers—their huge legs, and their helmeted heads. The differences -between species are based chiefly upon the bright orange red and purple -colors of their upper necks and wattles. - -In size the Cassowaries are all of them smaller than the emeus. In -captivity they are the best of all the large cursorial birds, and live -longer than either ostriches, rheas or emeus. They are essentially birds -of the thick forests rather than open plains, and can not bear the -glaring light and heat of midsummer that is the delight of an ostrich. -In captivity they are very apt to be quarrelsome toward each other. - -Miscellaneous Birds in the Ostrich House.—At present these are so -numerous and so important it is necessary to mention a few of them, even -though the labels may be supposed to speak for them. They fall into -several groups, chiefly birds of prey and cranes. - -One of the most remarkable creatures in the entire collection is the -Secretary Bird, (_Serpentarius serpentarius_). It is well known as a -snake killer, its attacks being made with the feet alone, and never with -the beak. Its long legs are remarkably powerful, and capable of dealing -a crushing blow, always aimed at the head of the victim. Although it -does not resemble the hawks and eagles in general appearance, it is in -reality one of this group, and might well be described as a “hawk on -stilts.” The snakes, frogs, small animals and birds which form its diet -are generally swallowed entire. The long cockades of black feathers -falling backwards at each side of the head are said to have suggested -the name Secretary Bird, from a fancied resemblance to a quill stuck -behind the ear of a clerk. - -The Brush Turkey, or Telegalla, (_Catheturus lathami_), is a bird of the -dark tropical forests of New Guinea and Australia. For many years it has -been regarded as a zoological wonder, because of the remarkable manner -in which it nests and produces its young. Instead of building a small, -hollow nest, and hatching its eggs by the heat of its own body, it -pursues the plan of the crocodile! Choosing an open spot in the forest -it builds a huge mound, and as the structure rises, it lays its eggs in -the heart of it. Turning its tail to the mound-site, this absurd little -bird—no larger than a barnyard hen—scratches about right and left, -gathers a big footful of small dead sticks, grass and dirt, and fiercely -flings it backward upon the pile. A Brush Turkey in good working order -can fling a bunch of jungle debris fully ten feet. Usually the finished -mound is about three feet high by ten feet in diameter on the ground, -and contains two or three _cart-loads_ of sticks, leaves and grass. The -eggs are deposited in a circle, well separated from each other, and each -newly hatched bird must scratch out or die. Of course, the eggs are -incubated by the heat of the sun and the fermentation of the mass. When -hatched, the young chicks are able to fly. - - [Illustration: LITTLE BROWN CRANE.] - - [Illustration: DEMOISELLE CRANE.] - - - THE CRANES. - -At present the Cranes of the Zoological Park are divided between the -Ostrich House and the Aquatic Bird House, and their environs. In summer -there are exhibits of these birds in the outdoor yards adjacent to each -of those buildings. Recently, a number of species have been acclimatized -in the Crane Paddock, and are to be seen there winter and summer. - -The Whooping Crane, (_Grus americana_), is the largest, the handsomest -and the rarest crane species in America. Its great size and its -pure-white plumage—except its primaries—render it conspicuous from afar, -and its voice will carry half a mile. The arched secondary wing feathers -of the adult give the bird a very jaunty appearance. This species is so -rare that thus far we have been able in eight years to secure only three -specimens. The Whooping Crane nests in summer in the Arctic regions, but -in winter it ranges as far south as Mexico. Our specimens of this bird -will in summer be found in the large paddock immediately north of the -Aquatic Bird House, with the next species. - -The Sandhill Crane, (_Grus mexicana_), is smaller than the preceding -species, more common, and is frequently seen in captivity. Its color is -slaty-blue. It is found in the southeastern United States, but once was -fairly common throughout the Mississippi valley. In captivity this bird -often indulges in some very droll antics—at times actually dancing. The -adult males are often quite pugnacious, and inclined to attack those who -go near them, and all visitors are warned not to go within striking -distance of them. Children especially should not be permitted to climb -over the guard wires, and approach close up to the cranes’ fences. - - [Illustration: ASIATIC WHITE CRANE.] - - [Illustration: PARADISE CRANE.] - -The Sarus Crane, of the plains and sand-bars of northern India, -(_Antigone antigone_), greatly resembles our sandhill crane, but is a -much larger bird. This also is a quarrelsome species, and in captivity -individuals are inclined to be cruel toward each other. - -The Asiatic White Crane, (_Sarcogeranus leucogeranus_), is like a modest -understudy to our whooping crane, in all respects save the elevated -tail-crest. It is a bird of wide distribution. - -The Paradise Crane, (_Tetrapteryx paradisea_), of the open plains of -Africa outside the deserts, is a slaty-blue bird with a head so puffed -out with side feathers that it looks almost reptilian. Its tail-feathers -taper out to infinity, and gracefully droop quite to the ground. The -little African Demoiselle Crane, (_Anthropoides virgo_), is so -diminutive, so dainty in appearance and so gentle-spirited that its -young-ladylikeness has been proclaimed in its name. Of all foreign -species of cranes, it is the one easiest to procure, and the most -satisfactory to keep in collections. It never quarrels, it is very -sociable in its habits, and thrives in captivity. - - [Illustration: WHOOPING CRANE.] - - [Illustration: CROWNED CRANE.] - -The Crowned Crane, (_Balearica pavonina_), also of Africa, is, perhaps, -the most beautiful of all living cranes. It is of medium size, royally -colored, and strikingly set off with a conspicuous crown of stiff, -quill-like feathers that stand as erect and regular as the aigret of an -Indian prince. - - [Illustration: ADJUTANT.] - - [Illustration: JABIRU.] - - [Illustration: MASTIGURE.] - - [Illustration: HORNED RATTLESNAKE.] - - [Illustration: HOG-NOSED SNAKE.] - - [Illustration: GECKO.] - - [Illustration: TREE FROG.] - - - - - SECTION III.