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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fb3d3e --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #53105 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53105) diff --git a/old/53105-0.txt b/old/53105-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 935b108..0000000 --- a/old/53105-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6987 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's London Signs and Inscriptions, by Philip Norman - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: London Signs and Inscriptions - -Author: Philip Norman - -Release Date: September 20, 2016 [EBook #53105] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LONDON SIGNS AND INSCRIPTIONS *** - - - - -Produced by Giovanni Fini, Chris Curnow and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: - -—Obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected. - - - - - LONDON SIGNS AND INSCRIPTIONS. - -[Illustration] - - - - - The Camden Library. - - EDITED BY - - G. LAURENCE GOMME, F.S.A. - - AND - - T. FAIRMAN ORDISH, F.S.A. - -[Illustration: FISH SHOP IN CHEYNE WALK.] - - - - - THE CAMDEN LIBRARY. - - LONDON - - SIGNS AND INSCRIPTIONS. - - BY - - PHILIP NORMAN, F.S.A. - - _ILLUSTRATED BY THE AUTHOR AND OTHERS._ - - _WITH AN INTRODUCTION_ - - BY - - HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A. - - AUTHOR OF ‘LONDON PAST AND PRESENT,’ ETC. - - LONDON: - ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW. - 1893. - - - - - UNIFORM WITH THE PRESENT VOLUME. - - _In handsome post 8vo. size; tastefully printed in antique style. - On fine paper with rough edges, and bound in cloth, at 6s. per - volume; bound in roxburgh, with gilt top, price 7s. 6d.; - roxburgh binding, 10s. 6d. net. Large-paper copies, - 21s. net._ - - - THE FIRST VOLUME of THE CAMDEN LIBRARY, recently - published, is entitled - - THE ANTIQUITIES AND CURIOSITIES - OF THE EXCHEQUER. - - By HUBERT HALL, F.S.A., of H.M.’s Public - Record Office. - - _With illustrations by RALPH NEVILL, F.S.A., and - an Introduction by Sir JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., F.R.S., F.S.A._ - - ‘This, the first volume of a valuable series, is perhaps one of the - most interesting works of its kind. The facts and anecdotes which - are woven into the pages are curious, and no doubt will be perfectly - new to many readers.’--_Public Opinion._ - - ‘Will be immensely superior to the ordinary kind of serial handbooks, - if Mr. Hubert Hall’s scholarly and well-written book is a fair - sample.... His account of the origins of our national finance is - full of valuable information which cannot be easily found elsewhere.’ - --_St. James’s Gazette._ - - ‘It does great credit to the persevering industry, discrimination, - and literary skill of its author.’--_Daily Telegraph._ - - - LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW. - -[Illustration] - - - - -_INTRODUCTION._ - - -I HAVE been asked to write a short introduction to this volume of the -Camden Library, and I do so with great pleasure. - -The subject of sculptured signs is one of considerable interest, to -which too little attention has hitherto been devoted, and the treatment -of this important section of London antiquities could not have fallen -into better hands than into those of Mr. Philip Norman, who has devoted -many years of patient labour to the search for these signs, which are -often found in very out-of-the-way localities. Mr. Norman possesses one -most important qualification for the task he has undertaken, in that he -is an accomplished artist. He is thus doubly well equipped both as an -antiquary and as an artist. - -It will, I think, surprise many readers to learn that so much is still -left to us, and I hope that the attention drawn to some of the signs -which have disappeared of late years may result in the discovery -of their present hiding-places. Some years ago there was a curious -sculptured sign over the entrance to Bull Head Court, Newgate Street. -This represented William Evans, Charles I.’s gigantic porter, and -Jeffrey Hudson, the Queen’s dwarf. When King Edward Street was widened -this sign disappeared. If it be still in existence, we may hope that, -in course of time, it may find a home in the Guildhall Museum, where so -many interesting relics of old London are preserved. - -Painted signs, which were once almost universal, were suddenly cleared -away by the Act of Parliament of 1762, but these sculptured signs -remained because they were a part of the houses to which they were -attached, and they only pass away when the houses are rebuilt. - -As the reader casually turns over the pages of this book, he cannot -fail to be struck by the variety of objects which have been represented -on the signs. Many of these may be considered as marks of ownership, -and the crests and coats of arms of the City Companies are frequently -found as signs. - -In connection with the æsthetic revival there has been a considerable -reappearance of signs in different parts of London, mostly of artistic -ironwork; but although this helps to relieve the dull monotony of -many streets it is not a custom that would be popular if it became -universal. There can, however, be no objection to the more general -adoption of artistic sculpture on the fronts of houses. When an old -house is rebuilt, its story (if it have a story) may with advantage be -graphically represented on the front of the new one. This has been done -in some cases, and an extension of the custom would add to the beauty -of the streets, and increase the interest of the passer-by in the -almost forgotten history of his own town. - -It is a satisfactory thing that the relics of former fashions of -decoration should be registered for the information of those who desire -to keep themselves in touch with the history of the past. Even in this -materialistic age there are many who love to live in imagination in a -former age, and a sculptured sign or inscription on an old house will -often help them to do this. - -For centuries London was remarkable for its gardens, but this has -been changed at the end of the nineteenth century. Considering the -great value of land in ‘the City,’ I suppose it cannot be a matter of -surprise that almost every bit of garden or green place has been swept -out of existence, but I think every lover of London will sympathize -with the protest against this tendency which concludes Mr. Norman’s -book. - -I do not, however, wish to keep the reader longer from learning what -the author has to say, and I will only add that this volume will form -a most useful and agreeable addition to the extensive literature which -is gradually growing up in connection with the ever-increasing world of -houses and men which is known as London. - - HENRY B. WHEATLEY. - - OPPIDANS ROAD, N.W., - - _March_, 1893. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - - - -_AUTHOR’S PREFACE._ - - -UNTIL the beginning of this century, I may almost say till the -development of our railway system some fifty years ago, though -London was continually spreading in all directions, its heart--the -City--remained very much as Wren had left it. Here many a well-to-do -trader was content to dwell in the substantial house in which his -business was carried on, and to pray in the neighbouring parish church -where his father had prayed before him. Now the church has, likely -enough, disappeared, the monuments of his ancestors are bundled -off no one knows where; perhaps the very street in which he lived -is changed out of all power of recognition. In short, to meet our -modern requirements, the City has become a mere mass of offices, -warehouses, and gigantic railway-stations, whence issue each morning -myriads of human beings who spend the day in struggling for wealth -or a livelihood, and at night return to their homes, which are spread -over an area some sixty miles in diameter, leaving the centre to be -protected by a few porters and caretakers. The decrease in the resident -population has now extended a considerable distance west. - -To the observing eye, however, traces of a former state of things -are still to be seen, not only in important buildings such as the -City halls, the parish churches and the old merchants’ houses still -existing; but in objects less conspicuous, for instance, the sculptured -house and street signs which came into fashion after the Great Fire. -These have no little artistic merit, and almost all are interesting -from their associations. The greater part of my book is devoted to a -careful description of such signs; not only the existing ones, but -all of which I can find any mention. This description I have tried to -make as complete as possible, and I have allowed myself some latitude, -recording not only facts which appeared to me of interest concerning -the particular house, court, or alley to which the sign belonged, -but also its probable origin, and any story or legend that might be -connected with it. - -Sculptured signs are often heraldic, and from them the transition is -natural to still existing crests and coats of arms carved on buildings -in various parts of the town. A cognate subject is that of old dates -and inscriptions, suggestive as they are of the former ownership of -property, of changes in the names of streets, sometimes even giving us -glimpses of family history; as in the inscription to Denzil Lord Holles. - -My researches naturally led me into the Guildhall Museum, where the -need of a suitable catalogue (soon, I hear, to be supplied), induced me -to put together a few suggestive notes on the curiosities relating to -London which there find a home. I have added a short account of some -half dozen of the painted signs still existing in the Metropolis which -seemed to have more than common interest. - -I have already referred to the extraordinary decrease of City -inhabitants. On the other hand, in outlying districts the converse -process has taken place. The little towns and villages of three hundred -years ago, then some distance from London, and numbering among their -inhabitants people of high birth unconnected with trade, became by -degrees half rural suburbs, where well-to-do citizens sought amusement -and repose. Folks of this class have now gone further afield, and for -many years the speculative builder has been at work, providing for a -humbler and far more numerous population. The space is covered with -miles upon miles of dull monotonous streets; pleasant gardens have -disappeared, hills are levelled, valleys filled up, wells choked, the -clear streams turned into sewers, nothing remaining to remind us of -what has gone before except the names, and here and there an old house, -a carving or inscription. The existence of a few of these mementoes has -attracted me to Islington and Clerkenwell, and must be my excuse for -describing in detail several of the spas and places of entertainment -with which in the eighteenth century this region abounded. Thence I -make my way back to the City, and while exploring the picturesque -districts of Great St. Helen’s and Austin Friars, I give an account of -two remarkable old City mansions lately destroyed, which may fairly -claim a place; for one was distinguished by an elaborate coat of arms, -and the other by an interesting date and initials. This latter was of -no small architectural merit, while both were the homes of eminent -citizens. - -Perhaps I should add that the subject of sculptured signs has been -briefly treated by me in the pages of the _Antiquary_, and that for -the _English Illustrated Magazine_, of Christmas, 1891, I wrote and -illustrated an article on old City mansions, including those which are -here more completely described. - -In the course of the text I have indicated sources of information, and -have acknowledged help from several good friends. I wish here in an -especial manner to thank Mr. Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A. As I am indebted -to him for an introduction to this volume, it would perhaps not be -becoming to dwell over-much on the merits of his great work, ‘London -Past and Present,’ based on Peter Cunningham’s Handbook; I find myself -constantly referring to it, and always with advantage. Lord Tennyson -has kindly allowed me to quote four lines dictated by his illustrious -father, which have not before appeared in print. - -The illustrations I venture to commend, for few of them are the work of -my hand. They have at least one great merit, that of being scrupulously -accurate. - -Allusion is made in the text to Mr. Tarbolton’s valuable contribution. -There is a fine drawing by Mr. F. E. Cox; while Mr. E. M. Cox -contributes a whole series, the merits of which speak for themselves. -The Three Kings, the Bell, and the Boar’s Head may be named as -specimens. Mr. Fletcher did the charming little sketch of an -inscription formerly over the entrance to Bagnigge Wells, with its -grotesque head; and the editors of the _Strand Magazine_ and the -_Builder_ have allowed me the use of blocks from their respective -publications. - -In conclusion, let me express a hope that the kind reader will not -class this volume in the category of ‘books which are no books,’ as -Charles Lamb puts it, or even as one ‘which no gentleman’s library -should be without,’ but that he will find here some useful and curious -information, put together in a form sufficiently agreeable to make him -wish for more. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - CHAPTER I. - - PAGE - - HUMAN SIGNS 1 - - CHAPTER II. - - THREE KINGS--ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS 26 - - CHAPTER III. - - ANIMALS REAL AND IMAGINARY 46 - - CHAPTER IV. - - ANIMALS REAL AND IMAGINARY (_continued_) 67 - - CHAPTER V. - - BIRDS AND OTHER SCULPTURED SIGNS 89 - - CHAPTER VI. - - VARIOUS CRESTS AND COATS OF ARMS 121 - - CHAPTER VII. - - MISCELLANEOUS SIGNS, DATES, AND INSCRIPTIONS, ETC. 156 - - CHAPTER VIII. - - A FEW SUBURBAN SPAS 180 - - CHAPTER IX. - - TWO OLD CITY MANSIONS 200 - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - - - - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. - - - PAGE - - FISH SHOP IN CHEYNE WALK _frontispiece_ - - BOY AND PANYER, PANYER ALLEY 4 - - NAKED BOY, PIE CORNER 8 - - THREE KINGS, LAMBETH HILL 27 - - HALF MOON, HIGH STREET, SOUTHWARK 41 - - HALF MOON, HOLYWELL STREET 45 - - BOAR’S HEAD, EASTCHEAP 51 - - DOG AND DUCK, ST. GEORGE’S FIELDS, SOUTHWARK 67 - - MARKS FOUND ON OLD LONDON BRIDGE 73 - - HARE AND SUN, HIGH STREET, SOUTHWARK 78 - - COCK AND SNAKES, CHURCH STREET, CHELSEA 89 - - COCK, FLEET STREET 103 - - BELL, KNIGHTRIDER STREET 108 - - FEATHERS, ST. PAUL’S CHURCHYARD 111 - - MITRE, HATTON GARDEN 116 - - LEOPARD, BUDGE ROW 125 - - ROYAL ARMS, NEWCOMEN STREET, SOUTHWARK 136 - - INSCRIPTION, DENZELL STREET 150 - - TABLET, GREAT JAMES STREET 163 - - TABLET, MOUNT PLEASANT 164 - - TABLET, UNION STREET, SOUTHWARK 165 - - TABLET, WALBROOK 166 - - INSCRIPTION, KING’S CROSS ROAD 195 - - NOS. 8 AND 9 GREAT ST. HELEN’S 201 - - PART OF THE OLD HOUSE IN GREAT ST. HELEN’S, - FROM A MEASURED DRAWING 204 - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -_SIGNS AND INSCRIPTIONS OF HISTORIC LONDON._ - - - - -CHAPTER I. - -HUMAN SIGNS. - - ‘Be sure observe the signs, for signs remain - Like faithful landmarks to the walking train.’ - - GAY: _Trivia_. - - -UNTIL the early part of the eighteenth century, when the plan of -numbering came into vogue, not only inns and taverns, but shops and -other houses, were distinguished by signs. The wholesale traders, -indeed, were as a rule sufficiently well known not to require this -distinctive mark. In the ‘Little London Directory’ for the year -1677--the oldest printed list of the kind--hardly any of the merchants -have signs. The reverse is the case with the bankers, who, as -‘goldsmiths that keep running cashes,’ had then hardly emerged from -the shopkeeper class. Nevertheless, signs were exceedingly common; on -the rebuilding of the city, immediately after the Great Fire, many of -them, instead of being painted and hung out--though this continued to -be the more usual method--were carved in stone and built into the plain -brick fronts of the new houses, generally above or below a first-floor -window. In some cases also, the name of a court or alley was thus -indicated--a useful method when a large number of the population could -neither read nor write. It is curious that signs of a very similar -description were used by the Romans; for instance, the well-known -terra-cotta bas-relief of two men carrying an amphora, and a figure -of a goat, both found at Pompeii; the former almost identical in -design with our conventional representation of the Two Brewers. These, -however, were cast in a mould which was probably used again and again. -They therefore, perhaps, indicated a trade rather than a particular -house; like our modern pawnbrokers’, tobacconists’, and gold-beaters’ -signs. I shall presently call attention to a London seventeenth-century -sign repeated in the same way. - -Our plan seems to have been adopted from the Continent, where many -stone signs are still to be found. They are commonest in Holland and -the Low Countries. Here, perhaps ever since the Roman occupation, -certainly since the days of Charlemagne, brick has been the usual -building material, for it must have been that which was most easily -available. Fortunately many of the old Dutch houses still survive; they -hang together with wonderful pertinacity in spite of bad foundations, -and beautiful specimens of picturesque architecture they are, with -their step gables and stone ornamentation. The Dutch signs are often -spirited and elaborate in design; they are to be found of all ages from -about the year 1550 till near the end of the eighteenth century, but -as might be expected, the earlier ones, which are often historical, -are the best. They were placed like those in London, and generally had -an ornamental border. Sometimes in place of a sign there was a pious -distich or inscription, sometimes merely a date. A capital book on -Dutch signs by J. Van Lennep and J. Ter Gouw has lately been published. -Many of these signs from buildings now destroyed are to be seen in an -annexe of the fine modern picture-gallery in Amsterdam. I am glad to -say that our City authorities have shown a like respect for similar -relics of old London, and some interesting specimens have found a home -in the Guildhall Museum. Others have disappeared, and a certain number -are still more or less in their original positions. - -[Illustration] - -In the following pages I shall try to describe all the London -sculptured signs of which we have any record; for convenience I have -classified them, and naturally begin with those in which human beings -are represented. One of the most interesting and best known is the sign -of the Boy and Panyer, which is still to be seen, its base resting on -the ground, and let into the wall between two houses on the eastern -side of Panyer Alley, a narrow passage leading from Paternoster Row -to Newgate Street. It represents a naked boy seated on a pannier or -basket, and holding what, in Strype’s time, appeared to be a bunch of -grapes between his hand and foot, ‘in token perhaps of plenty,’ as he -suggests. Within an ornamental border, apparently on a separate stone -below, is the following inscription: - - ‘When ye have sought the Citty round, - Yet still this is the highest ground. - - _August the_ 27, 1688.’ - -Height fifty-two inches, breadth in the broadest part twenty-six -inches. It is now much dilapidated, and seems to be in some danger of -destruction, for one of the houses against which it stands is shortly -to be pulled down.[1] However, I am assured that proper steps will be -taken for its preservation. The property belongs by right to the parish -of St. Michael-le-Querne, having been left in 1620 by Sir John Leman -and Cornelius Fishe for parochial uses, but it is now handed over to -the Trustees of City Parochial Charities. - -The sign no doubt dates from after the Great Fire; it seems, however, -to represent a previous one. Stow, writing in 1598, says that Panyer -Alley was ‘so called of such a sign,’ and confirming his statement, -a Panyer, Paternoster Row, appears in a list of taverns of about the -year 1430, which Mr. Charles Welch, F.S.A., lately discovered among the -documents of the Brewers’ Company, the landlord, John Ives, having been -a member of that company. From ‘Liber Albus,’ which relates to the -thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, one learns that in those days the -sale of bread was not allowed to take place in the bakers’ houses, but -only in the King’s markets. It was sold in bread-baskets or ‘panyers,’ -and, the coarser kinds at any rate, occasionally in boxes or hutches. - -Mr. H. T. Riley in his introduction to ‘Liber Albus’ (p. lxviii.) -stated it as his opinion that the child is handing out a loaf, and -that at a period somewhat later than the date of that volume (1419) -Panyer Alley was noted as a standing place for bakers’ boys with their -panniers. If, as seems not unlikely, this was the case, the sign would -be similar to the Baker and Basket, still existing in Whitechapel and -in Finsbury. Another idea--that the pannier is in point of fact a -fruit-basket--seems to arise from Strype’s statement that the boy has -in his hand a bunch of grapes. Fruit and vegetables were doubtless -landed from the river in the neighbourhood of St. Paul’s. Porters -carrying such produce may have passed through, and rested themselves in -this short passage on their way to Newgate Market, which, originally -for corn and meal, was after the Fire used for poultry, fruit, and -vegetables,[2] before it became exclusively a meat market. - -Mr. Kerslake, in a passage since referred to with approval by Professor -Earle in his work on ‘Land Charters and Saxonic Documents’ (1888), -tries to connect the sign with a far more remote antiquity. He argues -that it may have been placed there to transmit the tradition of a -wheatmaund-stone (maund being a basket or pannier), mentioned in a -grant of King Alfred, A.D. 889, which indicated the site of the ancient -corn market, and was, in point of fact, a place where a porter carrying -a load of wheat could rest it, or the base of a market cross.[3] It -seems that the question of a town house for the Bishop of the Mercians -having come before Alfred, he gave to Bishop Werfrith a mansion or -court, ‘æt hwæt mundes stane’--thus it is spelt in the document--and -probably granted him a toll on the neighbouring market. I am not aware -of any further evidence in support of this theory. - -The church of St. Michael-le-Querne, ad Bladum, or at the Corne, which -was destroyed in the Great Fire, and not rebuilt, stood close to Panyer -Alley, at the extreme end of Paternoster Row, and Stow says it was so -called ‘because in place thereof was sometime a corn market, stretching -by west to the shambles.’ The Rev. W. J. Loftie tells us that at -present the sign of the Boy and Panyer is not on the highest point in -the City, being fifty-nine feet, while the site of the Standard in -Cornhill is sixty feet above sea-level. Certainly it is not on the -highest point of Panyer Alley. A writer in _Notes and Queries_ has -lately suggested that the highest point in the City was at or near -Leadenhall Market, or the chancel of the primitive St. Peter’s Church -on Cornhill. - -[Illustration] - -A statuette, also representing a naked boy, not sculptured in stone, -but carved in wood, is placed on a pedestal affixed to the wall of a -public-house, at the corner of Giltspur Street and Cock Lane, called -the Fortune of War. The spot was commonly known as Pie Corner: it is -hardly necessary to add that here ended the Great Fire of London. The -figure in question was put up after that event; an engraving of it in -Pennant’s account of London shows the following inscription on the -breast and arms: - - ‘This boy is in Memory Put up for the late Fire of London, occasioned - by the Sin of Gluttony, 1666.’ - -Burn tells us that its propriety was on one occasion thus supported by -a Nonconformist preacher on the anniversary of the Fire. He asserted -that the calamity could not be occasioned by the sin of blasphemy, for -in that case it would have begun in Billingsgate; nor lewdness, for -then Drury Lane would have been first on fire; nor lying, for then the -flames had reached them from Westminster Hall. ‘No, my beloved; it was -occasioned by the sin of gluttony, for it began at Pudding Lane and -ended at Pie Corner.’ - -The inscription has long been obliterated, and no trace is to be -seen of the little wings with which, in Pennant’s illustration, the -boy is furnished; in 1816, however, they were still conspicuous, and -were painted bright yellow. In that curious work--the ‘Vade-Mecum -for Malt-worms’--which was written about the year 1715, the Fortune -of War is mentioned as a well-known tavern. Within the memory of -man it had the unpleasing reputation of being a house of call for -resurrectionists, who supplied the surgeons of St. Bartholomew’s -Hospital with subjects for dissection. It was here that John Bishop, -the body-snatcher, met his accomplice Williams, before the murder of -the Italian boy Ferrari, for which and similar crimes they were hanged -in 1831. - -Our quaint old chronicler, John Stow, says that Pie Corner was ‘a -place so called of such a sign, sometime a fair inn for receipt of -travellers, but now divided into tenements.’ Strype in 1720 describes -it as noted chiefly for ‘Cooks’ Shops and Pigs drest there during -Bartholomew Fair.’ There are several allusions to it in Ben Jonson’s -‘Alchemist’ and other plays. The sign of the Pie probably implied -the bird now usually called a magpie, but it might have been derived -from the Pye,[4] or rules for finding out the service of the day in -the Roman Breviary, or from the good cheer provided in this immediate -neighbourhood. Larwood and Hotten mention a stone sign of a Naked Boy -with the date 1633 at Skipton-in-Craven. - -A stone bas-relief of that mythical person, Guy, Earl of Warwick, is -still preserved on a house at the corner of Warwick Lane and Newgate -Street. The figure is represented standing on a pedestal in chain -armour, with a conical helmet, a sword in his right hand, and on his -left arm a shield chequy, or and azure, with a bend sinister ermine. -This seems to be wrongly copied from Guy’s shield in the Rows Roll, -which has a chevron ermine, but one arm of the chevron is, from the -position of the shield, so foreshortened that it can hardly be seen; -hence the mistake. Above is the date 1668, on one side the letters -G. C., standing, I suppose, for GUIDO COMES; on the other a coat of -arms, three mascles on a bend, to whom belonging I cannot say, so many -families have this charge. Below is the inscription: ‘Restored 1817. J. -Deakes, Archt.’ - -The general design somewhat resembles that of a large figure in the -chapel of St. Mary Magdalen at Guy’s Cliff, near Warwick, which, as we -learn from a modern inscription in Latin, was hewn out of the living -rock by order of Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, in the reign -of Henry VI., to mark the spot where Guy was thought to have ended -his days. This Richard de Beauchamp obtained license to found here -a chantry for two priests, and annexed land thereto to the value of -twenty-four marks per annum. It had before been a hermitage. Stow tells -us that ‘Eldernesse lane, which stretcheth north to the high street -of Newgate market, is now called Warwicke lane, of an ancient house -there, built by an Earl of Warwicke, and since called Warwicke Inn.’ -Elsewhere he says: ‘In the 36th of Henry VI. the greater estates of -the realm being called up to London, Richard Nevill Earl of Warwick -came with six hundred men all in jackets embroidered with ragged staves -before and behind, and was lodged in Warwicke Lane, in whose house -there were oftentimes six oxen eaten at breakfast, and every tavern -was full of his meat, for he that had any acquaintance in that house -might have there so much of sodden and roast meat as he could prick and -carry away upon a long dagger.’ At the beginning of this century the -house to which the statuette belonged was occupied by a Mr. Parry; an -inscription over the door stated that it had been a tobacconist’s shop -since 1660, no doubt rebuilt. - -A well-modelled bas-relief of a woman’s head, probably intended to -represent Minerva, is on a house belonging to the Leathersellers’ -Company, at the corner of Old Jewry and Gresham Street. She has -a helmet or diadem, and on her breast the Gorgon’s head; an ægis -also seems to be suggested. On each side are festoons of fruit and -flowers; the material I believe to be terra-cotta, but it is so thickly -coated with paint that one cannot be sure. Archer, who drew this -sign, thought it was a fragment of sculpture from a building of the -early part of the sixteenth century, and it seems to have something -in common with Italian terra-cotta work of that period; for instance -the medallions[5] executed by Joannes Maiano for Cardinal Wolsey, and -still existing at Hampton Court. Before the house was modernized, on -the brick wall, below the head of Minerva, there was a carving of -the Leathersellers’ Arms; and so, being used as a tavern during the -eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, until 1871 it was known by the -sign of the Leathersellers’ Arms, or latterly the Three Bucks’ Heads. -Of the sculptured head of Minerva no record exists. This property seems -to have belonged to the Leathersellers’ Company ever since the year -1565, when Edward Taylor, who had been its master, left by will to the -company two messuages in St. Olave’s, Jewry, to distribute among the -poorest people in the Poultry Compter a kilderkin of beer and twelve -pennyworth of bread, and the same to Wood Street Compter, Newgate, the -Fleet, King’s Bench, and the Marshalsea. In 1878 all arrears of these -payments to each prison at £1 1s. per quarter, viz. for a kilderkin of -beer £1, and for bread 1s., having been paid to this date, and the full -payment being £25 4s. a year, the company transferred to the official -trustees of charities stock sufficient to produce that amount. The name -of Cateaton Street was in 1845 changed to Gresham Street, no one knows -why. Here, in the days of John Taylor the water-poet, there was an -important inn called the Maidenhead, but this, I imagine, had for its -sign the arms of the Mercers’ Company, whose headquarters were in its -immediate neighbourhood. Later a seventeenth-century trade token was -issued from the Roxalana’s Head in Cateaton Street, the sign no doubt -commemorating Elizabeth Davenport the actress, whose favourite part -was Roxalana in the ‘Siege of Rhodes.’ Her sham marriage with the last -Earl of Oxford of the de Vere family, who deceived her by disguising a -trumpeter of his troop as a priest, is told in ‘Gramont,’ and in the -‘Countess Dunois’ Memoirs.’ Pepys saw her in 166⅔, in the chief box at -the Duke’s theatre, ‘in a velvet gown, as the fashion is, looking very -handsome.’ - -The Woman’s Head, dated 1671, which was on a house in Paternoster Row, -and has been lately added to the Guildhall Museum, was hardly a sign. -Similar heads are still on the keys of a first and second floor window -belonging to the old-fashioned house of Messrs. W. and R. Chambers, -47, Paternoster Row. Another bas-relief in the Guildhall Museum -represents a gardener holding a spade in his right hand, with the date -1670; it is rudely designed. This is a street rather than a house -sign; as late as the year 1856 it was in Gardiner’s Lane, Upper Thames -Street, near Broken Wharf. Mr. J. T. Smith, who drew it, in 1791, -for his ‘Antiquities of London,’ adds this description: ‘Against Mr. -Holyland’s stables, Gardiner’s Lane, the corner of High Timber Street, -is this sculpture, but why put up I cannot learn. Tradition says the -site was once gardens.’ Perhaps it was a rebus on the name of Gardiner. - -Two bas-reliefs of St. George and the Dragon were erected as signs -in London soon after the Great Fire, and, on the principle _Detur -digniori_, should be described in this chapter. It was only natural -that the figure of St. George should become one of our most popular inn -signs; for he was regarded as the patron saint and special protector of -this our realm of England. Shakespeare speaks of - - ‘St. George that swindg’d the Dragon, and e’er since - Sits on his horseback at mine hostess’ door.’ - - ‘King John,’ Act i., Scene I. - -A capital specimen of such a sign, though unfortunately in bad -condition, is at the Guildhall Museum--presented by Mr. W. Hayward, -C.E. It came from a house--81, Snow Hill--which had formed part of -a famous old galleried inn. Snow Hill was the thoroughfare between -Holborn and the City, till in 1802 it was superseded by Skinner Street, -named after Alderman Skinner, which has now in its turn ceased to -exist. Snow Hill is called in Stow’s ‘Survey’ Snor or Snore Hill, and -by Howell Sore Hill, perhaps from the steepness and difficulty of the -ascent. Strype, in 1720, speaks of the George Inn as ‘very large and of -a considerable trade, the passage to the yard being through Cow Lane.’ -In Sampson’s ‘History of Advertising,’ an advertisement is given from -the _British Chronicle_ of January 18 to 20, 1762, which informs us that - - THE READING MACHINE - - Is removed from the Three Kings, Piccadilly, to the George - Inn, Snow Hill, London; sets out from the Broad Face,[6] - Reading, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, at seven - o’clock in the morning, and from the George Inn, - Snow Hill, every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, - at seven o’clock in the morning; carries passengers to - And from Reading, at 6s. each; children in lap - and outside passengers at 3s. - - Performed by {Thomas Moore and - {Richard Mapleton. - - N.B.--Takes no charge of Writings, Money, Watches, or Jewels, unless - entered and paid for as such. - -A second representation of the subject of the George and Dragon was -formerly to be seen on Bennet Hill, opposite the Heralds’ College, and -stood over the entrance to a small court, to which it gave a name. On -it were the initials P R M, and date 1667. In ‘Remarks on London,’ by -W. Stow, 1722, mention is made of ‘George Court, against the Heralds’ -Office at Paul’s Chain.’ The ‘Constitutions of the Order of the -Garter’ (c. iii.) ordain that ‘the Sovereign shall put upon his (the -knight elect’s) neck a collar, or little chain or lace, having pendant -therefrom a massive golden image of an armed knight (_i.e._, St. -George) sitting on horseback.’ - -A relic of a most interesting old building is the figure of Gerard the -Giant,[7] ‘carved from a twisted block of timber, distorted and ill -at ease,’ which stood in the niche between the first-floor windows of -Gerard’s Hall Hotel, on the south side of Basing Lane. It is about 6 -feet high, and painted more or less to imitate life. Gerard’s Hall is -described by Stow as ‘one great house, of old time built upon arched -vaults, with gates of stone from Caen in Normandy. The same is now a -common hostrey for receipt of travellers, commonly and corruptly called -Gerrardes Hall, of a giant said to have dwelt there. In the high-roofed -hall of this house sometime stood a large fir pole, which reached to -the roof thereof, and was said to be one of the staves that Gerrarde -the giant used in the wars to run withal.--John Gisors, mayor of London -in the year 1245, was owner thereof, and Sir John Gisors, mayor and -constable of the Tower 1311, and divers others of that name and family -since that time, owned it.--So it appeareth that this Gisor’s Hall, -of late time by corruption, hath been called Gerrard’s Hall.’ The -upper part of the building was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666, -but the crypt remained,[8] and on this was built a brick house, with -no remarkable feature except the above-named grotesque wooden figure, -by way of sign. This house was destroyed in April, 1852, when the -new Cannon Street was being formed. For some months the crypt--a fine -specimen of thirteenth-century Gothic--continued in existence; but as -the crown of the arched roof stood 2 feet or more above the roadway, -it was also pulled down. Mr. Wheatley tells us that the stones were -carefully numbered, and presented to the Crystal Palace Company, with -a view to its re-erection. After a time, however, they were used in -making the foundations for a new engine-house. Some of the stones are -even said to have found their way to Kensington, to be broken up for -mending the roads. There is a good view of the crypt of Gerard’s Hall -in Burn’s ‘Catalogue to the Beaufoy Trade Tokens,’ and a descriptive -article in the _Builder_ for April 10, 1852, which also gives drawings -of several devices of the nature of merchants’ marks, and an unfinished -inscription, cut on the wall of the entrance. - -A curious sculptured sign, representing King Charles I.’s gigantic -porter and dwarf, used to stand over the entrance to Bull Head Court, -Newgate Street, but disappeared some years ago on the widening of King -Edward Street, formerly Butcher Hall Lane. This part of Newgate Street -was in Strype’s time named Blowbladder Street, and before that Stinking -Lane, on account of the smell which arose from slaughter-houses and -poultry-shops there. Pennant has an illustration of the sign, but -wrongly describes it as being over Bagnio Court, farther east, which -was afterwards Bath Street, and has now been ridiculously called Roman -Bath Street, though the ‘Royal Bagnio,’ whence the court derived its -name, was not erected till 1679. The house to which the bas-relief -belonged was No. 80, occupied in 1816 by Mr. Payne, a hatter; at that -time the figures were painted, their coats being red, the King’s -livery, and their waistcoats white. Not unlikely, the sign may still be -in existence. - -The two persons represented were William Evans and Jefferey Hudson. -Evans, the porter, a Monmouth man, was 7 feet 6 inches high. On one -occasion, at a Court masque, he drew the dwarf out of his pocket, ‘to -the amazement and amusement of all present.’ There is an allusion to -him in the contemporary ballad of ‘The Little Barleycorn.’ Jefferey -Hudson, the dwarf, was born at Oakham, Rutland, in 1619. His father, -a butcher, kept and baited bulls for George Villiers, first Duke of -Buckingham. At nine years of age he was scarcely 18 inches high, and, -according to Fuller, ‘without any deformity, wholly proportionable.’ -Having entered the service of the Duchess of Buckingham, at an -entertainment given by her husband to Charles I. and Henrietta Maria, -he was brought to table concealed in a large pie, from which he -emerged before the company. The Queen took a fancy to him, so he became -her page, and in 1630 was sent to France to fetch a midwife for his -royal mistress, but fell into the hands of a Flemish pirate, and was -taken to Dunkirk. By this misfortune he was said to have lost about -£2,500. Sir William Davenant makes a supposed combat between the dwarf -and a turkey-cock the subject of a burlesque poem called ‘Jeffreidos,’ -published in 1638, the scene of which is laid at Dunkirk. How Hudson -bore the insult is not recorded; but we shall see that he was quite -capable of holding his own. During the Civil Wars the dwarf appears to -have been a captain of horse, and he followed the Queen into exile. -One of his adventures in France is referred to by Sir Walter Scott in -‘ Peveril of the Peak.’ This was his duel with Crofts, a young gentleman -of the Court, who had provoked him. The duel was fought on horseback -with pistols. Crofts came on the ground armed with a syringe only; but -a more serious weapon being substituted, he was killed at the first -discharge. It seems to have been later that Hudson was again taken -prisoner at sea, this time by Turkish pirates, and brought to Barbary, -where he was sold as a slave. He asserted that his sufferings in -captivity made him grow taller. After many vicissitudes he found his -way back to England, probably before the year 1658. In 1679, being a -Roman Catholic, he was confined in the Gatehouse at Westminster, for -supposed complicity with the Popish Plot. Mr. Inchbold points out, in -the ‘Dictionary of National Biography,’ that he did not die there, -as Scott and others have affirmed; for, ‘in June, 1680, and April, -1681, “Captain” Jefferey Hudson received respectively £50 and £20 from -Charles II.’s secret service fund.’ He died in 1682. Three portraits of -him were painted by Mytens, and he also figures in a portrait of Queen -Henrietta Maria, by Vandyke, at Petworth. His waistcoat, breeches and -stockings are, it is said, preserved. - -The sculptured stone sign of the Three Morris Dancers was formerly -in front of a public-house numbered 36, Old Change, which is said to -have been pulled down about the year 1801. An illustration of the -sign exists: the central figure is a woman. A seventeenth-century -trade-token issued from here reads thus: - - _O._ IOHN.LISLE.AT.THE = Three Morris Dancers. - _R._ IN.Y^E OLD.CHANGE = I.A.L. - -The word ‘morris’ is derived from the Spanish ‘morisco,’ and is -equivalent to Moorish. The Morris or Moorish pike was a weapon much -used in England in the reign of Henry VIII.; Shakespeare refers to it -in the ‘Comedy of Errors,’ Act iv., Scene 3. Elsewhere he uses the word -in its commoner sense; thus, in ‘All’s Well that Ends Well’ he speaks -of a morris for May Day, and in ‘King Henry V.,’ Act ii., Scene 4, the -Dauphin is made to say: - - ‘And let us do it with no sign of fear; - No, with no more than if we heard that England - Were busied with a Whitsun morris-dance.’ - -According to Brand, the Spanish morris was danced at puppet shows by -a person habited like a Moor. Strutt, in his ‘Sports and Pastimes -of the English People,’ connects it with the fandango. Some curious -dancing figures carved in wood once formed part of the decorations in -the mediæval town-hall of Munich; the series was known as the Maurscha -tanntz. In England the dance derived from the Moors seems to have -been grafted on to the rustic May games and sports, which perhaps -were falling into disuse. The characters in the English morris-dance -were usually Maid Marian (a boy dressed up in girl’s clothes), Robin -Hood, Friar Tuck, the Fool, Tom the piper with pipe and tabor, and the -hobby-horse. A rare pamphlet[9] of 1609 tells us about a morris-dance -in Herefordshire, where the united ages of the twelve dancers were -supposed to amount to twelve hundred years; but, unfortunately, it -does not give details of the performance. Waldron, in his edition -of the ‘Sad Shepherd,’ 1783, p. 255, mentions seeing a company of -morris-dancers from Abington, at Richmond in Surrey, in the summer of -1783. They appeared to be making a kind of annual circuit. Even so late -as the time of the Queen’s coronation, there was morris-dancing of a -kind in Hyde Park, as recorded by a writer in _Notes and Queries_. - -One still sees occasionally on May Day, in the less-frequented streets -of London, a dance performed by two or three sweeps to the sound of -fife and drum. They are dressed fantastically; one of them is, as a -rule, half concealed in a frame covered with leaves and flowers, and -is called a Jack-in-the-green. They are generally accompanied by a -woman. These may be considered to a certain extent descendants of the -morris-dancers, and their black faces happen to carry out the old idea. - -Over the doorway of No. 13, Clare Street, at the corner of Vere Street, -Clare Market, is a stone sign carved in low relief, which represents -Two Negroes’ heads facing each other, with the date 1715 and initials -W S M. The house is occupied by a baker; its destruction is imminent, -should Government adopt the plan of the London County Council for -a new street from the Strand to Holborn. The neighbourhood is now -squalid, and many of the buildings have lately been cleared away, but -we know that in the seventeenth century it was well inhabited. I may -remark, as a curious coincidence, that the continuation of Clare Street -towards Drury Lane is called Blackmoor--in old maps Blackamore--Street. -Seventeenth-century trade-tokens with signs of negro heads are in -existence; one was issued from Drury Lane, and is thus described by -Boyne: - - _O._ THOMAS.HAYTON.IN.DRVRY = A negro’s head. - _R._ LANE.HIS.HALFE.PENNY = An arched crown. - -The following advertisement, which appeared in a _London Gazette_ for -1695, has a distinctly local flavour: - - ‘A Black boy, an Indian, about thirteen years old, run away the - 8th instant from Putney, with a collar about his neck, with this - inscription: “The Lady Bromfield’s black, in Lincoln’s Inn Fields.”’ - -Black attendants were common in the seventeenth and eighteenth -centuries. In more than one celebrated portrait a black boy serves -to enhance the charm of a fair lady’s complexion. Sir John Hawkins, -after his voyage of 1564, which was partly for slave-trading purposes, -was authorized to have as his crest the half-length figure of a negro -prisoner called heraldically a demi-Moor, bound and captive. The Black -Boy was a frequent tobacconists’ sign, still sometimes seen. - -[Illustration] - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -THREE KINGS--ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS. - - ‘Gaspar and Melchior and Balthazar - Came to Cologne on the broad-breasted Rhine, - And founded there a temple, which is yet - A fragment, but the wonder of the world.’ - - LORD TENNYSON: MS. - - -AN interesting group of City signs is that connected with the Three -Kings, showing as it does what a hold the sacred legend, handed down -to us from a remote past, continued to have on popular imagination -till comparatively recent years. In the Guildhall Museum there is a -stone bas-relief of the Three Kings, brought from No. 7, Bucklersbury -when the house was rebuilt some years ago. The figures are represented -standing in similar attitudes; they have sceptres in their right hands, -the left arm being in each case folded across the breast. The figure to -the spectator’s left has flowing hair; that in the centre is of negro -type; the one to the right is distinguished by a large moustache. A -bas-relief from Lambeth Hill, also in the Guildhall Museum, is somewhat -similar in design; the king on the left has a crown, the others -diadems; it is dated 1667. Another sign from Lambeth Hill--the Three -Crowns--was also put up in 1667, and may possibly have belonged to the -same house. - -[Illustration] - -The sign of the Three Kings was an appropriate one for inns, because -on account of their journey they were considered the patron saints of -travellers: it is also said to have been used in England by mercers, -because they imported fine linen from Cologne. Bearing on this is a -passage to be found among the Harleian manuscripts, No. 5910, vol. i., -fol. 193, which, though already quoted by Larwood and Hotten in their -‘History of Sign-boards,’ is so much to the point that I venture to -give it again: - -‘Mersers in thouse dayes war Genirall Marchantes and traded in all -sortes of Rich Goodes, besides those of scelckes [silks] as they do -nou at this day; but they brought into England fine Leninn thered -[linen thread] gurdeles [girdles] finenly worked from Collin [Cologne]. -Collin, the city which then at that time of day florished much and -afforded rayre commodetes, and these merchāts that vsually traded to -that citye set vp their singes ouer ther dores of ther Houses the three -kinges of Collin, with the Armes of that Citye, which was the THREE -CROUENS of the former kings in memorye of them, and by those singes the -people knew in what wares they deld in.’ - -This was written by Bagford, the antiquary and ‘biblioclast,’ whose -spelling was original, to say the least. - -Innumerable traditions, myths, and allegories, have by degrees been -grafted on to the brief Gospel narrative of the Three Magi; St. -Matthew, the only Evangelist who mentions them,[10] gives no authority -for fixing their number at three, nor for assigning to them a higher -rank than that of Magi, or disciples of Zoroaster; but we may with -reason hold that they are referred to in Ps. lxxii. 10, 11: ‘The Kings -of Tharsis and of the Isles shall give presents, the Kings of Arabia -and Saba shall bring gifts.’ This passage is recited in the Roman -Catholic offices of the Epiphany, and on it no doubt is founded their -claim to kingly rank. It has been generally said that to Leo the Great, -or to St. Maximus of Turin, may be ascribed the traditional number; -Dr. Northcote,[11] however, considers that Origen, who was born at -Alexandria, A.D. 185, had the same idea. St. Augustine taught that -they were three in number, from the three kinds of gifts that they -offered--gold, frankincense, and myrrh. - -Few subjects have been oftener treated in Christian art than that of -these astronomer kings who, guided by a star from the East, came to -worship the infant Saviour at Bethlehem. The early Christians painted -the scene, but, following literally the words of St. Matthew, they -varied their number, and showed no signs of royalty. De Rossi in his -‘Roma Sotteranea,’ speaks of upwards of twenty representations of the -subject in the Catacombs. The Virgin Mother is, in these paintings, -generally represented sitting at the side, with the Child in her lap -and the three Magi before her, but sometimes she is in the middle; and -here, in order, perhaps, to keep the balance of the composition, the -number of Magi is either increased or diminished; there are four, as -in the cemetery of St. Domitilla, or only two, as in that of SS. Peter -and Marcellinus. In _Harper’s New Monthly Magazine_ for January, 1888, -an illustration is given of this latter painting.[12] The two Magi -approach from either side; they are plainly dressed with short tunics, -cloaks, and Phrygian caps, and bear their gifts on golden trays or -dishes. De Rossi assigns it to the second half of the third century; -that of St. Domitilla is supposed to be somewhat earlier. - -Let us see how the subject was treated in early mosaics. A very famous -one is that in the Basilica of S. Maria Maggiore at Rome, dating, it -seems, from about A.D. 432-440. Here the Child sits alone on a large -chair or pedestal, His hand raised in benediction; a nimbus surmounted -by a cross marks His divine origin. The mosaic is said to have been -altered in the time of Pope Benedict XIV.[13]; the Magi would appear -to have been originally three in number, and without the insignia of -royalty. In the great mosaic of St. Apollinare Nuovo at Ravenna, they -approach with measured steps, and bending in attitudes of reverence: on -their heads were crowns, since exchanged for baronial caps. The Virgin -sits enthroned in state, the Child on her lap; two angels on either -side attend them. According to the ‘Liber Pontificalis’ of Ravenna, -this work was executed A.D. 553-556, under the direction of Bishop -Agnellus. - -The legend as it has come down to us gradually assumed concrete form. -Our first detailed account of the appearance of the Three Kings is -from the pen of a Western writer--the Venerable Bede--who founded -it, probably, on reports from Italy or the East. In his treatise ‘De -Collectaneis,’ he names and describes them thus:[14] ‘The first is said -to have been called Melchior, an old man gray-headed, with flowing -beard and locks; he presented gold to the Lord, the King. Gaspar, the -second, was young, beardless, and ruddy; he with frankincense, as an -oblation worthy of God, honoured God. The third, by name Baltassar, -was dark-complexioned,[15] and had a full beard; he by means of myrrh -signified that the Son of Man should die.’ He then describes their -dresses. - -It has been said[16] that this account may probably be traced to early -quasi-dramatic representations. ‘In any such performance, names of some -kind would become a matter of necessity, and were probably invented at -random.’ Though the names given in the above passage are those with -which we are familiar, many others have, perhaps with equal authority, -been applied to them. - -The nationality of the Three Kings has been as much discussed as the -time taken on their journey. The natural inference would appear to -be that they belonged to the priestly caste of Persia; Cornelius à -Lapide considers that they were Eastern Arabians. He says: ‘The more -common opinion of the Fathers and Doctors is that the Magi came on the -thirteenth day from the first appearance of the star and the birth of -Christ, whence the Church celebrates the mystery on the twelfth day -after Christmas.’[17] In their old age they were said to have been -baptized by St. Thomas, and to have associated with him in preaching -the Gospel. Lastly, some have asserted that they were slain by -idolaters; L. Dexter in his chronicle, under A.D. 70, adds: ‘In Arabia -Felix, in the City of Sessania, took place the martyrdom of the three -royal Magi; Gaspar, Balthazar, Melchior.’ - -We are told that early in the fourth century their bodies were -discovered, and moved to Constantinople by the pious Empress Helena. -Thence they found their way to Milan, being enshrined in the church -of San Eustorgio. A few years later their fame was increased by the -institution of the Feast of the Three Kings, which has been ascribed -to Pope Julius, the first of that name. After the taking of Milan[18] -by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, in the year 1162, the precious -relics were granted to Reinaldus, Archbishop of Cologne, who brought -them to that city, which proved to be their final resting-place. -Cologne, proud of the honour, adopted as her arms, argent, on a chief -gules, three royal crowns or; and so we have an interesting heraldic -record of this event. - -In course of time, however, each of these Three Kings[19] has had a -shield of arms assigned to him. Perhaps the earliest examples yet known -are on the roof of Norwich Cathedral. Here we find three bosses which -date from the time of Bishop Lehart, who ruled that see from 1446 to -1472; on one is a blazing star, the next has seven stars, the third a -star and crescent moon. The first and last of these appear on bosses -at Winchester, placed there in the days of Richard Foxe, successively -Bishop of Exeter, Durham and Winchester, and founder of Corpus Christi -College, Oxford. He also gave relics of the three Epiphany Kings to -Portchester Old Church.[20] Lord Ashburnham’s picture of the Adoration, -exhibited at Burlington House in 1891, may be considered one of the -most noteworthy examples illustrating this branch of the subject. It -is attributed to Mabuse, and in Mr. Weale’s opinion was evidently -painted about the year 1509, under strong Franciscan influence. In it -are three processions in the background, of the Three Kings meeting -at the Jordan. Each procession has an azure banner; on one is a -blazing star, on another seven stars, and on the third a star and -crescent moon. These same charges are embroidered on their robes in -the foreground of the picture, and as on two of the Kings the names -of Jasper[21] and Balthazar appear, we see that the star and crescent -are assigned to Jasper, the blazing star to Balthazar, and the seven -stars to Melchior. Different versions of the arms exist; for instance, -those in a manuscript book of heraldry, which Sir David Lyndsay of the -Mount, Lyon King of Arms in Scotland, caused to be executed in the year -1522, and of which Mr. David Laing published a facsimile in 1878. Here -Balthazar is called King of Saba, whose assigned shield of arms is, or, -on a mount vert an Ethiopian proper, habited in a tunic per pale, azure -and gules, holding in the dexter hand a spear with a pennon per pale, -gules and azure, and wreathed round the temples, argent and azure. -Jasper is called King of Tarshish; his shield is azure, with an estoile -on the dexter, and a large crescent moon on the sinister, both proper. -Melchior is called King of Araby, and on his azure shield are six -estoiles proper. In the British Museum, on a superb jug of stoneware, -made at Raaren near Achen, about 1590, are the three shields of arms -of the Three Kings of Cologne. On this jug, Balthazar has the star and -crescent moon; Casper, as he is here called, the seven stars; and the -Ethiopian is assigned to Melchior. A work of art truly delightful, but -conveying no heraldic lesson, is the long fresco of the journey of the -Three Kings by Bennozzo Gozzoli, in the Riccardi Palace at Florence, -wherein the rich cavalcade is shown, winding about by rock and river -and wooded landscape, on which the painter has lavished all his poetry -of invention and feeling for fresh nature. - -In England the story of the Three Kings was often introduced into -plays and pageants.[22] In the ninth report Hist. MSS. Com., Part -I., is a full description, dated 1501, of a pageant given at the -Guildhall, entitled ‘The 3 Kyngs of Coleyn.’ It seems that managers -of sacred plays were fined if they failed to give satisfaction, for in -the records of the town of Beverley, under the year 1519, occurs the -following entry: ‘Also 2s. received of Richard Trollop, Alderman of the -Painters, because his play of the Three Kings of Cologne was badly and -disorderly performed.’ Mr. Thomas Wright, F.S.A., in his edition of the -Chester Mysteries, shows that they took place on Monday, Tuesday, and -Wednesday of Whitsun week. To each City company was assigned a play, -twenty-four in all; to the Vintners the journey of the Three Kings, and -to the Mercers their offerings and return. - -The lives of the Three Kings were printed by Tresyrel in Paris in -1498, and by Wynkyn de Worde in 1516. The gifts of these Kings were -recorded in the following Latin verses, which, if written with blood -from the little finger of a person troubled with falling sickness, and -hung about the neck, were according to an old book--‘The Myrrhour of a -Glasse of Healthe’--an infallible cure; it will be observed that they -do not quite agree with the description given by the Venerable Bede: - - ‘Jaspar fert myrrham, thus Melchior, Balthazur aurum, - Hæc tria, qui secum portabit nomina regum, - Solvitur à morbo, Christi pietate, caduco.’ - -A mediæval ring was found some time ago at Dunwich, whereon the -above lines were inscribed; it is figured in Fairholt’s ‘Rambles of -an Archæologist,’ 1871. In 1794 Mr. Craven Ord, F.S.A., described -a bas-relief of alabaster, in the church of Long Melford, Suffolk, -representing the offerings of the Magi. It still exists in good -condition; an illustration of it appeared as frontispiece to a -monograph on the church printed in 1887. Another interesting memento -was a leaden box found in the Thames, and drawn for Mr. Roach Smith’s -‘Collectanea Antiqua,’ i. 115; on which, in six compartments, are -delineated the story of the Salutation of the Virgin and the offerings -of the Three Kings. - -In the _Gentleman’s Magazine_ for February, 1749, vol. xix., p. 88, -it is stated that the following prayer for protection was found in -the linen purse of William Jackson a smuggler, who had been condemned -to death for taking part in the murder of Galley and Chater, two -Custom-house officers, but was so struck with horror on being measured -for his irons that he died (a Roman Catholic) in Chichester Gaol a few -hours after the sentence was pronounced upon him: - - ‘Sancti tres Reges, - Gaspar Melchior Balthazar, - Orate pro nobis nunc et in hora - Mortis nostræ. - - Ces billets ont touché aux trois testes de SS. Roys à Cologne. Ils - sont pour les voyageurs contre les malheurs de chemins, maux de teste, - mal caduque, fievres, forçellerie, toute sorte de malefiee, mort - subite.’ - -This paper had a rude illustration: Mr. Roach Smith gives a copy of it -from a drawing by Fairholt. A similar prayer is still distributed at -the shrine of the Three Kings. - -Throughout Christendom the feast of the Epiphany, or Twelfth Day, holds -an honoured place, as commemorating the appearance or manifestation of -Christ to the Gentiles, more especially to the Kings or Wise Men, who -came from the East to do Him homage. In Spain it is called Fiesta de -los Reyes, in France La Fête de Rois. In the year 1792 it was there -pronounced an anti-civic feast which made every priest that kept it a -Royalist, and the name was for a time changed to Fête de Sans-Culottes. - -It is hard to say whether the sign of the Seven Stars had its origin -from the shield of an Astronomer King, Gaspar or Melchior, or from -the seven bright stars of the constellation usually called the Great -Bear,[23] or whether it was suggested by the mystic pages of the -Apocalypse; but from whatever source derived, it was common in London -about the time of the Great Fire. A fine sculptured specimen with -ornamental border was to be seen in Cheapside as late as the year -1851, when Archer drew it. A cognate sign was the Sun,[24] a stone -carving of which was formerly imbedded in the front of a house in the -Poultry. It had at the corners the date 1668. The neighbourhood was at -one time rich in astronomical signs. In 1532 Richard Collier, citizen -and mercer of London, left his messuage called the Sun, in the parish -of St. Mary le Bow, to be sold, and the proceeds to be devoted to the -founding of a free school at Horsham in Sussex, which still exists, -and is in the hands of the Mercers’ Company. Other signs of this -description in Cheapside, were the Star, the Man in the Moon, and the -Half-Moon--the sign of a celebrated tavern on the north side, close to -Gutter Lane, rebuilt after the Great Fire. Here in 1682 Elias Ashmole -presided at a dinner, given at the charge of newly accepted Freemasons; -and, from a rare print of the early part of the eighteenth century, it -seems that here one of their lodges was held. The following appeared -in the _General Advertiser_ in 1748: - - ‘HALF-MOON TAVERN, CHEAPSIDE.--Saturday next, the 16 April, being - the anniversary of the Glorious Battle of Culloden, the Stars will - assemble in the Moon, at six in the evening. Therefore, the choice - spirits are desired to make their appearance and to fill up the joy.’ - -The house belonged to the Saddlers’ Company, and was burnt down in -1821; No. 140 is said to occupy the site. - -[Illustration] - -A sculptured bas-relief of a Half-Moon still appears to the left -of a doorway, on the north side of the Half-Moon Inn Yard, Borough -High Street. It is about four feet from the ground and has on it the -initials I T E, with date 1690; the size is only 13 by 10-1/2 inches. -This, as far as I know, is the only inn sign of the kind in London -which still remains in its original position and retains its use. The -Half-Moon, though not one of the most famous Southwark hostelries, has -a record of its own worth alluding to. In a rough map of about the year -1542, now in the Record Office, an inn appears to be marked on this -site, but the name cannot clearly be made out. The great Southwark -fire of 1676 did not extend so far east. The first undoubted note I -have of it, is contained in a broadsheet printed at Fleet Bridge, -September, 1689, and now in the Guildhall Library, entitled ‘A Full and -True Account of the Sad and Dreadful Fire that happened in Southwark, -September 22, 1689;’ from which we learn that houses were blown up, -and the Falcon and Half-Moon on opposite sides of the High Street were -on fire at the same time. Our sign gives the date of rebuilding in the -following year, and the initials of the owner or landlord. In 1720 -Strype speaks of the Half-Moon as ‘a pretty large inn and of a good -trade.’ It was then in the thick of Southwark Fair, and is alluded to -in the following advertisement (September, 1729): - - ‘At Reynolds’ Great Theatrical Booth, in the Half-Moon Inn, near - the Bowling Green, during the Fair, will be presented the Beggar’s - Wedding, or the Sheep Shearing, an opera called Flora, and the Humours - of Harlequin.’ - -Hogarth introduced a hanging sign of the Half-Moon into his celebrated -picture of Southwark Fair, which represents the High Street looking -towards old St. George’s Church, just before its demolition. The -foundation-stone of the present church was laid April 23, 1734, this -picture having been painted in the previous year. In a quaint little -book of 1815, called the ‘Epicure’s Almanack,’ the Half-Moon is -described as ‘a large establishment; its convenient accommodations for -entertaining and lodging guests extend on either side the inn yard, -and are connected by a well-contrived bridge from gallery to gallery,’ -which still exists. - -Sir Thomas Browne was of opinion that the human face on alehouse signs, -on coats of arms, etc., for the sun and moon, are relics of paganism, -and that their visages originally implied Apollo and Diana. Butler in -‘Hudibras’ asks a shrewd question, as yet not effectually answered: - - ‘Tell me but what’s the nat’ral cause - Why on a sign no painter draws - The full moon ever, but the half?’ - -The crescent moon, as we have seen, appears among the armorial bearings -of the Three Kings of Cologne. It was also a badge of the Percy family; -Drayton in his ‘Barons’ Wars’ alludes to one of them thus: - - ‘The noble Piercy, in this dreedful day, - With a bright crescent in his guidon came.’ - -Retainers of the Percies no doubt often adopted it as a sign on this -account. - -According to Burn, a mark shaped like a half-moon represented sixpence -in the alewife’s uncancelled score. He points out that in ‘Master W. -H., his Song to his Wife at Windsor,’ printed in Captain Llewellyn’s -‘Men-miracles, and other Poems,’ 1656, duod., p. 40, mention is made of -‘the fat harlot of the tap,’ who - - ‘Writes at night and at noon, - For tester, half a moon; - And great round O, for a shilling.’ - -The woodcut attached to the ballad of ‘My Wife will be my Master,’ -printed in J. P. Collier’s ‘Booke of Roxburghe Ballads,’ 1847, p. 89, -clearly indicates such an alewife’s score. - -Before I leave this branch of my subject, it will be well to call -attention to the Half-Moon sign which projects over a shop numbered -36, about half-way up Holywell Street on the south side. This is the -last--still _in situ_--of another class of London house-signs, and -will doubtless soon be swept away together with the picturesque old -street to which it belongs. The material is wood, boldly carved and -gilt, with the conventional face in the centre. One of the horns was -damaged, but has lately been repaired. Diprose[25] says it was once -the sign of a tradesman who was staymaker to George III. About forty -years ago the shop was occupied by a mercer, and the bills made out -for the customers were adorned with this sign: since then it has been a -bookseller’s. - -[Illustration] - -The corner-post of an alley beside it, leading into the Strand, used -formerly to be decorated with a carved lion’s head and paws, painted -red, and acting as a corbel to support the old timbered house to which -it belonged. This may have been associated with the neighbouring Lyons -Inn, once a hostelry with the sign of the Lion, demolished about -twenty-five years ago, and the site of which is occupied by the Globe -and Opera Comique Theatres. The alley remains, and is now called, -after the sign, Half-Moon Passage, but might still be described by -the unsavoury name given to it in the old maps, as Strype says, ‘in -contempt.’ The old house disappeared not long since, and the lion has -found a home in the Guildhall Museum. - -[Illustration] - - - - -CHAPTER III. - -ANIMALS REAL AND IMAGINARY. - - ‘Lions, talbots, bears, - The badges of your famous ancestries.’ - - DRAYTON: _Barons’ Wars_. - - -ONE or two of the signs to be dealt with under this heading are purely -heraldic; others are allied to nature, and have, as far I am aware, no -connection with heraldry. The stone carving of an ape seated on its -haunches and eating an apple belonged to this class; it had on it the -initials B M with date 1670, and some years ago was to be seen built -into a wall on the west side of Philip Lane, exactly opposite the Ward -School of Cripplegate Within. The space at the back was occupied by -a court, the whole being now swallowed up in the premises of Messrs. -Rylands and Sons. This marked the site of an ancient galleried inn of -which it had been the sign. A similar piece of sculpture is or was -lately in a street called the Sporrengasse at Basle. A little further -east in Philip Lane a modern sculptured cock commemorates Cock Court, -now destroyed, where another ancient inn had once stood. Drawings of -both are preserved in the British Museum. - -Not far from Philip Lane, at 17a, Addle Street, there is a fine -bas-relief of a bear with collar and chain; it is above the first-floor -window of a house rebuilt about twelve years ago, and has on it the -initials N T E and date 1670--not 1610, as we are told by Archer. -Munday and Dyson, in the fourth edition of Stow’s ‘Survey’ (1633), -assert that Addle Street derived its name from Athlestane or Adlestane, -whose house was supposed to have been hard by, in Wood Street, with a -door into Addle Street. - -An interesting sculptured sign of a Bear was dug up in 1882, when the -house numbered 47, on the south side of Cheapside, was being rebuilt. -It was found in a damaged state 7 or 8 feet below the surface, and -is now let into the wall inside the shop of Messrs. Cow and Co., -india-rubber manufacturers. An old arched cellar or undercroft of -considerable height still exists in the basement, and extends to a -distance of some 30 feet below the street. This sign, which represents -a bear chained and muzzled,[26] and in heraldic language _contourné_, -or facing to the right instead of the left, has neither date nor -initials. A suggestion has been made that this is the White Bear, the -sign of Robert Hicks, a mercer at Soper’s Lane end, and father of Sir -Baptist Hicks, born there in 1551, who built Hicks Hall[27] and who, -says Strype, was one of the first citizens that after knighthood kept -their shops (eventually he became Lord Campden). This, however, is by -no means probable; the sign resembles others put up after the Great -Fire; moreover, Soper’s Lane, now Queen Street, is some distance east -of St. Mary-le-Bow Church, while No. 47 is to the west, near Bread -Street. On the opposite side of the way was a house with a similar -sign, as appears from the following advertisement in the _London -Gazette_ of October 5, 1693: - - ‘Lost from the Brown Bear, next door to Mercers’ Chapel, in Cheapside, - a large broken silver candlestick, having on the bottom James Morris - engraven; also two double silver scroles of sconces, and a small - scrole of a silver sconce, &c.’ - -Yet another sculptured sign of a chained bear exists in the City, more -or less in its former position. It has on it the initials M E with -date 1670, and is to be found let into a modern wall at the entrance -to Messrs. Cox and Hammond’s quays, between Nos. 5 and 6, Lower Thames -Street, having fortunately escaped a fire which in part destroyed the -premises some years since. A far more terrible fire occurred in the -neighbourhood in January, 1714-15, when above 120 houses were said -to have been either burnt or blown up, and many persons perished. It -was caused by an explosion in a little gunpowder shop near Bear Quay, -and burned eastward as far as Mark Lane. The sign belonged perhaps -originally to this Bear Quay, the site of which is now covered by -the Custom House, and which in the eighteenth century was chiefly -appropriated to the landing and shipment of wheat. - -A Great Bear Quay and a Little Bear Quay are marked close together -in Strype’s map of the Tower Ward. Beer Lane, further east, leading -from Great Tower Street to Lower Thames Street, was in Stow’s time -called Beare Lane. From a writ dated at Windsor, October 30, in the -thirtieth year of Henry III., it appears that the Sheriffs of London -were commanded to provide a muzzle, an iron chain, and a cord, for -the King’s white bear in the Tower of London, and to use him to catch -fish in the water of the Thames; and six years afterwards, namely in -1252, the Sheriffs were commanded to supply fourpence per diem for -the maintenance of the King’s white bear and his keeper in the Tower. -Burnet tells us that on May 29, 1542, the French Ambassadors, after -they had supped with the Duke of Somerset, went to the Thames, and saw -the bear hunted in the river. Anne, daughter of the Earl of Warwick, -and consort of Richard III., adopted the white bear as a badge. In -1539 a ‘Manual of Prayers’ was printed by John Mayler, at the sign of -the White Bear in Botolph Lane. A seventeenth-century trade token was -issued by a grocer from the sign of the White Bear, Thames Street. -Another trade token, ascribed by Boyne and others to Southwark, is far -more likely to have been issued from here; it reads thus: - - _O._ PHILIP STOWER.AT = a bear. - _R._ THE.BEARE.AT.BARE.KEY = P.S.S. - -A curious stone bas-relief of Bel and the Dragon is preserved by -Messrs. Corbyn and Co., the eminent chemists, at No. 7, Poultry, being -let into the wall of a back room; the idol is represented by an actual -bell. Larwood and Hotten say that the sign was not uncommon, especially -among apothecaries; it is alluded to in the _Spectator_, No. 28. At -Messrs. Corbyn’s there is also a very handsome mortar of bell-metal, -said to have been used by the firm in early days, with an inscription -in Flemish or old German, and the date 1536. Messrs. Corbyn have had a -copy of the above sign inserted in the wall of their new establishment, -at the corner of Bond Street and Oxford Street; it came originally from -their old house of business in Holborn. - -[Illustration] - -The stone sign of the house which succeeded the Shakespearean Boar’s -Head has happily been preserved, and is now in the Guildhall Museum. -It is well designed and tastefully coloured, that fact having come to -light when a thorough process of cleansing took place some time since. -Above the snout are the initials I. T., and date 1668; size 18-1/2 -by 16 inches. The Boar’s Head tavern will be famous for all time, as -the scene of the revelries of Falstaff and Prince Hal; how far it -was really connected with Shakespeare’s immortal creation has been -discussed at length by the late Mr. Halliwell Phillipps. In the time of -Henry V., Eastcheap was noted for its cooks’ shops, as appears from the -ballad of London Lickpenny, by John Lydgate, monk at Bury St. Edmunds, -in which, while giving a countryman’s description of London, he says: - - ‘Then I hyed me into Est-Chepe; - One cryes rybbs of befe, and many a pye; - Pewter pottes they clattered on a heape. - There was harpe, pype, and minstralsye. - Yea, by cock! nay, by cock! some began crye; - Some songe of Jenken and Julyan for there mede; - But for lack of mony I myght not spede.’ - -Stow, mentioning an affray in which King Henry IV.’s sons Thomas and -John were concerned, adds in a note, ‘there was no taverne then in -Eastcheape.’ - -Curiously enough, there is also no distinct authority in any of the -early editions of Shakespeare’s plays for the name of the tavern in -Eastcheap at which Falstaff and the Prince are supposed to meet. -Theobald was the first, in 1733, to place the Boar’s Head in the stage -directions. Shakespeare never mentions it at all, and his only apparent -allusion is in the second part of ‘Henry the Fourth,’ where the Prince -asks (speaking of Falstaff): ‘Doth the old boar feed in the old frank?’ -and Bardolph answers: ‘At the old place, my lord, in Eastcheap.’ A -suggestion of the house may also possibly be intended in ‘Richard the -Second,’ where the Prince is mentioned as frequenting taverns ‘that -stand in narrow lanes.’ In the play of the ‘Famous Victories of Henry -the Fifth,’ 1594, on which Shakespeare’s drama was partly founded, the -Castle tavern is mentioned as the place of meeting in Eastcheap. An -allusion, however, to ‘Sir John of the Boar’s Head in Eastcheap,’ in -Gayton’s ‘Festivous Notes’ (1654, p. 277), may be considered to prove -that this was, in truth, the tavern to which Shakespeare referred. His -contemporary, Dekker, in the play of ‘The Shoemakers’ Holyday, or, The -Gentle Craft,’ has the following: _Eyre_. ‘Rip you chitterling, avaunt, -boy; bid the tapster of the Bores-head fill me a doozen cans of beere -for my journeymen.’ - -The earliest notice of the original house which has been handed down -to us occurs in the testament of William Warden, who, in the reign -of Richard II., gave all his tenement called the Boar’s Head, in -Eastcheap, to a college of priests or chaplains, founded by Sir -William Walworth, Lord Mayor, in the adjoining Church of St. Michael, -Crooked Lane. The endowments of this college were forfeited in the year -1549, when the house above alluded to is described as all the said -William Warden’s tenement called the Boar’s Head, Eastcheap, ‘worth by -year £4.’ - -The Boar’s Head is first called a tavern in the year 1537, when it -is expressly described in a lease, as ‘all that tavern called the -Bore Hedde, cum sollariis et aliis suis pertinentiis in Estchepe, in -parochia Sancti Michaelis, prædicti in tenura Johanne Broke vidue.’ An -apparently genuine memento was discovered about the year 1834 in moving -away soil from Whitechapel Mount.[28] It is a carved boxwood bas-relief -of a boar’s head set in a circular frame formed by two boar’s tusks -mounted in silver; diameter, 4½ inches. An inscription pricked on the -back is as follows: - - ‘William Brooke Landlord of the Bores Hedde Estchepe 1566.’ - -This now belongs to Lady Burdett Coutts, and was shown two years ago -at the Tudor Exhibition. In the year 1588, the inn was kept by Thomas -Wright, a native of Shrewsbury: ‘Thear was chosen with me at that time -out of the school, George Wrighte, son of Thomas Wrighte of London, -vintener, that dwelt at the Bores Hed in Estcheap, who sithence, having -good inheritance descended to him, is now clerk of the king’s stable, -and a knight, a very discreet and honest gentleman;’ as we learn from -the ‘Liber Famelicus’ of Sir John Whitelocke, edited by J. Bruce (p. -12). On March 31, 1602, the Lords of the Council wrote to the Lord -Mayor, granting permission to the servants of the Earl of Oxford and -the Earl of Worcester to play at the Boar’s Head in Eastcheap:[29] -which seems to indicate that the house was an important one, probably -with a yard. In the year 1623, ‘John Rhodoway, vintner at the Bore’s -Head,’ was buried at St. Michael’s, Crooked Lane. This person may have -kept the tavern in Shakespeare’s time. Two seventeenth-century trade -tokens were issued from ‘the Bore’s Head, neere London Stone,’ as it is -called in the rare tract called ‘Newes from Bartholomew Fayre.’ These -tokens are undated, but it seems likely that they were struck before -1666. One of them gives the name of John Sapcott as the landlord. - -The Boar’s Head tavern was burnt in the Great Fire, and rebuilt of -brick four stories high, with its door in the centre. Many allusions -to this second Boar’s Head have been preserved; one of the quaintest -was an inscription on a tombstone in the neighbouring churchyard of St. -Michael’s, Crooked Lane, which I lately saw at the back of St. Magnus -Church, whither it migrated when its first resting-place was covered by -the approaches to new London Bridge. The epitaph runs thus: - - ‘Here lieth the bodye of Robert Preston, late drawer at the Boar’s - Head Tavern Great Eastcheap who departed this life March 16 Anno - Domini 1730, aged twenty-seven years.’ - - ‘Bacchus to give the toping world surprise, - Produc’d one sober son, and here he lies. - Tho’ nurs’d among full hogsheads, he defyd - The charm of wine, and every vice beside. - O reader, if to justice thou’rt inclined, - Keep honest Preston daily in thy mind. - He drew good wine, took care to fill his pots, - Had sundry virtues that outweighed his fauts (_sic_). - You that on Bacchus have the like dependence, - Pray copy Bob in measure and attendance.’ - -In the second edition of Maitland’s ‘London,’ 1756, we are told that -under the sign of the Boar’s Head, the following inscription was -then to be seen: ‘This is the oldest tavern in London.’ Goldsmith -was there in 1758, getting material for his charming ‘Reverie at -the Boar’s Head,’ in which, however, he assumed that he was in the -actual tavern immortalized by Shakespeare; and in 1818 another gifted -author--Washington Irving--after a similar visit, wrote an essay as -charming and as inaccurate. During their tour to the Hebrides in 1773, -Boswell mentioned to Dr. Johnson a club held at the Boar’s Head, -the members of which all assumed Shakespearean characters, one was -Falstaff, another Prince Hal, another Bardolph, and so on. Johnson’s -remark on the occasion was: ‘Don’t be of it, sir. Now that you have a -name you must be careful to avoid many things, not bad in themselves, -but which will lessen your character.’ Scruples of this kind do not -seem to have troubled the great William Pitt, at any rate when he -was young. In the ‘Life of William Wilberforce,’[30] by his son, the -following anecdote is told by the philanthropist: ‘I was one of those -who met to spend an evening in memory of Shakespeare at the Boar’s -Head, Eastcheap. Many professed wits were present, but Pitt was the -most amusing of the party, and the most apt at the required allusions.’ -This social gathering took place in the year 1780. - -An interesting addition has lately been made to the Guildhall Museum, -a bequest of the late Dr. Burgon, Dean of Chichester. It is a -water-colour drawing of a figure from the house in Eastcheap, supposed -to represent Falstaff, but so lean that it by no means embodies the -idea contained in his words to the Lord Chief Justice: ‘I would that my -means were greater, and my waist slenderer.’ The costume seems to be of -the sixteenth century. This was copied no doubt from the figure carved -in oak, 12 inches high, which was exhibited by Mr. Kempe to the Society -of Antiquaries in December, 1833, and which once decorated the portal -of the tavern. The figure had supported an ornamental bracket over one -side of the door, a corresponding figure of Prince Henry sustaining -that on the other. It was at that time the property of Mr. Thomas -Shelton, brazier, Great Eastcheap, whose ancestors had lived in the -shop he occupied since the time of the Great Fire. He well remembered -the last grand dinner-party, which had taken place at the Boar’s Head -about fifty years before. The guests came from the west end of the -town, and the long string of carriages which conveyed them filled -the street at Eastcheap. Hutton, writing in 1785, gives a somewhat -different account of the figures. He says,[31] ‘On each side of the -entrance to the Boar’s Head there is a vine branch carved in wood -rising more than three feet from the ground, loaded with leaves and -clusters, and on the top of each a little Falstaff eight inches high, -in the dress of his day.’ - -Peter Cunningham says that the Boar’s Head stood in Great Eastcheap, -between Small Alley and St. Michael’s Lane, four taverns filling up the -intervening space--the Chicken, near St. Michael’s Alley, the Boar’s -Head, the Plough, and the Three Kings. The statue of King William IV. -is considered to be a few feet east of the site. The house had ceased -to be a tavern before Pennant wrote in 1790. It was divided into two -tenements, and became Nos. 2 and 3, Great Eastcheap. Part was occupied -by a gunsmith, when in June, 1831, the building, having been bought by -the Corporation for £3,544, was immediately pulled down to make room -for the approaches of new London Bridge. It is a curious fact that, -on the opposite side of the river, at about an equal distance, stood -another famous old Boar’s Head Inn, the site of which is also now -covered by the approaches to London Bridge, and this had without doubt -once belonged to that notable man, Sir John Fastolfe,[32] who must -at least have furnished the name to Shakespeare’s matchless creation. -The back part of the City inn looked upon the burial-ground of St. -Michael’s, Crooked Lane, as did the other on the Flemish burial-ground -in Southwark. Of this latter and of the man who owned it, a rather full -account is given in the ‘Inns of Old Southwark and their Associations,’ -by Rendle and Norman. - -From J. T. Smith and others I learn that in the early part of this -century, not far from the Boar’s Head in Eastcheap, and nearly facing -Miles Lane, there was a bold and animated figure of a Mermaid carved in -relief, with her dishevelled hair about her shoulders, and holding in -her right hand something resembling ‘a bundle of flax or a distaff’; -more likely a looking-glass. I mention the sign here for the sake of -convenience, though I own its classification is a difficulty, one -writer placing it with human signs, and another with ‘fishes and -insects.’ There still exists a Mermaid carved in relief at No. 21, East -Street, Gravesend. The material seems to be cut brick or terra-cotta; -it has an ornamental border with cleft pediment. Seafaring people are -always more or less attracted by the supernatural, and so the sign has -been a favourite one here and in Holland, where also the merman, with -helmet, sword, and buckler, was not uncommon. A merman and a mermaid -are supporters of the arms of the Fishmongers’ Company, a fine carving -of which is to be seen at the back of their present hall. The badge -of the Byrons was a mermaid argent, crined and finned or, holding in -the left hand a comb, in the right a mirror. It is recorded by Strype -that ‘Boniface Tatam of London, vintner, buried in the parish of St. -Peter’s Cornhill on the 3rd Feb., 1606, gave 40s. yearly to the parson -for preaching 4 sermons every year so long as the Mermaid, a tavern in -Cornhill so called, shall endure.’ But the most famous Mermaid, perhaps -the most famous of all Elizabethan taverns, was that in Bread Street, -Friday Street, and Cheapside, for they were all one and the same--the -house standing back from Bread Street, with passage entrances from -Cheapside and Friday Street. - - ‘Souls of poets dead and gone, - What Elysium have ye known, - Happy field or mossy cavern, - Choicer than the Mermaid Tavern?’ - -Another famous hostelry in old days was the Bull, Bishopsgate Street -Within, which stood on the west side, opposite St. Helen’s Place. This -was one of the inns used for theatrical purposes in the sixteenth -century. In 1594, Anthony Bacon, brother of Francis, was lodging in -Bishopsgate Street, to the regret of his mother, because he was near -the Bull Inn, where plays and interludes were acted, which might -corrupt his servants. It was the house frequented by old Hobson, -the Cambridge carrier, on whom Milton wrote his famous lines. Here, -as the _Spectator_ tells us, there was a portrait of Hobson, with a -hundred-pound bag under his arm, having on it the inscription: - - ‘The fruitful mother of a Hundred more.’ - -At the Bull Inn a mutiny broke out in a troop of Whalley’s regiment on -April 26, 1649, for which one of the troopers was shot in St. Paul’s -Churchyard, and others were condemned but pardoned. The inn was pulled -down in 1866. A curious relic then rescued from the ruins consisted -of a stone 9-1/2 inches wide at the top, 7 inches at the bottom, -and 10 inches deep, shaped therefore like a keystone, and having a -narrow margin, within which was a carving of a bull with a vine and -its tendrils, and a bunch of grapes; it was dated 1642. This stone -had doubtless served as a sign or commemorative decoration, and was -the oldest of its kind in London: I have not been able to find out -what became of it. The _Herts Guardian_ for March 11, 1865, records -that ‘under the yew-tree, against the steeple of All Saints’ Church, -Hertford, is a small ordinary-looking gravestone having the following -quaint inscription: - - ‘Here lyeth Black Tom of the Bull Inn in Bishopsgate, 1696.’ - -From the Bull in Bishopsgate it is not a far cry to the Bull and -Mouth in Aldersgate. There are two versions of this sign, and though -comparatively modern they are worth describing, partly for their -quaintness, partly from their interesting associations; they are both -preserved in the Guildhall Museum. One was placed over the front -entrance of the Queen’s Hotel, St. Martin’s-le-Grand, formerly known -as the Bull and Mouth, which was built in 1830 on the site of the old -coaching inn with that sign. A statuette of a bull appears within the -space of a gigantic open mouth; below are bunches of grapes; above, -a bust of Edward VI. and the arms of Christ’s Hospital, to which -institution the ground belonged. Beneath is a tablet, perhaps from the -old inn, inscribed with the following doggerel rhyme: - - ‘Milo the Cretonian an ox slew with his fist, - And ate it up at one meal, ye Gods what a glorious twist.’ - -Another version of the sign, which is said to have been put up about -the beginning of the century, was over the entrance to the Great -Northern Railway receiving-house in Angel Street, formerly the back -entrance to the inn yard. This, together with the Queen’s Hotel and -all the ground as far as Bull and Mouth Street north, has now been -taken by the Post-Office authorities; the amount of compensation paid -to the Great Northern Company having been £31,350. - -The Bull and Mouth was one of the most famous coaching inns. Strype, -writing in 1720, describes it as ‘large and well built, and of a good -resort by those that bring Bone Lace, where the shopkeepers and others -come to buy it.’ He also tells us that ‘in this part of St. Martin’s is -a noted Meeting House of the Quakers, called the Bull and Mouth, where -they met long before the Fire.’ The name is generally supposed to be a -corruption of Boulogne Mouth, the entrance to Boulogne Harbour, that -town having been taken by King Henry VIII. This elucidation is said to -have originated with George Steevens, who has been called a mischievous -wag in literary matters. Boyne thinks it might have been originally the -Bowl and Mouth, both known London signs. A seventeenth-century trade -token was issued from a house with the sign of the Mouth in Bishopsgate -Street, and the Mouth appears in the rhyming list of taverns, which is -to be found in Heywood’s ‘Rape of Lucrece.’ Stow mentions the custom -of presenting a bowl of ale at St. Giles’s Hospital to prisoners on -their way from the City to Tyburn, and according to Parton there was -a Bowl public-house at St. Giles’s. Bowl Yard, a narrow court on the -south side of High Street, St. Giles’s, disappeared about 1846. Mr. -Wheatley, points out in ‘London Past and Present’ that our inn is -probably identical with ‘the house called the Mouth, near Aldersgate -in London--then the usual meeting place for Quakers,’ to which the -body of John Lilburne was conveyed on his death, August 29, 1657. Five -years afterwards, namely on October 26, 1662, it appears from Ellwood’s -‘Autobiography’ that he was arrested at a Quakers’ meeting held at the -_Bull and Mouth_, Aldersgate, and confined till December in the old -Bridewell, Fleet Street. - -The Bull and Mouth was at its zenith as a coaching inn during the early -part of this century, just before the development of railroads. Mr. -Edward Sherman was then landlord, having succeeded Mr. Willans in the -year 1823; he also had the Oxford Arms, Warwick Lane. It was he who -rebuilt the old house, and made stabling underground for a large number -of horses. When the business of coaching came to an end, the gateway -from St. Martin’s-le-Grand was partially blocked up and became the main -entrance to the hotel, which, under a new name, flourished till its -final closing in the autumn of 1886. On September 28 of that year, the -stock of wine, amounting to 750 dozen, was sold; during the winter -the house was used as an adjunct of the General Post-Office. In July, -1887, the Jubilee fittings of Westminster Abbey were sold by auction in -the large coffee-room. They consisted of Brussels carpets, hangings, -cushions, etc., and produced upwards of £2,000. In the space cleared -shortly afterwards for the new post-office, a large piece of the City -wall has been discovered. The old Bull and Mouth Inn, destroyed in -1830, with its three tiers of galleries, was very picturesque: many -illustrations of it exist. - -A seventeenth century trade-token was issued from a Bull and Mouth in -Bloomsbury, still represented by a modern public-house at No. 31, Hart -Street. - -A wooden carving of a Civet Cat was some years since the appropriate -sign of an old-fashioned perfumer’s shop in Cockspur Street. An -illustration of it appears in the _Illustrated London News_ for -December 13, 1856. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - -ANIMALS REAL AND IMAGINARY--(_Continued_). - - ‘Figures strange--and sweet, - All made out of the carver’s brain.’ - - COLERIDGE: _Christabel_, pt. I. - - -THE sign of the Dog and Duck is to be found imbedded in the garden wall -of Bethlehem Hospital, in the district formerly called St. George’s -Fields. Size, 4 feet by 2 feet 6 inches. - -[Illustration] - -It is in two divisions, and is dated 1716; the part to the right -represents a spaniel sitting on its haunches with a duck in its mouth, -and appears to me a capital specimen of grotesque art. This was the -sign of the Dog and Duck public-house. - -In 1642, when London was threatened by Charles I., the citizens hastily -encircled it with a trench and a series of forts. Among these was one -with four half bulwarks at the Dog and Duck, in St. George’s Fields. -In 1651 a trade-token was issued from the Dog and Duck; it has the -initials E M S, and on the obverse is a design almost identical with -the one I have described. There were, however, other houses with this -sign in Southwark: one in Deadman’s Place near St. Saviour’s Park, and -another in Bermondsey Square. Till about the middle of the eighteenth -century the Dog and Duck in St. George’s Fields seems to have been only -a small public-house, doubtless with a pond attached to it, in which -was carried on the cruel sport of duck-hunting, then dear to cockneys. -The amusement consisted in the duck diving among the reeds with the -dog in fierce pursuit; a good idea of it is given by Davenant in the -‘Long Vacation in London,’ p. 289, where reference is made to another -district famous for ducking-ponds: - - ‘Ho ho to Islington; enough! - Fetch Job my son, and our dog Ruffe! - For there in Pond,[33] through mire and muck, - We’ll cry hay Duck, there Ruffe, hay Duck.’ - -When this ceased to be an attraction in St. George’s Fields is not -recorded, but towards the middle of last century the place came into -the hands of a Mrs. Hedger, who had been a barmaid. While she was -landlady, Sampson, an equestrian performer, who had previously ridden -at the Three Hats, Islington, set up his temporary circus in a field -opposite the Dog and Duck. Crowds followed him, and caused a great -increase in Mrs. Hedger’s business, so she sent for her son, afterwards -called ‘the King of the Fields,’ who was said to have been at the time -a post-boy at Epsom, and he shrewdly made the most of his chance. The -money as it came in was invested in building and other improvements; -soon a mineral spring was discovered--or invented--and the place became -for a time a popular health resort. A correspondent of the _St. James’s -Chronicle_ in 1761 asks, as a matter not admitting denial, ‘Does -Tunbridge or Cheltenham or Buxton Wells come up to (_inter alia_) the -Dog and Duck in St. George’s Fields?’ No less a man than Dr. Johnson -recommended the waters to his friend Mrs. Thrale. An advertisement -tells us of a bath there 200 feet long, and nearly 100 in breadth, and -old newspapers record dinners, concerts, assemblies and all kinds of -gaiety at St. George’s, or the Dog and Duck Spa. It must already have -begun to go downhill when Garrick described it thus in his Prologue to -‘The Maid of the Oaks,’ 1774: - - ‘St. George’s Fields, with taste and fashion struck, - Display Arcadia at the Dog and Duck; - And Drury misses, here in tawdry pride, - Are there Pastoras by the fountain side, - To frowsy bowers they reel through midnight damps, - With fauns half drunk, and dryads breaking lamps.’ - -Finally it was closed by the magistrates, and after being occupied for -a time by the School for the Indigent Blind, was pulled down in 1811, -when, the Committee of the Bridge House Estate having, in the previous -year, agreed to exchange 11 acres 3 roods here for the ground then -covered by Bedlam in Moorfields, which amounted to about 2½ acres, the -erection of the present Bethlehem Hospital was begun on the site.[34] -It was then or soon afterwards that our stone sign was built into -the new garden wall. Several illustrations of the Dog and Duck Inn -have been preserved. A water-colour in the Crace collection by T. H. -Shepherd, purporting to be from a drawing of 1646, represents it as a -gable-ended public-house, with a gallery on one side, standing in the -fields. A view of the outside in Hedger’s time shows a brick building -of considerable dimensions. Then there is a rather indecent design -called ‘Beauty in distress,’ with the Dog and Duck in the distance. -Lastly, a rare stippled engraving of the interior, dated 1789, shows us -ladies frail and fair, with their attendant beaux, walking about and -seated at tables in a long room, which has an organ at the end; the -sign appears below. - -Much might be written about the curious device which appears in the -left-hand division of the stone sign imbedded in the wall of Bethlehem -Hospital. This is the mark of the Bridge House Estate, and though in -no sense heraldic, has been described as an annulet ensigned with a -cross pattée, interlaced with a saltire conjoined in base. It is -sometimes, but wrongly, called the Southwark Arms, for arms cannot in -truth be borne by any public body, which has not received a charter of -incorporation, with a right to use a common seal; and Southwark was -never more than a ward of the City. The device resembles a merchant’s -mark, but its origin has not hitherto been satisfactorily explained. -Perhaps a letter in the _Gentleman’s Magazine_ for October, 1758, -from Joseph Ames, secretary to the Society of Antiquaries, may throw -some light on the subject. It seems that in pulling down a part of -old London Bridge, three inscriptions were found engraved on stone -tablets. The oldest dated from 1497. The second, which most concerns -us, had perhaps been inserted in the building on the completion of -repairs, rendered necessary by a great fire at the northern end of -the bridge which occurred in 1504, and has now found a home in the -Guildhall Museum. It measures 10 inches by 13-3/4, and is inscribed in -Gothic characters ‘Anno Domini 1509.’ At the end of the date appears -a cross[35] charged with a small saltire, which seems to suggest the -present mark, and was not unlikely the old device for the estate of -London Bridge. The third stone, dated 1514, had on it the City sword -and the initials of Sir Roger Achiley, draper and alderman of Bridge -ward; they are represented below. - -[Illustration] - -Here, perhaps, by way of illustration, a few words may be introduced -on the subject of merchants’ marks. These, as early as the beginning -of the fifteenth century, were adopted instead of armorial bearings -by traders, to whom arms were not permitted.[36] They were used for -stamping goods, were engraved on rings, and often placed on monuments -as if they conveyed a certain honourable distinction. Mr. J. G. Waller, -F.S.A.,[37] has pointed out that these merchants’ marks have commonly -one essential feature in common--a cross. A simple form of mark was a -cross surmounting a mast or staff, with streamers or other devices, -apparently taken from parts of a ship; it had a forked base. When -after a time initials of names were introduced, they at first formed -part of the mark, the letter A being often made by crossing the forked -base. The cross, being an emblem of Christianity, was considered to -counteract the wiles of Satan; merchants, therefore, naturally placed -a cross on their bales as a preservative against the tempests, which -it was thought were caused by him. Mr. W. de Gray Birch, on the other -hand, suggests that the cross and streamers so often incorporated in -merchants’ marks, were derived from the banner of the Holy Lamb, which -was the usual emblem of St. John Baptist, the patron saint of wool -merchants--that is, merchants of the staple; but it seems that such -devices were also used by the Merchant Adventurers, Salters, etc.; -moreover, the cross with streamers is, in mediæval art, a symbol of the -victory of Christ over death and the powers of darkness, which seems to -confirm Mr. Waller’s view. The Lamb and Flag, as I shall have occasion -to show, sometimes appeared on the seals of the Knights Templars. - -As to the Bridge House Estate, it is held in trust by the corporation -of the City of London, and is, strictly speaking, intended for the -support, lighting and cleansing of the City bridges, and two bridges -over the Lea at Stratford, where the City authorities hold some land. -This property is said to have originated in small offerings by pious -citizens to the Chapel of St. Thomas à Becket[38] on London Bridge. The -earliest document relating to it which is still in existence appears -to be a small volume on vellum, probably dating from the earlier part -of the fourteenth century, with additions made in the reign of King -Edward IV. A thorough examination of all the records would be a work of -great labour, but would bring to light many interesting facts. - -The property has by degrees increased in value, till out of it they -have been able to rebuild London Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge, and -are now creating the huge structure by the Tower. Much of St. George’s -Fields belonged to the estate; it had been Crown land, once attached -to Suffolk House, and was included in the grant to the City, in the -fourth year of Edward VI.’s reign. The land on which stood the Dog -and Duck Tavern formed part of this Bridge House Estate. The Bridge -House itself stood on the Surrey side of the water, in Tooley Street, -and was originally a storeplace for material belonging to the City -which was used in the repair of London Bridge. In course of time it -became a granary and a bakehouse, with public ovens. The grain was for -the relief of poor citizens in time of distress, and the ovens were -used for baking it. Stow tells us that they were ten in number, six -of them very large, and that ‘Sir John Throstone, Knight, sometime an -embroiderer, then a goldsmith, one of the sheriffs in 1516, gave by his -testament towards the making of these ovens two hundred pounds, which -thing was performed by his executors.’ - -The stone sign of a Fox sitting on its haunches, with the initials H -W and date 1669, has been put up inside the house at No. 24, Lombard -Street, and is in capital condition. It was found in digging up the -foundations of a house in Clement’s Lane, destroyed to make room -for No. 30, Lombard Street, which extends further south than its -predecessor. In the seventeenth century there was a sign of a fox in -Lombard Street, but some distance off; No. 73 occupies the site. A -kindred sign, the Three Foxes, is said to have formerly existed, also -in Clement’s Lane, but about this I am a little bit doubtful; there was -a drawing of it in the _Graphic_ of April 21, 1877, which could hardly -have represented the actual tablet, for Larwood and Hotten say that -it had been plastered over long before this, when the house was taken -by a firm of three lawyers, who wished to avoid the rather awkward -connection of ideas which might be suggested. - -Of the carving of a Griffin’s Head which formerly existed in Old Jewry -I know nothing, except that it was drawn by Archer in 1850. This -was, perhaps, an heraldic charge of the person who built, or first -possessed, the house on which it was placed. The badge of Fiennes, -Lord Dacre, was a griffin’s head erased, gules, holding in its beak -an annulet, or; that of Polle, a griffin’s head erased, azure, ducally -gorged, or. - -On the east side of Shoreditch High Street, between Nos. 79 and 80, -and over the passage leading into Hare Alley, is the sculptured stone -sign of a Hare running, with the initials B W M and date 1725. I -have observed a similar sign in Flushing. Hare Alley is mentioned -in Hatton’s ‘New View of London,’ 1708. Among seventeenth century -trade-tokens is one with the following inscription: - - _O._ NICHOLAS WARRIN=A hare running. - _R._ IN ALDERSGATE STREET=N.I.W - -So it is given in Boyne. A pun on the name is probably intended, but -unless the issuer was a veritable cockney the animal represented was a -rabbit. - -[Illustration] - -The Hare in combination with the Sun, having the date 1676 and the -initials H N A, is still to be seen above the first-floor windows of -a house, No. 71, on the east side of the Borough High Street; close -to the sites of the three most famous Southwark inns, the Tabard, -the White Hart, and the George; of which the last-named still exists -in part at least, though doomed, I fear, to speedy destruction. -This house was gutted by fire a few years ago, but the sign luckily -escaped unharmed. It is now painted in various colours, which was the -old method, and, I think, improves the effect. The solicitors of the -property have kindly let me examine the deeds, and I have gathered from -them the following particulars: - -In March, 1653, John Tarlton, citizen and brewer, left to his children -two tenements in Southwark. In a mortgage of 1663 they are called -‘the Hare and the Three Pidgeons.’ In May, 1676, all, or nearly all, -this part of Southwark was burnt down, the number of houses destroyed -being, as stated in the _London Gazette_, about 600. A curious little -pamphlet in my possession, licensed May 29, puts the number at nearly -500. On the title-page we are told that ‘St. Mary Overy’s Church and -St. Thomas’s Hospital’ were ‘shattered and defaced,’ and everything -‘from Chain-Gate to the Counter on St. Margaret’s Hill on both sides -the way burnt and demolished.’ I may note that on this occasion a -fire-engine with leathern hose was first used, and seems to have been -of great service in defending St. Thomas’s Hospital from the fire, -as recorded in the _London Gazette_ for August 14, 1676. In the same -month Nicholas Hare, grocer, surrendered to be cancelled a lease dated -1669, ‘of the messuage or tenement called the Hare and Sunne,’ the -said messuage having been burnt in the fire; and the Tarltons let him -the ground on building lease for eighty-one years from June, 1677. The -rent had before been £24 a year, with a fine for renewal of £70; it was -now reduced to £16 a year. The sign in question is therefore a punning -one, having been put up by Nicholas Hare, grocer, after the great -Southwark fire, as many signs of the same description had been put up -in London a few years previously, after the great London fire. How the -sun had got into combination with the hare one does not know.[39] In -subsequent documents, down to the year 1748, when the house came into -the possession of John Paris, it is described simply as the Hare. In -his will, dated 1753, he speaks of ‘my dwelling-house near the George -Inn, known by the sign of the Hare and Stirrup;’ and finally, in 1757, -in a schedule of the fixtures, are mentioned ‘in the dining-room two -large sign irons, and a large copper sign of the Hare and Stirrup;’ -so the unpretentious stone bas-relief, though not taken down, appears -to have been supplemented by a sign more likely to catch the eye. It -may be noted that on these sculptured signs, where letters occur, the -initial of the owner, builder, or first occupant, is usually placed -over the initials of the Christian names of himself and his wife the -former naturally being on the left. Sometimes, however, they are all -in a line, in which case the initial of the surname is most likely the -middle one, as on the seventeenth-century trade tokens. - -Centuries ago, when Islington was a little country town separated from -London by roads which were often impassable in winter, there stood near -the Green a picturesque house which, by its style, appeared to have -been built in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. It was an old and general -tradition that this house, which in course of time became the Pied -Bull Inn, had been the residence of Sir Walter Raleigh; but this seems -to be nothing more than a tradition.[40] There is, however, strong -evidence that Sir John Miller, knight, of Islington and Devon, lived -here some years later, for a window of a room on the ground-floor was -adorned with his arms in painted glass, impaling those of Grigg of -Suffolk, and in the kitchen were the remains of the same arms, with the -date 1624. Nelson gives an illustration of the chimney-piece in the -ground-floor room; it contained the figures of Faith, Hope, and Charity -in niches, with a border of cherubim, fruit and foliage. The central -figure--Charity--was surmounted by two cupids supporting a crown, -and beneath were a lion and unicorn couchant. Nelson thinks that the -design was intended as a compliment to Queen Elizabeth. On the ceiling -the five senses were represented in stucco, with their Latin names. -It is not known at what time the house was converted into an inn; -during the seventeenth century, no doubt, for Defoe mentions it in his -fictitious narrative of the Plague.[41] The south front of the house -was comparatively modern, and of different elevation to the older part, -and here appeared a stone bas-relief of the Pied Bull, bearing the date -1730, the year perhaps in which this addition was made to the building. -In 1740 the house and 14 acres of land were let at about £70 a year; -it was pulled down in 1827. The modern public house called the _Old_ -Pied Bull, at the corner of Upper Street and Theberton Street, is about -twenty or thirty yards north of the site. - -In the Guildhall Museum there is a well-executed stone bas-relief -in particularly good condition of a Lion statant, size 8 inches by -14-1/4 inches. No record of its origin has been preserved by the City -authorities. Can this be the lion referred to by Leigh Hunt in ‘The -Town’? His words are: ‘The only memorial remaining of the old palace -(Somerset House) and its outhouses is in the wall of a house in the -Strand, where the sign of a Lion still survives a number of other -signs, noticed in a list at the time, and common at that period to -houses of all descriptions.’ More likely, however, he refers to a -carved lion supporting the City arms which is still to be seen on a -jeweller’s shop, No. 342, Strand; but this is apparently of no great -age. The occupant, who has been there thirty years, could give me no -information about it. Mr. Harrison in his ‘Memorials of London Houses,’ -says that Robert Haydon lodged here, when as a youth of eighteen he -first came to London from Plymouth. In the seventeenth century there -was a Golden Lion by York House, which, with other tenements pertaining -to Denmark or Somerset House, was sold in 1650 for the benefit of the -State. - -Perhaps a more interesting sign than either of the above is that of -the White Lion, a boldly-executed carving with the date 1724, which -is still to be seen between the first-floor windows of a house, now -a tobacconist’s, on the north side of Islington High Street, but in -the parish of Clerkenwell. This was once the sign of an inn which -existed at the beginning of the seventeenth century, if not earlier. In -‘Drunken Barnabee’s Journal,’ the date of which is 1638, there occur -the following lines: - - ‘Thence to Islington, at Lion, - Where a juggling, I did spy one, - Nimble with his mates consorting, - Mixing cheating with his sporting.’ - -There is a curious allusion in Pepys’ ‘Diary,’ January 21, 1667-8: ‘It -seems, on Thursday last, he (Joyce) went sober and quiet, and behind -one of the inns, the White Lion, did throw himself into a pond.’[42] -This Anthony Joyce was cousin to Pepys; he had lost money by the Great -Fire, and afterwards kept the Three Stags, Holborn Conduit. He was got -out of the pond before life was extinct, but died soon afterwards. -Pepys was afraid that his estate would be taken from his widow and -children, on the ground that he had committed suicide, the legal -consequences of which might have been forfeiture of goods and chattels -to the Crown; but the coroner’s jury returned a verdict that he had -died of a fever. A trade-token gives the name of the landlord at the -time: - - _O._ CHRISTOPHER.BVSBEE.AT = A lion passant. - _R._ WHIT.LION.IN.ISLINGTON. = HIS.HALF.PENY. 1668. - -Busby’s Folly, a house of entertainment, marked in the old maps of -Clerkenwell, and of which there is an engraving in a rare volume called -‘Views of divers Noted Places near London,’ 1731,[43] possibly, as Burn -suggests, originated with the issuer of this token. T. Cromwell, in his -‘History of Clerkenwell,’ published in 1828, gives us the following -information: ‘The White Lion, now a public-house and wine-vaults, at -the south-east corner of the street of the same name, was originally -an inn much frequented by cattle-drovers and others connected with -the trade of Smithfield. It then comprised the two dwelling-houses -adjoining, and extended also in the opposite or northward direction, -until the latter portion was pulled down to make an opening to White -Lion Row, as it was then called, being that part of the existing White -Lion Street which was built between 1770 and 1780. Where Mr. Becket’s -shop now is was the gateway of the inn-yard, over which a lion rampant, -executed in relief and painted white, was inserted in the front of the -building.’ Nelson tells us that the carriage-way was immediately under -the lion, and so continued till, the trade of the inn declining, the -building was converted into a private house. The White Lion, one would -think, must first have been used as a sign by some retainer of the -Howards, who, by marriage with Lady Margaret Mowbray, inherited, as a -badge, the blanch lion of the Mowbray family. - -From the lion to the unicorn seems a natural transition. A stone -bas-relief of the latter animal supporting a shield was formerly to be -seen in Cheapside, two doors east of the Chained Swan, and opposite -to Wood Street; but disappeared some years ago, when the house to -which it belonged was rebuilt. Peter Cunningham, usually so accurate, -described it as a Nag’s Head. It seems that Roger Harris (not Sir -Roger Harrison, as stated by Archer), who died in the year 1633, had -owned the property, and by will endowed the church of St. Michael’s, -Crooked Lane, with a rent-charge on it of £2 12s. for the purchase of -bread for the poor, which was to be distributed every Sunday in the -form of one penny loaf for each one of twelve poor men or widows in the -parish. This amount is still paid annually by the tenant of No. 39, -Cheapside, which stands on the site of the Unicorn; under the present -arrangement, it is administered by the trustees of the London Parochial -Charities. The sign was of old standing. In Machyn’s ‘Diary’ the entry -for 1 May, 1561, records the fact that ‘at afternoone dyd Mastyr -Godderyke’s sune the goldsmyth go hup into hys father’s gylding house, -toke a bowe-strynge and hanged ymselff at the syne of the Unycorne, in -Chepsyd.’[44] - -The unicorn first became a supporter of the royal arms in James I.’s -time, when it displaced the red dragon of Wales, introduced by Henry -VII. Unicorns had been supporters of the Scottish royal arms for about -a century before the union of the two crowns. A representation of the -unicorn often appeared in City shows. Cooke, in his ‘City Gallant,’ -1599, makes a City apprentice exclaim: ‘By this light I doe not thinke -but to be Lord Mayor of London before I die, and have three pageants -carried before me, besides a ship and an unicorn.’ This fabulous -creature should have the tail of a lion, the legs of a buck or goat, -the head and body of a horse, and a single twisted horn in the middle -of its forehead. It was used as a sign by chemists and goldsmiths: by -the former, because the horn was considered an antidote to all poisons; -by the latter, on account of the immense value put upon it. ‘Andrea -Racci, a Florentine physician, relates that it had been sold by the -apothecaries at £24 per ounce, when the current value of the same -quantity of gold was only £2 3s. 6d.’ (Larwood and Hotten, p. 160.) -The horn thus esteemed was probably narwhal’s horn. The arms of the -Apothecaries’ Company are supported by unicorns. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - - - -CHAPTER V. - -BIRDS AND OTHER SCULPTURED SIGNS. - -‘Emblems of Christ and immortality.’ - - -THE next group of sculptured signs I should like to consider is that in -which birds are represented. - -Several of them clearly had an heraldic origin; but I am not aware -that this was the case with the Crane--a pretty sign empanelled in a -delicate moulding of small cut-brick, which stood over the entrance to -Crane Court, Lambeth Hill. - -[Illustration] - -It is said to have been destroyed in the year 1871. One is reminded of -the Three Cranes in the Vintry, not far off, mentioned by Stow, Ben -Jonson, and others, the site of which is still marked by Three Cranes -Wharf, Upper Thames Street. The ‘Annals of John Stow,’ continued by -Howes, were ‘imprynted at the Three Cranes, in the Vintrie.’ - -A sign of the same description was the Four Doves, which, forty years -ago, was to be seen in front of a modern house in St. Martin’s le -Grand. Archer, who drew it, suggests that it was a rebus on the joint -owners of the property. The four doves had the initial letters W. G. I. -J. Beneath was the inscription-- - - ‘This 4 DOVE Ally 1670.’ - -Four Dove Alley is marked in Horwood’s map a short distance south -of Angel Street, King’s Court intervening. It is now covered by the -buildings of the General Post Office. - -Yet another sculptured sign indicating the name of a court was the -Heathcock--in a handsome shell canopy, which formerly graced the -entrance to Heathcock Court, Strand. It was removed in July, 1844, in -spite of the remonstrance of Mr. Peter Cunningham, who wrongly supposed -it to be the last sign of its class in London. Two picturesque old -houses fronting this court still remain. A heathcock with wings -expanded forms the crest of the Coopers’ Company; but it does not -appear that they ever owned property in this neighbourhood. - -As late as 1866 a stone bas-relief of an Ostrich was to be seen in -Bread Street, together with the arms of the Tallowchandlers’ Company. -Soon afterwards the house was destroyed, and the sign disappeared for -many years, till it came, by chance, into the hands of Mr. M. Pope, -F.S.A., who has kindly presented it to the Guildhall Museum. The beak -is a modern restoration. A rough drawing, which, however, quite serves -to identify it, appeared in the _Illustrated London News_ for December -13, 1856, when it was suggested that it might have served as the sign -of a feather-dresser. Mrs. Palliser[45] tells us that Mattei Girolamo, -captain of the guard to Clement VII., placed on his flag an ostrich -swallowing an iron nail, with the motto, ‘Spiritus durissima coquit,’ -‘Courage digests the hardest things’; that is, the brave man is not -easily daunted. Sir Thomas Browne wrote a paper on the ostrich, for the -use of his son. - -The Spread Eagle or ‘Eagle with two heads displayed’ was, like -the Ostrich, bought by Mr. Pope some time since, and has also been -presented to the Guildhall Museum; he wrote a description of these -signs in the ‘London and Middlesex Notebook.’ Both signs were sold by -the same person; they had been in the possession of his family for -many years, and he believed that his father had obtained them from the -same neighbourhood in the City. The Spread Eagle is in fair condition, -though the sinister head has been badly restored with cement. It -has on it the initials RM and the date 1669. I have no proof as to -the original position of this sign, but in the absence of fuller -information one can, I think, fairly hazard the conjecture, that after -the Great Fire it may have been put up in Bread Street to perpetuate -the memory of the house in which John Milton, the poet, was born. -We know that his father, a scrivener, but a man of good family, had -adopted his own coat of arms as a sign. Aubrey, a contemporary, says -he had another house in Bread Street, called the Rose. In Masson’s -Life of Milton there is a transcript of a volume in the British Museum -containing miscellaneous notes, which relate to the affairs of John -Sanderson, a Turkey merchant, in the early part of the seventeenth -century. Among other things there is a copy of a bond dated March 4, -160-2/3, in which Thomas Heighsham, of Bethnal Green in Middlesex, -and Richard Sparrow, citizen and goldsmith of London, engage to pay -Sanderson a sum of money on May 5 following, the payment to be made _at -the new shop of John Milton, scrivener, at the Spread Eagle in Bread -Street_. The signature of John Milton, scrivener, is appended. - -Some years since there existed in Bread Street a Black Spread -Eagle Court, at the first turning on the left hand as one entered -from Cheapside, with, as Strype tells us, a very good house at the -upper end; in several directories of the eighteenth century it is -called Spread Eagle Court. This is considered to have been on the -site of Milton’s birthplace; the ground is now covered by modern -warehouses--Nos. 58 to 63, occupied by one firm. The Church of All -Hallows, Bread Street, in which Milton[46] had been baptized, was -swept away in 1878. Its site is marked by a bust of the poet with an -inscription, set up in the wall of a new building. The Spread Eagle was -by no means an uncommon London sign; to the one in Gracechurch Street -I shall presently refer. Collet,[47] in his ‘Common-place Book,’ gives -it as his opinion that, ‘the eagle with two necks in the imperial -arms, and in the arms of the King of Spain, depicted on signboards as -the Spread Eagle, signified the east and west empire, the extension of -their power from the east to the west.’ During a great tempest at sea -in January, 1506, Philip, King of Castile and his Queen were weather -driven, and landed at Falmouth. The same storm blew down the eagle of -brass off the spire of St. Paul’s Church in London, and in falling the -same eagle broke and shattered the black eagle that hung for a sign in -St. Paul’s Churchyard, as related in Stow’s ‘Annals,’ p. 484. - -An interesting sign of the Pelican is let into the string course above -a corner first-floor window of No. 70, Aldermanbury. It was the crest -of two merchants who formerly occupied the house. Their monument is -in the neighbouring church of St. Mary, Aldermanbury, the inscription -being as follows:-- - - ‘Here lyeth the body of Richard Chandler, - Citizen and Haberdasher of London, Esquire, - Who departed this life November 8th, 1691, aged 85. - Also the body of John Chandler, Esqre, his brother, - Citizen and Haberdasher of London, - Who died October 14th, 1686, aged 69 years.’ - -Above is the Pelican as a crest, corresponding with the sign. The busts -of these two worthy citizens in flowing periwigs appear on each side -of the inscription; their names are in the Little London Directory -for 1677. The church was burnt down in the Great Fire, and rebuilt by -Sir Christopher Wren, the parishioners subscribing liberally; Richard -Chandler gave the font in 1675. The notorious Judge Jeffreys, who -died in the Tower of London and was buried in the chapel there, was -afterwards, on petition of his family, reinterred in the church of St. -Mary, Aldermanbury. Here also Milton was married to his second wife, -Catherine Woodcock. In 1890 the churchyard was opened to the public as -a recreation ground. - -The pelican[48] in her piety, or feeding her young with her blood, -was often represented in the Mediæval Church, being considered a -mystical emblem of Christ, and a type of the Holy Eucharist. Several -representations of it are to be seen in St. Mary Abchurch, the living -of which is in the gift of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. It -was the device of the famous Bishop Foxe, to whom I have alluded -in my account of the Three Kings (_ante_); and as such appears on -the woodwork of the banqueting hall of Durham Castle, with his usual -motto, ‘Est Deo gracia;’ and on the string course of the choir of St. -Saviour’s, Southwark. He died anno 1528. Heywood in his play of Edward -IV. (4to. 1600), mentions a pelican sign in Lombard Street:-- - - ‘Here’s Lombard Street, and here’s the Pelican; - And here’s the Phœnix in the Pelican’s nest.’ - -And by a curious coincidence, at the present day there are the signs -of a Pelican and a Phœnix in Lombard Street, both belonging to famous -insurance offices. The house[49] occupied by the latter was built for -Sir Charles Asgill, Lord Mayor in 1757. - -A bas-relief, similar in style to that last described, is the Swan -with collar and chain, inserted below a second-floor window of No. 37, -Cheapside, which stands at the north-east corner of Friday Street. -This is on the site of the Nag’s Head tavern, whose projecting sign -appears in a well-known print of the procession of Mary de Medici on a -visit to her daughter, Queen Henrietta Maria--an interesting record of -the appearance of Cheapside before the Great Fire. The sign was almost -opposite Cheapside Cross. The Nag’s Head was the supposed scene of the -consecration of Archbishop Parker, on the accession of Queen Elizabeth -in 1559. This story is refuted in Strype’s Life of Parker; it probably -arose from a fact mentioned by Fuller, that the commissioners who -confirmed Parker’s election (at St. Mary le Bow Church ten days before -the consecration), afterwards dined together at the Nag’s Head close -by. The present building must have been erected soon after the Great -Fire, for a staircase, to which there is access from Friday Street, -evidently dates from that century. Indeed, in the Creed Collection -at the British Museum (vol. xiii.) there is a newspaper cutting said -to be from the _Builder_, but without a date, in which it is, no -doubt erroneously, asserted that the house was there before the year -1666, and remained standing when all around was swept away, and that -inside traces of the fire may be observed on the massive beams. The -Chained Swan is undoubtedly of heraldic origin. Ritson says it was not -customary to use the English language at court till King Edward III. -on the occasion of a celebrated tournament, held at Canterbury in 1349, -placed on his shield the device of a white swan, with the legend: - - ‘Hay, hay the wythe Swan, - By Gode’s soule I am thy man.’ - -The Mandevilles, Earls of Essex, bore as their arms, gules, a swan -argent, ducally collared and chained or, which the Bohuns, who were -descended from them, adopted; and for this reason, no doubt, it became -a badge of King Henry IV., who was a Bohun on the mother’s side. It -is represented in the central spandrel of the canopy of the brass in -Westminster Abbey to Eleanora de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester, who died -in 1399. From such high beginnings the Chained Swan gradually came, as -we see, to be used as a tavern sign. Another specimen, carved in stone, -was the sign of a house in Eastcheap, not far from the Boar’s Head. It -is mentioned by Pennant, and by J. T. Smith, but disappeared early in -this century. - -Here I am tempted to say a few words about the Swan with Two Necks, -because, though now only represented by modern bas-reliefs at No. 65, -Gresham Street, and in Aldermanbury, they recall the memory of a famous -inn, and the sign is one of the quaintest in London. The Swan with -Two Necks ‘at Milke Street end’ is noticed by Machyn in his ‘Diary,’ -August 5, 1556. In 1637, as we learn from Taylor, the Water Poet, -carriers from Manchester and other places lodged at the Two-necked -Swan in Lad Lane. Towards the end of last century it became a great -coaching centre, and continued to flourish till steam drove the coaches -off the road, when it revived in a new form. Mr. Stanley Harris, in -his amusing book, ‘Old Coaching Days,’ says that ‘the gateway out of -the yard of the Swan with Two Necks, through which the various coaches -passed, and Milk Lane and Lad Lane, was so narrow that it required some -horsemanship to drive out a fast team just started, and some care on -the part of the guard, that his horn or bugle basket, which was usually -hung on to the iron of the back seat of the coach nearest the roof, was -not jammed against the gate-post. Between four and five on an afternoon -was a time worth being in that same yard of the Swan with Two Necks -for anyone who took an interest in coaching.’ The proprietor of this -establishment was Mr. William Chaplin, who, originally a coachman, -became, perhaps, the greatest coach proprietor that ever lived. -‘Nimrod,’ writing about 1835, tells us that at that time Mr. Chaplin -occupied the yards of no fewer than five famous and important inns in -London, namely the Spread Eagle and Cross Keys, Gracechurch Street; the -Swan with Two Necks, Lad Lane; the White Horse, which still exists in -Fetter Lane, and the Angel, behind St. Clement’s. He had no fewer than -1,300 horses at work on various roads, and about that time horsed 14 -out of the 27 coaches leaving London every night. When the railways -came he bowed to the inevitable, and, in partnership with Mr. Horne, -established the great carrying business, which still flourishes on the -site of the old Swan with Two Necks. In 1845 Lad Lane was absorbed by -Gresham Street. - -The origin of the sign has been disputed, but it is generally -considered to have arisen as follows: The swans on the upper reaches -of the Thames are owned respectively by the Crown, and the Dyers’ -and Vintners’ Companies of the City of London, and, according to -ancient custom, the representatives of these several owners make an -expedition each year up the river and mark the cygnets. The royal -mark used to consist of five diamonds, the dyers’ of four bars and -one nick, the vintners’ of the chevron or letter V and two nicks. The -word ‘nicks’ has been corrupted into necks, and as the vintners were -often tavern-keepers, the Swan with Two Necks became a common sign. -The swan-marks which I have described continued in use until the -year 1878, when the swanherds were prosecuted by the Society for the -Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, on the ground that they inflicted -unnecessary pain. Although the prosecution failed, the marks have since -been simplified. In August, 1888, the Queen’s swan-keeper and the -officials of the Vintners’ and Dyers’ Companies, during the process -of ‘swan-upping,’ as it is termed, captured and nicked 343 birds, of -which 178 were claimed by her Majesty, 94 by the Vintners’, and 71 by -the Dyers’ Company. To the constable of the Tower formerly belonged the -right of ‘lifting’ all swans which came below bridge. A swan not marked -is supposed to belong to the Crown. The earliest extant record giving -leave to the Vintners’ Company to keep a certain number of swans on the -river is dated 1509. - -An inn with this sign painted in front is still to be seen on the south -side of Carter Lane; it has a yard at the back and some remains of old -galleries. - -Not many years ago a curious sign was placed in front of No. 16, -Church Street, formerly Church Lane, Chelsea, having been dug up in -the small back garden which was built over a short time previously. -The material of this sign is cast iron; it is therefore not, strictly -speaking, a sculptured sign, but may, I think, be fairly included -in the same class. The design (see _ante_, 89) is like that of a -seventeenth-century fire-back, and represents a cock vigorously -attempting to swallow a snake which he has seized by the tail; a second -snake on the ground behind him rears its head as if to strike. Above -is the date 1652. When this sign first saw the light, Chelsea was a -detached village grouped near the old church, with fine villas of -noblemen in the immediate neighbourhood. On the east side of Church -Lane houses were continuous from the church to the parsonage; one of -them was doubtless known as the Cock, but I have no special information -about it. A curious fact has, however, come to light, tending to show -that signs of this description were kept in stock, and repeated again -and again. In 1874 a sign was dug up in the foundations of Messrs. -Smith, Payne, and Smith’s Bank, No. 1, Lombard Street, which, on -comparison, I find to be similar in all respects, and, as far as I can -judge, cast from the same mould. No. 1, Lombard Street is on the site -of the east end of the Stocks Market, cleared away in 1737 to make room -for the Mansion House. I find from the ‘Handbook of Bankers,’ by Mr. -F. G. Hilton Price, F.S.A., that in 1734 there was a house here with -the sign of the Cock in the occupation of Thomas Stevenson, fishmonger. -Later in the century the site was occupied by Messrs. Harley and Co., -bankers. A sign of similar kind, perhaps really a decorated fire-back, -is to be seen at the entrance to a Cock Tavern near Billingsgate. -This appears to be considerably older. It has been very much damaged; -possibly, as the owner says, in the Great Fire of London. - -[Illustration] - -To the genuine Londoner a more interesting sign than either of the -above is the carved wooden figure of a cock, which is a relic of that -famous old tavern, the Cock in Fleet Street. A house so historic needs -no detailed description from me. The sign is quite worthy of Grinling -Gibbons, to whom--but without authority--it has often been attributed. -This formerly stood over the doorway. Some years ago it was stolen, -but shortly afterwards restored, and to prevent accidents it is now -kept inside[50] the house of entertainment, on the opposite side of -the street, to which, after the destruction of his old home, the -proprietor, the late Mr. Colnett, removed. He also with pious care -preserved the quaint Jacobean mantelpiece, which so many of us were -familiar with before it shifted its quarters. If the kind reader wishes -to refresh his memory with the sight of these and other relics, let -him pay a visit to the new Cock, where he will find excellent fare and -the utmost attention from Paul, who comes from the old house--a worthy -successor of ‘the plump headwaiter at the Cock,’ whom Lord Tennyson has -immortalized. - -A newspaper paragraph has reminded me of a sign with a history, -which I once saw in the Minories. In the year 1719 a boy was born of -humble parentage in Whitechapel, who, as Benjamin Kenton, vintner and -philanthropist, achieved a considerable reputation. He was educated -at the charity school of the parish, and in his fifteenth year -apprenticed to the landlord of the Angel and Crown in Goulston Street, -Whitechapel. Having served his time, he became waiter and drawer at -the Crown and Magpie in Aldgate High Street, not long since pulled -down. The sign was a Crown of stone and a Magpie carved in pear-tree -wood, and the house was frequented by sea captains. Kenton’s master is -said to have been among the first who possessed the art of bottling -beer for warm climates. He, without reason, changed the sign to the -Crown; his custom fell off; he died, and the concern came into the -hands of Kenton, who restored the Magpie to its former position, and -so increased the bottled-beer business, that in 1765 he gave up the -tavern and removed to more commodious quarters which he built in the -Minories. His monogram is still to be seen over the door. Here he soon -developed an extensive wine trade, and having received excellent advice -as to investments from Mr. Harley, then alderman of Portsoken Ward, -he eventually realized between a quarter and half a million of money. -He was a large benefactor to various charities and to the Vintners’ -Company, of which he had been master in 1776. An annual dinner in their -hall takes place to his memory, the funds being provided under his -will. Members of the company also attend an annual sermon in memory -of his benefactions at Stepney Church, where he was buried. The wine -business is still carried on at the house built by him in the Minories, -and here the Magpie sign has found a fitting home. The stone Crown has -unfortunately crumbled to pieces. - -A few sculptured signs are classed together, because, though they have -nothing special in common, they cannot well be fitted in elsewhere. I -shall begin with a stone bas-relief of an Anchor, which has found its -way into the Guildhall Museum, where it is described as having been -presented by the executors of James Bare. It has on it the initials -B H E and the date 1669; no record has been kept of its original -position. The anchor--the emblem of true faith--is associated with St. -Clement, who, according to tradition, was cast into the sea with an -anchor round his neck, by order of the Emperor Trajan, on account of -his firm adherence to Christianity. An anchor forms the vane of the -church of St. Clement Danes, Strand; it also appears on various parts -of the church, and on the tablets which show the boundaries of the -parish--in fact, the parish marks, one or two of which are as old as -the seventeenth century. A specimen on the house numbered 11 on the -west side of New Square, Lincoln’s Inn, is dated 1693. - -Sir George Buc, writing in 1615, tells us that ‘an anchor without a -stocke,’ with a capital C couchant upon it, ‘was graven in stone, over -the gate of St. Clement’s Inn.’ A good old-fashioned carving of an -anchor was on the front of Clement’s Inn Hall, lately destroyed. - -A common sign in the seventeenth century was the Bell; but long -before this it had been immortalized. Chaucer, when he describes the -gathering place of his pilgrims to Canterbury, tells us that it was ‘in -Southwark, at this gentil hostelrie, that highte, the Tabard, faste by -the Belle,’ the Bell being apparently at that time a better known inn. -It was on the west side of the Borough High Street, and still existed -when Rocque published his map in 1746. The site is now occupied by -Maidstone Buildings. Another famous Bell Inn is recorded in the list of -expenses of Sir John Howard: ‘Nov 15, 1466. Item my mastyr spent for -his costes at the Belle at Westemenstre iijs. viijd.’ There are still -two capital stone bas-reliefs of this sign. One I happened by chance -to observe below a second-floor window, in a courtyard which once was -attached to the Red Lion Inn, the house in front being numbered 251, -High Holborn; it has on it the initials A T A and date 1668, and is -evidently not in its original position; the date would lead one to -suppose that it comes from a house in the City. - -A sign of more interest, at least from its associations, has lately -found a home in the Guildhall Museum. It is in high relief, and was -formerly placed between the first and second floor windows of No. 67, -Knightrider Street; on the keystones of the three first-floor windows -were the initials M T A and the date 1668. The house was swept away -three years ago; I know nothing about it, except that it was a fair -specimen of the plain brick buildings commonly put up after the Great -Fire. There was, however, a hostelry with the same sign hard by, which -had a proud distinction. - -[Illustration: ‘THE BELL’ IN KNIGHTRIDER STREET.] - -From the Bell Inn, Carter Lane, Richard Quyney wrote in 1598 to his -‘loveing good ffrend and contreyman, Mr. Will^m Shackespere,’ the only -letter addressed to our greatest poet which is known to exist. It is -now preserved at Stratford-on-Avon. The Bell is also mentioned in -that quaint guide-book to taverns, the ‘Vade Mecum for Malt-worms,’ -written, it is supposed, in 1715; and a seventeenth-century trade-token -was issued from Bell Yard, not yet destroyed, a passage through which -connects Knightrider Street with Carter Lane. Adjoining it, there is -now a modern Bell tavern, where Dickens is said to have often rested -when making notes for ‘David Copperfield.’ - -That the Bell should be a common sign is natural enough, from its -connection with the worship of the Christian Church, and the popularity -of bell-ringing in England. A gold or silver bell was often used as a -prize at horse-races; hence the expression, to ‘bear away the bell.’ -Fine specimens of these bells were to be seen in the Sports Exhibition, -at the Grosvenor Gallery, a few years since. One from Carlisle had on -it the date 1599, and the following distich: - - ‘The Sweftes horse the bel to tak - For mi Lade Daker sake.’ - -In Dudley, Lord North’s ‘Forest of Varieties,’ p. 175, occur the -following lines: - - ‘Jockey and his horse were by their masters sent, - To put in for the bell-- - They are to run, and cannot miss the bell.’ - -A sign which has disappeared and left no trace was the bas-relief of a -Bible and Crown, formerly at the corner of Little Distaff (now Distaff) -Lane, within the precincts of St. Paul’s; it disappeared some time -after the year 1856. Larwood thinks that this sign came into fashion -among the Royalists during the political troubles of Charles I.’s -reign. A more probable suggestion seems to be, that forming part of the -arms of Oxford University, it indicated one of the presses licensed -to sell the Authorized Edition of the Bible. A wooden carving of a -Bible and Crown, painted and gilt, was, till 1853, let into the string -course above a window of the house of Messrs. Rivington and Co., in -Paternoster Row. It then moved westward to Waterloo Place, and is now -in the possession of Messrs. Longmans, whose sign was the Ship and -Black Swan, and who have absorbed the older firm. Messrs. Rivington -were originally established in St. Paul’s Churchyard in the year -1711, when, on the death of Richard Chiswell the elder, his house and -business passed into their hands. He has been called the ‘metropolitan -bookseller of England,’ and published many important works, of which -a list is given in the _Gentleman’s Magazine_. His sign--the Rose and -Crown--was changed by Charles Rivington, his successor, into the Bible -and Crown. Messrs. Longmans date, it is said, from 1725. - -[Illustration] - -On a level with the fourth-floor windows of a shop at the corner of -Canon Alley and No. 63, St. Paul’s Churchyard, is a sculptured sign of -the Prince of Wales’s feathers, with the motto ‘Ich Dien,’ and date -1670; being a handsome work of art, we give it as an illustration. -The property belonged to the Dean and Chapter, but is now vested in -the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. An advertisement in the _Kingdom’s -Intelligencer_, No. 11, March 10, 1661-2, shows that there was a -Feathers Tavern in St. Paul’s Churchyard. This, however, was at the -west end; a seventeenth-century trade-token was issued from it. The -heraldic origin of the feather badge, and its connection with Edward -the Black Prince, has been fully traced by various authorities; the -motto is usually pronounced to be low German, or old Flemish, as -well as the word ‘Houmout,’ meaning high mood or courage, which the -Prince also wrote in a letter. His crest or badge was sometimes three -feathers, sometimes one, argent. They are placed separately on his -tomb in Canterbury Cathedral. An ostrich feather was one of the badges -of King Edward III., and John of Gaunt used three or one. The old -belief--that this crest was won by Edward the Black Prince from the -blind King John of Bohemia, at the battle of Cressy, is contradicted -by modern research; for King John’s crest was not a plume of ostrich -feathers, but a vulture’s wing expanded. It has been thought probable -that the Prince assumed it out of deference to his mother, Queen -Philippa of Hainault. - -The carved sign of a Helmet was to be seen, not long since, over the -entrance to Helmet Court, which was on the south side of London Wall, -between Basinghall and Coleman Streets, and close to the Armourers’ -and Braziers’ Hall, in whose arms the helmet is a charge. The date on -it was 1686, with initials H M. In the seventeenth century there was a -Helmet Inn not far off. Messrs. Larwood and Hotten quote lines from Ned -Ward, who says that the trainbands, after practising in Moorfields, long - - ‘For Beer from the Helmet in Bishopsgate, - And why from the Helmet? Because that sign - Makes the liquor as welcome t’ a soldier as wine.’ - -In 1550, a helmet was the sign of Humphrey Joy, bookseller in St. -Paul’s Churchyard. - -On each side of the spot where Bishopsgate once stood, are stone -bas-reliefs of mitres, with inscriptions recording the fact. I learn -that the gate was sold by the Commissioner of City Lands, on Wednesday, -December 10, 1760, for immediate demolition. It had been rebuilt in -1731, at the expense of the City; when almost finished, the arch fell -down, but luckily no one was hurt. The rooms in the ancient gatehouse -were appropriated to one of the Lord Mayor’s carvers; he afterwards had -a money allowance in lieu thereof. - -Another carving of a mitre surmounts a tablet, with initials T F -and the date 1786, which is built into the front of that well-known -tavern, the Goose and Gridiron, and indicates that this property is -or was attached to the See of London, or that near this site stood -the residence of the Bishops of London, before the Great Fire, which -destroyed it. This mitre, by a coincidence, also suggests the supposed -former sign. Within the memory of man, the Goose and Gridiron was a -celebrated house-of-call for coaches to Hammersmith, and the villages -west of London. Its sign, a sculptured goose standing by a veritable -gridiron, still appears on a lamp in front. Before the Great Fire, -there was a house with the sign of the Mitre hereabouts, perhaps on -this very spot, where in the year 1642 were to be seen, among other -curiosities, ‘a choyce Egyptian with hieroglyphicks, a Rémora, a -Torpedo, the Huge Thighbone of a Giant,’ etc., as advertised in the -_News_; and again, in 1644, Robert Hubert, _alias_ Forges, ‘Gent., and -sworn servant to his Majesty,’ exhibited a museum of natural rarities. -The catalogue describes them as ‘collected by him with great industrie; -and thirty years’ travel into foreign countries; daily to be seen at -the place called the Musick-house at the Mitre, near the west end of -St. Paul’s Church.’ - -Concerts were, no doubt, among the attractions the house afforded, till -the Great Fire in September, 1666, destroyed all. It has been suggested -that on the rebuilding of the premises, the new tenant, to ridicule the -character of the former business, chose as his sign a goose stroking -the bars of a gridiron with her foot, and wrote below, ‘The Swan and -Harp.’ Larwood and Hotten think that it was a homely rendering of a -charge in the coat of arms of the Musicians’ Company. That the Swan and -Harp was an actual sign, I learn from the _Little London Directory_ of -1677, where one is mentioned in Cheapside. - -At the Goose and Gridiron, Sir Christopher Wren presided over the -St. Paul’s Lodge of Freemasons for upwards of eighteen years.[51] -It is said that he presented the Lodge with three carved mahogany -candlesticks, and the trowel and mallet which had been used in laying -the first stone of the Cathedral. In the ‘Vade Mecum for Malt-worms,’ -there is a rude drawing of the sign, and we are told in doggerel as -rude that, - - ‘Dutch carvers from St. Paul’s adjacent dome, - Hither to whet their whistles daily come.’ - -Also that ‘the rarities of the house are; 1, the odd sign; 2, the -pillar which supports the chimney; 3, the skittle ground upon the top -of the house; 4, the watercourse running through the chimney; 5, the -handsome maid, Hannah.’ Foote mentions the Goose and Gridiron in his -‘Comedy of Taste.’ - -[Illustration] - -Yet another Mitre sign exists in London, probably far older than any of -those I have described. In Mitre Court, a narrow passage between Hatton -Garden and Ely Place, stands a comparatively modern public-house, -let into the front wall of which is a Mitre carved in bold relief; -on it is cut or scratched the date 1546, which, however, appears to -be a modern addition. This is said to have formed part of the town -residence of the Bishops of Ely, the remains of which, with the ground -attached to it, were conveyed to the Crown in 1772. The site was -afterwards sold to an architect named Cole, who levelled everything -except the chapel. This last building stands hard by, and is dedicated -to St. Etheldreda. The Rev. W. J. Loftie considers that it is the most -complete relic of the fourteenth century in London. Since he wrote, -however, the restorer has, alas! been busy. In 1772 it stood in an -open space of about an acre, planted with trees and surrounded by a -wall; at that time the hall, seventy-two feet long, and a quadrangular -cloister existed. Over the chief entrance the sculptured arms of the -see, surmounted by a mitre, were still visible, and it is likely that -this mitre was afterwards converted into the sign I am considering. -The rural character of the neighbourhood in early days may be judged -by the records of it which have come down to us. In 1327 Bishop Hotham -purchased a house and lands, including vineyard, kitchen-garden -and orchard contiguous to his manor of Holborn, which, with other -properties, he settled on the church of Ely, dividing them between his -successors the Bishops, and the convent. Again, as late as 1576, when -Sir Christopher Hatton, Queen Elizabeth’s handsome Lord Chancellor, -became tenant of part of the house and garden, the rent was a red -rose, ten loads of hay and £10 a year; Bishop Cox, on whom the bargain -was forced by the Queen, reserving to himself and his successors the -right of walking in the gardens and gathering twenty bushels of roses -annually. Shakespeare, too, praises the quality of the strawberries -in Ely Garden, though little more than sixty years afterwards we have -John Evelyn complaining in his ‘Fumifugium’ that smoke is ‘suffering -nothing in our gardens to bud, display themselves, or ripen; so as our -anemones and many other choycest flowers, will by no industry be made -to blow in London or the precincts of it.’ Ely Place seems to have been -let by the see to John of Gaunt, ‘time-honoured Lancaster,’ and here in -1399 he breathed his last. The present town residence of the Bishops of -Ely, No. 37, Dover Street, has been occupied by them since 1772. It has -a mitre carved over one of the first-floor windows; Sir Robert Taylor, -R.A., was the architect. - -At No. 10, Bow Churchyard a square brick house was lately standing, -which dated from immediately after the Great Fire. The office windows -on the ground-floor, with their shutters to match, had an air of -old-fashioned quaintness. The pediment of the doorway contained the -Royal Arms and supporters carved in wood; the quarterings showed that -they were put up in the time of the early Georges; let into the western -part of the house, which from the arrangement of the windows seemed to -have been originally divided into two, was a sign of spherical form, -projecting from a square stone, at the corners of which one could with -difficulty decipher the figures 1669. In the kitchen there was a leaden -tank with initials and date, T. S. 1670, supplied by water from the New -River. This house was pulled down two years ago; the sign came into -the hands of the City authorities, and is now in the Guildhall Museum, -where it has been christened the Pill. - -No. 10, Bow Churchyard was at the time of its destruction occupied by -Messrs. Sutton and Co., who there carried on a very old-established -business for the sale of patent medicines, among others that which -has been known for more than two hundred years as Elixir Salutis, or -Daffey’s Elixir. It was stated that the house had formerly been known -by the sign of the Boar’s Head, which, together with the Royal Arms, -appeared on the bill-heads of the firm. If so, there must have been -frequent changes here, for in the early part of the eighteenth century -it seems to have been called the Maidenhead, to judge from various -advertisements in my possession: for instance, the following from a -London journal of 1728, which is adorned by a portrait of a typical -maiden, appropriately framed: - - ‘At the Maidenhead, behind - Bow Church, in Cheapside, is sold for - Two shillings the Bottle, that admirable - Cordial, Daffey’s Elixir Salutis, - It has been in great Use these 50 years.’ - -Confirming this statement there is a notice of the medicine dating -from 1673. It occurs in Martindale’s autobiography (printed by the -Chetham Society), where we are told of his daughter, who seems to -have fallen into a decline: ‘That which seemed to do her most good -was Elixir Salutis, for it gave her much ease (my Lord Delamer having -bestowed upon her severall bottles that came immediately from Mr. -Daffie himselfe) and it also made her cheerful; but going forth and -getting new cold, she went fast away. I am really perswaded that if she -had taken it a little sooner, in due quantities, and beene carefull of -herselfe, it might have saved her life. But it was not God’s will.’ - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - -VARIOUS CRESTS AND COATS OF ARMS. - - ‘Coats in heraldry, - Due but to one, and crowned with one crest.’ - - SHAKESPEARE: _Midsummer Night’s Dream_. - - -A VAST amount of property in London is owned by the City Companies, -and houses which belong to them are as a rule marked by their arms -or crest. These were formerly carved in stone, and a few fine old -specimens still remain, similar in style to the ordinary sculptured -house signs. Sometimes, no doubt, a citizen put up on his own house, as -a sign, the arms of the guild of which he was a member; and this seems -to have been the case with the stone bas-relief of Adam and Eve, which -was formerly imbedded in the front wall of No. 52, Newgate Street, a -house now rebuilt. Eve appeared handing the fatal apple to Adam, the -tree in the centre, round its stem the serpent twining; at the upper -corners were the initials L S, below the date 1669. It represented the -arms of the Fruiterers’ Company, but I have not been able to discover -that the house had ever belonged to them. At Milton next Sittingbourne, -on a public-house formerly the Fruiterers’ Arms, now misnamed the -Waterman’s Arms, is a similar carved sign, one of the few I have found -out of London. Beneath is inscribed ‘The Fruiterers.’ The design -appears on a seventeenth-century trade-token issued from Rosemary Lane. -The arms of the Fruiterers’ Company, as blazoned in Hatton’s ‘New View -of London’ (1708), are: azure, on a mount in base vert, the tree of -Paradise environed with the serpent between Adam and Eve, all proper. -Motto, ‘Deus dat incrementum.’ What Ruskin calls the ‘fig-tree angle’ -of the Doge’s Palace, Venice, is adorned by a famous piece of sculpture -representing this subject. - -The Elephant and Castle is the crest of the Cutlers’ Company. A stone -bas-relief representing it is to be seen on the east side of Bell -Savage Yard, Ludgate Hill, having been placed there nearly thirty years -ago, some time after the famous old inn was levelled with the ground. -It formerly stood over the gateway below the sign of the Bell. In 1568 -John Craythorne gave the reversion of this inn, and after his death -the house called the Rose in Fleet Street, to the Cutlers’ Company -for ever, on condition that two exhibitions to the Universities, and -certain sums to poor prisoners, should be paid to them out of the -estate. A portrait of Mrs. Craythorne hangs in Cutlers’ Hall. In -mediæval times the elephant was commonly depicted with a castle on its -back. It was then the heraldic emblem of Rome, and appears as such on -the floor of the cathedral at Siena. - -The Bell Savage Inn which came to be thus associated with the Elephant -and Castle, was one of the oldest and most famous hostelries in London. -As long ago as 31 Henry VI. it is described in a deed as Savage’s Inn, -otherwise the Bell on the Hoop, thus proving the origin of the sign, -which from the time of Stow to that of Addison had caused so many -ingenious but faulty surmises. Here plays were performed, and Bankes -showed his wonderful horse Marocco. Lambarde, in his ‘Perambulation of -Kent,’[52] tells us that ‘none who go to Paris Garden, the Bel Savage, -or Theatre, to behold bear-baiting, interludes, or fence-play, can -account of any pleasant spectacle, unless they first pay one penny at -the gate, another at the entry of the scaffold, and a third for a quiet -standing.’ It was ‘upon a stall’ over against the Bell Savage gate -that Sir Thomas Wyat ‘stayd and rested him awhile,’ when foiled in his -ill-advised rebellion; as related by Howe, the continuator of Stow’s -‘Annals.’ And Grinling Gibbons once occupied a house in the yard, -where, as Horace Walpole says, ‘he carved a pot of flowers which shook -surprisingly with the motion of the coaches that passed by.’ I have a -quaint little book in Hudibrastic rhyme, ‘The delights of the Bottle, -or the Compleat Vintner,’ attributed to Ned Ward. The third edition is -‘printed for Sam. Briscoe at the Bell-Savage on Ludgate-Hill, 1721.’ - -The Cutlers’, though not one of the twelve great City Companies, -is still of considerable importance, and as early as the 49th year -of Edward III. is said to have elected two of the Common Council; -its first charter dated from the time of Henry V. A good sculptured -specimen of the arms is to be seen on the front of a house in -Houndsditch, at the corner of Cutler Street. They were granted by -Thomas Holme. Clarencieux in 1476, and have been blazoned thus: -gules--three pair of swords, in saltier, argent, pommelled and hilted -or, viz., two pair in chief and one in base. The crest should have by -rights pennons displayed from the castle; it was granted by Robert -Cook, Clarencieux. Supporters; two elephants or; motto: ‘Pour parvenir -a bonne foy.’ The carving referred to above was put up in the year 1734 -to mark property belonging to the Company, as may be gathered from -the tablet on the west front of the same house, which is inscribed -‘CUTTLERS’ STREET, 1734.’ The hall of the Cutlers’ Company, rebuilt -after the Great Fire in Cloak Lane, Cannon Street, was destroyed for -the Inner Circle Railway. A new hall has lately been erected in Warwick -Lane. - -[Illustration] - -Another heraldic charge of a City Company is the Leopard, a carving of -which was formerly let into the front of a house in Budge Row, No. 28. -It was rebuilt about twelve years ago, when the sign was placed in the -passage of the new structure. The owner has kindly allowed a sketch to -be taken, which is here reproduced. I believe that the property at one -time belonged to the Skinners’ Company, having been part of a bequest -of John Draper, in 1496. The Leopard, though not supported by a wreath, -therefore represents their crest. The word ‘budge,’ whence Budge Row -takes its name, formerly signified the dressed skin or fur of lamb, and -would seem to indicate that furriers carried on their business in this -quarter, near to the Hall of the Skinners’ Company, which was devoted -to the protection of their craft. In 1338, and again in 1358, the City -authorities ordered that women of inferior rank should not be arrayed -in budge or wool. - -One of the commonest London sculptured signs is that of the Maiden’s -Head, which indicates property belonging to the Mercers’ Company. I -will mention one which is to be seen above the first-floor window -of No. 6, Ironmonger Lane, with the date 1668, as it is the only -specimen of any antiquity known to me which is dated, and being -somewhat more florid in treatment than usual, it is characteristic of -the time at which it was put up. The arms of the company, granted in -1568 and confirmed in 1634, are: gules, a demi-virgin, with her hair -dishevelled, crowned, issuing out of and within an orle of clouds, -all proper. One may presume from the date that they were chosen in -honour of Queen Elizabeth. Strype says: ‘When any of this company is -chosen mayor, or makes one of the triumph of the day, wherein he goes -to Westminster to be sworn, a most beautiful virgin is carried through -the streets in a chariot, with all the glory and majesty possible, -with her hair all dishevelled about her shoulders, to represent the -maidenhead which the company give for their arms, and this lady is -plentifully gratified for her pains, besides the gift of all the rich -attire she wears.’ The Maiden’s Head also appears on the arms of -the Pinners’ Company, with the motto, ‘Virginitas et unitas nostra -æternitas.’ It was assumed as a badge of the Parr family, previous to -the marriage of Catherine Parr with Henry VIII. They derived it from -the family of Ros of Kendal. - -The Mercers’ Company is very ancient; it was incorporated in the year -1393 (17 Rich. II.);[53] but long before that the mercers had been -associated voluntarily for purposes of mutual aid and comfort. They -came to light first as a fraternity in the time of Henry II., for -Gilbert à Becket, father of St. Thomas of Canterbury, is said to have -been a mercer; and in 1192, Agnes de Helles, sister of St. Thomas, and -her husband Thomas Fitz-Theobald de Helles, in founding the hospital -of St. Thomas of Acon, which is distinctly stated to have been built -on the spot where the future archbishop was born, constituted the -fraternity of mercers patrons of the hospital. The present Mercers’ -Hall, in Cheapside, is built on part of this site. It was only by -degrees that the merchant adventurers became detached from the -mercers. The last link between the two companies was severed as late -as the year 1666, when the Great Fire destroyed the office held by the -Merchant-Adventurers under Mercers’ Hall. The Haberdashers’ Company -was a branch of the Mercers’, which broke off from them in the time of -Henry VI. The word ‘mercer’ would seem to imply merchant only, being -derived, through the French ‘mercier,’ from the Latin word ‘mercator.’ -It is probable that those who were called mercers dealt at first -in most commodities, except food and the precious metals. Herbert, -however, considers that in ancient times ‘mercer’ was the name for a -man who dealt in small wares; and that ‘merceries then comprehended -all things sold retail by the little balance, in contradistinction -to things sold by the beam, or in gross, and included not only toys, -together with haberdashery and various other articles connected with -dress, but also spices and drugs; in short, what at present constitutes -the stock of a general country shopkeeper.’ He goes on to say that -the silk trade, which in later ages formed the main feature of the -mercers’ business, is stated in the Act of 33 Henry VI., c. 5, to have -been carried on by ‘the silkwomen and throwsteres of London,’ who, in -petitioning for that Act, pray that the Lombards and other strangers -may be hindered from importing wrought silk into the realm, contrary -to custom, and to the ruin of the mystery and occupation of silk-making -and other virtuous female occupations. - -The mercers were not the first incorporated company; in this the -goldsmiths, skinners, and merchant tailors may claim precedence; they, -however, have long ranked the first, as exemplified in the following -stanzas from a song addressed to Sir John Peakes, mercer (who was -elected Lord Mayor in 1686), after a dinner given in his honour: - - ‘Advance the Virgin, lead the van, - Of all that are in London free, - The Mercer is the foremost man - That founded a society. - _Cho._ Of all the trades that London grace, - We are the first in time and place. - - ‘When Nature in perfection was, - And virgin beauty in her prime, - The Mercer gave the nymph a gloss, - And made e’en beauty more sublime. - _Cho._ In this above our brethren blest, - The Virgin’s since our coat and crest.’ - -More or less analogous to the arms of the City companies are the -arms of the Inns of Court and Chancery. The interesting and highly -picturesque gatehouse of Lincoln’s Inn, facing Chancery Lane, has on -it the date 1518, and three shields. That in the centre represents -the royal arms of England; to the spectator’s right are the arms of -Sir Thomas Lovell, K.G., who was son of the executor of King Henry -VII., had been reader to the Society of Lincoln’s Inn, and gave most -of the money required for building the gatehouse.[54] To the left -are the arms of Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, namely, or, a lion -rampant purp., placed there by the builder; which reminds one of the -historic fact that Lincoln’s Inn stands on the site of the Earl’s -mansion and grounds, once possessed, in part at least, by the Black -or Preaching Friars. Here he had a fine garden--so productive that, -besides supplying his table, it yielded, says Mr. Hudson Turner,[55] -apples, pears, large nuts, and cherries, sufficient to produce by their -sale in one year (24 Edward I.) ‘the sum of £9 2s. 3d. in money of that -time, equal to about £135 of modern currency.’ The Earl of Lincoln died -without male issue in 1312, but bequeathed his name to the property, -which passed into legal hands. His arms are still retained by the -honourable society, though it has been said that Sir James Lea at one -time proposed another device. - -The Winged Horse, or Pegasus, representing the arms of the Society of -the Inner Temple, ornaments the well-known gatehouse in Fleet Street, -which dates from 1607, and has in front the feathers of Henry, Prince -of Wales, eldest son of James I. A little west is the gatehouse to the -Middle Temple, built in 1684, from the designs of Sir Christopher Wren. -It has sculptured on it, the Lamb and Flag, or Agnus Dei: - - ‘As by the Templars’ haunts you go, - The Horse and Lamb display’d - In emblematic figures show - The merits of their trade; - - ‘That clients may infer from thence - How just is their profession, - The lamb sets forth their innocence, - The horse their expedition.’ - -The Winged Horse is supposed by some to be a corruption of the ancient -seal of two Knights Templars riding on one horse, indicative of their -original poverty; for here they had their headquarters in England ‘till -they decayed through pride.’ The two designs, however, resemble each -other to a very slight extent, and in point of fact have no connection. -It seems that in the fifth year of Queen Elizabeth’s reign the Society -of the Inner Temple adopted, as a heraldic charge, the Pegasus with -the motto ‘Volat ad æthera virtus,’ at the suggestion of Gerard Leigh, -one of its Benchers, a pedantic student of heraldry, the idea being -that the knowledge which might be gained at this seat of learning -would raise its possessor to the highest pinnacle of fame. Sir George -Buc,[56] master of the revels, appears to be responsible for the lamb -and flag. He tells us that in 1615, more than fifty years after the -adoption of the Pegasus by the twin society, the authorities of the -Middle Temple had neither arms nor seal, and to supply the want he -suggested either ‘two armed knights riding upon one horse, or a field -argent charged with a cross gules, and on the nombril thereof a Holy -Lamb;’ the first having been, as I have said, the ancient seal of the -Knights Templars, and the second what they appear to have assumed -later, when they became prosperous. This at least is Sir George Buc’s -statement, on the authority of an illuminated manuscript containing -the statutes of their order, which belonged to Lord William Howard of -Naworth. Mr. Barrington thought that the Holy Lamb, as a representation -of Christ, should be encircled by a nimbus. To confirm this view and -to prove that the Templars did use the device, he gives a quotation -from Blomefield’s MS. collections for Cambridgeshire, wherein the Holy -Lamb, with its nimbus and banner, appears on the seal of a deed dated -1273, by which Guido de Foresta, ‘magister militiæ Templi in Anglia -et fratres ejusdem militiæ,’ leased out certain lands in Pampesworth, -Cambridgeshire, the rent to be paid, ‘domino Templi,’ at Dunworth -of the same county. Round the seal is the following inscription, ‘✠ -SIGILLVM TEMPLI.’ From the fact that Sir George Buc suggested to the -Society of the Middle Temple the two devices which had been used by the -Templars, it is evident that the Pegasus, already adopted by the Inner -Temple, was not considered in his time to have any connection with the -original seal of the Knights Templars. - -The fourth of the great Inns of Court--Gray’s Inn--derived its name -from the noble family of the Greys of Wilton, having been originally -their dwelling, just as Lincoln’s Inn had been the dwelling of an -Earl of Lincoln, and several of the Inns of Chancery were originally -the homes of other well-known personages. The society seems first to -have used the arms of the Grey family; afterwards they adopted the -Griffin’s Head[57] as their device, and it still adorns the pillars -of the gateway from Field Court into those delightful gardens which -were first planted, it is thought, under the direction of no less a -man than Francis Bacon. Once they were the resort of fine ladies, but -fashion has long since deserted them. The trees, however, are still -fine, the aspect of the place ‘reverend and law-abiding.’ Here there -is, or was, a rookery, which has given pleasure to generations of -Londoners. Early last summer (1892) the Benchers, anxious to utilize -so eligible a site, erected a corrugated iron structure some 90 feet -long, at the south-west corner of the gardens. They have tried to make -it look beautiful by partly covering it with trellis-work, and by -having the wooden roof painted tile colour. The rooks, however, showed -their resentment by flying off in a body, and it remains a question -whether they will again make the gardens their permanent home; for now -I hear that this erection, which has the negative merit of being easily -removable, is to be replaced by a chapel ‘in the Elizabethan or late -Tudor style,’ the windows to be fitted--or misfitted--with glass from -the present chapel, which will be turned to secular use. A little more -than a century ago Gray’s Inn was quite on the outskirts of London,[58] -‘with an uninterrupted prospect of the neighbouring fields as far as -Highgate and Hampstead.’ - -Centuries before the Great Fire, carved shields of arms were doubtless -common in London on public buildings and the houses of great people, as -decorations, and as guides to the unlettered class, which then formed a -vast majority of the population. Sometimes--at any rate, in the earlier -days--these arms were not carved in stone, but painted and hung out, as -we learn from the evidence of the poet Chaucer[59] in the Scrope and -Grosvenor dispute, which also gives us an interesting glimpse of the -early history of one of our noble families. He says that, in walking -up Friday Street, he once saw a sign hung out with ‘arms painted and -put there by a knight of the County of Chester, called Sir Robert -Grosvenor’; and that was the first time he ever heard of Sir Robert -Grosvenor, or his ancestors, or anyone bearing the name of Grosvenor. - -The first armorial shield to which I shall refer under this heading is -from a public building, and though comparatively modern it should be -specially interesting to all citizens of London. I allude to the Royal -Arms[60]--a well-executed piece of sculpture--which is used as the -sign of a public-house rebuilt quite recently, on the south side of -Newcomen Street, late King Street, Southwark. This was taken from the -gatehouse at the Southwark end of old London Bridge, which was pulled -down in 1760, in consequence of an Act of Parliament passed four years -previously, for the destruction of the buildings on London Bridge and -the widening of the roadway. - -[Illustration] - -King Street was then being made from High Street to Snow Fields, -through the former Axe and Bottle Yard, and these arms, having -been bought by Mr. Williams, a stonemason who was employed in the -construction of King Street, were placed by him more or less in their -present position. In a view of the bridgegate engraved for Noorthouck’s -‘History of London’ (p. 543), the arms appear with the inscription, G -II R, afterwards changed to G III, as we now see it. - -There are still a few carved shields of arms in London, dating from -the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which marked the property -of private individuals. Until quite recently the district known as -Cloth Fair and Bartholomew Close, in the immediate neighbourhood of -the Church of St. Bartholomew the Great, was distinguished by its air -of picturesque antiquity. Some quaint old houses still remain; on -one of them--No. 22, Cloth Fair--is to be seen a relic which carries -us back almost to the time of the dissolution of the monasteries. -This is the armorial shield of Richard Rich, who was made a peer in -1547; or more likely, perhaps, of one of his immediate descendants. -It is surmounted by a coronet, and has been blazoned thus: gules, a -chevron between three crosses botonnée or.[61] The founder of the -Rich family was a mercer in the City, and Sheriff in the year 1442; -it was his great-grandson Richard who, _temp._ Henry VIII., became -Solicitor-General, Speaker of the House of Commons, and who took so -scandalous a part in the trial and conviction of Sir Thomas More. In -1544 the site of St. Bartholomew’s Priory was granted by the King -to his favourite, there described as Sir Richard Rich, knight, in -consideration of the sum of £1,064 11s. 3d., as appears from the -original deed; and here he is said to have lived in the Prior’s mansion -as Lord Chancellor. The tolls of the fair[62] were also granted to -him. It was provided that the church within the Great Close was to be -a parish church for ever, and vacant ground adjoining it on the west -side, 87 feet in length by 60 feet in breadth, where the destroyed nave -had stood, was to be taken for a churchyard, the site of the fair being -no longer used as a burial-ground. - -Sir Richard Rich was made a baron in 1547. Queen Mary revoked the -grant in his favour, and placed here a convent of Preaching Friars, -who under Father Person began to rebuild the nave of the church, -but they were turned out when Elizabeth came to the throne, and the -following year there was a fresh grant to the purchaser, by the title -of Richard Lord Rich, and his heirs, ‘in free socage.’ The monastery -with its precincts had been enclosed by a wall which contained, -besides the numerous monastic offices, a large garden and court, -fifty-one tenements, a mulberry garden (one of the first planted in -this country), and the famous churchyard wherein had been held, since -the time of Henry I., the great annual gathering for clothiers and -drapers. This began to fall off, as a cloth fair,[63] towards the end -of the sixteenth century, but continued to be more or less of a London -carnival, and in some sort lingered on as late as the year 1855. The -first Lord Rich died in 1560; during his lifetime little building seems -to have taken place, for in Ralph Aggas’s map, which is considered to -be of about this date, the space north of the church has no houses upon -it, and the priory wall abutting on Long Lane still exists. Very soon, -however, the land was turned to more profitable account, and we find -Stow[64] writing at the end of the century: ‘Now notwithstanding all -proclamations of the prince, and also the Act of Parliament, in place -of booths within this churchyard (only let out in the fair time, and -closed up all the year after), be many large houses built, and the -north wall towards Long Lane taken down, a number of tenements are -there erected for such as will give great rents.’ The houses in the -street now called Cloth Fair probably followed the old line of booths. -The first Lord Rich’s grandson Robert, who made such an ill-assorted -marriage with Lady Penelope Devereux, Sidney’s ‘Stella,’ was raised -to the dignity of Earl of Warwick in 1618. His second son Henry was -created Baron Kensington and Earl of Holland. The titles were merged -in the next generation, and became extinct in the year 1759, when -the tolls of the fair descended to the Edwardes family, cousins of -the Riches, in whose favour the Kensington title was revived. Lord -Kensington sold these tolls to the Corporation of London in 1839. - -Before we quit this quaint neighbourhood let us peep into the venerable -Church of St. Bartholomew the Great. What an idea it gives one of the -splendour of the old priory church, of which it formed but a part, -little more than the choir remaining! Much ‘restoration’ is in progress -here, and it is difficult at a glance to distinguish between the -genuine Norman work and the ingenious nineteenth-century Norman which -has lately been added. Fortunately the fine perpendicular oriel on the -south side of the triforium has so far escaped intact. It was probably -inserted by Prior Bolton (who died in 1532), and has on it, carved in -stone, expressive of his name, a tun pierced by a bird-bolt, or arrow. -The rebus occurs again on the spandrel of a Tudor doorway which leads -into the modern vestry. This Prior seems to have taken pleasure in -building, and in seeing his name thus perpetuated.[65] He reconstructed -the manor-house of Canonbury, Islington, north of the parish church, -which had been given to the convent by Ralph de Berners, and as early -as the year 1253 is enumerated among his possessions. Here is also to -be found the Prior’s rebus, on a doorway inside No. 6, Canonbury Place, -which, with No. 7, is now used for a girls’ school. It also formerly -appeared cut in stone on two parts of the wall originally connected -with the old brick tower, which is so picturesque and so full of -interesting associations. - -It is, however, generally thought that the tower, as we see it, was -built under the direction of Sir John Spencer, the wealthy merchant, -afterwards the purchaser of Crosby Hall, who bought this place from -Thomas Lord Wentworth in 1570. Eleven years afterwards Queen Elizabeth -visited him here, and towards the end of the century he made great -alterations in the building. Two of the rooms attached to Canonbury -Tower are finely panelled from floor to ceiling; the very handsome -carved chimney-piece in the upper room bears the arms of Sir John -Spencer. Canonbury House is now occupied by a Constitutional Club. -Parts of the building have been modernized of late years, but the -panelled rooms are still much in their original state. The pretty strip -of garden at the back contains fruit-trees which Goldsmith may have -seen, when he lodged here in the summer of 1767. - -We must not forget that the original building occupied a considerable -part of Canonbury Place. We have evidence of this in Prior Bolton’s -rebus at No. 6; and traces of Sir John Spencer’s work are to be seen -in this and the adjoining houses, where there are no less than five -richly-stuccoed ceilings, two of them with the date 1599. Here also, -inside the entrance, are the arms[66] of Sir Walter Dennys, carved -in oak. They were formerly over a fireplace, and when moved to their -present position, many years ago, the following inscription was placed -underneath: - - ‘These were the arms of Sir Walter Dennys of Gloucestershire, who was - made a Knight by bathing at the creation of Arthur, Prince of Wales - in Nov. 1489, and died Sept. 1, 21 Henry VII., and was buried at the - church of Olviston in Gloucestershire. He married Margaret, daughter - of Sir Rich Weston, Knt., to which family Canonbury House formerly - belonged. The carving is therefore 280 years old.’ - -The latter part of the inscription is clearly erroneous, as the -manor-house was not in lay hands till after the dissolution. Mr. -Nelson thought that these arms were placed here by some descendant -of the Dennys or Weston family, who might afterwards have lived at -Canonbury--perhaps one of the Comptons, Joan, a daughter of Sir Walter, -having married into that family. The Comptons did not come into -possession till 1610, when William, the second lord, succeeded Sir -John Spencer, having married Elizabeth, his daughter and sole heiress. -I need hardly say that they were the direct ancestors of the present -Marquis of Northampton, who still owns the property. - -A famous galleried inn, the Old Bell,[67] Holborn, now almost unique -of its kind, has, imbedded in the front, the sculptured arms of Fowler -of Islington, namely, azure, on a chevron argent, between three herons -or, as many crosses formée gules. They are surmounted by an esquire’s -helmet, with a crest, which seems to be an eagle’s head with a sprig of -some sort in its beak. The first man of this family who made any mark -was Thomas Fowler, lord of the manor of Bernersbury[68] or Barnsbury, -Islington, in 1548. From him descended Sir Thomas Fowler, knight, -Deputy Lieutenant of the county of Middlesex, and apparently one of the -jurors at the trial of Sir Walter Raleigh, at Winchester, in 1603. If -the tradition of Sir Walter’s residence at Islington is true, they must -have lived within a stone’s throw of each other at one time. Before -being knighted, Thomas Fowler had married Jane, daughter of Gregory -Charlet, citizen and tallow-chandler, who bore him two sons. His second -wife, to whom he was married at St. James’s Church, Clerkenwell, on -March 17, 1604, was Mary, widow of Sir John Spencer, of Althorp--not to -be confused with his neighbour the rich merchant of Crosby Place and -Canonbury, who lived on till 1609. His elder son, also Thomas, was made -a baronet, but the title died out with him in 1656. - -The Fowlers dwelt in a house in Cross Street, Islington, a little -beyond the church, which still existed a generation ago. The ceiling -of a room on the first-floor was decorated with the arms and initials -of Queen Elizabeth, also the initials F T I. At the end of the garden, -which had been of considerable extent, there was a small brick -building,[69] intended, perhaps, for a summer-house or porter’s lodge. -It had on the west side, cut in stone, the Fowler arms, bearing an -esquire’s helmet, apparently similar in all respects to those I have -described, except that no mention is made of a crest. In another part -of the building were the arms of Sir Thomas Fowler the younger, with -his initials and the date 1655. They were distinguished by having an -escutcheon charged with a sinister hand, couped at the wrist--the arms -of Ulster and ensign of baronetcy. It is curious that the daughter -and heiress of this Sir Thomas Fowler married a Fisher, to whom -descended the manor of Barnsbury, and that the first Fowler who settled -in Islington had married a Herne or Heron. The arms of that family -appeared in a window of the old house in Cross Street. - -When visiting the Guildhall Museum, not long since, I was reminded of -another Islington family, not distinguished, but still perhaps worthy -of mention. A stone tablet, said to be from an old house in Upper -Street, Islington, has on it the inscription: N R I RVFFORDS BVILDINGS -1688, and a similar inscription is still to be seen on No. 1a, Compton -Street, Clerkenwell. The fact is, there were two groups of houses thus -named, both of which were built by Captain Nicholas Rufford, who was -churchwarden at Islington in 1690, and died in 1711, aged seventy-one. -Nelson mentions inscriptions to him and several of his family in the -churchyard. In the Islington Rufford’s Buildings Dr. W. Berriman lived -for some years. He was a famous divine, and became Fellow of Eton -College. His death took place in 1749-50. - -Some pages back, in my description of the sign of the Two Negroes’ -Heads, I had occasion to allude to Clare Market. Before that -neighbourhood is quite transformed, I should like to say a few words -about it and its connection with the Holles family. An old coat of arms -and an old inscription will serve as pegs on which to hang my story. In -Seymour’s ‘Survey,’ 1754 (written by John Mottley), we are told that -Clement’s Inn[70]--the fancied scene of Shallow’s exploits--descended -to the Earls of Clare from their ancestor Sir William Holles, or -Hollis--as he spells it--Lord Mayor of London in 1539. The name of -John, Baron Holles of Houghton, appears as a parishioner of St. Clement -Danes in the rate-book for the year 1617. In 1624 he was created Earl -of Clare. There seems to have been no concealment about the fact that -his titles were bought: the first, obtained through the influence of -the Duke of Buckingham, had cost him no less a sum than £10,000; for -the second he is said to have paid an additional £5,000. It is curious -that this latter dignity had some years before been refused to Robert -Rich, afterwards created Earl of Warwick, who had set his heart on -it (and is said to have also paid money for his earldom), the Crown -lawyers having solemnly declared that it was a title peculiar to the -Royal Family, and not to be borne by a subject. The princely mansion -of John Holles,[71] second Earl, was at the end of Clare Court, or -Clare House Court, on the east side of Drury Lane, next to Blackmore -Street. In Hatton’s time (1708) it had been turned into tenements. This -second Earl founded Clare Market,[72] which stands, or stood, on what -was previously called Clement’s Inn Fields. License had already been -granted by Charles I. to Thomas York in 1640, and to the antiquary -Gervase Holles[73] in 1642, to make streets and to erect houses on this -property. One of the provisions in the Act[74] passed in 1657, ‘for the -Preventing of the Multiplicity of Buildings in and about the Suburbs -of London,’ expressly states that John, Earl of Clare, having erected -several new buildings and improved the property, ‘from henceforth for -ever hereafter, on every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, in every -week, there shall be a common open and free market, held in Clement’s -Inn Fields aforesaid, where the said buildings useful for a market -are erected, and in the places near unto adjoining, and to enjoy -all liberties, customs and emoluments incident usually and of right -belonging and appertaining to markets.’ It seems, from the ‘Harleian -Miscellany,’ that the City authorities at one time began a lawsuit -laying claim to this property, but they failed in their attempt. The -market was at first usually called the New Market. - -The streets in this neighbourhood are several of them named after the -family of the former possessors: as Clare Street, where, on Saturdays, -there is still something like a market; Denzell Street, Holles Street, -Houghton Street, Vere Street, and Gilbert Street and Passage. On a -squalid house at the corner of this narrow opening, and facing the -space lately cleared in what was the market, I have observed with -interest a fine stone bas-relief of the Holles arms, surmounted by -an earl’s coronet, namely, ermine, two piles in point sable, and the -motto ‘Spes audaces adjuvat,’ the supporters being a lion and that -nondescript beast, a heraldic tiger, which is supposed to have a -dragon’s head. The date beneath is 1659, showing that they were put up -for John Holles, second Earl of Clare, no doubt on a building in the -market-place. Another curious relic is to be seen let into the wall of -a public-house called the Royal Yacht, at the corner of Denzell Street -and Stanhope Street. This is a stone tablet, the inscription on which -is here given, and which speaks for itself. - -[Illustration: Denzell Street·1682 So called by Gilbert= Earle of Clare -in Memory of his Vncle Denzell Lord Holles who dyed February y^e: -17^{th}: 1679 Aged 81 years:3:months a great honour to his name and the -exact paterne of his Fathers great Meritt·John Earle of Clare Rebuilt -by H^Y COCKER 1796] - -It was erected by Gilbert, third Earl, in memory of his father’s -second brother Denzil--‘a man of great courage and of as great pride,’ -says Clarendon, who, during the early troubles between Charles I. and -his Parliament, took a leading part on the popular side. On March 2, -1629, when the Speaker was about to adjourn the House in obedience to -the King’s order, Denzil Holles helped to keep him in the chair by -force, for which conduct he, with five other members, was committed -to the Tower and fined 1,000 marks. After many vicissitudes Holles -welcomed the restoration of Charles II., was created a peer, and sent -as Ambassador to Paris, where his pugnacity and his ignorance of the -French language[75] were alike remarkable. Mr. Wheatley tells us that -in 1644 he had been living in Covent Garden, under the name of Colonel -Holles; in 1666, and after, he was in a house at the west corner of the -north piazza, which Sir Kenelm Digby had previously occupied. - -The Holles family became extinct in the male line on the death of -John, fourth Earl of Clare, who had married Lady Margaret Cavendish, -a great heiress, and was created Duke of Newcastle. This nobleman, -one of the richest subjects in the kingdom, died in 1711, from the -effects of a fall while hunting at Welbeck, leaving an only daughter, -from whom is descended the present Duke of Portland. Some years before -his death, namely, in May, 1705, still clinging to the neighbourhood -with which his family had been so long connected, the last Holles in -the male line bought from the Marquis of Powis, for the large sum of -£7,000, the house at the north-west angle of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, -now numbered 66 and 67, which touches Great Queen Street, and is still -known as Powis or Newcastle House. The Duke left the greater part of -his possessions, including this house, to his nephew, Thomas Pelham, -the well-known political leader in the time of George II., who took the -name of Holles, and was also created Duke of Newcastle. Here he lived -and intrigued, and this was the scene of his levees, so graphically -described by Lord Chesterfield. If those silent walls could speak, they -might tell us many strange tales. - -Newcastle House had been built in 1686 by Captain William Winde, or -Wynne, as Campbell calls him in the ‘Vitruvius Britannicus’--a pupil -of Gerbier, and perhaps also of Webb, who was in his turn a pupil of -Inigo Jones. The structure has unfortunately been much altered for the -worse since an engraving of it was made for Strype’s Stow (edition of -1754). It replaced an older house which had been burnt to the ground on -October 26, 1684, the family escaping with difficulty. William Herbert, -first Marquis and titular Duke of Powis, for whom the house was built, -suffered severely owing to his attachment to the cause of James II. He -accompanied the King into exile, his estates were, in part at any rate, -confiscated, and he died at St. Germains in 1696. In some way this -house escaped the general wreck; perhaps it was alienated for a few -years. Strype says that ‘it was sometime the seat of Sir John Somers, -late Lord Chancellor of England’; and Pennant adds, ‘It is said that -Government had it once in contemplation to have bought and settled it -officially on the great seal. At that time it was inhabited by the Lord -Keeper, Sir Nathan Wright.’ Whatever the circumstances may have been, -it came into the hands of the second Marquis, who before its sale to -the Duke of Newcastle had already built himself another house[76] in -Great Ormond Street, on the site of which is Powis Place. - -The west side of Lincoln’s Inn Fields shows interesting specimens of -architecture. Lindsey House, though much altered, is an undoubted work -of Inigo Jones. It was built probably about the year 1640, for Robert -Bertie, first Earl of Lindsey, who died a hero’s death at the battle -of Edgehill. The fourth Earl having been created Duke of Ancaster, it -was for a time called Ancaster House. Hatton, in 1708, describes it -as ‘a handsome building of the Ionic order, and (in front a) strong -beautiful court-gate, consisting of six fine, spacious brick piers, -with curious ironwork between them, and on the piers are placed very -large and beautiful vases.’ The stone facade is now plastered and -painted, the entrance door widened, the house divided into two. Inside, -a graceful mantelpiece and an alcove evidently belong to the last -century. Mr. Alfred Marks, in a valuable note on the house, ascribes -these architectural features to Ware, who was a great admirer of Inigo -Jones, and in 1743 published some of his designs. The alcove is adorned -by a coat of arms belonging to the Shiffner family, a member of which, -as appears from the _Gentleman’s Magazine_, resided in Lincoln’s Inn -Fields in the year 1759. - -South of Lindsey House, there are other buildings which were probably -designed by Inigo Jones. From the house which is over the archway -leading into Sardinia Street, one may trace the Rose and Fleur-de-lys -of Charles I. and his Queen on the pilasters. They are now mostly -plastered and painted, but it may be remarked that in the extreme -south-west corner of the Fields, behind other more modern structures, -stands a house the upper part of which is outside in its original -condition. It is of red brick, the bases, bands and capitals of the -pilasters and the architraves being of stone, and it has, like the -others, the rose and fleur-de-lys in relief. But the best-preserved -specimen, externally, of work of this character now existing in London -is the harmonious red-brick building on the south side of Great Queen -Street, hard by, which was either designed by Inigo Jones or by Webb -under his influence. Let those who wish to study its fine proportions -and pleasant details lose no time, for an ominous board has appeared in -front, and much I fear that its days are numbered. Can nothing be done -to save it? Mr. Wheatley says that Thomas Hudson, the portrait-painter -(Reynolds’s master), lived in this house, which is now divided and -numbered 55 and 56. It had almost certainly been occupied by Sir -Godfrey Kneller. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - -MISCELLANEOUS SIGNS, DATES, AND INSCRIPTIONS, ETC. - - ‘Many things of worthy memory.’ - - SHAKESPEARE: _Taming of the Shrew_. - - -I SHALL close my account with a few miscellaneous signs and -inscriptions which I could not appropriately fit in elsewhere. Several -eminent banking firms carefully preserve the signs which were used by -them before their houses were numbered; but they have been so ably -described by Mr. Hilton Price and others, that little more need be -said. The Marygold is in the front shop of Messrs. Child and Co.’s -premises, Fleet Street; it is of oak, the ground stained green, with a -sun and a gilt border: the motto underneath is, ‘Ainsi mon âme.’ The -Three Squirrels of Messrs. Gosling are worked in iron and attached to -the bars which protect their central window, and the original sign of -copper is preserved in the front office. From Mr. Price I learn that -as early as the year 1684, and perhaps earlier, James Chambers kept -a goldsmith’s shop at the Three Squirrels over against St. Dunstan’s -Church, Fleet Street; and it is a curious fact that one family of -Chambers bears the three squirrels in its arms. Hoare’s Golden Bottle -hangs over the doorway of their banking-house. Sir Richard Colt Hoare -thought it was a barrel sign adopted by James Hore, of Cheapside, -because his father, Ralph, was a member of the Coopers’ Company. More -likely, however, it was a sign of the same description as the Black -Jack and the Leathern Bottle, of which a genuine specimen from the -corner of Charles Street, Leather Lane, has lately found its way into -the Guildhall Museum. Unfortunately, the Grasshopper--the old sign of -Messrs. Martin and Co., in Lombard Street--has not been preserved. -It was the crest of Sir Thomas Gresham, who is believed to have here -carried on his business. A most interesting history of the house has -lately been written by Mr. J. B. Martin, one of the partners. A quaint -and charming sign is the little carved figure of a naval officer taking -an observation--the Wooden Midshipman of Dombey and Son. He may still -be seen in the Minories, having migrated from Leadenhall Street some -years ago. Not long since the owners sent him for change of air to the -Naval Exhibition. The figure and its associations form the subject of -a capital paper by Mr. J. Ashby-Sterry in _All the Year Round_ for -October 29, 1881. - -At the corner of Charlotte Street and the Blackfriars Road there is a -figure of a dog overturning a three-legged iron pot, in its eagerness -to get at the contents; this is the sign of a wholesale ironmonger’s -establishment said to date from 1783. The Dog’s Head in the Pot, as -it is called, seems, of late years at any rate, to have been usually -adopted by members of this trade, because the vessel represented is of -iron. The sign is said to indicate a dirty, slovenly housewife. Larwood -and Hotten mention a coarse woodcut of the beginning of last century -(to judge from the costumes, copied from an older original) which -represents two old women in a disorderly room or kitchen. One of them -wipes a plate with the bushy tail of a large dog whose head is buried -in a pot. Under it are the lines: - - ‘All sluts behold, take view of me, - Your own good husbandry to see.’ - -A Dutch saying, to anyone late for dinner, is that he will find the dog -in the pot; in other words, that the remains of the dinner have been -handed over to the dog to finish. - -The Dog’s Head in the Pot is a very old London sign, being mentioned -in a tract from the press of Wynkyn de Worde called ‘Cocke Lorell’s -Bote.’ The person who dwelt at this sign was therein described as -‘Annys Angry with the croked buttock--by her crafte a breche maker.’ -A later notice occurs in the will (dated September 3, 1563) of Thomas -Johnson, citizen and haberdasher, of London, who gave £13 4s. annually -to the highways between Barkway and Dog’s Head in the Pot, otherwise -called ‘Horemayd,’ probably a house of entertainment in the parish of -Great or Little Hormead, in Hertfordshire, by the side of the road -from Barkway to London. At a house in Westgate Street, Gloucester, -some beautifully carved Tudor panels have lately come to light. One -of them has on it a dog or leopard eating out of a three-legged pot. -A seventeenth-century trade-token, issued from Red Cross Street, and -another from Old Street, St. Luke’s, have the device of the Dog’s Head -in the Pot. - -A medallion in plaster or terra-cotta, which looked as if it might -have been copied from a classical coin, was till lately to be seen on -the gable of a little fishmonger’s shop in Cheyne Walk. This, though -a humble specimen of its class, belonged to a style of decoration -once common. I have before me a view, dated 1792, of a house on Tower -Hill with similar medallions. Sometimes the heads of Roman Emperors -were thus placed, sometimes the cardinal virtues or other emblematic -figures. In the third edition of Stow, by Anthony Munday, occurs the -following passage, descriptive of Aldgate: ‘The old ruinous Gate being -taken downe, and order provided for a new foundation, divers very -ancient peeces of Romane coyne were found among the stones and rubbish, -which, as Mr. Martin Bond (a Worshipful Citizen, and one of the -Surveyors of the worke) told me, two of them (according to their true -forme and figure) he caused to be carved on stone, and fixed on eyther -side of the Gates Arch without, eastward.’ These coins were of the -Emperors Trajan and Diocletian. Martin Bond laid the foundation-stone -of the new gate in 1607. The little house in Cheyne Walk was formerly a -freehold with the right of pasturage on Chelsea Common; it was pulled -down in October, 1892. I have drawn it for the frontispiece of this -volume; the lower part appears in a delightful etching by Whistler, -called ‘The Fish-shop.’ - -One of the most interesting signs in existence belongs to my friend -Mr. F. Manley Sims. It does not, however, strictly belong to London, -having been brought from Poole some years ago; its earlier history -has yet to be discovered. This is a doctor’s signboard, excellently -carved, with figures in high relief. It is divided into compartments: -in the centre--more important than the rest--is the doctor himself, in -Jacobean costume, his potions ranged on shelves behind him; around, in -seven compartments, are represented various operations of surgery; and -below, in relief, appear the words from Ecclesiasticus, ‘Altissimus -creavit de terra medicynam et vir prudens non abhorebit illam.’ Anno -Domini 1623. There are traces of paint and gilding; the whole is -enclosed within an ornamental border, and has a highly decorative -effect. - -Somewhat akin to the sculptured street signs are the tablets on which -are inscribed the names of the streets, and often the dates of their -building or completion. They have historical value where, as is not -unfrequently the case, they record a name now in danger of being -forgotten, and some of them are designed with a good deal of taste. So -many of these tablets remain that I shall not attempt a list, but shall -only mention a few good examples. One of the oldest is in Great Chapel -Street, Westminster, and is inscribed: ‘This is Chappeil Street, 1656.’ - -The following are instances of the inscriptions, which may help us to -make out the history of the streets. On a corner house at the east -side of Dering Street (late Union Street), Oxford Street, is a stone -inscribed, ‘Sheffield Street, 1721.’ Curiously enough, in Horwood’s -Map of 1799, and in another issued in 1800, the name is given as -Shepherd Street, so that here we have four changes in 170 years. On a -modern house at the south-east corner of Danvers Street, Cheyne Walk, -much of which is now cleared away, there is a stone, supported by -brackets, with a pediment which tells us that ‘This is Danvers Street, -begun in y^e year 1696 by Benjamin Stallwood.’ Danvers House, hard by, -was not pulled down till 1716. May’s Buildings, on the east side of -St. Martin’s Lane, have the name, and date 1739. Mr. J. T. Smith, in -‘Nollekens and his Times,’ tells us that they were built by Mr. May, -who ornamented the front of No. 43, St. Martin’s Lane, a few doors off, -where he resided. His house is still there; it has pretty cut brick -pilasters, and a cornice, and is now used as a restaurant. The archway -which leads into Sardinia Street, under one of the old houses on the -west side of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, is inscribed above the keystone -on each side, ‘Duke Streete, 1648.’ This street was renamed in 1878, -after the chapel there, once belonging to the Sardinian minister, which -was demolished in the riots of June 2, 1780, but shortly afterwards -rebuilt, and is now known as the chapel of SS. Anselm and Cecilia. Here -Fanny Burney was married, in 1793, to General D’Arblay. A stone tablet, -which has on it ‘Nassau Street in Whettens Buildings, 1734,’ is still -to be seen at the south-west corner of Nassau Street. In Strype’s Map -of 1720 the ground here, facing Gerrard Street, is occupied by a large -mansion with a garden at the back, Nassau Street not being yet made. - -Some of these tablets are well designed; a very nice example, though -not an early one, is placed above the first-floor of No. 16, Great -James Street, Bedford Row. It is an irregular convex shield, surrounded -by elaborate scroll-work of a style not uncommon about the time of its -erection, namely, in 1721. As a typical specimen it has been drawn for -this work. James Street, Haymarket, is also marked by a stone with -ornamental border, above a first-floor window of what is left of the -old Tennis Court, which is said to have been connected with the noted -Gaming House and Shaver’s Hall. - -[Illustration] - -The date on it--namely, 1673, indicates, I suppose, the year in which -the street was built or finished; Shaver’s Hall existed some time -previously. The Tennis Court ceased to be used in 1866, to the regret -of many. In the year 1887 the upper part was rebuilt; but from the -tablet downwards the original walls, though stuccoed over, remain. Mr. -Julian Marshall says that in this court Charles and the Duke of York -used frequently to play their favourite game, and that the house, No. -17, at the south-western corner of James’s Street and the Haymarket, is -said to have been that through which the royal brothers used to pass, -on their way to the Tennis Court.[77] It does not, however, appear that -there was any contemporary evidence connecting them with it. - -[Illustration: From Mount Pleasant] - -In the region called Mount Pleasant, Gray’s Inn Lane, not far from the -new thoroughfare Rosebery Avenue, there are two or three tablets of a -different kind. Near the west end, between Nos. 55 and 56, is a plain -square stone, with ‘DORRINGTON STREET 1720’ incised in Roman capitals. -This stone is in a brick frame, with moulded hood, and projects from -the frame about an inch and a half. Further east, on No. 41, nearly -opposite the site of the prison, are two more tablets; one, similar -to that just described, has ‘BAYNES STREET, 1737.’ Over this is a far -more elaborate example of cut or moulded brick, with a pediment. It -has the inscription ‘IN GOD IS ALL OUR TRUST,’ and below some marks or -signs in relief (one of which appears to be a T-square), with the date -1737. The motto is similar to that of the Brewers’ Company, and of the -Tylers’ and Bricklayers’ Company; with the latter I should think that -the builder or first possessor may have had some connection. - -[Illustration] - -This last, being a house and not a street tablet, reminds me that there -are scattered about here and there on the fronts of houses, initials -and dates which by judicious treatment are made quite decorative. One -of the prettiest was a little cut brick tablet on an old house--No. -164, Union Street, Southwark--lately destroyed, which had on it -beneath a pediment the initials W. H. in monogram, and the date 1701. -Again, in Walbrook, on the west side, is a tablet merely dated 1668, -with well-designed brackets and cornice. On a modern house--No. 4, -Tothill Street, Westminster--called in 1885 the Cock, now the Aquarium -Tavern, there is a stone on which are cut the date 1671, a heart-shaped -mark, and the initials E. T. A. - -[Illustration: N^o 12 walbrook] - -In 1850, when Peter Cunningham wrote his handbook, the old house was -yet standing; in it Thomas Southerne, the poet, had lodged, as pointed -out by Mr. Hutton in his ‘Literary Landmarks of London.’ The heart has -puzzled me; a similar mark was formerly on a house in Peter Street, -Westminster. Can it have been a parish mark? An undoubted device of -this kind appears on a house at the corner of West Street and Upper -St. Martin’s Lane, and consists of two ragged staves crossed, with the -date 1691, and the initials S. G. F., which indicate the parish of St. -Giles’s in the Fields. A mark of the parish of St. Bride’s, dated 1670, -is in Robin Hood Court, Shoe Lane. At the corner of Artillery Street, -Bishopsgate Without, and Sandys Row, soon to be improved away, there -is a flat stone having fastened on it a piece of iron, shaped like a -broad arrow, and below the date 1682. Is this a parish mark, or can -it have been connected in any way with the old artillery ground--the -Tassel Close of an earlier time, when crossbow-makers used here to -shoot at the popinjay? In Strype’s time ‘divers worthy citizens’ still -frequented it for martial exercise. Of greater historic interest are -the monogram of Henry VIII., the Tudor portcullis, and other devices -carved on the spandrels of the arches which are under the gatehouse of -St. James’s Palace. - -A general description of the painted signboards of London has formed no -part of the scheme of this book, because much has already been written -on the subject, and it would be too extensive to treat satisfactorily -in the limited space at my command. It may, however, be useful to note -a few signs of this kind still _in situ_. The Running Footman, of which -there are two specimens in Hays Mews, Charles Street, Berkeley Square, -is particularly interesting on account of the costume, and because it -is a record of the days when carriages moved at little more than a -foot’s pace,[78] and there were no police to regulate the traffic. It -is supposed to date from about 1770. Such a servant as this would be -singularly out of place in modern London; but in the East, retainers of -the same kind, who run in front and clear the way, still naturally form -part of a great man’s equipage. The Goat in Boots is to be seen in the -Fulham Road in front of a public-house lately rebuilt. To Le Blond--a -Flemish painter, who lived at Chelsea--was attributed the original -design, which seems to have been painted or repainted by Morland. Since -then, however, it has been daubed over again and again. Some ingenious -person has conjectured that the sign originated from a corruption of -the Dutch words: ‘der Goden Bode’ (the messenger of the Gods), said to -have been applied to Mercury, and to have been formerly used on houses -in Holland, to denote that post-horses were to be obtained; but this -seems improbable, as the house in old deeds is called the Goat. At the -Ben Jonson tavern in Shoe Lane a curious old wooden panel is preserved, -which bears on its two sides what are supposed to be portraits of ‘rare -Ben’; as it is nailed against the wall, one side only is now visible. -The person portrayed is a lean hungry-looking man, the very reverse -of the poet; it seems likely, nevertheless, that this was the old -signboard. A more ambitious effort is the full-length portrait of the -Duke of Cumberland--the hero of Culloden--which is on a public-house -at the corner of Bryanston Street and Great Cumberland Place, built -about 1774. It is affixed to the wall in accordance with the law -passed a short time previously. One is reminded of a letter by Horace -Walpole to Conway, dated April 16, 1747, in which he thus moralizes: -‘I observed how the Duke of Cumberland’s head had succeeded, almost -universally, to Admiral Vernon’s, as his head had left few traces of -the Duke of Ormonde’s. I pondered these things in my heart, and said -unto myself all glory is but a sign.’ Now that Hatchett’s Hotel in -Piccadilly has passed away, it is worth while to record that over the -bar of the Restaurant on this site (rebuilt 1886) was to be seen the -old painted signboard of a white horse with flowing mane and tail, and -the inscription, ‘The New White Horse Cellars, Abraham Hatchett.’ Last -year, owing to further alterations, this was removed. - -The signs I have referred to are comparatively well known, but that -of the Coach and Horses--No. 49, St. John’s Square, Clerkenwell--has, -I think, hitherto escaped observation. This is a large picture -representing a lioness attacking one of the leaders of a mail-coach; a -yokel with a pitchfork, and a dog, advance intrepidly to the rescue. In -the background is a wayside inn, in front a pond. The event depicted -actually took place on October 20, 1816, and is described in ‘Cassell’s -Popular Natural History,’ vol. ii., p. 119. It seems that the Exeter -mail-coach was on its way to London, and the driver had pulled up at -Winter’s-Low-Hut, seven miles from Salisbury, to deliver the bags, when -one of his leaders was suddenly attacked by a ferocious animal, which -proved to be a lioness. A large mastiff came to the rescue, but when -she charged him he fled, and was pursued and killed about forty yards -from where the coach was standing. It turned out that the lioness had -escaped from a menagerie which was on its way to Salisbury Fair. She -was eventually driven into a granary, carrying the dead mastiff in her -teeth, and there secured by her keepers. A picture of this strange -attack was long exhibited at the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly; of this -picture I imagine the sign to be a copy, it seems too well done to have -been painted expressly for the public-house to which it belongs. In -the course of 1889 a curious sign, the Whistling Oyster, disappeared -from No. 13, Vinegar Yard, on the south side of Drury Lane Theatre. -Here were formerly oyster and refreshment rooms, and it seems that -about 1840 Mr. Pearkes, the then proprietor, discovered among his stock -an eccentric bivalve, which actually did produce a sort of whistling -sound; much custom for a time and many jokes resulting therefrom. In -an early volume of _Punch_ there is a fancy portrait of the whistling -oyster. - -In the course of this work I have several times alluded to the -Guildhall Museum, beneath the Guildhall Library, which is not known as -it deserves. It contains not only sculptured signs, but a very valuable -collection of objects of artistic and antiquarian interest, most of -them from various parts of the city. The only drawbacks are that the -crypt or room in which they are placed, being half underground, is -very imperfectly lighted, and that the collection has not hitherto -been catalogued. This latter defect will, however, I understand, be -shortly remedied. Before descending let us glance at the statues -which flank the entrance to the Guildhall Library and Museum from -King Street. They are from the old College of Physicians in Warwick -Lane--one of Wren’s buildings--some remains of which still exist, -incorporated in the premises at the back of No. 1, Newgate Street. -These statues represent King Charles II. and Sir John Cutler, a -rich merchant whose avarice, handed down by Pope[79] and others, has -become immortal. It seems that in 1675 Sir John--a near relation of -Dr. Whistler, the president--expressed a wish to subscribe towards -the rebuilding of the College of Physicians, which had been destroyed -in the Great Fire, having previously stood at Amen Corner. When a -deputation attended to thank him, he renewed his promise, and specified -the part of the building for which he intended to pay. The theatre -accordingly bore on its front towards Warwick Lane the inscription, -‘Theatrum Cutlerianum.’ In the year 1680 statues in honour of the -king and the knight were voted by members of the college. A certain -amount of money must have been furnished, and some years afterwards -Cutler advanced them more; but after his death his executors, in 1699, -claimed the whole with interest, the money pretended to be given, and -that actually given, being alike set down as a loan in Cutler’s books. -The demand was compromised for £2,000. The statue remained, but the -college wisely obliterated the inscription which, in the warmth of its -gratitude, it had placed beneath the figure: ‘Omnis Cutleri cedat -labor amphitheatro.’ Pennant[80] is responsible for the above account, -perhaps overcoloured, which he gave on the authority of Dr. Richard -Warren. Strype speaks of Sir John as a great benefactor to the college; -he had no doubt given largely to the Grocers’ Company, of which he was -warden, and a portrait of him is in their possession. - -I will now ask my readers to come with me to the Museum, which well -repays a visit. I understand that the nucleus of it was formed in -1829, when various antiquities, discovered in digging the foundations -of the then new Post Office in St. Martin’s-le-Grand, the new London -Bridge, and in the destruction of the Guildhall Chapel, were brought -together; but it has only of late years become important. I have -already described the sculptured signs which here find a home; let -me now briefly call attention to other objects which seem to me -especially interesting. There is an article on them in the _City -Press_ for September 5, 1891, to which I am indebted for several -useful hints. The accumulation of earth and débris in the City is so -great, that the present town is raised many feet above Roman London. -Now that excavations for new buildings are carried down much deeper -than formerly, valuable objects are not unfrequently brought to light. -The Roman antiquities in the Museum are many and important; of these -perhaps the most striking is a large piece of tessellated pavement -from Bucklersbury, in almost perfect condition. It was found no less -than 19 feet below the level of the roadway, on which account it is -thought to be an early relic of the Roman occupation. One of the good -deeds of the much-abused Metropolitan Board of Works was the gift of -this piece of pavement to the Corporation. In the course of excavations -in the City no less than three bastions of the original wall have -been discovered. The foundations of these were formed by masses of -statuary, inscriptions, and other débris of earlier Roman buildings. A -fine specimen is the statue of a Roman soldier, found at the bastion -in Camomile Street a few years since. Then there is a sculptured lion -fiercely attacking another animal, and many similar remains of equal or -greater interest; to describe them all in the briefest way would fill -a chapter. About one other relic of the Roman occupation I shall say -a few words, because it appears to be an almost unique instance of a -joke, written by a Roman with his own hand. This is a tile found in the -Roman wall during the excavations for Cutler’s Hall in Warwick Square. -On it are the following words, evidently incised when it was still -soft: ‘Austalis, Dibusu vagatur sib cotidem,’ which was thus translated -by the late Mr. Charles Roach Smith: ‘Austalis wanders off (from his -work) by himself to the Gods every day.’ The sentence is thought to -apply to a workman who was in the habit of absenting himself at odd -intervals, for purposes of prayer maybe--or more likely of refreshment, -and to have been written by a fellow workman. - -Of later objects, the various specimens of mediæval skates are worth -mentioning. Each one is fashioned out of the tibia of a horse. They -have been found from time to time in the neighbourhood of Moorfields, -and well exemplify the description written by Fitzstephen in the -twelfth century, wherein he tells us that ‘when the fen or moor which -watereth the walls of the City on the north side, is frozen, many -young men play upon the ice--some tie bones to their feet, and shoving -themselves by a little picked staff, do slide as quickly as a bird -flieth through the air, or an arrow out of a crossbow.’ Interesting -also are the flat caps of burgesses, considered to be of the time of -Henry VII., which were found in Finsbury, May, 1887, and exhibited -to the members of the British Archæological Association by Mr. J. -W. Bailey. They resemble the flatter kind of Scotch caps, or the -Basque caps, and have a peculiar little flap behind. Gold coins were -discovered in the double rims of these caps, kept there for safety, no -doubt; one of them an angel, of the time of Richard II. Then there -is a fine collection of Elizabethan graybeard jugs or bellarmines, -the grotesque heads on them being caricatured from the cardinal of -that name, who so strongly opposed the reformed religion. Among larger -objects, a splendid fireplace from the old mansion in Lime Street which -belonged to the Fishmongers’ Company, and on which Messrs. G. H. Birch -and R. Phené Spiers drew up such a valuable monograph at the time of -its destruction. An old stone conduit from South Molton Street is -worth a glance. It has on it the City arms and the date 1627, and was -found six feet below the pavement. There is interest of a kind, too, -in the inscription from Pudding Lane, affixed in 1681 by overzealous -Protestants to the house of Farryner, the King’s baker, where the -Great Fire of London first began. This inscription was taken down in -the reign of James II., replaced in that of William III., and finally -removed about the middle of last century. It was found in the cellar -and brought here when the house (latterly numbered 25) was pulled down -in 1876. - -A few signs not sculptured are, I think, worth alluding to. One of the -quaintest is composed of blue and yellow Dutch tiles, and was doubtless -once fixed near the entrance of a coffee-house, but unfortunately no -record of it has been preserved. It is about twenty inches high, and -represents a boy with long hair, in seventeenth-century costume, -somewhat like that of the modern Bluecoat boys. He is standing, and -pouring out coffee; by his side is a table, with appliances for -drinking, and tobacco pipes, and above, on a scroll, the words ‘DISH -OF COFFEE BOY.’ A sign of this kind in remarkable preservation, and -finely executed, is the Cock and Bottle--three to four feet high, and -worked in blue and white Dutch tiles with an ornamental border--which -came from Cannon Street. The date of this sign is said to be about -1700; the house to which it belonged formerly stood on the south -side, and was pulled down in 1853, at the time of the Cannon Street -alterations. A public-house (Nos. 94 and 96), still called the Cock -and Bottle, occupies the site. A sign of a Dolphin which belongs to -the earlier part of the eighteenth century was in 1890 presented by -Messrs. Burrup, so long pleasantly connected with the Surrey Cricket -Club. It is painted on copper, and comes from a shop on the south side -of the old Royal Exchange, where an ancestor of the Burrup family was -first established in 1730. A unique relic is the little plate of metal, -inscribed as follows: - - ‘Abraham Bartlett, who makes ye boulting mills and cloathes, dwells - at the sign of the boulting mill at Thames Street, near Queenhith, - London, 1678.’ - -It is surmounted by a grotesque head, and fixed on a thin piece of -wood with a ring for hanging it up. The boulting-mill was used for -sifting meal by shaking it backwards and forwards, boulting-cloth being -a material of loose texture for the meal to pass through. Of doubtful -origin is a classically designed figure of a boy in low relief, with -foliated border, and the date 1633; the material of this is cast iron. -Another curious relic is a wooden statuette of Time, with scythe and -hour-glass, which formerly belonged to the clock in the church of St. -Giles, Cripplegate. The inscription tells us that it was presented by -the churchwardens, who in my opinion ought never to have removed it -from the church for which it had been carved, where it was far more -appropriately placed than it can possibly be here; though of course one -is glad that it is preserved. - -Last, not least, a very interesting stone bas-relief of doubtful -origin, which purports to represent Whittington and his cat, was -bequeathed by the Rev. Canon Lysons. The figure in question is -doubtless that of a boy carrying a little quadruped in his arms. The -tablet to which it belongs seems to have been broken off on the side -to the spectator’s left, and therefore probably formed part of a -larger piece of sculpture. This relic, which at a first glance seems -to resemble a sculptured house-sign, was exhibited some years ago -at a meeting of the Archæological Institute. Mr. Lysons stated on -that occasion that it was dug up in Westgate Street, Gloucester. From -a rent-roll of 1460, he had learned that in the said year Richard -‘Whitynton,’ lord of the manor of Staunton, possessed a house or -houses, called ‘Rotten Row, or Asschowellys-place’; and from a lease -it appeared that the house, in the foundations of which the stone -was found, stands exactly on the site of Asschowellys (in modern -orthography Ashwell’s) Place. The Richard Whittington here alluded -to was great-nephew of the renowned Lord Mayor of London, living -contemporaneously with his famous namesake, the rent-roll above named -having been made within thirty-seven years of Sir Richard’s death. This -is certainly a very singular coincidence, and if it could be proved -that the tablet in question represented Whittington and his cat, we -might consider that the tradition about him, which has delighted the -childhood of so many thousands, was really founded on fact. Mr. Lysons -was strongly of that opinion; he stated, however, that the house in -Westgate Street, under which the tablet was found, besides being on the -site of Ashwell’s Place, is also on the site of a Roman temple--and -perhaps most impartial observers will be inclined to think that the -costume of the figure, and the general style of the tablet in question, -point rather to indifferent Roman than to fifteenth-century work. - -[Illustration] - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -A FEW SUBURBAN SPAS. - - ‘Of either sex whole droves together - To see and to be seen flock thither, - To drink and not to drink the water, - And here promiscuously to chatter.’ - - _Islington Wells or the Threepenny Academy_, 1691. - - -IN connection with sculptured signs, and again when alluding to the -arms of the Fowler family, and to Canonbury, I have had occasion to -describe houses in Islington. I shall now take up the thread of my -discourse, from the White Lion on the west side of the High Street, -and ask the kind reader to explore with me the sites of some of the -old places of entertainment nearer London. A short distance further -south is the Angel, rebuilt in 1819. This was one of the picturesque -old galleried inns which have now become almost extinct. Close at -hand, on the opposite side of the way, is the old Red Lion tavern, -very much rejuvenated; it puts forward a bold claim to date from the -year 1415. On the gables are shields, apparently modern, with lions -in relief. Seventy or eighty years ago this house stood almost alone -on the high-road. Here Tom Paine was said to have written his ‘Rights -of Man,’ and the tradition is that Goldsmith, Thomson, nay even the -great Dr. Johnson, visited it. In the middle distance of Hogarth’s -picture of ‘Evening,’ there is a house, supposed to be the old Red -Lion, which shows how rural were its then surroundings. The scene is -laid in front of the Myddleton’s Head--also at that time apparently -a country wayside inn, which, says Pinks, had been built in 1614. A -portrait of the worthy founder of the New River Company projects by -way of sign from the gable. This house stood on the south side of -Sadler’s Wells Theatre, from which it was separated by the New River. -Malcolm has recorded that in 1803 it was still picturesque. He says: -‘A few paces northwards (from Islington Spa) conduct the passenger -under a portrait of Sir Hugh Myddleton (tolerably well painted), who -faces his river adorned with tall poplars, graceful willows, sloping -banks, and flowers.’ How changed is now the scene! The trees have long -since perished as utterly as the anglers,[81] ‘the noble swans’ and -water-fowl, of an earlier time; and Sir Hugh would no longer face -his once pleasant stream, which in its old age has disappeared from -sight, and taken refuge under ground. In 1831 the Sir Hugh Myddleton -tavern replaced the former house of entertainment. This, in its turn, -has now ceased to exist, having been pulled down, with other houses in -Myddleton Place, to make room for the new thoroughfare[82] from the -Angel, Islington, to Holborn Town Hall, opened July 9, 1892, under the -name of Rosebery Avenue. - -One of the leading characteristics of London citizens of the -seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was their taste for frequenting -public gardens and houses of amusement in the suburbs. Many of -these were originally health-resorts--‘spas’ or ‘wells,’ they were -called, from the springs of mineral water which had formed the chief -attraction. In such places the northern suburbs abounded, and the -parish of Clerkenwell[83] might be considered their headquarters. At a -time when travelling was toilsome and costly, sometimes even dangerous, -it was useful to have a little Buxton or Harrogate close at hand. To -supply the demand, some enterprising person discovered a spring with -rare healing powers; some doctor wrote it up, and the place became, -for a time at least, fashionable. Such a spa in St. George’s Fields I -have already described. Let me say a few words about others equally -interesting, in the neighbourhood in which we now find ourselves. - -Not far from the site of the Myddleton’s Head, on the north side of -the New River, no longer visible, and close to the New River Head, -stands Sadler’s Wells Theatre, built on the site of one of these places -of health-resort. It seems that some time before 1683, a certain Mr. -Sadler, said to have been a surveyor of highways, had put up a wooden -building hereabouts, which was known as Sadler’s Music-house. In -that year his servants, when digging in the garden for gravel, were -reported to have discovered a mineral spring, and in 1684 a pamphlet -was published by a doctor named Thomas Guidot, puffing the curative -powers of the water. He speaks of five or six hundred patients being -there every morning, and assures us that the spring had merely been -rediscovered: ‘The priests belonging to the Priory of Clarkenwell, -using to attend there, making the people believe that the virtues -of the waters proceeded from the efficacy of their prayers.’ ‘These -superstitions,’ he adds, ‘were the occasion of its being arched over -and concealed at the time of the Reformation.’ - -In spite of this fine puff, the waters, apparently, soon ceased to -attract, though they continued to be sold in Sadler’s name for some -time, as shown by an advertisement of June, 1697.[84] In 1699 the -building was advertised as Miles’s Musick-house. The place had then -become known as a resort for very disorderly characters. Miles was -succeeded by Francis Forcer, whose father, a musician, seems to have -lived on the spot. - -The son, said to have been an Oxford man, introduced the diversions of -tumbling, and rope-dancing with the pranks of Harlequin and Scaramouch. -He died in 1743, and in the following year the establishment was being -carried on by one John Warren, when it was presented by a Middlesex -Grand Jury as a place of ‘great extravagance, luxury, idleness, and -ill-fame.’ Soon afterwards it got into the hands of Mr. Rosoman,[85] -who in 1765 pulled down Sadler’s wooden erection, and built a regular -theatre on the site. - -Towards the end of last century Sadler’s Wells was still some distance -from London, and the roads were by no means safe. George Daniel, in his -‘Merrie England,’ says: ‘It is curious to read at the bottom of the old -bills and advertisements the following alarming announcements, “A horse -patrol will be sent in the New Road that night, for the protection of -the nobility and gentry who go from the squares and that end of the -town; the road also towards the city will be properly guarded.” Again, -“June, 1783.--Patroles of horse and foot are stationed from Sadler’s -Wells gate along the New Road to Tottenham Court Turnpike; likewise -from the City Road to Moorfields; also to St. John Street, and across -the Spa fields to Rosoman Row, from the hours of eight to eleven.”’ -On Easter Monday, April 2, 1804, a new sort of entertainment called -‘Naumachia’ was produced at Sadler’s Wells. An immense tank had been -constructed under the stage and beyond it, which could be filled by -water from the New River, and emptied at pleasure. On this aquatic -stage, the boards being removed, was given a mimic representation of -the Siege of Gibraltar, in which real vessels of considerable size -bombarded the fortress, but were subdued by the garrison and to all -appearance burnt.[86] After a time the success of the novelty was -prodigious, and many pieces of the same kind were afterwards produced. -This theatre was distinguished a generation ago as the home of -Shakespearean drama, under the management of that sterling actor Samuel -Phelps. It was rebuilt in 1879. The actual site of the old well has -long been lost; Malcolm asserted that it had been discovered some time -before he wrote ‘in the space between the New River and the stage-door’ -of the theatre, and that it was said to have been encircled with stone, -with a descent of several steps. Cromwell, however, writing a few -years later, tells us that ‘persons who have an intimate acquaintance -with the theatre for the last half-century have no recollection of -the discovery; and as it is known that springs yet exist under the -orchestra and stage, it seems probable that the ancient healing -fountain might be traced to that situation.’ - -For a few years, during the first half of the seventeenth century, -there was a rival to Sadler’s Wells in a popular place of amusement -called ‘The New Wells near the London Spa.’ There were gardens here, -and a theatre, in which took place what we should now call variety -entertainments. Mrs. Charlotte Charke--the eccentric daughter of Colley -Cibber, was one of the performers. Ceasing to attract, it was closed in -1747, the theatre being afterwards used as a chapel under the auspices -of John Wesley, and, according to Pinks, the houses Nos. 5 to 8, -Rosoman Street now occupy the site. - -Lysons, Halliwell Phillipps, and others, have confused the mineral -spring discovered by Sadler with a mineral spring of greater celebrity -called the New Tunbridge Wells; but, though near each other, they -were quite distinct. In 1699 a narrative poem was published under the -title of ‘A Walk to Islington, with a Description of New Tunbridge -Wells and Sadler’s Musick House,’ in which the fame of the wells is -ascribed to its medicinal water, and that of the music-house to such -good cheer as cheesecakes, custards, bottled ale and cider, and the -diversions of singing and dancing. An article in the _Gentleman’s -Magazine_ for December, 1813, puts the matter beyond a doubt; and -their relative positions are clearly marked in Horwood’s map of 1799. -New Tunbridge Wells, or the Islington Spa (really, of course, in the -parish of Clerkenwell), was a spring of chalybeate water in a garden, -the entrance to which until 1810 was opposite the New River Head on -the south side; No. 6, Eliza Place marked the site. This street, a -continuation west of Myddleton Place, has, like it, been absorbed by -Rosebery Avenue. The spa was open to the public before 1685, as is -proved by a curious advertisement in the _London Gazette_ of September -24 in that year: ‘Whereas Mr. John Langley, of London, Merchant, who -bought the Rhinoceros and Islington Wells, has been represented by -divers of his malicious adversaries to be a person of no estate or -reputation, nor able to discharge his debts; which evil practices have -been on purpose to ruin and destroy his reputation,’ etc. The character -of the company soon after this may be judged from a burlesque poem, -published in 1691; it contains the lines which head this chapter. -In 1700 there was ‘music for dancing all day long, every Monday and -Thursday during the summer season. No mask to be admitted.’ A few -years later the spa became fashionable, being patronized by ladies of -such position as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. It was at its zenith in -1733, when the Princesses Amelia and Caroline, daughters of George -II., came daily in the summer and drank the waters. At this time, as -we learn from the _Gentleman’s Magazine_, ‘Such was the concourse of -nobility and others that the proprietor took above £30 in a morning. -On the birthday of the Princesses, as they passed through the Spa -Field (which was generally filled with carriages), they were saluted -with a discharge of 21 guns, a compliment which was always paid them -on their arrival; and in the evening there was a great bonfire, and -the guns were discharged several times.’ Islington Spa continued with, -on the whole, declining fortune throughout the rest of the eighteenth -century. Soon afterwards it was found necessary to curtail the garden, -and a great part of the old coffee-room was pulled down. About the year -1810, the old entrance being closed, a new one was made in Lloyd’s Row; -and finally, in 1840, what remained of the garden was altogether done -away with, and two rows of houses, called Spa Cottages, were built on -the site. Even now there is a house at the corner of Lloyd’s Row and -Spa Cottages, the residence of the last proprietor, which recalls the -vanished glory of other days by the inscription in capital letters, -‘ISLINGTON SPA, OR NEW TUNBRIDGE WELLS.’ At the back, in the cellar -of No. 6, Spa Cottages, I have seen grotto-work with stone pilasters; -on each side are steps descending. Here, I believe, was the original -chalybeate spring; for many years it has ceased to flow. - -Horwood’s map of 1799 shows some of these suburban spas and places of -amusement very distinctly. Islington Spa is marked just south of the -New River Head, and over a hundred yards south-west of Sadler’s Wells. -The garden is of considerable size, running east, apparently to St. -John Street Road. A short distance to the west, and also near the New -River Head, is Merlin’s Cave--a rural tavern and holiday-resort of -Londoners--named, it is said, after an artificial cave, dug out in 1835 -in the royal gardens at Richmond, by order of Queen Caroline, and of -which there was here, perhaps, a humble imitation. - -Again, some distance to the south of the New River Head, at the corner -of Rosoman Street and Exmouth Street, one sees the words ‘London Spa,’ -on a public-house with that sign erected in 1835 to replace a former -building. This is on or near the site of another mineral spring once, -as we have seen, sufficiently famous to be named in a description of -the New Wells,[87] a neighbouring establishment. In ‘Poor Robin’s -Almanack’ for 1733, occurs the following doggerel, which refers to the -month of July: - - ‘Now sweethearts with their sweethearts go - To Islington or London Spaw; - Some go but just to drink the water, - Some for the ale which they like better.’ - -In point of fact, the spa ale sold here seems before the middle of the -century to have become famous, when the mineral water was no longer -heard of. Spa Fields, which adjoined, were an open waste, a Sunday -resort of Londoners of the lower class addicted to rough sports. I -have already referred to these fields at page 69, when speaking of the -Ducking-pond public-house and its successors, the Pantheon, and Spa -Fields Chapel, the first of ‘the Countess of Huntingdon’s Connexion.’ -She died in the house adjoining it on June 17, 1791. - -At the end of last century one might have had an almost rural walk -from the London Spa west to Bagnigge Wells, a more famous place of -entertainment. The way would have been along Exmouth Street, then -built on the south side only, and called Braynes Row; a relic of its -early days remains in the form of a tablet between Nos. 32 and 34, -which has inscribed on it ‘Braynes Buildings 1765.’ At the end of this -street was a turnpike, and at right angles to it was the Bagnigge -Wells Road, the lower portion of which had the suggestive name of -Coppice Row. North-west from the turnpike, it ran between fields as -far as a little group of houses called Brook Place, and then a few -more steps would have taken one to Bagnigge Wells,[88] within the -borders of St. Pancras. There was a tradition, unsupported, I believe, -by any evidence, that Nell Gwynne had here a place of summer abode, -‘pleasantly situated amid the Fields, and on the banks of the Fleet,’ -then a clear stream flowing rapidly and somewhat subject to floods. -This was Bagnigge House, a gabled building, some trace of which still -remained as late as the year 1844. Inside, it had originally some -curious decorative features; over a chimney-piece in one of the rooms -were the Royal arms and other heraldic bearings, and between them ‘the -bust of a woman in Roman dress, let deep into a circular cavity of the -wall, bordered with festoons of delf earth in the natural colours and -glazed.’ These were afterwards removed from this position, and set -up in a long room built for assemblies and balls, which, formed the -eastern boundary of the garden. An aquatint print of the interior of -this room was published by J. R. Smith in 1772, after a painting by -Saunders. The place seems to have been opened for purposes of amusement -early in the eighteenth century; for in Beckham’s[89] curious work, the -‘Musical Entertainer’ (_circa_ 1738), is an engraving of Tom Hippersly -there, mounted in the ‘singing rostrum,’ regaling the company with a -song. The inevitable healing springs, which always, no doubt, made -their appearance when wanted, were, it would seem, a comparatively -late discovery, first introduced to the public by Dr. John Bevis, -who in 1760 wrote ‘An Experimental Enquiry concerning the Contents, -Quality and Medicinal Value of two Mineral Waters lately discovered at -Bagnigge Wells near London.’ One was supposed to be purging, and the -other chalybeate; he gives an elaborate account of each. About the year -1775 the place[90] was ‘The Sunday Ramble’ as ‘by no means barren of -amusement, and visited in the morning by hundreds of persons to drink -the water, and on summer afternoons by numerous tea-drinking parties.’ -The writer tells of ‘beautiful walks ornamented with a great variety -of curious shrubs and flowers all in the utmost perfection,’ and ‘a -small round fish-pond, in the centre of which is a curious fountain -representing Cupid bestriding a swan, which spouts the water to a -great height.’ The Fleet,[91] or, as it was sometimes there called, -the Bagnigge River, now a sewer, but at that time still comparatively -undefiled, flowed through part of the garden; it was crossed by a -bridge, and the banks were rich with vegetation, insomuch that, as -Archer tells us, Luke Clennell, the artist, often came here and made -foreground studies for his pictures. But tastes change: the mineral -waters ceased to attract; people of fashion came no more. As early as -1779 Bagnigge Wells is described as a place - - ‘Where ‘prenticed youth enjoy the Sunday feast, - And City matrons boast their Sabbath rest, - Where unfledged Templars first as fops parade, - And new-made ensigns sport their first cockade.’ - -Later it became a mere cockney tea-garden, and gradually declined, till -in Lewis’s ‘History of Islington,’ 1842, it is described as almost a -ruin. Shortly afterwards it was closed and dismantled, and now all -trace of it has disappeared, save the name, which has been appropriated -by a modern tavern at the corner of King’s Cross Road (formerly -Bagnigge Wells Road) and Pakenham Street, and a curious stone tablet -surmounted by a grotesque head, of which I here give an illustration. - -[Illustration] - -This is now to be seen built into the wall between two modern -houses--Nos. 61 and 63, King’s Cross Road--probably near the -north-western limit of the garden. It is mentioned by Dr. Bevis in 1760 -as having been ‘over an old Gothic portal taken down about three years -ago, and now replaced over the door from the high-road to the house.’ -At that time, I believe, the grotesque head was added. About thirty -years ago, as may be learned from a letter in the _Builder_, January, -1863, the doorway was pulled down and the stone fixed where one may -still see it, in front of the houses built on the site. I was glad to -find this stone still in existence; it is worth rescuing from oblivion. -The inscription runs as follows: ‘This is Bagnigge House neare the -Pinder a Wakefielde 1680.’ - -The latter place, thus referred to, was an old country tavern in the -Gray’s Inn Road. Mr. Wheatley says it was on the west side, and that -the small houses between Harrison Street and Cromer Street, till -recently called Pindar Place, occupied the site; and, confirming his -statement, it is shown in Strype’s map on the west side of ‘the road to -Hamstead.’ The modern public-house with this sign is on the east side. -Tom Brown, in his ‘Comical View of London and Westminster,’ published -in 1705, gives us a pleasant glimpse of the then surroundings--of a -stile near Lamb’s Conduit, and ‘a milkmaid crossing the fields to -Pinder of Wakefield.’ There is mention of it immediately after the -Great Fire, by Aubrey. When the inscription was first put up, Bagnigge -House and the Pinder of Wakefield were probably next-door neighbours, -though their sites are now separated by a dreary wilderness of bricks -and mortar. Palmer, in his ‘History of St. Pancras,’ records that -in 1724 the Pinder of Wakefield was destroyed in a hurricane, the -landlord’s two daughters being buried in the ruins. The word Pinder, -equivalent to pinner or penner, was applied to the keeper of the public -pen or pound for the confinement of stray cattle. George a-Green, or -the Pinder of the town of Wakefield, is the subject of a prose romance -supposed to be as old as the time of Queen Elizabeth. He (so runs the -legend), with his back to a thorn and his foot to a stone, thrashed no -less a foe than Robin Hood. - -Before quitting this branch of my subject, I will say a few words -about a former health-resort within a stone’s throw of the old Pinder -of Wakefield. On the east side of Gray’s Inn Road, near the upper -end, by the King’s Cross Station on the Metropolitan Railway, is a -shabby-looking passage called St. Chad’s Row, which, turning to the -north, runs into King’s Cross Road, and here is the site of the well -named after St. Chad or St. Ceadda, who founded the bishopric of -Lichfield, and died in 672. In Laurie and Whittle’s map of 1800, the -extension of Gray’s Inn Road northwards is called St. Chad’s Road. -The well, however, as far as I can ascertain, was not particularly -ancient--or, if so, the early records are lost. Hone describes it in -his ‘Everyday Book’ in the following prophetic words: ‘St. Chad’s -Well is near Battle Bridge. The miraculous water is aperient, and was -some years ago quaffed by the bilious and other invalids, who flocked -thither in crowds.... A few years and it will be with its waters as -with the water of St. Pancras’ Well, which is enclosed in the garden of -a private house near old St. Pancras Churchyard.’ - -The garden attached to St. Chad’s Well seems in the last century to -have been famous for its tulips; at least, if one may believe an -advertisement in my possession, which has the date 1779. It speaks of -‘The largest and richest collection of early Dutch tulips ever yet seen -in Great Britain, now in bloom, with many fine double hyacinths of -various colours raised by Van Hawsen, to be had of Richard Morris at -St. Chad’s Wells, Battle Bridge, near London; the lowest prices marked -in the catalogue, which may be had as above, and the flowers seen -gratis. No person admitted with a dog. Seedsmen and gardeners will be -furnished wholesale with Duke Vantol, Claremond, and many other sorts -of early tulips at the Dutch prices, and with the usual discount: the -grand present Auricula at 1s. per pot: Gold and Silver Fish cheap.’ -Mr. Pinks gives the particulars of the sale by auction of St. Chad’s -Well on September 14, 1837. It seems that there was then a brick house -facing Gray’s Inn Lane, having a pump-room and a large garden at the -back. The water appears to have been still sold three years afterwards, -when a pamphlet was issued setting forth ‘the characteristic virtues of -the Saint Chad’s Wells aperient and alterative springs.’ - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - -TWO OLD CITY MANSIONS. - - ‘The crowning city, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are - the honourable of the earth.’ - - _Isaiah_ xxiii. 8. - - -BEFORE the summer of 1892 a large and interesting old mansion was -destroyed in the City. This, known as Nos. 8 and 9, Great St. Helen’s, -Bishopsgate Street, was situated on the south side of the churchyard. -It was of brick, having engaged pilasters, which were furnished with -stone bases and capitals; they also had bands, on two of which, -composed, however, of cement, appeared in relief the initials A L I and -the date 1646. The projecting sills or cornices, and the deep keystones -of the first-floor windows, gave a striking character to the house. It -was also memorable as an early specimen of brickwork in London, and as -dating from a period before the formal conclusion of the Civil War, -when building operations were almost at a standstill. No. 9 had, in a -room on the first-floor, a wooden seventeenth-century mantelpiece,[92] -behind which, on its removal, were found traces of an older mantelpiece -of marble, and evidence of the former existence of a large open -fireplace. - -[Illustration: NOS. 8 AND 9, GREAT ST. HELEN’S.] - -There was a beautiful staircase, quite Elizabethan in style; a -blocked-up window with wooden transoms for casements was also -discovered; so it seems likely that some years after the building of -the house considerable alterations took place. The façade has often -been attributed to Inigo Jones,[93] but it had not his classic -symmetry, and looked like the work of a less-instructed native -genius. Besides, Inigo Jones, a Royalist and Roman Catholic, was -taken prisoner in October, 1645, at the storming of Basing House, -having been there during the siege, which had lasted since August, -1643. He was apparently not free to return to his profession until -July 2, 1646, when, after payment of a heavy fine, his estate, which -had been sequestrated, was restored to him, and he received pardon by -an ordinance of the House of Commons, to which the Lords gave their -assent. It is difficult to believe that, whilst he was passing through -such a crisis, or in the few months succeeding it, he should have been -superintending a work in the Puritan City. At the time of his release -the great architect was seventy-four years of age, and, as far as we -know, he hardly practised his profession afterwards. Aubrey tells us -that in 1648, the south side of Wilton House having been destroyed, it -was restored by his advice, ‘but he being then very old could not be -there in person, but left it to Mr. Webb,’ his pupil and executor. - -The division of Nos. 8 and 9, Great St. Helen’s into two took place -in the course of last century, probably about 1750, to judge from the -style of the fanlights and projecting hoods to the front-doors, and -from the staircase of No. 8, the upper part of which, however, was -much more archaic, and may have served as part of the back-staircase -to the original house. At the time of these later alterations a new -brick front was put to the top story, the windows being protected by -high iron railings, which showed that these upper rooms were used as -nurseries. Before this there was, I should imagine, a high-pitched -roof, perhaps hipped, with dormer windows. There must also have been -an appropriate cornice and frieze, which would have balanced the heavy -projecting window-sills below. That the house always had a fourth story -is proved by the fact that both the old staircases extended to the top. -The accompanying illustration of part of the front is from a beautiful -measured drawing by Mr. H. O. Tarbolton, who studied the house very -carefully just before its demolition. - -[Illustration: PART OF THE OLD HOUSE IN GREAT ST. HELEN’S, FROM A -MEASURED DRAWING.] - -In Allen’s ‘History of London,’ vol. iii., p. 157, I find a statement -that this brick mansion (identified by mention of its initials and -date) was ‘formerly the residence of Sir J. Lawrence, Lord Mayor in -1665.’ This appears to be the origin of the idea that the house was -built for him, and that he kept his mayoralty there, which has of late -been usually accepted as a fact. There is no doubt that Nos. 8 and 9, -Great St. Helen’s was his property in 1665, but he was living in a -house of totally different appearance--an illustration of which, by -T. Prattent, published in 1796, forms the frontispiece to vol. xxix. -of the _European Magazine_. As there shown, it had elaborate plaster -decorations in front, with the City arms and the arms of Lawrence, and -last, though not least, the inscription S^r JL--K & A. 1662. Sir John -Lawrence’s residence is marked by name in the map of Bishopsgate Street -Ward accompanying Strype’s Stow, where a slight sketch of it is also -given; the present Jewish synagogue in Great St. Helen’s is a little -bit west of the site. - -Having looked up the history of the Lawrence family, and its connection -with this parish, I think I can show that the initials on the pilaster -of Nos. 8 and 9, Great St. Helen’s were not those of Sir John Lawrence -and his wife Abigail, but of his uncle Adam and his uncle’s wife. The -Lawrences, like many other eminent mercantile families, were originally -Dutch or Flemish. The name was spelt in various ways, as Laurens, -Laureijns, Laurents, etc., until, when its possessors became thoroughly -anglicized, it took the English form. Le Neve, the herald, says that a -Marcus Lawrence, from Flanders, who had married Gertrude Huesen, came -and settled in London. He had, among other children, a son Abraham and -a son Adam. The latter was baptized at the Dutch Church, Austin Friars, -September 8, 1584;[94] and one may fairly assume that it was he who -there married, May 28, 1610, Judith Van den Brugghe, of Norwich, where -there was then a strong settlement of people from the Low Countries. He -was appointed deacon of the Dutch Church in 1628, and became an elder -in 1632. Eleven years later he had taken up his residence in Great St. -Helen’s, as we learn from an entry in the parish register,[95] which -suggests the forlorn condition of the homeless poor in those days. On -the 23rd of April, 1643, ‘a female infant, found dead at the dore of -Mr. Adam Lawrence, merchant, was buried in the churchyard’ there. What -house he was then living in I am not able to determine; but in the year -1646 the house just now destroyed was doubtless either built or altered -for his own residence, and on it was placed an inscription, according -to the custom of the country whence he sprang. - -I have previously pointed out that in inscriptions of this kind the -initial of the husband’s Christian name is almost invariably on the -left, the wife’s on the right, and that of the surname above. The -letters in question would therefore have stood for ‘Adam and Judith -Lawrence.’ In 1650 came the inevitable ending to their long married -life. On the 9th of April it is recorded that Judith ‘Laurents’[96] -was buried in the church of Great St. Helen’s. Adam died in October, -1657. His will describes him as a merchant, and he seems to have been -a very prosperous one. He desires to be buried near his wife, in Great -St. Helen’s, and leaves £100 to the poor of the Dutch congregation in -Austin Friars, and £100 towards the maintenance of the ministry there; -also similar legacies for the parish of Great St. Helen’s, and £100 to -the poor children of Christ’s Hospital. Amongst numerous nephews, he -singles out for special favour John, who seems to have been a son of -his brother Abraham. To him he leaves several houses and gardens in -the parish, amongst others his ‘now dwelling-house, with the yards, -garden edifices, appurtenances, and hereditaments whatsoever thereunto -belonging.’ This, no doubt, was Nos. 8 and 9, Great St. Helen’s, unless -after his wife’s death he had shifted into another residence. Adam -also left to his nephew John his share in the ‘sister’s thread trade,’ -whatever that may mean, which he had in partnership with Abraham -Cullen,[97] the elder, and Philip Van Cassole; and £1,500 to Abigail, -his nephew’s wife, who died in 1681, and whose monument still exists -in Great St. Helen’s Church, where it is recorded that she was ‘the -tender mother of ten children. The nine first, being all daughters, -she suckled at her own breasts; they all lived to be of age. Her -last, a son, died an infant. Shee lived a married wife 39 years, 23 -whereof she was an exemplary matron of this Cittie,[98] dying in the -59th year of her age.’ This lady was eldest daughter of Abraham Cullen, -who appears to have been nearly related to the Lawrence family. One -paragraph of Adam’s will is worth quoting, because it seems to indicate -that pretentious public funerals were then not uncommon in the City, -and that he, at any rate, was free from a taste for vulgar display. -He says: ‘Lastly, my desire is that my funerall be decently performed -without anie pompe or ceremonie of mourners, and that my corps be -carried from my own dwelling house, not troubling any publique hall.’ - -John Lawrence, the nephew, seems to have been a pattern City merchant. -He had begun life as a Bluecoat boy, hence, perhaps, his uncle’s -legacy. In 1658 he served the office of Sheriff. On June 16, 1660, he -was knighted by Charles II., when that monarch, accompanied by his -brothers, the Dukes of York and Gloucester, and some of the nobility, -was entertained at supper by the Lord Mayor, Sir Thomas Alleyne. In -1662 Sir John Lawrence appears to have built a new house for himself, -the one before alluded to, which was drawn by Prattent, not unlikely -on a ‘garden plot’ mentioned in his uncle’s will. In 1664 he was -elected Lord Mayor, and Evelyn speaks of a ‘most magnificent triumph -by water and land’ on that occasion. Evelyn also attended the Lord -Mayor’s banquet, and tells us that it was said to have cost £1,000. -He dined at the upper table with the Lord Chancellor, the Dukes of -Albermarle, Ormonde and Buckingham, the French Ambassador and other -great personages. The Lord Mayor twice came up to them, ‘first drinking -in the golden goblet his Majesty’s health, then the French King’s as a -compliment to the Ambassador’; they ‘returned my Lord Mayor’s health, -the trumpets and drums sounding. The cheer was not to be imagined -for the plenty and rarity, with an infinite number of persons at the -tables in that ample hall.’ Sir John Lawrence showed both courage and -liberality whilst the Great Plague was raging in the following year. He -stuck to his post, ‘enforced the wisest regulations then known,’ and, -when multitudes of servants were dismissed through fear of contagion, -he is said to have ‘supported them all, as well as the needy who were -sick; at first by expending his own fortune, till subscriptions could -be solicited and received from all parts of the nation.’ Dr. Erasmus -Darwin, in his ‘Loves of the Plants,’ canto ii., devotes a few lines to -‘London’s generous Mayor.’ Five deaths only are recorded in Great St. -Helen’s during the year 1665, which suggests that those connected with -the Church showed less courage than the chief parishioner, and that the -register was neglected. - -In 1684 the house of late numbered 8 and 9, Great St. Helen’s was in -the occupation of one William Moses. That year Sir John Lawrence, -who so far had not handed over his uncle’s legacy for the poor of -the parish, agreed to discharge his obligation by payment of £250, -and to give £100 in addition for leave to make a family vault in the -church. In 1690 Sir John was living in Putney, as appears from the -churchwardens’ accounts.[99] He died January, 1691-2, and was buried on -the 29th of that month, in the family vault which had been constructed -for him under the church of Great St. Helen’s, but no monument to his -memory exists. The Rev. J. E. Cox, D.D., in his ‘Annals of St. Helen’s’ -tells us that at the church restoration of 1865-8 ‘a quaint piece of -carved work, which had been set up to sustain the Lord Mayor’s sword -and mace, was removed to the pillar dividing the choir from the Chapel -of the Holy Ghost.’ The following is a description of it taken almost -verbatim from Allen: ‘It consists of two twisted Corinthian columns, -supporting an entablature highly enriched, and an attic panel. The -shafts of the columns are set off with a wreath of foliage running -round them. On the frieze are the arms of Sir John Lawrence, in the -attic are the City arms, and the whole structure is crowned with the -arms of Charles II., supported by two gilt angels, and surmounted with -the royal crown.’ I hope that this interesting memento of a great City -worthy, though not ‘Gothic’ in style, will be carefully preserved -during the far more wholesale restoration which is now in progress. - -Sir John Lawrence’s arms were: argent, a cross raguly gules, a -canton ermine.[100] Peter le Neve says that they were granted to -him September 18, 1664, and to his brothers James and Abraham, sons -of Abraham Lawrence deceased; but it must have been earlier, as they -appear on his house associated with the date 1662. Faulkner, in his -‘History of Chelsea,’ no doubt deceived by the fact that their arms -were identical, assumes that Sir John Lawrence belonged to the ancient -English family of the same name, whose memory is perpetuated by various -monuments at the end of the north aisle of Chelsea old church. Both he -and Dr. Cox[101] go so far as to say that Sir John was buried there; -but his namesake, ‘Sir John Lawrence, Knight and Baronet,’ to whose -memory a tablet was placed against the east wall of Chelsea Church, -belonged to Iver, in the county of Bucks, and died in 1638, aged fifty -years, as appears by the inscription. For several generations the -descendants of the famous Lord Mayor continued to own the house which -became Nos. 8 and 9, Great St. Helen’s. It afterwards passed into the -hands of the Guise family, from whom it was inherited by an ancestor of -the last possessor, Mr. John Cosens Stevens. Peace be to its memory! - -The passage from Great St. Helen’s into Bishopsgate Street passes -under old gabled buildings which date from before the time of the -Great Fire. On the left is the northern front of Crosby Hall, part of -a Gothic mansion unrivalled in its day, though little of the original -structure remains. This side was almost entirely rebuilt more than -fifty years ago. The oriel window, weathered by London atmosphere, has -a very picturesque effect; it is surmounted by the arms of Sir John -Crosby, the eminent citizen who built and first possessed the mansion, -and who lies buried in the adjoining church, where there is a rich -altar-tomb to his memory, with the recumbent figures of him and his -first wife, Anneys. On this tomb also are the Crosby arms, namely: -sable, a chevron ermine between three rams trippant argent, armed -and hoofed or. Sir John, a keen supporter of the House of York, was -knighted by Edward IV. in the year 1471; he served as Sheriff of London -in 1470, and held the important post of Mayor of the Staple of Calais. - -Opposite to Crosby Hall, on the northern side of Great St. Helen’s -Passage, there stood till September, 1892, a structure which, though -unpretentious, had an air of quaintness, with its iron railings in -front and broad white window-frames. The inscription on a tablet above -the door of this building ran as follows: ‘These alms-houses were -founded by Sir Andrew Judd, Kt., Citizen & Skinner and Lord Mayor of -London, Anno Dom. 1551. For six poor men of y^e said Company. Rebuilt -by y^e said Company Anno Dom. 1729.’ The original alms-houses are -supposed to have been further east. - -Sir Andrew Judd was a native of Tunbridge in Kent, near which town he -inherited considerable estates. Having entered commercial life, he made -a large fortune by trading in furs, and, as Stow tells us, he kept -his mayoralty in a ‘fair house’ in Bishopsgate Street, which had been -before used for a similar purpose by Sir William Holles, the ancestor -of the Earls of Clare. It was during Judd’s mayoralty, in 1550, -that the City of London obtained from the King by charter lands in -Southwark, forming now so important a property, and to which I alluded -in my account of the Dog and Duck, St. George’s Fields. Sir Andrew was -also buried in the church of Great St. Helen’s, which has been a sort -of Westminster Abbey for great citizens. A quaint Elizabethan monument -marks his resting-place. The inscription gives quite a little biography -of him; as was remarked by one of our Transatlantic cousins, ‘it -states all the facts, and rhymes in some places.’ In the ‘Historical -Collections of the Noble Families of Cavendish, Holles, Vere, Harley -and Ogle,’ ed. Lond. 1752, compiled by Arthur Collins, it is asserted -that, in building the alms-houses, Judd was only acting as executor -to his cousin ‘Elizabeth, widow of Sir William Holles of St. Helen’s, -Alderman,’ and this seems to be shown by her will, which was proved -March 28, 1544. Stow, however, does not mention her name in connection -with the charity. It was augmented by Sir Andrew Judd’s daughter, -Alice Smyth, of Westenhanger, Kent. Sir Andrew had also been executor -to the Holles family. His original alms-houses were nearer the church -than those the site of which the Skinners’ Company has now, I believe, -disposed of. He also founded and endowed Tunbridge Grammar School. - -Great St. Helen’s is being so rapidly ‘improved’ that it will soon -become quite commonplace and uninteresting. A piece was shorn off -the churchyard some years ago, no one exactly knew why, and several -picturesque plastered houses, immediately west of Nos. 8 and 9, have -been pulled down within my memory. At the corner, opposite to the -pretty south porch of the church, attributed by the Rev. Thomas Hugo -to Inigo Jones, a quaint and very old building still remains, which -actually touched the house of the Lawrences. No. 10 is constructed of -wood and plaster, with projecting upper stories and massive timbering; -it dates from long before the Great Fire; the inside, however, has been -modernized. Tradition boldly asserts that Anne Boleyn’s father, Sir -Thomas, afterwards Viscount Rochford and Earl of Wiltshire, at one time -lived here. It is an undoubted fact that one of the name was intimately -connected with St. Helen’s, for ‘on the 24th December, 26th Hen. VIII., -1534, the Prioress and Convent appointed Sir James Bolleyne, knt., to -be steward of their lands and tenements in London and elsewhere, the -duties to be performed either by himself or a sufficient deputy, during -the life of the said James, at a stipend of forty shillings a year, -payable at Christmas. If in arrear for six weeks the said James might -enter and distrain.’ Query: was this Sir Thomas Boleyn’s elder brother? -There was a right of way hereabout from very early times, for Dugdale -tells us that in the Hundred Roll of 3rd Edward I. several entries -occur relating to an attempt which the nuns made to stop up the lane or -passage through the court of their nunnery from Bishopsgate Street to -St. Mary Axe, sometimes called St. Helen’s Lane. If, as is possible, -the house dates from before the Dissolution of the Monasteries, when it -first saw the light there must have been few buildings near the even -then venerable Church of St. Helen and the adjoining priory. Crosby -Place, indeed, stood hard by, on land leased from the nuns for a term -of ninety-nine years, but much open space yet remained. Even as late -as the end of last century there was a considerable field or garden -immediately to the east of the church, as shown in a view by Malcolm -dated 1799. - -The buildings and grounds of Crosby Place seem to have extended at -first almost to Leadenhall Street. The houses[102] in Crosby Square -are said to have been built about the year 1678, on the site of some -of the offices which had been destroyed by fire. I cannot say how it -happened that in the early part of the seventeenth century a house of -considerable size had already been erected on part of Crosby Place, -or could it have been just outside the precincts? This was latterly -known as No. 25, Bishopsgate Street Within, or Crosby Hall Chambers. -It succumbed to the pickaxe of the builder as nearly as possible at -the same time as Adam Lawrence’s old residence in Great St. Helen’s. -The part facing Bishopsgate Street had no sign of antiquity except -two carved festoons of flowers, much blocked up with paint, between -the first-floor windows. Up a passage,[103] however, one could see -something of the north side or front, which showed architectural -features of merit. It rested on round arches composed of rustic work, -and above were pilasters furnished with capitals. On the first-floor, -looking out on this passage, there was a room adorned by a very -beautiful chimney-piece, with the initials G B and the date 1633 in -the centre panel. The lower part is of stone, the over-mantel of oak, -in very fine condition, all the delicacy of the carving having been -preserved by thick layers of paint, which have just been removed. On -the ceiling of the same room there was also a fragment of original -plaster decoration, which has been presented to the South Kensington -Museum. The site of Crosby Hall Chambers will be occupied by the Bank -of Scotland. It is proposed to put up the chimney-piece in their new -premises. - -In 1857 the Rev. Thomas Hugo, F.S.A., wrote an interesting itinerary -of the Ward of Bishopsgate for the journal of the London and Middlesex -Archæological Society. His paper was republished in book form five -years later; it contains valuable illustrations of Nos. 8 and 9, Great -St. Helen’s and of Crosby Hall Chambers, besides other houses which -have passed away. The letterpress is inspired by a fine enthusiasm; but -his architectural judgment is, I think, not altogether to be relied on. -He considers that both the above-named buildings were designed by Inigo -Jones. - -Austin Friars, another region in the heart of the City perhaps as -interesting as that which I have just described, is, like it, rapidly -being transformed. Not long ago it still maintained a distinctive -character. Something of monastic calm seemed to linger about the old -home and grounds of the begging friars, crowned by part of their -church, which since Edward VI.’s time has been handed over to the Dutch -congregation of London. Outside, in Broad Street, there was the roar -and confusion of a mighty traffic; within the sacred precinct there was -peace: wheeled vehicles seldom entered the very foot passengers, I have -thought, used to slacken their pace, and relax for a moment the grim, -determined look which, as a rule, characterizes the man whose mind is -bent on business. - -Passing round what remains of the old church, one may still see a -house--No. 10--which is an excellent example of the real Queen Anne -style; to judge from the date on a rainpipe, it was probably completed -in the year 1704. The porch has a flight of steps; ascending this, -one finds before one a spacious staircase panelled throughout, and -especially noticeable on account of its fine painted ceiling, one of -the last to be met with in a City mansion. No. 11 forms part of the -same block of buildings. - -Retracing our steps, we see standing back somewhat from the main -roadway, to the right of a new passage just opened into what is called, -in mockery, Drapers’ Gardens, a tall new structure occupying the site -of another old brick mansion the associations of which were very -remarkable. The house in question, No. 21, Austin Friars, had been -built during the latter part of the seventeenth century, possibly even -before the Great Fire, which did not extend so far north; it seems -to be marked in Ogilby’s map of 1677. About the early possessors, -Richard Young and others, nothing is known of any special interest. -In the year 1705 it came into the hands of Herman Olmius, merchant, -whose name occurs in the ‘Little London Directory’ for 1677, where he -is described as of Angel Alley, Bishopsgate Street Without. He was -descended from an ancient family of Arlon, in the duchy of Luxemburg, -and was naturalized by Act of Parliament, 29th Charles II. Here he -lived and carried on his business, and here, having made and inherited -a large fortune, he died in the year 1718. His will shows that he was -a member, not of the Dutch congregation of the neighbouring church in -Austin Friars, but of the French Church in Threadneedle Street, to -which he left £150 for the benefit of the poor. At the time of his -death he possessed four other houses in Austin Friars, ‘with yards, -gardens, and appurtenances,’ a shop called the Crane in the Poultry, -and another with the sign of the Plough in Bucklersbury. He also -had much real property in Essex and elsewhere. Herman was the son of -Johannes Ludovicus or John Lewis Olmius, and of his wife Margareta -Gerverdine. He married Judith, daughter and heiress of John Drigue, who -also appears to have been living in Angel Court or Alley in 1677, and -who had also married an heiress, the daughter of John Billers. Herman -Olmius and his wife Judith had no less than ten children, but only two -of them left offspring. These were his younger daughter Margaret, wife -of Adrian Lernoult, who had predeceased him, and to whose descendants -the City property was bequeathed; and John Olmius,[104] born in 1670. -This gentleman became High Sheriff of Essex in 1707, a justice of -the peace, and Deputy-Lieutenant of the county. He died December 20, -1731, being then Deputy-Governor of the Bank of England. His wife was -Elizabeth, daughter and sole heiress of Thomas Clarke, a descendant of -the Clarkes of St. Ives, Huntingdon, and probably her husband’s cousin. -Their son, also named John, was many years member of Parliament, and -received an Irish peerage under the title of Lord Waltham. He married -Anne, daughter of Sir William Billers, Lord Mayor in 1733, and left a -son and a daughter. The former died without issue in 1787, when the -family became extinct in the male line; the latter having married John -Luttrell, who was brother of the Duchess of Cumberland,[105] and who -became third Earl of Carhampton, had a daughter, Frances Maria, from -whom is descended Sir Simeon Henry Stuart, Bart. The Olmius family -possessed much land in Essex, and a large country seat at Boreham, -now used as a convent. At the Saracen’s Head Hotel, Chelmsford, -their fleeting dignity is still represented by two fine hall-chairs -emblazoned with the Olmius crest, namely a demi-Moor in armour between -laurel branches, surmounted by a baron’s coronet. My friend Mr. Francis -Galton would doubtless tell us that the failure of the family in the -male line resulted naturally from marriage with heiresses and from -intermarriage. Its rapid rise had also, no doubt, been in part owing to -the former cause. - -The house in Austin Friars continued for several generations to belong -to the descendants of the younger daughter of Herman Olmius. In 1783 -Hughes Minet came to live here, and in 1802 he bought a sixth share -from three brothers named Clarke, great-grandsons of Margaret Lernoult. -He was a merchant and banker, of Huguenot descent, and his family had -long carried on a prosperous business at Dover. His descendant, Mr. -William Minet, has just written a very interesting account of them. The -Minets lived in Austin Friars for many years, though they never owned -more than a sixth of the property. In 1838 Mr. Isaac Minet, the then -representative of the family, sold his share of the freehold, and we -find Messrs. Thomas, Son, and Lefevre established here, the last-named -being a brother of the late Lord Eversley. The final owner was Mr. John -Fleming, by whose courtesy I had the privilege of visiting the house on -almost the last day that it remained intact. - -In point of fact, No. 21, Austin Friars was by no means a striking -specimen of architecture, but having remained from the beginning -practically unchanged, there were points about it worthy of record. -Externally it was a plain four-storied brick structure, the only piece -of decoration being a carved hood to the doorway which formed the chief -entrance from Austin Friars. Passing through this, the visitor found -himself in a hall, looking up a broad winding staircase with twisted -balusters. To the right was the counting-house, panelled throughout -with South Carolina pine. It had an old Purbeck marble mantelpiece, on -the upper line of which appeared in white marble the Olmius arms,[106] -quartered with those of the foreign families of Gerverdine, Cappré, -Drigue, and Reynstein. The double panes above was worthy of remark as -characteristic of the time of Wren. Under an arch at the end of the -counting-house was a strong-room lined throughout with Dutch tiles. -Mounting the staircase, one came upon the dining-room, with its -ingeniously contrived cupboard, and the drawing-room, which looked out -on what was, till within the last few years, the pleasant and ample -garden of the Drapers’ Company, now covered, all but a fragment, with -bricks and mortar. A view of this garden is given in Cassell’s ‘Old -and New London,’ vol. i., p. 517, with No. 21, Austin Friars showing -itself beyond the trees in the middle distance; but no reference to it -is made in the letterpress. On the first-floor also, above the chief -office, was a small warehouse or sample-room, an indispensable adjunct -to the old merchant’s dwelling,[107] Above were capital bedrooms, while -a narrow staircase gave access to the tiled roof, surrounded by a -stone parapet. Retracing one’s steps to the hall, one found, flanking -a passage on the side opposite to the counting-house, a lofty kitchen -still furnished with smoke-jack, spit-racks, and iron caldron-holders, -and adjoining the range an oven lined with blue and white Dutch tiles, -no doubt a legacy of the Olmius family. Formerly, also, most of the -chimneypieces in the house were fitted up with Dutch tiles, blue and -white or red and white; but these in course of time had disappeared. -In the basement were cellars, and close to them an old surface well, -which still contained water, analyzed at the time of its destruction -and found to be little better than sewage. A door in the passage was -prettily carved. Through this one passed to the outer offices, a -brewery, wash-house, coach-house and stables; and thence again there -was access by the side-entrance into the garden,[108] a quiet spot -some half acre in extent, which no doubt had originally formed part of -the friars’ grounds. It was connected by steps with a narrow terrace -running along the back of the house. Here in the summer of 1888 I saw -fig-trees still flourishing while the work of destruction had already -begun. - -The boundary at the end of this garden was formed by another -interesting house, No. 23, Great Winchester Street, which has also -lately been improved out of existence. It occupied a good deal of -ground, being approached through a paved yard with a lodge on each side -of the entrance. Externally its chief characteristics were a somewhat -high-pitched roof and wings projecting forward. Inside the chief -reception-room was finely proportioned, with capital mouldings and -cornices, and there was an old kitchen range of portentous size. - -Close to this house, and also adjoining Drapers’ Garden, was formerly -the garden attached to the Carpenters’ Hall, so that a few years ago -this neighbourhood was a paradise of open spaces. At the dissolution -the house and gardens of the Augustine Friars had been bestowed by -Henry VIII. on William Paulet, first Marquis of Winchester, who there -built his town residence, traces of which existed as late as the year -1844: after this mansion Winchester Street was named. From a date -carved on a grotesque bracket formerly to be seen at the north-east -corner, it appears that the street was constructed, partly at least, -in the year 1656, during Cromwell’s government. Strype says that here -was ‘a great messuage called the Spanish Ambassador’s House, of late -inhabited by Sir James Houblon, Knight and Alderman, and other fair -houses.’ Even down to our time it was a remarkably picturesque specimen -of a London street. Now nothing but the name is left, to mark its -connection with antiquity. - -It may here be noted that even till comparatively recent times almost -every house in the City had a garden, or at any rate some open space, -belonging to it, as may be proved by reference to old maps and views. -Horwood’s map, published in 1799, shows how much garden ground still -remained at the end of last century. Besides this, before the days -of lifts, high pressure of water, and gas or electric light laid on, -the inconvenience of very high houses prevented their being built to -any great extent. The comparative sparseness of the population should -undoubtedly have given our ancestors a great advantage over us with -regard to health, but it was more than counterbalanced by drawbacks -resulting from ignorance--for example, the use of impure water, and -the inability to grapple with diseases which are now comparatively -innocuous. - -The disappearance of these open spaces, and the erection of enormously -high buildings on every available spot, is, I believe, a great evil, -not only from the picturesque, but from the sanitary point of view. -Writers on sanitary subjects are agreed that, of dangers to health, -overcrowding is one of the greatest, and that, other things being -equal, the death-rate regularly increases in proportion to the density -of the population. Dr. G. V. Poore[109] has recently pointed out that -every new set of offices adds its quota to the sewage in the river; -while ‘the absence of green plants entails a great loss of nascent -oxygen or ozone which gives to air its peculiar quality of freshness.’ -In his opinion, it is hardly conceivable that a high level of health -can be maintained in a spot where vegetable life languishes, animal and -vegetable life being complementary to each other. - -Some will no doubt console themselves with the notion that, the City -being now to a great extent merely a place of business, those who spend -the day there (considerably more than a million, according to the last -calculation) can throw off the ill effects while they are away. To -this I reply that, if one includes the outlying parts, many thousands -still make it their home, and that, in any case, to spend a quarter -of one’s existence under most unhealthy conditions must tend to cause -illness and to shorten life. In these times of popular government, the -great City Guilds are more or less on their probation. If I am right, -the Drapers’ Company, whatever the temptation may have been, committed -a fatal mistake when they covered their garden with huge blocks of -offices, a mistake which can never be atoned for by any amount of -charitable donation. Their example has been quickly followed, and soon, -I fear, hardly one breathing-space will remain in the City except the -ground about St. Paul’s and the Tower, and here and there a bit of a -disused graveyard hemmed in by lofty offices and warehouses. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - - - -INDEX. - - - Adam and Eve, Newgate Street, sign, 121 - - Addle Street; derivation of name, 47 - - Aggas’s, Ralph, map, 139 - - Aldermanbury, sign in, 94 - - Alleyne, Sir Thomas, Lord Mayor, 209 - - Altitude, highest in City, 7 - - Ancaster, Duke of, 153 - - Anchor, signs, 106 - - Angel Alley, 221 - - Angel, Islington, 180, 182 - - Ape, carving of, 46 - - Aquarium Tavern, 166 - - Artillery Street, Bishopsgate Without, 167 - - Ashburnham, Lord, 35 - - Ashby-Sterry, J., 158 - - Ashwell’s Place, site of, 179 - - Austin Friars, 220 - house in, 220 - - Axe and Bottle Yard, 136 - - - Bacon, Francis, 134 - - Bagnigge House, 192, 195, 196 - - Bagnigge Wells, 191-196 - - Bagnio Court, 20 - - Baker and Basket, sign, 6 - - Baltassar, one of the Three Kings, 32 - - Barrington, Hon. D., on arms of Inner Temple, 132 - - Bartholomew Close, 137 - - Basing House, 202 - - Bath Street, 20 - - Battle Bridge, 198 - - Bear, Brown, Cheapside, sign, 48, 49 - chained and muzzled, signs, 47, 49 - White, sign, 48 - with collar and chain, sign, 47 - - Bear Quay, 49 - - Beare Lane, 49 - - Beauty in distress, sign, 71 - - Beer Lane, 49 - - Bel and the Dragon, sign, 50 - - Bell, the, sign, 106 - - Bell on the Hoop, sign, 123 - - Bell Savage Inn, the, 123 - - Ben Jonson Tavern, 169 - - Berners, Ralph de, 141 - - Berriman, Dr. W., 146 - - Bethlehem Hospital, 67, 71 - - Bevis, Dr. John, 193, 195 - - Bible and Crown, sign, 110 - - Billers, Sir William, Lord Mayor, 222 - - Birch, W. de Gray, 74 - - Bishopsgate Street, 214 - - Bishopsgate, Ward of, 219 - - Black Boy, advertisement, _temp._ 1695, 25 - - Black Friars, 130 - - Black Jack, sign, 157 - - Black Mary’s Well, or Hole, 191 - - Black Spread Eagle Court, 93 - - Blackamore Street, 25, 148 - - Blackfriars Road, 158 - - Blackmore Street, 25, 148 - - Bloomfield’s MS., 132 - - Blowbladder Street, 19 - - Boar’s Head, sign, 51, 119 - Tavern, 52-60 - - Body-snatchers, resort of, 9 - - Boleyn, Sir Thomas, 217 - - Bottle, Golden, sign, 157 - - Boulting Mill, 178 - - Bow Churchyard, sign in, 118 - - Bowl and Mouth, signs, 64 - - Boy and Panyer, sign, 4 - - Braynes Row, 191 - - Brewers’ Company, 5, 165 - - Bridge House, the, 76 - estate, 71, 75 - - Brook Place, 191 - - Browne, Sir Thomas, 43 - - Bryanston Street, 169 - - Buc, Sir George, 132 - - Bucklersbury, 26 - - Buckingham, Duke of, 20 - - Buckingham, Earl of, 147 - - Bucks’ Heads, Three, sign, 13 - - Budge Row, origin of name, 126 - - Bull, Bishopsgate Street Within, 61 - - Bull and Mouth Inn, Aldersgate, 63-66 - sale of, 65 - sign, 63 - - Bull Head Court, 19 - - Bull Inn, mutiny at, 62 - - Burrup, Miss, 177 - - Busby’s Folly, 85 - - Butcher Hall Lane, 19 - - Byrons, badge of, 61 - - - Canon Alley, St. Paul’s, 111 - - Canonbury, Islington, 141 - Place, 141 - Tower, 142 - - Caps of burgesses, 175 - - Carhampton, Earl of, 223 - - Carpenters’ Hall, 227 - - Cateaton Street, 14 - - Cavendish, Lady Margaret, 151 - - Chambers, James, goldsmith, 157 - - Chancery Lane, 129 - - Chapel Street. _See_ Great Chapel Street - - Chaplin, W., coach proprietor, 99 - - Charles I.’s porter and dwarf, 19 - - Charles Street, Leather Lane, 157 - - Charlet, Gregory, 145 - - Charlotte Street, 158 - - Chaucer, poet, 135 - - Cheapside Cross, 97 - - Chesterfield, Lord, 152 - - Cheyne Walk, 159 - - Childs and Co., bankers, 156 - - Chimneypiece, Bishopsgate Street, 219 - - Cibber, Colley, actor, 187 - - Civet cat, carving, 66 - - Clare, Earl of, 147, 215 - Market, 24, 146 - Street, 24 - - Clement’s Inn, 147 - - Clement’s Inn Fields, 148 - market held in, 149 - - Cloth Fair, 137, 139 - - Coach and Horses, sign, 170 - - Cock Inn, 166 - and Bottle, sign, 176 - Court, 47 - sign, 103 - with snake, sign, 101 - - Coffee-house sign, 176 - - Compton family, 143 - - Compton Street, Clerkenwell, 146 - - Coopers’ Company, 157 - crest, 91 - - Coppice Row, 191 - - Corbyn and Co.’s Poultry, sign at, 50 - - Coutts, Lady Burdett, 55 - - Cow and Co., Messrs., 47 - - Cox and Hammond’s, Messrs., sign at, 49 - - Cox, Rev. J. E., 212 - - Crane, sign, 89 - in the Poultry, 221 - - Cranes, Three, in the Vintry, sign, 90 - - Crescent moon, 43 - - Cromer Street, 196 - - Crosby Hall, 214 - Hall Chambers, 218 - Place, 217 - Square, 218 - - Crosby, Sir John, arms, 214 - - Cross Street, Islington, 145 - - Crown and Magpie, sign, 104 - - Crowns, Three, sign, 27 - - Cumberland, Duchess of, 223 - Duke of, 169 - - Cutler, Sir John, 172 - - Cutlers’ Company, arms of, 122, 124 - - - Danvers Street, Cheyne Walk, 161 - - Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, 210 - - Dennys, Sir Walter, arms of, 142 - - Denzil Street, 150 - - Dering Street, Oxford Street, 161 - - Devereux, Lady Penelope, 140 - - Digby, Sir Kenelm, 151 - - Doctor’s signboard, 160 - - Dog and Duck, sign, 67, 215 - - Dog’s Head in the Pot, sign, 158 - - Dorrington Street, 164 - - Doves, Four, sign, 90 - - Drapers’ Company, 230 - Gardens, 221, 227 - - Drury Lane, 148 - - Ducking ponds, 68 - - Dugdale, Sir William, 130 - - Duke Street, 162 - - Dyers’ Company, 100 - - - Eagle with two Heads, sign, 91 - - Eldernesse Lane, 12 - - Elephant and Castle, 122 - - Epiphany or Twelfth Day, 39 - - Epitaph on drawer at Boar’s Head, 56 - - Essex, Earl of, arms, 98 - - Evans, William, giant, 20 - - - Falstaff, drawing of, 58 - - Fastolfe, Sir John, 60 - - Field Court, 133 - - Fire at Southwark, 42, 79 - - Fire of London, memorial of, 9 - - Fishmongers’ Company, arms of, 61 - - Fleet, banks of the, 192 - - Fleet Street, 131 - - Fleming, Mr. John, 224 - - Fortune of War Inn, 8 - - Four Doves, sign, 90 - - Fowler, Thomas, 144 - - Fowler family, 180 - - Fowler of Islington, arms of, 144, 145 - - Fox, sign, 77 - - Foxes, Three, sign, 77 - - Friday Street, 135 - - Fruiterers’ Company, arms of, 122 - - - Galton, Francis, 223 - - Gaming House and Shaver’s Hall, 163 - - Garden produce, _temp._ Edward I., 130 - - Gardens to City houses, 228 - - Gardiner’s Lane, 15 - - Gaspar, 31 - - George Inn, 79, 80 - advertisement of, _temp._ 1762, 16 - - Gerard the Giant, 17 - - Gerrard Street, 162 - - Gerrardes Hall, 18 - - Gilbert Street and Passage, 149 - - Gisor’s Hall, 18 - - Goat in Boots, sign, 168 - - Gog and Magog, 17 _note_ - - Golden Bottle, sign, 157 - - Golden Lion, house and sign, 83 - - Goldsmiths’ Company, 129 - - Goose and Gridiron, sign, 114 - - Gosling, Messrs., sign, 156, 157 - - Grasshopper, sign, 157 - - Gray’s Inn, 133 - - Gray’s Inn Lane, 199 - - Gray’s Inn Road, 196 - - Great Chapel Street, Westminster, 161 - - Great James Street, Bedford Row, 163 - - Great St. Helen’s, Bishopsgate, 200, 203 _et seq._ - Church, 207 - Passage, 214 - right of way, 217 - - Great Ormond Street, 153 - - Great Queen Street, 152, 155 - - Great Winchester Street, No. 23, 227 - - Gresham, Sir Thomas, 157 - - Grey family, arms of, 133 - - Greys of Wilton, 133 - - Griffin’s Head, sign, 77, 133 - - Grosvenor, Sir Robert, 135 - - Guildhall Museum, 146, 171, 173 - - Guy of Warwick, 11 - - Gwynne, Nell, 192 - - Haberdashers’ Company, 128 - - Half Moon, sign, 40 - Inn Yard, Borough, 41 - Passage, 45 - - Hare and Stirrup, sign, 80 - and Three Pigeons, tenements called, 79 - in combination with the Sun, 78 - Running, sign, 78 - - Harris, Roger, bequest of, 86 - - Harrison Street, 196 - - Hatchett’s Hotel, 169 - - Hats, Three, sign, 69 - - Hawkins, Sir John, 25 - - Hays’ Mews, Charles Street, Berkeley Square, 167 - - Heathcock, sign, 90 - - Helmet, sign, 112, 113 - - Henry, Prince of Wales, 131 - - Herne, or Heron, family, 146 - - Hicks Hall, Middlesex Session House, 48 - - Hoare, Messrs., their sign, 157 - - Hobson, portrait of, 62 - - Hogarth’s picture of Evening, 181; - of Southwark Fair, 42 - - Holland, Earl of, 140 - - Holles family, 147 - arms of, 149 - Sir William, 215 - - Holywell Street, 44 - - Hood, Robin, 197 - - Horn of Unicorn, 87 - - Horsham free school, founding of, 40 - - Houblon, Sir James, 228 - - Howard, Lord William, 132 - - Hudson, Jeffery, dwarf, 20 - Thomas, painter, 155 - - Hugo, Rev. Thomas, 216, 219 - - - Inner Temple, heraldic charge, 131 - - Inns of Court and Chancery, arms of, 129 - - Islington, Upper Street, 146 - - Islington Wells, 180, 188 - - - Jack in the Green, 24 - - Jackson, William, smuggler, 38 - - James Street, Haymarket, 163. _See_ Great James Street - - Jones, Inigo, 154, 201, 216 - - Judd, Sir Andrew, Lord Mayor, 214 - - - King of the Fields, 69 - - King’s Cross Road, 195, 197 - - King Street, Southwark, 136 - - Kings, Three, signs, 26-45 - - King’s White Bear, the, 50 - - Kenton, Benjamin, vintner, 104 - - Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 155 - - Knights Templars, 132 - - - Lacy, Henry de, Earl of Lincoln, 130 - - Lad Lane, 99 - - Laing, David, 35 - - Lamb and Flag, 75, 131, 132 - - Lambeth Hill, 27 - - Lamb’s Conduit, 196 - - Lawrence, Adam, 206 - will of, 208 - family history of, 206 _et seq._ - - Lawrence, Sir John, Lord Mayor, 205 - Mayor’s Banquet, 210 - arms of, 212 - - Lea, Sir James, 131 - - Leadenhall Street, 218 - - Leathern Bottle, sign, 157 - - Leathersellers’ Arms, 13 - - Leathersellers’ Company, 12 - - Leigh, Gerard, 132 - - Lennep, J. Van, 3 - - Leopard, sign, 125 - - Lernoult, Margaret, 224 - - Lincoln’s Inn, 129 - Fields, 152, 153, 162 - - Lindsey, Earl of, 153 - House, 152 - - Lion, stone bas-relief, sign, 83 - Golden, sign, 83 - White, sign, 83-86 - - Little Distaff Lane, 110 - - Lloyd’s Row, 189 - - London Bridge, 136 - Spa, the, 190 - - Long Lane, 139 - - Long Melford, Suffolk, 38 - - Longmans, Messrs., their sign, 111 - - Lovell, Sir Thomas, 130 - - Lyons Inn, 45 - - Lysons, Rev. Canon, 178 - - - Magi, the, 28 - - Maidenhead Inn, 14 - sign, 119 - - Maiden’s Head, sign, 126 - - Man in the Moon, sign, 40 - - Mantelpiece, seventeenth century, 200 - from the old Cock Inn, 104 - at 21, Austin Friars, 224 - - Marks, Alfred, 154 - - Marshall, Julian, 163 - - Martin and Co., bankers, their sign, 157 - - Martin, J. B., 157 - - Mary the Virgin, 29 - - Marygold, sign, 156 - - May’s Buildings, St. Martin’s Lane, 162 - - Melchior, one of the Three Kings, 31 - - Mercers’ Company, 14 - arms of, 126 - - Merchant Tailors’ Company, 129 - - Merchants’ trade marks, 74 - - Merlin’s Cave Tavern, 190 - - Mermaid, carved in relief, 60 - in Bread Street, 61 - in Cornhill, 61 - sign of at Gravesend, 60 - in Holland, 60 - - Middle Temple, gatehouse, 131 - - Midshipman, wooden, 157 - - Miller, Sir John, 81 - - Milton, John, sign showing birthplace, 92 - - Mineral spring, St. George’s Fields, 70 - - Minerva, head of, 12 - - Minet, Hughes, 223 - - Minet, Walter, 224 - - Minories, the, 157 - - Mitre Court, 116 - - Mitres, stone bas-reliefs of, 113, 116 - - Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, 188 - - More, Sir Thomas, 138 - - Morris Dancers, Three, sign, 22 - - Mount Pleasant, Gray’s Inn Lane, 164 - - Mouth, sign, Bishopsgate Street, 64 - - Myddleton, Sir Hugh, 181 - - Myddleton’s Head Inn, 181, 183 - - - Nag’s Head, Unicorn sign wrongly called, 86 - sign, 97 - - Naked Boy, sign, 11 - - Narwhal’s horn, 88 - - Nassau Street, 162 - - Negroes’ Heads, 24, 146 - - Newcastle, Duke of, 151 - House, 152 - - Newcomen Street, Southwark, 136 - - New Market, 149 - - New River Company, portrait of founder, 181 - - New River Head, 183 - - New Tunbridge Wells, 187 - - New Wells, near London Spa, 186 - - New White Horse Cellars, signboard, 169 - - Northampton, Marquis of, 143 - - Norwich Cathedral, 34 - - - Old Bell Inn, Holborn, 143 - - Olmius, Herman, merchant, 221 - - Ormond Street. _See_ Great Ormond Street - - Ormonde, Duke of, 169 - - Ostrich, stone bas-relief, 91 - - Oxford Arms, Warwick Lane, 65 - - - Pakenham Street, 195 - - Panyer Alley, sign in, 4 - - Parish marks, 166 - - Peakes, Sir John, Lord Mayor, 129 - - Pegasus, Inner Temple, sign, 131 - - Pelham, Thomas, 152 - - Pelican, as an emblem, 95 - sign, 94 - and Phœnix, 96 - - Pepys’ Diary, extract from, 84 - - Person, Father, 139 - - Peter Street, Westminster, 166 - - Phelps, Samuel, actor, 186 - - Philip Lane, 46 - - Physicians, College of, 172 - - Pie, sign, 10 - - Pie Corner, 9, 10 - - Pied Bull Inn, 81 - - Pindar Place, 196 - - Pinder a Wakefielde, inn, 196 - - Pinder of Wakefield, 196 - - Pinder, equivalent to, 197 - - Plough, sign, Bucklersbury, 222 - - Poore, Dr. G. V., 229 - - Pope, Mr. M., F.S.A., 91 - - Portland, Duke of, 151 - - Powis, Marquis of, 151 - Place, 153 - - Preaching Friars, 130, 138 - - Price, Hilton, on bankers’ signs, 156 - - Prince of Wales’ feathers, 111 - - Pudding Lane, 9 - - - Queen Street. _See_ Great Queen Street - - - Raleigh, Sir Walter, 81, 144 - - Red Lion Tavern, 180 - - Rich, Richard, 137 - - River. _See_ New River - - Robin Hood Court, Shoe Lane, 167 - - Roman dress, bust of woman in, 192 - - Roman temple, site of, 179 - - Rookery, Gray’s Inn, 134 - - Rose, the, 92 - - Rose and Crown, 111 - - Rose and Fleur-de-lys, 154 - - Rosebery Avenue, 164, 182 - - Rosoman Street, 187 - - Rotten Row, Asschowellys Place, 179 - - Roxalana’s Head, sign, 14 - - Royal Arms, 135 - Bagnio, 20 - Yacht Inn, 150 - - Rufford, Captain Nicholas, 146 - - Rufford’s Buildings, 146 - - Running Footman, sign, 167 - - - Sadler’s mineral springs, 183 - Music House, 183 - Wells Theatre, 181, 183, 185 - - St. Anselm and Cecilia, chapel, 162 - - St. Bartholomew the Great, church, 140 - - St. Bartholomew’s Priory, 138 - - St. Bride’s, 167 - - St. Ceadda, well of, 197 - - St. Chad’s Road, 197 - Row, 197 - - St. Chad’s Well, 198 - - St. Dunstan’s Church, 157 - - St. Ethelreda, chapel of, 116 - - St. George and the Dragon, 15, 17 - - St. George’s Fields, 67, 70, 215 - - St. Giles-in-the-Fields, 167 - - St. Helen’s. _See_ Great St. Helen’s - - St. James’s Palace, 167 - - St. John’s Square, Clerkenwell, 170 - Street Road, 190 - - St. Martin’s Lane, Upper, 167 - - St. Mary Axe, 217 - - St. Michael’s Crooked Lane, 56 - - St. Pancras Churchyard, 198 - Well, 198 - - Salisbury, 170 - - Sandys Row, 167 - - Saracen’s Head Hotel, Chelmsford, 223 - - Sardinia Street, 154, 162 - - Savage’s Inn, 123 - - Seven Stars, sign, 39 - - Shakespere’s Boar’s Head, 51 - - Sheffield Street, 161 - - Shepherd Street, 161 - - Shiffner family, the, 154 - - Ship and Black Swan, sign, 110 - - Shoe Lane, 169 - - Shoreditch High Street, 78 - - Sims, F. Manley, sign belonging to, 160 - - Skates, mediæval, 175 - - Skinners’ Company, 125, 129, 216 - - Smith, Payne and Smith, sign discovered at their premises, 102 - - Somers, Sir John, 153 - - Soper’s Lane, 48 - - Southwark Arms, 72 - Fire, 42, 79 - - Spa Field, 189 - - Spas, suburban, 180-199 - - Spencer, Sir John, 142, 145 - - Spread Eagle, 91 - Court, 93 - - Squirrels, Three, sign, 156 - - Staircase, Elizabethan, 201 - - Star, sign, 40 - - Stevens, John Cosens, 213 - - Stinking Lane, 19 - - Stuart, Sir Simeon Henry, Bart., 223 - - Sun, sign, 40 - - Swan, chained, 87, 96-98 - - Swan and Harp, sign, 115 - upping or nicking, 101 - with Two Necks, 98 - origin of, 100 - - - Tabard Inn, 79 - - Tallowchandlers’ Company, 91 - - Tarbolton, H. O., 205 - - Tavern scoring, 44 - - Taylor, Edward, bequest of, 13 - - Temple, Inner, heraldic charge and sign, 131 - - Tennis Court, 163 - - Theatrical Booth, 42 - - Thomas, Son, and Lefevre, 224 - - Three Bucks’ Heads, sign, 13 - Cranes in the Vintry, 90 - Crowns, sign, 27 - Hats, Islington, sign, 69 - Kings, 26 - arms of, 34 - in plays, etc., 36 - the feast of, 33 - Magi, 28 - Morris Dancers, sign, 22 - Squirrels, sign, 156 - - Time, statuette of, 178 - - Tothill Street, Westminster, 166 - - Tower Hill, 159 - - Tulips, exhibition of, _temp._ 1779, 198 - - Tunbridge Grammar School, 216 - Wells, New, 187 - - Turner, Mr. Hudson, 130 - - Two Brewers, 2 - - Two Negroes’ Heads, 24, 146 - - Tyburn, prisoners on the way to, 64 - - Tylers’ and Bricklayers’ Company, 165 - - - Unicorn, description of, 87 - stone bas-relief of, 86 - supporter of Royal Arms, 87 - - Union Street, Southwark, 165 - - Upper Street, Islington, 146 - - Upper St. Martin’s Lane, 166 - - - Vinegar Yard, Drury Lane, 171 - - Vintners’ Company, 100 - - - Waller, J. G., 74 - - Waltham, Lord, 222 - - Warwick, Earl of, 140, 147 - - Warwick, Guy of, stone bas-relief of, 11 - - Warwick Inn, 12 - Lane, 11 - - Water carnival at Sadler’s Wells, 185 - - Welbeck, 151 - - Wentworth, Lord Thomas, 142 - - Wesley, John, 187 - - Westgate Street, Gloucester, 159, 178 - - Weston family, 143 - - White Bear, 48, 50 - Hart Inn, 79 - Lion, 83 - Islington, 180 - - Whittington and his Cat, 178 - - Whistling Oyster, sign, 171 - - Wilberforce, William, 57 - - Williams, Mr., and the Royal Arms from old London Bridge, 137 - - Wilton House, 203 - - Wiltshire, Earl of, 217 - - Winchester, Marquis of, 227 - - Winchester Street. _See_ Great Winchester Street - - Winde, Captain William, 152 - - Winged Horse, the, 131 - - Winter’s-Low-Hut, 170 - - Woman’s Head, the, 14 - - Wooden Midshipman, sign, 157 - - Wren, Sir Christopher, 115, 131 - - Wright, Sir Nathan, 153 - - - THE END. - - _Elliot Stock, Paternoster Row, London._ - - - - - FOOTNOTES: - -[1] In November, 1892, this house was demolished. - -[2] Hatton’s ‘New View of London,’ 1708, vol. i., p. 59. - -[3] In later times there was a cross at the east end of the church of -St. Michael-le-Querne, replaced by a water conduit, in the mayoralty of -William Eastfield, A.D. 1429, as I learn from Stow. The site of this -cross is considerably east of Panyer Alley. - -[4] Pye, _i.e._, parti-coloured, as in the bird. It is said to have -been so called because the initial and principal letters of the rubrics -were printed in red, and the rest in black. At the beginning of the -Church of England Prayer-Book, in that section which relates to the -service of the Church, mention is made of ‘the number and hardness -of the rules called the Pie.’ Shakespeare, in the ‘Merry Wives of -Windsor,’ says, ‘By cocke and pie you shall not choose, sir; you shall -not choose, but come.’ In this asseveration cock is supposed to be a -euphemism for God, and pie the above-named ordinal. - -[5] On the Holbein gateway at Whitehall there were also medallions of -terra-cotta, as large or larger than life. - -[6] The Broad Face, Reading, is noticed by Pepys as an odd sign, when -he visited the town on June 16, 1668. - -[7] In style it reminds one somewhat of the Guildhall giants, Gog and -Magog, or, as Fairholt would call them, Corineus and Gogmagog. These -appear to have been made in 1708, by Richard Saunders, a captain -of trained bands and carver in King Street, Cheapside, to replace -giants of pasteboard and wickerwork, which had been carried in City -processions. - -[8] Part of a similar crypt is to be seen at 4a, Lawrence Pountney -Hill; it belonged to a house called the Manor of the Rose, built -originally in the reign of Edward III. Such crypts would doubtless be -useful to mediæval merchants for the storage of goods. There are great -cellars under Crosby Hall. I am reminded that in the thirteenth century -houses furnished usually belonged to Kings or the higher nobility--at -least, this is implied by Matthew Paris, in his ‘Lives of the Abbots -of St. Albans.’ His words are: ‘Aula nobilissima picta cum conclavibus -et camino et atrio et subaulâ, quæ palatium regium (quia duplex est et -criptata) dici potest.’ - -[9] ‘Old Meg of Hereford Towne for a Morris Daunce, or Twelve Morris -Dancers in Herefordshire, of twelve hundred years old.’ Printed for -John Bridge, 1609. - -[10] St. Matt. ii. 1. - -[11] ‘Roma Sotteranea,’ by the Rev. J. Spencer Northcote, D.D., and W. -R. Brownlow, M.A., 1869. - -[12] Messrs. Crowe and Cavalcaselle suggest that these two figures may -possibly be intended to represent the prophets Isaiah and Jeremiah. - -[13] ‘Historical and Monumental Rome,’ by C. J. Hemans, chap. xv. - -[14] ‘Primus dicitur fuisse Melchior, qui senex et canus, barbâ prolixâ -et capillis, aurum obtulit Regi Domino. Secundus nomine Gaspar, juvenis -imberbis, rubicundus, thure quasi Deo oblatione dignâ, Deum honoravit. -Tertius fuscus, integre barbatus, Baltassar nomine, per myrrham Filium -hominis moriturum professus.’ - -[15] In fourteenth and fifteenth century paintings, especially among -the Germans, Balthazar was often a Moor or negro, the tradition being -that he was King of Ethiopia or Nubia. Ghirlandajo, in a picture at the -Pitti Gallery, gives him, not a black complexion, but a black page. The -difference of race indicated in the representations of the Three Kings -implies the wideness of the manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles. On -this account the three sons of Noah have been looked upon as typical of -them. - -[16] Smith’s ‘Dictionary of the Bible.’ - -[17] Commentary of Cornelius à Lapide, translated by Mossman, vol. i. -Others have extended the period of their arrival at Bethlehem even to -some time in the second year after the birth of Christ, as an inference -from Matt. ii. 16. According to a tradition of the Eastern Church, the -Magi arrived at Jerusalem with a retinue of 1,000 men, having left an -army of 7,000 on the further bank of the Euphrates. - -[18] The Milanese afterwards consoled themselves by forming a -confraternity, which showed their veneration for the Three Kings by a -special annual performance. - -[19] For these references to the heraldry of the Three Kings, I have to -thank my valued friend, Mr. Everard Green, F.S.A., whose knowledge of -the subject is unique. - -[20] Foster’s Chapel, Bristol, founded in 1504, is dedicated to the -Three Kings. In Winchester Cathedral are traces of a painting of the -Adoration. - -[21] The names of the Kings are variously spelt. - -[22] A pageant was originally the structure on which the performance -took place. Archdeacon Rogers, who saw the performance at Chester -in 1594, says that ‘Every company had its pagiant, or parte, whiche -pagiants weare a high scafolde with 2 roomes, a higher and a lower, -upon 4 wheeles. In the lower they apparelled themselves, and in the -higher they played, being all open on the tope, that all behoulders -mighte heare and see them.’ - -[23] One is reminded of Falstaff’s words (1 Henry IV. Act i., Scene 2): -‘For we, that take purses, go by the moon and seven stars; and not by -Phœbus,--he, that wandering knight so fair.’ Again, Pistol says; ‘Sweet -knight, I kiss thy nief. What! we have seen the seven stars.’ - -[24] King Richard II. had two badges: the Sun in splendour, and the -White Hart. The former is shown on the mainsail of the vessel in -which he returned from Ireland, in an illumination to a manuscript -account of Richard, by a gentleman of his suite (Harl. MS. 1319). It -is also mentioned by the poet Gower. The Sun in splendour, encircled -with a cloud distilling drops of rain, is a charge in the arms of the -Distillers’ Company. I may add that the Three Crowns appear in the arms -of the Skinners’ Company, which according to Strype were granted in the -4th year of Edward VI. - -[25] ‘Some Account of the Parish of St. Clement Danes,’ by John -Diprose. 1868. Vol. i., p. 257. - -[26] Guillim intimates the reason for representing the bear muzzled -in heraldry: ‘The beare by nature is a cruell beast, but this here -demonstrated unto you, is (to prevent the mischief it might otherwise -do, as you may observe) as it were, bound to the good behaviour with a -muzle.’--‘Heraldry,’ sec. iii., chap. xv., p. 199. 1660. - -[27] Hicks Hall was a session-house for Middlesex. At the corner of St. -John Street, Clerkenwell, and Peter’s Lane, affixed to the wall of the -Queen’s Head tavern, is a stone tablet with the following inscription: - -‘Opposite this Place Hicks Hall formerly stood, 1 mile 1 furlong from -the Standard in Cornhill, 4 furlongs 205 yards from Holborn Barrs down -Holborn, up Snow Hill, Cow Lane and through Smithfield.’ - -A Jacobean chimney-piece from Hicks Hall, and a portrait of Sir -Baptist, are in the Sessions House, Clerkenwell Green. See an amusing -article on Suburban Milestones, in Knight’s ‘London.’ - -[28] Whitechapel Mount was an elevation of ground generally thought -to have been composed, in part at least, of rubbish from the Great -Fire: Lysons, however, denies this. Another idea is, that it was a -great burial-place for victims of the Plague of 1665. A fort was built -here in 1642, one of the series then thrown round London. The Mount is -shown in Strype’s map of 1720, and in a view of London Hospital, by -Chatelain. Towards the end of last century it was a place of resort for -pugilists and dog-fighters. Mount Street and Mount Place, immediately -west of the London Hospital, Whitechapel Road, now occupy the ground, -which is still slightly raised. - -[29] This letter is among the Remembrancia at the Guildhall, and is -noted on page 355 of the Analytical Index, published in 1878. - -[30] ‘Life of William Wilberforce,’ by his son Samuel Wilberforce, -Bishop of Oxford. Revised and condensed from the original edition. -8vo., 1868. - -[31] _Gentleman’s Magazine_, January, 1834. - -[32] It formed part of his benefactions, through Bishop Waynflete, to -Magdalen College, Oxford. - -[33] Pepys, the diarist, on March 27, 1664, writes as follows: ‘Walked -through the Ducking Pond Fields; but they are so altered since my -father used to carry us to Islington, to the old man of the King’s -Head, to eat cakes and ale (his name was Pitts), that I did not know -which was the Ducking Pond, or where I was.’ What would he have said -now? There were several ducking-ponds in this neighbourhood; the name -of Ball’s Pond, near Newington Green, still survives. Howes in his -‘Chronicle’ says that the reservoir at the New River head ‘was in -former times an open idell pool, commonly called the Ducking Pond.’ -Spa Fields, Clerkenwell, were also called ‘Ducking Pond Fields.’ -There was a public-house a little west of the London Spa, with a -ducking-pond attached. It was taken down in 1770, and the Pantheon, in -imitation of the Oxford Street Pantheon, built on its site. This soon -became disreputable, and was eventually turned into Spa Fields Chapel, -demolished 1879. There was a ducking-pond in Mayfair (Hertford Street -is on the site), and another near Mile End. - -[34] The ground in St. George’s Fields was not absolutely given, but a -lease was granted for 865 years at the nominal rent of one shilling a -year. - -[35] The cross had possibly some connection with the priory of St. Mary -Overy hard by, or with the rich and powerful abbey, originally the -priory of St. Saviour’s, Bermondsey. A chronicle, supposed to have been -written by one of the monks, is among the Harleian MSS. (No. 231). We -are here told that in the year 1117 ‘the cross of the Holy Saviour was -found near the Thames.’ Apparently this was the cross of Bermondsey, -placed in the church, to which pilgrimages were occasionally made. It -was taken down in 1538, during the mayoralty of Sir Richard Gresham, -and in all likelihood destroyed; but Wilkinson, in his ‘Londina -Illustrata,’ gives a view, showing in front of the building, attached -to the chief or north gate of the abbey, a small cross with zigzag -ornament, which some have sought to identify with this holy rood. It -existed with the remains of the building till comparatively recent -times. On the way to the abbey were famous roadside crosses: one north, -the site of which is at the junction of Tooley Street with Bermondsey -Street; the other south, in Kent Street. - -[36] From the ‘Archæologia,’ vol. 32, I learn that ‘the seal of -Bartholomew Elys, of Great Yarmouth, 17 Rich. II., is remarkable as -giving the family arms with the substitution of his merchant’s mark in -place of the cinqfoil in base.’ Mr. Waller says that at Standon, in -Herts, is the mark of John Feld, alderman of London 1474; but his son, -on the same brass, an esquire in armour, has his shield of arms. - -[37] ‘Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries,’ November 24, 1887. -A highly interesting article in the ‘Archæologia,’ vol. 37, by Mr. B. -Williams, shows that in early times simple marks, not unlike merchants’ -marks, were used to distinguish property, both here and in Germany. Our -modern swan marks are a survival. - -[38] At a Common Council held July 14, 33 Henry VIII., it was ordered -that the seal of the Bridge House should be changed, because the image -of Thomas à Becket, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury, was graven -thereon, and it was agreed that a new seal should be made, devised by -Mr. Hall, to whom the old seal was delivered. - -[39] But see Mr. Billson’s paper on ‘The Easter Hare,’ in _Folklore_, -vol. iii.--[ED.] - -[40] It is told in considerable detail in a ‘Life of Sir Walter -Raleigh,’ 8vo., 1740, p. 152. - -[41] ‘I remember one citizen, who having thus broken out of his house -in Aldersgate Street, or thereabout, went along the road to Islington. -He attempted to have gone in at the Angel Inn, and after that at the -White Horse, two inns still known by the same signs, but was refused; -after which he came to the Pied Bull, an inn also still continuing the -same sign.’--‘Journal of the Plague Year,’ by Daniel Defoe, 1722. - -[42] This was probably one of the ducking-ponds. - -[43] Its site is also marked in Ogilby’s Map of London to Holyhead. -Here is now the Belvidere Tavern. - -[44] Peter Cunningham says that Alderman Boydell, before he removed -to No. 90, Cheapside, at the corner of Ironmonger Lane, lived at the -Unicorn, at the corner of Queen Street, Cheapside. - -[45] ‘Historic Devices, Badges, and War Cries,’ by Mrs. Bury Palliser. - -[46] Another record of him is a stone from Allhallows Church, now -imbedded in the western wall of the Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, which -has on it the well-known lines by Dryden, beginning: ‘Three poets in -three distant ages born,’ etc., also the dates of Milton’s birth and -baptism. - -[47] Additional MS. in British Museum, 3890. - -[48] In a ‘Brief History’ by Eugenius Philalethes, p. 93, we are told; -‘It is a vulgar error that the pelican turneth her beak against her -breast and therewith pierceth it till the blood gush out, wherewith she -nourisheth her young; whereas a pelican hath a beak broad and flat, -much like the slice of apothecaries and chirurgeons wherewith they -spread their plasters, no way fit to pierce, as Laurentius Gerbertus -counsellor and physitian to Henry the Fourth of France in his book of -Popular Errors hath observed.’ - -[49] The architect was Sir Robert Taylor, R.A. The emblematic figures -on the cornice in front are said to be of artificial stone, executed -at Coade’s factory, Lambeth, where John Bacon, R.A., worked for some -years, and where, later, Flaxman and Benjamin West also modelled. Some -houses on the north side of Westminster Bridge Road were originally -called Coade’s Row, and the name still appears on one of them. The -gallery or showroom stood there, as marked in Horwood’s map. The -factory was further north, between Narrow Wall and the river. - -[50] The sign outside is a modern imitation. - -[51] In Aubrey’s ‘Natural History,’ p. 277, a manuscript in the library -of the Royal Society, is the following memorandum: ‘This day, May the -18th, being Monday, 1691, after Rogation Sunday, is a great convention -at St. Paul’s church of the Fraternity of the adopted masons, where Sir -Christopher Wren is to be adopted a brother, and Sir Henry Goodric of -the Tower, and divers others. There have been kings that have been of -this sodality.’ - -[52] Not in edition 1576, but edition 1596, p. 233.--[ED.] - -[53] See ‘City of London Livery Companies’ Commission,’ 1884, vol. ii. - -[54] Sir William Dugdale, in his ‘Origines Juridiciales,’ records that -the whole cost of this gatehouse was £153 10s. 8d., ‘the brick and -tile used for the same being digged out of that piece of ground then -called the Coneygarth, lying on the west side of the house, adjoyning -to Lincoln’s Inn Fields.’ This valuable relic is now, I fear, in a -somewhat neglected condition. - -[55] T. Hudson Turner in the _Archæological Journal_ for December, -1848, quoting from an account in the Office of the Duchy of Lancaster. - -[56] See an interesting article on this subject in the ‘Archæologia,’ -vol. ix. (1789), by the Hon. Daines Barrington. - -[57] For further details about the armorial bearings, see ‘Gray’s Inn; -its History and Associations,’ by W. R. Douthwaite, 1886, chap. xi. - -[58] Dodsley’s ‘London,’ 1761, vol. iii., p. 58. - -[59] ‘Scrope and Grosvenor Roll,’ i. 178. - -[60] The gatehouse had only been finished in the year 1728, having -replaced a previous one damaged by a great fire on the bridge in 1725. -Mist’s _Weekly Journal_, for Saturday, September 11, tells us that -about sixty houses were consumed on that occasion. - -[61] Burke’s ‘Armory General.’ This seems correct; but Burke’s ‘Extinct -Peerages’ gives it, ‘gules, a chevron between three cross crosslets or.’ - -[62] From early days, however, the fair had increased beyond church -limits, and the City had acquired certain rights. In the fourth edition -of Stow, 1633, we are told how, on Bartholomew Eve, the Aldermen in -their violet gowns met the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs at the Guildhall -chapel, and how they rode into Cloth Fair, and made a proclamation, -riding back through the churchyard and home to the Lord Mayor’s house. - -[63] In Allen’s ‘History of London,’ published in 1827, vol. iii., p. -658, we are told that the district called Cloth Fair was still chiefly -occupied by clothiers, tailors, etc. - -[64] Stow’s ‘Survey of London,’ edited by W. J. Thoms, p. 141. - -[65] The rebus was invented before Prior Bolton’s time; as early as -1443 the White Friars had a grant of the ‘Hospitium vocatum Le Bolt en -ton,’ in Fleet Street. This became a great coaching inn; the site is -marked by a railway office. The tun occurs in the rebus of Beckington, -of Castleton, and of Bishop Langton in Winchester Cathedral. - -[66] They were drawn and described for Nelson’s ‘History of Islington,’ -2nd edition, 1823. - -[67] I have not been able to find proof positive that a Fowler owned -this property. The house, though of respectable antiquity, is much more -modern than the arms. By a lease dated 1722, a messuage called the -Bell, with its stables, etc., and two other messuages or tenements on -either side, adjoining and fronting High Street, Holborn, ‘formerly one -capital mansion or messuage called the Bell or Blue Bell Inn, together -with all shops, stables, and other appurtenances,’ were bought by -Christ’s Hospital for £2,113 15s. Together with the adjoining house, -it still belongs to the Hospital. There is a rent-charge of 45s. -(originally 30 sacks of charcoal) on the Blue Bell Inn, for the use of -the poor of St. Andrews, in which parish the houses are situated; it -was bequeathed by Richard Hunt, who died in 1559. - -[68] Named after the Berners family, who held the estate from the -Conquest till 1422, when it passed by marriage to John Bourchier, -created Lord Berners. - -[69] In Nelson’s ‘History of Islington,’ 2nd edition, 1823, facing p. -260, there is an illustration of the building. - -[70] The pretty garden of Clement’s Inn is now being built over, and -the garden house will soon disappear behind bricks and mortar. The -black kneeling figure supporting a sundial, which formerly decorated -the lawn (having been brought from Italy and presented to the Inn by -one of the Earls of Clare), was sold by the Ancients in 1884 for twenty -guineas, and has now found its way to Inner Temple Gardens. - -[71] Lord Clarendon says of this second Earl: ‘He was a man of honour -and of courage, and would have been an excellent person if his heart -had not been so much set upon keeping and improving his estate.’ - -[72] From Mr. Austin Dobson I learn that Hogarth engraved a view of -Clare Market. - -[73] He wrote MS. memoirs of the Holles family, afterwards transcribed -by Arthur Collins. - -[74] This Act appears to have been a dead letter. In 1580 Queen -Elizabeth had issued an equally vain proclamation to prevent the -erection of new buildings within three miles of the City gates. - -[75] M. Jusserand gives amusing instances in his excellent new work on -‘A French Ambassador at the Court of Charles II.’ - -[76] There is a view of it in Strype’s Stow (1754), which shows a -sculptured phœnix over the doorway. The phœnix in the porch of No. 40, -Great Ormond Street suggests the possibility of some connection with -this house. - -[77] ‘Annals of Tennis,’ 1878. - -[78] Some of these servants, however, must have been exceedingly -active. In the _London Evening Post_ for December 31, 1735, we are -told that ‘General Churchill’s Running Footman ran against the Lady -Molesworth’s, from the upper end of St. James’s Street to Edgworth -Gate,’ and won, performing the distance, computed to be about eleven -miles, in an hour and five minutes. - -[79] He is Volpone in Pope’s ‘Moral Essay’: - - ‘His grace’s fate sage Cutler could foresee - And well (he thought) advised him “Live like me.” - As well his grace replied, “Like you, Sir John? - That I can do, when all I have is gone.”’ - -[80] ‘Some account of London,’ by Thos. Pennant, 3rd edition, pp. 372, -373. - -[81] In the _Public Advertiser_ for Wednesday, April 21, 1775, it is -stated that ‘a trout was catched in the New River, near Sadler’s Wells, -which weighed eight pounds and a half.’ - -[82] This roadway is 1,173 yards in length, and has cost £353,526, but -the amount will be diminished by the sale of unused lands. Running -under it is a subway for the conveyance of electric lighting, etc., -high enough for a man to walk through. - -[83] The parish derived its name from a holy well, at which the parish -clerks of London used annually to perform a miracle play. Its site -was marked by a pump near the south-east corner of Ray Street, an -illustration of which is given in Wilkinson’s ‘Londina Illustrata.’ -The well still exists a few feet to the north, covered by a massive -brick arch, under the floor of No. 18, Farringdon Road--formerly the -parish watch-house. This quaint little tenement is now to be let on -building lease. The whole neighbourhood seems in old days to have had a -reputation for holy and medicinal wells. - -[84] In the _Post Boy_, and in the _Flying Post_ for June, 1697, we are -told that ‘Sadler’s excellent steel waters at Islington, having been -obstructed for some years, are now opened and current again,’ etc. - -[85] At the bar of the Sir Hugh Myddleton tavern there was formerly an -interesting portrait group of frequenters of the old Myddleton’s Head, -Mr. Rosoman being in the centre. - -[86] Pinks’s ‘History of Clerkenwell,’ 2nd edition, p. 427. - -[87] Both places are alluded to in an advertisement (dated 1747) of the -Mulberry Garden, the site of which, says Pinks, was afterwards covered -by the House of Detention. A print of it exists. - -[88] The springs thus named were almost on the site of another -medicinal spring called Black Mary’s Well or Hole. Dr. Bevis makes them -out the same, and suggests that the title by which the latter had been -known was a corruption of ‘Blessed Mary’s Hole.’ Other writers seek to -derive it from Mary Woolaston--a black woman who about 1680 is supposed -to have lived hereabout, by the side of the road, in a circular hut -built of stones, and to have leased and sold the waters. According to -the _Gentleman’s Magazine_ for 1813, part ii., p. 557, this spring -was afterwards enclosed in a conduit by Walter Baynes, Esq., the -gentleman who, in 1697, discovered the famous Cold Bath, and who owned, -in part at least, the Sir John Oldcastle tavern and gardens hard by. -According to a plan of the city and environs of London, as fortified by -Parliament in 1642-3, there was a battery and breastwork ‘on the hill -E. of Blackmary’s Hole.’ - -[89] See _Notes and Queries_, 3rd series, ii., p. 228. - -[90] In Miss Burney’s ‘Evelina’ (chap. xlv.), published January, 1778, -there is an interesting list of places of amusement in the suburbs. The -vulgar members of the Branghton family, and others, dispute as to which -they shall visit in the evening. Miss Branghton votes for Saltero’s -coffee-house; her sister for a party at Mother Red Cap’s; the brother -for White Conduit House; Mr. Brown for Bagnigge Wells; Mr. Branghton -for Sadler’s Wells, and Mr. Smith for Vauxhall. White Conduit House is -at last fixed upon. The site of this is marked by a public-house--No. -14, Barnsbury Road; it was named after an ancient conduit which once -stood hard by. - -[91] Stow calls it the River of Wells, from the numerous springs that -overflowed into it. - -[92] There was another fairly good mantelpiece on the second-floor. - -[93] I do not guarantee the completeness of the following list of work -in the City said to have been by Inigo Jones, but it may be useful for -reference. The Church of St. Catherine Cree, Leadenhall Street, has -been popularly ascribed to him; it was consecrated by Laud, January -16, 1630-31, and is in pseudo-Gothic style. The Classic portico to -old St. Paul’s Cathedral was designed by Jones in 1633. The repairs -under his supervision were begun in April, 1631, and carried on for -more than nine years. The Church of St. Alban’s, Wood Street, may have -been his work; it replaced the old church, pulled down in 1632. This -was destroyed in the Great Fire. The hall, theatre, and court-room of -the Barber-Surgeons’ Company were built by him, apparently in 1636. -The hall was destroyed in the Great Fire; the theatre, which had been -restored by the Earl of Burlington, was pulled down in 1763. It has -been stated that the latter rebuilt the court-room; Mr. Young, however, -in his ‘Annals of the Barber-Surgeons’ (1890), declares positively that -it is the work of Inigo Jones, repaired after the Fire. He is said to -have also built Thanet House, Aldersgate Street, which survived till -1882. - -[94] ‘Marriage, Baptismal, and Burial Registers of the Dutch Reformed -Church, Austin Friars, from 1571 to 1874,’ edited by W. V. C. Moens. - -[95] On the 15th of April, 1630, occurs the following entry: -‘Petronela Laurence widdowe, a Dutchwoman, was buryed in ye ten -shilling ground, att lower end of ye men’s pewes.’ I am tempted to -add the following curious baptismal entry from the register. ‘Sept. -1, 1611.--Job-rakt-out-of-the-asshes, being borne the last of August, -in the lane going to Sir John Spencer’s back gate and there laide in -a heape of seacole asshes, was baptized the first day of September -following and dyed the next day after.’ - -[96] The old spelling is still retained, as in the entry of Adam’s -baptism at the Dutch Church. - -[97] The name is spelt in various ways. He may have been of the family -of Sir John Cullum, Sheriff of London in 1646, on the site of whose -mansion Cullum Street, hard by, is built. - -[98] From this I infer that she and her husband came to live in the -parish after Adam’s death. Their son John was born December, 1661, and -died a few months afterwards. - -[99] Dr. Cox mentions this. Having searched for Sir John Lawrence’s -will at Somerset House, I find that he died intestate, and that -administration of his estate was granted to his widow Catherine; so -he had married a second time. In this grant he is described as ‘nuper -de Putney.’ It appears from the register of that parish that he had a -young family, and this is confirmed by a Lawrence pedigree which has -been kindly placed at my disposal. Among the children there was another -son John, who married Catherine Briscoe; he died in 1728, leaving -several daughters and a son of the same name. There was also a son -Adam, who left no issue. Catherine, Lady Lawrence, was buried in the -vault at St. Helen’s Church in 1723. - -[100] Faulkner gives some verses which he says were written about the -year 1664 on the Lawrence arms. Here is a specimen: - - ‘The Field is Argent, and the charge a Cross: - Riches without Religion are but dross; - White, like this field, O Lord, his life should be - Who bears thy cross, follows, and fights for thee.’ - -[101] Dr. Cox says the date of Lawrence’s death was August 23, 1718, -which would be seventy-six years after his first marriage. - -[102] At the back of one of these houses is the only private garden -still existing in the City. - -[103] This passage, to judge from a restored plan in Hammon’s -‘Architectural Antiquities of Crosby Place’ (London, 1844), was one of -the original courts of Crosby Place; but I am rather doubtful about -it. According to this plan, Crosby Square occupied the site, not of -offices, but of the bowling-green. - -[104] I observe that he and his brother Herman were subscribers to -Strype’s Stow, published in 1720. - -[105] Anne, daughter of Simon Luttrell, created Baron Irnham of -Luttrelstown, 1768; Viscount Carhampton, 1780; Earl of Carhampton, -1785. She married, first, Christopher Horton, of Colton Hall, -Derbyshire, and secondly, in 1771, Henry Frederick, Duke of Cumberland, -brother of King George III. This so incensed the latter that he -procured the passing of the Royal Marriage Act. - -[106] Olmius is merely a Latinized form of the Dutch name Van Olm, the -latter word being equivalent to Elm. The arms are given in Morant’s -‘History of Essex.’ One of the charges is: out of a mount vert, an -elm-tree proper. - -[107] In 1778 John Drigue Lernoult and another let the house to Lewis -Miol, and a schedule was then drawn up which I have seen. Everything is -most carefully noted from the arch in the hall ‘with fluted columns and -carved capitals,’ to the ‘battlement wall about 2 feet 6 inches high, -coped with stone cornice.’ At that time there was a warehouse with a -loft over it, and a crane, but its position is not made clear. - -[108] The plan of the garden seemed to show that it had been curtailed -when the houses to the east, Nos. 15 to 18, Austin Friars, were -erected. They were formerly called Winckworth Buildings, and on their -water-pipes were T W, 1726. In No. 18, James Smith, one of the authors -of ‘Rejected Addresses,’ lived for a time. These houses are all now -swept away. - -[109] ‘London, Ancient and Modern, from the Sanitary and Medical Point -of View,’ by G. V. Poore, M.D., F.R.C.P. 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margin: 0.07em 0.1em 0em 0em; font-size: 480%; line-height:0.85em;} - -@media handheld {p.drop-cap00:first-letter, - p.drop-cap04:first-letter, - p.drop-cap06:first-letter, - p.drop-cap08:first-letter, - p.drop-cap16:first-letter - {float: none; margin: 0; font-size: 100%;} -} - -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; color: black; font-size:smaller; padding:0.5em; margin-bottom:5em; font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's London Signs and Inscriptions, by Philip Norman - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: London Signs and Inscriptions - -Author: Philip Norman - -Release Date: September 20, 2016 [EBook #53105] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LONDON SIGNS AND INSCRIPTIONS *** - - - - -Produced by Giovanni Fini, Chris Curnow and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div class="limit"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="transnote p4"> -<p class="pc large">TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:</p> -<p class="ptn">—Obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected.</p> -<p class="ptn">—The transcriber of this project created the book cover -image using the front cover of the original book. The image -is placed in the public domain.</p> -</div></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/cover.jpg" width="350" height="594" alt="" /> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p class="pc4 elarge"><b>LONDON SIGNS AND INSCRIPTIONS.</b></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/logo.jpg" width="250" height="262" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p class="pc2 f2 elarge">The Camden Library.</p> -<p class="pc1 reduct">EDITED BY</p> -<p class="pc1 lmid">G. LAURENCE GOMME, F.S.A.</p> -<p class="pc1 reduct">AND</p> -<p class="pc1 lmid">T. FAIRMAN ORDISH, F.S.A.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p> -<p> </p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/fr.jpg" width="400" height="652" id="fr" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc">FISH SHOP IN CHEYNE WALK.</p> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="pc4 f1 large u">THE CAMDEN LIBRARY.</p> - -<h1 class="p2">LONDON<br /> -SIGNS AND INSCRIPTIONS.</h1> - -<hr class="d1" /> - -<p class="pc reduct">BY</p> -<p class="pc large">PHILIP NORMAN, F.S.A.</p> -<p class="pc4"><i>ILLUSTRATED BY THE AUTHOR AND OTHERS.</i></p> -<p class="pc4 mid"><i>WITH AN INTRODUCTION</i></p> -<p class="pc reduct">BY</p> -<p class="pc4 mid">HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A.</p> -<p class="pc reduct">AUTHOR OF ‘LONDON PAST AND PRESENT,’ ETC.</p> -<p class="pc4 mid">LONDON:<br /> -ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW.<br /> -1893.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span></p> - -<div class="bord"> -<p class="pc">UNIFORM WITH THE PRESENT VOLUME.</p> -<p class="pc reduct"><i>In handsome post 8vo. size; tastefully printed in antique style.<br /> -On fine paper with rough edges, and bound in cloth, at 6s. per<br /> -volume; bound in roxburgh, with gilt top, price 7s. 6d.;<br /> -roxburgh binding, 10s. 6d. net. Large-paper copies,<br /> -21s. net.</i></p> - -<hr class="d2" /> - -<p class="pc">THE FIRST VOLUME of <span class="smcap">The Camden Library</span>, recently<br /> -published, is entitled</p> - -<p class="pc1 mid">THE ANTIQUITIES AND CURIOSITIES<br /> -OF THE EXCHEQUER.</p> - -<p class="pc">By HUBERT HALL, F.S.A., of H.M.’s Public -Record Office.</p> - -<p class="pc reduct"><i>With illustrations by RALPH NEVILL, F.S.A., and<br /> -an Introduction by Sir JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., F.R.S., F.S.A.</i></p> - -<p class="reduct">‘This, the first volume of a valuable series, is perhaps one of the -most interesting works of its kind. The facts and anecdotes which -are woven into the pages are curious, and no doubt will be perfectly -new to many readers.’—<i>Public Opinion.</i></p> - -<p class="reduct">‘Will be immensely superior to the ordinary kind of serial handbooks,<br /> -if Mr. Hubert Hall’s scholarly and well-written book is a fair<br /> -sample.... His account of the origins of our national finance is<br /> -full of valuable information which cannot be easily found elsewhere.’—<i>St.<br /> -James’s Gazette.</i></p> - -<p class="reduct">‘It does great credit to the persevering industry, discrimination,<br /> -and literary skill of its author.’—<i>Daily Telegraph.</i></p> - -<hr class="d2" /> - -<p class="pc">LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW.</p> - -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/aill-007.jpg" width="500" height="126" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="p4"><i>INTRODUCTION.</i></h2> - -<hr class="d3" /> - -<p class="drop-cap00">I HAVE been asked to write a short introduction -to this volume of the Camden Library, and -I do so with great pleasure.</p> - -<p>The subject of sculptured signs is one of considerable -interest, to which too little attention -has hitherto been devoted, and the treatment of -this important section of London antiquities could -not have fallen into better hands than into those -of Mr. Philip Norman, who has devoted many -years of patient labour to the search for these -signs, which are often found in very out-of-the-way -localities. Mr. Norman possesses one most -important qualification for the task he has undertaken, -in that he is an accomplished artist. He -is thus doubly well equipped both as an antiquary -and as an artist.</p> - -<p>It will, I think, surprise many readers to learn -that so much is still left to us, and I hope that the -attention drawn to some of the signs which have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span> -disappeared of late years may result in the discovery -of their present hiding-places. Some years -ago there was a curious sculptured sign over the -entrance to Bull Head Court, Newgate Street. -This represented William Evans, Charles I.’s -gigantic porter, and Jeffrey Hudson, the Queen’s -dwarf. When King Edward Street was widened -this sign disappeared. If it be still in existence, -we may hope that, in course of time, it may find -a home in the Guildhall Museum, where so many -interesting relics of old London are preserved.</p> - -<p>Painted signs, which were once almost universal, -were suddenly cleared away by the Act of -Parliament of 1762, but these sculptured signs -remained because they were a part of the houses -to which they were attached, and they only pass -away when the houses are rebuilt.</p> - -<p>As the reader casually turns over the pages of -this book, he cannot fail to be struck by the -variety of objects which have been represented on -the signs. Many of these may be considered as -marks of ownership, and the crests and coats of -arms of the City Companies are frequently found -as signs.</p> - -<p>In connection with the æsthetic revival there -has been a considerable reappearance of signs in -different parts of London, mostly of artistic ironwork; -but although this helps to relieve the dull -monotony of many streets it is not a custom that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span> -would be popular if it became universal. There -can, however, be no objection to the more general -adoption of artistic sculpture on the fronts of -houses. When an old house is rebuilt, its story -(if it have a story) may with advantage be -graphically represented on the front of the new -one. This has been done in some cases, and -an extension of the custom would add to the -beauty of the streets, and increase the interest -of the passer-by in the almost forgotten history -of his own town.</p> - -<p>It is a satisfactory thing that the relics of former -fashions of decoration should be registered for the -information of those who desire to keep themselves -in touch with the history of the past. -Even in this materialistic age there are many who -love to live in imagination in a former age, and a -sculptured sign or inscription on an old house -will often help them to do this.</p> - -<p>For centuries London was remarkable for its -gardens, but this has been changed at the end of -the nineteenth century. Considering the great -value of land in ‘the City,’ I suppose it cannot be -a matter of surprise that almost every bit of -garden or green place has been swept out of existence, -but I think every lover of London will -sympathize with the protest against this tendency -which concludes Mr. Norman’s book.</p> - -<p>I do not, however, wish to keep the reader longer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span> -from learning what the author has to say, and I -will only add that this volume will form a most -useful and agreeable addition to the extensive literature -which is gradually growing up in connection -with the ever-increasing world of houses and men -which is known as London.</p> - -<p class="pr2">HENRY B. WHEATLEY.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Oppidans Road</span>, N.W.,</p> -<p class="pi2"><i>March</i>, 1893.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/aill-010.jpg" width="150" height="109" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/aill011.jpg" width="500" height="146" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="p4"><i>AUTHOR’S PREFACE.</i></h2> - -<hr class="d3" /> - -<p class="drop-cap04">UNTIL the beginning of this century, I may -almost say till the development of our -railway system some fifty years ago, though -London was continually spreading in all directions, -its heart—the City—remained very much as Wren -had left it. Here many a well-to-do trader was -content to dwell in the substantial house in which -his business was carried on, and to pray in the -neighbouring parish church where his father had -prayed before him. Now the church has, likely -enough, disappeared, the monuments of his ancestors -are bundled off no one knows where; perhaps -the very street in which he lived is changed out -of all power of recognition. In short, to meet -our modern requirements, the City has become a -mere mass of offices, warehouses, and gigantic -railway-stations, whence issue each morning -myriads of human beings who spend the day in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span> -struggling for wealth or a livelihood, and at night -return to their homes, which are spread over an -area some sixty miles in diameter, leaving the -centre to be protected by a few porters and caretakers. -The decrease in the resident population -has now extended a considerable distance west.</p> - -<p>To the observing eye, however, traces of a -former state of things are still to be seen, not only -in important buildings such as the City halls, the -parish churches and the old merchants’ houses still -existing; but in objects less conspicuous, for instance, -the sculptured house and street signs which -came into fashion after the Great Fire. These -have no little artistic merit, and almost all are -interesting from their associations. The greater -part of my book is devoted to a careful description -of such signs; not only the existing ones, but all -of which I can find any mention. This description -I have tried to make as complete as possible, -and I have allowed myself some latitude, recording -not only facts which appeared to me of interest -concerning the particular house, court, or alley to -which the sign belonged, but also its probable -origin, and any story or legend that might be connected -with it.</p> - -<p>Sculptured signs are often heraldic, and from -them the transition is natural to still existing -crests and coats of arms carved on buildings in -various parts of the town. A cognate subject is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</a></span> -that of old dates and inscriptions, suggestive as -they are of the former ownership of property, of -changes in the names of streets, sometimes even -giving us glimpses of family history; as in the -inscription to Denzil Lord Holles.</p> - -<p>My researches naturally led me into the Guildhall -Museum, where the need of a suitable catalogue -(soon, I hear, to be supplied), induced me -to put together a few suggestive notes on the -curiosities relating to London which there find a -home. I have added a short account of some -half dozen of the painted signs still existing in the -Metropolis which seemed to have more than -common interest.</p> - -<p>I have already referred to the extraordinary -decrease of City inhabitants. On the other hand, -in outlying districts the converse process has -taken place. The little towns and villages of -three hundred years ago, then some distance from -London, and numbering among their inhabitants -people of high birth unconnected with trade, -became by degrees half rural suburbs, where well-to-do -citizens sought amusement and repose. -Folks of this class have now gone further afield, -and for many years the speculative builder has been -at work, providing for a humbler and far more -numerous population. The space is covered with -miles upon miles of dull monotonous streets; pleasant -gardens have disappeared, hills are levelled,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</a></span> -valleys filled up, wells choked, the clear streams -turned into sewers, nothing remaining to remind -us of what has gone before except the names, and -here and there an old house, a carving or inscription. -The existence of a few of these mementoes -has attracted me to Islington and Clerkenwell, and -must be my excuse for describing in detail several -of the spas and places of entertainment with which -in the eighteenth century this region abounded. -Thence I make my way back to the City, and -while exploring the picturesque districts of Great -St. Helen’s and Austin Friars, I give an account -of two remarkable old City mansions lately destroyed, -which may fairly claim a place; for -one was distinguished by an elaborate coat of -arms, and the other by an interesting date and -initials. This latter was of no small architectural -merit, while both were the homes of eminent -citizens.</p> - -<p>Perhaps I should add that the subject of sculptured -signs has been briefly treated by me in the -pages of the <i>Antiquary</i>, and that for the <i>English -Illustrated Magazine</i>, of Christmas, 1891, I wrote -and illustrated an article on old City mansions, -including those which are here more completely -described.</p> - -<p>In the course of the text I have indicated -sources of information, and have acknowledged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[xv]</a></span> -help from several good friends. I wish here in an -especial manner to thank Mr. Henry B. Wheatley, -F.S.A. As I am indebted to him for an introduction -to this volume, it would perhaps not be -becoming to dwell over-much on the merits of his -great work, ‘London Past and Present,’ based on -Peter Cunningham’s Handbook; I find myself -constantly referring to it, and always with advantage. -Lord Tennyson has kindly allowed me to -quote four lines dictated by his illustrious father, -which have not before appeared in print.</p> - -<p>The illustrations I venture to commend, for -few of them are the work of my hand. They -have at least one great merit, that of being -scrupulously accurate.</p> - -<p>Allusion is made in the text to Mr. Tarbolton’s -valuable contribution. There is a fine drawing by -Mr. F. E. Cox; while Mr. E. M. Cox contributes -a whole series, the merits of which speak for -themselves. The Three Kings, the Bell, and -the Boar’s Head may be named as specimens. -Mr. Fletcher did the charming little sketch of an -inscription formerly over the entrance to Bagnigge -Wells, with its grotesque head; and the editors -of the <i>Strand Magazine</i> and the <i>Builder</i> have -allowed me the use of blocks from their respective -publications.</p> - -<p>In conclusion, let me express a hope that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</a></span> -kind reader will not class this volume in the category -of ‘books which are no books,’ as Charles -Lamb puts it, or even as one ‘which no gentleman’s -library should be without,’ but that he will -find here some useful and curious information, put -together in a form sufficiently agreeable to make -him wish for more.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/aill-016.jpg" width="150" height="105" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[xvii]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/aill-017.jpg" width="500" height="145" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="p4">CONTENTS.</h2> - -<hr class="d3" /> - -<table id="toc" summary="cont"> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">CHAPTER I.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="tdr1"><span class="small">PAGE</span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">HUMAN SIGNS</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">CHAPTER II.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">THREE KINGS—ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">CHAPTER III.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">ANIMALS REAL AND IMAGINARY</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">CHAPTER IV.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">ANIMALS REAL AND IMAGINARY (<i>continued</i>)</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">CHAPTER V.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">BIRDS AND OTHER SCULPTURED SIGNS</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">CHAPTER VI.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[xviii]</a></span>VARIOUS CRESTS AND COATS OF ARMS</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">CHAPTER VII.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">MISCELLANEOUS SIGNS, DATES, AND INSCRIPTIONS, ETC.</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">CHAPTER VIII.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">A FEW SUBURBAN SPAS</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc">CHAPTER IX.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">TWO OLD CITY MANSIONS</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/aill-018.jpg" width="250" height="49" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[xix]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/aill-019.jpg" width="500" height="132" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="p4">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> - -<hr class="d3" /> - -<table id="toi" summary="illustrations"> - - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="tdr1"><span class="small">PAGE</span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">FISH SHOP IN CHEYNE WALK</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#fr"><span class="reduct"><i>frontispiece</i></span></a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">BOY AND PANYER, PANYER ALLEY</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i4">4</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">NAKED BOY, PIE CORNER</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i8">8</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">THREE KINGS, LAMBETH HILL</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i27">27</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">HALF MOON, HIGH STREET, SOUTHWARK</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i41">41</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">HALF MOON, HOLYWELL STREET</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i45">45</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">BOAR’S HEAD, EASTCHEAP</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i51">51</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">DOG AND DUCK, ST. GEORGE’S FIELDS, SOUTHWARK</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i67">67</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">MARKS FOUND ON OLD LONDON BRIDGE</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i73">73</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">HARE AND SUN, HIGH STREET, SOUTHWARK</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i78">78</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">COCK AND SNAKES, CHURCH STREET, CHELSEA</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i89">89</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">COCK, FLEET STREET</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i103">103</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">BELL, KNIGHTRIDER STREET</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i108">108</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">FEATHERS, ST. PAUL’S CHURCHYARD</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i111">111</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">MITRE, HATTON GARDEN</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i116">116</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">LEOPARD, BUDGE ROW</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i125">125</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">ROYAL ARMS, NEWCOMEN STREET, SOUTHWARK</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i136">136</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">INSCRIPTION, DENZELL STREET</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i150">150</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[xx]</a></span>TABLET, GREAT JAMES STREET</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i163">163</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">TABLET, MOUNT PLEASANT</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i164">164</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">TABLET, UNION STREET, SOUTHWARK</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i165">165</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">TABLET, WALBROOK</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i166">166</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">INSCRIPTION, KING’S CROSS ROAD</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i195">195</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">NOS. 8 AND 9 GREAT ST. HELEN’S</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i201">201</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl1">PART OF THE OLD HOUSE IN GREAT ST. HELEN’S, -FROM A MEASURED DRAWING</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i204">204</a></td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/aill-020.jpg" width="250" height="59" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-001.jpg" width="500" height="129" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p class="pc4 xlarge"><i>SIGNS AND INSCRIPTIONS OF -HISTORIC LONDON.</i></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/b1.jpg" width="150" height="34" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2> - -<p class="pch">HUMAN SIGNS.</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Be sure observe the signs, for signs remain<br /> -Like faithful landmarks to the walking train.’</p> - -<p class="pr12 reduct"><span class="smcap">Gay</span>: <i>Trivia</i>.</p> - -<p class="drop-cap04">UNTIL the early part of the eighteenth -century, when the plan of numbering -came into vogue, not only inns and taverns, but -shops and other houses, were distinguished by -signs. The wholesale traders, indeed, were as a -rule sufficiently well known not to require this -distinctive mark. In the ‘Little London Directory’ -for the year 1677—the oldest printed list of -the kind—hardly any of the merchants have signs. -The reverse is the case with the bankers, who, -as ‘goldsmiths that keep running cashes,’ had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> -then hardly emerged from the shopkeeper class. -Nevertheless, signs were exceedingly common; on -the rebuilding of the city, immediately after the -Great Fire, many of them, instead of being -painted and hung out—though this continued -to be the more usual method—were carved in -stone and built into the plain brick fronts of -the new houses, generally above or below a -first-floor window. In some cases also, the -name of a court or alley was thus indicated—a -useful method when a large number of the -population could neither read nor write. It is -curious that signs of a very similar description -were used by the Romans; for instance, the -well-known terra-cotta bas-relief of two men -carrying an amphora, and a figure of a goat, -both found at Pompeii; the former almost -identical in design with our conventional representation -of the Two Brewers. These, however, -were cast in a mould which was probably used -again and again. They therefore, perhaps, indicated -a trade rather than a particular house; like -our modern pawnbrokers’, tobacconists’, and gold-beaters’ -signs. I shall presently call attention to -a London seventeenth-century sign repeated in the -same way.</p> - -<p>Our plan seems to have been adopted from the -Continent, where many stone signs are still to be -found. They are commonest in Holland and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> -Low Countries. Here, perhaps ever since the -Roman occupation, certainly since the days of -Charlemagne, brick has been the usual building -material, for it must have been that which was -most easily available. Fortunately many of the -old Dutch houses still survive; they hang together -with wonderful pertinacity in spite of bad foundations, -and beautiful specimens of picturesque -architecture they are, with their step gables and -stone ornamentation. The Dutch signs are often -spirited and elaborate in design; they are to be -found of all ages from about the year 1550 till -near the end of the eighteenth century, but as -might be expected, the earlier ones, which are -often historical, are the best. They were placed -like those in London, and generally had an ornamental -border. Sometimes in place of a sign -there was a pious distich or inscription, sometimes -merely a date. A capital book on Dutch signs by -J. Van Lennep and J. Ter Gouw has lately been -published. Many of these signs from buildings -now destroyed are to be seen in an annexe of the -fine modern picture-gallery in Amsterdam. I am -glad to say that our City authorities have shown a -like respect for similar relics of old London, and -some interesting specimens have found a home in -the Guildhall Museum. Others have disappeared, -and a certain number are still more or less in their -original positions.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-004.jpg" width="350" height="554" id="i4" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>In the following pages I shall try to describe all -the London sculptured signs of which we have any -record; for convenience I have classified them, and -naturally begin with those in which human beings -are represented. One of the most interesting and -best known is the sign of the Boy and Panyer, -which is still to be seen, its base resting on the -ground, and let into the wall between two houses -on the eastern side of Panyer Alley, a narrow -passage leading from Paternoster Row to Newgate -Street. It represents a naked boy seated on a -pannier or basket, and holding what, in Strype’s -time, appeared to be a bunch of grapes between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> -his hand and foot, ‘in token perhaps of plenty,’ -as he suggests. Within an ornamental border, -apparently on a separate stone below, is the following -inscription:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘When ye have sought the Citty round,<br /> -Yet still this is the highest ground.</p> -<p class="pr12 reduct"><i>August the</i> 27, 1688.’</p> - -<p class="p1">Height fifty-two inches, breadth in the broadest -part twenty-six inches. It is now much dilapidated, -and seems to be in some danger of destruction, -for one of the houses against which it stands is -shortly to be pulled down.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> However, I am -assured that proper steps will be taken for its -preservation. The property belongs by right -to the parish of St. Michael-le-Querne, having -been left in 1620 by Sir John Leman and Cornelius -Fishe for parochial uses, but it is now handed over -to the Trustees of City Parochial Charities.</p> - -<p>The sign no doubt dates from after the Great -Fire; it seems, however, to represent a previous -one. Stow, writing in 1598, says that Panyer -Alley was ‘so called of such a sign,’ and confirming -his statement, a Panyer, Paternoster Row, -appears in a list of taverns of about the year 1430, -which Mr. Charles Welch, F.S.A., lately discovered -among the documents of the Brewers’ -Company, the landlord, John Ives, having been -a member of that company. From ‘Liber Albus,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>’ -which relates to the thirteenth and fourteenth -centuries, one learns that in those days the sale -of bread was not allowed to take place in the -bakers’ houses, but only in the King’s markets. -It was sold in bread-baskets or ‘panyers,’ and, -the coarser kinds at any rate, occasionally in boxes -or hutches.</p> - -<p>Mr. H. T. Riley in his introduction to ‘Liber -Albus’ (p. lxviii.) stated it as his opinion that the -child is handing out a loaf, and that at a period -somewhat later than the date of that volume (1419) -Panyer Alley was noted as a standing place for -bakers’ boys with their panniers. If, as seems not -unlikely, this was the case, the sign would be -similar to the Baker and Basket, still existing in -Whitechapel and in Finsbury. Another idea—that -the pannier is in point of fact a fruit-basket—seems -to arise from Strype’s statement that the boy has in -his hand a bunch of grapes. Fruit and vegetables -were doubtless landed from the river in the neighbourhood -of St. Paul’s. Porters carrying such -produce may have passed through, and rested themselves -in this short passage on their way to Newgate -Market, which, originally for corn and meal, was -after the Fire used for poultry, fruit, and vegetables,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> -before it became exclusively a meat market.</p> - -<p>Mr. Kerslake, in a passage since referred to -with approval by Professor Earle in his work on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> -‘Land Charters and Saxonic Documents’ (1888), -tries to connect the sign with a far more remote -antiquity. He argues that it may have been -placed there to transmit the tradition of a wheatmaund-stone -(maund being a basket or pannier), -mentioned in a grant of King Alfred, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 889, -which indicated the site of the ancient corn market, -and was, in point of fact, a place where a porter -carrying a load of wheat could rest it, or the base -of a market cross.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> It seems that the question of -a town house for the Bishop of the Mercians having -come before Alfred, he gave to Bishop Werfrith a -mansion or court, ‘æt hwæt mundes stane’—thus it -is spelt in the document—and probably granted him -a toll on the neighbouring market. I am not aware -of any further evidence in support of this theory.</p> - -<p>The church of St. Michael-le-Querne, ad -Bladum, or at the Corne, which was destroyed in -the Great Fire, and not rebuilt, stood close to -Panyer Alley, at the extreme end of Paternoster -Row, and Stow says it was so called ‘because in -place thereof was sometime a corn market, stretching -by west to the shambles.’ The Rev. W. J. -Loftie tells us that at present the sign of the Boy -and Panyer is not on the highest point in the City,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> -being fifty-nine feet, while the site of the Standard -in Cornhill is sixty feet above sea-level. Certainly -it is not on the highest point of Panyer Alley. -A writer in <i>Notes and Queries</i> has lately suggested -that the highest point in the City was at or near -Leadenhall Market, or the chancel of the primitive -St. Peter’s Church on Cornhill.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-008.jpg" width="350" height="541" id="i8" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>A statuette, also representing a naked boy, not -sculptured in stone, but carved in wood, is placed -on a pedestal affixed to the wall of a public-house, -at the corner of Giltspur Street and Cock Lane, -called the Fortune of War. The spot was commonly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> -known as Pie Corner: it is hardly necessary -to add that here ended the Great Fire of London. -The figure in question was put up after that event; -an engraving of it in Pennant’s account of London -shows the following inscription on the breast and -arms:</p> - -<p class="pbq p1">‘This boy is in Memory Put up for the late Fire of -London, occasioned by the Sin of Gluttony, 1666.’</p> - -<p class="pn1">Burn tells us that its propriety was on one occasion -thus supported by a Nonconformist preacher on -the anniversary of the Fire. He asserted that -the calamity could not be occasioned by the sin of -blasphemy, for in that case it would have begun in -Billingsgate; nor lewdness, for then Drury Lane -would have been first on fire; nor lying, for then -the flames had reached them from Westminster -Hall. ‘No, my beloved; it was occasioned by -the sin of gluttony, for it began at Pudding Lane -and ended at Pie Corner.’</p> - -<p>The inscription has long been obliterated, and -no trace is to be seen of the little wings with which, -in Pennant’s illustration, the boy is furnished; -in 1816, however, they were still conspicuous, -and were painted bright yellow. In that curious -work—the ‘Vade-Mecum for Malt-worms’—which -was written about the year 1715, the Fortune -of War is mentioned as a well-known tavern. -Within the memory of man it had the unpleasing -reputation of being a house of call for resurrectionists,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> -who supplied the surgeons of St. Bartholomew’s -Hospital with subjects for dissection. It -was here that John Bishop, the body-snatcher, met -his accomplice Williams, before the murder of the -Italian boy Ferrari, for which and similar crimes -they were hanged in 1831.</p> - -<p>Our quaint old chronicler, John Stow, says that -Pie Corner was ‘a place so called of such a sign, -sometime a fair inn for receipt of travellers, -but now divided into tenements.’ Strype in -1720 describes it as noted chiefly for ‘Cooks’ -Shops and Pigs drest there during Bartholomew -Fair.’ There are several allusions to it in Ben -Jonson’s ‘Alchemist’ and other plays. The -sign of the Pie probably implied the bird now -usually called a magpie, but it might have been -derived from the Pye,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> or rules for finding out -the service of the day in the Roman Breviary, -or from the good cheer provided in this immediate -neighbourhood. Larwood and Hotten mention<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -a stone sign of a Naked Boy with the date 1633 -at Skipton-in-Craven.</p> - -<p>A stone bas-relief of that mythical person, Guy, -Earl of Warwick, is still preserved on a house at -the corner of Warwick Lane and Newgate Street. -The figure is represented standing on a pedestal in -chain armour, with a conical helmet, a sword in -his right hand, and on his left arm a shield -chequy, or and azure, with a bend sinister ermine. -This seems to be wrongly copied from Guy’s -shield in the Rows Roll, which has a chevron -ermine, but one arm of the chevron is, from the -position of the shield, so foreshortened that it can -hardly be seen; hence the mistake. Above is the -date 1668, on one side the letters G. C., standing, I -suppose, for <span class="smcap">guido comes</span>; on the other a coat -of arms, three mascles on a bend, to whom belonging -I cannot say, so many families have this -charge. Below is the inscription: ‘Restored 1817. -J. Deakes, Archt.’</p> - -<p>The general design somewhat resembles that of -a large figure in the chapel of St. Mary Magdalen -at Guy’s Cliff, near Warwick, which, as we learn -from a modern inscription in Latin, was hewn -out of the living rock by order of Richard de -Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, in the reign of -Henry VI., to mark the spot where Guy was -thought to have ended his days. This Richard -de Beauchamp obtained license to found here a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> -chantry for two priests, and annexed land thereto -to the value of twenty-four marks per annum. It -had before been a hermitage. Stow tells us that -‘Eldernesse lane, which stretcheth north to the -high street of Newgate market, is now called -Warwicke lane, of an ancient house there, built -by an Earl of Warwicke, and since called Warwicke -Inn.’ Elsewhere he says: ‘In the 36th -of Henry VI. the greater estates of the realm -being called up to London, Richard Nevill Earl -of Warwick came with six hundred men all in -jackets embroidered with ragged staves before and -behind, and was lodged in Warwicke Lane, in -whose house there were oftentimes six oxen eaten -at breakfast, and every tavern was full of his -meat, for he that had any acquaintance in that -house might have there so much of sodden and -roast meat as he could prick and carry away upon -a long dagger.’ At the beginning of this century -the house to which the statuette belonged was -occupied by a Mr. Parry; an inscription over the -door stated that it had been a tobacconist’s shop -since 1660, no doubt rebuilt.</p> - -<p>A well-modelled bas-relief of a woman’s head, -probably intended to represent Minerva, is on a -house belonging to the Leathersellers’ Company, -at the corner of Old Jewry and Gresham Street. -She has a helmet or diadem, and on her breast -the Gorgon’s head; an ægis also seems to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> -suggested. On each side are festoons of fruit and -flowers; the material I believe to be terra-cotta, -but it is so thickly coated with paint that one -cannot be sure. Archer, who drew this sign, -thought it was a fragment of sculpture from a -building of the early part of the sixteenth century, -and it seems to have something in common with -Italian terra-cotta work of that period; for instance -the medallions<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> executed by Joannes Maiano for -Cardinal Wolsey, and still existing at Hampton -Court. Before the house was modernized, on the -brick wall, below the head of Minerva, there was -a carving of the Leathersellers’ Arms; and so, -being used as a tavern during the eighteenth and -nineteenth centuries, until 1871 it was known by -the sign of the Leathersellers’ Arms, or latterly the -Three Bucks’ Heads. Of the sculptured head of -Minerva no record exists. This property seems -to have belonged to the Leathersellers’ Company -ever since the year 1565, when Edward Taylor, -who had been its master, left by will to the -company two messuages in St. Olave’s, Jewry, to -distribute among the poorest people in the Poultry -Compter a kilderkin of beer and twelve pennyworth -of bread, and the same to Wood Street -Compter, Newgate, the Fleet, King’s Bench, and -the Marshalsea. In 1878 all arrears of these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> -payments to each prison at £1 1s. per quarter, -viz. for a kilderkin of beer £1, and for bread 1s., -having been paid to this date, and the full payment -being £25 4s. a year, the company transferred -to the official trustees of charities stock sufficient -to produce that amount. The name of Cateaton -Street was in 1845 changed to Gresham Street, -no one knows why. Here, in the days of John -Taylor the water-poet, there was an important inn -called the Maidenhead, but this, I imagine, had for -its sign the arms of the Mercers’ Company, whose -headquarters were in its immediate neighbourhood. -Later a seventeenth-century trade token was issued -from the Roxalana’s Head in Cateaton Street, -the sign no doubt commemorating Elizabeth -Davenport the actress, whose favourite part -was Roxalana in the ‘Siege of Rhodes.’ Her -sham marriage with the last Earl of Oxford of -the de Vere family, who deceived her by disguising -a trumpeter of his troop as a priest, is -told in ‘Gramont,’ and in the ‘Countess Dunois’ -Memoirs.’ Pepys saw her in 166⅔, in the chief -box at the Duke’s theatre, ‘in a velvet gown, as -the fashion is, looking very handsome.’</p> - -<p>The Woman’s Head, dated 1671, which was on -a house in Paternoster Row, and has been lately -added to the Guildhall Museum, was hardly a sign. -Similar heads are still on the keys of a first and -second floor window belonging to the old-fashioned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> -house of Messrs. W. and R. Chambers, 47, Paternoster -Row. Another bas-relief in the Guildhall -Museum represents a gardener holding a spade in -his right hand, with the date 1670; it is rudely -designed. This is a street rather than a house -sign; as late as the year 1856 it was in Gardiner’s -Lane, Upper Thames Street, near Broken Wharf. -Mr. J. T. Smith, who drew it, in 1791, for his -‘Antiquities of London,’ adds this description: -‘Against Mr. Holyland’s stables, Gardiner’s Lane, -the corner of High Timber Street, is this sculpture, -but why put up I cannot learn. Tradition -says the site was once gardens.’ Perhaps it was a -rebus on the name of Gardiner.</p> - -<p>Two bas-reliefs of St. George and the Dragon -were erected as signs in London soon after the -Great Fire, and, on the principle <i>Detur digniori</i>, -should be described in this chapter. It was only -natural that the figure of St. George should -become one of our most popular inn signs; for -he was regarded as the patron saint and special -protector of this our realm of England. Shakespeare -speaks of</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘St. George that swindg’d the Dragon, and e’er since<br /> -Sits on his horseback at mine hostess’ door.’</p> -<p class="pr6 reduct">‘King John,’ Act i., Scene I.</p> - -<p class="p1">A capital specimen of such a sign, though unfortunately -in bad condition, is at the Guildhall -Museum—presented by Mr. W. Hayward, C.E.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> -It came from a house—81, Snow Hill—which had -formed part of a famous old galleried inn. Snow -Hill was the thoroughfare between Holborn and -the City, till in 1802 it was superseded by Skinner -Street, named after Alderman Skinner, which has -now in its turn ceased to exist. Snow Hill is -called in Stow’s ‘Survey’ Snor or Snore Hill, -and by Howell Sore Hill, perhaps from the steepness -and difficulty of the ascent. Strype, in 1720, -speaks of the George Inn as ‘very large and of a -considerable trade, the passage to the yard being -through Cow Lane.’ In Sampson’s ‘History of -Advertising,’ an advertisement is given from the -<i>British Chronicle</i> of January 18 to 20, 1762, -which informs us that</p> - -<p class="pc1"><span class="smcap">The Reading Machine</span></p> - -<p class="pp6 p1">Is removed from the Three Kings, Piccadilly, to the George<br /> -Inn, Snow Hill, London; sets out from the Broad Face,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a><br /> -Reading, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, at seven<br /> -o’clock in the morning, and from the George Inn,<br /> -Snow Hill, every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday,<br /> -at seven o’clock in the morning; carries passengers to<br /> -And from Reading, at 6s. each; children in lap<br /> -and outside passengers at 3s.</p> - -<table id="ts1" summary="sgn1"> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr">Performed by</td> - <td class="tdcen"><span class="xlarge">{</span></td> - <td class="tdl">Thomas Moore and<br />Richard Mapleton.</td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<p class="pbq p1">N.B.—Takes no charge of Writings, Money, Watches, -or Jewels, unless entered and paid for as such.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p1">A second representation of the subject of the -George and Dragon was formerly to be seen on -Bennet Hill, opposite the Heralds’ College, and -stood over the entrance to a small court, to which -it gave a name. On it were the initials <span class="smcap">p r m</span>, and -date 1667. In ‘Remarks on London,’ by W. Stow, -1722, mention is made of ‘George Court, against -the Heralds’ Office at Paul’s Chain.’ The ‘Constitutions -of the Order of the Garter’ (c. iii.) -ordain that ‘the Sovereign shall put upon his (the -knight elect’s) neck a collar, or little chain or lace, -having pendant therefrom a massive golden image -of an armed knight (<i>i.e.</i>, St. George) sitting on -horseback.’</p> - -<p>A relic of a most interesting old building is -the figure of Gerard the Giant,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> ‘carved from a -twisted block of timber, distorted and ill at ease,’ -which stood in the niche between the first-floor -windows of Gerard’s Hall Hotel, on the -south side of Basing Lane. It is about 6 feet -high, and painted more or less to imitate life. -Gerard’s Hall is described by Stow as ‘one great -house, of old time built upon arched vaults, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> -gates of stone from Caen in Normandy. The same -is now a common hostrey for receipt of travellers, -commonly and corruptly called Gerrardes Hall, of -a giant said to have dwelt there. In the high-roofed -hall of this house sometime stood a large -fir pole, which reached to the roof thereof, and -was said to be one of the staves that Gerrarde -the giant used in the wars to run withal.—John -Gisors, mayor of London in the year 1245, was -owner thereof, and Sir John Gisors, mayor and -constable of the Tower 1311, and divers others of -that name and family since that time, owned it.—So -it appeareth that this Gisor’s Hall, of late time -by corruption, hath been called Gerrard’s Hall.’ -The upper part of the building was destroyed in -the Great Fire of 1666, but the crypt remained,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> -and on this was built a brick house, with no remarkable -feature except the above-named grotesque -wooden figure, by way of sign. This house<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> -was destroyed in April, 1852, when the new -Cannon Street was being formed. For some -months the crypt—a fine specimen of thirteenth-century -Gothic—continued in existence; but as -the crown of the arched roof stood 2 feet or -more above the roadway, it was also pulled down. -Mr. Wheatley tells us that the stones were -carefully numbered, and presented to the Crystal -Palace Company, with a view to its re-erection. -After a time, however, they were used in making -the foundations for a new engine-house. Some of -the stones are even said to have found their way -to Kensington, to be broken up for mending the -roads. There is a good view of the crypt of -Gerard’s Hall in Burn’s ‘Catalogue to the Beaufoy -Trade Tokens,’ and a descriptive article in the -<i>Builder</i> for April 10, 1852, which also gives -drawings of several devices of the nature of -merchants’ marks, and an unfinished inscription, -cut on the wall of the entrance.</p> - -<p>A curious sculptured sign, representing King -Charles I.’s gigantic porter and dwarf, used to -stand over the entrance to Bull Head Court, -Newgate Street, but disappeared some years ago -on the widening of King Edward Street, formerly -Butcher Hall Lane. This part of Newgate Street -was in Strype’s time named Blowbladder Street, -and before that Stinking Lane, on account of the -smell which arose from slaughter-houses and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> -poultry-shops there. Pennant has an illustration -of the sign, but wrongly describes it as being over -Bagnio Court, farther east, which was afterwards -Bath Street, and has now been ridiculously called -Roman Bath Street, though the ‘Royal Bagnio,’ -whence the court derived its name, was not erected -till 1679. The house to which the bas-relief belonged -was No. 80, occupied in 1816 by Mr. -Payne, a hatter; at that time the figures were -painted, their coats being red, the King’s livery, -and their waistcoats white. Not unlikely, the -sign may still be in existence.</p> - -<p>The two persons represented were William -Evans and Jefferey Hudson. Evans, the porter, -a Monmouth man, was 7 feet 6 inches high. -On one occasion, at a Court masque, he drew the -dwarf out of his pocket, ‘to the amazement -and amusement of all present.’ There is an -allusion to him in the contemporary ballad of -‘The Little Barleycorn.’ Jefferey Hudson, the -dwarf, was born at Oakham, Rutland, in 1619. -His father, a butcher, kept and baited bulls for -George Villiers, first Duke of Buckingham. At -nine years of age he was scarcely 18 inches high, -and, according to Fuller, ‘without any deformity, -wholly proportionable.’ Having entered the service -of the Duchess of Buckingham, at an entertainment -given by her husband to Charles I. and -Henrietta Maria, he was brought to table concealed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> -in a large pie, from which he emerged -before the company. The Queen took a fancy -to him, so he became her page, and in 1630 -was sent to France to fetch a midwife for his royal -mistress, but fell into the hands of a Flemish pirate, -and was taken to Dunkirk. By this misfortune he -was said to have lost about £2,500. Sir William -Davenant makes a supposed combat between the -dwarf and a turkey-cock the subject of a burlesque -poem called ‘Jeffreidos,’ published in 1638, the -scene of which is laid at Dunkirk. How Hudson -bore the insult is not recorded; but we shall see -that he was quite capable of holding his own. -During the Civil Wars the dwarf appears to have -been a captain of horse, and he followed the -Queen into exile. One of his adventures in -France is referred to by Sir Walter Scott in -‘Peveril of the Peak.’ This was his duel with -Crofts, a young gentleman of the Court, who had -provoked him. The duel was fought on horseback -with pistols. Crofts came on the ground -armed with a syringe only; but a more serious -weapon being substituted, he was killed at the first -discharge. It seems to have been later that Hudson -was again taken prisoner at sea, this time by Turkish -pirates, and brought to Barbary, where he was -sold as a slave. He asserted that his sufferings in -captivity made him grow taller. After many -vicissitudes he found his way back to England,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> -probably before the year 1658. In 1679, being a -Roman Catholic, he was confined in the Gatehouse -at Westminster, for supposed complicity with the -Popish Plot. Mr. Inchbold points out, in the -‘Dictionary of National Biography,’ that he did -not die there, as Scott and others have affirmed; -for, ‘in June, 1680, and April, 1681, “Captain” -Jefferey Hudson received respectively £50 and -£20 from Charles II.’s secret service fund.’ He -died in 1682. Three portraits of him were -painted by Mytens, and he also figures in a -portrait of Queen Henrietta Maria, by Vandyke, -at Petworth. His waistcoat, breeches and stockings -are, it is said, preserved.</p> - -<p>The sculptured stone sign of the Three Morris -Dancers was formerly in front of a public-house -numbered 36, Old Change, which is said to have -been pulled down about the year 1801. An illustration -of the sign exists: the central figure is a -woman. A seventeenth-century trade-token -issued from here reads thus:</p> - -<p class="p1"><i>O.</i> <span class="smcap">iohn.lisle.at.the</span> = Three Morris Dancers.</p> -<p><i>R.</i> <span class="smcap">in.y<sup>e</sup> old.change</span> = I.A.L.</p> - -<p class="p1">The word ‘morris’ is derived from the Spanish -‘morisco,’ and is equivalent to Moorish. The -Morris or Moorish pike was a weapon much -used in England in the reign of Henry VIII.; -Shakespeare refers to it in the ‘Comedy of Errors,’ -Act iv., Scene 3. Elsewhere he uses the word in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> -its commoner sense; thus, in ‘All’s Well that -Ends Well’ he speaks of a morris for May Day, -and in ‘King Henry V.,’ Act ii., Scene 4, the -Dauphin is made to say:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘And let us do it with no sign of fear;</p> -<p class="pp4">No, with no more than if we heard that England<br /> -Were busied with a Whitsun morris-dance.’</p> - -<p class="p1">According to Brand, the Spanish morris was -danced at puppet shows by a person habited like a -Moor. Strutt, in his ‘Sports and Pastimes of the -English People,’ connects it with the fandango. -Some curious dancing figures carved in wood once -formed part of the decorations in the mediæval -town-hall of Munich; the series was known as -the Maurscha tanntz. In England the dance -derived from the Moors seems to have been -grafted on to the rustic May games and sports, -which perhaps were falling into disuse. The -characters in the English morris-dance were -usually Maid Marian (a boy dressed up in girl’s -clothes), Robin Hood, Friar Tuck, the Fool, Tom -the piper with pipe and tabor, and the hobby-horse. -A rare pamphlet<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> of 1609 tells us about -a morris-dance in Herefordshire, where the united -ages of the twelve dancers were supposed to amount -to twelve hundred years; but, unfortunately, it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> -does not give details of the performance. Waldron, -in his edition of the ‘Sad Shepherd,’ 1783, -p. 255, mentions seeing a company of morris-dancers -from Abington, at Richmond in Surrey, -in the summer of 1783. They appeared to be -making a kind of annual circuit. Even so late as -the time of the Queen’s coronation, there was -morris-dancing of a kind in Hyde Park, as recorded -by a writer in <i>Notes and Queries</i>.</p> - -<p>One still sees occasionally on May Day, in the -less-frequented streets of London, a dance performed -by two or three sweeps to the sound of -fife and drum. They are dressed fantastically; -one of them is, as a rule, half concealed in a -frame covered with leaves and flowers, and is -called a Jack-in-the-green. They are generally -accompanied by a woman. These may be considered -to a certain extent descendants of the -morris-dancers, and their black faces happen to -carry out the old idea.</p> - -<p>Over the doorway of No. 13, Clare Street, at -the corner of Vere Street, Clare Market, is a stone -sign carved in low relief, which represents Two -Negroes’ heads facing each other, with the date -1715 and initials <span class="smcap"><sub>w</sub><sup>s</sup><sub>m</sub></span>. The house is occupied -by a baker; its destruction is imminent, should -Government adopt the plan of the London -County Council for a new street from the Strand -to Holborn. The neighbourhood is now squalid,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> -and many of the buildings have lately been cleared -away, but we know that in the seventeenth century -it was well inhabited. I may remark, as a curious -coincidence, that the continuation of Clare Street -towards Drury Lane is called Blackmoor—in old -maps Blackamore—Street. Seventeenth-century -trade-tokens with signs of negro heads are in -existence; one was issued from Drury Lane, and -is thus described by Boyne:</p> - -<p class="p1"><i>O.</i> <span class="smcap">thomas.hayton.in.drvry</span> = A negro’s head.</p> -<p><i>R.</i> <span class="smcap">lane.his.halfe.penny</span> = An arched crown.</p> - -<p class="p1">The following advertisement, which appeared in -a <i>London Gazette</i> for 1695, has a distinctly local -flavour:</p> - -<p class="pbq p1">‘A Black boy, an Indian, about thirteen years old, run -away the 8th instant from Putney, with a collar about his -neck, with this inscription: “The Lady Bromfield’s black, -in Lincoln’s Inn Fields.”’</p> - -<p class="p1">Black attendants were common in the seventeenth -and eighteenth centuries. In more than one celebrated -portrait a black boy serves to enhance the -charm of a fair lady’s complexion. Sir John -Hawkins, after his voyage of 1564, which was -partly for slave-trading purposes, was authorized -to have as his crest the half-length figure of a -negro prisoner called heraldically a demi-Moor, -bound and captive. The Black Boy was a frequent -tobacconists’ sign, still sometimes seen.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-026.jpg" width="500" height="138" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER II.</h2> - -<p class="pch">THREE KINGS—ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS.</p> - -<p class="pp6s">‘Gaspar and Melchior and Balthazar<br /> -Came to Cologne on the broad-breasted Rhine,<br /> -And founded there a temple, which is yet<br /> -A fragment, but the wonder of the world.’</p> -<p class="pr12 reduct"><span class="smcap">Lord Tennyson</span>: MS.</p> - -<p class="drop-cap16">AN interesting group of City signs is that connected -with the Three Kings, showing as -it does what a hold the sacred legend, handed -down to us from a remote past, continued to have -on popular imagination till comparatively recent -years. In the Guildhall Museum there is a stone -bas-relief of the Three Kings, brought from -No. 7, Bucklersbury when the house was rebuilt -some years ago. The figures are represented -standing in similar attitudes; they have sceptres -in their right hands, the left arm being in each -case folded across the breast. The figure to the -spectator’s left has flowing hair; that in the centre -is of negro type; the one to the right is distinguished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> -by a large moustache. A bas-relief from -Lambeth Hill, also in the Guildhall Museum, is -somewhat similar in design; the king on the left -has a crown, the others diadems; it is dated -1667. Another sign from Lambeth Hill—the -Three Crowns—was also put up in 1667, and -may possibly have belonged to the same house.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-027.jpg" width="400" height="474" id="i27" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>The sign of the Three Kings was an appropriate -one for inns, because on account of their -journey they were considered the patron saints of -travellers: it is also said to have been used in -England by mercers, because they imported fine -linen from Cologne. Bearing on this is a passage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> -to be found among the Harleian manuscripts, -No. 5910, vol. i., fol. 193, which, though already -quoted by Larwood and Hotten in their ‘History -of Sign-boards,’ is so much to the point that I -venture to give it again:</p> - -<p>‘Mersers in thouse dayes war Genirall Marchantes -and traded in all sortes of Rich Goodes, -besides those of scelckes [silks] as they do nou at -this day; but they brought into England fine -Leninn thered [linen thread] gurdeles [girdles] -finenly worked from Collin [Cologne]. Collin, -the city which then at that time of day florished -much and afforded rayre commodetes, and these -merchāts that vsually traded to that citye set vp -their singes ouer ther dores of ther Houses the -three kinges of Collin, with the Armes of that -Citye, which was the <span class="smcap">Three Crouens</span> of the -former kings in memorye of them, and by those -singes the people knew in what wares they deld -in.’</p> - -<p>This was written by Bagford, the antiquary and -‘biblioclast,’ whose spelling was original, to say -the least.</p> - -<p>Innumerable traditions, myths, and allegories, -have by degrees been grafted on to the brief -Gospel narrative of the Three Magi; St. Matthew, -the only Evangelist who mentions them,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> gives no -authority for fixing their number at three, nor for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> -assigning to them a higher rank than that of Magi, -or disciples of Zoroaster; but we may with reason -hold that they are referred to in Ps. lxxii. 10, 11: -‘The Kings of Tharsis and of the Isles shall give -presents, the Kings of Arabia and Saba shall bring -gifts.’ This passage is recited in the Roman -Catholic offices of the Epiphany, and on it no -doubt is founded their claim to kingly rank. It -has been generally said that to Leo the Great, or -to St. Maximus of Turin, may be ascribed the -traditional number; Dr. Northcote,<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> however, -considers that Origen, who was born at Alexandria, -<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 185, had the same idea. St. Augustine -taught that they were three in number, from the -three kinds of gifts that they offered—gold, frankincense, -and myrrh.</p> - -<p>Few subjects have been oftener treated in -Christian art than that of these astronomer kings -who, guided by a star from the East, came to -worship the infant Saviour at Bethlehem. The -early Christians painted the scene, but, following -literally the words of St. Matthew, they -varied their number, and showed no signs of -royalty. De Rossi in his ‘Roma Sotteranea,’ -speaks of upwards of twenty representations -of the subject in the Catacombs. The Virgin -Mother is, in these paintings, generally represented<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> -sitting at the side, with the Child in -her lap and the three Magi before her, but -sometimes she is in the middle; and here, in -order, perhaps, to keep the balance of the composition, -the number of Magi is either increased or -diminished; there are four, as in the cemetery of -St. Domitilla, or only two, as in that of SS. Peter -and Marcellinus. In <i>Harper’s New Monthly -Magazine</i> for January, 1888, an illustration is -given of this latter painting.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> The two Magi -approach from either side; they are plainly -dressed with short tunics, cloaks, and Phrygian -caps, and bear their gifts on golden trays or -dishes. De Rossi assigns it to the second half of -the third century; that of St. Domitilla is supposed -to be somewhat earlier.</p> - -<p>Let us see how the subject was treated in early -mosaics. A very famous one is that in the -Basilica of S. Maria Maggiore at Rome, dating, -it seems, from about <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 432-440. Here the -Child sits alone on a large chair or pedestal, His -hand raised in benediction; a nimbus surmounted -by a cross marks His divine origin. The mosaic -is said to have been altered in the time of Pope -Benedict XIV.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>; the Magi would appear to have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> -been originally three in number, and without the -insignia of royalty. In the great mosaic of St. -Apollinare Nuovo at Ravenna, they approach -with measured steps, and bending in attitudes of -reverence: on their heads were crowns, since exchanged -for baronial caps. The Virgin sits enthroned -in state, the Child on her lap; two angels -on either side attend them. According to the -‘Liber Pontificalis’ of Ravenna, this work was executed -<span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 553-556, under the direction of Bishop -Agnellus.</p> - -<p>The legend as it has come down to us gradually -assumed concrete form. Our first detailed account -of the appearance of the Three Kings is from the -pen of a Western writer—the Venerable Bede—who -founded it, probably, on reports from Italy or -the East. In his treatise ‘De Collectaneis,’ he names -and describes them thus:<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> ‘The first is said to -have been called Melchior, an old man gray-headed, -with flowing beard and locks; he presented gold -to the Lord, the King. Gaspar, the second, was -young, beardless, and ruddy; he with frankincense, -as an oblation worthy of God, honoured God.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> -The third, by name Baltassar, was dark-complexioned,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> -and had a full beard; he by means of -myrrh signified that the Son of Man should die.’ -He then describes their dresses.</p> - -<p>It has been said<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> that this account may probably -be traced to early quasi-dramatic representations. -‘In any such performance, names of some kind -would become a matter of necessity, and were -probably invented at random.’ Though the -names given in the above passage are those with -which we are familiar, many others have, perhaps -with equal authority, been applied to them.</p> - -<p>The nationality of the Three Kings has been as -much discussed as the time taken on their journey. -The natural inference would appear to be that -they belonged to the priestly caste of Persia; -Cornelius à Lapide considers that they were -Eastern Arabians. He says: ‘The more common -opinion of the Fathers and Doctors is that the -Magi came on the thirteenth day from the first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> -appearance of the star and the birth of Christ, -whence the Church celebrates the mystery on the -twelfth day after Christmas.’<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> In their old age -they were said to have been baptized by St. -Thomas, and to have associated with him in -preaching the Gospel. Lastly, some have asserted -that they were slain by idolaters; L. Dexter in -his chronicle, under <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 70, adds: ‘In Arabia -Felix, in the City of Sessania, took place the -martyrdom of the three royal Magi; Gaspar, -Balthazar, Melchior.’</p> - -<p>We are told that early in the fourth century -their bodies were discovered, and moved to -Constantinople by the pious Empress Helena. -Thence they found their way to Milan, being -enshrined in the church of San Eustorgio. A few -years later their fame was increased by the institution -of the Feast of the Three Kings, which -has been ascribed to Pope Julius, the first of -that name. After the taking of Milan<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> -Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, in the year 1162, -the precious relics were granted to Reinaldus, -Archbishop of Cologne, who brought them to that -city, which proved to be their final resting-place. -Cologne, proud of the honour, adopted as her arms, -argent, on a chief gules, three royal crowns or; -and so we have an interesting heraldic record of -this event.</p> - -<p>In course of time, however, each of these Three -Kings<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> has had a shield of arms assigned to him. -Perhaps the earliest examples yet known are on the -roof of Norwich Cathedral. Here we find three -bosses which date from the time of Bishop Lehart, -who ruled that see from 1446 to 1472; on one is -a blazing star, the next has seven stars, the third -a star and crescent moon. The first and last -of these appear on bosses at Winchester, placed -there in the days of Richard Foxe, successively -Bishop of Exeter, Durham and Winchester, and -founder of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He -also gave relics of the three Epiphany Kings to -Portchester Old Church.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> Lord Ashburnham’s -picture of the Adoration, exhibited at Burlington -House in 1891, may be considered one of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> -most noteworthy examples illustrating this branch -of the subject. It is attributed to Mabuse, -and in Mr. Weale’s opinion was evidently painted -about the year 1509, under strong Franciscan -influence. In it are three processions in the background, -of the Three Kings meeting at the Jordan. -Each procession has an azure banner; on one is a -blazing star, on another seven stars, and on the -third a star and crescent moon. These same -charges are embroidered on their robes in the -foreground of the picture, and as on two of the -Kings the names of Jasper<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> and Balthazar appear, -we see that the star and crescent are assigned -to Jasper, the blazing star to Balthazar, and the -seven stars to Melchior. Different versions of -the arms exist; for instance, those in a manuscript -book of heraldry, which Sir David Lyndsay of the -Mount, Lyon King of Arms in Scotland, caused -to be executed in the year 1522, and of which -Mr. David Laing published a facsimile in 1878. -Here Balthazar is called King of Saba, whose -assigned shield of arms is, or, on a mount vert an -Ethiopian proper, habited in a tunic per pale, -azure and gules, holding in the dexter hand -a spear with a pennon per pale, gules and azure, -and wreathed round the temples, argent and azure. -Jasper is called King of Tarshish; his shield is -azure, with an estoile on the dexter, and a large<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> -crescent moon on the sinister, both proper. Melchior -is called King of Araby, and on his azure -shield are six estoiles proper. In the British -Museum, on a superb jug of stoneware, made at -Raaren near Achen, about 1590, are the three -shields of arms of the Three Kings of Cologne. -On this jug, Balthazar has the star and crescent -moon; Casper, as he is here called, the seven -stars; and the Ethiopian is assigned to Melchior. -A work of art truly delightful, but conveying no -heraldic lesson, is the long fresco of the journey -of the Three Kings by Bennozzo Gozzoli, in the -Riccardi Palace at Florence, wherein the rich cavalcade -is shown, winding about by rock and river -and wooded landscape, on which the painter has -lavished all his poetry of invention and feeling for -fresh nature.</p> - -<p>In England the story of the Three Kings was -often introduced into plays and pageants.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> In the -ninth report Hist. MSS. Com., Part I., is a full -description, dated 1501, of a pageant given at the -Guildhall, entitled ‘The 3 Kyngs of Coleyn.’ It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> -seems that managers of sacred plays were fined if -they failed to give satisfaction, for in the records -of the town of Beverley, under the year 1519, -occurs the following entry: ‘Also 2s. received -of Richard Trollop, Alderman of the Painters, -because his play of the Three Kings of Cologne -was badly and disorderly performed.’ Mr. Thomas -Wright, F.S.A., in his edition of the Chester -Mysteries, shows that they took place on Monday, -Tuesday, and Wednesday of Whitsun week. To -each City company was assigned a play, twenty-four -in all; to the Vintners the journey of the Three -Kings, and to the Mercers their offerings and return.</p> - -<p>The lives of the Three Kings were printed by -Tresyrel in Paris in 1498, and by Wynkyn de -Worde in 1516. The gifts of these Kings were -recorded in the following Latin verses, which, if -written with blood from the little finger of a -person troubled with falling sickness, and hung -about the neck, were according to an old book—‘The -Myrrhour of a Glasse of Healthe’—an infallible -cure; it will be observed that they do not -quite agree with the description given by the -Venerable Bede:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1"> ‘Jaspar fert myrrham, thus Melchior, Balthazur aurum,<br /> -Hæc tria, qui secum portabit nomina regum,<br /> -Solvitur à morbo, Christi pietate, caduco.’ </p> - -<p class="p1">A mediæval ring was found some time ago at -Dunwich, whereon the above lines were inscribed;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> -it is figured in Fairholt’s ‘Rambles of an Archæologist,’ -1871. In 1794 Mr. Craven Ord, F.S.A., -described a bas-relief of alabaster, in the church of -Long Melford, Suffolk, representing the offerings -of the Magi. It still exists in good condition; an -illustration of it appeared as frontispiece to a monograph -on the church printed in 1887. Another -interesting memento was a leaden box found in the -Thames, and drawn for Mr. Roach Smith’s ‘Collectanea -Antiqua,’ i. 115; on which, in six compartments, -are delineated the story of the Salutation -of the Virgin and the offerings of the Three Kings.</p> - -<p>In the <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i> for February, -1749, vol. xix., p. 88, it is stated that the following -prayer for protection was found in the -linen purse of William Jackson a smuggler, who -had been condemned to death for taking part in -the murder of Galley and Chater, two Custom-house -officers, but was so struck with horror on -being measured for his irons that he died (a -Roman Catholic) in Chichester Gaol a few hours -after the sentence was pronounced upon him:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Sancti tres Reges,</p> -<p class="pp4">Gaspar Melchior Balthazar,<br /> -Orate pro nobis nunc et in hora</p> -<p class="pp8">Mortis nostræ.</p> - -<p class="pbqn p1">Ces billets ont touché aux trois testes de SS. Roys à Cologne. -Ils sont pour les voyageurs contre les malheurs de chemins, -maux de teste, mal caduque, fievres, forçellerie, toute sorte de -malefiee, mort subite.’</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p1">This paper had a rude illustration: Mr. Roach -Smith gives a copy of it from a drawing by Fairholt. -A similar prayer is still distributed at the -shrine of the Three Kings.</p> - -<p>Throughout Christendom the feast of the -Epiphany, or Twelfth Day, holds an honoured -place, as commemorating the appearance or manifestation -of Christ to the Gentiles, more especially -to the Kings or Wise Men, who came from the -East to do Him homage. In Spain it is called -Fiesta de los Reyes, in France La Fête de Rois. -In the year 1792 it was there pronounced an anti-civic -feast which made every priest that kept it a -Royalist, and the name was for a time changed to -Fête de Sans-Culottes.</p> - -<p>It is hard to say whether the sign of the -Seven Stars had its origin from the shield of -an Astronomer King, Gaspar or Melchior, or -from the seven bright stars of the constellation -usually called the Great Bear,<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> or whether it -was suggested by the mystic pages of the -Apocalypse; but from whatever source derived, it -was common in London about the time of the -Great Fire. A fine sculptured specimen with -ornamental border was to be seen in Cheapside as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> -late as the year 1851, when Archer drew it. A -cognate sign was the Sun,<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> a stone carving of -which was formerly imbedded in the front of a -house in the Poultry. It had at the corners the -date 1668. The neighbourhood was at one time -rich in astronomical signs. In 1532 Richard -Collier, citizen and mercer of London, left his -messuage called the Sun, in the parish of St. Mary -le Bow, to be sold, and the proceeds to be devoted -to the founding of a free school at Horsham in -Sussex, which still exists, and is in the hands of -the Mercers’ Company. Other signs of this -description in Cheapside, were the Star, the Man -in the Moon, and the Half-Moon—the sign of a -celebrated tavern on the north side, close to Gutter -Lane, rebuilt after the Great Fire. Here in 1682 -Elias Ashmole presided at a dinner, given at the -charge of newly accepted Freemasons; and, from -a rare print of the early part of the eighteenth -century, it seems that here one of their lodges was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> -held. The following appeared in the <i>General -Advertiser</i> in 1748:</p> - -<p class="pbq p1">‘<span class="smcap">Half-Moon Tavern, Cheapside.</span>—Saturday next, the -16 April, being the anniversary of the Glorious Battle of -Culloden, the Stars will assemble in the Moon, at six in the -evening. Therefore, the choice spirits are desired to make -their appearance and to fill up the joy.’</p> - -<p class="p1">The house belonged to the Saddlers’ Company, -and was burnt down in 1821; No. 140 is said to -occupy the site.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-041.jpg" width="400" height="317" id="i41" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>A sculptured bas-relief of a Half-Moon still -appears to the left of a doorway, on the north -side of the Half-Moon Inn Yard, Borough High -Street. It is about four feet from the ground -and has on it the initials <span class="smcap">i t e</span>, with date 1690; -the size is only 13 by 10-1/2 inches. This, as far as -I know, is the only inn sign of the kind in -London which still remains in its original position<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> -and retains its use. The Half-Moon, though not -one of the most famous Southwark hostelries, has -a record of its own worth alluding to. In a -rough map of about the year 1542, now in the -Record Office, an inn appears to be marked on -this site, but the name cannot clearly be made out. -The great Southwark fire of 1676 did not extend -so far east. The first undoubted note I have of -it, is contained in a broadsheet printed at Fleet -Bridge, September, 1689, and now in the Guildhall -Library, entitled ‘A Full and True Account -of the Sad and Dreadful Fire that happened in -Southwark, September 22, 1689;’ from which we -learn that houses were blown up, and the Falcon -and Half-Moon on opposite sides of the High -Street were on fire at the same time. Our sign -gives the date of rebuilding in the following year, -and the initials of the owner or landlord. In -1720 Strype speaks of the Half-Moon as ‘a -pretty large inn and of a good trade.’ It was then -in the thick of Southwark Fair, and is alluded to -in the following advertisement (September, 1729):</p> - -<p class="pbq p1">‘At Reynolds’ Great Theatrical Booth, in the Half-Moon -Inn, near the Bowling Green, during the Fair, will be presented -the Beggar’s Wedding, or the Sheep Shearing, an -opera called Flora, and the Humours of Harlequin.’</p> - -<p class="p1">Hogarth introduced a hanging sign of the Half-Moon -into his celebrated picture of Southwark -Fair, which represents the High Street looking<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> -towards old St. George’s Church, just before its -demolition. The foundation-stone of the present -church was laid April 23, 1734, this picture -having been painted in the previous year. In a -quaint little book of 1815, called the ‘Epicure’s -Almanack,’ the Half-Moon is described as ‘a large -establishment; its convenient accommodations for -entertaining and lodging guests extend on either -side the inn yard, and are connected by a well-contrived -bridge from gallery to gallery,’ which -still exists.</p> - -<p>Sir Thomas Browne was of opinion that the -human face on alehouse signs, on coats of arms, -etc., for the sun and moon, are relics of paganism, -and that their visages originally implied Apollo -and Diana. Butler in ‘Hudibras’ asks a shrewd -question, as yet not effectually answered:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Tell me but what’s the nat’ral cause<br /> -Why on a sign no painter draws<br /> -The full moon ever, but the half?’</p> - -<p class="p1">The crescent moon, as we have seen, appears -among the armorial bearings of the Three Kings -of Cologne. It was also a badge of the Percy -family; Drayton in his ‘Barons’ Wars’ alludes to -one of them thus:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘The noble Piercy, in this dreedful day,<br /> -With a bright crescent in his guidon came.’</p> - -<p class="pn1">Retainers of the Percies no doubt often adopted -it as a sign on this account.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p> - -<p>According to Burn, a mark shaped like a half-moon -represented sixpence in the alewife’s uncancelled -score. He points out that in ‘Master -W. H., his Song to his Wife at Windsor,’ printed -in Captain Llewellyn’s ‘Men-miracles, and other -Poems,’ 1656, duod., p. 40, mention is made of -‘the fat harlot of the tap,’ who</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Writes at night and at noon,<br /> -For tester, half a moon;<br /> -And great round O, for a shilling.’</p> - -<p class="p1">The woodcut attached to the ballad of ‘My -Wife will be my Master,’ printed in J. P. Collier’s -‘Booke of Roxburghe Ballads,’ 1847, p. 89, -clearly indicates such an alewife’s score.</p> - -<p>Before I leave this branch of my subject, it will -be well to call attention to the Half-Moon sign -which projects over a shop numbered 36, about -half-way up Holywell Street on the south side. -This is the last—still <i>in situ</i>—of another class of -London house-signs, and will doubtless soon be -swept away together with the picturesque old -street to which it belongs. The material is wood, -boldly carved and gilt, with the conventional face -in the centre. One of the horns was damaged, -but has lately been repaired. Diprose<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> says it was -once the sign of a tradesman who was staymaker -to George III. About forty years ago the shop<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> -was occupied by a mercer, and the bills made -out for the customers were adorned with this sign: -since then it has been a bookseller’s.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-045.jpg" width="350" height="384" id="i45" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>The corner-post of an alley beside it, leading into -the Strand, used formerly to be decorated with a -carved lion’s head and paws, painted red, and acting -as a corbel to support the old timbered house to -which it belonged. This may have been associated -with the neighbouring Lyons Inn, once a hostelry -with the sign of the Lion, demolished about twenty-five -years ago, and the site of which is occupied -by the Globe and Opera Comique Theatres. The -alley remains, and is now called, after the sign, -Half-Moon Passage, but might still be described -by the unsavoury name given to it in the old -maps, as Strype says, ‘in contempt.’ The old house -disappeared not long since, and the lion has found -a home in the Guildhall Museum.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-046.jpg" width="500" height="139" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER III.</h2> - -<p class="pch">ANIMALS REAL AND IMAGINARY.</p> - -<p class="pp8s p1">‘Lions, talbots, bears,</p> -<p class="pp6">The badges of your famous ancestries.’</p> - -<p class="pr12"><span class="smcap">Drayton</span>: <i>Barons’ Wars</i>.</p> - -<p class="drop-cap08">ONE or two of the signs to be dealt with -under this heading are purely heraldic; -others are allied to nature, and have, as far I am -aware, no connection with heraldry. The stone -carving of an ape seated on its haunches and eating -an apple belonged to this class; it had on it the -initials <span class="smcap">b m</span> with date 1670, and some years ago was -to be seen built into a wall on the west side of -Philip Lane, exactly opposite the Ward School of -Cripplegate Within. The space at the back was -occupied by a court, the whole being now -swallowed up in the premises of Messrs. Rylands -and Sons. This marked the site of an ancient -galleried inn of which it had been the sign. A -similar piece of sculpture is or was lately in a -street called the Sporrengasse at Basle. A little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> -further east in Philip Lane a modern sculptured -cock commemorates Cock Court, now destroyed, -where another ancient inn had once stood. Drawings -of both are preserved in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>Not far from Philip Lane, at 17a, Addle Street, -there is a fine bas-relief of a bear with collar and -chain; it is above the first-floor window of a house -rebuilt about twelve years ago, and has on it the -initials <span class="smcap">n t e</span> and date 1670—not 1610, as we are -told by Archer. Munday and Dyson, in the fourth -edition of Stow’s ‘Survey’ (1633), assert that Addle -Street derived its name from Athlestane or Adlestane, -whose house was supposed to have been hard -by, in Wood Street, with a door into Addle Street.</p> - -<p>An interesting sculptured sign of a Bear was -dug up in 1882, when the house numbered 47, -on the south side of Cheapside, was being rebuilt. -It was found in a damaged state 7 or 8 feet -below the surface, and is now let into the wall -inside the shop of Messrs. Cow and Co., india-rubber -manufacturers. An old arched cellar or -undercroft of considerable height still exists in the -basement, and extends to a distance of some 30 -feet below the street. This sign, which represents -a bear chained and muzzled,<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> and in heraldic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> -language <i>contourné</i>, or facing to the right instead -of the left, has neither date nor initials. A -suggestion has been made that this is the White -Bear, the sign of Robert Hicks, a mercer at Soper’s -Lane end, and father of Sir Baptist Hicks, born -there in 1551, who built Hicks Hall<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> and who, -says Strype, was one of the first citizens that after -knighthood kept their shops (eventually he became -Lord Campden). This, however, is by no means -probable; the sign resembles others put up after -the Great Fire; moreover, Soper’s Lane, now -Queen Street, is some distance east of St. Mary-le-Bow -Church, while No. 47 is to the west, near -Bread Street. On the opposite side of the way -was a house with a similar sign, as appears from -the following advertisement in the <i>London Gazette</i> -of October 5, 1693:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> - -<p class="pbq p1">‘Lost from the Brown Bear, next door to Mercers’ Chapel, -in Cheapside, a large broken silver candlestick, having on -the bottom James Morris engraven; also two double silver -scroles of sconces, and a small scrole of a silver sconce, &c.’</p> - -<p class="p1">Yet another sculptured sign of a chained bear -exists in the City, more or less in its former -position. It has on it the initials M E with date -1670, and is to be found let into a modern wall -at the entrance to Messrs. Cox and Hammond’s -quays, between Nos. 5 and 6, Lower Thames -Street, having fortunately escaped a fire which in -part destroyed the premises some years since. -A far more terrible fire occurred in the neighbourhood -in January, 1714-15, when above 120 -houses were said to have been either burnt or -blown up, and many persons perished. It was -caused by an explosion in a little gunpowder shop -near Bear Quay, and burned eastward as far as -Mark Lane. The sign belonged perhaps originally -to this Bear Quay, the site of which is now -covered by the Custom House, and which in the -eighteenth century was chiefly appropriated to the -landing and shipment of wheat.</p> - -<p>A Great Bear Quay and a Little Bear Quay -are marked close together in Strype’s map of the -Tower Ward. Beer Lane, further east, leading -from Great Tower Street to Lower Thames Street, -was in Stow’s time called Beare Lane. From a -writ dated at Windsor, October 30, in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> -thirtieth year of Henry III., it appears that the -Sheriffs of London were commanded to provide -a muzzle, an iron chain, and a cord, for the King’s -white bear in the Tower of London, and to use -him to catch fish in the water of the Thames; and -six years afterwards, namely in 1252, the Sheriffs -were commanded to supply fourpence per diem -for the maintenance of the King’s white bear and -his keeper in the Tower. Burnet tells us that -on May 29, 1542, the French Ambassadors, after -they had supped with the Duke of Somerset, went -to the Thames, and saw the bear hunted in the -river. Anne, daughter of the Earl of Warwick, -and consort of Richard III., adopted the white -bear as a badge. In 1539 a ‘Manual of Prayers’ -was printed by John Mayler, at the sign of the -White Bear in Botolph Lane. A seventeenth-century -trade token was issued by a grocer from -the sign of the White Bear, Thames Street. -Another trade token, ascribed by Boyne and -others to Southwark, is far more likely to have -been issued from here; it reads thus:</p> - -<p class="pi4 p1"><i>O.</i> <span class="smcap">philip stower.at</span> = a bear.<br /> -<i>R.</i> <span class="smcap">the.beare.at.bare.key</span> = <span class="smcap">p.s.s.</span></p> - -<p class="p1">A curious stone bas-relief of Bel and the -Dragon is preserved by Messrs. Corbyn and Co., -the eminent chemists, at No. 7, Poultry, being let -into the wall of a back room; the idol is represented<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> -by an actual bell. Larwood and Hotten -say that the sign was not uncommon, especially -among apothecaries; it is alluded to in the -<i>Spectator</i>, No. 28. At Messrs. Corbyn’s there -is also a very handsome mortar of bell-metal, said -to have been used by the firm in early days, with -an inscription in Flemish or old German, and the -date 1536. Messrs. Corbyn have had a copy of -the above sign inserted in the wall of their new -establishment, at the corner of Bond Street and -Oxford Street; it came originally from their old -house of business in Holborn.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-051.jpg" width="400" height="348" id="i51" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>The stone sign of the house which succeeded -the Shakespearean Boar’s Head has happily been -preserved, and is now in the Guildhall Museum. -It is well designed and tastefully coloured, that -fact having come to light when a thorough process -of cleansing took place some time since. Above<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> -the snout are the initials <span class="smcap">i. t.</span>, and date 1668; -size 18-1/2 by 16 inches. The Boar’s Head tavern -will be famous for all time, as the scene of the -revelries of Falstaff and Prince Hal; how far it -was really connected with Shakespeare’s immortal -creation has been discussed at length by the late Mr. -Halliwell Phillipps. In the time of Henry V., -Eastcheap was noted for its cooks’ shops, as appears -from the ballad of London Lickpenny, by -John Lydgate, monk at Bury St. Edmunds, in -which, while giving a countryman’s description of -London, he says:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Then I hyed me into Est-Chepe;<br /> -One cryes rybbs of befe, and many a pye;<br /> -Pewter pottes they clattered on a heape.<br /> -There was harpe, pype, and minstralsye.<br /> -Yea, by cock! nay, by cock! some began crye;<br /> -Some songe of Jenken and Julyan for there mede;<br /> -But for lack of mony I myght not spede.’</p> - -<p class="p1">Stow, mentioning an affray in which King Henry -IV.’s sons Thomas and John were concerned, -adds in a note, ‘there was no taverne then in Eastcheape.’</p> - -<p>Curiously enough, there is also no distinct -authority in any of the early editions of Shakespeare’s -plays for the name of the tavern in Eastcheap -at which Falstaff and the Prince are supposed -to meet. Theobald was the first, in 1733, to place<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> -the Boar’s Head in the stage directions. Shakespeare -never mentions it at all, and his only -apparent allusion is in the second part of -‘Henry the Fourth,’ where the Prince asks -(speaking of Falstaff): ‘Doth the old boar feed -in the old frank?’ and Bardolph answers: ‘At the -old place, my lord, in Eastcheap.’ A suggestion -of the house may also possibly be intended in -‘Richard the Second,’ where the Prince is mentioned -as frequenting taverns ‘that stand in narrow -lanes.’ In the play of the ‘Famous Victories of -Henry the Fifth,’ 1594, on which Shakespeare’s -drama was partly founded, the Castle tavern is -mentioned as the place of meeting in Eastcheap. -An allusion, however, to ‘Sir John of the Boar’s -Head in Eastcheap,’ in Gayton’s ‘Festivous -Notes’ (1654, p. 277), may be considered to prove -that this was, in truth, the tavern to which Shakespeare -referred. His contemporary, Dekker, in -the play of ‘The Shoemakers’ Holyday, or, The -Gentle Craft,’ has the following: <i>Eyre</i>. ‘Rip you -chitterling, avaunt, boy; bid the tapster of the -Bores-head fill me a doozen cans of beere for my -journeymen.’</p> - -<p>The earliest notice of the original house which -has been handed down to us occurs in the testament -of William Warden, who, in the reign of -Richard II., gave all his tenement called the -Boar’s Head, in Eastcheap, to a college of priests<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> -or chaplains, founded by Sir William Walworth, -Lord Mayor, in the adjoining Church of St. -Michael, Crooked Lane. The endowments of -this college were forfeited in the year 1549, when -the house above alluded to is described as all the -said William Warden’s tenement called the Boar’s -Head, Eastcheap, ‘worth by year £4.’</p> - -<p>The Boar’s Head is first called a tavern in the -year 1537, when it is expressly described in a -lease, as ‘all that tavern called the Bore Hedde, -cum sollariis et aliis suis pertinentiis in Estchepe, -in parochia Sancti Michaelis, prædicti in tenura -Johanne Broke vidue.’ An apparently genuine -memento was discovered about the year 1834 -in moving away soil from Whitechapel Mount.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> -It is a carved boxwood bas-relief of a boar’s -head set in a circular frame formed by two -boar’s tusks mounted in silver; diameter, 4½<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> -inches. An inscription pricked on the back is as -follows:</p> - -<p class="pbq p1">‘William Brooke Landlord of the Bores Hedde Estchepe -1566.’</p> - -<p class="pn1">This now belongs to Lady Burdett Coutts, and -was shown two years ago at the Tudor Exhibition. -In the year 1588, the inn was kept by Thomas -Wright, a native of Shrewsbury: ‘Thear was -chosen with me at that time out of the school, -George Wrighte, son of Thomas Wrighte of -London, vintener, that dwelt at the Bores Hed in -Estcheap, who sithence, having good inheritance -descended to him, is now clerk of the king’s stable, -and a knight, a very discreet and honest gentleman;’ -as we learn from the ‘Liber Famelicus’ -of Sir John Whitelocke, edited by J. Bruce (p. 12). -On March 31, 1602, the Lords of the Council -wrote to the Lord Mayor, granting permission to -the servants of the Earl of Oxford and the Earl of -Worcester to play at the Boar’s Head in Eastcheap:<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> -which seems to indicate that the house was -an important one, probably with a yard. In the -year 1623, ‘John Rhodoway, vintner at the Bore’s -Head,’ was buried at St. Michael’s, Crooked Lane. -This person may have kept the tavern in Shakespeare’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> -time. Two seventeenth-century trade -tokens were issued from ‘the Bore’s Head, neere -London Stone,’ as it is called in the rare tract -called ‘Newes from Bartholomew Fayre.’ These -tokens are undated, but it seems likely that they -were struck before 1666. One of them gives the -name of John Sapcott as the landlord.</p> - -<p>The Boar’s Head tavern was burnt in the Great -Fire, and rebuilt of brick four stories high, with -its door in the centre. Many allusions to this -second Boar’s Head have been preserved; one of -the quaintest was an inscription on a tombstone -in the neighbouring churchyard of St. Michael’s, -Crooked Lane, which I lately saw at the back of -St. Magnus Church, whither it migrated when its -first resting-place was covered by the approaches -to new London Bridge. The epitaph runs thus:</p> - -<p class="pbq p1">‘Here lieth the bodye of Robert Preston, late drawer at -the Boar’s Head Tavern Great Eastcheap who departed this -life March 16 Anno Domini 1730, aged twenty-seven years.’</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Bacchus to give the toping world surprise,<br /> -Produc’d one sober son, and here he lies.<br /> -Tho’ nurs’d among full hogsheads, he defyd<br /> -The charm of wine, and every vice beside.<br /> -O reader, if to justice thou’rt inclined,<br /> -Keep honest Preston daily in thy mind.<br /> -He drew good wine, took care to fill his pots,<br /> -Had sundry virtues that outweighed his fauts (<i>sic</i>).<br /> -You that on Bacchus have the like dependence,<br /> -Pray copy Bob in measure and attendance.’</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> - -<p class="pn1">In the second edition of Maitland’s ‘London,’ -1756, we are told that under the sign of the -Boar’s Head, the following inscription was then to -be seen: ‘This is the oldest tavern in London.’ -Goldsmith was there in 1758, getting material -for his charming ‘Reverie at the Boar’s Head,’ -in which, however, he assumed that he was in the -actual tavern immortalized by Shakespeare; and -in 1818 another gifted author—Washington Irving—after -a similar visit, wrote an essay as charming -and as inaccurate. During their tour to the -Hebrides in 1773, Boswell mentioned to Dr. -Johnson a club held at the Boar’s Head, the -members of which all assumed Shakespearean -characters, one was Falstaff, another Prince Hal, -another Bardolph, and so on. Johnson’s remark -on the occasion was: ‘Don’t be of it, sir. Now -that you have a name you must be careful to avoid -many things, not bad in themselves, but which -will lessen your character.’ Scruples of this kind -do not seem to have troubled the great William Pitt, -at any rate when he was young. In the ‘Life of -William Wilberforce,’<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> by his son, the following -anecdote is told by the philanthropist: ‘I was one -of those who met to spend an evening in memory -of Shakespeare at the Boar’s Head, Eastcheap.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> -Many professed wits were present, but Pitt was -the most amusing of the party, and the most apt -at the required allusions.’ This social gathering -took place in the year 1780.</p> - -<p>An interesting addition has lately been made to -the Guildhall Museum, a bequest of the late Dr. -Burgon, Dean of Chichester. It is a water-colour -drawing of a figure from the house in Eastcheap, -supposed to represent Falstaff, but so lean that it -by no means embodies the idea contained in his -words to the Lord Chief Justice: ‘I would that -my means were greater, and my waist slenderer.’ -The costume seems to be of the sixteenth century. -This was copied no doubt from the figure carved -in oak, 12 inches high, which was exhibited by -Mr. Kempe to the Society of Antiquaries in -December, 1833, and which once decorated the -portal of the tavern. The figure had supported an -ornamental bracket over one side of the door, a -corresponding figure of Prince Henry sustaining -that on the other. It was at that time the -property of Mr. Thomas Shelton, brazier, Great -Eastcheap, whose ancestors had lived in the shop -he occupied since the time of the Great Fire. -He well remembered the last grand dinner-party, -which had taken place at the Boar’s Head about -fifty years before. The guests came from the -west end of the town, and the long string of -carriages which conveyed them filled the street<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> -at Eastcheap. Hutton, writing in 1785, gives a -somewhat different account of the figures. He -says,<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> ‘On each side of the entrance to the Boar’s -Head there is a vine branch carved in wood rising -more than three feet from the ground, loaded -with leaves and clusters, and on the top of each a -little Falstaff eight inches high, in the dress of -his day.’</p> - -<p>Peter Cunningham says that the Boar’s Head -stood in Great Eastcheap, between Small Alley -and St. Michael’s Lane, four taverns filling up the -intervening space—the Chicken, near St. Michael’s -Alley, the Boar’s Head, the Plough, and the -Three Kings. The statue of King William IV. -is considered to be a few feet east of the site. -The house had ceased to be a tavern before -Pennant wrote in 1790. It was divided into two -tenements, and became Nos. 2 and 3, Great Eastcheap. -Part was occupied by a gunsmith, when -in June, 1831, the building, having been bought -by the Corporation for £3,544, was immediately -pulled down to make room for the approaches of -new London Bridge. It is a curious fact that, on -the opposite side of the river, at about an equal -distance, stood another famous old Boar’s Head -Inn, the site of which is also now covered by the -approaches to London Bridge, and this had without -doubt once belonged to that notable man, Sir<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> -John Fastolfe,<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> who must at least have furnished -the name to Shakespeare’s matchless creation. -The back part of the City inn looked upon the -burial-ground of St. Michael’s, Crooked Lane, as -did the other on the Flemish burial-ground in -Southwark. Of this latter and of the man who -owned it, a rather full account is given in the -‘Inns of Old Southwark and their Associations,’ -by Rendle and Norman.</p> - -<p>From J. T. Smith and others I learn that in the -early part of this century, not far from the Boar’s -Head in Eastcheap, and nearly facing Miles Lane, -there was a bold and animated figure of a Mermaid -carved in relief, with her dishevelled hair -about her shoulders, and holding in her right hand -something resembling ‘a bundle of flax or a distaff’; -more likely a looking-glass. I mention the -sign here for the sake of convenience, though I -own its classification is a difficulty, one writer -placing it with human signs, and another with -‘fishes and insects.’ There still exists a Mermaid -carved in relief at No. 21, East Street, Gravesend. -The material seems to be cut brick or terra-cotta; -it has an ornamental border with cleft pediment. -Seafaring people are always more or less attracted -by the supernatural, and so the sign has been a -favourite one here and in Holland, where also the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> -merman, with helmet, sword, and buckler, was not -uncommon. A merman and a mermaid are supporters -of the arms of the Fishmongers’ Company, -a fine carving of which is to be seen at the back -of their present hall. The badge of the Byrons -was a mermaid argent, crined and finned or, holding -in the left hand a comb, in the right a mirror. -It is recorded by Strype that ‘Boniface Tatam of -London, vintner, buried in the parish of St. Peter’s -Cornhill on the 3rd Feb., 1606, gave 40s. yearly -to the parson for preaching 4 sermons every year -so long as the Mermaid, a tavern in Cornhill so -called, shall endure.’ But the most famous Mermaid, -perhaps the most famous of all Elizabethan -taverns, was that in Bread Street, Friday Street, -and Cheapside, for they were all one and the same—the -house standing back from Bread Street, with -passage entrances from Cheapside and Friday -Street.</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Souls of poets dead and gone,<br /> -What Elysium have ye known,<br /> -Happy field or mossy cavern,<br /> -Choicer than the Mermaid Tavern?’</p> - -<p class="p1">Another famous hostelry in old days was the -Bull, Bishopsgate Street Within, which stood on -the west side, opposite St. Helen’s Place. This -was one of the inns used for theatrical purposes in -the sixteenth century. In 1594, Anthony Bacon, -brother of Francis, was lodging in Bishopsgate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> -Street, to the regret of his mother, because he -was near the Bull Inn, where plays and interludes -were acted, which might corrupt his servants. -It was the house frequented by old Hobson, -the Cambridge carrier, on whom Milton -wrote his famous lines. Here, as the <i>Spectator</i> -tells us, there was a portrait of Hobson, with a -hundred-pound bag under his arm, having on it -the inscription:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘The fruitful mother of a Hundred more.’</p> - -<p class="p1">At the Bull Inn a mutiny broke out in a troop -of Whalley’s regiment on April 26, 1649, for -which one of the troopers was shot in St. Paul’s -Churchyard, and others were condemned but pardoned. -The inn was pulled down in 1866. A -curious relic then rescued from the ruins consisted -of a stone 9-1/2 inches wide at the top, 7 -inches at the bottom, and 10 inches deep, shaped -therefore like a keystone, and having a narrow -margin, within which was a carving of a bull with a -vine and its tendrils, and a bunch of grapes; it was -dated 1642. This stone had doubtless served as -a sign or commemorative decoration, and was the -oldest of its kind in London: I have not been -able to find out what became of it. The <i>Herts -Guardian</i> for March 11, 1865, records that -‘under the yew-tree, against the steeple of All -Saints’ Church, Hertford, is a small ordinary-looking<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> -gravestone having the following quaint inscription:</p> - -<p class="pbq p1">‘Here lyeth Black Tom of the Bull Inn in Bishopsgate, -1696.’</p> - -<p class="p1">From the Bull in Bishopsgate it is not a far cry -to the Bull and Mouth in Aldersgate. There are -two versions of this sign, and though comparatively -modern they are worth describing, partly for their -quaintness, partly from their interesting associations; -they are both preserved in the Guildhall -Museum. One was placed over the front entrance -of the Queen’s Hotel, St. Martin’s-le-Grand, -formerly known as the Bull and Mouth, which was -built in 1830 on the site of the old coaching inn -with that sign. A statuette of a bull appears within -the space of a gigantic open mouth; below are -bunches of grapes; above, a bust of Edward VI. -and the arms of Christ’s Hospital, to which -institution the ground belonged. Beneath is a -tablet, perhaps from the old inn, inscribed with -the following doggerel rhyme:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Milo the Cretonian an ox slew with his fist,<br /> -And ate it up at one meal, ye Gods what a glorious twist.’</p> - -<p class="pn1">Another version of the sign, which is said to have -been put up about the beginning of the century, -was over the entrance to the Great Northern Railway -receiving-house in Angel Street, formerly the -back entrance to the inn yard. This, together<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> -with the Queen’s Hotel and all the ground as far -as Bull and Mouth Street north, has now been -taken by the Post-Office authorities; the amount -of compensation paid to the Great Northern Company -having been £31,350.</p> - -<p>The Bull and Mouth was one of the most -famous coaching inns. Strype, writing in 1720, -describes it as ‘large and well built, and of a -good resort by those that bring Bone Lace, -where the shopkeepers and others come to buy -it.’ He also tells us that ‘in this part of -St. Martin’s is a noted Meeting House of the -Quakers, called the Bull and Mouth, where -they met long before the Fire.’ The name is -generally supposed to be a corruption of Boulogne -Mouth, the entrance to Boulogne Harbour, that -town having been taken by King Henry VIII. -This elucidation is said to have originated with -George Steevens, who has been called a mischievous -wag in literary matters. Boyne thinks it -might have been originally the Bowl and Mouth, -both known London signs. A seventeenth-century -trade token was issued from a house with the sign of -the Mouth in Bishopsgate Street, and the Mouth -appears in the rhyming list of taverns, which is to -be found in Heywood’s ‘Rape of Lucrece.’ Stow -mentions the custom of presenting a bowl of -ale at St. Giles’s Hospital to prisoners on their -way from the City to Tyburn, and according to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> -Parton there was a Bowl public-house at St. -Giles’s. Bowl Yard, a narrow court on the south -side of High Street, St. Giles’s, disappeared about -1846. Mr. Wheatley, points out in ‘London -Past and Present’ that our inn is probably identical -with ‘the house called the Mouth, near -Aldersgate in London—then the usual meeting -place for Quakers,’ to which the body of John -Lilburne was conveyed on his death, August 29, -1657. Five years afterwards, namely on October -26, 1662, it appears from Ellwood’s ‘Autobiography’ -that he was arrested at a Quakers’ -meeting held at the <i>Bull and Mouth</i>, Aldersgate, -and confined till December in the old Bridewell, -Fleet Street.</p> - -<p>The Bull and Mouth was at its zenith as a -coaching inn during the early part of this century, -just before the development of railroads. Mr. -Edward Sherman was then landlord, having succeeded -Mr. Willans in the year 1823; he also -had the Oxford Arms, Warwick Lane. It was he -who rebuilt the old house, and made stabling -underground for a large number of horses. When -the business of coaching came to an end, the gateway -from St. Martin’s-le-Grand was partially -blocked up and became the main entrance to the -hotel, which, under a new name, flourished till its -final closing in the autumn of 1886. On September -28 of that year, the stock of wine,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> -amounting to 750 dozen, was sold; during the -winter the house was used as an adjunct of the -General Post-Office. In July, 1887, the Jubilee -fittings of Westminster Abbey were sold by -auction in the large coffee-room. They consisted -of Brussels carpets, hangings, cushions, etc., and -produced upwards of £2,000. In the space cleared -shortly afterwards for the new post-office, a large -piece of the City wall has been discovered. The -old Bull and Mouth Inn, destroyed in 1830, with -its three tiers of galleries, was very picturesque: -many illustrations of it exist.</p> - -<p>A seventeenth century trade-token was issued -from a Bull and Mouth in Bloomsbury, still -represented by a modern public-house at No. 31, -Hart Street.</p> - -<p>A wooden carving of a Civet Cat was some years -since the appropriate sign of an old-fashioned perfumer’s -shop in Cockspur Street. An illustration -of it appears in the <i>Illustrated London News</i> for -December 13, 1856.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-066.jpg" width="250" height="78" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-067a.jpg" width="500" height="140" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER IV.</h2> - -<p class="pch">ANIMALS REAL AND IMAGINARY—(<i>Continued</i>).</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Figures strange—and sweet,<br /> -All made out of the carver’s brain.’</p> -<p class="pr12"><span class="smcap">Coleridge</span>: <i>Christabel</i>, pt. I.</p> - - -<p class="drop-cap04">THE sign of the Dog and Duck is to be found -imbedded in the garden wall of Bethlehem -Hospital, in the district formerly called St. -George’s Fields. Size, 4 feet by 2 feet 6 inches.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-067b.jpg" width="400" height="283" id="i67" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>It is in two divisions, and is dated 1716; the part<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> -to the right represents a spaniel sitting on its -haunches with a duck in its mouth, and appears -to me a capital specimen of grotesque art. This -was the sign of the Dog and Duck public-house.</p> - -<p>In 1642, when London was threatened by -Charles I., the citizens hastily encircled it with a -trench and a series of forts. Among these was one -with four half bulwarks at the Dog and Duck, in -St. George’s Fields. In 1651 a trade-token was -issued from the Dog and Duck; it has the initials -E M S, and on the obverse is a design almost -identical with the one I have described. There -were, however, other houses with this sign in -Southwark: one in Deadman’s Place near St. -Saviour’s Park, and another in Bermondsey Square. -Till about the middle of the eighteenth century -the Dog and Duck in St. George’s Fields seems -to have been only a small public-house, doubtless -with a pond attached to it, in which was carried -on the cruel sport of duck-hunting, then dear to -cockneys. The amusement consisted in the duck -diving among the reeds with the dog in fierce -pursuit; a good idea of it is given by Davenant in -the ‘Long Vacation in London,’ p. 289, where -reference is made to another district famous for -ducking-ponds:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Ho ho to Islington; enough!<br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>Fetch Job my son, and our dog Ruffe!<br /> -For there in Pond,<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> through mire and muck,<br /> -We’ll cry hay Duck, there Ruffe, hay Duck.’</p> - -<p class="p1">When this ceased to be an attraction in St. -George’s Fields is not recorded, but towards the -middle of last century the place came into the -hands of a Mrs. Hedger, who had been a barmaid. -While she was landlady, Sampson, an equestrian -performer, who had previously ridden at the Three -Hats, Islington, set up his temporary circus in a -field opposite the Dog and Duck. Crowds followed -him, and caused a great increase in Mrs. -Hedger’s business, so she sent for her son, afterwards -called ‘the King of the Fields,’ who was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> -said to have been at the time a post-boy at Epsom, -and he shrewdly made the most of his chance. -The money as it came in was invested in building -and other improvements; soon a mineral spring -was discovered—or invented—and the place became -for a time a popular health resort. A correspondent -of the <i>St. James’s Chronicle</i> in 1761 asks, -as a matter not admitting denial, ‘Does Tunbridge -or Cheltenham or Buxton Wells come up to (<i>inter -alia</i>) the Dog and Duck in St. George’s Fields?’ -No less a man than Dr. Johnson recommended -the waters to his friend Mrs. Thrale. An advertisement -tells us of a bath there 200 feet long, -and nearly 100 in breadth, and old newspapers -record dinners, concerts, assemblies and all kinds -of gaiety at St. George’s, or the Dog and Duck -Spa. It must already have begun to go downhill -when Garrick described it thus in his Prologue to -‘The Maid of the Oaks,’ 1774:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘St. George’s Fields, with taste and fashion struck,<br /> -Display Arcadia at the Dog and Duck;<br /> -And Drury misses, here in tawdry pride,<br /> -Are there Pastoras by the fountain side,<br /> -To frowsy bowers they reel through midnight damps,<br /> -With fauns half drunk, and dryads breaking lamps.’</p> - -<p class="p1">Finally it was closed by the magistrates, and -after being occupied for a time by the School for -the Indigent Blind, was pulled down in 1811, -when, the Committee of the Bridge House Estate -having, in the previous year, agreed to exchange<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> -11 acres 3 roods here for the ground then covered -by Bedlam in Moorfields, which amounted to about -2½ acres, the erection of the present Bethlehem -Hospital was begun on the site.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> It was then -or soon afterwards that our stone sign was built -into the new garden wall. Several illustrations -of the Dog and Duck Inn have been preserved. -A water-colour in the Crace collection by T. H. -Shepherd, purporting to be from a drawing of -1646, represents it as a gable-ended public-house, -with a gallery on one side, standing in the fields. -A view of the outside in Hedger’s time shows a -brick building of considerable dimensions. Then -there is a rather indecent design called ‘Beauty in -distress,’ with the Dog and Duck in the distance. -Lastly, a rare stippled engraving of the interior, -dated 1789, shows us ladies frail and fair, with -their attendant beaux, walking about and seated -at tables in a long room, which has an organ at -the end; the sign appears below.</p> - -<p>Much might be written about the curious device -which appears in the left-hand division of the -stone sign imbedded in the wall of Bethlehem -Hospital. This is the mark of the Bridge House -Estate, and though in no sense heraldic, has been -described as an annulet ensigned with a cross -pattée, interlaced with a saltire conjoined in base.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> -It is sometimes, but wrongly, called the Southwark -Arms, for arms cannot in truth be borne by any -public body, which has not received a charter of -incorporation, with a right to use a common seal; -and Southwark was never more than a ward of the -City. The device resembles a merchant’s mark, -but its origin has not hitherto been satisfactorily -explained. Perhaps a letter in the <i>Gentleman’s -Magazine</i> for October, 1758, from Joseph Ames, -secretary to the Society of Antiquaries, may throw -some light on the subject. It seems that in -pulling down a part of old London Bridge, three -inscriptions were found engraved on stone tablets. -The oldest dated from 1497. The second, which -most concerns us, had perhaps been inserted in the -building on the completion of repairs, rendered -necessary by a great fire at the northern end of -the bridge which occurred in 1504, and has now -found a home in the Guildhall Museum. It -measures 10 inches by 13-3/4, and is inscribed in -Gothic characters ‘Anno Domini 1509.’ At the -end of the date appears a cross<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> charged with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> -small saltire, which seems to suggest the present -mark, and was not unlikely the old device for the -estate of London Bridge. The third stone, dated -1514, had on it the City sword and the initials of -Sir Roger Achiley, draper and alderman of Bridge -ward; they are represented below.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-073.jpg" width="350" height="158" id="i73" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>Here, perhaps, by way of illustration, a few -words may be introduced on the subject of -merchants’ marks. These, as early as the beginning -of the fifteenth century, were adopted -instead of armorial bearings by traders, to whom -arms were not permitted.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> They were used for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> -stamping goods, were engraved on rings, and often -placed on monuments as if they conveyed a -certain honourable distinction. Mr. J. G. Waller, -F.S.A.,<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> has pointed out that these merchants’ -marks have commonly one essential feature in -common—a cross. A simple form of mark was a -cross surmounting a mast or staff, with streamers -or other devices, apparently taken from parts of a -ship; it had a forked base. When after a time -initials of names were introduced, they at first -formed part of the mark, the letter A being often -made by crossing the forked base. The cross, -being an emblem of Christianity, was considered to -counteract the wiles of Satan; merchants, therefore, -naturally placed a cross on their bales as a preservative -against the tempests, which it was thought -were caused by him. Mr. W. de Gray Birch, on -the other hand, suggests that the cross and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> -streamers so often incorporated in merchants’ -marks, were derived from the banner of the Holy -Lamb, which was the usual emblem of St. John -Baptist, the patron saint of wool merchants—that -is, merchants of the staple; but it seems that such -devices were also used by the Merchant Adventurers, -Salters, etc.; moreover, the cross with -streamers is, in mediæval art, a symbol of the -victory of Christ over death and the powers of -darkness, which seems to confirm Mr. Waller’s -view. The Lamb and Flag, as I shall have occasion -to show, sometimes appeared on the seals of -the Knights Templars.</p> - -<p>As to the Bridge House Estate, it is held in -trust by the corporation of the City of London, -and is, strictly speaking, intended for the support, -lighting and cleansing of the City bridges, and two -bridges over the Lea at Stratford, where the City -authorities hold some land. This property is -said to have originated in small offerings by pious -citizens to the Chapel of St. Thomas à Becket<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> -on London Bridge. The earliest document -relating to it which is still in existence appears to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> -be a small volume on vellum, probably dating -from the earlier part of the fourteenth century, -with additions made in the reign of King -Edward IV. A thorough examination of all the -records would be a work of great labour, but -would bring to light many interesting facts.</p> - -<p>The property has by degrees increased in -value, till out of it they have been able to -rebuild London Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge, -and are now creating the huge structure by the -Tower. Much of St. George’s Fields belonged -to the estate; it had been Crown land, once -attached to Suffolk House, and was included -in the grant to the City, in the fourth year of -Edward VI.’s reign. The land on which stood -the Dog and Duck Tavern formed part of this -Bridge House Estate. The Bridge House itself -stood on the Surrey side of the water, in Tooley -Street, and was originally a storeplace for material -belonging to the City which was used -in the repair of London Bridge. In course of -time it became a granary and a bakehouse, with -public ovens. The grain was for the relief of -poor citizens in time of distress, and the ovens -were used for baking it. Stow tells us that they -were ten in number, six of them very large, and -that ‘Sir John Throstone, Knight, sometime an -embroiderer, then a goldsmith, one of the sheriffs -in 1516, gave by his testament towards the making<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> -of these ovens two hundred pounds, which thing -was performed by his executors.’</p> - -<p>The stone sign of a Fox sitting on its haunches, -with the initials <span class="smcap">h w</span> and date 1669, has been put -up inside the house at No. 24, Lombard Street, -and is in capital condition. It was found in -digging up the foundations of a house in -Clement’s Lane, destroyed to make room for No. -30, Lombard Street, which extends further south -than its predecessor. In the seventeenth century -there was a sign of a fox in Lombard Street, but -some distance off; No. 73 occupies the site. A -kindred sign, the Three Foxes, is said to have -formerly existed, also in Clement’s Lane, but about -this I am a little bit doubtful; there was a drawing -of it in the <i>Graphic</i> of April 21, 1877, which -could hardly have represented the actual tablet, -for Larwood and Hotten say that it had been -plastered over long before this, when the house -was taken by a firm of three lawyers, who wished -to avoid the rather awkward connection of ideas -which might be suggested.</p> - -<p>Of the carving of a Griffin’s Head which -formerly existed in Old Jewry I know nothing, -except that it was drawn by Archer in 1850. -This was, perhaps, an heraldic charge of the -person who built, or first possessed, the house on -which it was placed. The badge of Fiennes, Lord -Dacre, was a griffin’s head erased, gules, holding<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> -in its beak an annulet, or; that of Polle, a -griffin’s head erased, azure, ducally gorged, or.</p> - -<p>On the east side of Shoreditch High Street, -between Nos. 79 and 80, and over the passage -leading into Hare Alley, is the sculptured stone -sign of a Hare running, with the initials <span class="smcap">b w m</span> and -date 1725. I have observed a similar sign in -Flushing. Hare Alley is mentioned in Hatton’s -‘New View of London,’ 1708. Among seventeenth -century trade-tokens is one with the -following inscription:</p> - -<p class="pi4 p1"><i>O.</i> <span class="smcap">nicholas warrin</span>=A hare running.<br /> -<i>R.</i> <span class="smcap">in aldersgate street</span>=N.I.W</p> - -<p class="p1">So it is given in Boyne. A pun on the name is -probably intended, but unless the issuer was a -veritable cockney the animal represented was a -rabbit.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-078.jpg" width="400" height="246" id="i78" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>The Hare in combination with the Sun, having -the date 1676 and the initials <span class="smcap">h n a</span>, is still to be seen -above the first-floor windows of a house, No. 71,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> -on the east side of the Borough High Street; -close to the sites of the three most famous Southwark -inns, the Tabard, the White Hart, and the -George; of which the last-named still exists in -part at least, though doomed, I fear, to speedy -destruction. This house was gutted by fire a few -years ago, but the sign luckily escaped unharmed. -It is now painted in various colours, which was -the old method, and, I think, improves the effect. -The solicitors of the property have kindly let me -examine the deeds, and I have gathered from them -the following particulars:</p> - -<p>In March, 1653, John Tarlton, citizen and -brewer, left to his children two tenements in -Southwark. In a mortgage of 1663 they are -called ‘the Hare and the Three Pidgeons.’ In -May, 1676, all, or nearly all, this part of Southwark -was burnt down, the number of houses destroyed -being, as stated in the <i>London Gazette</i>, about 600. -A curious little pamphlet in my possession, -licensed May 29, puts the number at nearly 500. -On the title-page we are told that ‘St. Mary -Overy’s Church and St. Thomas’s Hospital’ were -‘shattered and defaced,’ and everything ‘from -Chain-Gate to the Counter on St. Margaret’s Hill -on both sides the way burnt and demolished.’ I -may note that on this occasion a fire-engine with -leathern hose was first used, and seems to have -been of great service in defending St. Thomas’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> -Hospital from the fire, as recorded in the <i>London -Gazette</i> for August 14, 1676. In the same month -Nicholas Hare, grocer, surrendered to be cancelled -a lease dated 1669, ‘of the messuage or -tenement called the Hare and Sunne,’ the said -messuage having been burnt in the fire; and the -Tarltons let him the ground on building lease for -eighty-one years from June, 1677. The rent had -before been £24 a year, with a fine for renewal of -£70; it was now reduced to £16 a year. The -sign in question is therefore a punning one, having -been put up by Nicholas Hare, grocer, after the -great Southwark fire, as many signs of the same -description had been put up in London a few -years previously, after the great London fire. -How the sun had got into combination with the -hare one does not know.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> In subsequent documents, -down to the year 1748, when the house -came into the possession of John Paris, it is -described simply as the Hare. In his will, dated -1753, he speaks of ‘my dwelling-house near the -George Inn, known by the sign of the Hare and -Stirrup;’ and finally, in 1757, in a schedule of the -fixtures, are mentioned ‘in the dining-room two -large sign irons, and a large copper sign of the -Hare and Stirrup;’ so the unpretentious stone bas-relief, -though not taken down, appears to have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> -been supplemented by a sign more likely to catch -the eye. It may be noted that on these sculptured -signs, where letters occur, the initial of the -owner, builder, or first occupant, is usually placed -over the initials of the Christian names of himself -and his wife the former naturally being on the -left. Sometimes, however, they are all in a line, in -which case the initial of the surname is most likely -the middle one, as on the seventeenth-century -trade tokens.