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diff --git a/old/53140-0.txt b/old/53140-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 2dadf8d..0000000 --- a/old/53140-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2359 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields, by -James R. Sullivan - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields - Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park--Georgia, Tennessee - -Author: James R. Sullivan - -Release Date: September 24, 2016 [EBook #53140] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHICKAMAUGA, CHATTANOOGA BATTLEFIELDS *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - [Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,: March 3, 1849] - - UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - Stewart L. Udall, _Secretary_ - - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE - Conrad L. Wirth, _Director_ - - - _HISTORICAL HANDBOOK NUMBER TWENTY-FIVE_ - -This publication is one of a series of handbooks describing the -historical and archeological areas in the National Park System -administered by the National Park Service of the United States -Department of the Interior. It is printed by the Government Printing -Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, -Washington 25, D. C. Price 25 cents. - - - - - Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields - CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA NATIONAL MILITARY PARK · GEORGIA—TENNESSEE - - - _by James R. Sullivan_ - - [Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,: March 3, 1849] - - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES No. 25 - Washington, D. C., 1956 - (Reprint 1961) - - _The National Park System, of which Chickamauga and Chattanooga - National Military Park is a unit, is dedicated to conserving the - scenic, scientific, and historic heritage of the United States for the - benefit and inspiration of its people._ - - [Illustration: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE · DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR] - - - - - _Contents_ - - - _Page_ - WARTIME IMPORTANCE OF CHATTANOOGA AND EAST TENNESSEE 2 - WINTER, 1863 4 - THE TULLAHOMA CAMPAIGN 5 - FROM TULLAHOMA TO CHICKAMAUGA 8 - REINFORCEMENTS FOR GENERAL BRAGG 10 - MANEUVER FOR POSITION 13 - THE BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA 14 - September 18—Preliminaries 15 - September 19—First Day 18 - September 20—Second Day 19 - THE SIEGE OF CHATTANOOGA 24 - REINFORCEMENTS FOR THE BESIEGED ARMY 27 - LIFTING THE SIEGE—THE BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA 33 - Orchard Knob 33 - Sherman Moves 35 - The Battle Above the Clouds, November 24 35 - Missionary Ridge, November 25 39 - RELIEF OF KNOXVILLE 42 - EFFECTS OF THE BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA 44 - THE WAR AFTER CHATTANOOGA 44 - GUIDE TO THE AREA 47 - Chickamauga Battlefield 47 - Missionary Ridge 52 - Point Park 55 - THE PARK 56 - HOW TO REACH THE PARK 56 - ABOUT YOUR VISIT 57 - RELATED AREAS 59 - ADMINISTRATION 59 - SUGGESTED READINGS 60 - - - TABLES - - - 1. Union Army at Chickamauga 16 - 2. Confederate Army at Chickamauga 17 - 3. Union Army at Chattanooga 34 - 4. Confederate Army at Chattanooga 35 - - [Illustration: _Moccasin Bend of the Tennessee River from Point Park - on Lookout Mountain._] - - [Illustration: Cannon and crew.] - - -In and around strategically important Chattanooga, Tenn., in the autumn -of 1863, there occurred some of the most complex maneuvers and hard -fighting of the Civil War. The Confederate victory at Chickamauga -(September 19-20) gave new hope to the South after the defeats at -Gettysburg and Vicksburg in July of that year. At Chattanooga (November -23-25) Union forces under Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant blasted this hope -and prepared the way for the capture of Atlanta and Sherman’s “March to -the Sea.” Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, oldest and -largest of the national military parks, commemorates the heroic soldiers -of both North and South in the battles for the control of Chattanooga. - -The year 1863 proved to be one of victory for the Union forces. Three -great campaigns took place which shaped the destiny of the war. The -first, a decisive blow at Gettysburg, forced a Confederate army under -Gen. Robert E. Lee to abandon its attempt to invade Northern soil. Lee -began an orderly retreat to Virginia on July 4. - -On the same day, but far removed from the fields of Gettysburg, Lt. Gen. -John C. Pemberton surrendered his army and the City of Vicksburg, Miss., -to General Grant. The fall of Vicksburg, simultaneous with the victory -at Gettysburg, gave heart and strength to the North, while Confederate -morale dropped. - -The third campaign, Murfreesboro to Chattanooga, slow and uncertain in -its first phases, and including later the great Confederate victory at -Chickamauga, culminated nearly 5 months after the other two in ultimate -victory for the North in the Battle of Chattanooga. - - - - - _Wartime Importance of Chattanooga and East Tennessee_ - - -Chattanooga had only 2,545 inhabitants in 1860, but its importance was -out of all proportion to its size. Situated where the Tennessee River -passes through the Cumberland Mountains, forming gaps, it was called the -“Key to East Tennessee” and “Gateway to the deep South.” The possession -of Chattanooga was vital to the Confederacy, and a coveted goal of the -Northern armies. - -Chattanooga’s principal importance during the Civil War was its position -as a railroad center. Four lines radiated in the four principal -directions—to the North and Middle West via Nashville, to the western -States via Memphis, to the South and southern seaboard via Atlanta, and -to Richmond and the North Atlantic States via Knoxville. - -By 1863 both sides were aware of the great advantages of strategic -railroad lines. Lt. Gen. Braxton Bragg had made skillful use of the -railroads in 1862, when he suddenly shifted his army from Mississippi to -Chattanooga to begin his drive across Tennessee and into Kentucky. -President Lincoln had long recognized the importance of railroads in -this area. In the same year Lincoln said, “To take and hold the railroad -at or east of Cleveland, in East Tennessee, I think fully as important -as the taking and holding of Richmond.” And in 1863 Lincoln wrote Maj. -Gen. William S. Rosecrans, “If we can hold Chattanooga and East -Tennessee, I think the rebellion must dwindle and die. I think you and -[General] Burnside can do this, and hence doing so is your main object.” - -The armies that traversed this region found it a fertile farming area. -East Tennessee’s rich grain fields supplied not only wheat, corn, and -hay, but beef, pork, bacon, horses, and mules. It was a vital region for -the armies of the Confederacy. It not only supported the troops that -occupied that region, but large quantities of provisions were shipped to -other armies. - -In addition to the military and economic reasons, a political factor had -to be considered in the struggle for control of East Tennessee. The -people there, living in a mountainous area unlike the rest of the State, -wished to adhere to the Union. The people maintained their allegiance to -the Old Whig party, and there was an attitude of suspicion and distrust -toward the Democrats. They were mostly small farmers with little cash -income, who had a dislike for the wealthy plantation- and slave-owning -class. - -After fighting broke out at Fort Sumter, neighbors began to take sides. -An uneasy truce prevailed until November 1861 when small groups of Union -men struck blows at widely dispersed railroad bridges. The cancellation -of a projected northern campaign into East Tennessee left the Unionists -there without support, and the Confederates took retaliatory measures. -Many of the Unionists in East Tennessee fled to Kentucky to enlist in -the Union Army; others hid in the mountains. While relief to this -section of Tennessee by the Union Army was not to come until 1863, it -was not forgotten by President Lincoln. - - [Illustration: _Wartime view of Chattanooga from north bank of the - Tennessee River._ From _Harper’s Pictorial History of the Great - Rebellion_.] - - [Illustration: _Gen. Braxton Bragg, Commander Army of Tennessee._ - Courtesy National Archives.] - - [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, Commander Army of - the Cumberland._ Courtesy National Archives.] - - - - - _Winter 1863_ - - -After the battle of Stones River, or Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 31, -1862, to January 2, 1863, the Union Army of the Cumberland, under Maj. -Gen. William Rosecrans, and the Confederate Army of Tennessee, commanded -by Gen. Braxton Bragg, remained relatively inactive for several months. -During this time the Union forces entrenched themselves at Murfreesboro. -General Bragg withdrew his forces southward and established his -headquarters at Tullahoma. He placed his army in a defensive position to -cover the routes, both rail and road, to Chattanooga. - -Impatient at the inaction, the War Department in Washington urged -Rosecrans to move against Bragg’s army. Grant, conducting his Vicksburg -campaign, wanted pressure applied against Bragg’s army to prevent all or -part of it from reinforcing the Confederates in Mississippi. At the same -time Andrew Johnson, Military Governor of Tennessee, reminded the -authorities in Washington of the plight of the East Tennesseans. During -this period, Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside gathered a Union force and -made plans to invade East Tennessee. - -Rosecrans hesitated to move. His lack of cavalry was a disadvantage in -gathering intelligence and prevented him from countering the Confederate -cavalry which harassed him constantly. In June, Maj. Gen. Henry W. -Halleck, general in chief, U. S. Army, wired Rosecrans asking him, “Is -it your intention to make an immediate movement forward? A definite -answer, yes or no, is required.” Rosecrans telegraphed: “In reply to -your inquiry, if immediate means tonight or tomorrow, no. If it means as -soon as all things are ready, say five days, yes.” On June 24, General -Rosecrans put his army of some 60,000 men in motion. - - - - - _The Tullahoma Campaign_ - - -The Army of the Cumberland—the Union force—had undergone a -reorganization since the Battle of Stones River. It now comprised three -corps: The Fourteenth, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas in command; the -Twentieth, Maj. Gen. Alexander McD. McCook in command; and the -Twenty-first, Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden in command. Maj. Gen. David -S. Stanley commanded the Cavalry Corps. Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger -commanded the Reserve Corps. - -The left wing of General Bragg’s defense line was at Shelbyville under -Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk and its right wing at Wartrace and Fairfield -under Lt. Gen. William Hardee—a line nearly 13 miles long. Two -Confederate cavalry corps occupied positions on either flank—that on the -right at McMinnville under Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, the other on the -left at Columbia under Brig. Gen. Nathan B. Forrest. The total strength -of the Army of Tennessee was approximately 43,000 men at this time. - -The Confederate position was good. The terrain favored a defensive -fight. To traverse the Cumberland Plateau the Union Army would have to -move along roads that pierced the mountains by way of Hoover’s, Liberty, -and Guy’s Gaps. The railroad to Chattanooga and another road passed -through Bellbuckle Gap. This latter route and the road by way of -Shelbyville were well fortified. Rosecrans resolved to make a feint -toward Shelbyville with Granger’s Reserve Corps and most of the cavalry -while the rest of his army moved toward the Confederate right. After -stubborn fights at Hoover’s and Liberty Gaps the Confederates withdrew -toward Tullahoma. So successful was Rosecrans’ flanking movement that -Col. John T. Wilder’s mounted infantry brigade reached Decherd, on the -main line of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, and destroyed the -depot and a few hundred yards of track. Although Wilder withdrew when -superior Confederate forces appeared, his raid against the railroad was -of great importance in forcing Bragg to evacuate Tullahoma. - - [Illustration: UNION ADVANCE - MURFREESBORO TO CHATTANOOGA] - -Rough terrain and bad weather were the worst enemies of the Union Army. -Brig. Gen. John Beatty records in his diary that “The road was -exceedingly rough, and the rebels had made it impassable, for artillery, -by rolling great rocks into it and felling trees across it.” He -frequently mentions the rain which fell incessantly during the campaign. -His entry of July 5 states that “Since we left Murfreesboro (June 24) -rain has been falling almost constantly; today it has been coming down -in torrents, and the low grounds around us are overflowed.” Yet, in -spite of mountains and rain and the Confederate Army, Rosecrans, by this -series of brilliant flanking maneuvers, forced Bragg to evacuate -Tullahoma on July 1 and withdraw toward Chattanooga. - - - - - _From Tullahoma to Chickamauga_ - - -After the Tullahoma campaign, the two armies adopted their previous -policy of remaining stationary. Each began to gather forces and -equipment for a future struggle. The Union Army occupied a line from -Winchester to McMinnville—the same territory the Confederates had -occupied previously—while the Confederate General Bragg established his -headquarters at Chattanooga. There the Army of Tennessee strengthened -its defensive position and prepared to close the “gate” to further -advances of the Army of the Cumberland. - -During July and August, Halleck again urged Rosecrans to move against -Bragg’s forces, but Rosecrans failed to budge. In the latter’s judgment, -three things were needed to insure a successful campaign. The first was -ripe corn which would not be ready until August; the second was the -repair of the railroad to the Tennessee River; and the third was support -for his flanks. In spite of the constant flow of dispatches from Halleck -to Rosecrans, it was not until August 16 that he began his movement -southward to cross the river. - -As Rosecrans moved toward the Tennessee River and Chattanooga, another -Union army under command of General Burnside entered east Tennessee to -threaten Knoxville. General Bragg, supposing that the two armies would -join forces to attack him, made urgent appeals for help. Though the -shortage of manpower at this time was a major problem of the -Confederacy, troops were sent hurrying to Bragg from several directions. - -Rosecrans’ strategy, after viewing several possibilities, was to cross -the river below Chattanooga, turn the Confederate left and interrupt his -opponent’s communications and supply line from Atlanta. This movement if -successful would effectively cut all railroad lines to Chattanooga, and -Bragg would find himself shut in between Burnside on the north and east -and Rosecrans on the west and south. To deceive Bragg as to the point of -crossing the Tennessee River, Rosecrans sent Hazen’s and Wagner’s -infantry brigades, Wilder’s mounted infantry, and Minty’s cavalry, all -under the command of Brig. Gen. William B. Hazen, to make a feint at the -river north of the town and to annoy the enemy as much as possible. - - [Illustration: _Union troops constructing a pontoon bridge across - the Tennessee River at Bridgeport, Ala. Ruins of Nashville and - Chattanooga Railroad bridge shown._ Courtesy Library of Congress.] - -The ruse was successful, and so thoroughly was Bragg deceived into -thinking the attack would come from upstream on the north side of the -Tennessee, he left the crossings below Chattanooga practically -unguarded. Rosecrans with the bulk of his army then crossed the river in -the vicinity of Bridgeport and Caperton’s Ferry, Ala., and Shellmound, -Tenn. By September 4, the Army of the Cumberland, thus meeting little -opposition, was safely across a great barrier and was threatening Bragg -from new positions. - -When Bragg learned that the Union Army had crossed the Tennessee below -Chattanooga and was threatening his supply lines, he decided after much -deliberation to abandon his position and retreat southward. - -Once the Union Army had crossed the river, Thomas’ corps marched toward -Trenton, Ga.; McCook’s took the road to Alpine, Ga.; and Crittenden -moved toward Chattanooga. On the 9th of September, Rosecrans, believing -the Confederates to be in full retreat, ordered McCook to press forward -toward Alpine, covered by the cavalry, and make attempts to cut Bragg -off; Crittenden to garrison Chattanooga with one brigade and pursue -Bragg by way of the Ringgold Road with the rest of his force; and Thomas -to continue toward Trenton. - -In order to understand the importance of the movements of both -commanding generals, the geography of the country must be considered. -When the Union commanders climbed to the top of the Lookout Mountain -range and viewed the country, they began to have misgivings about their -divided army. Thomas and McCook, 20 and 40 miles southwest of -Chattanooga, respectively, found themselves on a mountain ribbed by -ridges and hills, more than 1,000 feet above the valley floor. The few -roads which ran over the mountain were narrow, rough, stony, and -unusually steep. - -Thomas, looking to the east, saw Pigeon Mountain, a spur that juts off -Lookout Mountain and veers in a northeastwardly direction. The acute -angle of these diverging mountains forms McLemore’s Cove. Running into -this cove from the northeast and ending there is the southern extremity -of Missionary Ridge which begins immediately east of Chattanooga. Here, -also, originates Chickamauga Creek which gave the ensuing battle its -name. - -As the two Union corps moved eastward they found the country sparsely -populated. There were a few farms, but most of the land was covered with -cedar thickets and tangled undergrowth. The roads connecting farm and -village were dry and dusty. - -The Union Army was now split into three distinct columns with its flanks -more than 40 miles apart. In mountainous terrain, this made it -impossible for them to support one another. In the period September -10-12, corps commanders began to receive reports that a large -Confederate force was at LaFayette, Ga. It was Bragg’s army. He had not -retreated as far south as Rosecrans had thought—he had stopped at -LaFayette behind Pigeon Mountain. There he concentrated his army and -awaited reinforcements. - - [Illustration: _Wooden railroad trestle at Cumberland Ravine, Ga., - erected by Union Army to replace bridge destroyed by Confederates._ - Courtesy National Archives.] - - - - - _Reinforcements for General Bragg_ - - -General Bragg had purposely given the impression that his army was -disorganized and in full flight before Rosecrans. Actually, however, he -was not running away but was quietly preparing for battle and gathering -strength as reinforcements began to reach him. Realizing that Maj. Gen. -Simon Bolivar Buckner’s Corps could not defend Knoxville from Burnside, -and having no troops to spare for reinforcements, Bragg ordered Buckner -to rejoin the Army of Tennessee. Buckner’s Corps of 8,000 men joined -Bragg about the time the latter evacuated Chattanooga. Gen. Joseph E. -Johnston from his army in Mississippi sent two divisions (about 9,000 -men), under command of Major Generals John C. Breckinridge and W. H. T. -Walker. A little later at Bragg’s insistence Johnston sent two brigades, -under command of Brigadier Generals John Gregg and Evander McNair. These -brigades added 2,500 more troops to Bragg’s Army. - - [Illustration: ROUTE OF REINFORCEMENTS _FOR_ GENERAL BRAGG _AT_ - CHICKAMAUGA] - -About this same time preparations were under way to reinforce General -Bragg further with Lt. Gen. James Longstreet’s corps from the Army of -Northern Virginia. - -The movement of Longstreet’s troops from Virginia to reinforce General -Bragg in Georgia was an outstanding logistical achievement for the -Confederacy. Even though by this time railroads had become an important -factor in the strategy of war, no major troop movement involving so many -lines over such a long distance had yet been attempted. It also shows -the great concern the Southern War Department felt for the approaching -battle. - -From the Army of Northern Virginia to General Bragg’s forces in Georgia -was a distance of some 900 miles by railroad lines through Virginia, -North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. It was necessary for the -troops to take this longer and roundabout route of reaching General -Bragg because General Burnside had cut the railroad line by way of -Knoxville. - -By the summer of 1863 the railroads in the Confederacy were in very poor -condition, for it had been extremely difficult to replace rails and -rolling stock as the war continued. For the most part, the lines were -comparatively short; were not connected at many points; lacked bridges -across some of the major rivers; and like railroads everywhere, had -different gauges. Sixteen different railroad lines were involved in the -transfer as all parallel routes and all types of rolling stock were -pressed into service. - -In spite of all these difficulties, however, the movement was attended -with dispatch and secrecy. Leaving the vicinity of Orange Courthouse, -Va., on or about September 9, the advance brigades of Longstreet’s Corps -were joining General Bragg 9 days later. Mrs. Mary B. Chestnut recorded -in her diary what she saw of this troop movement: - - At Kingsville (S. C.) on my way to Camden, I caught a glimpse of - Longstreet’s Corps going past.... It was a strange sight. What seemed - miles of platform cars, and soldiers rolled in their blankets lying in - rows with their heads all covered, fast asleep. In their grey blankets - packed in regular order, they looked like swathed mummies. One man - nearby was writing on his knee. He used his cap for a desk, and he was - seated on a rail. - -Information on the details of the movement, of the delays, the hazards -encountered, as well as the number of men, animals, and artillery -transported is difficult to find. A fair estimate of the number of -troops is 15,000. - - [Illustration: _Longstreet’s soldiers detraining below Ringgold, - Ga., September 18, 1863. From there they marched into battle at - Chickamauga._ A. R. Waud wartime sketch. From _Battlefields in Dixie - Land and Chickamauga National Military Park_.] - -Only part of the infantry troops, and none of the artillery, arrived in -time to participate in the Battle of Chickamauga; Longstreet himself was -not present for the first day’s fighting but three of his brigades were. -The five brigades (about 9,000 men) which took part in the second day of -battle became heroes along with their commander when they broke through -the Union line. - - - - - _Maneuver for Position_ - - -Bragg was aware of the isolated positions of the Union Army, and he saw -an opportunity to strike his opponent in detail, one corps at a time, -while they were not in supporting distance of each other. He issued -orders to Maj. Gen. T. C. Hindman and Lt. Gen. D. H. Hill to strike Maj. -Gen. James S. Negley’s division of Thomas’ corps, which was in an -advanced position at McLemore’s Cove, but Hill failed to carry out his -order. Bragg ordered Buckner to join Hindman which he did on September -10. Instead of attacking Negley, the two Confederate commanders decided -that a different plan was needed for the situation and sent their -recommendation to Bragg. While this correspondence passed back and -forth, Negley withdrew and rejoined the rest of Thomas’ corps. The -Confederates