—THE REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS. - - - THE REPTILE HOUSE, No. 34. - -The Reptile House was the first large building erected in the Zoological -Park. It represents an earnest effort to present carefully selected -examples of the reptilian Orders, in a manner which may afford the -visitor and the student a general view of the important groups of living -reptiles. - -The length of the Reptile House, over all, is 146 feet, and its greatest -width is 100 feet. It is constructed of buff mottled brick, combined -with granite and Indiana limestone. In the ornamental cornice of terra -cotta, reptilian forms modelled by Mr. A. Phimister Proctor, the -well-known animal sculptor, constitute an important feature. The -building is roofed with slate, heated by hot water, and cost, with its -cages, about $50,000. It is beautifully situated on the edge of a forest -of primeval oaks, very near the geographical center of the Park. - -The great center hall is unbroken by a single column, and at one end it -opens across the Crocodile Pool and its sandbanks, through three huge -arches, into the green, jungly mass of the conservatory. Of the tropical -vegetation massed behind the pool—palmettoes, bayonet cacti, yuccas, and -the like, and the tillandsias, Spanish moss, resurrection ferns, and -butterfly orchids,—nearly the whole came from Florida, along with five -alligators which were the first occupants of the pool. - -In effect, the central hall appears to be 115 feet in length, by 40 feet -wide, exclusive of the cages. But, large as this building is, it would -be an easy matter to fill all its available space with the reptiles of -North America alone, choosing only the handsome and showy forms. As we -contemplate the great number of species in our own reptilian fauna, the -thought occurs, what can we do with the reptiles of the Old World? -Manifestly, the only proper course is to choose from the reptiles of the -world the forms which will make for our visitors and students the most -instructive and attractive series of important types. - - - SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASS REPTILIA. - -On April 1, 1913, all these examples are on exhibition in the Reptile -House: - - ORDERS. CONSPICUOUS EXAMPLES. LOCALITY. - - LIVING REPTILES. - Turtles, or _Chelonia_. - Aligator Turtle Louisiana. - Snapping Turtle Zoological Park. - Box Turtle Zoological Park. - Giant Tortoise Galapagos Island. - Gopher Tortoise Florida. - Painted Turtle New York. - Green Turtle (marine) New York. - Soft-shelled Turtle Indiana. - Saurians, or _Crocodilia_. - Alligator Florida. - Florida Crocodile Southern Florida. - Broad-nosed Crocodile Africa. - Lizards, or _Lacertilia_. - Iguana (_I. tuberculata_) West Indies. - Horned “Toad” Arizona. - Green Lizard (_L. viridis_) Europe. - Monitor Ceylon. - “Glass Snake” Florida. - Gila Monster Arizona. - Chameleon Africa. - Serpents, or _Ophidia_. - Harmless. - Regal Python Malay Peninsula. - Anaconda British Guiana. - Black Snake (_B. constrictor_) Zoological Garden. - Garter Snake Zoological Park. - Hog-Nosed Snake Zoological Park. - Venomous. - Coral Snake Florida. - Cobra de Capello India. - Diamond-Backed Rattlesnake Florida. - Water Moccasin Florida. - - - THE TURTLES AND TORTOISES. - -The Order of Turtles, (_Chelonia_), is so large that it has been found -necessary to devote to its representatives the whole central space of -the main hall of the Reptile House, and also a specially designed -Tortoise House of glass in the eastern end of the building. In the main -hall are two features—one, a large square tank for large turtles; the -other, a pool of running water between banks of earth, sand, and living -plants. This tank is 35 feet in length, and by means of low, plate-glass -partitions it is divided into ten cross sections, each of which can very -comfortably provide for the wants of at least three species of turtles -of medium size. With a wonderfully rich Chelonian fauna on the western -continent to provide for, there is little room to spare for Old World -forms, and the temptation to make this collection strictly Occidental, -is almost too great to be resisted. For the sake of brevity and -clearness, only six types have been chosen for special mention. - - [Illustration: GIANT TORTOISE.] - -The following species taken together fairly represent the different -forms of Chelonians, from the highest to the lowest: - -The Alligator Turtle, (_Macrochelys lacertina_), is the largest -fresh-water chelonian in North America. In form and temper it resembles -the common snapping turtle of the North, and its home is in the Gulf -States. The largest of the two Louisiana specimens on exhibition weighs -115 pounds. - -The Snapping Turtle, (_Chelydra serpentina_), which is the most -courageous and pugnacious of all turtles, is rather poorly protected by -its shell, and must therefore fight for its place in nature. - -The Painted Turtle, (_Chrysemys picta_), is a species of wide and common -distribution, and fairly representative of the host of fresh water -terrapins and turtles so common throughout the United States in ponds -and streams of all sorts. - -The Box Tortoise, (_Cistudo carolina_), lives on land, and as a means of -perfect protection has been enabled by nature completely to withdraw its -head and legs within its shell, and by means of a hinge across the -middle of the plastron, or lower shell, to close it tightly. - -The Tortoise and Lizard Yards.—At the eastern end of the Reptile House -is a commodious glass-roofed hall, opening into a series of sandy yards. -This installation is occupied by the collection of tortoises and the -larger tropical lizards. These reptiles do better in captivity, and show -to best advantage, if given outdoor sunlight and plenty of room for -exercise. - -The Giant Tortoises are among the most interesting of living reptiles. -There are fourteen distinct species, all belonging to the genus -_Testudo_. These creatures appear to be survivors of the reptilian ages -when reptiles attained colossal proportions. Fossil remains of the great -tortoises show these creatures to have formerly inhabited the -continents, but the survivors are restricted to isolated groups of small -islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Six species inhabit the -Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Four are found in the Aldabra -Islands in the Indian Ocean, and four inhabit the Mauritius-Rodriguez -group of Islands. All the species are rapidly becoming extinct. Recent -expeditions to the Galapagos Islands have reported that very few Giant -Tortoises now survive in those islands. - -The Giant Tortoises are entirely herbivorous. The specimens exhibited -consume great quantities of green food, which varies in kind according -to the season’s supply. During the summer months they feed largely upon -melons. - -Among the species exhibited is _Testudo vicina_, represented by our -largest specimen, captured in the Galapagos Islands. It weighs slightly -over two hundred and twenty-five pounds. Another example from the same -islands represents _Testudo nigrita_, a smaller and flatter species. -_Testudo elephantina_, the Elephant Tortoise, is represented by a large -specimen from the Aldabra Islands, which is growing rapidly. The latter -tortoise has a very high shell, and proportionately small head. - -The Gopher Tortoises, (_Testudo carolina_), are large, thick-shelled, -clumsy creatures, which burrow in holes in the sandy southern regions -where they live. Once they were common in southern Florida, but their -edibility has resulted in a great decrease in their abundance. - -The South American Tortoise, (_Testudo tabulata_), is a good -representative of the smaller tortoises from various parts of the world. -It is common throughout tropical South America and attains a maximum -length of shell of about 14 inches. The shell is elongated and blackish, -each of the shields having a yellowish center. Like all of the -tortoises, this is a herbivorous reptile. - -The Marine Turtles.