</p> - -<p>Centuries ago, when Islington was a little -country town separated from London by roads -which were often impassable in winter, there stood -near the Green a picturesque house which, by its -style, appeared to have been built in the reign of -Queen Elizabeth. It was an old and general -tradition that this house, which in course of time -became the Pied Bull Inn, had been the residence -of Sir Walter Raleigh; but this seems to be nothing -more than a tradition.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> There is, however, strong -evidence that Sir John Miller, knight, of Islington -and Devon, lived here some years later, for a -window of a room on the ground-floor was -adorned with his arms in painted glass, impaling -those of Grigg of Suffolk, and in the kitchen were -the remains of the same arms, with the date 1624. -Nelson gives an illustration of the chimney-piece<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> -in the ground-floor room; it contained the figures -of Faith, Hope, and Charity in niches, with a -border of cherubim, fruit and foliage. The -central figure—Charity—was surmounted by two -cupids supporting a crown, and beneath were a -lion and unicorn couchant. Nelson thinks that -the design was intended as a compliment to Queen -Elizabeth. On the ceiling the five senses were -represented in stucco, with their Latin names. It -is not known at what time the house was converted -into an inn; during the seventeenth century, no -doubt, for Defoe mentions it in his fictitious -narrative of the Plague.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> The south front of the -house was comparatively modern, and of different -elevation to the older part, and here appeared a -stone bas-relief of the Pied Bull, bearing the date -1730, the year perhaps in which this addition was -made to the building. In 1740 the house and -14 acres of land were let at about £70 a year; -it was pulled down in 1827. The modern public -house called the <i>Old</i> Pied Bull, at the corner of -Upper Street and Theberton Street, is about twenty -or thirty yards north of the site.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></p> - -<p>In the Guildhall Museum there is a well-executed -stone bas-relief in particularly good condition of a -Lion statant, size 8 inches by 14-1/4 inches. No -record of its origin has been preserved by the City -authorities. Can this be the lion referred to by -Leigh Hunt in ‘The Town’? His words are: -‘The only memorial remaining of the old palace -(Somerset House) and its outhouses is in the wall -of a house in the Strand, where the sign of a Lion -still survives a number of other signs, noticed in a -list at the time, and common at that period to -houses of all descriptions.’ More likely, however, -he refers to a carved lion supporting the City arms -which is still to be seen on a jeweller’s shop, -No. 342, Strand; but this is apparently of no great -age. The occupant, who has been there thirty -years, could give me no information about it. -Mr. Harrison in his ‘Memorials of London -Houses,’ says that Robert Haydon lodged here, -when as a youth of eighteen he first came to -London from Plymouth. In the seventeenth -century there was a Golden Lion by York House, -which, with other tenements pertaining to Denmark -or Somerset House, was sold in 1650 for the benefit -of the State.</p> - -<p>Perhaps a more interesting sign than either of -the above is that of the White Lion, a boldly-executed -carving with the date 1724, which is still -to be seen between the first-floor windows of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> -house, now a tobacconist’s, on the north side of -Islington High Street, but in the parish of -Clerkenwell. This was once the sign of an inn -which existed at the beginning of the seventeenth -century, if not earlier. In ‘Drunken Barnabee’s -Journal,’ the date of which is 1638, there occur -the following lines:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Thence to Islington, at Lion,<br /> -Where a juggling, I did spy one,<br /> -Nimble with his mates consorting,<br /> -Mixing cheating with his sporting.’</p> - -<p class="p1">There is a curious allusion in Pepys’ ‘Diary,’ -January 21, 1667-8: ‘It seems, on Thursday last, -he (Joyce) went sober and quiet, and behind one -of the inns, the White Lion, did throw himself -into a pond.’<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> This Anthony Joyce was cousin to -Pepys; he had lost money by the Great Fire, and -afterwards kept the Three Stags, Holborn Conduit. -He was got out of the pond before life was extinct, -but died soon afterwards. Pepys was afraid that -his estate would be taken from his widow and -children, on the ground that he had committed -suicide, the legal consequences of which might -have been forfeiture of goods and chattels to the -Crown; but the coroner’s jury returned a verdict -that he had died of a fever. A trade-token gives -the name of the landlord at the time:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> - -<p class="pi4 p1"><i>O.</i> <span class="smcap">christopher.bvsbee.at</span> = A lion passant.<br /> -<i>R.</i> <span class="smcap">whit.lion.in.islington.</span> = <span class="smcap">his.half.peny.</span> 1668.</p> - -<p class="p1">Busby’s Folly, a house of entertainment, marked -in the old maps of Clerkenwell, and of which there -is an engraving in a rare volume called ‘Views -of divers Noted Places near London,’ 1731,<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> -possibly, as Burn suggests, originated with the -issuer of this token. T. Cromwell, in his ‘History -of Clerkenwell,’ published in 1828, gives us the -following information: ‘The White Lion, now a -public-house and wine-vaults, at the south-east -corner of the street of the same name, was originally -an inn much frequented by cattle-drovers and -others connected with the trade of Smithfield. It -then comprised the two dwelling-houses adjoining, -and extended also in the opposite or northward -direction, until the latter portion was pulled down -to make an opening to White Lion Row, as it was -then called, being that part of the existing White -Lion Street which was built between 1770 and -1780. Where Mr. Becket’s shop now is was the -gateway of the inn-yard, over which a lion rampant, -executed in relief and painted white, was -inserted in the front of the building.’ Nelson -tells us that the carriage-way was immediately -under the lion, and so continued till, the trade of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> -the inn declining, the building was converted into -a private house. The White Lion, one would -think, must first have been used as a sign by some -retainer of the Howards, who, by marriage with -Lady Margaret Mowbray, inherited, as a badge, -the blanch lion of the Mowbray family.</p> - -<p>From the lion to the unicorn seems a natural -transition. A stone bas-relief of the latter animal -supporting a shield was formerly to be seen in -Cheapside, two doors east of the Chained Swan, -and opposite to Wood Street; but disappeared -some years ago, when the house to which it belonged -was rebuilt. Peter Cunningham, usually -so accurate, described it as a Nag’s Head. It -seems that Roger Harris (not Sir Roger Harrison, -as stated by Archer), who died in the year -1633, had owned the property, and by will -endowed the church of St. Michael’s, Crooked -Lane, with a rent-charge on it of £2 12s. for -the purchase of bread for the poor, which was -to be distributed every Sunday in the form of -one penny loaf for each one of twelve poor men -or widows in the parish. This amount is still -paid annually by the tenant of No. 39, Cheapside, -which stands on the site of the Unicorn; under -the present arrangement, it is administered by the -trustees of the London Parochial Charities. The -sign was of old standing. In Machyn’s ‘Diary’ -the entry for 1 May, 1561, records the fact<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> -that ‘at afternoone dyd Mastyr Godderyke’s -sune the goldsmyth go hup into hys father’s -gylding house, toke a bowe-strynge and hanged -ymselff at the syne of the Unycorne, in -Chepsyd.’<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p> - -<p>The unicorn first became a supporter of the -royal arms in James I.’s time, when it displaced the -red dragon of Wales, introduced by Henry VII. -Unicorns had been supporters of the Scottish -royal arms for about a century before the union of -the two crowns. A representation of the unicorn -often appeared in City shows. Cooke, in his -‘City Gallant,’ 1599, makes a City apprentice -exclaim: ‘By this light I doe not thinke but to -be Lord Mayor of London before I die, and have -three pageants carried before me, besides a ship -and an unicorn.’ This fabulous creature should -have the tail of a lion, the legs of a buck or goat, -the head and body of a horse, and a single twisted -horn in the middle of its forehead. It was used -as a sign by chemists and goldsmiths: by the -former, because the horn was considered an antidote -to all poisons; by the latter, on account of -the immense value put upon it. ‘Andrea Racci, -a Florentine physician, relates that it had been sold<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> -by the apothecaries at £24 per ounce, when the -current value of the same quantity of gold was -only £2 3s. 6d.’ (Larwood and Hotten, p. 160.) -The horn thus esteemed was probably narwhal’s -horn. The arms of the Apothecaries’ Company -are supported by unicorns.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-088.jpg" width="200" height="173" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-089a.jpg" width="500" height="145" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER V.</h2> - -<p class="pch">BIRDS AND OTHER SCULPTURED SIGNS.</p> - -<p class="pp6s">‘Emblems of Christ and immortality.’</p> - -<p class="drop-cap04">THE next group of sculptured signs I should -like to consider is that in which birds are represented. -Several of them clearly had an heraldic -origin; but I am not aware that this was the case -with the Crane—a pretty sign empanelled in a -delicate moulding of small cut-brick, which stood -over the entrance to Crane Court, Lambeth Hill.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-089b.jpg" width="400" height="427" id="i89" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>It is said to have been destroyed in the year 1871. -One is reminded of the Three Cranes in the Vintry,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> -not far off, mentioned by Stow, Ben Jonson, and -others, the site of which is still marked by -Three Cranes Wharf, Upper Thames Street. The -‘Annals of John Stow,’ continued by Howes, -were ‘imprynted at the Three Cranes, in the -Vintrie.’</p> - -<p>A sign of the same description was the Four -Doves, which, forty years ago, was to be seen in -front of a modern house in St. Martin’s le Grand. -Archer, who drew it, suggests that it was a rebus -on the joint owners of the property. The four -doves had the initial letters <span class="smcap">w. g. i. j.</span> Beneath -was the inscription—</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘This 4 <span class="smcap">dove</span> Ally 1670.’</p> - -<p class="pn1">Four Dove Alley is marked in Horwood’s map -a short distance south of Angel Street, King’s -Court intervening. It is now covered by the -buildings of the General Post Office.</p> - -<p>Yet another sculptured sign indicating the name -of a court was the Heathcock—in a handsome -shell canopy, which formerly graced the entrance -to Heathcock Court, Strand. It was removed in -July, 1844, in spite of the remonstrance of Mr. -Peter Cunningham, who wrongly supposed it to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> -the last sign of its class in London. Two picturesque -old houses fronting this court still remain. -A heathcock with wings expanded forms the crest -of the Coopers’ Company; but it does not appear -that they ever owned property in this neighbourhood.</p> - -<p>As late as 1866 a stone bas-relief of an Ostrich -was to be seen in Bread Street, together with the -arms of the Tallowchandlers’ Company. Soon -afterwards the house was destroyed, and the sign -disappeared for many years, till it came, by chance, -into the hands of Mr. M. Pope, F.S.A., who has -kindly presented it to the Guildhall Museum. -The beak is a modern restoration. A rough -drawing, which, however, quite serves to identify -it, appeared in the <i>Illustrated London News</i> for -December 13, 1856, when it was suggested that it -might have served as the sign of a feather-dresser. -Mrs. Palliser<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> tells us that Mattei Girolamo, captain -of the guard to Clement VII., placed on his -flag an ostrich swallowing an iron nail, with the -motto, ‘Spiritus durissima coquit,’ ‘Courage -digests the hardest things’; that is, the brave -man is not easily daunted. Sir Thomas Browne -wrote a paper on the ostrich, for the use of his -son.</p> - -<p>The Spread Eagle or ‘Eagle with two heads<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> -displayed’ was, like the Ostrich, bought by Mr. Pope -some time since, and has also been presented to the -Guildhall Museum; he wrote a description of these -signs in the ‘London and Middlesex Notebook.’ -Both signs were sold by the same person; they -had been in the possession of his family for many -years, and he believed that his father had obtained -them from the same neighbourhood in the City. -The Spread Eagle is in fair condition, though the -sinister head has been badly restored with cement. -It has on it the initials <span class="smcap">rm</span> and the date 1669. -I have no proof as to the original position of this -sign, but in the absence of fuller information one -can, I think, fairly hazard the conjecture, that -after the Great Fire it may have been put up in -Bread Street to perpetuate the memory of the -house in which John Milton, the poet, was born. -We know that his father, a scrivener, but a man -of good family, had adopted his own coat of arms -as a sign. Aubrey, a contemporary, says he had -another house in Bread Street, called the Rose. -In Masson’s Life of Milton there is a transcript -of a volume in the British Museum containing -miscellaneous notes, which relate to the affairs of -John Sanderson, a Turkey merchant, in the early -part of the seventeenth century. Among other -things there is a copy of a bond dated March 4, -160-2/3, in which Thomas Heighsham, of Bethnal -Green in Middlesex, and Richard Sparrow, citizen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> -and goldsmith of London, engage to pay Sanderson -a sum of money on May 5 following, the -payment to be made <i>at the new shop of John -Milton, scrivener, at the Spread Eagle in Bread -Street</i>. The signature of John Milton, scrivener, -is appended.</p> - -<p>Some years since there existed in Bread Street -a Black Spread Eagle Court, at the first turning -on the left hand as one entered from Cheapside, -with, as Strype tells us, a very good house at the -upper end; in several directories of the eighteenth -century it is called Spread Eagle Court. -This is considered to have been on the site of -Milton’s birthplace; the ground is now covered -by modern warehouses—Nos. 58 to 63, occupied -by one firm. The Church of All Hallows, Bread -Street, in which Milton<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> had been baptized, was -swept away in 1878. Its site is marked by a bust -of the poet with an inscription, set up in the wall -of a new building. The Spread Eagle was by no -means an uncommon London sign; to the one -in Gracechurch Street I shall presently refer. -Collet,<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> in his ‘Common-place Book,’ gives it as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> -his opinion that, ‘the eagle with two necks in the -imperial arms, and in the arms of the King of -Spain, depicted on signboards as the Spread Eagle, -signified the east and west empire, the extension -of their power from the east to the west.’ During -a great tempest at sea in January, 1506, Philip, -King of Castile and his Queen were weather -driven, and landed at Falmouth. The same storm -blew down the eagle of brass off the spire of St. -Paul’s Church in London, and in falling the same -eagle broke and shattered the black eagle that -hung for a sign in St. Paul’s Churchyard, as -related in Stow’s ‘Annals,’ p. 484.</p> - -<p>An interesting sign of the Pelican is let into -the string course above a corner first-floor window -of No. 70, Aldermanbury. It was the crest of -two merchants who formerly occupied the house. -Their monument is in the neighbouring church -of St. Mary, Aldermanbury, the inscription being -as follows:—</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Here lyeth the body of Richard Chandler,<br /> -Citizen and Haberdasher of London, Esquire,<br /> -Who departed this life November 8th, 1691, aged 85.<br /> -Also the body of John Chandler, Esqre, his brother,<br /> -Citizen and Haberdasher of London,<br /> -Who died October 14th, 1686, aged 69 years.’</p> - -<p class="p1">Above is the Pelican as a crest, corresponding -with the sign. The busts of these two worthy -citizens in flowing periwigs appear on each side<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> -of the inscription; their names are in the Little -London Directory for 1677. The church was -burnt down in the Great Fire, and rebuilt by Sir -Christopher Wren, the parishioners subscribing -liberally; Richard Chandler gave the font in 1675. -The notorious Judge Jeffreys, who died in the -Tower of London and was buried in the chapel -there, was afterwards, on petition of his family, -reinterred in the church of St. Mary, Aldermanbury. -Here also Milton was married to his -second wife, Catherine Woodcock. In 1890 the -churchyard was opened to the public as a recreation -ground.</p> - -<p>The pelican<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> in her piety, or feeding her young -with her blood, was often represented in the -Mediæval Church, being considered a mystical -emblem of Christ, and a type of the Holy -Eucharist. Several representations of it are to be -seen in St. Mary Abchurch, the living of which is -in the gift of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. -It was the device of the famous Bishop Foxe, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> -whom I have alluded in my account of the Three -Kings (<i>ante</i>); and as such appears on the woodwork -of the banqueting hall of Durham Castle, with his -usual motto, ‘Est Deo gracia;’ and on the string -course of the choir of St. Saviour’s, Southwark. -He died anno 1528. Heywood in his play of -Edward IV. (4to. 1600), mentions a pelican sign -in Lombard Street:—</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Here’s Lombard Street, and here’s the Pelican;<br /> -And here’s the Phœnix in the Pelican’s nest.’</p> - -<p class="p1">And by a curious coincidence, at the present -day there are the signs of a Pelican and a -Phœnix in Lombard Street, both belonging to -famous insurance offices. The house<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> occupied -by the latter was built for Sir Charles Asgill, -Lord Mayor in 1757.</p> - -<p>A bas-relief, similar in style to that last described, -is the Swan with collar and chain, inserted below -a second-floor window of No. 37, Cheapside, -which stands at the north-east corner of Friday<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> -Street. This is on the site of the Nag’s Head -tavern, whose projecting sign appears in a well-known -print of the procession of Mary de Medici -on a visit to her daughter, Queen Henrietta -Maria—an interesting record of the appearance of -Cheapside before the Great Fire. The sign was -almost opposite Cheapside Cross. The Nag’s -Head was the supposed scene of the consecration -of Archbishop Parker, on the accession of Queen -Elizabeth in 1559. This story is refuted in -Strype’s Life of Parker; it probably arose from a -fact mentioned by Fuller, that the commissioners -who confirmed Parker’s election (at St. Mary le -Bow Church ten days before the consecration), -afterwards dined together at the Nag’s Head -close by. The present building must have been -erected soon after the Great Fire, for a staircase, -to which there is access from Friday Street, -evidently dates from that century. Indeed, in the -Creed Collection at the British Museum (vol. xiii.) -there is a newspaper cutting said to be from the -<i>Builder</i>, but without a date, in which it is, no -doubt erroneously, asserted that the house was -there before the year 1666, and remained standing -when all around was swept away, and that inside -traces of the fire may be observed on the massive -beams. The Chained Swan is undoubtedly of -heraldic origin. Ritson says it was not customary -to use the English language at court till King<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> -Edward III. on the occasion of a celebrated -tournament, held at Canterbury in 1349, placed -on his shield the device of a white swan, with the -legend:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Hay, hay the wythe Swan,<br /> -By Gode’s soule I am thy man.’</p> - -<p class="p1">The Mandevilles, Earls of Essex, bore as their -arms, gules, a swan argent, ducally collared and -chained or, which the Bohuns, who were -descended from them, adopted; and for this -reason, no doubt, it became a badge of King -Henry IV., who was a Bohun on the mother’s -side. It is represented in the central spandrel of -the canopy of the brass in Westminster Abbey to -Eleanora de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester, who -died in 1399. From such high beginnings the -Chained Swan gradually came, as we see, to be -used as a tavern sign. Another specimen, carved -in stone, was the sign of a house in Eastcheap, not -far from the Boar’s Head. It is mentioned by -Pennant, and by J. T. Smith, but disappeared -early in this century.</p> - -<p>Here I am tempted to say a few words about -the Swan with Two Necks, because, though now -only represented by modern bas-reliefs at No. 65, -Gresham Street, and in Aldermanbury, they recall -the memory of a famous inn, and the sign is one -of the quaintest in London. The Swan with Two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> -Necks ‘at Milke Street end’ is noticed by Machyn -in his ‘Diary,’ August 5, 1556. In 1637, as we -learn from Taylor, the Water Poet, carriers from -Manchester and other places lodged at the Two-necked -Swan in Lad Lane. Towards the end of -last century it became a great coaching centre, and -continued to flourish till steam drove the coaches -off the road, when it revived in a new form. Mr. -Stanley Harris, in his amusing book, ‘Old Coaching -Days,’ says that ‘the gateway out of the yard -of the Swan with Two Necks, through which the -various coaches passed, and Milk Lane and Lad -Lane, was so narrow that it required some horsemanship -to drive out a fast team just started, and -some care on the part of the guard, that his horn -or bugle basket, which was usually hung on to the -iron of the back seat of the coach nearest the roof, -was not jammed against the gate-post. Between -four and five on an afternoon was a time worth -being in that same yard of the Swan with Two -Necks for anyone who took an interest in coaching.’ -The proprietor of this establishment was -Mr. William Chaplin, who, originally a coachman, -became, perhaps, the greatest coach proprietor that -ever lived. ‘Nimrod,’ writing about 1835, tells us -that at that time Mr. Chaplin occupied the yards -of no fewer than five famous and important inns -in London, namely the Spread Eagle and Cross -Keys, Gracechurch Street; the Swan with Two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> -Necks, Lad Lane; the White Horse, which still -exists in Fetter Lane, and the Angel, behind St. -Clement’s. He had no fewer than 1,300 horses -at work on various roads, and about that time -horsed 14 out of the 27 coaches leaving London -every night. When the railways came he bowed -to the inevitable, and, in partnership with Mr. -Horne, established the great carrying business, -which still flourishes on the site of the old Swan -with Two Necks. In 1845 Lad Lane was absorbed -by Gresham Street.</p> - -<p>The origin of the sign has been disputed, but it -is generally considered to have arisen as follows: -The swans on the upper reaches of the Thames -are owned respectively by the Crown, and the -Dyers’ and Vintners’ Companies of the City of -London, and, according to ancient custom, the -representatives of these several owners make an -expedition each year up the river and mark the -cygnets. The royal mark used to consist of five -diamonds, the dyers’ of four bars and one nick, -the vintners’ of the chevron or letter V and two -nicks. The word ‘nicks’ has been corrupted into -necks, and as the vintners were often tavern-keepers, -the Swan with Two Necks became a -common sign. The swan-marks which I have -described continued in use until the year 1878, -when the swanherds were prosecuted by the -Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> -on the ground that they inflicted unnecessary pain. -Although the prosecution failed, the marks have -since been simplified. In August, 1888, the -Queen’s swan-keeper and the officials of the Vintners’ -and Dyers’ Companies, during the process -of ‘swan-upping,’ as it is termed, captured and -nicked 343 birds, of which 178 were claimed by -her Majesty, 94 by the Vintners’, and 71 by the -Dyers’ Company. To the constable of the Tower -formerly belonged the right of ‘lifting’ all swans -which came below bridge. A swan not marked is -supposed to belong to the Crown. The earliest -extant record giving leave to the Vintners’ Company -to keep a certain number of swans on the -river is dated 1509.</p> - -<p>An inn with this sign painted in front is still to -be seen on the south side of Carter Lane; it has a -yard at the back and some remains of old galleries.</p> - -<p>Not many years ago a curious sign was placed -in front of No. 16, Church Street, formerly -Church Lane, Chelsea, having been dug up in the -small back garden which was built over a short -time previously. The material of this sign is cast -iron; it is therefore not, strictly speaking, a sculptured -sign, but may, I think, be fairly included in -the same class. The design (see <i>ante</i>, 89) is like that -of a seventeenth-century fire-back, and represents -a cock vigorously attempting to swallow a snake -which he has seized by the tail; a second snake<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> -on the ground behind him rears its head as if to -strike. Above is the date 1652. When this sign -first saw the light, Chelsea was a detached village -grouped near the old church, with fine villas of -noblemen in the immediate neighbourhood. On -the east side of Church Lane houses were continuous -from the church to the parsonage; one of -them was doubtless known as the Cock, but I have -no special information about it. A curious fact has, -however, come to light, tending to show that signs -of this description were kept in stock, and repeated -again and again. In 1874 a sign was dug up in -the foundations of Messrs. Smith, Payne, and -Smith’s Bank, No. 1, Lombard Street, which, on -comparison, I find to be similar in all respects, and, -as far as I can judge, cast from the same mould. -No. 1, Lombard Street is on the site of the east -end of the Stocks Market, cleared away in 1737 -to make room for the Mansion House. I find -from the ‘Handbook of Bankers,’ by Mr. F. G. -Hilton Price, F.S.A., that in 1734 there was a -house here with the sign of the Cock in the -occupation of Thomas Stevenson, fishmonger. -Later in the century the site was occupied by -Messrs. Harley and Co., bankers. A sign of -similar kind, perhaps really a decorated fire-back, -is to be seen at the entrance to a Cock Tavern -near Billingsgate. This appears to be considerably -older. It has been very much damaged; possibly,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> -as the owner says, in the Great Fire of -London.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-103.jpg" width="400" height="478" id="i103" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>To the genuine Londoner a more interesting -sign than either of the above is the carved wooden -figure of a cock, which is a relic of that famous -old tavern, the Cock in Fleet Street. A house so -historic needs no detailed description from me. -The sign is quite worthy of Grinling Gibbons, to -whom—but without authority—it has often been -attributed. This formerly stood over the doorway. -Some years ago it was stolen, but shortly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> -afterwards restored, and to prevent accidents it -is now kept inside<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> the house of entertainment, -on the opposite side of the street, to which, -after the destruction of his old home, the proprietor, -the late Mr. Colnett, removed. He also -with pious care preserved the quaint Jacobean -mantelpiece, which so many of us were familiar -with before it shifted its quarters. If the kind -reader wishes to refresh his memory with the sight -of these and other relics, let him pay a visit to the -new Cock, where he will find excellent fare and the -utmost attention from Paul, who comes from the -old house—a worthy successor of ‘the plump headwaiter -at the Cock,’ whom Lord Tennyson has -immortalized.</p> - -<p>A newspaper paragraph has reminded me of a -sign with a history, which I once saw in the -Minories. In the year 1719 a boy was born of -humble parentage in Whitechapel, who, as Benjamin -Kenton, vintner and philanthropist, achieved -a considerable reputation. He was educated at -the charity school of the parish, and in his fifteenth -year apprenticed to the landlord of the -Angel and Crown in Goulston Street, Whitechapel. -Having served his time, he became -waiter and drawer at the Crown and Magpie in -Aldgate High Street, not long since pulled down. -The sign was a Crown of stone and a Magpie<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> -carved in pear-tree wood, and the house was -frequented by sea captains. Kenton’s master is -said to have been among the first who possessed -the art of bottling beer for warm climates. He, -without reason, changed the sign to the Crown; -his custom fell off; he died, and the concern came -into the hands of Kenton, who restored the Magpie -to its former position, and so increased the -bottled-beer business, that in 1765 he gave up the -tavern and removed to more commodious quarters -which he built in the Minories. His monogram -is still to be seen over the door. Here he soon -developed an extensive wine trade, and having -received excellent advice as to investments from -Mr. Harley, then alderman of Portsoken Ward, -he eventually realized between a quarter and half -a million of money. He was a large benefactor -to various charities and to the Vintners’ Company, -of which he had been master in 1776. An annual -dinner in their hall takes place to his memory, the -funds being provided under his will. Members -of the company also attend an annual sermon in -memory of his benefactions at Stepney Church, -where he was buried. The wine business is still -carried on at the house built by him in the -Minories, and here the Magpie sign has found a -fitting home. The stone Crown has unfortunately -crumbled to pieces.</p> - -<p>A few sculptured signs are classed together,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> -because, though they have nothing special in -common, they cannot well be fitted in elsewhere. -I shall begin with a stone bas-relief of -an Anchor, which has found its way into the -Guildhall Museum, where it is described as -having been presented by the executors of James -Bare. It has on it the initials <span class="smcap">b h e</span> and the date -1669; no record has been kept of its original -position. The anchor—the emblem of true faith—is -associated with St. Clement, who, according -to tradition, was cast into the sea with an anchor -round his neck, by order of the Emperor Trajan, -on account of his firm adherence to Christianity. -An anchor forms the vane of the church of St. -Clement Danes, Strand; it also appears on various -parts of the church, and on the tablets which show -the boundaries of the parish—in fact, the parish -marks, one or two of which are as old as the -seventeenth century. A specimen on the house -numbered 11 on the west side of New Square, -Lincoln’s Inn, is dated 1693.</p> - -<p>Sir George Buc, writing in 1615, tells us that -‘an anchor without a stocke,’ with a capital C -couchant upon it, ‘was graven in stone, over the -gate of St. Clement’s Inn.’ A good old-fashioned -carving of an anchor was on the front of Clement’s -Inn Hall, lately destroyed.</p> - -<p>A common sign in the seventeenth century was -the Bell; but long before this it had been immortalized.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> -Chaucer, when he describes the gathering -place of his pilgrims to Canterbury, tells us that it -was ‘in Southwark, at this gentil hostelrie, that -highte, the Tabard, faste by the Belle,’ the Bell being -apparently at that time a better known inn. It was -on the west side of the Borough High Street, and still -existed when Rocque published his map in 1746. -The site is now occupied by Maidstone Buildings. -Another famous Bell Inn is recorded in the list of -expenses of Sir John Howard: ‘Nov 15, 1466. -Item my mastyr spent for his costes at the Belle -at Westemenstre iijs. viijd.’ There are still two -capital stone bas-reliefs of this sign. One I happened -by chance to observe below a second-floor -window, in a courtyard which once was attached to -the Red Lion Inn, the house in front being numbered -251, High Holborn; it has on it the -initials <span class="smcap">a t a</span> and date 1668, and is evidently not in -its original position; the date would lead one to -suppose that it comes from a house in the City.</p> - -<p>A sign of more interest, at least from its associations, -has lately found a home in the Guildhall -Museum. It is in high relief, and was formerly -placed between the first and second floor windows of -No. 67, Knightrider Street; on the keystones of the -three first-floor windows were the initials <span class="smcap">m t a</span> and -the date 1668. The house was swept away three -years ago; I know nothing about it, except that -it was a fair specimen of the plain brick buildings -commonly put up after the Great Fire. There -was, however, a hostelry with the same sign hard -by, which had a proud distinction.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-108.jpg" width="400" height="597" id="i108" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc">‘THE BELL’ IN KNIGHTRIDER STREET.</p> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p> - -<p>From the -Bell Inn, Carter Lane, Richard Quyney wrote in -1598 to his ‘loveing good ffrend and contreyman, -Mr. Will<sup>m</sup> Shackespere,’ the only letter addressed -to our greatest poet which is known to exist. It is -now preserved at Stratford-on-Avon. The Bell -is also mentioned in that quaint guide-book to -taverns, the ‘Vade Mecum for Malt-worms,’ -written, it is supposed, in 1715; and a seventeenth-century -trade-token was issued from Bell Yard, -not yet destroyed, a passage through which connects -Knightrider Street with Carter Lane. Adjoining -it, there is now a modern Bell tavern, -where Dickens is said to have often rested when -making notes for ‘David Copperfield.’</p> - -<p>That the Bell should be a common sign is -natural enough, from its connection with the -worship of the Christian Church, and the popularity -of bell-ringing in England. A gold or -silver bell was often used as a prize at horse-races; -hence the expression, to ‘bear away the bell.’ -Fine specimens of these bells were to be seen in -the Sports Exhibition, at the Grosvenor Gallery, a -few years since. One from Carlisle had on it the -date 1599, and the following distich:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘The Sweftes horse the bel to tak<br /> -For mi Lade Daker sake.’</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span></p> - -<p class="pn1">In Dudley, Lord North’s ‘Forest of Varieties,’ -p. 175, occur the following lines:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Jockey and his horse were by their masters sent,<br /> -To put in for the bell—<br /> -They are to run, and cannot miss the bell.’</p> - -<p class="p1">A sign which has disappeared and left no trace -was the bas-relief of a Bible and Crown, formerly -at the corner of Little Distaff (now Distaff) Lane, -within the precincts of St. Paul’s; it disappeared -some time after the year 1856. Larwood thinks -that this sign came into fashion among the Royalists -during the political troubles of Charles I.’s -reign. A more probable suggestion seems to -be, that forming part of the arms of Oxford -University, it indicated one of the presses licensed -to sell the Authorized Edition of the Bible. A -wooden carving of a Bible and Crown, painted -and gilt, was, till 1853, let into the string course -above a window of the house of Messrs. Rivington -and Co., in Paternoster Row. It then moved -westward to Waterloo Place, and is now in the -possession of Messrs. Longmans, whose sign was -the Ship and Black Swan, and who have absorbed -the older firm. Messrs. Rivington were originally -established in St. Paul’s Churchyard in the year -1711, when, on the death of Richard Chiswell the -elder, his house and business passed into their -hands. He has been called the ‘metropolitan<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> -bookseller of England,’ and published many important -works, of which a list is given in the -<i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i>. His sign—the Rose and -Crown—was changed by Charles Rivington, his -successor, into the Bible and Crown. Messrs. -Longmans date, it is said, from 1725.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-111.jpg" width="400" height="462" id="i111" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>On a level with the fourth-floor windows of a -shop at the corner of Canon Alley and No. 63, St. -Paul’s Churchyard, is a sculptured sign of the -Prince of Wales’s feathers, with the motto ‘Ich -Dien,’ and date 1670; being a handsome work -of art, we give it as an illustration. The -property belonged to the Dean and Chapter,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> -but is now vested in the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. -An advertisement in the <i>Kingdom’s Intelligencer</i>, -No. 11, March 10, 1661-2, shows that -there was a Feathers Tavern in St. Paul’s Churchyard. -This, however, was at the west end; a -seventeenth-century trade-token was issued from -it. The heraldic origin of the feather badge, -and its connection with Edward the Black Prince, -has been fully traced by various authorities; the -motto is usually pronounced to be low German, -or old Flemish, as well as the word ‘Houmout,’ -meaning high mood or courage, which the Prince -also wrote in a letter. His crest or badge was -sometimes three feathers, sometimes one, argent. -They are placed separately on his tomb in Canterbury -Cathedral. An ostrich feather was one of -the badges of King Edward III., and John of -Gaunt used three or one. The old belief—that this -crest was won by Edward the Black Prince from -the blind King John of Bohemia, at the battle of -Cressy, is contradicted by modern research; for -King John’s crest was not a plume of ostrich -feathers, but a vulture’s wing expanded. It has -been thought probable that the Prince assumed it -out of deference to his mother, Queen Philippa of -Hainault.</p> - -<p>The carved sign of a Helmet was to be seen, -not long since, over the entrance to Helmet Court, -which was on the south side of London Wall,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> -between Basinghall and Coleman Streets, and close -to the Armourers’ and Braziers’ Hall, in whose -arms the helmet is a charge. The date on it was -1686, with initials <span class="smcap">h m</span>. In the seventeenth century -there was a Helmet Inn not far off. Messrs. -Larwood and Hotten quote lines from Ned Ward, -who says that the trainbands, after practising in -Moorfields, long</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘For Beer from the Helmet in Bishopsgate,<br /> -And why from the Helmet? Because that sign<br /> -Makes the liquor as welcome t’ a soldier as wine.’</p> - -<p class="pn1">In 1550, a helmet was the sign of Humphrey Joy, -bookseller in St. Paul’s Churchyard.</p> - -<p>On each side of the spot where Bishopsgate once -stood, are stone bas-reliefs of mitres, with inscriptions -recording the fact. I learn that the gate was -sold by the Commissioner of City Lands, on -Wednesday, December 10, 1760, for immediate -demolition. It had been rebuilt in 1731, at the -expense of the City; when almost finished, the -arch fell down, but luckily no one was hurt. -The rooms in the ancient gatehouse were appropriated -to one of the Lord Mayor’s carvers; he -afterwards had a money allowance in lieu thereof.</p> - -<p>Another carving of a mitre surmounts a tablet, -with initials <span class="smcap">t f</span> and the date 1786, which is built -into the front of that well-known tavern, the -Goose and Gridiron, and indicates that this property -is or was attached to the See of London, or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> -that near this site stood the residence of the Bishops -of London, before the Great Fire, which destroyed -it. This mitre, by a coincidence, also suggests -the supposed former sign. Within the memory -of man, the Goose and Gridiron was a celebrated -house-of-call for coaches to Hammersmith, and -the villages west of London. Its sign, a sculptured -goose standing by a veritable gridiron, still -appears on a lamp in front. Before the Great -Fire, there was a house with the sign of the Mitre -hereabouts, perhaps on this very spot, where in the -year 1642 were to be seen, among other curiosities, -‘a choyce Egyptian with hieroglyphicks, a Rémora, -a Torpedo, the Huge Thighbone of a Giant,’ -etc., as advertised in the <i>News</i>; and again, in -1644, Robert Hubert, <i>alias</i> Forges, ‘Gent., and -sworn servant to his Majesty,’ exhibited a museum -of natural rarities. The catalogue describes them -as ‘collected by him with great industrie; and -thirty years’ travel into foreign countries; daily to -be seen at the place called the Musick-house at the -Mitre, near the west end of St. Paul’s Church.’</p> - -<p>Concerts were, no doubt, among the attractions -the house afforded, till the Great Fire in September, -1666, destroyed all. It has been suggested -that on the rebuilding of the premises, the new -tenant, to ridicule the character of the former -business, chose as his sign a goose stroking the -bars of a gridiron with her foot, and wrote below,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> -‘The Swan and Harp.’ Larwood and Hotten -think that it was a homely rendering of a charge -in the coat of arms of the Musicians’ Company. -That the Swan and Harp was an actual sign, I -learn from the <i>Little London Directory</i> of 1677, -where one is mentioned in Cheapside.</p> - -<p>At the Goose and Gridiron, Sir Christopher -Wren presided over the St. Paul’s Lodge of Freemasons -for upwards of eighteen years.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> It is said -that he presented the Lodge with three carved -mahogany candlesticks, and the trowel and mallet -which had been used in laying the first stone of -the Cathedral. In the ‘Vade Mecum for Malt-worms,’ -there is a rude drawing of the sign, and -we are told in doggerel as rude that,</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Dutch carvers from St. Paul’s adjacent dome,<br /> -Hither to whet their whistles daily come.’</p> - -<p class="p1">Also that ‘the rarities of the house are; 1, the -odd sign; 2, the pillar which supports the chimney; -3, the skittle ground upon the top of the house; -4, the watercourse running through the chimney;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> -5, the handsome maid, Hannah.’ Foote mentions -the Goose and Gridiron in his ‘Comedy of Taste.’</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-116.jpg" width="400" height="276" id="i116" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>Yet another Mitre sign exists in London, probably -far older than any of those I have described. -In Mitre Court, a narrow passage between Hatton -Garden and Ely Place, stands a comparatively -modern public-house, let into the front wall of -which is a Mitre carved in bold relief; on it is -cut or scratched the date 1546, which, however, -appears to be a modern addition. This is said to -have formed part of the town residence of the -Bishops of Ely, the remains of which, with the -ground attached to it, were conveyed to the -Crown in 1772. The site was afterwards sold to -an architect named Cole, who levelled everything -except the chapel. This last building stands hard -by, and is dedicated to St. Etheldreda. The Rev. -W. J. Loftie considers that it is the most complete -relic of the fourteenth century in London.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> -Since he wrote, however, the restorer has, alas! -been busy. In 1772 it stood in an open space of -about an acre, planted with trees and surrounded -by a wall; at that time the hall, seventy-two feet -long, and a quadrangular cloister existed. Over -the chief entrance the sculptured arms of the see, -surmounted by a mitre, were still visible, and it is -likely that this mitre was afterwards converted -into the sign I am considering. The rural -character of the neighbourhood in early days may -be judged by the records of it which have come -down to us. In 1327 Bishop Hotham purchased -a house and lands, including vineyard, kitchen-garden -and orchard contiguous to his manor of -Holborn, which, with other properties, he settled -on the church of Ely, dividing them between his -successors the Bishops, and the convent. Again, -as late as 1576, when Sir Christopher Hatton, -Queen Elizabeth’s handsome Lord Chancellor, -became tenant of part of the house and garden, -the rent was a red rose, ten loads of hay and £10 -a year; Bishop Cox, on whom the bargain was -forced by the Queen, reserving to himself and his -successors the right of walking in the gardens -and gathering twenty bushels of roses annually. -Shakespeare, too, praises the quality of the strawberries -in Ely Garden, though little more than -sixty years afterwards we have John Evelyn complaining -in his ‘Fumifugium’ that smoke is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> -‘suffering nothing in our gardens to bud, display -themselves, or ripen; so as our anemones and -many other choycest flowers, will by no industry -be made to blow in London or the precincts of it.’ -Ely Place seems to have been let by the see to -John of Gaunt, ‘time-honoured Lancaster,’ and -here in 1399 he breathed his last. The present -town residence of the Bishops of Ely, No. 37, -Dover Street, has been occupied by them since -1772. It has a mitre carved over one of the first-floor -windows; Sir Robert Taylor, R.A., was the -architect.</p> - -<p>At No. 10, Bow Churchyard a square brick -house was lately standing, which dated from -immediately after the Great Fire. The office -windows on the ground-floor, with their shutters -to match, had an air of old-fashioned quaintness. -The pediment of the doorway contained the -Royal Arms and supporters carved in wood; the -quarterings showed that they were put up in the -time of the early Georges; let into the western -part of the house, which from the arrangement of -the windows seemed to have been originally -divided into two, was a sign of spherical form, -projecting from a square stone, at the corners of -which one could with difficulty decipher the -figures 1669. In the kitchen there was a leaden -tank with initials and date, <span class="smcap">t. s.</span> 1670, supplied by -water from the New River. This house was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> -pulled down two years ago; the sign came into -the hands of the City authorities, and is now in -the Guildhall Museum, where it has been christened -the Pill.</p> - -<p>No. 10, Bow Churchyard was at the time of its -destruction occupied by Messrs. Sutton and Co., -who there carried on a very old-established business -for the sale of patent medicines, among others -that which has been known for more than two -hundred years as Elixir Salutis, or Daffey’s Elixir. -It was stated that the house had formerly been -known by the sign of the Boar’s Head, which, -together with the Royal Arms, appeared on the -bill-heads of the firm. If so, there must have -been frequent changes here, for in the early part -of the eighteenth century it seems to have been -called the Maidenhead, to judge from various -advertisements in my possession: for instance, the -following from a London journal of 1728, which -is adorned by a portrait of a typical maiden, -appropriately framed:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘At the Maidenhead, behind<br /> -Bow Church, in Cheapside, is sold for<br /> -Two shillings the Bottle, that admirable<br /> -Cordial, Daffey’s Elixir Salutis,<br /> -It has been in great Use these 50 years.’</p> - -<p class="p1">Confirming this statement there is a notice of -the medicine dating from 1673. It occurs in -Martindale’s autobiography (printed by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> -Chetham Society), where we are told of his -daughter, who seems to have fallen into a decline: -‘That which seemed to do her most good was -Elixir Salutis, for it gave her much ease (my Lord -Delamer having bestowed upon her severall -bottles that came immediately from Mr. Daffie -himselfe) and it also made her cheerful; but going -forth and getting new cold, she went fast away. -I am really perswaded that if she had taken it a -little sooner, in due quantities, and beene carefull -of herselfe, it might have saved her life. But it -was not God’s will.’</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-120.jpg" width="250" height="63" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-121.jpg" width="500" height="137" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER VI.</h2> - -<p class="pch">VARIOUS CRESTS AND COATS OF ARMS.</p> - -<p class="pp8s p1">‘Coats in heraldry,</p> -<p class="pp6">Due but to one, and crowned with one crest.’</p> -<p class="pr12 reduct"><span class="smcap">Shakespeare</span>: <i>Midsummer Night’s Dream</i>.</p> - -<p class="drop-cap00">A VAST amount of property in London is -owned by the City Companies, and houses -which belong to them are as a rule marked by their -arms or crest. These were formerly carved in stone, -and a few fine old specimens still remain, similar in -style to the ordinary sculptured house signs. Sometimes, -no doubt, a citizen put up on his own house, -as a sign, the arms of the guild of which he was a -member; and this seems to have been the case -with the stone bas-relief of Adam and Eve, which -was formerly imbedded in the front wall of -No. 52, Newgate Street, a house now rebuilt. -Eve appeared handing the fatal apple to Adam, -the tree in the centre, round its stem the serpent -twining; at the upper corners were the initials -<span class="smcap">l s</span>, below the date 1669. It represented the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> -arms of the Fruiterers’ Company, but I have not -been able to discover that the house had ever -belonged to them. At Milton next Sittingbourne, -on a public-house formerly the Fruiterers’ Arms, -now misnamed the Waterman’s Arms, is a similar -carved sign, one of the few I have found out of -London. Beneath is inscribed ‘The Fruiterers.’ -The design appears on a seventeenth-century -trade-token issued from Rosemary Lane. The -arms of the Fruiterers’ Company, as blazoned in -Hatton’s ‘New View of London’ (1708), are: -azure, on a mount in base vert, the tree of Paradise -environed with the serpent between Adam and -Eve, all proper. Motto, ‘Deus dat incrementum.’ -What Ruskin calls the ‘fig-tree angle’ of the -Doge’s Palace, Venice, is adorned by a famous -piece of sculpture representing this subject.</p> - -<p>The Elephant and Castle is the crest of the -Cutlers’ Company. A stone bas-relief representing -it is to be seen on the east side of Bell Savage -Yard, Ludgate Hill, having been placed there -nearly thirty years ago, some time after the -famous old inn was levelled with the ground. It -formerly stood over the gateway below the sign -of the Bell. In 1568 John Craythorne gave the -reversion of this inn, and after his death the house -called the Rose in Fleet Street, to the Cutlers’ -Company for ever, on condition that two exhibitions -to the Universities, and certain sums to poor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> -prisoners, should be paid to them out of the -estate. A portrait of Mrs. Craythorne hangs in -Cutlers’ Hall. In mediæval times the elephant -was commonly depicted with a castle on its back. -It was then the heraldic emblem of Rome, and -appears as such on the floor of the cathedral at -Siena.</p> - -<p>The Bell Savage Inn which came to be thus -associated with the Elephant and Castle, was one -of the oldest and most famous hostelries in -London. As long ago as 31 Henry VI. it is -described in a deed as Savage’s Inn, otherwise the -Bell on the Hoop, thus proving the origin of the -sign, which from the time of Stow to that of -Addison had caused so many ingenious but faulty -surmises. Here plays were performed, and Bankes -showed his wonderful horse Marocco. Lambarde, -in his ‘Perambulation of Kent,’<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> tells us that -‘none who go to Paris Garden, the Bel Savage, -or Theatre, to behold bear-baiting, interludes, or -fence-play, can account of any pleasant spectacle, -unless they first pay one penny at the gate, another -at the entry of the scaffold, and a third for a quiet -standing.’ It was ‘upon a stall’ over against the -Bell Savage gate that Sir Thomas Wyat ‘stayd -and rested him awhile,’ when foiled in his ill-advised -rebellion; as related by Howe, the continuator -of Stow’s ‘Annals.’ And Grinling<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> -Gibbons once occupied a house in the yard, where, -as Horace Walpole says, ‘he carved a pot of flowers -which shook surprisingly with the motion of the -coaches that passed by.’ I have a quaint little -book in Hudibrastic rhyme, ‘The delights of the -Bottle, or the Compleat Vintner,’ attributed to Ned -Ward. The third edition is ‘printed for Sam. -Briscoe at the Bell-Savage on Ludgate-Hill, 1721.’</p> - -<p>The Cutlers’, though not one of the twelve -great City Companies, is still of considerable -importance, and as early as the 49th year of -Edward III. is said to have elected two of the -Common Council; its first charter dated from -the time of Henry V. A good sculptured specimen -of the arms is to be seen on the front of a -house in Houndsditch, at the corner of Cutler -Street. They were granted by Thomas Holme. -Clarencieux in 1476, and have been blazoned -thus: gules—three pair of swords, in saltier, -argent, pommelled and hilted or, viz., two pair -in chief and one in base. The crest should have -by rights pennons displayed from the castle; it -was granted by Robert Cook, Clarencieux. Supporters; -two elephants or; motto: ‘Pour parvenir -a bonne foy.’ The carving referred to above was -put up in the year 1734 to mark property -belonging to the Company, as may be gathered -from the tablet on the west front of the same -house, which is inscribed ‘<span class="smcap">cuttlers’ street</span>, 1734.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>’ -The hall of the Cutlers’ Company, rebuilt after -the Great Fire in Cloak Lane, Cannon Street, was -destroyed for the Inner Circle Railway. A new -hall has lately been erected in Warwick Lane.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-125.jpg" width="400" height="310" id="i125" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>Another heraldic charge of a City Company is -the Leopard, a carving of which was formerly let -into the front of a house in Budge Row, No. 28. It -was rebuilt about twelve years ago, when the sign -was placed in the passage of the new structure. -The owner has kindly allowed a sketch to be -taken, which is here reproduced. I believe that -the property at one time belonged to the Skinners’ -Company, having been part of a bequest of John -Draper, in 1496. The Leopard, though not supported -by a wreath, therefore represents their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> -crest. The word ‘budge,’ whence Budge Row -takes its name, formerly signified the dressed -skin or fur of lamb, and would seem to indicate -that furriers carried on their business in this -quarter, near to the Hall of the Skinners’ Company, -which was devoted to the protection of their craft. -In 1338, and again in 1358, the City authorities -ordered that women of inferior rank should not -be arrayed in budge or wool.</p> - -<p>One of the commonest London sculptured signs -is that of the Maiden’s Head, which indicates -property belonging to the Mercers’ Company. I -will mention one which is to be seen above the -first-floor window of No. 6, Ironmonger Lane, -with the date 1668, as it is the only specimen of -any antiquity known to me which is dated, and -being somewhat more florid in treatment than -usual, it is characteristic of the time at which it -was put up. The arms of the company, granted -in 1568 and confirmed in 1634, are: gules, a -demi-virgin, with her hair dishevelled, crowned, -issuing out of and within an orle of clouds, -all proper. One may presume from the date -that they were chosen in honour of Queen Elizabeth. -Strype says: ‘When any of this company -is chosen mayor, or makes one of the triumph -of the day, wherein he goes to Westminster to -be sworn, a most beautiful virgin is carried through -the streets in a chariot, with all the glory and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> -majesty possible, with her hair all dishevelled -about her shoulders, to represent the maidenhead -which the company give for their arms, and this -lady is plentifully gratified for her pains, besides -the gift of all the rich attire she wears.’ The -Maiden’s Head also appears on the arms of the -Pinners’ Company, with the motto, ‘Virginitas et -unitas nostra æternitas.’ It was assumed as a -badge of the Parr family, previous to the marriage -of Catherine Parr with Henry VIII. They derived -it from the family of Ros of Kendal.</p> - -<p>The Mercers’ Company is very ancient; it was -incorporated in the year 1393 (17 Rich. II.);<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> -but long before that the mercers had been associated -voluntarily for purposes of mutual aid and -comfort. They came to light first as a fraternity in -the time of Henry II., for Gilbert à Becket, father -of St. Thomas of Canterbury, is said to have been -a mercer; and in 1192, Agnes de Helles, sister -of St. Thomas, and her husband Thomas Fitz-Theobald -de Helles, in founding the hospital of -St. Thomas of Acon, which is distinctly stated to -have been built on the spot where the future -archbishop was born, constituted the fraternity of -mercers patrons of the hospital. The present -Mercers’ Hall, in Cheapside, is built on part of -this site. It was only by degrees that the merchant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> -adventurers became detached from the mercers. -The last link between the two companies was -severed as late as the year 1666, when the Great -Fire destroyed the office held by the Merchant-Adventurers -under Mercers’ Hall. The Haberdashers’ -Company was a branch of the Mercers’, -which broke off from them in the time of -Henry VI. The word ‘mercer’ would seem to -imply merchant only, being derived, through the -French ‘mercier,’ from the Latin word ‘mercator.’ -It is probable that those who were called mercers -dealt at first in most commodities, except food and -the precious metals. Herbert, however, considers -that in ancient times ‘mercer’ was the name for a -man who dealt in small wares; and that ‘merceries -then comprehended all things sold retail by -the little balance, in contradistinction to things sold -by the beam, or in gross, and included not only toys, -together with haberdashery and various other articles -connected with dress, but also spices and drugs; -in short, what at present constitutes the stock of -a general country shopkeeper.’ He goes on to -say that the silk trade, which in later ages formed -the main feature of the mercers’ business, is stated -in the Act of 33 Henry VI., c. 5, to have been -carried on by ‘the silkwomen and throwsteres of -London,’ who, in petitioning for that Act, pray -that the Lombards and other strangers may be -hindered from importing wrought silk into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> -realm, contrary to custom, and to the ruin of the -mystery and occupation of silk-making and other -virtuous female occupations.</p> - -<p>The mercers were not the first incorporated -company; in this the goldsmiths, skinners, and -merchant tailors may claim precedence; they, -however, have long ranked the first, as exemplified -in the following stanzas from a song addressed to -Sir John Peakes, mercer (who was elected Lord -Mayor in 1686), after a dinner given in his -honour:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Advance the Virgin, lead the van,</p> -<p class="pp7">Of all that are in London free,</p> -<p class="pp6">The Mercer is the foremost man</p> -<p class="pp7">That founded a society.</p> -<p class="pp8"><i>Cho.</i> Of all the trades that London grace,</p> -<p class="pp10">We are the first in time and place.</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘When Nature in perfection was,</p> -<p class="pp7">And virgin beauty in her prime,</p> -<p class="pp6">The Mercer gave the nymph a gloss,</p> -<p class="pp7">And made e’en beauty more sublime.</p> -<p class="pp8"><i>Cho.</i> In this above our brethren blest,</p> -<p class="pp10">The Virgin’s since our coat and crest.’</p> - -<p class="p1">More or less analogous to the arms of the City -companies are the arms of the Inns of Court and -Chancery. The interesting and highly picturesque -gatehouse of Lincoln’s Inn, facing Chancery Lane, -has on it the date 1518, and three shields. That -in the centre represents the royal arms of England; -to the spectator’s right are the arms of Sir Thomas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> -Lovell, K.G., who was son of the executor of -King Henry VII., had been reader to the Society -of Lincoln’s Inn, and gave most of the money -required for building the gatehouse.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> To the left -are the arms of Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, -namely, or, a lion rampant purp., placed there -by the builder; which reminds one of the historic -fact that Lincoln’s Inn stands on the site of the -Earl’s mansion and grounds, once possessed, in part -at least, by the Black or Preaching Friars. Here -he had a fine garden—so productive that, besides -supplying his table, it yielded, says Mr. Hudson -Turner,<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> apples, pears, large nuts, and cherries, -sufficient to produce by their sale in one year -(24 Edward I.) ‘the sum of £9 2s. 3d. in money -of that time, equal to about £135 of modern -currency.’ The Earl of Lincoln died without -male issue in 1312, but bequeathed his name to -the property, which passed into legal hands. His -arms are still retained by the honourable society,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> -though it has been said that Sir James Lea at one -time proposed another device.</p> - -<p>The Winged Horse, or Pegasus, representing the -arms of the Society of the Inner Temple, ornaments -the well-known gatehouse in Fleet Street, which -dates from 1607, and has in front the feathers of -Henry, Prince of Wales, eldest son of James I. A -little west is the gatehouse to the Middle Temple, -built in 1684, from the designs of Sir Christopher -Wren. It has sculptured on it, the Lamb and -Flag, or Agnus Dei:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘As by the Templars’ haunts you go,</p> -<p class="pp7">The Horse and Lamb display’d</p> -<p class="pp6">In emblematic figures show</p> -<p class="pp7">The merits of their trade;</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘That clients may infer from thence</p> -<p class="pp7">How just is their profession,</p> -<p class="pp6">The lamb sets forth their innocence,</p> -<p class="pp7">The horse their expedition.’</p> - - -<p class="p1">The Winged Horse is supposed by some to be a -corruption of the ancient seal of two Knights -Templars riding on one horse, indicative of their -original poverty; for here they had their headquarters -in England ‘till they decayed through -pride.’ The two designs, however, resemble each -other to a very slight extent, and in point of fact -have no connection. It seems that in the fifth -year of Queen Elizabeth’s reign the Society of -the Inner Temple adopted, as a heraldic charge,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> -the Pegasus with the motto ‘Volat ad æthera -virtus,’ at the suggestion of Gerard Leigh, one of -its Benchers, a pedantic student of heraldry, the -idea being that the knowledge which might be -gained at this seat of learning would raise its -possessor to the highest pinnacle of fame. Sir -George Buc,<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> master of the revels, appears to be -responsible for the lamb and flag. He tells us -that in 1615, more than fifty years after the -adoption of the Pegasus by the twin society, -the authorities of the Middle Temple had neither -arms nor seal, and to supply the want he suggested -either ‘two armed knights riding upon one horse, -or a field argent charged with a cross gules, and -on the nombril thereof a Holy Lamb;’ the first -having been, as I have said, the ancient seal of the -Knights Templars, and the second what they appear -to have assumed later, when they became prosperous. -This at least is Sir George Buc’s statement, -on the authority of an illuminated manuscript -containing the statutes of their order, which -belonged to Lord William Howard of Naworth. -Mr. Barrington thought that the Holy Lamb, as -a representation of Christ, should be encircled by -a nimbus. To confirm this view and to prove -that the Templars did use the device, he gives a -quotation from Blomefield’s MS. collections for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> -Cambridgeshire, wherein the Holy Lamb, with its -nimbus and banner, appears on the seal of a deed -dated 1273, by which Guido de Foresta, ‘magister -militiæ Templi in Anglia et fratres ejusdem -militiæ,’ leased out certain lands in Pampesworth, -Cambridgeshire, the rent to be paid, ‘domino -Templi,’ at Dunworth of the same county. Round -the seal is the following inscription, ‘<span class="large"><span class="cross">✠</span></span> <span class="smcap">sigillvm -templi</span>.’ From the fact that Sir George Buc -suggested to the Society of the Middle Temple -the two devices which had been used by the -Templars, it is evident that the Pegasus, already -adopted by the Inner Temple, was not considered -in his time to have any connection with the original -seal of the Knights Templars.</p> - -<p>The fourth of the great Inns of Court—Gray’s -Inn—derived its name from the noble family of -the Greys of Wilton, having been originally their -dwelling, just as Lincoln’s Inn had been the -dwelling of an Earl of Lincoln, and several of the -Inns of Chancery were originally the homes of -other well-known personages. The society seems -first to have used the arms of the Grey family; -afterwards they adopted the Griffin’s Head<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> as their -device, and it still adorns the pillars of the gateway -from Field Court into those delightful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> -gardens which were first planted, it is thought, -under the direction of no less a man than Francis -Bacon. Once they were the resort of fine ladies, -but fashion has long since deserted them. The -trees, however, are still fine, the aspect of the -place ‘reverend and law-abiding.’ Here there is, -or was, a rookery, which has given pleasure to -generations of Londoners. Early last summer -(1892) the Benchers, anxious to utilize so eligible -a site, erected a corrugated iron structure some 90 -feet long, at the south-west corner of the gardens. -They have tried to make it look beautiful by -partly covering it with trellis-work, and by having -the wooden roof painted tile colour. The rooks, -however, showed their resentment by flying off in -a body, and it remains a question whether they will -again make the gardens their permanent home; -for now I hear that this erection, which has the -negative merit of being easily removable, is to -be replaced by a chapel ‘in the Elizabethan or late -Tudor style,’ the windows to be fitted—or misfitted—with -glass from the present chapel, which -will be turned to secular use. A little more than -a century ago Gray’s Inn was quite on the outskirts -of London,<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> ‘with an uninterrupted prospect -of the neighbouring fields as far as Highgate and -Hampstead.’</p> - -<p>Centuries before the Great Fire, carved shields<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> -of arms were doubtless common in London on -public buildings and the houses of great people, as -decorations, and as guides to the unlettered class, -which then formed a vast majority of the population. -Sometimes—at any rate, in the earlier days—these -arms were not carved in stone, but painted -and hung out, as we learn from the evidence -of the poet Chaucer<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> in the Scrope and Grosvenor -dispute, which also gives us an interesting glimpse -of the early history of one of our noble families. -He says that, in walking up Friday Street, he once -saw a sign hung out with ‘arms painted and put -there by a knight of the County of Chester, called -Sir Robert Grosvenor’; and that was the first -time he ever heard of Sir Robert Grosvenor, -or his ancestors, or anyone bearing the name of -Grosvenor.</p> - -<p>The first armorial shield to which I shall refer -under this heading is from a public building, -and though comparatively modern it should be -specially interesting to all citizens of London. I -allude to the Royal Arms<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a>—a well-executed piece -of sculpture—which is used as the sign of a public-house<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> -rebuilt quite recently, on the south side of -Newcomen Street, late King Street, Southwark. -This was taken from the gatehouse at the Southwark -end of old London Bridge, which was pulled down -in 1760, in consequence of an Act of Parliament -passed four years previously, for the destruction of -the buildings on London Bridge and the widening -of the roadway.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-136.jpg" width="400" height="476" id="i136" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>King Street was then being made -from High Street to Snow Fields, through the -former Axe and Bottle Yard, and these arms,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> -having been bought by Mr. Williams, a stonemason -who was employed in the construction of -King Street, were placed by him more or less in -their present position. In a view of the bridgegate -engraved for Noorthouck’s ‘History of -London’ (p. 543), the arms appear with the inscription, -<span class="smcap">g ii r</span>, afterwards changed to <span class="smcap">g iii</span>, as -we now see it.</p> - -<p>There are still a few carved shields of arms in -London, dating from the sixteenth and seventeenth -centuries, which marked the property of private -individuals. Until quite recently the district -known as Cloth Fair and Bartholomew Close, in -the immediate neighbourhood of the Church of St. -Bartholomew the Great, was distinguished by its air -of picturesque antiquity. Some quaint old houses -still remain; on one of them—No. 22, Cloth Fair—is -to be seen a relic which carries us back almost -to the time of the dissolution of the monasteries. -This is the armorial shield of Richard Rich, who -was made a peer in 1547; or more likely, perhaps, -of one of his immediate descendants. It is surmounted -by a coronet, and has been blazoned -thus: gules, a chevron between three crosses -botonnée or.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> The founder of the Rich family -was a mercer in the City, and Sheriff in the year<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> -1442; it was his great-grandson Richard who, -<i>temp.</i> Henry VIII., became Solicitor-General, -Speaker of the House of Commons, and who -took so scandalous a part in the trial and conviction -of Sir Thomas More. In 1544 the site of -St. Bartholomew’s Priory was granted by the King -to his favourite, there described as Sir Richard -Rich, knight, in consideration of the sum of -£1,064 11s. 3d., as appears from the original -deed; and here he is said to have lived in the -Prior’s mansion as Lord Chancellor. The tolls of -the fair<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> were also granted to him. It was provided -that the church within the Great Close -was to be a parish church for ever, and vacant -ground adjoining it on the west side, 87 feet in -length by 60 feet in breadth, where the destroyed -nave had stood, was to be taken for a churchyard, -the site of the fair being no longer used as a -burial-ground.</p> - -<p>Sir Richard Rich was made a baron in 1547. -Queen Mary revoked the grant in his favour, and -placed here a convent of Preaching Friars, who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> -under Father Person began to rebuild the nave -of the church, but they were turned out when -Elizabeth came to the throne, and the following -year there was a fresh grant to the purchaser, by -the title of Richard Lord Rich, and his heirs, ‘in -free socage.’ The monastery with its precincts -had been enclosed by a wall which contained, -besides the numerous monastic offices, a large -garden and court, fifty-one tenements, a mulberry -garden (one of the first planted in this country), -and the famous churchyard wherein had been -held, since the time of Henry I., the great annual -gathering for clothiers and drapers. This began -to fall off, as a cloth fair,<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> towards the end of the -sixteenth century, but continued to be more or -less of a London carnival, and in some sort -lingered on as late as the year 1855. The first -Lord Rich died in 1560; during his lifetime -little building seems to have taken place, for in -Ralph Aggas’s map, which is considered to be -of about this date, the space north of the church -has no houses upon it, and the priory wall abutting -on Long Lane still exists. Very soon, however, -the land was turned to more profitable account, and -we find Stow<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> writing at the end of the century:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> -‘Now notwithstanding all proclamations of the -prince, and also the Act of Parliament, in place of -booths within this churchyard (only let out in the -fair time, and closed up all the year after), be many -large houses built, and the north wall towards -Long Lane taken down, a number of tenements -are there erected for such as will give great rents.’ -The houses in the street now called Cloth Fair -probably followed the old line of booths. The -first Lord Rich’s grandson Robert, who made -such an ill-assorted marriage with Lady Penelope -Devereux, Sidney’s ‘Stella,’ was raised to the dignity -of Earl of Warwick in 1618. His second son -Henry was created Baron Kensington and Earl of -Holland. The titles were merged in the next -generation, and became extinct in the year 1759, -when the tolls of the fair descended to the -Edwardes family, cousins of the Riches, in whose -favour the Kensington title was revived. Lord -Kensington sold these tolls to the Corporation of -London in 1839.</p> - -<p>Before we quit this quaint neighbourhood let -us peep into the venerable Church of St. Bartholomew -the Great. What an idea it gives one -of the splendour of the old priory church, of -which it formed but a part, little more than -the choir remaining! Much ‘restoration’ is in -progress here, and it is difficult at a glance to -distinguish between the genuine Norman work<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> -and the ingenious nineteenth-century Norman -which has lately been added. Fortunately the -fine perpendicular oriel on the south side of the -triforium has so far escaped intact. It was probably -inserted by Prior Bolton (who died in 1532), -and has on it, carved in stone, expressive of his -name, a tun pierced by a bird-bolt, or arrow. -The rebus occurs again on the spandrel of a -Tudor doorway which leads into the modern -vestry. This Prior seems to have taken pleasure -in building, and in seeing his name thus perpetuated.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> -He reconstructed the manor-house of -Canonbury, Islington, north of the parish church, -which had been given to the convent by Ralph de -Berners, and as early as the year 1253 is enumerated -among his possessions. Here is also to -be found the Prior’s rebus, on a doorway inside -No. 6, Canonbury Place, which, with No. 7, is -now used for a girls’ school. It also formerly -appeared cut in stone on two parts of the wall -originally connected with the old brick tower, -which is so picturesque and so full of interesting -associations.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span></p> - -<p>It is, however, generally thought that the -tower, as we see it, was built under the direction -of Sir John Spencer, the wealthy merchant, afterwards -the purchaser of Crosby Hall, who bought -this place from Thomas Lord Wentworth in -1570. Eleven years afterwards Queen Elizabeth -visited him here, and towards the end of the -century he made great alterations in the building. -Two of the rooms attached to Canonbury Tower -are finely panelled from floor to ceiling; the -very handsome carved chimney-piece in the upper -room bears the arms of Sir John Spencer. -Canonbury House is now occupied by a Constitutional -Club. Parts of the building have been -modernized of late years, but the panelled rooms -are still much in their original state. The pretty -strip of garden at the back contains fruit-trees -which Goldsmith may have seen, when he lodged -here in the summer of 1767.</p> - -<p>We must not forget that the original building -occupied a considerable part of Canonbury Place. -We have evidence of this in Prior Bolton’s rebus -at No. 6; and traces of Sir John Spencer’s work -are to be seen in this and the adjoining houses, -where there are no less than five richly-stuccoed -ceilings, two of them with the date 1599. Here -also, inside the entrance, are the arms<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> of Sir<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> -Walter Dennys, carved in oak. They were formerly -over a fireplace, and when moved to their -present position, many years ago, the following -inscription was placed underneath:</p> - -<p class="pbq p1">‘These were the arms of Sir Walter Dennys of Gloucestershire, -who was made a Knight by bathing at the creation of -Arthur, Prince of Wales in Nov. 1489, and died Sept. 1, -21 Henry VII., and was buried at the church of Olviston in -Gloucestershire. He married Margaret, daughter of Sir -Rich Weston, Knt., to which family Canonbury House formerly -belonged. The carving is therefore 280 years old.’</p> - -<p class="p1">The latter part of the inscription is clearly erroneous, -as the manor-house was not in lay hands till -after the dissolution. Mr. Nelson thought that -these arms were placed here by some descendant of -the Dennys or Weston family, who might afterwards -have lived at Canonbury—perhaps one of -the Comptons, Joan, a daughter of Sir Walter, -having married into that family. The Comptons -did not come into possession till 1610, when William, -the second lord, succeeded Sir John Spencer, -having married Elizabeth, his daughter and sole -heiress. I need hardly say that they were the -direct ancestors of the present Marquis of Northampton, -who still owns the property.</p> - -<p>A famous galleried inn, the Old Bell,<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> Holborn,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> -now almost unique of its kind, has, imbedded in the -front, the sculptured arms of Fowler of Islington, -namely, azure, on a chevron argent, between -three herons or, as many crosses formée gules. -They are surmounted by an esquire’s helmet, with -a crest, which seems to be an eagle’s head with -a sprig of some sort in its beak. The first man -of this family who made any mark was Thomas -Fowler, lord of the manor of Bernersbury<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> or -Barnsbury, Islington, in 1548. From him descended -Sir Thomas Fowler, knight, Deputy Lieutenant of -the county of Middlesex, and apparently one of the -jurors at the trial of Sir Walter Raleigh, at Winchester, -in 1603. If the tradition of Sir Walter’s -residence at Islington is true, they must have lived -within a stone’s throw of each other at one time.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> -Before being knighted, Thomas Fowler had married -Jane, daughter of Gregory Charlet, citizen and -tallow-chandler, who bore him two sons. His -second wife, to whom he was married at St. James’s -Church, Clerkenwell, on March 17, 1604, was -Mary, widow of Sir John Spencer, of Althorp—not -to be confused with his neighbour the rich -merchant of Crosby Place and Canonbury, who -lived on till 1609. His elder son, also Thomas, -was made a baronet, but the title died out with -him in 1656.</p> - -<p>The Fowlers dwelt in a house in Cross Street, -Islington, a little beyond the church, which still -existed a generation ago. The ceiling of a room -on the first-floor was decorated with the arms and -initials of Queen Elizabeth, also the initials <span class="smcap">f t i</span>. At -the end of the garden, which had been of considerable -extent, there was a small brick building,<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> -intended, perhaps, for a summer-house or porter’s -lodge. It had on the west side, cut in stone, the -Fowler arms, bearing an esquire’s helmet, apparently -similar in all respects to those I have -described, except that no mention is made of a -crest. In another part of the building were the -arms of Sir Thomas Fowler the younger, with his -initials and the date 1655. They were distinguished -by having an escutcheon charged with a sinister<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> -hand, couped at the wrist—the arms of Ulster -and ensign of baronetcy. It is curious that the -daughter and heiress of this Sir Thomas Fowler -married a Fisher, to whom descended the manor of -Barnsbury, and that the first Fowler who settled -in Islington had married a Herne or Heron. The -arms of that family appeared in a window of the -old house in Cross Street.</p> - -<p>When visiting the Guildhall Museum, not long -since, I was reminded of another Islington family, -not distinguished, but still perhaps worthy of -mention. A stone tablet, said to be from an old -house in Upper Street, Islington, has on it the -inscription: <span class="smcap"><sub>n</sub><sup>r</sup><sub>i</sub> rvffords bvildings</span> 1688, -and a similar inscription is still to be seen on -No. 1a, Compton Street, Clerkenwell. The fact -is, there were two groups of houses thus named, -both of which were built by Captain Nicholas -Rufford, who was churchwarden at Islington in -1690, and died in 1711, aged seventy-one. Nelson -mentions inscriptions to him and several of his -family in the churchyard. In the Islington -Rufford’s Buildings Dr. W. Berriman lived for -some years. He was a famous divine, and became -Fellow of Eton College. His death took place in -1749-50.</p> - -<p>Some pages back, in my description of the sign -of the Two Negroes’ Heads, I had occasion to -allude to Clare Market. Before that neighbourhood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> -is quite transformed, I should like to say a few -words about it and its connection with the Holles -family. An old coat of arms and an old inscription -will serve as pegs on which to hang my story. -In Seymour’s ‘Survey,’ 1754 (written by John -Mottley), we are told that Clement’s Inn<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a>—the -fancied scene of Shallow’s exploits—descended to -the Earls of Clare from their ancestor Sir William -Holles, or Hollis—as he spells it—Lord Mayor -of London in 1539. The name of John, Baron -Holles of Houghton, appears as a parishioner of -St. Clement Danes in the rate-book for the year -1617. In 1624 he was created Earl of Clare. -There seems to have been no concealment about -the fact that his titles were bought: the first, -obtained through the influence of the Duke of -Buckingham, had cost him no less a sum than -£10,000; for the second he is said to have paid -an additional £5,000. It is curious that this latter -dignity had some years before been refused to -Robert Rich, afterwards created Earl of Warwick, -who had set his heart on it (and is said to have also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> -paid money for his earldom), the Crown lawyers -having solemnly declared that it was a title peculiar -to the Royal Family, and not to be borne by a subject. -The princely mansion of John Holles,<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> -second Earl, was at the end of Clare Court, or -Clare House Court, on the east side of Drury -Lane, next to Blackmore Street. In Hatton’s -time (1708) it had been turned into tenements. -This second Earl founded Clare Market,<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> which -stands, or stood, on what was previously called -Clement’s Inn Fields. License had already been -granted by Charles I. to Thomas York in 1640, -and to the antiquary Gervase Holles<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> in 1642, -to make streets and to erect houses on this -property. One of the provisions in the Act<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> -passed in 1657, ‘for the Preventing of the -Multiplicity of Buildings in and about the -Suburbs of London,’ expressly states that John, -Earl of Clare, having erected several new buildings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> -and improved the property, ‘from henceforth for -ever hereafter, on every Tuesday, Thursday, and -Saturday, in every week, there shall be a common -open and free market, held in Clement’s Inn Fields -aforesaid, where the said buildings useful for a -market are erected, and in the places near unto -adjoining, and to enjoy all liberties, customs and -emoluments incident usually and of right belonging -and appertaining to markets.’ It seems, from -the ‘Harleian Miscellany,’ that the City authorities -at one time began a lawsuit laying claim to this -property, but they failed in their attempt. The -market was at first usually called the New -Market.</p> - -<p>The streets in this neighbourhood are several -of them named after the family of the former -possessors: as Clare Street, where, on Saturdays, -there is still something like a market; Denzell -Street, Holles Street, Houghton Street, Vere Street, -and Gilbert Street and Passage. On a squalid house -at the corner of this narrow opening, and facing the -space lately cleared in what was the market, I have -observed with interest a fine stone bas-relief of the -Holles arms, surmounted by an earl’s coronet, -namely, ermine, two piles in point sable, and -the motto ‘Spes audaces adjuvat,’ the supporters -being a lion and that nondescript beast, a -heraldic tiger, which is supposed to have a -dragon’s head. The date beneath is 1659, showing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> -that they were put up for John Holles, second -Earl of Clare, no doubt on a building in the -market-place. Another curious relic is to be -seen let into the wall of a public-house called the -Royal Yacht, at the corner of Denzell Street and -Stanhope Street. This is a stone tablet, the inscription -on which is here given, and which speaks -for itself.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-150.jpg" width="350" height="391" id="i150" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>It was erected by Gilbert, third Earl, in memory -of his father’s second brother Denzil—‘a man of -great courage and of as great pride,’ says Clarendon, -who, during the early troubles between -Charles I. and his Parliament, took a leading part -on the popular side. On March 2, 1629, when -the Speaker was about to adjourn the House in -obedience to the King’s order, Denzil Holles -helped to keep him in the chair by force, for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> -which conduct he, with five other members, was -committed to the Tower and fined 1,000 marks. -After many vicissitudes Holles welcomed the restoration -of Charles II., was created a peer, and sent -as Ambassador to Paris, where his pugnacity and -his ignorance of the French language<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> were alike -remarkable. Mr. Wheatley tells us that in 1644 -he had been living in Covent Garden, under the -name of Colonel Holles; in 1666, and after, he -was in a house at the west corner of the north -piazza, which Sir Kenelm Digby had previously -occupied.</p> - -<p>The Holles family became extinct in the male -line on the death of John, fourth Earl of Clare, -who had married Lady Margaret Cavendish, a -great heiress, and was created Duke of Newcastle. -This nobleman, one of the richest -subjects in the kingdom, died in 1711, from -the effects of a fall while hunting at Welbeck, -leaving an only daughter, from whom is descended -the present Duke of Portland. Some years before -his death, namely, in May, 1705, still clinging to -the neighbourhood with which his family had been -so long connected, the last Holles in the male line -bought from the Marquis of Powis, for the large -sum of £7,000, the house at the north-west angle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> -of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, now numbered 66 and 67, -which touches Great Queen Street, and is still -known as Powis or Newcastle House. The Duke -left the greater part of his possessions, including -this house, to his nephew, Thomas Pelham, the -well-known political leader in the time of -George II., who took the name of Holles, and was -also created Duke of Newcastle. Here he lived -and intrigued, and this was the scene of his levees, -so graphically described by Lord Chesterfield. If -those silent walls could speak, they might tell us -many strange tales.