had now lost their opportunity to strike and possibly -destroy this division. - -Two days later a similar situation arose with the same result—loss of -the opportunity to strike another corps in detail. This time Bragg -ordered Polk to move his and Walker’s corps to Lee and Gordon’s Mills to -strike Union General Crittenden’s divided force. Two of Crittenden’s -divisions had marched toward Ringgold; one had moved to Lee and Gordon’s -Mills. Polk, instead of attacking, went on the defensive and asked for -reinforcements. For the second time in 3 days, subordinate Confederate -commanders allowed a Union corps to regroup. - -Rosecrans now realized Bragg had concentrated and reinforced his army, -and that his own force was in danger of annihilation in its divided -condition. Accordingly he ordered General Granger, commanding the -Reserve Corps in the vicinity of Bridgeport, Ala., to Chattanooga; -General Crittenden to position at Lee and Gordon’s Mills on Chickamauga -Creek, some 12 miles south of Chattanooga; and General Thomas to move -northward toward Crittenden as soon as he was joined by General McCook’s -Corps, which had been commanded to make haste in joining the other -corps. - -In the hurried concentration of the Army of the Cumberland, McCook -withdrew from Alpine and chose to retrace his way by crossing over -Lookout Mountain, thence up Lookout Valley where he had to recross the -mountain to join General Thomas. It took McCook approximately 5 days -(September 13 to 17) to complete this movement, greatly to the -consternation of Rosecrans who had expected McCook to follow the shorter -route on top of Lookout Mountain or roads through McLemore’s Cove. Some -of the troops, however, such as the Second Division, did forced marches -in some instances of 25 miles in a day. - -Bragg made no effort to prevent this concentration of the Union forces, -and during the night of September 17 the three corps were within -supporting distance of each other. The Union left was at Lee and -Gordon’s Mills, and from there the line extended west and south through -McLemore’s Cove to Stevens Gap through Lookout Mountain. - - - - - _The Battle of Chickamauga_ - - -Chafing over the failure of his subordinate commanders to strike the -divided units of Rosecrans’ army and wishing to seize the initiative, -General Bragg had his troops do an “about face.” Turning northward, he -planned an all-out attack on General Crittenden who had been following -in his rear since the evacuation of Chattanooga and was now at Lee and -Gordon’s Mills. General Bragg moved his troops northward on the east -side of the Chickamauga Creek. His plan was to cross the Chickamauga -north of Lee and Gordon’s Mills, seize the roads leading to Chattanooga, -bear down on Crittenden, and crush this corps or drive it back into the -Union center in McLemore’s Cove. By turning the Union left in this -manner, he hoped to force Rosecrans back into the mountains and to -reoccupy Chattanooga. - -Maj. Gen. John B. Hood (Longstreet’s Corps) and Brig. Gen. Bushrod -Johnson’s troops were to cross at Reeds Bridge and turn left; Walker’s -Corps to cross at Alexander’s Bridge; Buckner to cross at Tedford’s -Ford; Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk’s Corps to cross at Lee and Gordon’s Mills; -and Hill’s Corps to cover the Confederate left. - -Bragg did not seem to suspect that Rosecrans had guessed his intentions, -and was hurriedly moving to support Crittenden and deploying his troops -so as to protect the roads to Chattanooga. - - - SEPTEMBER 18—PRELIMINARIES. - -On the morning of the 18th the three advanced brigades of Longstreet’s -Corps from Virginia arrived at Ringgold. One brigade immediately joined -Bushrod Johnson’s division as it prepared to cross Chickamauga Creek at -Reed’s Bridge. Union cavalry under Col. Robert H. G. Minty and mounted -infantry under command of Col. John T. Wilder, guarding the bridges, -offered stout resistance and delayed the crossing of the southern troops -for several hours. During the skirmishing, Minty’s men dismantled -Alexander’s Bridge and forced Walker to proceed to Lambert’s Ford, a -half-mile downstream. The Confederates used other fords and crossings -throughout the late afternoon and night as all of Bragg’s forces, except -three divisions, crossed to the west side of Chickamauga Creek. - -The Union forces were not idle, and during the night Rosecrans moved -Thomas’ corps northeastward above and back of Crittenden, so that Bragg -would not outflank the Federal line. Negley’s Division remained near -Crawfish Springs (now Chickamauga), Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds’ -Division near Widow Glenn’s, and Brigadier Generals Absalom Baird’s and -John M. Brannan’s Divisions covered the roads leading to Reed’s and -Alexander’s Bridges. General McCook’s Corps moved to position in -McLemore’s Cove. - -The situation at dawn on the 19th found the two armies facing each other -over a stretch of several miles along the banks of the Chickamauga. -Rosecrans had been able in a short time to maneuver the Army of the -Cumberland into position so that it interposed between Bragg and -Chattanooga. His Reserve Corps under General Granger was at McAfee’s -Church, near Rossville. Thomas’ Fourteenth Army Corps composed the -Union’s left a few miles south of Granger, and formed a southwesterly -line to Crawfish Spring where it joined McCook, forming the right in -McLemore’s Cove. Crittenden’s Twenty-First Army Corps remained -concentrated at Lee and Gordon’s Mills, somewhat in front of the other -two corps, to protect the Union center. - - - - - Table 1.—_Union Army at Chickamauga_ - - _Army of the Cumberland_—Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans - - - _Fourteenth Army Corps_—Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas - 1st Division—Brig. Gen. Absalom Baird - 2d Division—Maj. Gen. James S. Negley - 3d Division—Brig. Gen. John M. Brannan - 4th Division—Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds - _Twentieth Army Corps_—Maj. Gen. Alexander McD. McCook - 1st Division—Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis - 2d Division—Brig. Gen. Richard W. Johnson - 3d Division—Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan - _Twenty-first Army Corps_—Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden - 1st Division—Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood - 2d Division—Maj. Gen. John M. Palmer - 3d Division—Brig. Gen. H. P. Van Cleve - _Reserve Corps_—Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger - 1st Division—Brig. Gen. James B. Steedman - 2d Division—Col. Daniel McCook - _Cavalry Corps_—Brig. Gen. Robert B. Mitchell - 1st Division—Col. Edward M. McCook - 2d Division—Brig. Gen. George Crook - - - [Illustration: _“The First Gun at Chickamauga.” Confederates open - fire on Union cavalry at Reed’s Bridge._ A. R. Waud wartime sketch. - From Brown, _The Mountain Campaign in Georgia_.] - - - - - Table 2.—_Confederate Army at Chickamauga_ - - _Army of Tennessee_—Gen. Braxton Bragg[1] - - - _Right Wing_—Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk - _Cheatham’s Division_—Maj. Gen. B. F. Cheatham - _Hill’s Corps_—Lt. Gen. Daniel H. Hill - Cleburne’s Division—Maj. Gen. P. R. Cleburne - Breckinridge’s Division—Maj. Gen. J. C. Breckinridge - _Reserve Corps_—Maj. Gen. W. H. T. Walker - Walker’s Division—Brig. Gen. S. R. Gist - Liddell’s Division—Brig. Gen. St. John R. Liddell - _Left Wing_—Lt. Gen. James Longstreet - _Hindman’s Division_—Maj. Gen. T. C. Hindman - _Buckner’s Corps_—Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner - Stewart’s Division—Maj. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart - Preston’s Division—Brig. Gen. William Preston - Johnson’s Division—Brig. Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson - _Longstreet’s Corps_—Maj. Gen. John B. Hood - McLaw’s Division—Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw - Hood’s Division—Maj. Gen. John B. Hood, Brig. Gen. E. McIver - Law - _Corps Artillery_[2]—Col. E. Porter Alexander - _Reserve Artillery, Army of Tennessee_—Maj. Felix H. Robertson - _Cavalry_—Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler - Wharton’s Division—Brig. Gen. John A. Wharton - Martin’s Division—Brig. Gen. William T. Martin - Forrest’s Corps—Brig. Gen. N. B. Forrest - Armstrong’s Division—Brig. Gen. Frank C. Armstrong - Pegram’s Division—Brig. Gen. John Pegram - - -[1]General Bragg’s army was composed of Polk’s, Hill’s, Buckner’s, - Longstreet’s (Hood’s), and Walker’s (Reserve) Corps of infantry, and - Wheeler’s and Forrest’s Corps of cavalry. For the second day’s fight - the army was divided into two wings. General Polk commanding the - right and General Longstreet the left. - -[2]In transit, did not take part in the battle. - - -Bragg’s Army of Tennessee, except three divisions, was concentrated on -the west side of the Chickamauga from Reeds Bridge almost to Dalton’s -Ford, near Lee and Gordon’s Mills. The divisions had been shuffled -around during the night, and remained so for the first day’s battle. -Brig. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest’s cavalry held the right flank at -Reeds Bridge; then, in succession toward the left (south), were Walker’s -Corps; Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham’s Division (Polk’s Corps); -Longstreet’s Corps (under Maj. Gen. John B. Hood); and Buckner’s Corps. -On the east side of the stream and forming the right were Maj. Gen. -Patrick R. Cleburne’s Division (Hill’s Corps), preparing to cross at -Tedford’s Ford; Maj. Gen. T. C. Hindman’s Division (Polk’s Corps) -opposite Lee and Gordon’s Mills; and Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge’s -Division (Hill’s Corps) forming the extreme left opposite Glass’ Mill. -Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler’s cavalry, stationed at the upper fords of the -Chickamauga, held the left flank. - - [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, “The Rock of - Chickamauga.”_ Courtesy National Archives.] - -Neither army knew the exact position of the other as they maneuvered for -position during the night. The densely wooded area, covered with tangled -undergrowth, brambles and cedar thickets, prevented easy movement or -good observation, and many of the officers had difficulty keeping in -touch with their own commands. - -The armies were so close to each other, in some instances only a few -hundred yards apart, that it was inevitable a clash would soon take -place, but at what point no one could say. - - - SEPTEMBER 19—FIRST DAY. - -Early in the morning of September 19, Thomas ordered Brannan forward to -reconnoiter the Confederate forces which had crossed the Chickamauga. In -this manner, Col. John T. Croxton’s brigade of infantry accidentally ran -into some of Forrest’s cavalry, which were dismounted and serving as -infantry, at Jay’s Mill near Reed’s Bridge. And so the battle began. - -Croxton drove Forrest back, but reinforcements hurried to the latter -forced Croxton to give ground. Suddenly the commanding generals realized -that a major conflict was upon them, and they hurriedly sent troops into -the fight as first one side and then the other gained the upper hand. -Rosecrans, by rapid and forced marches, brought up his troops from -Crawfish Springs. Bragg ordered his left wing divisions to cross to the -west side of the Chickamauga. By mid-afternoon major fighting had spread -along a jagged line some 3 miles in length. All the Union divisions, -with the exception of Granger’s reserve force, became involved. The -Confederate troops were also largely engaged, except Hindman and -Breckinridge who crossed over during the late afternoon and night. - -When the battle ended for the day, little progress could be shown by -either side. The fighting had been furious and without much plan. -Bragg’s troops had reached the LaFayette-Chattanooga Road but were not -able to hold the position. Neither