—At the New York Aquarium, situated in Battery Park, -and managed by the New York Zoological Society, will be found a fine -collection of such large sea-turtles as the Loggerhead, Green Turtle and -Hawksbill, which require salt water. - -The Soft-Shelled Turtle, (_Aspidonectes ferox_).—As to living relatives, -this strange genus seems apropos of nothing. Like some of the marine -turtles its shell is greatly reduced in weight, so that it can float -more readily; instead of being solid bone, it terminates in a wide, thin -edge of cartilage, which is so soft that when properly boiled it -constitutes palatable food. - - - THE CROCODILES AND ALLIGATORS. - -The Order of Crocodilians.—This important Order, the members of which -are widely distributed throughout the tropics and sub-tropics of the -world, contains nineteen species. At this point it is well to correct -certain very general misapprehensions regarding crocodilians. - -Crocodiles are _not_ confined to the Old World; at least three species -being found abundantly in tropical America. - -The “movement” of a crocodile’s jaw differs in no manner whatever from -that of an alligator. - -Only a few species of crocodiles are dangerous to man. - -There is no authentic record of the loss of a human life through our -common alligator. - -The Alligator genus embraces the American Alligator, (_A. -mississippiensis_), of the southern United States and a small species -found in China! The head of the Alligator is very flat and its sides are -nearly parallel, while the head of a typical crocodile is nearly -triangular. - -The American Alligator is well represented in the Pool in the Reptile -House, by several lusty specimens, all of which eat voraciously, are -growing rapidly, and undoubtedly enjoying life. The largest specimen, a -burly monster over twelve feet in length, has grown nearly five feet in -length since its arrival here in 1899. - -In summer, the Alligator Pool on the hill, southeast of the Reptile -House, is well stocked with alligators of various sizes, and it is there -that visitors can secure most realistic impressions of the appearance of -this species in a state of nature, and in abundant numbers. - - [Illustration: ALLIGATOR POOL.] - -Under favorable conditions,—warm water and air, good light, plenty of -room, and abundant food,—the Alligator grows rapidly. A specimen hatched -in our Reptile House in October, 1900, was in January, 1911, 8 feet 3 -inches long, and weighed 75 pounds. - -The Crocodile genus is widely represented throughout the world. Of the -whole eleven species, the American continent contains four—the Florida -Crocodile, (_Crocodilus acutus floridanus_), attaining a length of 14 -feet, which was discovered at the head of Biscayne Bay, in 1875, by W. -T. Hornaday; the American Crocodile, (_C. acutus_); the Sharp-nosed -Orinoco Crocodile (_Crocodilus intermedius_), found in South America; -and the small _Crocodilus rhombifer_, which is found only in Cuba and -the West Indies. - -Of the seven remaining species, Asia contains four, and Africa three. Of -the Asiatic species, one frequents salt water. - -The Florida Crocodile is now represented by two specimens nearly 9 feet -long, from Madina Creek, southern Florida, presented by Mr. Julian A. -Dimock. It is to be recognized at a glance by its dark olive color and -sharp-pointed head. This is the only species of crocodile found in the -United States. Its maximum length is 14 feet 2 inches. - - [Illustration: VENEZUELAN BOA.] - -The Broad-Nosed Crocodile, (_Osteolaemus tetraspis_), of Africa, is -represented by two specimens. This species is characterized by the -broad, bony-looking head. It is one of the smaller crocodilians -attaining a maximum length of five feet. - - - THE LIZARDS. - -The Tropical Lizards.—Several families of lizards are represented among -the specimens occupying the Reptile House, the Tortoise room and outside -runways. Among these are the Iguanas, Tegus and Monitors. - -Among the Iguanas are several large and interesting lizards. The largest -of these is the Rhinoceros Iguana, (_Cyclura cornuta_), found in Hayti. -Contrary to the general belief, but like all the Iguanas, it is partly -carnivorous, though it feeds largely upon vegetables and fruit. This -species receives its name from the presence of three well-defined horns -upon the snout. - -The Mexican Iguana, (_Ctenosaura acanthura_), looks unique in the -possession of rings of sharp spines about the tail. Most specimens are -jet black when adult, but very young examples are pale green. - -The South American Iguana, (_Iguana tuberculata_), may be readily -distinguished by the very pronounced fringe of erect spines which rise -along the back-bone of male specimens, and also by the presence of a -rounded tubercle or plate on each side of the head. This is a brightly -colored Iguana, having bars of green, gray and black. It is strictly -arboreal, and evinces stronger herbivorous habits than species of the -allied genera. A large male specimen is seven feet long, but much of -this length is taken up by the gradually tapering tail. In South -America—on the Orinoco, at least—this species is considered edible, and -the writer can testify that to a hungry man its flesh is excellent. - -The very popular Horned “Toad”, (_Phrynosoma_), of the southwestern -states, of which there are eight or nine species, should be mentioned if -for no other reason than to place it where it belongs—with the lizards, -and not with the toads. - -The Tegus, (genus _Tupinambis_), are powerful lizards, growing to a -length of four feet, and inhabiting tropical South America. They are -fleet of foot, mainly carnivorous and very quarrelsome. It is impossible -to keep any but the larger lizards in the yard with them. Tegus are fond -of eggs, breaking the shell at one end and lapping up the contents by -means of the very broad, forked tongue. They will also eat raw beef. - -The Australian Monitor, (_Varanus gouldii_), is a good representative of -a genus of large and powerful lizards confined to the Old World, where -they occur in India, Malaysia, Africa and Australia. Monitors grow to a -length of eight feet. They are swift runners, entirely carnivorous, and -usually dwell in thick jungles. They are able to swallow entire an -animal as large as a half-grown rabbit. All are fond of eggs, swallowing -them without breaking the shell, which is soon dissolved by the powerful -gastric juices. - -Other Lizards.—Within the main halls of the Reptile House will be found -various representatives of the smaller Lizards, a few of which may be -mentioned. - -The beautiful, emerald-colored Green Lizard, (_Lacerta viridis_), of -Europe, is not only a handsome species, but it is also one of the most -satisfactory to keep in a vivarium—a good feeder and always posing. - -The famous Glass “Snake,” (_Ophiosauris ventralis_), is important -because its resemblance to a snake is so perfect it is generally -mistaken for one, although a true lizard. It is not, however, a -“connecting link” between the lizards and the serpents. - -Our well-known Gila Monster, (pronounced _He_-la) (_Heloderma -suspectum_), is a stupid, slow-moving creature from the southwestern -deserts, thick-set and stumpy in body, and it has the appearance of -being covered all over with dark-brown-black, and yellow beads, such as -Indians use in their bead industry. Its bite is sufficiently venomous -that it inflicts a painful wound, but it is not necessarily fatal. - -The Chameleon of the Old World, (_Chamaeleo vulgaris_), because of its -color phases and its remarkable form, is truly a great “curiosity”; but -it should not be confused with our so-called American Chameleon, which -belongs to another Family, and is also less interesting. - - - THE SERPENTS. - -The Order of Serpents, (_Ophidia_).