</p> - -<p>Newcastle House had been built in 1686 by -Captain William Winde, or Wynne, as Campbell -calls him in the ‘Vitruvius Britannicus’—a pupil -of Gerbier, and perhaps also of Webb, who was in -his turn a pupil of Inigo Jones. The structure -has unfortunately been much altered for the -worse since an engraving of it was made for -Strype’s Stow (edition of 1754). It replaced an -older house which had been burnt to the ground -on October 26, 1684, the family escaping with -difficulty. William Herbert, first Marquis and -titular Duke of Powis, for whom the house was -built, suffered severely owing to his attachment to -the cause of James II. He accompanied the King -into exile, his estates were, in part at any rate, confiscated, -and he died at St. Germains in 1696. In -some way this house escaped the general wreck;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> -perhaps it was alienated for a few years. Strype -says that ‘it was sometime the seat of Sir John -Somers, late Lord Chancellor of England’; and -Pennant adds, ‘It is said that Government had it -once in contemplation to have bought and settled -it officially on the great seal. At that time it was -inhabited by the Lord Keeper, Sir Nathan Wright.’ -Whatever the circumstances may have been, it -came into the hands of the second Marquis, who -before its sale to the Duke of Newcastle had -already built himself another house<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> in Great -Ormond Street, on the site of which is Powis -Place.</p> - -<p>The west side of Lincoln’s Inn Fields shows -interesting specimens of architecture. Lindsey -House, though much altered, is an undoubted -work of Inigo Jones. It was built probably about -the year 1640, for Robert Bertie, first Earl of -Lindsey, who died a hero’s death at the battle of -Edgehill. The fourth Earl having been created -Duke of Ancaster, it was for a time called -Ancaster House. Hatton, in 1708, describes it as -‘a handsome building of the Ionic order, and (in -front a) strong beautiful court-gate, consisting of six -fine, spacious brick piers, with curious ironwork<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> -between them, and on the piers are placed very -large and beautiful vases.’ The stone facade is now -plastered and painted, the entrance door widened, -the house divided into two. Inside, a graceful -mantelpiece and an alcove evidently belong to the -last century. Mr. Alfred Marks, in a valuable -note on the house, ascribes these architectural -features to Ware, who was a great admirer of Inigo -Jones, and in 1743 published some of his designs. -The alcove is adorned by a coat of arms belonging -to the Shiffner family, a member of which, as -appears from the <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i>, resided in -Lincoln’s Inn Fields in the year 1759.</p> - -<p>South of Lindsey House, there are other buildings -which were probably designed by Inigo Jones. -From the house which is over the archway leading -into Sardinia Street, one may trace the Rose and -Fleur-de-lys of Charles I. and his Queen on the -pilasters. They are now mostly plastered and -painted, but it may be remarked that in the extreme -south-west corner of the Fields, behind other -more modern structures, stands a house the upper -part of which is outside in its original condition. -It is of red brick, the bases, bands and capitals of -the pilasters and the architraves being of stone, and -it has, like the others, the rose and fleur-de-lys in -relief. But the best-preserved specimen, externally, -of work of this character now existing in London -is the harmonious red-brick building on the south<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> -side of Great Queen Street, hard by, which was -either designed by Inigo Jones or by Webb under -his influence. Let those who wish to study its -fine proportions and pleasant details lose no time, -for an ominous board has appeared in front, and -much I fear that its days are numbered. Can -nothing be done to save it? Mr. Wheatley says -that Thomas Hudson, the portrait-painter (Reynolds’s -master), lived in this house, which is now -divided and numbered 55 and 56. It had almost -certainly been occupied by Sir Godfrey Kneller.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-155.jpg" width="200" height="194" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-156.jpg" width="500" height="140" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER VII.</h2> - -<p class="pch">MISCELLANEOUS SIGNS, DATES, AND INSCRIPTIONS, -ETC.</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Many things of worthy memory.’</p> - -<p class="pr12 reduct"><span class="smcap">Shakespeare</span>: <i>Taming of the Shrew</i>.</p> - -<p class="drop-cap00">I SHALL close my account with a few miscellaneous -signs and inscriptions which I -could not appropriately fit in elsewhere. Several -eminent banking firms carefully preserve the signs -which were used by them before their houses were -numbered; but they have been so ably described -by Mr. Hilton Price and others, that little more -need be said. The Marygold is in the front -shop of Messrs. Child and Co.’s premises, Fleet -Street; it is of oak, the ground stained green, -with a sun and a gilt border: the motto underneath -is, ‘Ainsi mon âme.’ The Three Squirrels of -Messrs. Gosling are worked in iron and attached -to the bars which protect their central window, -and the original sign of copper is preserved in the -front office. From Mr. Price I learn that as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> -early as the year 1684, and perhaps earlier, James -Chambers kept a goldsmith’s shop at the Three -Squirrels over against St. Dunstan’s Church, Fleet -Street; and it is a curious fact that one family of -Chambers bears the three squirrels in its arms. -Hoare’s Golden Bottle hangs over the doorway of -their banking-house. Sir Richard Colt Hoare -thought it was a barrel sign adopted by James -Hore, of Cheapside, because his father, Ralph, was -a member of the Coopers’ Company. More likely, -however, it was a sign of the same description as -the Black Jack and the Leathern Bottle, of which -a genuine specimen from the corner of Charles -Street, Leather Lane, has lately found its way into -the Guildhall Museum. Unfortunately, the Grasshopper—the -old sign of Messrs. Martin and Co., in -Lombard Street—has not been preserved. It was -the crest of Sir Thomas Gresham, who is believed -to have here carried on his business. A most -interesting history of the house has lately been -written by Mr. J. B. Martin, one of the -partners. A quaint and charming sign is the -little carved figure of a naval officer taking an -observation—the Wooden Midshipman of Dombey -and Son. He may still be seen in the Minories, -having migrated from Leadenhall Street some -years ago. Not long since the owners sent him -for change of air to the Naval Exhibition. The -figure and its associations form the subject of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> -capital paper by Mr. J. Ashby-Sterry in <i>All the -Year Round</i> for October 29, 1881.</p> - -<p>At the corner of Charlotte Street and the Blackfriars -Road there is a figure of a dog overturning -a three-legged iron pot, in its eagerness to get at -the contents; this is the sign of a wholesale ironmonger’s -establishment said to date from 1783. -The Dog’s Head in the Pot, as it is called, seems, -of late years at any rate, to have been usually -adopted by members of this trade, because the -vessel represented is of iron. The sign is said to -indicate a dirty, slovenly housewife. Larwood and -Hotten mention a coarse woodcut of the beginning -of last century (to judge from the costumes, copied -from an older original) which represents two old -women in a disorderly room or kitchen. One of -them wipes a plate with the bushy tail of a large -dog whose head is buried in a pot. Under it are -the lines:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘All sluts behold, take view of me,<br /> -Your own good husbandry to see.’</p> - -<p class="p1">A Dutch saying, to anyone late for dinner, is -that he will find the dog in the pot; in other -words, that the remains of the dinner have been -handed over to the dog to finish.</p> - -<p>The Dog’s Head in the Pot is a very old -London sign, being mentioned in a tract from -the press of Wynkyn de Worde called ‘Cocke<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> -Lorell’s Bote.’ The person who dwelt at this -sign was therein described as ‘Annys Angry with -the croked buttock—by her crafte a breche maker.’ -A later notice occurs in the will (dated September 3, -1563) of Thomas Johnson, citizen and haberdasher, -of London, who gave £13 4s. annually to the highways -between Barkway and Dog’s Head in the -Pot, otherwise called ‘Horemayd,’ probably a -house of entertainment in the parish of Great or -Little Hormead, in Hertfordshire, by the side of -the road from Barkway to London. At a house -in Westgate Street, Gloucester, some beautifully -carved Tudor panels have lately come to light. -One of them has on it a dog or leopard eating out -of a three-legged pot. A seventeenth-century -trade-token, issued from Red Cross Street, and -another from Old Street, St. Luke’s, have the device -of the Dog’s Head in the Pot.</p> - -<p>A medallion in plaster or terra-cotta, which -looked as if it might have been copied from a -classical coin, was till lately to be seen on the gable -of a little fishmonger’s shop in Cheyne Walk. -This, though a humble specimen of its class, belonged -to a style of decoration once common. I -have before me a view, dated 1792, of a house on -Tower Hill with similar medallions. Sometimes -the heads of Roman Emperors were thus placed, -sometimes the cardinal virtues or other emblematic -figures. In the third edition of Stow, by Anthony<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> -Munday, occurs the following passage, descriptive -of Aldgate: ‘The old ruinous Gate being taken -downe, and order provided for a new foundation, -divers very ancient peeces of Romane coyne were -found among the stones and rubbish, which, as Mr. -Martin Bond (a Worshipful Citizen, and one of the -Surveyors of the worke) told me, two of them -(according to their true forme and figure) he caused -to be carved on stone, and fixed on eyther side of -the Gates Arch without, eastward.’ These coins -were of the Emperors Trajan and Diocletian. -Martin Bond laid the foundation-stone of the new -gate in 1607. The little house in Cheyne Walk was -formerly a freehold with the right of pasturage on -Chelsea Common; it was pulled down in October, -1892. I have drawn it for the frontispiece of this -volume; the lower part appears in a delightful -etching by Whistler, called ‘The Fish-shop.’</p> - -<p>One of the most interesting signs in existence -belongs to my friend Mr. F. Manley Sims. It does -not, however, strictly belong to London, having -been brought from Poole some years ago; its earlier -history has yet to be discovered. This is a doctor’s -signboard, excellently carved, with figures in high -relief. It is divided into compartments: in the -centre—more important than the rest—is the -doctor himself, in Jacobean costume, his potions -ranged on shelves behind him; around, in seven -compartments, are represented various operations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> -of surgery; and below, in relief, appear the words -from Ecclesiasticus, ‘Altissimus creavit de terra -medicynam et vir prudens non abhorebit illam.’ -Anno Domini 1623. There are traces of paint -and gilding; the whole is enclosed within an ornamental -border, and has a highly decorative effect.</p> - -<p>Somewhat akin to the sculptured street signs -are the tablets on which are inscribed the names -of the streets, and often the dates of their building -or completion. They have historical value where, -as is not unfrequently the case, they record a name -now in danger of being forgotten, and some of -them are designed with a good deal of taste. So -many of these tablets remain that I shall not -attempt a list, but shall only mention a few -good examples. One of the oldest is in Great -Chapel Street, Westminster, and is inscribed: -‘This is Chappeil Street, 1656.’</p> - -<p>The following are instances of the inscriptions, -which may help us to make out the history of the -streets. On a corner house at the east side of -Dering Street (late Union Street), Oxford Street, -is a stone inscribed, ‘Sheffield Street, 1721.’ -Curiously enough, in Horwood’s Map of 1799, -and in another issued in 1800, the name is given -as Shepherd Street, so that here we have four -changes in 170 years. On a modern house at the -south-east corner of Danvers Street, Cheyne Walk, -much of which is now cleared away, there is a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> -stone, supported by brackets, with a pediment -which tells us that ‘This is Danvers Street, begun -in y<sup>e</sup> year 1696 by Benjamin Stallwood.’ Danvers -House, hard by, was not pulled down till 1716. -May’s Buildings, on the east side of St. Martin’s -Lane, have the name, and date 1739. Mr. J. T. -Smith, in ‘Nollekens and his Times,’ tells us that -they were built by Mr. May, who ornamented the -front of No. 43, St. Martin’s Lane, a few doors off, -where he resided. His house is still there; it has -pretty cut brick pilasters, and a cornice, and is now -used as a restaurant. The archway which leads into -Sardinia Street, under one of the old houses on the -west side of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, is inscribed above -the keystone on each side, ‘Duke Streete, 1648.’ -This street was renamed in 1878, after the chapel -there, once belonging to the Sardinian minister, -which was demolished in the riots of June 2, 1780, -but shortly afterwards rebuilt, and is now known -as the chapel of SS. Anselm and Cecilia. Here -Fanny Burney was married, in 1793, to General -D’Arblay. A stone tablet, which has on it ‘Nassau -Street in Whettens Buildings, 1734,’ is still to -be seen at the south-west corner of Nassau Street. -In Strype’s Map of 1720 the ground here, facing -Gerrard Street, is occupied by a large mansion with -a garden at the back, Nassau Street not being yet -made.</p> - -<p>Some of these tablets are well designed; a very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> -nice example, though not an early one, is placed -above the first-floor of No. 16, Great James Street, -Bedford Row. It is an irregular convex shield, -surrounded by elaborate scroll-work of a style not -uncommon about the time of its erection, namely, -in 1721. As a typical specimen it has been drawn -for this work. James Street, Haymarket, is also -marked by a stone with ornamental border, above -a first-floor window of what is left of the old -Tennis Court, which is said to have been connected -with the noted Gaming House and Shaver’s Hall.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-163.jpg" width="400" height="265" id="i163" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>The date on it—namely, 1673, indicates, I suppose, -the year in which the street was built or finished; -Shaver’s Hall existed some time previously. The -Tennis Court ceased to be used in 1866, to the -regret of many. In the year 1887 the upper part -was rebuilt; but from the tablet downwards the -original walls, though stuccoed over, remain. -Mr. Julian Marshall says that in this court Charles -and the Duke of York used frequently to play their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> -favourite game, and that the house, No. 17, at the -south-western corner of James’s Street and the -Haymarket, is said to have been that through -which the royal brothers used to pass, on their -way to the Tennis Court.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> It does not, however, -appear that there was any contemporary evidence -connecting them with it.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-164.jpg" width="350" height="505" id="i164" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>In the region called Mount Pleasant, Gray’s Inn -Lane, not far from the new thoroughfare Rosebery -Avenue, there are two or three tablets of a -different kind. Near the west end, between Nos. 55 -and 56, is a plain square stone, with ‘<span class="smcap">dorrington -street</span> 1720’ incised in Roman capitals. This -stone is in a brick frame, with moulded hood,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> -and projects from the frame about an inch and a -half. Further east, on No. 41, nearly opposite the -site of the prison, are two more tablets; one, -similar to that just described, has ‘<span class="smcap">baynes street</span>, -1737.’ Over this is a far more elaborate example -of cut or moulded brick, with a pediment. It has -the inscription ‘<span class="smcap">in god is all our trust</span>,’ and -below some marks or signs in relief (one of which -appears to be a T-square), with the date 1737. -The motto is similar to that of the Brewers’ -Company, and of the Tylers’ and Bricklayers’ -Company; with the latter I should think that the -builder or first possessor may have had some connection.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-165.jpg" width="350" height="349" id="i165" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>This last, being a house and not a street -tablet, reminds me that there are scattered about -here and there on the fronts of houses, initials -and dates which by judicious treatment are made -quite decorative. One of the prettiest was a -little cut brick tablet on an old house—No. 164, -Union Street, Southwark—lately destroyed, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> -had on it beneath a pediment the initials <span class="smcap">w. h.</span> in -monogram, and the date 1701. Again, in Walbrook, -on the west side, is a tablet merely dated 1668, with -well-designed brackets and cornice. On a modern -house—No. 4, Tothill Street, Westminster—called -in 1885 the Cock, now the Aquarium Tavern, -there is a stone on which are cut the date 1671, -a heart-shaped mark, and the initials <span class="smcap">e. t. a.</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-166.jpg" width="350" height="618" id="i166" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>In 1850, when Peter Cunningham wrote his handbook, -the old house was yet standing; in it Thomas -Southerne, the poet, had lodged, as pointed out -by Mr. Hutton in his ‘Literary Landmarks of -London.’ The heart has puzzled me; a similar -mark was formerly on a house in Peter Street, -Westminster. Can it have been a parish mark? -An undoubted device of this kind appears on a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> -house at the corner of West Street and Upper St. -Martin’s Lane, and consists of two ragged staves -crossed, with the date 1691, and the initials <span class="smcap">s. g. f.</span>, -which indicate the parish of St. Giles’s in the -Fields. A mark of the parish of St. Bride’s, dated -1670, is in Robin Hood Court, Shoe Lane. At -the corner of Artillery Street, Bishopsgate Without, -and Sandys Row, soon to be improved away, there is -a flat stone having fastened on it a piece of iron, -shaped like a broad arrow, and below the date -1682. Is this a parish mark, or can it have been -connected in any way with the old artillery -ground—the Tassel Close of an earlier time, when -crossbow-makers used here to shoot at the popinjay? -In Strype’s time ‘divers worthy citizens’ -still frequented it for martial exercise. Of greater -historic interest are the monogram of Henry VIII., -the Tudor portcullis, and other devices carved on -the spandrels of the arches which are under the -gatehouse of St. James’s Palace.</p> - -<p>A general description of the painted signboards -of London has formed no part of the -scheme of this book, because much has already -been written on the subject, and it would -be too extensive to treat satisfactorily in the -limited space at my command. It may, however, -be useful to note a few signs of this -kind still <i>in situ</i>. The Running Footman, of -which there are two specimens in Hays Mews,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> -Charles Street, Berkeley Square, is particularly -interesting on account of the costume, and because -it is a record of the days when carriages moved at -little more than a foot’s pace,<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> and there were no -police to regulate the traffic. It is supposed to -date from about 1770. Such a servant as this -would be singularly out of place in modern London; -but in the East, retainers of the same kind, who run -in front and clear the way, still naturally form part -of a great man’s equipage. The Goat in Boots is -to be seen in the Fulham Road in front of a public-house -lately rebuilt. To Le Blond—a Flemish -painter, who lived at Chelsea—was attributed the -original design, which seems to have been painted -or repainted by Morland. Since then, however, it -has been daubed over again and again. Some ingenious -person has conjectured that the sign originated -from a corruption of the Dutch words: ‘der -Goden Bode’ (the messenger of the Gods), said to -have been applied to Mercury, and to have been -formerly used on houses in Holland, to denote that -post-horses were to be obtained; but this seems -improbable, as the house in old deeds is called<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> -the Goat. At the Ben Jonson tavern in Shoe -Lane a curious old wooden panel is preserved, -which bears on its two sides what are supposed -to be portraits of ‘rare Ben’; as it is nailed against -the wall, one side only is now visible. The person -portrayed is a lean hungry-looking man, the very -reverse of the poet; it seems likely, nevertheless, -that this was the old signboard. A more ambitious -effort is the full-length portrait of the Duke -of Cumberland—the hero of Culloden—which -is on a public-house at the corner of Bryanston -Street and Great Cumberland Place, built about -1774. It is affixed to the wall in accordance with -the law passed a short time previously. One is -reminded of a letter by Horace Walpole to -Conway, dated April 16, 1747, in which he thus -moralizes: ‘I observed how the Duke of Cumberland’s -head had succeeded, almost universally, to -Admiral Vernon’s, as his head had left few traces -of the Duke of Ormonde’s. I pondered these -things in my heart, and said unto myself all glory -is but a sign.’ Now that Hatchett’s Hotel in -Piccadilly has passed away, it is worth while to -record that over the bar of the Restaurant on this -site (rebuilt 1886) was to be seen the old painted -signboard of a white horse with flowing mane and -tail, and the inscription, ‘The New White Horse -Cellars, Abraham Hatchett.’ Last year, owing to -further alterations, this was removed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span></p> - -<p>The signs I have referred to are comparatively -well known, but that of the Coach and Horses—No. -49, St. John’s Square, Clerkenwell—has, I -think, hitherto escaped observation. This is a -large picture representing a lioness attacking one -of the leaders of a mail-coach; a yokel with -a pitchfork, and a dog, advance intrepidly to the -rescue. In the background is a wayside inn, in -front a pond. The event depicted actually took -place on October 20, 1816, and is described in -‘Cassell’s Popular Natural History,’ vol. ii., p. 119. -It seems that the Exeter mail-coach was on its -way to London, and the driver had pulled up at -Winter’s-Low-Hut, seven miles from Salisbury, -to deliver the bags, when one of his leaders was -suddenly attacked by a ferocious animal, which -proved to be a lioness. A large mastiff came to -the rescue, but when she charged him he fled, and -was pursued and killed about forty yards from -where the coach was standing. It turned out -that the lioness had escaped from a menagerie -which was on its way to Salisbury Fair. She was -eventually driven into a granary, carrying the -dead mastiff in her teeth, and there secured by her -keepers. A picture of this strange attack was -long exhibited at the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly; -of this picture I imagine the sign to be a copy, it -seems too well done to have been painted expressly -for the public-house to which it belongs. In the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> -course of 1889 a curious sign, the Whistling -Oyster, disappeared from No. 13, Vinegar Yard, -on the south side of Drury Lane Theatre. Here -were formerly oyster and refreshment rooms, and -it seems that about 1840 Mr. Pearkes, the then -proprietor, discovered among his stock an eccentric -bivalve, which actually did produce a sort of -whistling sound; much custom for a time and many -jokes resulting therefrom. In an early volume of -<i>Punch</i> there is a fancy portrait of the whistling oyster.</p> - -<p>In the course of this work I have several times -alluded to the Guildhall Museum, beneath the -Guildhall Library, which is not known as it -deserves. It contains not only sculptured signs, -but a very valuable collection of objects of artistic -and antiquarian interest, most of them from various -parts of the city. The only drawbacks are that -the crypt or room in which they are placed, being -half underground, is very imperfectly lighted, -and that the collection has not hitherto been -catalogued. This latter defect will, however, -I understand, be shortly remedied. Before descending -let us glance at the statues which flank -the entrance to the Guildhall Library and Museum -from King Street. They are from the old College -of Physicians in Warwick Lane—one of Wren’s -buildings—some remains of which still exist, incorporated -in the premises at the back of No. 1, Newgate -Street. These statues represent King Charles II. and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> -Sir John Cutler, a rich merchant whose avarice, -handed down by Pope<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> and others, has become immortal. -It seems that in 1675 Sir John—a near -relation of Dr. Whistler, the president—expressed -a wish to subscribe towards the rebuilding of the -College of Physicians, which had been destroyed in -the Great Fire, having previously stood at Amen -Corner. When a deputation attended to thank -him, he renewed his promise, and specified the -part of the building for which he intended to pay. -The theatre accordingly bore on its front towards -Warwick Lane the inscription, ‘Theatrum Cutlerianum.’ -In the year 1680 statues in honour of -the king and the knight were voted by members -of the college. A certain amount of money must -have been furnished, and some years afterwards -Cutler advanced them more; but after his death -his executors, in 1699, claimed the whole with -interest, the money pretended to be given, and -that actually given, being alike set down as a loan -in Cutler’s books. The demand was compromised -for £2,000. The statue remained, but the college -wisely obliterated the inscription which, in the -warmth of its gratitude, it had placed beneath the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> -figure: ‘Omnis Cutleri cedat labor amphitheatro.’ -Pennant<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> is responsible for the above account, perhaps -overcoloured, which he gave on the authority of -Dr. Richard Warren. Strype speaks of Sir John as a -great benefactor to the college; he had no doubt given -largely to the Grocers’ Company, of which he was -warden, and a portrait of him is in their possession.</p> - -<p>I will now ask my readers to come with me to -the Museum, which well repays a visit. I understand -that the nucleus of it was formed in 1829, -when various antiquities, discovered in digging the -foundations of the then new Post Office in St. -Martin’s-le-Grand, the new London Bridge, and -in the destruction of the Guildhall Chapel, were -brought together; but it has only of late years -become important. I have already described the -sculptured signs which here find a home; let me -now briefly call attention to other objects which -seem to me especially interesting. There is an -article on them in the <i>City Press</i> for September 5, -1891, to which I am indebted for several useful -hints. The accumulation of earth and débris in -the City is so great, that the present town is raised -many feet above Roman London. Now that -excavations for new buildings are carried down -much deeper than formerly, valuable objects are -not unfrequently brought to light. The Roman<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> -antiquities in the Museum are many and important; -of these perhaps the most striking is a large -piece of tessellated pavement from Bucklersbury, -in almost perfect condition. It was found no less -than 19 feet below the level of the roadway, on -which account it is thought to be an early relic of -the Roman occupation. One of the good deeds -of the much-abused Metropolitan Board of Works -was the gift of this piece of pavement to the -Corporation. In the course of excavations in the -City no less than three bastions of the original -wall have been discovered. The foundations of -these were formed by masses of statuary, inscriptions, -and other débris of earlier Roman buildings. -A fine specimen is the statue of a Roman soldier, -found at the bastion in Camomile Street a few -years since. Then there is a sculptured lion -fiercely attacking another animal, and many similar -remains of equal or greater interest; to describe -them all in the briefest way would fill a chapter. -About one other relic of the Roman occupation -I shall say a few words, because it appears -to be an almost unique instance of a joke, written -by a Roman with his own hand. This is a tile -found in the Roman wall during the excavations -for Cutler’s Hall in Warwick Square. On it are -the following words, evidently incised when it was -still soft: ‘Austalis, Dibusu vagatur sib cotidem,’ -which was thus translated by the late Mr. Charles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> -Roach Smith: ‘Austalis wanders off (from his -work) by himself to the Gods every day.’ The -sentence is thought to apply to a workman who -was in the habit of absenting himself at odd -intervals, for purposes of prayer maybe—or more -likely of refreshment, and to have been written by -a fellow workman.</p> - -<p>Of later objects, the various specimens of -mediæval skates are worth mentioning. Each -one is fashioned out of the tibia of a horse. They -have been found from time to time in the neighbourhood -of Moorfields, and well exemplify the -description written by Fitzstephen in the twelfth -century, wherein he tells us that ‘when the fen or -moor which watereth the walls of the City on the -north side, is frozen, many young men play upon -the ice—some tie bones to their feet, and shoving -themselves by a little picked staff, do slide as -quickly as a bird flieth through the air, or an -arrow out of a crossbow.’ Interesting also are -the flat caps of burgesses, considered to be of the -time of Henry VII., which were found in Finsbury, -May, 1887, and exhibited to the members of the -British Archæological Association by Mr. J. W. -Bailey. They resemble the flatter kind of Scotch -caps, or the Basque caps, and have a peculiar little -flap behind. Gold coins were discovered in the -double rims of these caps, kept there for safety, -no doubt; one of them an angel, of the time of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> -Richard II. Then there is a fine collection of -Elizabethan graybeard jugs or bellarmines, the -grotesque heads on them being caricatured from -the cardinal of that name, who so strongly opposed -the reformed religion. Among larger objects, a -splendid fireplace from the old mansion in Lime -Street which belonged to the Fishmongers’ Company, -and on which Messrs. G. H. Birch and R. -Phené Spiers drew up such a valuable monograph -at the time of its destruction. An old stone -conduit from South Molton Street is worth a -glance. It has on it the City arms and the date -1627, and was found six feet below the pavement. -There is interest of a kind, too, in the inscription -from Pudding Lane, affixed in 1681 by overzealous -Protestants to the house of Farryner, the -King’s baker, where the Great Fire of London -first began. This inscription was taken down in -the reign of James II., replaced in that of William -III., and finally removed about the middle of last -century. It was found in the cellar and brought -here when the house (latterly numbered 25) was -pulled down in 1876.</p> - -<p>A few signs not sculptured are, I think, worth -alluding to. One of the quaintest is composed of -blue and yellow Dutch tiles, and was doubtless -once fixed near the entrance of a coffee-house, but -unfortunately no record of it has been preserved. -It is about twenty inches high, and represents a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> -boy with long hair, in seventeenth-century costume, -somewhat like that of the modern Bluecoat boys. -He is standing, and pouring out coffee; by his -side is a table, with appliances for drinking, and -tobacco pipes, and above, on a scroll, the words -‘<span class="smcap">dish of coffee boy</span>.’ A sign of this kind in -remarkable preservation, and finely executed, is -the Cock and Bottle—three to four feet high, and -worked in blue and white Dutch tiles with an -ornamental border—which came from Cannon -Street. The date of this sign is said to be about -1700; the house to which it belonged formerly -stood on the south side, and was pulled down in -1853, at the time of the Cannon Street alterations. -A public-house (Nos. 94 and 96), still called the -Cock and Bottle, occupies the site. A sign of -a Dolphin which belongs to the earlier part of -the eighteenth century was in 1890 presented by -Messrs. Burrup, so long pleasantly connected with -the Surrey Cricket Club. It is painted on copper, -and comes from a shop on the south side of the -old Royal Exchange, where an ancestor of the -Burrup family was first established in 1730. A -unique relic is the little plate of metal, inscribed -as follows:</p> - -<p class="pbq p1">‘Abraham Bartlett, who makes ye boulting mills and -cloathes, dwells at the sign of the boulting mill at Thames -Street, near Queenhith, London, 1678.’</p> - -<p class="p1">It is surmounted by a grotesque head, and fixed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> -on a thin piece of wood with a ring for hanging it -up. The boulting-mill was used for sifting meal -by shaking it backwards and forwards, boulting-cloth -being a material of loose texture for the meal -to pass through. Of doubtful origin is a classically -designed figure of a boy in low relief, with foliated -border, and the date 1633; the material of this is -cast iron. Another curious relic is a wooden -statuette of Time, with scythe and hour-glass, -which formerly belonged to the clock in the -church of St. Giles, Cripplegate. The inscription -tells us that it was presented by the churchwardens, -who in my opinion ought never to have -removed it from the church for which it had -been carved, where it was far more appropriately -placed than it can possibly be here; though of -course one is glad that it is preserved.</p> - -<p>Last, not least, a very interesting stone bas-relief -of doubtful origin, which purports to represent -Whittington and his cat, was bequeathed -by the Rev. Canon Lysons. The figure in -question is doubtless that of a boy carrying a little -quadruped in his arms. The tablet to which it -belongs seems to have been broken off on the -side to the spectator’s left, and therefore probably -formed part of a larger piece of sculpture. This -relic, which at a first glance seems to resemble a -sculptured house-sign, was exhibited some years -ago at a meeting of the Archæological Institute.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span> -Mr. Lysons stated on that occasion that it was -dug up in Westgate Street, Gloucester. From a -rent-roll of 1460, he had learned that in the said -year Richard ‘Whitynton,’ lord of the manor of -Staunton, possessed a house or houses, called -‘Rotten Row, or Asschowellys-place’; and from -a lease it appeared that the house, in the foundations -of which the stone was found, stands -exactly on the site of Asschowellys (in modern -orthography Ashwell’s) Place. The Richard Whittington -here alluded to was great-nephew of the -renowned Lord Mayor of London, living contemporaneously -with his famous namesake, the -rent-roll above named having been made within -thirty-seven years of Sir Richard’s death. This is -certainly a very singular coincidence, and if it -could be proved that the tablet in question -represented Whittington and his cat, we might -consider that the tradition about him, which has -delighted the childhood of so many thousands, -was really founded on fact. Mr. Lysons was -strongly of that opinion; he stated, however, that -the house in Westgate Street, under which the -tablet was found, besides being on the site of Ashwell’s -Place, is also on the site of a Roman temple—and -perhaps most impartial observers will be -inclined to think that the costume of the figure, and -the general style of the tablet in question, point -rather to indifferent Roman than to fifteenth-century -work.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-180.jpg" width="500" height="140" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER VIII.</h2> - -<p class="pch">A FEW SUBURBAN SPAS.</p> - -<p class="pp6s">‘Of either sex whole droves together<br /> -To see and to be seen flock thither,<br /> -To drink and not to drink the water,<br /> -And here promiscuously to chatter.’</p> -<p class="pr12 reduct"><i>Islington Wells or the Threepenny Academy</i>, 1691.</p> - -<p class="drop-cap04">IN connection with sculptured signs, and again -when alluding to the arms of the Fowler -family, and to Canonbury, I have had occasion to -describe houses in Islington. I shall now take up -the thread of my discourse, from the White Lion -on the west side of the High Street, and ask the -kind reader to explore with me the sites of some -of the old places of entertainment nearer London. -A short distance further south is the Angel, rebuilt -in 1819. This was one of the picturesque old -galleried inns which have now become almost -extinct. Close at hand, on the opposite side of -the way, is the old Red Lion tavern, very much -rejuvenated; it puts forward a bold claim to date -from the year 1415. On the gables are shields,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span> -apparently modern, with lions in relief. Seventy or -eighty years ago this house stood almost alone on -the high-road. Here Tom Paine was said to have -written his ‘Rights of Man,’ and the tradition is -that Goldsmith, Thomson, nay even the great -Dr. Johnson, visited it. In the middle distance of -Hogarth’s picture of ‘Evening,’ there is a house, -supposed to be the old Red Lion, which shows -how rural were its then surroundings. The scene -is laid in front of the Myddleton’s Head—also -at that time apparently a country wayside inn, -which, says Pinks, had been built in 1614. A -portrait of the worthy founder of the New River -Company projects by way of sign from the gable. -This house stood on the south side of Sadler’s -Wells Theatre, from which it was separated by -the New River. Malcolm has recorded that in -1803 it was still picturesque. He says: ‘A few -paces northwards (from Islington Spa) conduct the -passenger under a portrait of Sir Hugh Myddleton -(tolerably well painted), who faces his river -adorned with tall poplars, graceful willows, sloping -banks, and flowers.’ How changed is now the -scene! The trees have long since perished as -utterly as the anglers,<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> ‘the noble swans’ and -water-fowl, of an earlier time; and Sir Hugh<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span> -would no longer face his once pleasant stream, -which in its old age has disappeared from sight, -and taken refuge under ground. In 1831 the -Sir Hugh Myddleton tavern replaced the former -house of entertainment. This, in its turn, has -now ceased to exist, having been pulled down, with -other houses in Myddleton Place, to make room for -the new thoroughfare<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> from the Angel, Islington, -to Holborn Town Hall, opened July 9, 1892, -under the name of Rosebery Avenue.</p> - -<p>One of the leading characteristics of London -citizens of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries -was their taste for frequenting public gardens -and houses of amusement in the suburbs. Many -of these were originally health-resorts—‘spas’ or -‘wells,’ they were called, from the springs of -mineral water which had formed the chief attraction. -In such places the northern suburbs abounded, and -the parish of Clerkenwell<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> might be considered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span> -their headquarters. At a time when travelling -was toilsome and costly, sometimes even dangerous, -it was useful to have a little Buxton or Harrogate -close at hand. To supply the demand, some enterprising -person discovered a spring with rare healing -powers; some doctor wrote it up, and the place -became, for a time at least, fashionable. Such a -spa in St. George’s Fields I have already described. -Let me say a few words about others equally interesting, -in the neighbourhood in which we now -find ourselves.</p> - -<p>Not far from the site of the Myddleton’s Head, -on the north side of the New River, no longer -visible, and close to the New River Head, stands -Sadler’s Wells Theatre, built on the site of one of -these places of health-resort. It seems that some -time before 1683, a certain Mr. Sadler, said to have -been a surveyor of highways, had put up a wooden -building hereabouts, which was known as Sadler’s -Music-house. In that year his servants, when -digging in the garden for gravel, were reported -to have discovered a mineral spring, and in 1684 -a pamphlet was published by a doctor named -Thomas Guidot, puffing the curative powers of -the water. He speaks of five or six hundred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> -patients being there every morning, and assures -us that the spring had merely been rediscovered: -‘The priests belonging to the Priory of Clarkenwell, -using to attend there, making the people -believe that the virtues of the waters proceeded -from the efficacy of their prayers.’ ‘These superstitions,’ -he adds, ‘were the occasion of its being -arched over and concealed at the time of the -Reformation.’</p> - -<p>In spite of this fine puff, the waters, apparently, -soon ceased to attract, though they continued to -be sold in Sadler’s name for some time, as shown by -an advertisement of June, 1697.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> In 1699 the -building was advertised as Miles’s Musick-house. -The place had then become known as a resort for -very disorderly characters. Miles was succeeded -by Francis Forcer, whose father, a musician, seems -to have lived on the spot.</p> - -<p>The son, said to have been an Oxford man, introduced -the diversions of tumbling, and rope-dancing -with the pranks of Harlequin and Scaramouch. -He died in 1743, and in the following year the -establishment was being carried on by one John -Warren, when it was presented by a Middlesex -Grand Jury as a place of ‘great extravagance,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span> -luxury, idleness, and ill-fame.’ Soon afterwards -it got into the hands of Mr. Rosoman,<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> who -in 1765 pulled down Sadler’s wooden erection, -and built a regular theatre on the site.</p> - -<p>Towards the end of last century Sadler’s Wells -was still some distance from London, and the roads -were by no means safe. George Daniel, in his -‘Merrie England,’ says: ‘It is curious to read at -the bottom of the old bills and advertisements -the following alarming announcements, “A horse -patrol will be sent in the New Road that night, -for the protection of the nobility and gentry who -go from the squares and that end of the town; -the road also towards the city will be properly -guarded.” Again, “June, 1783.—Patroles of -horse and foot are stationed from Sadler’s Wells -gate along the New Road to Tottenham Court -Turnpike; likewise from the City Road to Moorfields; -also to St. John Street, and across the Spa -fields to Rosoman Row, from the hours of eight to -eleven.”’ On Easter Monday, April 2, 1804, a -new sort of entertainment called ‘Naumachia’ -was produced at Sadler’s Wells. An immense -tank had been constructed under the stage and -beyond it, which could be filled by water from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> -New River, and emptied at pleasure. On this -aquatic stage, the boards being removed, was given -a mimic representation of the Siege of Gibraltar, -in which real vessels of considerable size bombarded -the fortress, but were subdued by the -garrison and to all appearance burnt.<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> After -a time the success of the novelty was prodigious, -and many pieces of the same kind were afterwards -produced. This theatre was distinguished a -generation ago as the home of Shakespearean -drama, under the management of that sterling -actor Samuel Phelps. It was rebuilt in 1879. -The actual site of the old well has long been lost; -Malcolm asserted that it had been discovered -some time before he wrote ‘in the space between -the New River and the stage-door’ of the theatre, -and that it was said to have been encircled with -stone, with a descent of several steps. Cromwell, -however, writing a few years later, tells us that -‘persons who have an intimate acquaintance with -the theatre for the last half-century have no -recollection of the discovery; and as it is known -that springs yet exist under the orchestra and -stage, it seems probable that the ancient healing -fountain might be traced to that situation.’</p> - -<p>For a few years, during the first half of the -seventeenth century, there was a rival to Sadler’s -Wells in a popular place of amusement called ‘The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> -New Wells near the London Spa.’ There were -gardens here, and a theatre, in which took place -what we should now call variety entertainments. -Mrs. Charlotte Charke—the eccentric daughter of -Colley Cibber, was one of the performers. Ceasing -to attract, it was closed in 1747, the theatre being -afterwards used as a chapel under the auspices of -John Wesley, and, according to Pinks, the houses -Nos. 5 to 8, Rosoman Street now occupy the -site.</p> - -<p>Lysons, Halliwell Phillipps, and others, have -confused the mineral spring discovered by Sadler -with a mineral spring of greater celebrity called -the New Tunbridge Wells; but, though near -each other, they were quite distinct. In 1699 -a narrative poem was published under the title -of ‘A Walk to Islington, with a Description -of New Tunbridge Wells and Sadler’s Musick -House,’ in which the fame of the wells is ascribed -to its medicinal water, and that of the music-house -to such good cheer as cheesecakes, custards, bottled -ale and cider, and the diversions of singing and -dancing. An article in the <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i> -for December, 1813, puts the matter beyond -a doubt; and their relative positions are clearly -marked in Horwood’s map of 1799. New Tunbridge -Wells, or the Islington Spa (really, of course, -in the parish of Clerkenwell), was a spring of -chalybeate water in a garden, the entrance to which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> -until 1810 was opposite the New River Head on -the south side; No. 6, Eliza Place marked the -site. This street, a continuation west of Myddleton -Place, has, like it, been absorbed by Rosebery -Avenue. The spa was open to the public before -1685, as is proved by a curious advertisement in -the <i>London Gazette</i> of September 24 in that year: -‘Whereas Mr. John Langley, of London, Merchant, -who bought the Rhinoceros and Islington Wells, -has been represented by divers of his malicious -adversaries to be a person of no estate or reputation, -nor able to discharge his debts; which evil -practices have been on purpose to ruin and destroy -his reputation,’ etc. The character of the -company soon after this may be judged from -a burlesque poem, published in 1691; it contains -the lines which head this chapter. In 1700 -there was ‘music for dancing all day long, -every Monday and Thursday during the summer -season. No mask to be admitted.’ A few years -later the spa became fashionable, being patronized -by ladies of such position as Lady Mary Wortley -Montagu. It was at its zenith in 1733, when the -Princesses Amelia and Caroline, daughters of -George II., came daily in the summer and drank -the waters. At this time, as we learn from the -<i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i>, ‘Such was the concourse -of nobility and others that the proprietor took -above £30 in a morning. On the birthday of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> -Princesses, as they passed through the Spa Field -(which was generally filled with carriages), they -were saluted with a discharge of 21 guns, a compliment -which was always paid them on their arrival; -and in the evening there was a great bonfire, and -the guns were discharged several times.’ Islington -Spa continued with, on the whole, declining -fortune throughout the rest of the eighteenth -century. Soon afterwards it was found necessary -to curtail the garden, and a great part of the old -coffee-room was pulled down. About the year -1810, the old entrance being closed, a new one -was made in Lloyd’s Row; and finally, in 1840, -what remained of the garden was altogether done -away with, and two rows of houses, called Spa -Cottages, were built on the site. Even now there -is a house at the corner of Lloyd’s Row and Spa -Cottages, the residence of the last proprietor, which -recalls the vanished glory of other days by the -inscription in capital letters, ‘<span class="smcap">islington spa, or -new tunbridge wells</span>.’ At the back, in the -cellar of No. 6, Spa Cottages, I have seen grotto-work -with stone pilasters; on each side are steps -descending. Here, I believe, was the original -chalybeate spring; for many years it has ceased to -flow.</p> - -<p>Horwood’s map of 1799 shows some of these -suburban spas and places of amusement very distinctly. -Islington Spa is marked just south of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> -New River Head, and over a hundred yards south-west -of Sadler’s Wells. The garden is of considerable -size, running east, apparently to St. John -Street Road. A short distance to the west, and -also near the New River Head, is Merlin’s Cave—a -rural tavern and holiday-resort of Londoners—named, -it is said, after an artificial cave, dug out -in 1835 in the royal gardens at Richmond, by -order of Queen Caroline, and of which there was -here, perhaps, a humble imitation.</p> - -<p>Again, some distance to the south of the New -River Head, at the corner of Rosoman Street and -Exmouth Street, one sees the words ‘London -Spa,’ on a public-house with that sign erected in -1835 to replace a former building. This is on -or near the site of another mineral spring once, as -we have seen, sufficiently famous to be named in -a description of the New Wells,<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> a neighbouring -establishment. In ‘Poor Robin’s Almanack’ for -1733, occurs the following doggerel, which refers -to the month of July:</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Now sweethearts with their sweethearts go<br /> -To Islington or London Spaw;<br /> -Some go but just to drink the water,<br /> -Some for the ale which they like better.’</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span></p> - -<p class="pn1">In point of fact, the spa ale sold here seems before -the middle of the century to have become famous, -when the mineral water was no longer heard of. -Spa Fields, which adjoined, were an open waste, -a Sunday resort of Londoners of the lower class -addicted to rough sports. I have already referred -to these fields at page 69, when speaking of the -Ducking-pond public-house and its successors, -the Pantheon, and Spa Fields Chapel, the first of -‘the Countess of Huntingdon’s Connexion.’ She -died in the house adjoining it on June 17, 1791.</p> - -<p>At the end of last century one might have had -an almost rural walk from the London Spa west -to Bagnigge Wells, a more famous place of entertainment. -The way would have been along -Exmouth Street, then built on the south side only, -and called Braynes Row; a relic of its early days -remains in the form of a tablet between Nos. 32 -and 34, which has inscribed on it ‘Braynes Buildings -1765.’ At the end of this street was a turnpike, -and at right angles to it was the Bagnigge -Wells Road, the lower portion of which had the -suggestive name of Coppice Row. North-west -from the turnpike, it ran between fields as far as -a little group of houses called Brook Place, and -then a few more steps would have taken one to -Bagnigge Wells,<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> within the borders of St. Pancras.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> -There was a tradition, unsupported, I believe, by -any evidence, that Nell Gwynne had here a place -of summer abode, ‘pleasantly situated amid the -Fields, and on the banks of the Fleet,’ then a -clear stream flowing rapidly and somewhat subject -to floods. This was Bagnigge House, a gabled -building, some trace of which still remained as -late as the year 1844. Inside, it had originally -some curious decorative features; over a chimney-piece -in one of the rooms were the Royal arms and -other heraldic bearings, and between them ‘the -bust of a woman in Roman dress, let deep into a -circular cavity of the wall, bordered with festoons -of delf earth in the natural colours and glazed.’ -These were afterwards removed from this position, -and set up in a long room built for assemblies and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> -balls, which, formed the eastern boundary of the -garden. An aquatint print of the interior of -this room was published by J. R. Smith in 1772, -after a painting by Saunders. The place seems -to have been opened for purposes of amusement -early in the eighteenth century; for in Beckham’s<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> -curious work, the ‘Musical Entertainer’ -(<i>circa</i> 1738), is an engraving of Tom Hippersly -there, mounted in the ‘singing rostrum,’ regaling -the company with a song. The inevitable healing -springs, which always, no doubt, made their -appearance when wanted, were, it would seem, a -comparatively late discovery, first introduced to the -public by Dr. John Bevis, who in 1760 wrote ‘An -Experimental Enquiry concerning the Contents, -Quality and Medicinal Value of two Mineral Waters -lately discovered at Bagnigge Wells near London.’ -One was supposed to be purging, and the other -chalybeate; he gives an elaborate account of each. -About the year 1775 the place<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span> -‘The Sunday Ramble’ as ‘by no means barren of -amusement, and visited in the morning by hundreds -of persons to drink the water, and on summer -afternoons by numerous tea-drinking parties.’ -The writer tells of ‘beautiful walks ornamented -with a great variety of curious shrubs and flowers -all in the utmost perfection,’ and ‘a small round -fish-pond, in the centre of which is a curious -fountain representing Cupid bestriding a swan, -which spouts the water to a great height.’ The -Fleet,<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> or, as it was sometimes there called, the -Bagnigge River, now a sewer, but at that time still -comparatively undefiled, flowed through part of -the garden; it was crossed by a bridge, and the -banks were rich with vegetation, insomuch that, as -Archer tells us, Luke Clennell, the artist, often -came here and made foreground studies for his -pictures. But tastes change: the mineral waters -ceased to attract; people of fashion came no more. -As early as 1779 Bagnigge Wells is described as a -place</p> - -<p class="pp6s p1">‘Where ‘prenticed youth enjoy the Sunday feast,<br /> -And City matrons boast their Sabbath rest,<br /> -Where unfledged Templars first as fops parade,<br /> -And new-made ensigns sport their first cockade.’</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span></p> - -<p class="pn1">Later it became a mere cockney tea-garden, and -gradually declined, till in Lewis’s ‘History of -Islington,’ 1842, it is described as almost a ruin. -Shortly afterwards it was closed and dismantled, -and now all trace of it has disappeared, save the -name, which has been appropriated by a modern -tavern at the corner of King’s Cross Road (formerly -Bagnigge Wells Road) and Pakenham Street, and -a curious stone tablet surmounted by a grotesque -head, of which I here give an illustration.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-195.jpg" width="350" height="537" id="i195" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>This is now to be seen built into the wall between two -modern houses—Nos. 61 and 63, King’s Cross -Road—probably near the north-western limit of -the garden. It is mentioned by Dr. Bevis in 1760 -as having been ‘over an old Gothic portal taken<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span> -down about three years ago, and now replaced -over the door from the high-road to the house.’ -At that time, I believe, the grotesque head was -added. About thirty years ago, as may be learned -from a letter in the <i>Builder</i>, January, 1863, the -doorway was pulled down and the stone fixed -where one may still see it, in front of the houses -built on the site. I was glad to find this stone still -in existence; it is worth rescuing from oblivion. -The inscription runs as follows: ‘This is Bagnigge -House neare the Pinder a Wakefielde 1680.’</p> - -<p>The latter place, thus referred to, was an old -country tavern in the Gray’s Inn Road. Mr. -Wheatley says it was on the west side, and that -the small houses between Harrison Street and -Cromer Street, till recently called Pindar Place, -occupied the site; and, confirming his statement, it -is shown in Strype’s map on the west side of ‘the -road to Hamstead.’ The modern public-house -with this sign is on the east side. Tom Brown, -in his ‘Comical View of London and Westminster,’ -published in 1705, gives us a pleasant glimpse of -the then surroundings—of a stile near Lamb’s -Conduit, and ‘a milkmaid crossing the fields to -Pinder of Wakefield.’ There is mention of it -immediately after the Great Fire, by Aubrey. -When the inscription was first put up, Bagnigge -House and the Pinder of Wakefield were probably -next-door neighbours, though their sites are now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span> -separated by a dreary wilderness of bricks and -mortar. Palmer, in his ‘History of St. Pancras,’ -records that in 1724 the Pinder of Wakefield was -destroyed in a hurricane, the landlord’s two -daughters being buried in the ruins. The word -Pinder, equivalent to pinner or penner, was applied -to the keeper of the public pen or pound for the -confinement of stray cattle. George a-Green, or -the Pinder of the town of Wakefield, is the -subject of a prose romance supposed to be as old -as the time of Queen Elizabeth. He (so runs the -legend), with his back to a thorn and his foot to -a stone, thrashed no less a foe than Robin Hood.</p> - -<p>Before quitting this branch of my subject, I will -say a few words about a former health-resort within -a stone’s throw of the old Pinder of Wakefield. -On the east side of Gray’s Inn Road, near the upper -end, by the King’s Cross Station on the Metropolitan -Railway, is a shabby-looking passage called -St. Chad’s Row, which, turning to the north, runs -into King’s Cross Road, and here is the site of the -well named after St. Chad or St. Ceadda, who -founded the bishopric of Lichfield, and died in -672. In Laurie and Whittle’s map of 1800, the -extension of Gray’s Inn Road northwards is called -St. Chad’s Road. The well, however, as far as I -can ascertain, was not particularly ancient—or, if -so, the early records are lost. Hone describes it -in his ‘Everyday Book’ in the following prophetic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span> -words: ‘St. Chad’s Well is near Battle Bridge. -The miraculous water is aperient, and was some -years ago quaffed by the bilious and other -invalids, who flocked thither in crowds.... A -few years and it will be with its waters as with the -water of St. Pancras’ Well, which is enclosed in -the garden of a private house near old St. Pancras -Churchyard.’</p> - -<p>The garden attached to St. Chad’s Well seems -in the last century to have been famous for its -tulips; at least, if one may believe an advertisement -in my possession, which has the date 1779. -It speaks of ‘The largest and richest collection -of early Dutch tulips ever yet seen in Great -Britain, now in bloom, with many fine double -hyacinths of various colours raised by Van -Hawsen, to be had of Richard Morris at St. -Chad’s Wells, Battle Bridge, near London; the -lowest prices marked in the catalogue, which may -be had as above, and the flowers seen gratis. No -person admitted with a dog. Seedsmen and -gardeners will be furnished wholesale with Duke -Vantol, Claremond, and many other sorts of early -tulips at the Dutch prices, and with the usual -discount: the grand present Auricula at 1s. per -pot: Gold and Silver Fish cheap.’ Mr. Pinks -gives the particulars of the sale by auction of St. -Chad’s Well on September 14, 1837. It seems -that there was then a brick house facing Gray’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span> -Inn Lane, having a pump-room and a large -garden at the back. The water appears to have -been still sold three years afterwards, when a -pamphlet was issued setting forth ‘the characteristic -virtues of the Saint Chad’s Wells aperient -and alterative springs.’</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-199.jpg" width="250" height="78" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-200.jpg" width="500" height="136" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER IX.</h2> - -<p class="pch">TWO OLD CITY MANSIONS.</p> - -<p class="pbq">‘The crowning city, whose merchants are princes, whose -traffickers are the honourable of the earth.’</p> - -<p class="pr12 reduct"><i>Isaiah</i> xxiii. 8.</p> - -<p class="drop-cap06">BEFORE the summer of 1892 a large and -interesting old mansion was destroyed in -the City. This, known as Nos. 8 and 9, Great -St. Helen’s, Bishopsgate Street, was situated on the -south side of the churchyard. It was of brick, -having engaged pilasters, which were furnished -with stone bases and capitals; they also had bands, -on two of which, composed, however, of cement, -appeared in relief the initials <span class="smcap"><sub>a</sub><sup>l</sup><sub>i</sub></span> and the date -1646. The projecting sills or cornices, and the -deep keystones of the first-floor windows, gave a -striking character to the house. It was also -memorable as an early specimen of brickwork in -London, and as dating from a period before the -formal conclusion of the Civil War, when building -operations were almost at a standstill. No. 9 had, -in a room on the first-floor, a wooden seventeenth-century<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span> -mantelpiece,<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> behind which, on its removal, -were found traces of an older mantelpiece of marble, -and evidence of the former existence of a large -open fireplace.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-201.jpg" width="400" height="306" id="i201" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc">NOS. 8 AND 9, GREAT ST. HELEN’S.</p> -</div></div> - -<p>There was a beautiful staircase, -quite Elizabethan in style; a blocked-up window -with wooden transoms for casements was also -discovered; so it seems likely that some years -after the building of the house considerable alterations -took place. The façade has often been -attributed to Inigo Jones,<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> but it had not his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span> -classic symmetry, and looked like the work of a -less-instructed native genius. Besides, Inigo Jones, -a Royalist and Roman Catholic, was taken prisoner -in October, 1645, at the storming of Basing -House, having been there during the siege, which -had lasted since August, 1643. He was apparently -not free to return to his profession until -July 2, 1646, when, after payment of a heavy fine, -his estate, which had been sequestrated, was restored -to him, and he received pardon by an ordinance of -the House of Commons, to which the Lords gave -their assent. It is difficult to believe that, whilst<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span> -he was passing through such a crisis, or in the -few months succeeding it, he should have been -superintending a work in the Puritan City. At -the time of his release the great architect was -seventy-four years of age, and, as far as we know, -he hardly practised his profession afterwards. -Aubrey tells us that in 1648, the south side of -Wilton House having been destroyed, it was -restored by his advice, ‘but he being then very -old could not be there in person, but left it to -Mr. Webb,’ his pupil and executor.</p> - -<p>The division of Nos. 8 and 9, Great St. Helen’s -into two took place in the course of last century, -probably about 1750, to judge from the style of -the fanlights and projecting hoods to the front-doors, -and from the staircase of No. 8, the upper -part of which, however, was much more archaic, -and may have served as part of the back-staircase -to the original house. At the time of these later -alterations a new brick front was put to the top -story, the windows being protected by high iron -railings, which showed that these upper rooms -were used as nurseries. Before this there was, -I should imagine, a high-pitched roof, perhaps -hipped, with dormer windows. There must also -have been an appropriate cornice and frieze, which -would have balanced the heavy projecting window-sills -below. That the house always had a fourth -story is proved by the fact that both the old staircases -extended to the top. The accompanying -illustration of part of the front is from a beautiful -measured drawing by Mr. H. O. Tarbolton, who -studied the house very carefully just before its -demolition.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-204.jpg" width="400" height="519" id="i204" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc">PART OF THE OLD HOUSE IN GREAT ST. HELEN’S,<br />FROM A -MEASURED DRAWING.</p> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span></p> - -<p>In Allen’s ‘History of London,’ vol. iii., p. 157, -I find a statement that this brick mansion (identified -by mention of its initials and date) was ‘formerly -the residence of Sir J. Lawrence, Lord Mayor -in 1665.’ This appears to be the origin of the -idea that the house was built for him, and that he -kept his mayoralty there, which has of late been -usually accepted as a fact. There is no doubt that -Nos. 8 and 9, Great St. Helen’s was his property -in 1665, but he was living in a house of totally -different appearance—an illustration of which, by -T. Prattent, published in 1796, forms the frontispiece -to vol. xxix. of the <i>European Magazine</i>. As -there shown, it had elaborate plaster decorations -in front, with the City arms and the arms of -Lawrence, and last, though not least, the inscription -<span class="smcap">s</span><sup>r</sup> <span class="smcap">jl—k & a.</span> 1662. Sir John Lawrence’s residence -is marked by name in the map of Bishopsgate -Street Ward accompanying Strype’s Stow, -where a slight sketch of it is also given; the -present Jewish synagogue in Great St. Helen’s is -a little bit west of the site.</p> - -<p>Having looked up the history of the Lawrence -family, and its connection with this parish, I think<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span> -I can show that the initials on the pilaster of -Nos. 8 and 9, Great St. Helen’s were not those -of Sir John Lawrence and his wife Abigail, but -of his uncle Adam and his uncle’s wife. The -Lawrences, like many other eminent mercantile -families, were originally Dutch or Flemish. The -name was spelt in various ways, as Laurens, Laureijns, -Laurents, etc., until, when its possessors -became thoroughly anglicized, it took the English -form. Le Neve, the herald, says that a Marcus -Lawrence, from Flanders, who had married Gertrude -Huesen, came and settled in London. He -had, among other children, a son Abraham and a -son Adam. The latter was baptized at the Dutch -Church, Austin Friars, September 8, 1584;<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> and -one may fairly assume that it was he who there -married, May 28, 1610, Judith Van den Brugghe, -of Norwich, where there was then a strong settlement -of people from the Low Countries. He was -appointed deacon of the Dutch Church in 1628, -and became an elder in 1632. Eleven years later -he had taken up his residence in Great St. Helen’s, -as we learn from an entry in the parish register,<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> -which suggests the forlorn condition of the homeless -poor in those days. On the 23rd of April, -1643, ‘a female infant, found dead at the dore -of Mr. Adam Lawrence, merchant, was buried in -the churchyard’ there. What house he was then -living in I am not able to determine; but in -the year 1646 the house just now destroyed was -doubtless either built or altered for his own residence, -and on it was placed an inscription, -according to the custom of the country whence -he sprang.</p> - -<p>I have previously pointed out that in inscriptions -of this kind the initial of the husband’s Christian -name is almost invariably on the left, the wife’s on -the right, and that of the surname above. The -letters in question would therefore have stood for -‘Adam and Judith Lawrence.’ In 1650 came the -inevitable ending to their long married life. -On the 9th of April it is recorded that Judith -‘Laurents’<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> was buried in the church of Great -St. Helen’s. Adam died in October, 1657. His -will describes him as a merchant, and he seems to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span> -have been a very prosperous one. He desires to -be buried near his wife, in Great St. Helen’s, and -leaves £100 to the poor of the Dutch congregation -in Austin Friars, and £100 towards the maintenance -of the ministry there; also similar legacies -for the parish of Great St. Helen’s, and £100 to -the poor children of Christ’s Hospital. Amongst -numerous nephews, he singles out for special favour -John, who seems to have been a son of his brother -Abraham. To him he leaves several houses and -gardens in the parish, amongst others his ‘now -dwelling-house, with the yards, garden edifices, -appurtenances, and hereditaments whatsoever thereunto -belonging.’ This, no doubt, was Nos. 8 and -9, Great St. Helen’s, unless after his wife’s death he -had shifted into another residence. Adam also left -to his nephew John his share in the ‘sister’s thread -trade,’ whatever that may mean, which he had in -partnership with Abraham Cullen,<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> the elder, and -Philip Van Cassole; and £1,500 to Abigail, his -nephew’s wife, who died in 1681, and whose -monument still exists in Great St. Helen’s -Church, where it is recorded that she was ‘the -tender mother of ten children. The nine first, -being all daughters, she suckled at her own breasts;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> -they all lived to be of age. Her last, a son, died -an infant. Shee lived a married wife 39 years, -23 whereof she was an exemplary matron of this -Cittie,<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> dying in the 59th year of her age.’ This -lady was eldest daughter of Abraham Cullen, who -appears to have been nearly related to the Lawrence -family. One paragraph of Adam’s will is -worth quoting, because it seems to indicate that -pretentious public funerals were then not uncommon -in the City, and that he, at any rate, was free -from a taste for vulgar display. He says: ‘Lastly, -my desire is that my funerall be decently performed -without anie pompe or ceremonie of mourners, and -that my corps be carried from my own dwelling -house, not troubling any publique hall.’</p> - -<p>John Lawrence, the nephew, seems to have -been a pattern City merchant. He had begun -life as a Bluecoat boy, hence, perhaps, his uncle’s -legacy. In 1658 he served the office of Sheriff. -On June 16, 1660, he was knighted by Charles II., -when that monarch, accompanied by his brothers, -the Dukes of York and Gloucester, and some -of the nobility, was entertained at supper by -the Lord Mayor, Sir Thomas Alleyne. In 1662 -Sir John Lawrence appears to have built a new -house for himself, the one before alluded to, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span> -was drawn by Prattent, not unlikely on a ‘garden -plot’ mentioned in his uncle’s will. In 1664 he -was elected Lord Mayor, and Evelyn speaks of a -‘most magnificent triumph by water and land’ on -that occasion. Evelyn also attended the Lord -Mayor’s banquet, and tells us that it was said to -have cost £1,000. He dined at the upper table -with the Lord Chancellor, the Dukes of Albermarle, -Ormonde and Buckingham, the French -Ambassador and other great personages. The -Lord Mayor twice came up to them, ‘first drinking -in the golden goblet his Majesty’s health, then -the French King’s as a compliment to the -Ambassador’; they ‘returned my Lord Mayor’s -health, the trumpets and drums sounding. The -cheer was not to be imagined for the plenty and -rarity, with an infinite number of persons at the -tables in that ample hall.’ Sir John Lawrence -showed both courage and liberality whilst the -Great Plague was raging in the following year. -He stuck to his post, ‘enforced the wisest regulations -then known,’ and, when multitudes of servants -were dismissed through fear of contagion, he is -said to have ‘supported them all, as well as the -needy who were sick; at first by expending his -own fortune, till subscriptions could be solicited -and received from all parts of the nation.’ Dr. -Erasmus Darwin, in his ‘Loves of the Plants,’ -canto ii., devotes a few lines to ‘London’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> -generous Mayor.’ Five deaths only are recorded -in Great St. Helen’s during the year 1665, which -suggests that those connected with the Church -showed less courage than the chief parishioner, and -that the register was neglected.</p> - -<p>In 1684 the house of late numbered 8 and 9, -Great St. Helen’s was in the occupation of one -William Moses. That year Sir John Lawrence, -who so far had not handed over his uncle’s legacy -for the poor of the parish, agreed to discharge his -obligation by payment of £250, and to give £100 -in addition for leave to make a family vault in the -church. In 1690 Sir John was living in Putney, -as appears from the churchwardens’ accounts.<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> -He died January, 1691-2, and was buried on the -29th of that month, in the family vault which -had been constructed for him under the church -of Great St. Helen’s, but no monument to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span> -memory exists. The Rev. J. E. Cox, D.D., in his -‘Annals of St. Helen’s’ tells us that at the church -restoration of 1865-8 ‘a quaint piece of carved -work, which had been set up to sustain the Lord -Mayor’s sword and mace, was removed to the -pillar dividing the choir from the Chapel of the -Holy Ghost.’ The following is a description of it -taken almost verbatim from Allen: ‘It consists of -two twisted Corinthian columns, supporting an -entablature highly enriched, and an attic panel. -The shafts of the columns are set off with a -wreath of foliage running round them. On the -frieze are the arms of Sir John Lawrence, in the -attic are the City arms, and the whole structure is -crowned with the arms of Charles II., supported -by two gilt angels, and surmounted with the royal -crown.’ I hope that this interesting memento of -a great City worthy, though not ‘Gothic’ in -style, will be carefully preserved during the far -more wholesale restoration which is now in progress.</p> - -<p>Sir John Lawrence’s arms were: argent, a cross -raguly gules, a canton ermine.<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> Peter le Neve<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> -says that they were granted to him September 18, -1664, and to his brothers James and Abraham, -sons of Abraham Lawrence deceased; but it must -have been earlier, as they appear on his house -associated with the date 1662. Faulkner, in his -‘History of Chelsea,’ no doubt deceived by -the fact that their arms were identical, assumes -that Sir John Lawrence belonged to the ancient -English family of the same name, whose memory -is perpetuated by various monuments at the end -of the north aisle of Chelsea old church. Both -he and Dr. Cox<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> go so far as to say that Sir -John was buried there; but his namesake, ‘Sir -John Lawrence, Knight and Baronet,’ to whose -memory a tablet was placed against the east -wall of Chelsea Church, belonged to Iver, in -the county of Bucks, and died in 1638, aged fifty -years, as appears by the inscription. For several -generations the descendants of the famous Lord -Mayor continued to own the house which became -Nos. 8 and 9, Great St. Helen’s. It afterwards -passed into the hands of the Guise family, -from whom it was inherited by an ancestor of the -last possessor, Mr. John Cosens Stevens. Peace be -to its memory!</p> - -<p>The passage from Great St. Helen’s into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span> -Bishopsgate Street passes under old gabled buildings -which date from before the time of the Great -Fire. On the left is the northern front of Crosby -Hall, part of a Gothic mansion unrivalled in its -day, though little of the original structure remains. -This side was almost entirely rebuilt more than -fifty years ago. The oriel window, weathered by -London atmosphere, has a very picturesque effect; -it is surmounted by the arms of Sir John Crosby, -the eminent citizen who built and first possessed -the mansion, and who lies buried in the adjoining -church, where there is a rich altar-tomb to his -memory, with the recumbent figures of him and -his first wife, Anneys. On this tomb also are the -Crosby arms, namely: sable, a chevron ermine -between three rams trippant argent, armed and -hoofed or. Sir John, a keen supporter of the -House of York, was knighted by Edward IV. in -the year 1471; he served as Sheriff of London in -1470, and held the important post of Mayor of -the Staple of Calais.</p> - -<p>Opposite to Crosby Hall, on the northern side -of Great St. Helen’s Passage, there stood till -September, 1892, a structure which, though unpretentious, -had an air of quaintness, with its iron -railings in front and broad white window-frames. -The inscription on a tablet above the door of -this building ran as follows: ‘These alms-houses -were founded by Sir Andrew Judd, Kt., Citizen &<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> -Skinner and Lord Mayor of London, Anno Dom. -1551. For six poor men of y<sup>e</sup> said Company. -Rebuilt by y<sup>e</sup> said Company Anno Dom. 1729.’ -The original alms-houses are supposed to have -been further east.</p> - -<p>Sir Andrew Judd was a native of Tunbridge -in Kent, near which town he inherited considerable -estates. Having entered commercial life, he -made a large fortune by trading in furs, and, as -Stow tells us, he kept his mayoralty in a ‘fair -house’ in Bishopsgate Street, which had been -before used for a similar purpose by Sir William -Holles, the ancestor of the Earls of Clare. It -was during Judd’s mayoralty, in 1550, that the -City of London obtained from the King by charter -lands in Southwark, forming now so important a -property, and to which I alluded in my account of -the Dog and Duck, St. George’s Fields. Sir -Andrew was also buried in the church of Great -St. Helen’s, which has been a sort of Westminster -Abbey for great citizens. A quaint Elizabethan -monument marks his resting-place. The inscription -gives quite a little biography of him; as was -remarked by one of our Transatlantic cousins, ‘it -states all the facts, and rhymes in some places.’ In -the ‘Historical Collections of the Noble Families of -Cavendish, Holles, Vere, Harley and Ogle,’ ed. -Lond. 1752, compiled by Arthur Collins, it is -asserted that, in building the alms-houses, Judd<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> -was only acting as executor to his cousin ‘Elizabeth, -widow of Sir William Holles of St. Helen’s, -Alderman,’ and this seems to be shown by her -will, which was proved March 28, 1544. Stow, -however, does not mention her name in connection -with the charity. It was augmented by Sir -Andrew Judd’s daughter, Alice Smyth, of Westenhanger, -Kent. Sir Andrew had also been executor -to the Holles family. His original alms-houses -were nearer the church than those the site of -which the Skinners’ Company has now, I believe, -disposed of. He also founded and endowed Tunbridge -Grammar School.</p> - -<p>Great St. Helen’s is being so rapidly ‘improved’ -that it will soon become quite commonplace and -uninteresting. A piece was shorn off the churchyard -some years ago, no one exactly knew why, -and several picturesque plastered houses, immediately -west of Nos. 8 and 9, have been pulled -down within my memory. At the corner, opposite -to the pretty south porch of the church, -attributed by the Rev. Thomas Hugo to Inigo -Jones, a quaint and very old building still remains, -which actually touched the house of -the Lawrences. No. 10 is constructed of wood -and plaster, with projecting upper stories and -massive timbering; it dates from long before -the Great Fire; the inside, however, has been -modernized. Tradition boldly asserts that Anne<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> -Boleyn’s father, Sir Thomas, afterwards Viscount -Rochford and Earl of Wiltshire, at one time -lived here. It is an undoubted fact that one of -the name was intimately connected with St. -Helen’s, for ‘on the 24th December, 26th -Hen. VIII., 1534, the Prioress and Convent -appointed Sir James Bolleyne, knt., to be steward -of their lands and tenements in London and -elsewhere, the duties to be performed either by -himself or a sufficient deputy, during the life -of the said James, at a stipend of forty shillings a -year, payable at Christmas. If in arrear for six -weeks the said James might enter and distrain.’ -Query: was this Sir Thomas Boleyn’s elder brother? -There was a right of way hereabout from very -early times, for Dugdale tells us that in the -Hundred Roll of 3rd Edward I. several entries -occur relating to an attempt which the nuns -made to stop up the lane or passage through the -court of their nunnery from Bishopsgate Street to -St. Mary Axe, sometimes called St. Helen’s Lane. -If, as is possible, the house dates from before the -Dissolution of the Monasteries, when it first saw -the light there must have been few buildings near -the even then venerable Church of St. Helen and -the adjoining priory. Crosby Place, indeed, stood -hard by, on land leased from the nuns for a term of -ninety-nine years, but much open space yet remained. -Even as late as the end of last century<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> -there was a considerable field or garden immediately -to the east of the church, as shown in a -view by Malcolm dated 1799.</p> - -<p>The buildings and grounds of Crosby Place -seem to have extended at first almost to Leadenhall -Street. The houses<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> in Crosby Square are -said to have been built about the year 1678, on -the site of some of the offices which had been -destroyed by fire. I cannot say how it happened -that in the early part of the seventeenth century a -house of considerable size had already been erected -on part of Crosby Place, or could it have been just -outside the precincts? This was latterly known -as No. 25, Bishopsgate Street Within, or Crosby -Hall Chambers. It succumbed to the pickaxe of -the builder as nearly as possible at the same time -as Adam Lawrence’s old residence in Great St. -Helen’s. The part facing Bishopsgate Street had -no sign of antiquity except two carved festoons -of flowers, much blocked up with paint, -between the first-floor windows. Up a passage,<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> -however, one could see something of the north<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> -side or front, which showed architectural features -of merit. It rested on round arches composed of -rustic work, and above were pilasters furnished -with capitals. On the first-floor, looking out on -this passage, there was a room adorned by a very -beautiful chimney-piece, with the initials <span class="smcap">g b</span> and -the date 1633 in the centre panel. The lower -part is of stone, the over-mantel of oak, in very -fine condition, all the delicacy of the carving -having been preserved by thick layers of paint, -which have just been removed. On the ceiling -of the same room there was also a fragment of -original plaster decoration, which has been presented -to the South Kensington Museum. The site of -Crosby Hall Chambers will be occupied by the -Bank of Scotland. It is proposed to put up the -chimney-piece in their new premises.</p> - -<p>In 1857 the Rev. Thomas Hugo, F.S.A., wrote -an interesting itinerary of the Ward of Bishopsgate -for the journal of the London and Middlesex -Archæological Society. His paper was republished -in book form five years later; it contains valuable -illustrations of Nos. 8 and 9, Great St. Helen’s -and of Crosby Hall Chambers, besides other -houses which have passed away. The letterpress -is inspired by a fine enthusiasm; but his architectural -judgment is, I think, not altogether to -be relied on. He considers that both the above-named -buildings were designed by Inigo Jones.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span></p> - -<p>Austin Friars, another region in the heart of -the City perhaps as interesting as that which I -have just described, is, like it, rapidly being -transformed. Not long ago it still maintained -a distinctive character. Something of monastic -calm seemed to linger about the old home and -grounds of the begging friars, crowned by part of -their church, which since Edward VI.’s time has -been handed over to the Dutch congregation of -London. Outside, in Broad Street, there was the -roar and confusion of a mighty traffic; within the -sacred precinct there was peace: wheeled vehicles -seldom entered the very foot passengers, I have -thought, used to slacken their pace, and relax for a -moment the grim, determined look which, as a -rule, characterizes the man whose mind is bent on -business.</p> - -<p>Passing round what remains of the old church, -one may still see a house—No. 10—which is an -excellent example of the real Queen Anne style; -to judge from the date on a rainpipe, it was probably -completed in the year 1704. The porch -has a flight of steps; ascending this, one finds -before one a spacious staircase panelled throughout, -and especially noticeable on account of its fine -painted ceiling, one of the last to be met with in a -City mansion. No. 11 forms part of the same -block of buildings.</p> - -<p>Retracing our steps, we see standing back somewhat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span> -from the main roadway, to the right of a new -passage just opened into what is called, in mockery, -Drapers’ Gardens, a tall new structure occupying -the site of another old brick mansion the associations -of which were very remarkable. The house -in question, No. 21, Austin Friars, had been built -during the latter part of the seventeenth century, -possibly even before the Great Fire, which did not -extend so far north; it seems to be marked in -Ogilby’s map of 1677. About the early possessors, -Richard Young and others, nothing is known of -any special interest. In the year 1705 it came into -the hands of Herman Olmius, merchant, whose -name occurs in the ‘Little London Directory’ -for 1677, where he is described as of Angel Alley, -Bishopsgate Street Without. He was descended -from an ancient family of Arlon, in the duchy of -Luxemburg, and was naturalized by Act of Parliament, -29th Charles II. Here he lived and carried -on his business, and here, having made and inherited -a large fortune, he died in the year 1718. -His will shows that he was a member, not of the -Dutch congregation of the neighbouring church -in Austin Friars, but of the French Church in -Threadneedle Street, to which he left £150 for the -benefit of the poor. At the time of his death he -possessed four other houses in Austin Friars, ‘with -yards, gardens, and appurtenances,’ a shop called -the Crane in the Poultry, and another with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> -sign of the Plough in Bucklersbury. He also -had much real property in Essex and elsewhere. -Herman was the son of Johannes Ludovicus or -John Lewis Olmius, and of his wife Margareta -Gerverdine. He married Judith, daughter and -heiress of John Drigue, who also appears to have -been living in Angel Court or Alley in 1677, and -who had also married an heiress, the daughter of -John Billers. Herman Olmius and his wife Judith -had no less than ten children, but only two of -them left offspring. These were his younger -daughter Margaret, wife of Adrian Lernoult, who -had predeceased him, and to whose descendants -the City property was bequeathed; and John -Olmius,<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> born in 1670. This gentleman became -High Sheriff of Essex in 1707, a justice of the -peace, and Deputy-Lieutenant of the county. He -died December 20, 1731, being then Deputy-Governor -of the Bank of England. His wife -was Elizabeth, daughter and sole heiress of -Thomas Clarke, a descendant of the Clarkes of -St. Ives, Huntingdon, and probably her husband’s -cousin. Their son, also named John, was many -years member of Parliament, and received an Irish -peerage under the title of Lord Waltham. He -married Anne, daughter of Sir William Billers, -Lord Mayor in 1733, and left a son and a daughter.