side could claim a victory. Bragg had -failed to crush the Union left, and Rosecrans remained in possession of -the roads to Chattanooga. The losses on both sides were heavy. - -As night fell and darkness settled over the battlefield the fighting -stopped, but there was little rest for the weary soldiers. Rosecrans -brought the Army of the Cumberland into a more compact defensive line; -Thomas’ Corps, heavily reinforced, formed the left in a bulge east of -the LaFayette Road at Kelly’s Field. - -Throughout the night the Confederates heard the ring of axes as the -Union troops cut trees and logs to form breastworks. McCook’s Corps in -the center faced LaFayette Road; Crittenden’s Corps on the right was a -little withdrawn west of the road. - -During the night, Longstreet arrived with two more brigades ready for -action. Bragg then decided to form the Army of Tennessee into two wings -for offensive action the next day. He placed General Polk in command of -the right wing and General Longstreet the left. The Confederate Army, -facing west between Chickamauga Creek and the LaFayette Road formed a -line more or less parallel with the road. - - [Illustration: _Confederate line of battle in woods at Chickamauga._ - From _Battles and Leaders of the Civil War_.] - - - SEPTEMBER 20—SECOND DAY. - -General Bragg issued orders to his subordinates to resume the battle at -daybreak. On the Confederate right Breckinridge’s Division was to begin -the attack which would be taken up by successive divisions to the left. -Sunday morning came. Daylight began to creep over the battlefield. The -sun rose, but no attack came. Bragg waited impatiently. Finally, the -orders reached Hill at 7:30 a.m. Further delay followed as the troops -moved into position. About 9:30 a.m. Breckinridge advanced to attack, -followed by Cleburne. The extreme left of the Union line fell back, but -the fire from the Union breastworks halted further Confederate advance. -Reinforcements hurried to Thomas. In further fighting at this part of -the line neither side made any considerable gain, as Rosecrans sought to -hold his left against Polk’s furious attacks. Almost equally matched, -neither Thomas nor Polk could show any appreciable gains throughout the -morning. About 11 o’clock a lull occurred as Longstreet’s wing prepared -to move against the center in Bragg’s plan of attack. - - [Illustration: THE BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA - SEPTEMBER 20, 1863] - - [Illustration: _Lt. Gen. James Longstreet._ Courtesy National - Archives.] - - [Illustration: _Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk._ Courtesy National - Archives.] - -The Union center at which Longstreet pointed his attack was held by -Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood’s Division which had replaced Negley’s -Division in the line when the latter had reinforced Thomas early in the -morning. To the immediate left of Wood were the troops of Brannan’s -Division, and on Brannan’s left, Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds’ Division. - -An hour before noon as the Confederate right wing poised to strike, an -irreparable blunder occurred on the Union side. A staff officer riding -from Thomas’ headquarters near Kelly Field reported to Rosecrans that he -had noticed Brannan’s Division was out of line and believed “General -Reynolds’ right was exposed.” Rosecrans, without further investigation, -immediately ordered Wood to “close up on Reynolds as fast as possible -and support him.” In order to do this, Wood had to pull his division out -of line and march behind Brannan’s Division toward Reynolds. Wood’s -division had left its place in the line, creating a true gap where none -had actually existed before, and had started to march northward behind -Brannan when Longstreet’s column of five divisions accidentally struck -into the gap. - -Longstreet’s attack hit Wood’s and Brannan’s Divisions on their exposed -flank and drove them from the immediate field of battle. On the other -side of the gap the Confederates struck Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis’ -Division, which was marching up to take Wood’s place in the line, and -Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan’s Division in flank. In a very short time -the entire Union right flank was in disorder and driven from the field. -Wilder’s brigade on the extreme right made a valiant stand for a while, -employing to good effect the heavy fire power of the Spencer repeating -carbine with which it was armed. Nothing, however, seemed to daunt the -onrush of the Confederates, and Wilder withdrew for fear of being cut -off from escape. - -The routed divisions from the Union right withdrew northwestward through -McFarland’s Gap to Rossville. Generals Rosecrans, Crittenden, and McCook -were caught in the breakthrough and fled the field. General Thomas was -now in command of the Union forces left there. - -The altered conditions of the battlefield now dictated a change in -Confederate strategy. The original plan of enveloping the Union left -changed to a sweep from the Union right to the left. A pause in the -fighting enabled Thomas to form a new line quickly to his rear on -Snodgrass Hill, almost at a right angle with the Union left. From this -vantage point he met the onslaught of Longstreet’s troops with such -stubborn and determined resistance on that Sunday afternoon that he -earned the name “Rock of Chickamauga.” - -The Union line on Snodgrass Hill was composed of Brannan’s Division with -fragments of Wood’s, Negley’s, and Van Cleve’s Divisions. Longstreet -vigorously assaulted the line again and again and nearly succeeded in -enveloping Brannan’s right. Confederate success seemed assured as -Thomas’ troops were hard hit and were short of ammunition, but at this -moment unexpected reinforcements reached General Thomas. - - [Illustration: _The Battle of Chickamauga. Scene from diorama in the - Museum, Park Headquarters Building._] - -General Granger, without orders and following the sound of battle, had -hastened to the aid of Thomas. He arrived at Snodgrass Hill at a very -opportune moment and just in time to stop the Confederates from -enveloping Brannan’s right. A fierce engagement took place as Brig. Gen. -James B. Steedman’s Division of Granger’s Corps forced the southern -troops from the crest of the hill. - -Midafternoon found Longstreet once again attempting to wrest the hill -from Thomas’ troops, using McLaw’s, Hindman’s, and Bushrod Johnson’s -Divisions, and again he was repulsed. Later in the afternoon, Longstreet -asked Bragg for reinforcements but was told none were available and that -the right wing “had been beaten back so badly that they could be of no -service” to him. Longstreet determined to make one more effort. He -formed a column of such troops as were available and again assaulted the -hill. The fight was desperate and lasted until nightfall. The Union -troops repulsed some of the Confederate charges with the bayonet as -their ammunition was nearly exhausted. Finally, Longstreet pushed -Steedman back to the next ridge and occupied the ground to the right of -Brannan. - -The left of the Union line around Kelly Field spent a relatively quiet -afternoon compared to their comrades on Snodgrass Hill. However, about 4 -p.m., the divisions of Hill’s corps and part of Walker’s again assaulted -the Union positions there. By 6 p.m., Cheatham’s Division had joined the -attack. This attack succeeded in enveloping the Union left, and the road -to Rossville, through Rossville Gap, was cut off for the moment. - - [Illustration: _Headquarters, Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger, Reserve - Corps, Army of the Cumberland, at Rossville Gap. The house was built - by John Ross, Cherokee Indian Chief, who lived in it until 1832. - Ross gave his name to the village in the gap._ From Elson, _The - Civil War Through the Camera_.] - -In the meantime, Thomas received orders from Rosecrans to “Assume -command of all the forces, and with Crittenden and McCook take a strong -position and assume a threatening attitude at Rossville.” Although -Thomas received these orders with little delay, it was late afternoon -before he sent instructions to Reynolds to begin the withdrawal and move -into position to cover the retirement of the other troops on the left. -In executing this movement, Reynolds was forced to drive off the -Confederate troops who had begun to envelop the Union left. The Union -army withdrew in relatively good order. The troops holding Kelly Field -moved out first, followed by those who had stubbornly resisted -Longstreet’s attacks upon Snodgrass Hill. - -While the retreat from the battlelines may have been in “good order,” -General Beatty’s description of the march to Rossville amply describes -the scene: “The march to Rossville was a melancholy one. All along the -road, for miles, wounded men were lying. They had crawled or hobbled -slowly away from the fury of the battle, become exhausted, and lain down -by the roadside to die.” Beatty reached Rossville between “ten and -eleven” and reported, “At this hour of the night (eleven to twelve -o’clock) the army is simply a mob. There appears to be neither -organization nor discipline. The various commands are mixed up in what -seems to be inextricable confusion.” - -Nevertheless, Thomas placed his forces at Rossville Gap and along -Missionary Ridge in preparation against further attacks. The morning of -the 21st found the Union Army of the Cumberland more or less -reorganized. With the exception of some skirmishing, the Union forces -were not molested. - -The losses on both sides were appalling and the percentages surprisingly -equal. The following tabulation of casualties at the Battle of -Chickamauga is based on Thomas L. Livermore’s _Numbers and Losses in the -Civil War in America, 1861-65_: - - Army Total Total Killed Wounded Missing Percent - Strength Casualties Casualties - - Union 58,222 16,170 1,657 9,756 4,757 28 - Confederate 66,326 18,454 2,312 14,674 1,468 28 - - - - - _The Siege of Chattanooga_ - - -Thomas remained in position at Rossville throughout the 21st, but it was -evident that the Confederates could turn his right flank and cut him off -from Chattanooga. He suggested to Rosecrans that the Union Army -concentrate at Chattanooga. In anticipation of receiving an order to -withdraw to the town, Thomas instructed his officers to prepare their -commands for the movement. Rosecrans adopted the suggestion and that -evening Thomas withdrew the Union forces to Chattanooga. All wagons, -ambulances, and surplus artillery had already departed for Chattanooga -during the day. By morning of September 22, all Union troops were in -position in the town. - - [Illustration: _Wartime view. Lee and Gordon’s Mills, Chickamauga - Battlefield._ Courtesy National Archives.] - -The situation in which the men in blue found themselves in Chattanooga -was not pleasant. The Tennessee River walled them in on the north, -although a pontoon bridge and two ferries offered escape possibilities. -Lookout Mountain blocked the way on the west, and Missionary Ridge to -the east and south, now held by the Confederates, completed the circle. - - [Illustration: _Wartime view of Chattanooga in 1863—Lookout Mountain - in distance._ Courtesy National Archives.] - -Bragg issued orders for the pursuit of the Army of the Cumberland, then -countermanded them. Instead, the Confederate troops began to take up -siege positions around Chattanooga. In these positions the Confederates -dominated the Union lines. Bragg’s men controlled all the railroads -leading into the town; Confederate batteries and sharpshooters commanded -the Tennessee River, and river traffic ceased; they controlled the roads -on the south side of the river and kept under fire the one road north of -the river leading to Bridgeport, the nearest Union supply base. Only the -road over Walden’s Ridge and down through the