—The large glazed cases along the -northern side of the main hall of the Reptile House are devoted to the -larger serpents, while the smaller species are provided for along the -south wall, and in the adjoining room. One serious difficulty in the -management of a collection of living serpents lies in the fact that -often the most valuable specimens are so nervous and shy in their -feeding habits it is impossible to cage several together. - -Out of the many species of serpents exhibited in the Reptile House, ten -are chosen as fairly representing the principal groups. - -The Regal Python, (_Python reticulatus_), here represented by a fine -specimen, 22 feet in length, weighing 170 pounds, is the best -representative of the rock pythons of Asia and Africa. The island of -Borneo is its center of distribution. None of the constrictors is -venomous, but their crushing power is almost beyond belief. - -The Rock Python, (_Python sebae_), of Africa, is a light-colored species -with a very small head, and is frequently seen in the hands and around -the necks of snake-charmers. - -The Anaconda, (_Eunectes murinus_), is one of the largest constrictors -of tropical America, and is noted for its aquatic habits. It is a -handsome serpent, being of a rich green color, marked with large black -spots. - -The Black Snake, (_Bascanium constrictor_), a common species in the -eastern United States, is probably the highest type of the harmless -snakes. It is a serpent of great vigor and activity in running, -climbing, and swimming; it possesses great courage, and seeks prey of -many kinds in all kinds of situations. - - [Illustration: RHINOCEROS VIPER.] - -The Garter Snake, (_Eutaenia sirtalis_), is more frequently seen in the -eastern United States than any other serpent. Although the warfare waged -against it is perpetual, regardless of the fact that it is as harmless -as a fly, its numbers do not sensibly diminish. - -The Hog-Nosed Snake, “Puff Adder,” or “Sand-Viper,” (_Heterodon -platyrhinus_), represents a large and important Family, and, despite its -dangerous appearance and terrifying names, it is quite harmless. It -represents one of Nature’s methods for protecting harmless and inactive -creatures, by making them resemble others which are dangerous. - -Venomous Reptiles.—Because of the number of species of rattlesnakes -which have found lodgment in the United States, and the trouble they -have caused in a few localities, we are specially interested in all -serpents which are dangerous to man. The species named below represents -the deadly genera which civilized man has most cause to fear. - -The Harlequin Snake, or Coral Snake, (_Elaps fulvius_), represents a -genus which contains many species, though but few of them occur in -America. - -The King Cobra, (_Naja bungaris_), from the Malay Peninsula, often -called Snake-Eating Cobra, is the most dangerous of all serpents, -because it is the largest and the most athletic of the venomous species, -and for its bite there is no effective antidote. It feeds only on living -snakes. The fine specimen exhibited is about ten feet in length. - - [Illustration: COBRA-DE-CAPELLO.] - -The Cobra-de-Capello, (_Naja tripudians_), of which some fine specimens -are shown, is the terror of India, where it kills between 18,000 and -20,000 people annually! This is the most deadly of all serpents. For its -bite, science has thus far been powerless to find an antidote, although -Dr. Albert Calmette, of Lille, France, experimenting extensively in this -direction, has secured partially successful results. - -The most vicious snake in North America, and one of the ugliest in -appearance, is the Water Moccasin, (_Ancistrodon piscivorus_),—closely -related to the beautiful Copperhead, (_A. contortrix_). It is more -dreaded in the South than the rattler, because it strikes on the -slightest provocation, and without the rattler’s timely warning. Its -colors are dull, its scales rough, its body ill-shaped and clumsy, its -temper is vicious, and for every reason it is a serpent to be disliked. - -The Diamond-Back Rattlesnake, (_Crotalus adamanteus_), is too handsome, -too showy, and too large to be chosen as the best average type of the -genus _Crotalus_; but he is king of his kind, and cannot be ignored. -Three species shown side by side in our Reptile House afford striking -examples of protective coloration. The Diamond-Back Rattler of Florida -and the South is yellow, brown, and black, to match the checkers of -sunbeam and shadow that fall upon the sands under the palmetto leaves. - - - THE BATRACHIANS, OR AMPHIBIANS. - -Among the many wonders of Nature, none is more interesting than those -forms which serve to connect the great groups of vertebrate animals, by -bridging over what otherwise would seem like impassable chasms. - -Between the birds and the reptiles there is a fossil bird, called the -Archæopteryx, with a long, vertebrated, lizard-like tail, which is -covered with feathers, and the Hesperornis, a water bird with teeth, but -no wings, which inhabited the shores of the great western lake which has -already yielded to American paleontologists a great number of most -remarkable fossil forms. - -Between the reptiles and the fishes, stretches a wonderful chain of -living links by which those two Classes of vertebrates are so closely -and unbrokenly united, and by such an array of forms, that they -constitute an independent Class, the Batrachia, or Amphibia. In the -transition from water to land, from fins and gills to legs and lungs, -Nature has made some strange combinations. In some instances the fins, -legs, lungs and gills have become so mixed that several notable misfits -have resulted, and in some cases we see gills and legs going together, -while in other lungs and fins are associated. - -The Reptile House contains about two dozen species of Amphibians, and it -is reasonably certain that this number will be maintained and increased. -They are to be found in small aquarium cases, ranged along the south -side and eastern end of the Main Hall. - -The Bullfrog, (_Rana catesbiana_), is a fair representative of the -Batrachians which stand nearest to the true land-going reptiles. During -the early stages of its existence it is in turn, a fin-tailed tadpole -with no legs, a short-tailed tadpole with a pair of front legs, a -shorter-tailed tadpole with four legs, and finally a fully-developed, -land-going frog with a voice like a small bull, and no tail whatever. Of -the genus _Rana_, there are five species in the eastern United States, -several of which inhabit the Zoological Park. - -The Wood Frog, (_Rana sylvatica_), is frequently