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> -The former died without issue in 1787, when the -family became extinct in the male line; the latter -having married John Luttrell, who was brother of -the Duchess of Cumberland,<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> and who became -third Earl of Carhampton, had a daughter, Frances -Maria, from whom is descended Sir Simeon Henry -Stuart, Bart. The Olmius family possessed much -land in Essex, and a large country seat at Boreham, -now used as a convent. At the Saracen’s Head -Hotel, Chelmsford, their fleeting dignity is still -represented by two fine hall-chairs emblazoned -with the Olmius crest, namely a demi-Moor in -armour between laurel branches, surmounted by a -baron’s coronet. My friend Mr. Francis Galton -would doubtless tell us that the failure of the family -in the male line resulted naturally from marriage -with heiresses and from intermarriage. Its rapid -rise had also, no doubt, been in part owing to the -former cause.</p> - -<p>The house in Austin Friars continued for -several generations to belong to the descendants -of the younger daughter of Herman Olmius. In -1783 Hughes Minet came to live here, and in 1802<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> -he bought a sixth share from three brothers named -Clarke, great-grandsons of Margaret Lernoult. -He was a merchant and banker, of Huguenot -descent, and his family had long carried on a -prosperous business at Dover. His descendant, -Mr. William Minet, has just written a very interesting -account of them. The Minets lived in -Austin Friars for many years, though they never -owned more than a sixth of the property. In -1838 Mr. Isaac Minet, the then representative -of the family, sold his share of the freehold, -and we find Messrs. Thomas, Son, and Lefevre -established here, the last-named being a brother of -the late Lord Eversley. The final owner was -Mr. John Fleming, by whose courtesy I had the -privilege of visiting the house on almost the last -day that it remained intact.</p> - -<p>In point of fact, No. 21, Austin Friars was by -no means a striking specimen of architecture, but -having remained from the beginning practically -unchanged, there were points about it worthy of -record. Externally it was a plain four-storied -brick structure, the only piece of decoration being -a carved hood to the doorway which formed the -chief entrance from Austin Friars. Passing through -this, the visitor found himself in a hall, looking up a -broad winding staircase with twisted balusters. To -the right was the counting-house, panelled throughout -with South Carolina pine. It had an old Purbeck<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> -marble mantelpiece, on the upper line of which appeared -in white marble the Olmius arms,<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> quartered -with those of the foreign families of Gerverdine, -Cappré, Drigue, and Reynstein. The double panes -above was worthy of remark as characteristic of -the time of Wren. Under an arch at the end of -the counting-house was a strong-room lined -throughout with Dutch tiles. Mounting the -staircase, one came upon the dining-room, with its -ingeniously contrived cupboard, and the drawing-room, -which looked out on what was, till within -the last few years, the pleasant and ample garden -of the Drapers’ Company, now covered, all but -a fragment, with bricks and mortar. A view -of this garden is given in Cassell’s ‘Old and New -London,’ vol. i., p. 517, with No. 21, Austin -Friars showing itself beyond the trees in the -middle distance; but no reference to it is made in -the letterpress. On the first-floor also, above the -chief office, was a small warehouse or sample-room, -an indispensable adjunct to the old merchant’s -dwelling,<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> Above were capital bedrooms, while a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> -narrow staircase gave access to the tiled roof, -surrounded by a stone parapet. Retracing one’s -steps to the hall, one found, flanking a passage on -the side opposite to the counting-house, a lofty -kitchen still furnished with smoke-jack, spit-racks, -and iron caldron-holders, and adjoining the range -an oven lined with blue and white Dutch tiles, -no doubt a legacy of the Olmius family. Formerly, -also, most of the chimneypieces in the house were -fitted up with Dutch tiles, blue and white or red and -white; but these in course of time had disappeared. -In the basement were cellars, and close to them -an old surface well, which still contained water, -analyzed at the time of its destruction and found -to be little better than sewage. A door in the -passage was prettily carved. Through this one -passed to the outer offices, a brewery, wash-house, -coach-house and stables; and thence again there -was access by the side-entrance into the garden,<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> -quiet spot some half acre in extent, which no doubt -had originally formed part of the friars’ grounds. -It was connected by steps with a narrow terrace -running along the back of the house. Here in -the summer of 1888 I saw fig-trees still flourishing -while the work of destruction had already -begun.</p> - -<p>The boundary at the end of this garden was -formed by another interesting house, No. 23, -Great Winchester Street, which has also lately been -improved out of existence. It occupied a good -deal of ground, being approached through a paved -yard with a lodge on each side of the entrance. -Externally its chief characteristics were a somewhat -high-pitched roof and wings projecting -forward. Inside the chief reception-room was -finely proportioned, with capital mouldings and -cornices, and there was an old kitchen range of -portentous size.</p> - -<p>Close to this house, and also adjoining Drapers’ -Garden, was formerly the garden attached to -the Carpenters’ Hall, so that a few years ago -this neighbourhood was a paradise of open spaces. -At the dissolution the house and gardens of -the Augustine Friars had been bestowed by -Henry VIII. on William Paulet, first Marquis of -Winchester, who there built his town residence, -traces of which existed as late as the year 1844: -after this mansion Winchester Street was named.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span> -From a date carved on a grotesque bracket -formerly to be seen at the north-east corner, it -appears that the street was constructed, partly at -least, in the year 1656, during Cromwell’s government. -Strype says that here was ‘a great messuage -called the Spanish Ambassador’s House, of late -inhabited by Sir James Houblon, Knight and -Alderman, and other fair houses.’ Even down to -our time it was a remarkably picturesque specimen -of a London street. Now nothing but the name -is left, to mark its connection with antiquity.</p> - -<p>It may here be noted that even till comparatively -recent times almost every house in the City had a -garden, or at any rate some open space, belonging -to it, as may be proved by reference to old maps -and views. Horwood’s map, published in 1799, -shows how much garden ground still remained at -the end of last century. Besides this, before the -days of lifts, high pressure of water, and gas or -electric light laid on, the inconvenience of very -high houses prevented their being built to any -great extent. The comparative sparseness of the -population should undoubtedly have given our -ancestors a great advantage over us with regard to -health, but it was more than counterbalanced by -drawbacks resulting from ignorance—for example, -the use of impure water, and the inability to -grapple with diseases which are now comparatively -innocuous.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span></p> - -<p>The disappearance of these open spaces, and the -erection of enormously high buildings on every -available spot, is, I believe, a great evil, not only -from the picturesque, but from the sanitary point -of view. Writers on sanitary subjects are agreed -that, of dangers to health, overcrowding is one of -the greatest, and that, other things being equal, -the death-rate regularly increases in proportion -to the density of the population. Dr. G. V. -Poore<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> has recently pointed out that every new -set of offices adds its quota to the sewage in the -river; while ‘the absence of green plants entails -a great loss of nascent oxygen or ozone which -gives to air its peculiar quality of freshness.’ In -his opinion, it is hardly conceivable that a high -level of health can be maintained in a spot where -vegetable life languishes, animal and vegetable -life being complementary to each other.</p> - -<p>Some will no doubt console themselves with the -notion that, the City being now to a great extent -merely a place of business, those who spend the -day there (considerably more than a million, according -to the last calculation) can throw off -the ill effects while they are away. To this I -reply that, if one includes the outlying parts, -many thousands still make it their home, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span> -that, in any case, to spend a quarter of one’s -existence under most unhealthy conditions must -tend to cause illness and to shorten life. In these -times of popular government, the great City Guilds -are more or less on their probation. If I am -right, the Drapers’ Company, whatever the temptation -may have been, committed a fatal mistake when -they covered their garden with huge blocks of offices, -a mistake which can never be atoned for by any -amount of charitable donation. Their example has -been quickly followed, and soon, I fear, hardly one -breathing-space will remain in the City except the -ground about St. Paul’s and the Tower, and here -and there a bit of a disused graveyard hemmed in -by lofty offices and warehouses.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-230.jpg" width="200" height="166" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-231.jpg" width="500" height="130" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - - -<h2 class="p4">INDEX.</h2> - -<hr class="d3" /> - -<p class="pni">Adam and Eve, Newgate Street, sign, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Addle Street; derivation of name, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Aggas’s, Ralph, map, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Aldermanbury, sign in, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Alleyne, Sir Thomas, Lord Mayor, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Altitude, highest in City, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ancaster, Duke of, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Anchor, signs, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Angel Alley, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Angel, Islington, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ape, carving of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Aquarium Tavern, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Artillery Street, Bishopsgate Without, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ashburnham, Lord, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ashby-Sterry, J., <a href="#Page_158">158</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ashwell’s Place, site of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Austin Friars, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></p> -<p class="pnii">house in, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Axe and Bottle Yard, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Bacon, Francis, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bagnigge House, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bagnigge Wells, <a href="#Page_191">191-196</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bagnio Court, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Baker and Basket, sign, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Baltassar, one of the Three Kings, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Barrington, Hon. D., on arms of Inner Temple, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bartholomew Close, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Basing House, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span></p> -<p class="pni">Bath Street, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Battle Bridge, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bear, Brown, Cheapside, sign, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></p> -<p class="pnii">chained and muzzled, signs, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></p> -<p class="pnii">White, sign, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></p> -<p class="pnii">with collar and chain, sign, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bear Quay, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Beare Lane, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Beauty in distress, sign, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Beer Lane, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bel and the Dragon, sign, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bell, the, sign, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bell on the Hoop, sign, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bell Savage Inn, the, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ben Jonson Tavern, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Berners, Ralph de, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Berriman, Dr. W., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bethlehem Hospital, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bevis, Dr. John, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bible and Crown, sign, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Billers, Sir William, Lord Mayor, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Birch, W. de Gray, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bishopsgate Street, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bishopsgate, Ward of, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Black Boy, advertisement, <i>temp.</i> 1695, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Black Friars, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Black Jack, sign, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Black Mary’s Well, or Hole, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Black Spread Eagle Court, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Blackamore Street, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Blackfriars Road, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span></p> -<p class="pni">Blackmore Street, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bloomfield’s MS., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Blowbladder Street, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Boar’s Head, sign, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Tavern, <a href="#Page_52">52-60</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Body-snatchers, resort of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Boleyn, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bottle, Golden, sign, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Boulting Mill, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bow Churchyard, sign in, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bowl and Mouth, signs, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Boy and Panyer, sign, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Braynes Row, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brewers’ Company, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bridge House, the, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></p> -<p class="pnii">estate, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brook Place, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Browne, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bryanston Street, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Buc, Sir George, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bucklersbury, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Buckingham, Duke of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Buckingham, Earl of, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bucks’ Heads, Three, sign, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Budge Row, origin of name, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bull, Bishopsgate Street Within, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bull and Mouth Inn, Aldersgate, <a href="#Page_63">63-66</a></p> -<p class="pnii">sale of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></p> -<p class="pnii">sign, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bull Head Court, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bull Inn, mutiny at, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Burrup, Miss, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Busby’s Folly, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Butcher Hall Lane, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Byrons, badge of, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Canon Alley, St. Paul’s, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Canonbury, Islington, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Place, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Tower, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Caps of burgesses, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Carhampton, Earl of, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Carpenters’ Hall, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cateaton Street, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cavendish, Lady Margaret, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chambers, James, goldsmith, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chancery Lane, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chapel Street. <i>See</i> <a href="#Great_Chapel_Street">Great Chapel Street</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chaplin, W., coach proprietor, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Charles I.’s porter and dwarf, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span></p> -<p class="pni">Charles Street, Leather Lane, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Charlet, Gregory, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Charlotte Street, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chaucer, poet, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cheapside Cross, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chesterfield, Lord, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cheyne Walk, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Childs and Co., bankers, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chimneypiece, Bishopsgate Street, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cibber, Colley, actor, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Civet cat, carving, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Clare, Earl of, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Market, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Street, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Clement’s Inn, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Clement’s Inn Fields, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></p> -<p class="pnii">market held in, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cloth Fair, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Coach and Horses, sign, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cock Inn, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p> -<p class="pnii">and Bottle, sign, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Court, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></p> -<p class="pnii">sign, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></p> -<p class="pnii">with snake, sign, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Coffee-house sign, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Compton family, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Compton Street, Clerkenwell, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Coopers’ Company, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> -<p class="pnii">crest, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Coppice Row, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Corbyn and Co.’s Poultry, sign at, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Coutts, Lady Burdett, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cow and Co., Messrs., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cox and Hammond’s, Messrs., sign at, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cox, Rev. J. E., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crane, sign, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></p> -<p class="pnii">in the Poultry, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cranes, Three, in the Vintry, sign, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crescent moon, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cromer Street, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crosby Hall, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Hall Chambers, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Place, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Square, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crosby, Sir John, arms, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cross Street, Islington, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crown and Magpie, sign, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crowns, Three, sign, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span></p> -<p class="pni">Cumberland, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Duke of, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cutler, Sir John, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cutlers’ Company, arms of, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Danvers Street, Cheyne Walk, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dennys, Sir Walter, arms of, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Denzil Street, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dering Street, Oxford Street, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Devereux, Lady Penelope, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Digby, Sir Kenelm, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Doctor’s signboard, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dog and Duck, sign, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dog’s Head in the Pot, sign, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dorrington Street, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Doves, Four, sign, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Drapers’ Company, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Gardens, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Drury Lane, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ducking ponds, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dugdale, Sir William, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Duke Street, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dyers’ Company, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Eagle with two Heads, sign, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Eldernesse Lane, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Elephant and Castle, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Epiphany or Twelfth Day, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Epitaph on drawer at Boar’s Head, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Essex, Earl of, arms, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Evans, William, giant, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Falstaff, drawing of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fastolfe, Sir John, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Field Court, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fire at Southwark, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fire of London, memorial of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fishmongers’ Company, arms of, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fleet, banks of the, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fleet Street, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fleming, Mr. John, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fortune of War Inn, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Four Doves, sign, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fowler, Thomas, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fowler family, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fowler of Islington, arms of, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fox, sign, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span></p> -<p class="pni">Foxes, Three, sign, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Friday Street, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fruiterers’ Company, arms of, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Galton, Francis, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gaming House and Shaver’s Hall, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Garden produce, <i>temp.</i> Edward I., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gardens to City houses, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gardiner’s Lane, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gaspar, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></p> - -<p class="pni">George Inn, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p> -<p class="pnii">advertisement of, <i>temp.</i> 1762, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gerard the Giant, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gerrard Street, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gerrardes Hall, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gilbert Street and Passage, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gisor’s Hall, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Goat in Boots, sign, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gog and Magog, <a href="#Page_17">17</a> <i>note</i></p> - -<p class="pni">Golden Bottle, sign, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Golden Lion, house and sign, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Goldsmiths’ Company, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Goose and Gridiron, sign, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gosling, Messrs., sign, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Grasshopper, sign, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gray’s Inn, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gray’s Inn Lane, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gray’s Inn Road, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></p> - -<p class="pni"><a name="Great_Chapel_Street" id="Great_Chapel_Street"></a>Great Chapel Street, Westminster, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></p> - -<p class="pni"><a name="Great_James_Street" id="Great_James_Street">Great James Street</a>, Bedford Row, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></p> - -<p class="pni"><a name="Great_St_Helen" id="Great_St_Helen"></a>Great St. Helen’s, Bishopsgate, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a> <i>et seq.</i></p> -<p class="pnii">Church, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Passage, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></p> -<p class="pnii">right of way, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></p> - -<p class="pni"><a name="Great_Ormond_Street" id="Great_Ormond_Street">Great Ormond Street</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></p> - -<p class="pni"><a name="Great_Queen_Street" id="Great_Queen_Street"></a>Great Queen Street, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Great Winchester Street, No. 23, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gresham, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Grey family, arms of, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Greys of Wilton, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Griffin’s Head, sign, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Grosvenor, Sir Robert, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Guildhall Museum, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Guy of Warwick, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gwynne, Nell, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span></p> -<p class="pni">Haberdashers’ Company, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Half Moon, sign, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Inn Yard, Borough, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Passage, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hare and Stirrup, sign, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p> -<p class="pnii">and Three Pigeons, tenements called, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> -<p class="pnii">in combination with the Sun, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Running, sign, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Harris, Roger, bequest of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Harrison Street, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hatchett’s Hotel, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hats, Three, sign, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hawkins, Sir John, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hays’ Mews, Charles Street, Berkeley Square, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Heathcock, sign, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Helmet, sign, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Henry, Prince of Wales, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Herne, or Heron, family, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hicks Hall, Middlesex Session House, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hoare, Messrs., their sign, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hobson, portrait of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hogarth’s picture of Evening, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of Southwark Fair, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Holland, Earl of, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Holles family, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></p> -<p class="pnii">arms of, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Sir William, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Holywell Street, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hood, Robin, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Horn of Unicorn, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Horsham free school, founding of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Houblon, Sir James, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Howard, Lord William, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hudson, Jeffery, dwarf, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Thomas, painter, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hugo, Rev. Thomas, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Inner Temple, heraldic charge, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Inns of Court and Chancery, arms of, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Islington, Upper Street, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Islington Wells, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Jack in the Green, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Jackson, William, smuggler, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></p> - -<p class="pni">James Street, Haymarket, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>. <i>See</i> <a href="#Great_James_Street">Great James Street</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span></p> -<p class="pni">Jones, Inigo, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Judd, Sir Andrew, Lord Mayor, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">King of the Fields, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></p> - -<p class="pni">King’s Cross Road, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></p> - -<p class="pni">King Street, Southwark, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kings, Three, signs, <a href="#Page_26">26-45</a></p> - -<p class="pni">King’s White Bear, the, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kenton, Benjamin, vintner, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kneller, Sir Godfrey, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Knights Templars, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Lacy, Henry de, Earl of Lincoln, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lad Lane, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Laing, David, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lamb and Flag, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lambeth Hill, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lamb’s Conduit, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lawrence, Adam, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></p> -<p class="pnii">will of, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></p> -<p class="pnii">family history of, <a href="#Page_206">206</a> <i>et seq.</i></p> - -<p class="pni">Lawrence, Sir John, Lord Mayor, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Mayor’s Banquet, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></p> -<p class="pnii">arms of, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lea, Sir James, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Leadenhall Street, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Leathern Bottle, sign, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Leathersellers’ Arms, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Leathersellers’ Company, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Leigh, Gerard, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lennep, J. Van, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Leopard, sign, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lernoult, Margaret, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lincoln’s Inn, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Fields, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lindsey, Earl of, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></p> -<p class="pnii">House, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lion, stone bas-relief, sign, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Golden, sign, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></p> -<p class="pnii">White, sign, <a href="#Page_83">83-86</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Little Distaff Lane, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lloyd’s Row, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></p> - -<p class="pni">London Bridge, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Spa, the, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Long Lane, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Long Melford, Suffolk, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Longmans, Messrs., their sign, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lovell, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lyons Inn, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span></p> -<p class="pni">Lysons, Rev. Canon, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Magi, the, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Maidenhead Inn, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></p> -<p class="pnii">sign, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Maiden’s Head, sign, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Man in the Moon, sign, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mantelpiece, seventeenth century, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></p> -<p class="pnii">from the old Cock Inn, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></p> -<p class="pnii">at 21, Austin Friars, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Marks, Alfred, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Marshall, Julian, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Martin and Co., bankers, their sign, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Martin, J. B., <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mary the Virgin, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Marygold, sign, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></p> - -<p class="pni">May’s Buildings, St. Martin’s Lane, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Melchior, one of the Three Kings, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mercers’ Company, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></p> -<p class="pnii">arms of, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Merchant Tailors’ Company, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Merchants’ trade marks, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Merlin’s Cave Tavern, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mermaid, carved in relief, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></p> -<p class="pnii">in Bread Street, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></p> -<p class="pnii">in Cornhill, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></p> -<p class="pnii">sign of at Gravesend, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></p> -<p class="pniii">in Holland, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Middle Temple, gatehouse, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Midshipman, wooden, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Miller, Sir John, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Milton, John, sign showing birthplace, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mineral spring, St. George’s Fields, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Minerva, head of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Minet, Hughes, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Minet, Walter, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Minories, the, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mitre Court, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mitres, stone bas-reliefs of, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></p> - -<p class="pni">More, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Morris Dancers, Three, sign, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mount Pleasant, Gray’s Inn Lane, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span></p> -<p class="pni">Mouth, sign, Bishopsgate Street, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Myddleton, Sir Hugh, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Myddleton’s Head Inn, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Nag’s Head, Unicorn sign wrongly called, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> -<p class="pnii">sign, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Naked Boy, sign, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Narwhal’s horn, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Nassau Street, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Negroes’ Heads, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Newcastle, Duke of, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></p> -<p class="pnii">House, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Newcomen Street, Southwark, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></p> - -<p class="pni">New Market, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></p> - -<p class="pni">New River Company, portrait of founder, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> - -<p class="pni">New River Head, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></p> - -<p class="pni">New Tunbridge Wells, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></p> - -<p class="pni">New Wells, near London Spa, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></p> - -<p class="pni">New White Horse Cellars, signboard, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Northampton, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Norwich Cathedral, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Old Bell Inn, Holborn, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Olmius, Herman, merchant, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ormond Street. <i>See</i> <a href="#Great_Ormond_Street">Great Ormond Street</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ormonde, Duke of, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ostrich, stone bas-relief, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Oxford Arms, Warwick Lane, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Pakenham Street, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Panyer Alley, sign in, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Parish marks, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Peakes, Sir John, Lord Mayor, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pegasus, Inner Temple, sign, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pelham, Thomas, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pelican, as an emblem, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p> -<p class="pnii">sign, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></p> -<p class="pnii">and Phœnix, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pepys’ Diary, extract from, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Person, Father, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Peter Street, Westminster, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Phelps, Samuel, actor, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Philip Lane, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Physicians, College of, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pie, sign, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pie Corner, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pied Bull Inn, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pindar Place, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span></p> -<p class="pni">Pinder a Wakefielde, inn, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pinder of Wakefield, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pinder, equivalent to, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Plough, sign, Bucklersbury, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Poore, Dr. G. V., <a href="#Page_229">229</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pope, Mr. M., F.S.A., <a href="#Page_91">91</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Portland, Duke of, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Powis, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Place, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Preaching Friars, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Price, Hilton, on bankers’ signs, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Prince of Wales’ feathers, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pudding Lane, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Queen Street. <i>See</i> <a href="#Great_Queen_Street">Great Queen Street</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Raleigh, Sir Walter, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Red Lion Tavern, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rich, Richard, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></p> - -<p class="pni">River. <i>See</i> New River</p> - -<p class="pni">Robin Hood Court, Shoe Lane, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Roman dress, bust of woman in, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Roman temple, site of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rookery, Gray’s Inn, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rose, the, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rose and Crown, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rose and Fleur-de-lys, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rosebery Avenue, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rosoman Street, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rotten Row, Asschowellys Place, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Roxalana’s Head, sign, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Royal Arms, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Bagnio, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Yacht Inn, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rufford, Captain Nicholas, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rufford’s Buildings, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Running Footman, sign, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Sadler’s mineral springs, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Music House, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Wells Theatre, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Anselm and Cecilia, chapel, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Bartholomew the Great, church, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Bartholomew’s Priory, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Bride’s, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Ceadda, well of, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Chad’s Road, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Row, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span></p> -<p class="pni">St. Chad’s Well, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Dunstan’s Church, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Ethelreda, chapel of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. George and the Dragon, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. George’s Fields, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Giles-in-the-Fields, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Helen’s. <i>See</i> <a href="#Great_St_Helen">Great St. Helen’s</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. James’s Palace, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. John’s Square, Clerkenwell, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Street Road, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Martin’s Lane, Upper, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Mary Axe, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Michael’s Crooked Lane, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Pancras Churchyard, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Well, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Salisbury, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sandys Row, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Saracen’s Head Hotel, Chelmsford, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sardinia Street, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Savage’s Inn, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Seven Stars, sign, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Shakespere’s Boar’s Head, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sheffield Street, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Shepherd Street, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Shiffner family, the, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ship and Black Swan, sign, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Shoe Lane, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Shoreditch High Street, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sims, F. Manley, sign belonging to, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Skates, mediæval, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Skinners’ Company, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Smith, Payne and Smith, sign discovered at their premises, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Somers, Sir John, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Soper’s Lane, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Southwark Arms, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Fire, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Spa Field, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Spas, suburban, <a href="#Page_180">180-199</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Spencer, Sir John, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Spread Eagle, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Court, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Squirrels, Three, sign, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Staircase, Elizabethan, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Star, sign, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stevens, John Cosens, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stinking Lane, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stuart, Sir Simeon Henry, Bart., <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sun, sign, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Swan, chained, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96-98</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span></p> -<p class="pni">Swan and Harp, sign, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></p> -<p class="pnii">upping or nicking, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></p> -<p class="pnii">with Two Necks, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></p> -<p class="pniii">origin of, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Tabard Inn, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tallowchandlers’ Company, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tarbolton, H. O., <a href="#Page_205">205</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tavern scoring, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Taylor, Edward, bequest of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Temple, Inner, heraldic charge and sign, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tennis Court, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Theatrical Booth, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thomas, Son, and Lefevre, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Three Bucks’ Heads, sign, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Cranes in the Vintry, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Crowns, sign, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Hats, Islington, sign, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Kings, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></p> -<p class="pniii">arms of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></p> -<p class="pniii">in plays, etc., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></p> -<p class="pniii">the feast of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Magi, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Morris Dancers, sign, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Squirrels, sign, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Time, statuette of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tothill Street, Westminster, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tower Hill, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tulips, exhibition of, <i>temp.</i> 1779, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tunbridge Grammar School, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Wells, New, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Turner, Mr. Hudson, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Two Brewers, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Two Negroes’ Heads, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tyburn, prisoners on the way to, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tylers’ and Bricklayers’ Company, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Unicorn, description of, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></p> -<p class="pnii">stone bas-relief of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> -<p class="pnii">supporter of Royal Arms, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span></p> -<p class="pni">Union Street, Southwark, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Upper Street, Islington, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Upper St. Martin’s Lane, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Vinegar Yard, Drury Lane, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Vintners’ Company, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Waller, J. G., <a href="#Page_74">74</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Waltham, Lord, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Warwick, Earl of, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Warwick, Guy of, stone bas-relief of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Warwick Inn, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Lane, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Water carnival at Sadler’s Wells, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Welbeck, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wentworth, Lord Thomas, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wesley, John, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Westgate Street, Gloucester, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Weston family, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></p> - -<p class="pni">White Bear, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Hart Inn, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Lion, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></p> -<p class="pniii">Islington, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Whittington and his Cat, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Whistling Oyster, sign, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wilberforce, William, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Williams, Mr., and the Royal Arms from old London Bridge, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wilton House, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wiltshire, Earl of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Winchester, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Winchester Street. <i>See</i> Great Winchester Street</p> - -<p class="pni">Winde, Captain William, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Winged Horse, the, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Winter’s-Low-Hut, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Woman’s Head, the, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wooden Midshipman, sign, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wren, Sir Christopher, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wright, Sir Nathan, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></p> - - -<p class="pc2 mid">THE END.</p> - -<p class="pc2 reduct"><i>Elliot Stock, Paternoster Row, London.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">FOOTNOTES:</h2> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a></span> -In November, 1892, this house was demolished.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a></span> -Hatton’s ‘New View of London,’ 1708, vol. i., p. 59.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a></span> -In later times there was a cross at the east end of the -church of St. Michael-le-Querne, replaced by a water conduit, -in the mayoralty of William Eastfield, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1429, as I learn -from Stow. The site of this cross is considerably east of -Panyer Alley.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a></span> - Pye, <i>i.e.</i>, parti-coloured, as in the bird. It is said to have -been so called because the initial and principal letters of the -rubrics were printed in red, and the rest in black. At the -beginning of the Church of England Prayer-Book, in that -section which relates to the service of the Church, mention -is made of ‘the number and hardness of the rules called the -Pie.’ Shakespeare, in the ‘Merry Wives of Windsor,’ says, -‘By cocke and pie you shall not choose, sir; you shall not -choose, but come.’ In this asseveration cock is supposed to -be a euphemism for God, and pie the above-named ordinal.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a></span> -On the Holbein gateway at Whitehall there were also -medallions of terra-cotta, as large or larger than life.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a></span> -The Broad Face, Reading, is noticed by Pepys as an odd -sign, when he visited the town on June 16, 1668.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a></span> -In style it reminds one somewhat of the Guildhall -giants, Gog and Magog, or, as Fairholt would call them, -Corineus and Gogmagog. These appear to have been made -in 1708, by Richard Saunders, a captain of trained bands and -carver in King Street, Cheapside, to replace giants of pasteboard -and wickerwork, which had been carried in City processions.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a></span> -Part of a similar crypt is to be seen at 4a, Lawrence -Pountney Hill; it belonged to a house called the Manor of -the Rose, built originally in the reign of Edward III. Such -crypts would doubtless be useful to mediæval merchants for -the storage of goods. There are great cellars under Crosby -Hall. I am reminded that in the thirteenth century houses -furnished usually belonged to Kings or the higher nobility—at -least, this is implied by Matthew Paris, in his ‘Lives of the -Abbots of St. Albans.’ His words are: ‘Aula nobilissima -picta cum conclavibus et camino et atrio et subaulâ, quæ -palatium regium (quia duplex est et criptata) dici potest.’</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a></span> -‘Old Meg of Hereford Towne for a Morris Daunce, or -Twelve Morris Dancers in Herefordshire, of twelve hundred -years old.’ Printed for John Bridge, 1609.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a></span> -St. Matt. ii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a></span> -‘Roma Sotteranea,’ by the Rev. J. Spencer Northcote, -D.D., and W. R. Brownlow, M.A., 1869.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a></span> -Messrs. Crowe and Cavalcaselle suggest that these two -figures may possibly be intended to represent the prophets -Isaiah and Jeremiah.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a></span> -‘Historical and Monumental Rome,’ by C. J. Hemans, -chap. xv.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a></span> -‘Primus dicitur fuisse Melchior, qui senex et canus, -barbâ prolixâ et capillis, aurum obtulit Regi Domino. Secundus -nomine Gaspar, juvenis imberbis, rubicundus, thure -quasi Deo oblatione dignâ, Deum honoravit. Tertius fuscus, -integre barbatus, Baltassar nomine, per myrrham Filium -hominis moriturum professus.’</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a></span> -In fourteenth and fifteenth century paintings, especially -among the Germans, Balthazar was often a Moor or negro, -the tradition being that he was King of Ethiopia or Nubia. -Ghirlandajo, in a picture at the Pitti Gallery, gives him, not -a black complexion, but a black page. The difference of race -indicated in the representations of the Three Kings implies -the wideness of the manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles. -On this account the three sons of Noah have been looked -upon as typical of them.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a></span> -Smith’s ‘Dictionary of the Bible.’</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a></span> - Commentary of Cornelius à Lapide, translated by -Mossman, vol. i. Others have extended the period of their -arrival at Bethlehem even to some time in the second year -after the birth of Christ, as an inference from Matt. ii. 16. -According to a tradition of the Eastern Church, the Magi -arrived at Jerusalem with a retinue of 1,000 men, having left -an army of 7,000 on the further bank of the Euphrates.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a></span> -The Milanese afterwards consoled themselves by forming -a confraternity, which showed their veneration for the Three -Kings by a special annual performance.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a></span> -For these references to the heraldry of the Three Kings, -I have to thank my valued friend, Mr. Everard Green, F.S.A., -whose knowledge of the subject is unique.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a></span> -Foster’s Chapel, Bristol, founded in 1504, is dedicated to -the Three Kings. In Winchester Cathedral are traces of a -painting of the Adoration.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a></span> -The names of the Kings are variously spelt.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a></span> -A pageant was originally the structure on which the performance -took place. Archdeacon Rogers, who saw the performance -at Chester in 1594, says that ‘Every company had -its pagiant, or parte, whiche pagiants weare a high scafolde -with 2 roomes, a higher and a lower, upon 4 wheeles. In the -lower they apparelled themselves, and in the higher they -played, being all open on the tope, that all behoulders mighte -heare and see them.’</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a></span> -One is reminded of Falstaff’s words (1 Henry IV. Act i., -Scene 2): ‘For we, that take purses, go by the moon and -seven stars; and not by Phœbus,—he, that wandering knight -so fair.’ Again, Pistol says; ‘Sweet knight, I kiss thy nief. -What! we have seen the seven stars.’</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a></span> -King Richard II. had two badges: the Sun in splendour, -and the White Hart. The former is shown on the mainsail -of the vessel in which he returned from Ireland, in an illumination -to a manuscript account of Richard, by a gentleman -of his suite (Harl. MS. 1319). It is also mentioned by the -poet Gower. The Sun in splendour, encircled with a cloud -distilling drops of rain, is a charge in the arms of the Distillers’ -Company. I may add that the Three Crowns appear -in the arms of the Skinners’ Company, which according to -Strype were granted in the 4th year of Edward VI.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a></span> -‘Some Account of the Parish of St. Clement Danes,’ by -John Diprose. 1868. Vol. i., p. 257.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a></span> -Guillim intimates the reason for representing the bear -muzzled in heraldry: ‘The beare by nature is a cruell beast, -but this here demonstrated unto you, is (to prevent the mischief -it might otherwise do, as you may observe) as it were, -bound to the good behaviour with a muzle.’—‘Heraldry,’ -sec. iii., chap. xv., p. 199. 1660.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a></span> -Hicks Hall was a session-house for Middlesex. At the -corner of St. John Street, Clerkenwell, and Peter’s Lane, -affixed to the wall of the Queen’s Head tavern, is a stone -tablet with the following inscription:</p> -<p class="pfc4">‘Opposite this Place Hicks Hall formerly stood, 1 mile -1 furlong from the Standard in Cornhill, 4 furlongs 205 yards -from Holborn Barrs down Holborn, up Snow Hill, Cow Lane -and through Smithfield.’</p> -<p class="pfc4">A Jacobean chimney-piece from Hicks Hall, and a portrait -of Sir Baptist, are in the Sessions House, Clerkenwell Green. -See an amusing article on Suburban Milestones, in Knight’s -‘London.’</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a></span> -Whitechapel Mount was an elevation of ground generally -thought to have been composed, in part at least, of -rubbish from the Great Fire: Lysons, however, denies this. -Another idea is, that it was a great burial-place for victims of -the Plague of 1665. A fort was built here in 1642, one of -the series then thrown round London. The Mount is -shown in Strype’s map of 1720, and in a view of London -Hospital, by Chatelain. Towards the end of last century -it was a place of resort for pugilists and dog-fighters. Mount -Street and Mount Place, immediately west of the London -Hospital, Whitechapel Road, now occupy the ground, which -is still slightly raised.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a></span> -This letter is among the Remembrancia at the Guildhall, -and is noted on page 355 of the Analytical Index, published -in 1878.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a></span> -‘Life of William Wilberforce,’ by his son Samuel Wilberforce, -Bishop of Oxford. Revised and condensed from the -original edition. 8vo., 1868.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a></span> -<i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i>, January, 1834.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a></span> -It formed part of his benefactions, through Bishop Waynflete, -to Magdalen College, Oxford.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a></span> -Pepys, the diarist, on March 27, 1664, writes as follows: -‘Walked through the Ducking Pond Fields; but they are so -altered since my father used to carry us to Islington, to the -old man of the King’s Head, to eat cakes and ale (his name -was Pitts), that I did not know which was the Ducking Pond, -or where I was.’ What would he have said now? There -were several ducking-ponds in this neighbourhood; the name -of Ball’s Pond, near Newington Green, still survives. Howes -in his ‘Chronicle’ says that the reservoir at the New River head -‘was in former times an open idell pool, commonly called the -Ducking Pond.’ Spa Fields, Clerkenwell, were also called -‘Ducking Pond Fields.’ There was a public-house a little -west of the London Spa, with a ducking-pond attached. It -was taken down in 1770, and the Pantheon, in imitation of -the Oxford Street Pantheon, built on its site. This soon -became disreputable, and was eventually turned into Spa -Fields Chapel, demolished 1879. There was a ducking-pond -in Mayfair (Hertford Street is on the site), and another near -Mile End.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a></span> -The ground in St. George’s Fields was not absolutely -given, but a lease was granted for 865 years at the nominal -rent of one shilling a year.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a></span> - The cross had possibly some connection with the priory -of St. Mary Overy hard by, or with the rich and powerful -abbey, originally the priory of St. Saviour’s, Bermondsey. -A chronicle, supposed to have been written by one of -the monks, is among the Harleian MSS. (No. 231). We -are here told that in the year 1117 ‘the cross of the Holy -Saviour was found near the Thames.’ Apparently this -was the cross of Bermondsey, placed in the church, to which -pilgrimages were occasionally made. It was taken down in -1538, during the mayoralty of Sir Richard Gresham, and in -all likelihood destroyed; but Wilkinson, in his ‘Londina -Illustrata,’ gives a view, showing in front of the building, -attached to the chief or north gate of the abbey, a small -cross with zigzag ornament, which some have sought to -identify with this holy rood. It existed with the remains of -the building till comparatively recent times. On the way to -the abbey were famous roadside crosses: one north, the site -of which is at the junction of Tooley Street with Bermondsey -Street; the other south, in Kent Street.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a></span> - From the ‘Archæologia,’ vol. 32, I learn that ‘the seal of -Bartholomew Elys, of Great Yarmouth, 17 Rich. II., is remarkable -as giving the family arms with the substitution of his -merchant’s mark in place of the cinqfoil in base.’ Mr. Waller -says that at Standon, in Herts, is the mark of John Feld, -alderman of London 1474; but his son, on the same brass, -an esquire in armour, has his shield of arms.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a></span> - ‘Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries,’ November 24, -1887. A highly interesting article in the ‘Archæologia,’ vol. -37, by Mr. B. Williams, shows that in early times simple -marks, not unlike merchants’ marks, were used to distinguish -property, both here and in Germany. Our modern swan -marks are a survival.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a></span> -At a Common Council held July 14, 33 Henry VIII., it -was ordered that the seal of the Bridge House should be -changed, because the image of Thomas à Becket, sometime -Archbishop of Canterbury, was graven thereon, and it was -agreed that a new seal should be made, devised by Mr. Hall, -to whom the old seal was delivered.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a></span> -But see Mr. Billson’s paper on ‘The Easter Hare,’ in -<i>Folklore</i>, vol. iii.—[<span class="smcap">Ed.</span>]</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a></span> -It is told in considerable detail in a ‘Life of Sir Walter -Raleigh,’ 8vo., 1740, p. 152.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a></span> -‘I remember one citizen, who having thus broken out of -his house in Aldersgate Street, or thereabout, went along the -road to Islington. He attempted to have gone in at the -Angel Inn, and after that at the White Horse, two inns still -known by the same signs, but was refused; after which he -came to the Pied Bull, an inn also still continuing the same -sign.’—‘Journal of the Plague Year,’ by Daniel Defoe, 1722.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a></span> -This was probably one of the ducking-ponds.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a></span> -Its site is also marked in Ogilby’s Map of London to -Holyhead. Here is now the Belvidere Tavern.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a></span> -Peter Cunningham says that Alderman Boydell, before -he removed to No. 90, Cheapside, at the corner of Ironmonger -Lane, lived at the Unicorn, at the corner of Queen -Street, Cheapside.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a></span> -‘Historic Devices, Badges, and War Cries,’ by Mrs. -Bury Palliser.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a></span> -Another record of him is a stone from Allhallows Church, -now imbedded in the western wall of the Church of St. -Mary-le-Bow, which has on it the well-known lines by -Dryden, beginning: ‘Three poets in three distant ages -born,’ etc., also the dates of Milton’s birth and baptism.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a></span> -Additional MS. in British Museum, 3890.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a></span> -In a ‘Brief History’ by Eugenius Philalethes, p. 93, -we are told; ‘It is a vulgar error that the pelican turneth -her beak against her breast and therewith pierceth it till -the blood gush out, wherewith she nourisheth her young; -whereas a pelican hath a beak broad and flat, much like the -slice of apothecaries and chirurgeons wherewith they spread -their plasters, no way fit to pierce, as Laurentius Gerbertus -counsellor and physitian to Henry the Fourth of France in -his book of Popular Errors hath observed.’</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a></span> -The architect was Sir Robert Taylor, R.A. The emblematic -figures on the cornice in front are said to be of -artificial stone, executed at Coade’s factory, Lambeth, where -John Bacon, R.A., worked for some years, and where, later, -Flaxman and Benjamin West also modelled. Some houses -on the north side of Westminster Bridge Road were originally -called Coade’s Row, and the name still appears on one of -them. The gallery or showroom stood there, as marked in -Horwood’s map. The factory was further north, between -Narrow Wall and the river.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a></span> -The sign outside is a modern imitation.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a></span> -In Aubrey’s ‘Natural History,’ p. 277, a manuscript in -the library of the Royal Society, is the following memorandum: -‘This day, May the 18th, being Monday, 1691, after Rogation -Sunday, is a great convention at St. Paul’s church of the -Fraternity of the adopted masons, where Sir Christopher -Wren is to be adopted a brother, and Sir Henry Goodric of -the Tower, and divers others. There have been kings that -have been of this sodality.’</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a></span> -Not in edition 1576, but edition 1596, p. 233.—[<span class="smcap">Ed.</span>]</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a></span> -See ‘City of London Livery Companies’ Commission,’ -1884, vol. ii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a></span> -Sir William Dugdale, in his ‘Origines Juridiciales,’ records -that the whole cost of this gatehouse was £153 10s. 8d., -‘the brick and tile used for the same being digged out of that -piece of ground then called the Coneygarth, lying on the -west side of the house, adjoyning to Lincoln’s Inn Fields.’ -This valuable relic is now, I fear, in a somewhat neglected -condition.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a></span> -T. Hudson Turner in the <i>Archæological Journal</i> for December, -1848, quoting from an account in the Office of the -Duchy of Lancaster.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a></span> -See an interesting article on this subject in the ‘Archæologia,’ -vol. ix. (1789), by the Hon. Daines Barrington.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a></span> -For further details about the armorial bearings, see -‘Gray’s Inn; its History and Associations,’ by W. R. Douthwaite, -1886, chap. xi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a></span> -Dodsley’s ‘London,’ 1761, vol. iii., p. 58.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a></span> -‘Scrope and Grosvenor Roll,’ i. 178.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a></span> -The gatehouse had only been finished in the year 1728, -having replaced a previous one damaged by a great fire on -the bridge in 1725. Mist’s <i>Weekly Journal</i>, for Saturday, -September 11, tells us that about sixty houses were consumed -on that occasion.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a></span> -Burke’s ‘Armory General.’ This seems correct; but -Burke’s ‘Extinct Peerages’ gives it, ‘gules, a chevron between -three cross crosslets or.’</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a></span> -From early days, however, the fair had increased beyond -church limits, and the City had acquired certain rights. -In the fourth edition of Stow, 1633, we are told how, on -Bartholomew Eve, the Aldermen in their violet gowns met -the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs at the Guildhall chapel, and -how they rode into Cloth Fair, and made a proclamation, -riding back through the churchyard and home to the Lord -Mayor’s house.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a></span> -In Allen’s ‘History of London,’ published in 1827, -vol. iii., p. 658, we are told that the district called Cloth -Fair was still chiefly occupied by clothiers, tailors, etc.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a></span> -Stow’s ‘Survey of London,’ edited by W. J. Thoms, -p. 141.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a></span> -The rebus was invented before Prior Bolton’s time; -as early as 1443 the White Friars had a grant of the ‘Hospitium -vocatum Le Bolt en ton,’ in Fleet Street. This became -a great coaching inn; the site is marked by a railway office. -The tun occurs in the rebus of Beckington, of Castleton, -and of Bishop Langton in Winchester Cathedral.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a></span> -They were drawn and described for Nelson’s ‘History -of Islington,’ 2nd edition, 1823.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a></span> -I have not been able to find proof positive that a Fowler -owned this property. The house, though of respectable -antiquity, is much more modern than the arms. By a lease -dated 1722, a messuage called the Bell, with its stables, etc., -and two other messuages or tenements on either side, adjoining -and fronting High Street, Holborn, ‘formerly one -capital mansion or messuage called the Bell or Blue Bell Inn, -together with all shops, stables, and other appurtenances,’ -were bought by Christ’s Hospital for £2,113 15s. Together -with the adjoining house, it still belongs to the Hospital. -There is a rent-charge of 45s. (originally 30 sacks of charcoal) -on the Blue Bell Inn, for the use of the poor of St. -Andrews, in which parish the houses are situated; it was bequeathed -by Richard Hunt, who died in 1559.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a></span> -Named after the Berners family, who held the estate -from the Conquest till 1422, when it passed by marriage to -John Bourchier, created Lord Berners.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a></span> -In Nelson’s ‘History of Islington,’ 2nd edition, 1823, -facing p. 260, there is an illustration of the building.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a></span> -The pretty garden of Clement’s Inn is now being built -over, and the garden house will soon disappear behind -bricks and mortar. The black kneeling figure supporting a -sundial, which formerly decorated the lawn (having been -brought from Italy and presented to the Inn by one of the -Earls of Clare), was sold by the Ancients in 1884 for twenty -guineas, and has now found its way to Inner Temple -Gardens.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a></span> -Lord Clarendon says of this second Earl: ‘He was a -man of honour and of courage, and would have been an -excellent person if his heart had not been so much set upon -keeping and improving his estate.’</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a></span> -From Mr. Austin Dobson I learn that Hogarth engraved -a view of Clare Market.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a></span> -He wrote MS. memoirs of the Holles family, afterwards -transcribed by Arthur Collins.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a></span> -This Act appears to have been a dead letter. In 1580 -Queen Elizabeth had issued an equally vain proclamation to -prevent the erection of new buildings within three miles of -the City gates.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a></span> -M. Jusserand gives amusing instances in his excellent -new work on ‘A French Ambassador at the Court of -Charles II.’</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a></span> -There is a view of it in Strype’s Stow (1754), which -shows a sculptured phœnix over the doorway. The phœnix -in the porch of No. 40, Great Ormond Street suggests the -possibility of some connection with this house.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a></span> -‘Annals of Tennis,’ 1878.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a></span> -Some of these servants, however, must have been exceedingly -active. In the <i>London Evening Post</i> for December -31, 1735, we are told that ‘General Churchill’s Running -Footman ran against the Lady Molesworth’s, from the upper -end of St. James’s Street to Edgworth Gate,’ and won, performing -the distance, computed to be about eleven miles, in -an hour and five minutes.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a></span> -He is Volpone in Pope’s ‘Moral Essay’:</p> -<p class="pfp6s">‘His grace’s fate sage Cutler could foresee<br /> -And well (he thought) advised him “Live like me.”<br /> -As well his grace replied, “Like you, Sir John?<br /> -That I can do, when all I have is gone.”’</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a></span> -‘Some account of London,’ by Thos. Pennant, 3rd -edition, pp. 372, 373.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a></span> -In the <i>Public Advertiser</i> for Wednesday, April 21, 1775, -it is stated that ‘a trout was catched in the New River, near -Sadler’s Wells, which weighed eight pounds and a half.’</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a></span> -This roadway is 1,173 yards in length, and has cost -£353,526, but the amount will be diminished by the sale of -unused lands. Running under it is a subway for the conveyance -of electric lighting, etc., high enough for a man to -walk through.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a></span> -The parish derived its name from a holy well, at which -the parish clerks of London used annually to perform a miracle -play. Its site was marked by a pump near the south-east -corner of Ray Street, an illustration of which is given in -Wilkinson’s ‘Londina Illustrata.’ The well still exists a few -feet to the north, covered by a massive brick arch, under -the floor of No. 18, Farringdon Road—formerly the parish -watch-house. This quaint little tenement is now to be let -on building lease. The whole neighbourhood seems in old -days to have had a reputation for holy and medicinal wells.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a></span> -In the <i>Post Boy</i>, and in the <i>Flying Post</i> for June, 1697, we -are told that ‘Sadler’s excellent steel waters at Islington, having -been obstructed for some years, are now opened and current -again,’ etc.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a></span> -At the bar of the Sir Hugh Myddleton tavern there -was formerly an interesting portrait group of frequenters of -the old Myddleton’s Head, Mr. Rosoman being in the -centre.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a></span> -Pinks’s ‘History of Clerkenwell,’ 2nd edition, p. 427.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a></span> -Both places are alluded to in an advertisement (dated -1747) of the Mulberry Garden, the site of which, says Pinks, -was afterwards covered by the House of Detention. A print -of it exists.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a></span> -The springs thus named were almost on the site of -another medicinal spring called Black Mary’s Well or Hole. -Dr. Bevis makes them out the same, and suggests that the -title by which the latter had been known was a corruption -of ‘Blessed Mary’s Hole.’ Other writers seek to derive it -from Mary Woolaston—a black woman who about 1680 is -supposed to have lived hereabout, by the side of the road, in -a circular hut built of stones, and to have leased and sold the -waters. According to the <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i> for 1813, -part ii., p. 557, this spring was afterwards enclosed in a -conduit by Walter Baynes, Esq., the gentleman who, in 1697, -discovered the famous Cold Bath, and who owned, in part at -least, the Sir John Oldcastle tavern and gardens hard by. -According to a plan of the city and environs of London, as -fortified by Parliament in 1642-3, there was a battery and -breastwork ‘on the hill E. of Blackmary’s Hole.’</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a></span> -See <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 3rd series, ii., p. 228.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a></span> -In Miss Burney’s ‘Evelina’ (chap. xlv.), published -January, 1778, there is an interesting list of places of amusement -in the suburbs. The vulgar members of the Branghton -family, and others, dispute as to which they shall visit in the -evening. Miss Branghton votes for Saltero’s coffee-house; -her sister for a party at Mother Red Cap’s; the brother for -White Conduit House; Mr. Brown for Bagnigge Wells; -Mr. Branghton for Sadler’s Wells, and Mr. Smith for -Vauxhall. White Conduit House is at last fixed upon. The -site of this is marked by a public-house—No. 14, Barnsbury -Road; it was named after an ancient conduit which once -stood hard by.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a></span> -Stow calls it the River of Wells, from the numerous -springs that overflowed into it.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a></span> -There was another fairly good mantelpiece on the -second-floor.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a></span> -I do not guarantee the completeness of the following -list of work in the City said to have been by Inigo Jones, -but it may be useful for reference. The Church of St. -Catherine Cree, Leadenhall Street, has been popularly -ascribed to him; it was consecrated by Laud, January 16, -1630-31, and is in pseudo-Gothic style. The Classic portico -to old St. Paul’s Cathedral was designed by Jones in 1633. -The repairs under his supervision were begun in April, 1631, -and carried on for more than nine years. The Church of -St. Alban’s, Wood Street, may have been his work; it replaced -the old church, pulled down in 1632. This was destroyed -in the Great Fire. The hall, theatre, and court-room -of the Barber-Surgeons’ Company were built by him, apparently -in 1636. The hall was destroyed in the Great -Fire; the theatre, which had been restored by the Earl of -Burlington, was pulled down in 1763. It has been stated -that the latter rebuilt the court-room; Mr. Young, however, -in his ‘Annals of the Barber-Surgeons’ (1890), declares positively -that it is the work of Inigo Jones, repaired after the -Fire. He is said to have also built Thanet House, Aldersgate -Street, which survived till 1882.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a></span> -‘Marriage, Baptismal, and Burial Registers of the Dutch -Reformed Church, Austin Friars, from 1571 to 1874,’ edited -by W. V. C. Moens.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a></span> -On the 15th of April, 1630, occurs the following entry: -‘Petronela Laurence widdowe, a Dutchwoman, was buryed -in ye ten shilling ground, att lower end of ye men’s pewes.’ -I am tempted to add the following curious baptismal entry -from the register. ‘Sept. 1, 1611.—Job-rakt-out-of-the-asshes, -being borne the last of August, in the lane going to Sir -John Spencer’s back gate and there laide in a heape of seacole -asshes, was baptized the first day of September following and -dyed the next day after.’</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a></span> -The old spelling is still retained, as in the entry of -Adam’s baptism at the Dutch Church.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a></span> -The name is spelt in various ways. He may have been -of the family of Sir John Cullum, Sheriff of London in -1646, on the site of whose mansion Cullum Street, hard by, -is built.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a></span> -From this I infer that she and her husband came to live -in the parish after Adam’s death. Their son John was born -December, 1661, and died a few months afterwards.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a></span> -Dr. Cox mentions this. Having searched for Sir John -Lawrence’s will at Somerset House, I find that he died intestate, -and that administration of his estate was granted to his -widow Catherine; so he had married a second time. In this -grant he is described as ‘nuper de Putney.’ It appears from -the register of that parish that he had a young family, and this -is confirmed by a Lawrence pedigree which has been kindly -placed at my disposal. Among the children there was another -son John, who married Catherine Briscoe; he died in 1728, -leaving several daughters and a son of the same name. There -was also a son Adam, who left no issue. Catherine, Lady Lawrence, -was buried in the vault at St. Helen’s Church in 1723.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a></span> -Faulkner gives some verses which he says were written -about the year 1664 on the Lawrence arms. Here is a -specimen:</p> -<p class="pfp6s">‘The Field is Argent, and the charge a Cross:<br /> -Riches without Religion are but dross;<br /> -White, like this field, O Lord, his life should be<br /> -Who bears thy cross, follows, and fights for thee.’</p> - - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a></span> -Dr. Cox says the date of Lawrence’s death was August 23, -1718, which would be seventy-six years after his first marriage.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a></span> - At the back of one of these houses is the only private -garden still existing in the City.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a></span> -This passage, to judge from a restored plan in Hammon’s -‘Architectural Antiquities of Crosby Place’ (London, 1844), -was one of the original courts of Crosby Place; but I am -rather doubtful about it. According to this plan, Crosby -Square occupied the site, not of offices, but of the bowling-green.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a></span> -I observe that he and his brother Herman were subscribers -to Strype’s Stow, published in 1720.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a></span> -Anne, daughter of Simon Luttrell, created Baron Irnham -of Luttrelstown, 1768; Viscount Carhampton, 1780; Earl -of Carhampton, 1785. She married, first, Christopher Horton, -of Colton Hall, Derbyshire, and secondly, in 1771, Henry -Frederick, Duke of Cumberland, brother of King George III. -This so incensed the latter that he procured the passing of -the Royal Marriage Act.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a></span> -Olmius is merely a Latinized form of the Dutch name -Van Olm, the latter word being equivalent to Elm. The -arms are given in Morant’s ‘History of Essex.’ One of the -charges is: out of a mount vert, an elm-tree proper.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a></span> -In 1778 John Drigue Lernoult and another let the -house to Lewis Miol, and a schedule was then drawn up -which I have seen. Everything is most carefully noted -from the arch in the hall ‘with fluted columns and carved -capitals,’ to the ‘battlement wall about 2 feet 6 inches high, -coped with stone cornice.’ At that time there was a warehouse -with a loft over it, and a crane, but its position is not -made clear.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a></span> -The plan of the garden seemed to show that it had been -curtailed when the houses to the east, Nos. 15 to 18, Austin -Friars, were erected. They were formerly called Winckworth -Buildings, and on their water-pipes were <span class="smcap">t w</span>, 1726. In No. 18, -James Smith, one of the authors of ‘Rejected Addresses,’ -lived for a time. These houses are all now swept away.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a></span> -‘London, Ancient and Modern, from the Sanitary and -Medical Point of View,’ by G. V. Poore, M.D., F.R.C.P. -London, 1889.</p></div> -</div> - -</div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's London Signs and Inscriptions, by Philip Norman - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LONDON SIGNS AND INSCRIPTIONS *** - -***** This file should be named 53105-h.htm or 53105-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/1/0/53105/ - -Produced by Giovanni Fini, Chris Curnow and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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