Sequatchie Valley to -Bridgeport was open to General Rosecrans. - - [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant._ Courtesy National - Archives.] - - [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman._ Courtesy National - Archives.] - - - - - _Reinforcements for the Besieged Army_ - - -As early as September 13, General in Chief Halleck ordered -reinforcements sent to Rosecrans. His dispatches on September 13, 14, -and 15 to Major Generals Hurlbut at Memphis and Grant and Sherman at -Vicksburg directed the troop movements. These dispatches, however, were -delayed for several days en route from Cairo to Memphis and, in the -meantime, the Battle of Chickamauga was fought. Grant received the -orders on the 22nd and immediately instructed four divisions under -Sherman to march to Chattanooga. - -One division of the Seventeenth Corps, already in transit from Vicksburg -to Helena, Ark., was ordered to proceed on to Memphis. General Sherman -quickly brought three divisions of his Fifteenth Army Corps from the -vicinity of the Big Black River into Vicksburg, where they embarked as -fast as water transportation could be provided. By October 3, all of the -movement of 17,000 men was under way. - -The route of travel was by boat to Memphis, then by railroad and -overland marches to Chattanooga. From Memphis the troops followed -closely the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, which Sherman was ordered -to repair as he advanced. By November 15, the troops were at Bridgeport, -Ala., having traveled a distance of 675 miles. - -When the War Department in Washington received word that the Army of the -Cumberland was besieged in Chattanooga, it considered the situation so -critical that President Lincoln was called out of bed late at night to -attend a council meeting. This meeting occurred on the night of -September 23, and is described by Nicolay and Hay: - - Immediately on receipt of Rosecrans’ dispatch, Mr. Stanton sent one of - the President’s secretaries who was standing by to the Soldier’s Home, - where the President was sleeping. A little startled by the unwonted - summons,—for this was “the first time” he said, Stanton had ever sent - for him,—the President mounted his horse and rode in through the - moonlight to the War Department to preside over an improvised council - to consider the subject of reinforcing Rosecrans. - - There were present General Halleck, Stanton, Seward and Chase of the - Cabinet; P. H. Watson and James A. Hardie of the War Department, and - General D. C. McCallum, Superintendent of Military Transportation. - After a brief debate, it was resolved to detach the Eleventh and - Twelfth Corps from the Army of the Potomac, General Hooker to be - placed in command of both.... - - [Illustration: ROUTE OF UNION REINFORCEMENTS - MOVEMENTS, SEPT. 22-OCT. 15, 1863] - - [Illustration: _Chattanooga headquarters of General Rosecrans during - the siege._ Courtesy National Archives.] - -The movement of the Eleventh and Twelfth Army Corps from the Army of the -Potomac to Tennessee eclipsed all other such troop movements by rail up -to that time. It represented a high degree of cooperation between the -railroads and the government and was a singular triumph of skill and -planning. It also shows the great importance the War Department attached -to the Chattanooga campaign. - -The troops began to entrain at Manassas Junction and Bealton Station, -Va., on September 25, and 5 days later on September 30 the first trains -arrived at Bridgeport, Ala. The route traveled was by way of Washington, -D. C.; Baltimore, Md.; Bellaire and Columbus, Ohio; Indianapolis, Ind.; -Louisville, Ky.; Nashville, Tenn.; and Bridgeport, Ala. Several major -railroad lines, including the Baltimore and Ohio, Central Ohio, -Louisville and Nashville, and Nashville and Chattanooga were involved. - -Not all of the troops, however, made such good time as the first trains, -and for the majority of the infantry the trip consumed about 9 days. The -movement of the artillery, horses, mules, baggage, and impedimenta was -somewhat slower, but by the middle of October, all were in the vicinity -of Bridgeport ready to help break the siege. - -These two corps under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, comprising 20,000 troops -and more than 3,000 horses and mules, traveled 1,157 miles. Differences -in the railroad gauges hampered the movement, but most of the changes in -gauge occurred at river crossings which had no bridges and the troops -had to detrain at these points anyway. - -Confederate cavalry raids, bent on destroying the railroad bridges and -otherwise interfering with the reinforcing effort, imposed a more -serious difficulty, but, except for delaying the latter part of the -movement a few days, the raids were ineffective. - -At the beginning of the siege, the Union Army had large supply trains in -good condition and transporting supplies seemed feasible. But early in -October rain began to fall and the roads became almost impassable. To -make the situation more critical Bragg sent Wheeler to harass and -destroy the Union supply trains as they moved over Walden’s Ridge on -their trips to and from Bridgeport. Wheeler destroyed hundreds of wagons -and animals and it was not long before the Union soldier received less -and less food. Wagon horses and mules and artillery horses were on a -starvation diet and many died each day. - -Command of the two hostile armies had undergone a considerable change -during the siege period. Grant received orders to meet “an officer of -the War Department” at Louisville, Ky. He proceeded by rail to -Indianapolis, Ind., and just as his train left the depot there, en route -to Louisville, it was stopped. A message informed Grant that Secretary -of War Stanton was coming into the station and wished to see him. This -was the “officer” from the War Department who gave Grant command of the -newly organized Military Division of the Mississippi. Thomas replaced -Rosecrans. McCook and Crittenden had previously been relieved of their -commands and their corps consolidated into the Fourth Corps under -command of Granger. Stanton accompanied Grant to Louisville and there -the two spent a day reviewing the situation. - -In Bragg’s camp, Polk was relieved of his command, and Lt. Gen. William -J. Hardee rejoined the army. Bragg’s army was reorganized into three -corps commanded by Longstreet, Hardee, and Breckinridge. - - [Illustration: _Entrenchments of Thomas’ Corps, Army of the - Cumberland in front of Chattanooga. Lookout Mountain in distance._ - From _Battles and Leaders of the Civil War_.] - -When Grant reached Chattanooga on October 23 he found a plan already -drawn up to open a new supply line for the besieged army. This plan of -necessity was conditioned upon the terrain and the configuration of the -river between Bridgeport, the railhead and base of supplies for the -Union Army, and Chattanooga. (After the Tennessee River passes the city -it flows southward for some 2 miles until it strikes Lookout Mountain -where, after a short westerly course, it curves northward. This -elongated loop of the river is called Moccasin Bend.) - -The plan called for 1,500 men on pontoons to float down the river from -Chattanooga during the night of October 26-27 while another force -marched across Moccasin Point to support the landings of the river-borne -troops. Grant ordered the plan executed. The pontoon-borne troops -quickly disembarked upon striking the west bank at Brown’s Ferry, drove -off the Confederate pickets, and threw up breastworks. The troops -marching across the neck of land came up to the east side of the ferry, -joined this group, and constructed a pontoon bridge. - -Hooker’s advance from Bridgeport coincided with this action. He marched -by the road along Raccoon Mountain into Lookout Valley. There he met the -advance post of a Confederate brigade and drove it back. Maj. Gen. O. O. -Howard’s Eleventh Corps moved to within 2 miles of Brown’s Ferry, while -Brig. Gen. John W. Geary of the Twelfth Corps remained at Wauhatchie to -guard the road to Kelley’s Ferry. - -The Confederates made a night attack against Geary which the latter -repulsed, but both sides lost heavily. After this action, the short line -of communication with Bridgeport by way of Brown’s and Kelley’s Ferries -was held by Hooker without further trouble. - -With the successful seizure of Brown’s Ferry and construction of a -pontoon bridge across the Tennessee River there, and Hooker’s equally -successful advance from Bridgeport and seizure of the south side of the -river at Raccoon Mountain and in Lookout Valley, the way was finally -clear for the Union Army to reopen a short line of supply and -communication between Chattanooga and Bridgeport, the rail end of its -supply line. This “Cracker Line” ran by boat up the Tennessee River from -Bridgeport to Kelley’s Ferry. Above Kelley’s Ferry, the swift current -made the stream unnavigable at certain points to boats then available. -Accordingly, at Kelley’s Ferry, the “Cracker Line” left the river and -crossed Raccoon Mountain by road to Brown’s Ferry. There it crossed the -river on the pontoon bridge, thence across Moccasin Point, and finally -across the river once more into Chattanooga. - -Early in November, Bragg ordered Longstreet to march against Burnside in -East Tennessee with Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaw’s and Maj. Gen. John B. -Hood’s Divisions of infantry, Col. E. Porter Alexander’s and Maj. A. -Leyden’s battalions of artillery, and five brigades of cavalry under -Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler—about 15,000 men in all. This movement caused -great anxiety in Washington and the authorities urged Grant to act -promptly to assist Burnside. Grant felt that the quickest way to aid him -was to attack Bragg and force the latter to recall Longstreet. On -November 7, Thomas received Grant’s order to attack Bragg’s right. -Thomas replied that he was unable to move a single piece of artillery -because of the poor condition of the horses and mules. They were not -strong enough to pull artillery pieces. In these circumstances, Grant -could only answer Washington dispatches, urge Sherman forward, and -encourage Burnside to hold on. - - - - - _Lifting the Siege—The Battle of Chattanooga_ - - -(See map on pages 36-37.) - -With the Confederate Army in front of Chattanooga divided into two -corps, Hardee on the right and Breckinridge on the left on Missionary -Ridge, and General Stevenson with a small force occupying Lookout -Mountain, Bragg waited. - -Grant’s plan of battle was for Sherman with his four divisions to cross -the Tennessee River at Brown’s Ferry and march behind Stringer’s Ridge, -concealed from the eyes of the Confederates, and take a position near -the North Chickamauga Creek. He was to recross the river by pontoon -bridge at the mouth of the South Chickamauga Creek, strike the north end -of Missionary Ridge and capture it as far as the railroad tunnel. Thomas -was to move his Army of the Cumberland to the left, and connect with -Sherman. This united force was to sweep the Confederates southward off -Missionary Ridge and away from their base of supplies at Chickamauga -Station. Howard’s Corps was to act as a general reserve for this force. -Hooker, with the Twelfth Corps and Brig. Gen. Charles Cruft’s Division -(Fourth Corps), was to hold Lookout Valley. Col. Eli Long’s Cavalry was -to cover Sherman’s left and when no longer needed for this task was to -strike Bragg’s communications. This original plan, however, was changed -several times to fit the situation. - -The rains that hampered movement of Union supplies also delayed -Sherman’s movement across the Tennessee. High water broke the bridge at -Brown’s Ferry and Osterhaus’ Division could not cross the river. -Subsequently it received orders to join Hooker in Lookout Valley. - -On November 22, Grant received word that Bragg was withdrawing his army; -actually the movement reported was Buckner leaving to reinforce -Longstreet. To “test the truth” of the report, Grant changed his plans -and ordered Thomas to make a demonstration to his front on the 23rd. -This began the battles of Chattanooga. - - - ORCHARD KNOB. - -The Union Army of the Cumberland had made its positions very strong -during the time it was besieged by Bragg’s army. One of its strong -points was Fort Wood on an elevated point east of the town. Thomas, -according to instructions, sent Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan’s and Brig. -Gen. T. J. Wood’s divisions to level ground at Fort Wood and there -formed them in line—Wood on the left, Sheridan on the right, with Brig. -Gen. Absalom Baird supporting Sheridan. Brig. Gen. R. W. Johnson’s -troops held the trenches, and Maj. Gen. O. O. Howard’s Corps, which had -crossed from the north bank of the river, acted as the reserve. - - - - - Table 3.