seen in moist valleys -in the Zoological Park, where its chocolate brown back so closely -matches the color of the dead leaves and moist earth; it is difficult to -find, save when it takes one of its flying leaps. The specimens shown -were taken near the Beaver Pond. - -The Tree Frog, (_Hyla pickeringi_), is the commonest of the queer little -tree-loving species which are so easy to hear, and so difficult to find. -In spring their voices are the first to be heard in the swamps. The -Zoological Park is full of _Hylas_, and their cheerful piping is heard -at all seasons, especially in dry midsummer, when dark storm-clouds -gather and promise rain. - -The Common Toad, (_Bufo lentiginosus_), is found in the Zoological Park, -though not in such abundance as the two preceding species. - -Among the most remarkable creatures in the Reptile House are the -specimens of Smooth-Clawed Frog, (_Xenopus laevis_), from Africa and The -Surinam Toad, (_Pipa americana_). Both of these species are strictly -aquatic and have broadly palmated hind feet. The Surinam Toad comes from -Dutch Guiana. It is unique in its breeding habits. The male collects the -eggs and places them on the female’s back where they are engulfed in -large folds of the skin, which form cells in which the metamorphosis -occurs. - -The Spotted Salamander, (_Salamandra maculosa_), because of its broad, -bright yellow bands and blotches, laid on a rich, dark-brown body color, -is one of the most showy of all Amphibians. It comes from Europe, and -being much prized in collections, it frequently passes through the hands -of dealers in reptiles. Its skin is very moist and clammy, which gives -the creature the appearance of having been varnished. This is the -creature which is supposed to be able to withstand fire—a belief which -is purely imaginative. - -The Tiger Salamander or Axolotl, (_Amblystoma tigrinum_), is a widely -different creature from the preceding. It is found throughout the -greater portion of the North American continent, and as far south as -Central Mexico. Thirteen other species of the genus _Amblystoma_ are -found in North America and Mexico. In the matter of “harmonizing with -environment,” the _Amblystoma_ is one of the most remarkable creatures -in existence. In its larval stage (corresponding with the tadpole stage -of a frog), this animal possesses external gills, red and sponge-like in -appearance, and its tail has a fin-like edge above and below, like the -tail of an eel. - - [Illustration: METAMORPHOSIS OF THE LEOPARD FROG.] - -So long as this larval creature remains in water, its external gills -remain and do duty, and the larval stage continues indefinitely. Remove -it from water, or let its home pool dry up, and, presto! its gills dry -up, its tail loses its fin-like edges, and the creature goes about on -land, breathing air instead of water, with lungs instead of gills. - -The “Water-Dog” or “Hellbender,” (_Cryptobranchus allegheniensis_), is a -salamander-like amphibian, from 18 to 22 inches long when adult, found -more frequently in Pennsylvania than elsewhere. They are said to be very -tenacious of life, and voracious in their food habits, feeding on worms, -minnows and crayfish, and often taking the hook of the fisherman in -quest of that most repulsive of all American fishes, the cat-fish. -Between cat-fish and water-dog there would seem to be small choice. Mr. -William Frear offers this testimony in regard to the tenacity of life of -this creature: - -“One specimen, about 18 inches in length, which had lain on the ground -exposed to a summer sun for 48 hours, was brought to the museum, and -left lying a day longer before it was placed in alcohol. The day -following, desiring to note a few points of structure, I removed it from -the alcohol in which it had been completely submerged for at least 20 -hours, and had no sooner placed in on the table than it began to open -its big mouth, vigorously sway its tail to and fro, and give other -undoubted signs of vitality.” - -The Congo Snake, or Amphiuma, (_Amphiuma means_), is a creature which -closely resembles a thick-tailed snake. A close examination, however, -discloses a tiny pair of front legs; and far back, well toward the end -of the tail, a small pair of hind legs appear. These are about as -valuable to the animal as the tiger’s clavicle is to him. There are but -two species belonging to this strange genus, both of which are found in -the stagnant waters of our southeastern states. Still lower than the -amphiuma, is The Mud Eel, (_Siren lacertina_), of the southeastern -quarter of the United States, which possesses small external gills, and -only one pair of legs, which are in front. - -The Menobranchus, or Mud Puppy, (_Necturus maculatus_), possesses -external gills and four legs, and inhabits many of the rivers of Ohio, -Pennsylvania, Indiana, the great lakes and also the lakes of northern -New York. It is often taken in fisherman’s nets. - - - - - SECTION IV.— THE INSECTS. - - - THE INSECT COLLECTION.[1] - -A collection of insects was formed and placed on exhibition during the -early summer of 1910. While this first exhibit was not elaborate, it -excited such interest that it was decided to enlarge it, by taking -advantage of the season which then was at its best for insect -collecting. - -A series of long shelves has been built in the Pavilion between the -Small-Mammal House and the Ostrich House, and thirty-five glass-fronted -cages, together with a row of aquaria for aquatic specimens, were -installed. A number of collecting trips were made into the country -within a radius of twenty-five miles of the city, with such marked -success, that by the middle of July the collection was pronounced by a -number of visitors to equal in interest any exhibition of the kind -heretofore attempted in this country, or in Europe. In view of the -marked interest created by this display, the insect collection will -hereafter be a permanent feature of the Park. - - [Illustration: GIANT CENTIPEDE.] - -There are so many possibilities in exhibiting living insects that it is -difficult to select groups to feature for the summer. Our efforts were -first directed toward exhibiting a series of the different insects that -sing, and also a series of species injurious to the interests of the -agriculturists, together with a number of the insects that prey upon the -noxious species. The collection of singing insects was a marked success -and will hereafter be continued each summer. - -We are gathering from both the Old World and the New, a fine collection -of the larger silk moths. The cocoons will be shown on panels, and -inasmuch as a number of the moths will be emerging daily, this exhibit -should be instructive. During the winter the insect collection is made -up largely of tropical species; and in this series we include the large -bird-killing spiders, scorpions and centipedes, even though these -creatures are not to be classified as true insects. - -The collection of singing insects of the past summer was composed of the -meadow locust, greater and lesser cone-headed locust, the Katy-did, -broad-winged locust, field cricket, lesser field cricket, smooth-winged -cricket and two species of the tree crickets. There were about five -hundred specimens