—_Union Army at Chattanooga_ - - Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant - - - _Army of the Cumberland_—Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas - _Fourth Army Corps_—Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger - 1st Division—Brig. Gen. Charles Cruft - 2d Division—Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan - 3d Division—Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood - _Fourteenth Army Corps_—Maj. Gen. J. M. Palmer - 1st Division—Brig. Gen. Richard W. Johnson - 2d Division—Brig. Gen. J. C. Davis - 3d Division—Brig. Gen. Absalom Baird - _Engineer Troops_—Brig. Gen. William F. Smith - _Artillery Reserve_—Brig. Gen. J. M. Brannan - 1st Division—Col. James Barnett - 2d Division - _Cavalry_ - 2d Division - —2d Brigade—Col. Eli Long - _Post of Chattanooga_—Col. John G. Parkhurst - _Detachment from the Army of the Potomac_—Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker - _Eleventh Army Corps_—Maj. Gen. O. O. Howard - 2d Division—Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr - 3d Division—Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz - _Twelfth Army Corps_—Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum - 2d Division—Brig. Gen. John W. Geary - _Army of the Tennessee_—Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman - _Fifteenth Corps_—Maj. Gen. Frank P. Blair, Jr. - 1st Division—Brig. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus - 2d Division—Brig. Gen. Morgan L. Smith - 4th Division—Brig. Gen. Hugh Ewing - _Seventeenth Army Corps_ - 2d Division—Brig. Gen. John E. Smith - - -At 2 p. m. on November 23, the lines of blue moved forward, driving the -Confederate outposts and their supports back to the base of Missionary -Ridge, and captured Orchard Knob, a low hill a little more than a mile -in front of the ridge. The Union forces occupied the captured -entrenchments and erected a battery on Orchard Knob. Except for -occasional artillery firing, the fighting ended for the day. - - - - - Table 4.—_Confederate Army at Chattanooga_ - - Gen. Braxton Bragg - - - _Hardee’s Corps_—Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee - Cheatham’s Division—Brig. Gen. John K. Jackson - Stevenson’s Division—Maj. Gen. Carter L. Stevenson - Cleburne’s Division—Maj. Gen. P. R. Cleburne - Walker’s Division—Brig. Gen. States R. Gist - _Breckinridge’s Corps_—Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge - Hindman’s Division—Brig. Gen. J. Patton Anderson - Breckinridge’s Division—Brig. Gen. William B. Bate - Stewart’s Division—Maj. Gen. Ambrose P. Stewart - Reserve Artillery - Robertson’s Battalion—Capt. Felix H. Robertson - Williams’ Battalion—Maj. S. C. Williams - - - SHERMAN MOVES. - -During the night of November 23-24, Sherman began to carry out his role -in the drama. He selected Brig. Gen. Giles A. Smith’s brigade to man the -pontoon boats, concealed in North Chickamauga Creek, to cross the -Tennessee River and secure a bridgehead near the mouth of the South -Chickamauga Creek. During the hours of darkness the brigade landed at -its designated place. A few soldiers stopped at the mouth of the creek, -surprising and capturing the pickets there. The remaining troops landed -and prepared to build bridges across the Tennessee River and South -Chickamauga Creek. By early afternoon they had finished the bridge -across the river, and Sherman’s forces were across and ready to attack. -Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis’ Division (Fourteenth Corps), which had -guarded the pontoons, also crossed and became part of Sherman’s force. - -Sherman attacked and seized the north end of Missionary Ridge at 4 p.m. -against only Confederate outpost opposition. To his surprise, Sherman -found a deep and wide ravine separating the north end of the ridge from -Tunnel Hill immediately southward, his real objective. Cleburne’s -Division of Confederate troops had hurried to Tunnel Hill only an hour -or two before Sherman seized the north end of Missionary Ridge, and they -were busily engaged entrenching there when Sherman arrived across the -ravine from them. Sherman did not attack Tunnel Hill that afternoon, but -entrenched where he was. - - - THE BATTLE ABOVE THE CLOUDS, NOVEMBER 24. - -While operations were in progress, east of Chattanooga, Hooker moved -into action west of the town. The failure of Osterhaus’ Division to join -Sherman resulted in another change of orders. A new plan for Hooker to -take Lookout Mountain and descend into Chattanooga Valley replaced the -original one of having him merely hold Lookout Valley and the route to -Bridgeport. Hooker had three divisions in his force commanded by -Brigadier Generals Peter J. Osterhaus, John W. Geary, and Charles Cruft, -each from a different army corps. Geary was on the right at Wauhatchie, -Cruft in the center, and Osterhaus near Brown’s Ferry. It was a unique -team. One who was present wrote, “We were all strangers, no one division -ever having seen either of the others.” - - [Illustration: THE BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA - NOVEMBER 23, 24, 25, 1863] - -The terrain that confronted Hooker’s command was rugged, steep, heavily -timbered, and topped by a rocky cliff. At the northern end, at the cliff -base and halfway up the mountain, was a bench of nearly level land. On -it stood the Cravens Farm. At 8 a. m. on November 24 Hooker sent Geary’s -Division, supported by a brigade from Cruft’s Division, to effect a -crossing of Lookout Creek. The troops accomplished this with little -opposition and Geary climbed the mountain until the head of his column -reached the cliff. The division then moved to the left and proceeded -northward toward the point of the mountain. - - [Illustration: _Hazen’s men landing from pontoon boats at Brown’s - Ferry, Tennessee River. Theodore R. Davis wartime sketch._ From - _Battles and Leaders of the Civil War_.] - -While Geary climbed the mountain, Cruft, with his force, moved farther -down the valley toward the Tennessee River and seized a bridge over the -creek. Osterhaus’ Division then crossed the stream at that point in the -face of sharp skirmishing with Confederate defenders before the latter -retreated up the mountain. The three Union divisions soon joined on a -common line and, supported by Union batteries on Moccasin Point, -steadily drove Walthall’s Confederate brigade around the point of -Lookout Mountain to the Cravens farmhouse. By noon, Hooker’s forces were -in possession of the farm but the Confederates made a stand beyond the -Cravens house within prepared defense works, and were joined there by -two brigades from the top of the mountain. Fog which covered the -mountainside most of the morning became so heavy that by 2 p. m. it was -almost impossible to see. This factor, plus a shortage of ammunition, -caused Hooker to halt and consolidate his position. Later in the -afternoon, Carlin’s brigade arrived with a resupply of ammunition. - -During the night, General Stevenson withdrew the Confederate forces from -Lookout Mountain and marched them to Missionary Ridge where they joined -their comrades holding that sector of the line. - -“The Battle Above the Clouds” was fought on the bench of land -surrounding the Cravens house. There was no fighting on top the -mountain. The romantic name given in later years to this action on the -Union right was the result of the fog and mist which shrouded the -mountain that day from observers below. It was not until the next -morning that the 8th Kentucky Volunteers planted the Stars and Stripes -on top of the bluff. - - [Illustration: _Lookout Mountain from Union works in Chattanooga._ - From _Harper’s Pictorial History of the Great Rebellion_.] - - - MISSIONARY RIDGE, NOVEMBER 25. - -The decisive blow of the battle was at hand. Grant’s orders for the -morning of November 25 were as follows: “Sherman was directed to attack -at daylight. Hooker was ordered to move at the same hour, and endeavor -to intercept the enemy’s retreat, if he still remained; if he had gone, -then to move directly to Rossville and operate against the left and rear -of the force on Missionary Ridge. Thomas was not to move until Hooker -had reached Missionary Ridge.” - - [Illustration: _Gen. Ulysses S. Grant on Lookout Mountain, 1863. - Grant is in the lower left corner._ Courtesy National Archives.] - - [Illustration: _Missionary Ridge from a Union trench._ From Elson, - _The Civil War Through the Camera_.] - -Sherman began his attack, as directed, just after sunrise. His troops -attacked Cleburne’s Division frontally, but without success. All night -the Confederates had worked at strengthening their position on Tunnel -Hill which now formed the Confederate right. These field works gave good -protection to Cleburne’s men from enemy fire. The stubbornly fighting -Confederates held their positions against repeated attacks by superior -numbers. This fight continued until 3 p. m., and is a notable example of -the value to a greatly outnumbered defending force of field works on a -good position. Some Union troops did make a lodgment on the slopes of -Tunnel Hill in the afternoon, but a Confederate charge drove them off. -Cleburne’s soldiers held the hill. - -In the meantime, Hooker was in trouble—not with the enemy, but with -Chattanooga Creek. He started for Rossville bright and early to get into -position to strike Bragg’s left. Stevenson’s men, who had evacuated -Lookout Mountain during the night, had burned the bridge across -Chattanooga Creek and had done all they could to obstruct the roads that -Hooker needed to march to Rossville. Hooker lost 3 hours building a -bridge across the creek and it was late afternoon before his men took -their places on Missionary Ridge. - -From his post on Orchard Knob, Grant realized that Sherman’s attacks had -failed to gain their objective and that Hooker had been delayed in -reaching his assigned position. To relieve some of the pressure on -Sherman, Grant ordered Thomas to move out against the Confederate center -on Missionary Ridge. - -The ridge that lay before the Union troops was rough and steep. It rose -from 200 to 400 feet higher than the level ground at its base. Its steep -slopes were broken by ravines, strewn with boulders, and dotted with -stumps, the latter reminders of recently felled timber. The first line -of Confederate breastworks was at the foot of the ridge. Some unfinished -works had been built half-way up the slope. Finally, a third line of -works was built on the natural, instead of the military, crest of the -hill. Thus, Confederate fire from the crest could not cover some of the -ravine approaches. - -Four Union divisions—Baird, Wood, Sheridan, and R. W. Johnson, from left -to right—started toward the ridge. The hard charging Union soldiers soon -overwhelmed the gray defenders in the rifle pits at the base of the -ridge. Scarcely halting, and generally without orders to continue, the -men in blue charged up the ridge. They followed the retreating -Confederates