in the collection, and at times the noise made by them -was so great that visitors had to shout to one another to make their own -voices audible. The sounds coming from this collection varied according -to the time of day. It was late in the afternoon, when the larger -locusts commenced their singing (which continued throughout the night), -and inasmuch as the strictly diurnal species were yet active, the insect -chorus was quite vociferous. - -It is only with considerable difficulty that singing insects are -collected. The best time to capture them is at night, when the collector -stalks the loudest singers, and by approaching within definite -investigating distance, can accurately locate the insects by bringing -into use an electric flash-lamp. The glare of the light usually causes -the insect to stop its calls, but it remains motionless upon a branch or -leaf and may be grasped with a delicate pair of forceps, provided the -movements of the collector’s arm are performed outside the rays of -light. If the locust has become silent and cannot be detected when the -light is thrown upon it, the collector simply switches off the light and -remains quiet. In a few minutes the creature continues its song, when -its exact location is again determined. In this way the night songsters -of a big meadow are collected, one by one, and the collector leaves -behind him a silent field that a few hours before resounded with the -stridulations of the insect chorus. - - [Illustration: TARANTULA.] - - [Illustration: RED-WINGED LOCUST.] - - [Illustration: HERCULES BEETLE.] - -Among the more interesting insects exhibited, in our series are to be -found the walking-stick, the praying mantis, the huge red-winged locust -of the South, the Egyptian scarab, the luminous beetle of Central and -South America, and broods of silk worm. The life history of the mosquito -will be permanently illustrated in a series of tanks, and adjoining -these an exhibit of natural enemies of these pests. - -The insect collection is supplied with interesting descriptive labels. -During the latter part of spring it is removed from the Reptile House, -where, during the winter the number of its cages are much reduced, and -replaced in the quarters occupied during the summer. - - - - - INDEX. - - - A - Access, means of, 16 - Admission, 17 - _Aix galericulata_, 155 - _sponsa_, 155 - Agouti, 111 - Alpaca, 54, 56 - _Amblystoma tigrinum_, 183 - _Amphiuma means_, 185 - Anaconda, 179 - _Anas boschas_, 153 - _Ancistrodon contortrix_, 181 - _piscivorus_, 181 - _Anser anser_, 134 - _albifrons_, 134 - Ant-eater, great, 113 - Antelope, addax, 39 - beatrix, 40 - beisa, 40 - duiker, 47 - prong-horned, 51 - sable, 39, 40, 43 - sabre, 39 - sasin, 46, 47 - Antelopes, small African, 46 - _Anthropopithecus calvus_, 81, 84 - _Anthropoides virgo_, 168 - _Antidorcas_, 48 - _Antigone antigone_, 168 - _Antilocapra americana_, 51 - _Antilocapridae_, 51 - _Antilope cervicapra_, 47 - Antlers, development of, 59, 61 - Aoudad, 34 - Ape Barbary, 86 - black, 86 - _Aquila chrysaetos_, 145 - _Arctictis binturong_, 108 - _Ardea americana_, 138 - _herodias_, 138 - _Argusianus argus_, 161 - Armadillo, nine-banded, 112 - six-banded, 112, 114 - three-banded, 112 - Ass, Persian Wild, 66 - Aurochs, 29 - Aviary, eagle and vulture, 143 - goose, 133 - pheasant, 155 - _Axis axis_, 67 - Axis deer, 67 - _Aythya americana_, 154 - _vallisneria_, 154 - - - B - Baboon, 85 - golden, 86 - hamadryas, 86 - long-armed yellow, 86 - Bactrachians, 182 - Badger, American, 110 - European, 110 - _Balearica pavonina_, 169 - _Bascanium constrictor_, 179 - Bear, Admiralty, 124 - Andean black, 125 - black, 124 - brown, 125, 127 - hairy-eared, 126 - Himalayan black, 126 - Isabella, 126 - Japanese black, 127 - Peninsula, 123 - Polar, 120, 121, 122 - sloth, 127 - spectacled, 125, 126 - Syrian, 125 - Yakutat, 122 - Beaver, American, 110, 129 - Big-horn, 32 - Binturong, 108 - Birds, list of, 152 - Bison, American, 26, 27 - European, 27 - ranges, 26 - Black buck, 47 - _Blastoceros paludosus_, 44 - Blessbok, 41 - _Bos americanus_, 27 - _primigenius_, 29 - _Bradypus tridactylus_, 114 - _Branta canadensis_, 134 - Brocket, black-faced, 45 - _Bubo bubo_, 141 - _lacteus_, 142 - _virginianus_, 142 - _Bufo lentiginosus_, 183 - Burrhel, 32, 34 - _Buteo borealis_, 144 - - - C - Cage, flying, 135, 136 - Camel, bactrian, 53, 54 - _Camelus dromedarius_, 55 - Cameloids, 55 - _Canis azarae_, 109 - _dingo_, 109 - _latrans_, 99 - _mesomelas_, 108 - _nubilis_, 98 - Capybara, 111 - Caribou, woodland, 62 - Barren-Ground, 63 - _Casarca casarca_, 155 - _variegata_, 155 - Cassowary, Ceram, 165 - _Castor canadensis_, 110, 129 - Cat, common civet, 107 - jungle, 106 - Malayan, 107 - margay, 106 - wild, 107 - yaguarundi, 106 - _Catharista urubu_, 144 - _urobitinga_, 144 - _Cebus hypoleucus_, 81 - _Cephalophus grimmi_, 47 - _Cercocebus collaris_, 81, 87 - _Cervicapra arundinum_, 47 - _Cervus canadensis_, 57 - _canadensis asiaticus_, 70 - _duvauceli_, 70 - _elaphus_, 71 - _eldi_, 69 - _equinus_, 70 - _maral_, 71 - _moluccensis_, 45 - _muntjac_, 45 - _porcinus_, 45 - _schomburgki_, 44 - _unicolor_, 45, 70 - Chameleon, 179 - Chamois, 33, 35 - Cheetah, 77 - _Chelydra serpentina_, 173 - _Chelonia_, 172 - _Chen hyperborea_, 135 - _Chenopsis atrata_, 135 - Chimpanzee, 81, 84 - _Choloepus hoffmani_, 114 - _Chrysemys picta_, 173 - _Chrysolophus amherstiae_, 158 - _Chrysolophus pictus_, 158 - _Chrysothrix sciurea_, 81, 88 - _Ciconia ciconia_, 138 - _Cistudo carolina_, 173 - Coati-mundi, 109 - red, 109 - white-nosed, 109 - Cobra-de-capello, 181 - king, 180 - _Cobus unctuosus_, 41 - Collections, arrangement of, 11 - census of, 11 - _Connochaetes gnu_, 38 - _albojubatus_, 39 - Condor, California, 144 - South American, 143 - _Corvidae_, 152 - _Coscoroba coscoroba_, 135 - Coyote, 99, 100 - Crane, Asiatic, white, 168 - crowned, 169 - demoiselle, 167, 168 - little brown, 167 - paradise, 168 - sandhill, 138, 167 - sarus, 168 - whooping, 167, 169 - Crocodile, American, 176 - broad-nosed, 177 - Florida, 176 - sharp-nosed Orinoco, 176 - _Crocodilus acutus_, 176 - _acutus floridanus_, 176 - _intermedius_, 176 - _osteolaemus tetraspis_, 177 - _Crotalus adamanteus_, 181 - _Cryptobranchus allegheniensis_, 184 - _Ctenosaura acanthura_, 177 - _Cyclura cornuta_, 177 - _Cynomys ludovicianus_, 118 - _Cygnus buccinator_, 135 - _olor_, 134 - - - D - _Dama vulgaris_, 68 - _Damaliscus albifrons_, 41 - _Dasyprocta_, 111 - _Dasypus sexcinctus_, 112 - Deer, axis, 67, 68 - barasingha, 70 - Columbian black-tailed, 62 - Eld, 69 - European red, 71 - fallow, 68 - hog, 45 - horse-tailed, 70 - Japanese sika, 67 - jumping, 60 - maral, 71 - marsh, 44 - Molucca, 45 - mule, 60 - musk, 46 - Osceola, white-tailed, 43 - rib-faced, 45 - Indian sambar, 70 - Malay sambar, 70 - Schomburgk, 44 - Sinaloa white-tailed, 44 - swamp, 70 - white-tailed, 62 - Dens, bear, 119 - fox, 101 - wolf, 98 - Dingo, 109 - Dog, Australian, 109 - Azara, 109 - raccoon, 109 - Dromedary, 55 - _Dromaeus novae-hollandiae_, 165 - Duck, canvas back, 154 - lesser scaup, 155 - mallard, 153 - mandarin, 155 - pintail, 153 - red-head, 154 - shoveller, 154 - wood, 155 - Duiker, antelope, 47 - - - E - Eagle, bald, 146 - bateleur, 145 - golden, 145 - harpy, 144 - vulturine sea, 146 - white-breasted, 