so closely from the rifle pits that the Confederates on the -crest in many places hesitated to fire for fear of hitting their own -men. It was not long before units of the Army of the Cumberland pierced -the Confederate line in several places and sent Bragg’s veterans reeling -in retreat down the east slope of the ridge toward Chickamauga Creek. -Sheridan pushed forward in pursuit of the retreating army, capturing -men, artillery, and equipment. Even though the Confederate center had -disintegrated, Hardee held his position on the Confederate right until -darkness, and then began his withdrawal with Cleburne’s Division -covering the retreat. Bragg’s army crossed Chickamauga Creek during the -night, carrying out a surprisingly successful retreat. - - [Illustration: _A skirmish line and regimental line behind it—Union - troops drilling at Chattanooga, circa January 1864. This gives a - conception of how the soldiers of the Civil War ordinarily fought. A - skirmish line moved ahead of the main regimental line, which charged - upon order. The Union attack on Missionary Ridge must have looked - something like this to watching Confederate soldiers._ From Miller, - _Photographic History of the Civil War_.] - -During the evening of the 25th, Grant issued orders to Thomas and -Sherman to pursue Bragg. The next morning, Sherman advanced by way of -Chickamauga Station, and Thomas’ troops marched on the Rossville Road -toward Graysville and Ringgold. In the vicinity of Ringgold, Cleburne’s -Confederates held a strong position on Taylor’s Ridge covering Bragg’s -retreat. Cleburne’s men repulsed a Union attack, inflicting heavy -casualties, until Bragg’s army had successfully withdrawn southward, and -then they followed. Union troops then occupied Taylor’s Ridge. There the -pursuit stopped. - -This decisive Union victory raised the siege of Chattanooga. - -The following tabulation of strength and casualties at the Battle of -Chattanooga is based on Livermore’s studies: - - Army Total Total Killed Wounded Missing Percent - Strength Casualties Casualties - Union 56,360 5,824 753 4,722 349 10 - Confederate 46,165 6,667 361 2,160 4,146 14 - - - - - _Relief of Knoxville_ - - -Meanwhile, in East Tennessee, Burnside attempted to hold Longstreet in -check by abandoning territory and skirmishing when necessary, but -avoiding any serious fight. This took Longstreet farther away from -Chattanooga and lessened his opportunity to assist Bragg. Burnside -gained precious time by using these tactics. Grant’s plan was to “whip” -Bragg and then help Burnside. - - [Illustration: _Gen. Joseph Hooker and his staff. Hooker is sixth - from the right._ Courtesy National Archives.] - -After Missionary Ridge, with Bragg in full retreat, Thomas prepared to -send Granger’s Corps and detachments from other commands, about 20,000 -men altogether, toward Knoxville. In addition, Sherman was to march -along the Hiwassee River to protect Granger’s flank. Grant reports that -upon “Returning from the front on the 28th, I found that Granger had not -yet got off.... I therefore determined ... to send him [Sherman] with -his command, and orders ... were sent him at Calhoun to assume command -of the troops with Granger, in addition to those with him, and proceed, -with all possible dispatch, to the relief of Burnside.” - - [Illustration: _Steamboat with supplies for Union Army being warped - up narrows of Tennessee River between Bridgeport, Ala. and - Chattanooga._ Courtesy National Archives.] - -Skirmishing was more or less continuous around Knoxville. Burnside -followed the original plan of buying time by giving up ground and fell -back toward Knoxville, withdrawing into the city during the night of -November 16-17. Longstreet drew up before the city the next day, and on -the 29th made his initial attack against the Union position at Fort -Sanders. The assault was repulsed and before it could be renewed -Longstreet received word of Bragg’s defeat on Missionary Ridge. The -Confederate commander deemed it necessary to maintain a threatening -position before Knoxville until the approaching Union relief columns -were but a day’s march distant. On December 4, Longstreet began his -retreat toward Virginia. Sherman arrived on the 6th, and preparations -for the pursuit of Longstreet were soon under way. Burnside’s command -moved out in pursuit of Longstreet’s force; Granger’s Corps became the -garrison of Knoxville; and Sherman’s command returned to Chattanooga. - - - - - _Effects of the Battle of Chattanooga_ - - -The battles around Chattanooga must be considered as ending in one of -the most complete victories of the war. Bragg’s army was defeated, men -and material captured, and the Confederates driven south. The -mountainous defense line which the Confederacy hoped to hold had been -pierced and large sections of it were in Union control. Chattanooga, the -railroad center, was now in Union hands and the interior line of -communication from this section of the Confederacy to Richmond, by way -of Knoxville, was destined to remain in Union control for the remainder -of the war. Not only Chattanooga, but Knoxville and the rich, -food-producing East Tennessee section was lost to the Confederacy. With -this came relief for the Union sympathizers in East Tennessee. Virtually -all of Tennessee was now under Northern control. - -The fortunes of war brought changes to both commanders. Bragg asked to -be relieved from his command and went to Richmond to become military -advisor to Jefferson Davis. President Lincoln promoted Grant, in March -1864, to command of all Union armies in the field. Grant then left -Chattanooga for the East, to lead the attack against General Lee in -Virginia. - - - - - _The War After Chattanooga_ - - -In the spring of 1864, the Union armies began to move into the heart of -the Confederacy. Grant attached himself to the Army of the Potomac -(General Meade) and began operations against Lee; Sherman moved against -Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in Georgia. - -The Army of the Potomac launched a campaign against Richmond. In the -bitter battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House, in May -1864, Grant reduced Lee’s offensive power. After being repulsed at Cold -Harbor, Grant moved against Petersburg and a 10-month siege finally -forced Lee to evacuate the city. Lee moved westward to Appomattox Court -House where on April 9, 1865, Grant forced him to surrender. - -While Lee and Grant fought it out in Virginia, Sherman, using -Chattanooga for his base of supplies, conducted a strenuous campaign -against the Army of Tennessee, first under Johnston and then Hood, -finally entering Atlanta on September 2. In November, Sherman began his -famous “march to the sea,” reaching Savannah in late December. From -there he struck northward through the Carolinas and forced the surrender -of Joseph E. Johnston’s army on April 26. By June all isolated -Confederate forces had laid down their arms. - - [Illustration: _Chattanooga from Point Park, Lookout Mountain. The - Cravens House and portion of “Battle above the Clouds” battlefield - around it lies in the foreground._] - - [Illustration: CHICKAMAUGA BATTLEFIELD] - - - ① PARK HEADQUARTERS - ② FLORIDA MONUMENT - ③ KENTUCKY MONUMENT - ④ BATTLELINE ROAD - ⑤ POE ROAD - ⑥ GEORGIA MONUMENT - ⑦ BROTHERTON HOUSE - ⑧ WILDER MONUMENT - ⑨ SNODGRASS HILL - Ⓐ JAY’S MILL, OPENING ATTACK, SEPT. 19 - Ⓑ CONFEDERATE HEADQUARTERS, SEPT. 20 - Ⓒ UNION HEADQUARTERS, SEPT. 19 - Ⓓ SOUTH CAROLINA MONUMENT - - - [Illustration: _Park Administration and Museum Building._] - - - - - _Guide to the Area_ - - - CHICKAMAUGA BATTLEFIELD. - -A self-guided tour of the battlefield may be made by automobile. This -8-mile tour begins at park headquarters and follows the yellow line on -the tour road. On the gravel roads a yellow arrow points the way. Red -markers indicate Confederate forces and blue markers show Union forces. -As you read the markers or sight along the barrel of a field gun, you -face the direction the troops moved at the time of the battle. There are -several monuments of spherical, iron shells along the tour. Of these, -the low square monuments mark the sites of various army and corps -headquarters; the taller, triangular shaped monuments designate the -sites where eight brigade commanders were killed during the battle. - -The numbered sections in the following guide correspond to location -numbers on the map on page 46. - - -1. _Park Headquarters._ It is suggested that before making the tour of -the Chickamauga Battlefield, you stop first at park headquarters located -on U. S. 27, where an attendant is on duty. Exhibits there describe the -battle, and the Fuller Gun Collection is displayed. - -The Claud E. and Zenada O. Fuller Collection of American Military Arms -contains almost every type of shoulder arms used by the military forces -of America. There are several rare or unique items in the collection. -The Harpers Ferry Blunderbuss, manufactured in 1808, and the Texas Rifle -(1844) are the only ones known to exist. The Jenks Rifle, the pattern -for the model 1840 Musket, the pattern for the model 1817 Rifle, and the -Sharps, with coffeemill in the stock, are extremely rare. The -Confederate section, while not complete, contains some outstanding -weapons. - - -2. _Florida Monument._ Immediately after leaving park headquarters, you -will see the Florida Monument to your left on U. S. 27. - - -3. _Kentucky Monument._ Bear to the left at this monument. - - -4. _Battleline Road._ Make a right turn to enter Battleline Road. The -positions of the Confederate right wing are on the left in the wooded -area some 75 to 250 yards east of the road. Union troops occupied the -line along the road during the second day of the battle. - - -5. _Poe Road._ Cross U. S. 27 and follow Poe Road. This route is a -continuation of the Union defense line that you have followed along -Battleline Road. You will note in this area that several Confederate -batteries are so situated that it would appear they must have fired into -their own infantry. This situation resulted from Longstreet’s -breakthrough. The Confederate troops in this sector turned right after -crossing the highway and struck the right center of the Union line. A -careful examination of the metal markers at each battery will give the -movements of each unit and the time element involved. - -A metal marker designates the site of the Poe House. - - [Illustration: _Part of Fuller Gun Collection, Park Headquarters and - Museum Building, Chickamauga Battlefield._] - - [Illustration: _Brotherton House, scene of Confederate breakthrough. - Chickamauga Battlefield._ Courtesy Chattanoogans, Inc.] - - [Illustration: _Union monuments along Battleline Road, Chickamauga - Battlefield._] - - [Illustration: _Georgia Monument, Chickamauga Battlefield._] - - [Illustration: _Wilder Monument, Chickamauga Battlefield._] - - -6. _Georgia Monument._ This imposing shaft is directly in front of you -as you leave Poe Road to enter the main highway. Upon entering the main -highway turn right. - - -7. _Brotherton House._ (Please face the house). This reconstructed house -marks the site of the old Brotherton home, famous for the Confederate -breakthrough. Here Longstreet found the gap in the Union lines (to the -rear of the house at the wooded area) and sent his troops forward. The -Confederate troops emerged from the wooded area back of you, crossed the -LaFayette Road, and drove westward and northward. This action was the -turning point in the Battle of Chickamauga. - -The monument of shell across the highway in back of you marks Maj. Gen. -Simon Bolivar Buckner’s headquarters site. - -After leaving the Brotherton House, you continue for 1.1 miles and make -a right turn. The triangular shell monument on the right along the -highway commemorates Col. Hans C. Heg (Union). - - -8. _Wilder Monument._ This imposing monument was authorized in 1892 and -completed in 1902, to honor Col. John T. Wilder and his troops. It is -built of Chickamauga limestone and rises to a height of 86 feet. A -spiral staircase leads to a platform at the top where you can obtain an -excellent view of the battlefield and surrounding area. - -Wilder’s troops occupied the ground in this vicinity when Longstreet -sent the left wing of the Confederate Army forward. This brigade of -mounted infantry was armed with the Spencer repeating carbine, a -seven-shot weapon. These troops, numbering more than 2,000 men, poured a -deadly fire into Longstreet’s veterans, but were unable to stop the -Confederate advance. They remained on the field until the last minute -and had to fight to get to their horses. - -The monument stands upon the ground where General Rosecrans had his -headquarters on the 19th and early morning of the 20th of September -1863. - - -9. _Snodgrass Hill._ The log cabin on Snodgrass Hill marks the home of -the Snodgrass family. - -The troops from the center of the Union line began to fall back toward -this hill when Longstreet’s men rushed through the gap in the Union -line. Brannan’s Division and fragments of Negley’s, Wood’s, and Van -Cleve’s Divisions held the positions on the hill. About 2 p. m. -Steedman’s Division arrived to reinforce the line on the extreme right. -The Union troops held the hill during the afternoon and at dusk began -the withdrawal that led them through McFarland’s Gap and into Rossville. - - [Illustration: _Union monuments at Viniard field, Chickamauga - Battlefield._] - - [Illustration: _Snodgrass House, Chickamauga Battlefield._ Courtesy - Walter H. Miller.] - -The tour ends on Snodgrass Hill. To return to park headquarters and U. -S. 27, please follow park headquarters signs and the yellow lines. - - - MISSIONARY RIDGE. - -To reach Missionary Ridge, after leaving Chickamauga Battlefield, you -should drive north 3 miles toward Chattanooga on U. S. 27 to Crest Road. -A right turn on Crest Road will start you on your tour of the ridge. -Crest Road runs the entire length of the line occupied by the -Confederates during the Battle of Missionary Ridge. Small reservations, -markers, monuments, tablets, and gun positions along the road provide -information, and excellent views of Chattanooga are obtained along this -drive. Moving northward the more important units of the park are: _Bragg -Reservation_, where the Confederate commander had his headquarters; -_Ohio Reservation_, an area set aside to commemorate the participation -of Ohio troops in the battle; _DeLong Reservation_, site of one of the -Union penetrations in the Confederate line; and _Sherman Reservation_, -where Sherman’s forces unsuccessfully attacked the north end of the -Confederate line. - -Sherman Reservation marks the end of Crest Road and the park on -Missionary Ridge. - - [Illustration: _Looking north along Missionary Ridge with - Chattanooga and Tennessee Rivers to the left, and the Illinois - Monument at Bragg’s Headquarters site in center foreground. This - point is about one-third distance from Rossville to north end of the - ridge._] - - [Illustration: _Looking south along Missionary Ridge from DeLong - Reservation._] - - [Illustration: CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA - NATIONAL MILITARY PARK - GEORGIA AND TENNESSEE - PRINCIPAL ROADS AND STREETS BETWEEN CHATTANOOGA AND PARK AREAS] - - [Illustration: _Entrance to Point Park, Lookout Mountain, built to - resemble Army Corps of Engineers insignia._] - - - POINT PARK. - -Visitors to the Chattanooga Battlefields are urged to go first to Point -Park. There, from the terrace of the Adolph S. Ochs Observatory and -Museum, high above the winding Tennessee River, you will have a wide -view of the battlefields. This point is acclaimed one of the finest -overlooks in the South. Markers throughout the area identify important -landmarks and troop positions. A National Park Service attendant is -there to assist you. The observatory and museum bears the name of one of -the park’s major benefactors, the late Adolph S. Ochs, Publisher of the -_Chattanooga Times_ and the _New York Times_. - -The New York Monument, completed in 1907, is in the center of the area. - -The Cravens House, where part of the “Battle Above the Clouds” was -fought, can be seen from the museum terrace. Near the house, stand three -large monuments—New York, Iowa, and Ohio—honoring troops who were in -this battle. - -From Lookout Point several foot trails provide interesting walks. These -reveal unusual rock formations and provide ever changing and beautiful -vistas of the countryside below. - - - - - _The Park_ - - -Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park is composed of -several separate areas, the more important of which are: Chickamauga -Battlefield in Georgia; Point Park and the Battlefield of Lookout -Mountain, in Tennessee; Orchard Knob in Chattanooga; a chain of small -reservations located on Missionary Ridge; and Signal Point on Signal -Mountain. The park contains approximately 8,190 acres of Federal land. - - - - - _How to Reach the Park_ - - -Chickamauga Battlefield is 9 miles south of Chattanooga on U. S. 27. -This section of the park is also reached by Georgia Route 2 connecting -with U. S. 41 at Ringgold, Ga. Buses from Chattanooga run on a schedule -to the battlefield throughout the week. - -Point Park is reached from Chattanooga by U. S. 11, 41, 64, and 72 which -combine as they leave the city and skirt the base of Lookout Mountain. -The Scenic Highway turns off from these highways at the base of Lookout -Mountain and winds up the slope to the park entrance. You may also visit -the park by means of the St. Elmo buses from Chattanooga which connect -with the Lookout Mountain Incline Railway at the foot of the mountain. -The top of the incline is within short walking distance of the Point -Park entrance. - - [Illustration: _The Ochs Memorial in Point Park, Lookout Mountain._] - -From Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge is reached by following eastward on -U. S. 11 and 64; 41 and 76; or 27; and Tennessee Route 58. There are -access roads to the top of the ridge and Crest Road from these highways. - -Orchard Knob is on Orchard Knob Avenue near McCallie Avenue (U. S. 11 -and 64) in Chattanooga. - - - - - _About Your Visit_ - - -The park is open daily, including Sunday, throughout the year. The park -museum and headquarters building is at the north entrance to Chickamauga -Battlefield on U. S. 27. The museum, which has no admission fee, is open -from 8 a. m. to 4:30 p. m. (E. S. T.) during the winter, and from 8 a. -m. to 5 p. m. (E. S. T.) during the summer. At the museum, you will -receive information concerning the self-guided tour. Library facilities -are also available here. Talks and guide service are given to -educational and special groups if arrangements are made in advance with -the superintendent. - -At Point Park on Lookout Mountain, you are urged to visit the Adolph S. -Ochs Observatory and Museum. Point Park is open from 8:30 a. m. to 4:30 -p. m. (E. S. T.) in winter and from 8 a. m. to 6 p. m. (E. S. T.) in -summer. There is an admission fee of 25 cents. Children under 12 years -of age, or groups of school children 18 years of age or under, when -accompanied by adults assuming responsibility for their safety and -orderly conduct, are admitted free. - - [Illustration: _2nd Minnesota Monument, Chickamauga Battlefield._] - - [Illustration: _New York Monument at Point Park, Lookout Mountain._] - - - - - _Related Areas_ - - -Also administered by the National Park Service are two areas associated -with the campaigns before and after the battles of Chickamauga and -Chattanooga: Stones River National Military Park and Cemetery, -Murfreesboro, Tenn., and Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, -Marietta, Ga. Both are less than half-a-day’s drive from Chattanooga. -Other Civil War areas administered by the National Park Service are: -Shiloh and Fort Donelson National Military Parks, Tenn.; Vicksburg -National Military Park, Miss.; Fort Pulaski National Monument, Ga.; -Antietam National Battlefield Site, Md.; Gettysburg National Military -Park, Pa.; Manassas National Battlefield Park, Fredericksburg and -Spotsylvania National Military Park, Petersburg National Military Park, -Richmond National Battlefield Park, and Appomattox Court House National -Historical Park, Va. - - - - - _Administration_ - - -Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park is administered by -the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior. - -The headquarters office for the park is located at Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. -Communications and inquiries relating to the area should be addressed to -the Superintendent, Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, -Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. - - [Illustration: _The Tennessee River and Lookout Mountain from the - east._] - - - - - _Suggested Readings_ - - - Alexander, E. P. _Military Memoirs of a Confederate._ Charles - Scribner’s Sons, New York. 1907. - Beatty, John. _Memoirs of a Volunteer._ W. W. Norton & Co. New York. - 1946. - Govan, Gilbert E., and James W. Livingood. _The Chattanooga Country - 1540-1951._ E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. 1952. - Grant, U. S. _Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant. Vol. II._ Charles L. - Webster & Co., New York. 1886. - Guernsey, Alfred H., and Henry M. Alden. _Harper’s Pictorial History - of the Great Rebellion. Part II._ Harper & Brothers, New York. - 1866. - Horn, Stanley F. _The Army of Tennessee._ The Bobbs-Merrill Co., - Indianapolis. 1941. - Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence Clough Buel, Eds. _Battles and - Leaders of the Civil War. Vol. III._ The Century Co., New - York. 1884-88. - Livermore, Thomas L. _Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America - 1861-65._ Houghton Mifflin & Co., Boston. 1900. - Miller, Francis T. _The Photographic History of the Civil War. Vols. - II, V, X._ The Review of Reviews Co., New York. 1911. - Mottelay, Paul F., and T. Campbell-Copeland. _The Soldier in Our Civil - War: A Pictorial History of the Conflict, 1861-1865. Vol. II._ - Stanley Bradley Publishing Co., New York. 1890. - Sheridan, P. H. _Personal Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan. Vol. I._ Charles - L. Webster & Co., New York. 1888. - Steele, Matthew Forney. _American Campaigns. Vol. I, text: Vol. II, - maps._ Byron S. Adams, Washington. 1909. 2 Vols. - United States Government. _Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of - the Union and Confederate Armies._ Government Printing Office, - Washington. 1891-95. - Van Horne, Thomas B. _History of the Army of the Cumberland._ Robert - Clarke & Co., Cincinnati. 1876. 2 Vols, and Atlas. - - - - - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE - HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES - - -(Price lists of National Park Service publications may be obtained from - the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D.C.) - - - Antietam - Bandelier - Chalmette - Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields - Custer Battlefield - Custis-Lee Mansion, the Robert E. Lee Memorial - Fort Laramie - Fort McHenry - Fort Necessity - Fort Pulaski - Fort Raleigh - Fort Sumter - George Washington Birthplace - Gettysburg - Guilford Courthouse - Hopewell Village - Independence - Jamestown, Virginia - Kings Mountain - The Lincoln Museum and the House Where Lincoln Died - Manassas (Bull Run) - Montezuma Castle - Morristown, a Military Capital of the Revolution - Ocmulgee - Petersburg Battlefields - Saratoga - Scotts Bluff - Shiloh - Statue of Liberty - Vanderbilt Mansion - Vicksburg - Yorktown - - - [Illustration: Endpapers] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chickamauga and Chattanooga -Battlefields, by James R. 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