146 - Egret, American, 140 - snowy, 139 - _Egretta candidissima_, 139 - Eland, 38, 42 - _Elaps fulvius_, 180 - Elephant, Indian, 91, 92 - Sudan African, 92, 93 - West African, 93 - _Elephas, capensis_, 92 - _cyclotis_, 92, 93 - _indicus_, 91 - _knochenhaueri_, 92 - _oxyotis_, 92 - Elk, American, 57 - Entrances, 17 - _Equus burchelli chapmani_, 66 - _burchelli granti_, 65 - _grevyi_, 65 - _onager_, 66 - _persicus_, 66 - _prjevalskii_, 64 - _zebra_, 64 - _Erethizon dorsatus_, 110 - _Eulabia indica_, 134 - _Eunectes murinus_, 179 - - - F - _Falco islandus_, 146 - Fallow Deer, 68 - _Felis bengalensis_, 106 - _concolor_, 78 - _Felis nebulosa_, 105 - _onca_, 76 - _pardalis_, 106 - _serval_, 105 - _tigrina_, 106 - _uncia_, 77 - _yaguarundi_, 106 - _Florida caerulea_, 139 - Forests, 23 - Four-horned antelope, 47 - Flamingo, American, 136 - European, 137 - Fox, Arctic, 108 - black, 101 - blue, 108 - cross, 101 - gray, 102 - kit, 101, 108 - large-eared swift, 102 - New Mexico, desert, 108 - red, 101, 103 - silver, 101 - swift, 101, 102, 108 - Frog, smooth-clawed, 183 - tree, 183 - wood, 183 - - - G - _Gazella benneti_, 49 - _dorcas_, 48 - Gazelle, dorcas, 48 - Indian, 49 - _Gennaeas nycthemerus_, 159 - Gibbon, 84 - Gila monster, 179 - _Giraffa camelopardalis_, 36, 37, 38 - _capensis_, 37 - _reticulata_, 37 - Giraffe, five-horned, 37 - Nubian, 36, 38 - two-horned, 37 - Gnu, brindled, 39 - white-tailed, 38, 41 - Goat, Persian wild, 33 - Rocky Mountain, 33, 49, 50 - Goose, African spur-winged, 134 - bar-headed, 134 - Canada, 134 - coscoroba, 135 - gray-lag, 134 - snow, 135 - white-fronted, 134 - Grounds, physical aspect of, 21 - _Grus americana_, 167 - _mexicana_, 167 - _Guara rubra_, 137 - Guanaco, 56 - _Gymnogyps californianus_, 144 - _Gypaetus barbatus_, 145 - _Gypagus papa_, 143 - _Gypohierax angolensis_, 146 - _Gyps pulvus_, 144 - - - H - _Haliaëtus leucocephalus_, 146 - _leucogaster_, 146 - _Hapale jacchus_, 81, 88 - Hawk, red-tailed, 144 - Hellbender, 184 - _Helotarsus ecaudatus_, 145 - _Hemitragus jemlaicus_, 34 - Heron, black-crowned, 139 - great blue, 138 - great white, 138 - little blue, 139 - Louisiana, 139 - snowy, 139 - _Herodias egretta_, 140 - _Herpestes ichneumon_, 108 - Hippopotamus, 96, 97 - _Hippotragus niger_, 39, 40 - Hog Deer, 45 - Horned “toad,” 178 - Horse, Prjevalsky, 64, 65 - House, antelope, 35, 36 - aquatic-bird, 141 - camel, 53 - elephant, 89 - large bird, 146 - lion, 71, 72 - llama, 55 - ostrich, 162 - primate, 80 - puma and lynx, 115 - reptile, 171 - small-deer, 42, 44 - small-mammal, 104 - zebra, 63 - _Hydrochaerus capybara_, 111 - _Hylobates leuciscus_, 81, 84 - _Hystrix cristata_, 110 - _longicauda_, 110 - - - I - Ibis, scarlet, 137 - white-faced, 137 - wood, 137 - Ichneumon, African, 108 - _Icteridae_, 152 - Iguana, Mexican, 177 - rhinoceros, 177 - South American, 177 - _tuberculata_, 177 - Income, sources of, 13 - Insects, 185 - - - J - Jackal, black-backed, 108 - Jaguar, 76 - Jungle cat, 106 - - - L - _Lacerta viridis_, 178 - _Lama glama_, 56 - _guanacus_, 56 - _pacos_, 56 - _vicunia_, 56 - Lammergeyer, 145 - Llama, 56 - Leopard, 76 - black, 77 - clouded, 105 - hunting, 77 - snow, 75, 77 - _Lemur catta_, 81, 89 - ring-tailed, 81, 89 - ruffed, 89 - slow, 81, 89 - _varia_, 89 - Leucoryx antelope, 39, 41 - Lion, 73 - Barbary, 74 - mountain, 78 - Lizards, 177 - Location of Park, 15 - _Lophophorus impeyanus_, 161 - _Lutra canadensis_, 103 - Lynx, bay, 107 - Canada, 116 - spotted, 107 - - - M - _Macacus entellus_, 81, 86 - _fuscatus_, 81, 86, 88 - _nemestrinus_, 81, 86, 88 - _rhesus_, 81, 86 - Macaws, 149 - _Macropus rufus_, 50 - Mammals, 25 - burrowing, 116 - egg-laying, 115 - toothless, 112 - Mandrill, 85 - Margay cat, 106 - Markhor Suleiman, 31, 33 - Marmoset, 81, 88 - Marsh deer, 44 - _Mazama tema_, 45 - _Meleagris gallopavo silvestris_, 146 - _Meles taxus_, 110 - Molucca deer, 45 - Monkey, black spider, 87 - entellus, 86 - gray spider, 87 - green, 87 - howling, 87 - mona, 87 - pig-tailed, 86, 88 - rhesus, 86 - squirrel, 88 - _Moschus moschiferus_, 46 - Mouflon, 32, 34 - Mountain sheep, big-horn, 32 - Mud eel, 185 - puppy, 185 - Muntjac deer, 45 - Musk deer, 46 - Musk-ox, 31 - _Myopotamus coypu_, 104 - _Myrmecophaga jubata_, 113 - - - N - _Nasua rufa_, 109 - _Naja bungaris_, 180 - _tripudians_, 181 - _Necturus maculatus_, 185 - _Nettion carolinensis_, 153 - Nilgai, 41 - _Nyctea nyctea_, 142 - _Nyctereutes procyonoides_, 109 - - - O - Ocelot, 106 - _Odocoileus columbianus_, 60, 62 - _hemionus_, 60 - _sinaloae_, 44 - _virginianus_, 62 - _virginianus osceola_, 43 - Onager, 66 - Ophidia, 179 - _Ophiosauris ventralis_, 178 - Orang-utan, 83, 84 - _Oreamnos montanus_, 50 - _Oryx_, _beatrix_, 40 - _beisa_, 40 - _leucoryx_, 39 - Otter, American, 103 - _Otus asio_, 142 - Ounce, 77 - _Ovibos wardi_, 31 - _Ovis burrhel_, 34 - _canadensis_, 32 - _cycloceros_, 34 - _musimon_, 34 - _tragelaphus_, 34 - Owl, barred, 142 - giant eagle, 141 - great horned, 141 - milky, eagle, 141 - screech, 142 - snowy, 141 - - - P - _Papio babuin_, 81, 85 - _hamadryas_, 81, 86 - _mormon_, 81, 85 - Paradoxure, black, 108 - Malayan, 108 - white-whiskered, 107 - _Paradoxurus hermaphroditus_, 108 - _leucomystax_, 107 - _niger_, 108 - _Passeres_, 151 - Pelicans, 140 - _Pelicanus occidentalis_, 140 - _erthrorhynchus_, 140 - Peccary, collared, 50 - _Phacochaerus aethiopicus_, 50 - _Phasianus colchicus_, 160 - _mongolicus_, 160 - _soemmerringii_, 160 - _torquatus_, 160 - Pheasant, Amherst, 158 - Argus, 161 - copper, 160 - English, 160 - golden, 158 - impeyan, 161 - Mongolian, 160 - Reeve, 160 - ring-necked, 160 - silver, 159 - Soemmerring, 160 - _Pheonicopterus ruber_, 136 - _roseus_, 137 - _Phrynosoma_, 178 - Pigeon, bleeding-heart, 149 - great crowned, 150 - _Pipa americana_, 183 - _Plegadis guarauna_, 137 - Porcupine, African, 110, 111 - Brazilian tree, 131 - Canada, 110 - Indian crestless, 110 - _Portax tragocamelus_, 41 - _Potamochaerus pencillatus_, 50 - Prairie “dog” village, 118 - Primates, 81 - Puma, 78, 116 - Python, regal, 179 - rock, 179 - _reticulatus_, 179 - _sebae_, 179 - - - Q - _Querquedula discors_, 153 - - - R - Rabbit family, 117 - _Rana catesbiana_, 182 - _sylvatica_, 183 - _Rangifer, caribou_, 62 - _granti_, 63 - _osborni_, 63 - _stonei_, 63 - _tarandus_, 63 - Rat, coypu, 104 - Rattlesnake, diamond-back, 181 - Red river-hog, 50 - Reedbuck, 47 - Reindeer, Lapland, 63 - Reptiles, 171 - synopsis, 172 - venomous, 180 - Restaurant, Rocking Stone, 19 - Rhea, 164 - Rhinoceros, African two-horned, 94 - Indian, 95 - white, 96 - square-mouthed, 96 - _bicornis_, 94 - _unicornis_, 95 - Rodents, list of, 131 - Rodent-Reptile collection, 130 - Rocking Stone, 23 - _Rupicapra tragus_, 35 - - - S - Sable antelope, 40, 43 - Salamander, spotted, 183 - tiger, 183 - Sapajou, 87 - _Sarcogeranus leucogeranus_, 168 - Sasin antelope, 47 - Seal, harbor, 80 - Sea-lion, California, 78 - Secretary bird, 166 - _Serpentarius serpentarius_, 166 - Serval, 105 - Sewellel family, 117 - Sheep, arcal, 32, 34 - arcal mountain, 34 - Barbary wild, 34 - blue mountain, 34 - Sheldrake, paradise, 155 - ruddy, 155 - tadorna, 155 - Siamang, 89 - _Siren lacertina_, 185 - Sloths, 114 - Snake, black, 179 - coral, 180 - garter, 180 - harlequin, 180 - hog-nosed, 180 - Springbuck, 48 - Squirrels, 117 - Statistics, 10 - Stork, white, 138 - _Struthio australis_, 163 - _camelus_, 164 - Suricate, 108 - Swan, black, 135 - mute, 134 - trumpeter, 135 - _Syrmaticus reevesi_, 160 - _Syrnium varium_, 142 - - - T - _Tadorna tadorna_, 155 - _Tagassu angulatum_, 50 - Tahr, Himalayan, 32 - Tamandua, 112, 114 - _Tantalus loculator_, 137 - Tapirs, 97, 98 - _Tapirus indicus_, 98 - _terrestris_, 97 - _Tatu novemcinctum_, 112 - _Taurotragus oryx_, 38 - _Taxidea americana_, 110 - Tegu, 178 - Telegalla, 166 - _Testudo, carolina_, 174 - _elephantina_, 174 - _nigrita_, 174 - _tabulata_, 174 - _vicina_, 174 - _Tetraceros quadricornis_, 47 - _Tetrapteryx paradisea_, 168 - _Thrasaetus harpyia_, 144 - _Thylacinus cynocephalus_, 103 - Tiger, 75 - Toad, common, 183 - surinam, 183 - Tortoise, box, 173 - giant, 173, 174 - gopher, 174 - South American, 174 - Turkey, brush, 166 - wild, 146 - Turtle, alligator, 173 - marine, 175 - painted, 173 - snapping, 173 - soft-shell, 175 - - - U - Ungulates, summary of, 25 - _Urocyon virginianus_, 102 - _Ursus, americanus_, 121, 124 - _arctos_, 125 - _dalli_, 120, 122 - _emmonsi_, 121 - _eulophus_, 120, 124 - _floridanus_, 121 - _gyas_, 120, 123 - _horribilis_, 121, 124 - _horribilis horriaeus_, 121 - _japonicus_, 127 - _kermodei_, 121 - _labiatus_, 127 - _luteolus_, 121 - _maritimus_, 120, 121 - _middendorffi_, 120 - _ornatus_, 125 - _ornatus_, thomasi, 125 - _piscator_, 126 - _richardsoni_, 121 - _torquatus_, 126 - - - V - _Varanus gouldii_, 178 - Vervet, 87 - Vicunia, 55, 56 - _Viverra malaccensis_, 107 - _zibetha_, 107 - _Vulpes fulvus_, 101 - _fulvus argentatus_, 101 - _fulvus decussatus_, 101 - _macrotis,_ 102 - _macrotis neomexicanus_, 108 - _lagopus_, 108 - _velox_, 101 - Vulture, bearded, 145 - black, 144 - eared, 144 - griffon, 144 - king, 143 - yellow-headed, 144 - - - W - Walrus, Atlantic, 79 - Wapiti, Altai, 70 - American, 57 - tashkent, 70 - Wart-hog, 50 - Waterbuck, sing-sing, 41 - Waterfall, 22 - White-tailed deer, 43 - Wichita Game Reserve, 28 - Wild-fowl pond, 153 - Wolf, gray, 99 - prairie, 99, 100 - Tasmanian, 103 - - - X - _Xenopus laevis_, 184 - - - Y - Yaguarundi cat, 106 - _Zalophus californianus_, 78 - - - Z - Zebra, Chapman, 66 - Grant, 64, 65 - Grevy, 65 - mountain, 64 - - - - - Footnotes - - -[1]This interesting collection was formed, installed and labeled by - Curator R. L. Ditmars, with the assistance of Mr. Charles Snyder and - other members of the Department of Reptiles. - - - Membership in the Zoological Society - -Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all who are interested -in the objects of the organization, and desire to contribute toward its -support. - -The cost of Annual Membership is $10 per year, which entitles the holder -to admission to the Zoological Park on all pay days, when he may see the -collections to the best advantage. Members are entitled to all the -Annual Reports, bi-monthly Bulletins, Zoologica, privileges of the -Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten -complimentary tickets to the Zoological Park for distribution. - -Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A -subscriber of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder; -$5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000 a -Benefactor. - -Applications for membership may be handed to the Chief Clerk, in the -Zoological Park; Dr. C. H. Townsend, N. Y. Aquarium, Battery Park, New -York City, or forwarded to the General Secretary, No. 11 Wall Street, -New York City. - - - PUBLICATIONS - -Reports and Publications of the Zoological Society are for sale at -prices affixed below: - - Annual Report No. 1 Paper $ .40 - “ “ “ 2 “ .75 Cloth $1.00 - “ “ “ 3 and 4, each “ .40 “ .60 - “ “ “ 5 “ 6 “ “ .75 “ 1.00 - “ “ “ 7 “ 8 “ “ 1.00 “ 1.25 - “ “ “ 9 “ 10 “ “ 1.25 “ 1.50 - “ “ “ 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, “ 1.00 “ 1.25 - 18, 19, each - - Our Vanishing Wild Life (Hornaday) postpaid “ 1.65 - Destruction of Our Birds and Mammals (Hornaday) “ .15 - Notes on Mountain Sheep of North America “ .40 - (Hornaday) - The Caribou (Grant) “ .40 “ .60 - The Origin and Relationship of the Large “ 1.00 - Mammals of North America (Grant) - The Rocky Mountain Goat (Grant) “ 1.00 - Zoologica Vol. 1, Nos 1-11 inclusive, set “ 2.30 - Sea-Shore Life (Mayer) “ 1.20 - The National Collection of Heads and Horns “ 1.00 - (Hornaday) Large Quarto. Parts 1 and 2, each - - - Bulletin Nos. 1 and 6 Out of Print - Bulletins—Bi-monthly 20c., each; Yearly by Mail $1.00 - Bulletin Nos. 5 to 23 inclusive (15 cents each). Set, cloth bound - 5.00 - Popular and Official Guide to the New York Zoological Park (Hornaday) - .25 - _Souvenir Books_: Series No. 2, 36 pages, 5½ × 7½ inches, 33 full page - illustrations in colors. Price, 25c.; postage 3c. - Series No. 3, 48 pages, 7 × 9 inches, 73 illustrations from four color - plates. Price, 50c.; postage 3c. - _Souvenir Postal Cards_: Series of 72 subjects in colors, sold in sets - of 24 cards, assorted subjects, for 25 cents; postage 2 cents - per set. - _Photogravures_: Series of 12 subjects in sepia. Animals and views in - the Zoological Park. Splendid pictures for framing. Sold in - sets of 2 subjects. Price, 25 cents per set; sent postpaid. - Enlargements of Animal Pictures: A series of 12 enlargements, size 11 - × 14, from selected photographs of animals in the Zoological - Park. Can be purchased singly and forwarded by mail. - Furnished in three different styles; black and white, 25 - cents each; duotone brown, 35 cents each; hand colored, 75 - cents each. - _Souvenir Map Fan_: A novel fan and map of the Zoological Park. An - ingenious arrangement makes it possible to instantly locate - any building or installation. Price, 10c.; postage 2c. - _Panorama_ of the Zoological Park in colors. Reproduced from an - original drawing in perspective. Sold in folder form, or flat, - suitable for framing. This wonderful drawing gives a vivid - recollection of the World’s greatest Zoological Park Price, - 20c.; postage, 2c. - _Photo-Letter_: Two series of different photographs, reproduced in - photogravure and four colors. Price, 10c. each postpaid. - _Animal Art Stamps_: A series of 130 subjects, each stamp 2⅛ × 3, - printed from four color plates. Sold in sets of 20 stamps for - 10 cents. Album containing 10 stamps, providing space for - entire series, 15 cents. Postage 2 cents. Album and complete - series of 6 sets, 75 cents. Postage 3 cents. - - - Address all inquiries and orders to - - H. R. MITCHELL, - Manager of Privileges, - Zoological Park, 185th St. & Southern Boulevard. New York City. - - Rocking-Stone Restaurant - - [Illustration: EMU AND YOUNG BIRD HATCHED IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—Corrected a few palpable typographical errors and invalid index - entries. - -—Swapped entries in the table of illustrations to match the actual - order. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Popular Official Guide to the New York -Zoological Park (September 1915), by William T. Hornaday - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO NY ZOOLOGICAL PARK, 1915 *** - -***** This file should be named 53141-0.txt or 53141-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/1/4/53141/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - |