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If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments, of Great Britain and Ireland. - -Author: John Evans - -Release Date: September 19, 2016 [EBook #53092] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ANCIENT BRONZE *** - - - - -Produced by Giovanni Fini, Chris Curnow and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES: - -—Obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected. - -—Huge tables at pages 460 to 463 have been split into four parts each. - -—Bold text has been rendered as =bold text=. - -—At page 7 and 489 there are a few Coptic words; it is possible - that these characters will be not properly shown; in this case, a - translitteration has been here added: - -page 7: BENIPE and BAA-N-PE; - -page 489 (index): BENIPE. - - - - - THE ANCIENT - - BRONZE IMPLEMENTS, - - WEAPONS, AND ORNAMENTS, - - OF - - GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. - - - - - THE ANCIENT - - BRONZE IMPLEMENTS, - - WEAPONS, AND ORNAMENTS, - - OF - - GREAT BRITAIN - - AND - - IRELAND. - - BY - - JOHN EVANS, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., - - F.S.A., F.G.S., PRES. NUM. SOC., &c. - - LONDON: - - LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. - - 1881. - - (_All rights reserved._) - - - - - LONDON - - PRINTED BY VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED - - CITY ROAD. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -THE work which is now presented to the public has unfortunately been -many years in progress, as owing to various occupations, both private -and public, the leisure at my command has been but small, and it has -been only from time to time, often at long intervals, that I have -been able to devote a few hours to its advancement. During this slow -progress the literature of the subject, especially on the Continent, -has increased in an unprecedentedly rapid manner, and I have had great -difficulty in at all keeping pace with it. - -I have, however, done my best, both by reading and travel, to keep -myself acquainted with the discoveries that were being made and the -theories that were being broached with regard to bronze antiquities, -whether abroad or at home, and I hope that so far as facts are -concerned, and so far as relates to the present state of information on -the subject, I shall not be found materially wanting. - -Of course in a work which treats more especially of the bronze -antiquities of the British Islands, I have not felt bound to enlarge -more than was necessary for the sake of comparison on the corresponding -antiquities of other countries. I have, however, in all cases pointed -out such analogies in form and character as seemed to me of importance -as possibly helping to throw light on the source whence our British -bronze civilisation was derived. - -It may by some be thought that a vast amount of useless trouble has -been bestowed in figuring and describing so many varieties of what -were after all in most cases the ordinary tools of the artificer, or -the common arms of the warrior or huntsman, which differed from each -other only in apparently unimportant particulars. But as in biological -studies minute anatomy often affords the most trustworthy evidence -as to the descent of any given organism from some earlier form of -life, so these minor details in the form and character of ordinary -implements, which to the cursory observer appear devoid of meaning, -may, to a skilful archæologist, afford valuable clues by which the -march of the bronze civilisation over Europe may be traced to its -original starting-place. - -I am far from saying that this has as yet been satisfactorily -accomplished, and to my mind it will only be by accumulating a far -larger mass of facts than we at present possess that comparative -archæology will be able to triumph over the difficulties with which its -path is still beset. - -Much is, however, being done, and I trust that so far as the British -Isles are concerned, the facts which I have here collected and the -figures which I have caused to be engraved will at all events form a -solid foundation on which others may be able to build. - -So long ago as 1876 I was able to present to the foreign archæologists -assembled at Buda-Pest for the International Congress of Prehistoric -Archæology and Anthropology, a short abstract of this work in the shape -of my _Petit Album de l’âge du Bronze de la Grande Bretagne_, which I -have reason to believe has been found of some service. At that time my -friend the late Sir William Wilde was still alive, and as the bronze -antiquities of Ireland appeared to be especially under his charge, I -had not regarded them as falling within the scope of my book. After -his lamented death there was, however, no possibility of interfering -with his labours, by my including the bronze antiquities of the sister -country with those of England, Wales, and Scotland in the present work, -and I accordingly enlarged my original plan. - -In carrying out my undertaking I have followed the same method as in -my work on the “Ancient Stone Implements, &c., of Great Britain;” and -it will be found that what I may term the dictionary and index of -bronze antiquities is printed in smaller type than the more general -descriptive and historical part of the book. I have in fact offered -those who take an ordinary interest in archæological inquiry without -wishing to be burdened with minute details a broad hint as to what they -may advantageously skip. To the specialist and the local antiquary -the portion printed in smaller type will be found of use, if only as -giving references to other works in which the more detailed accounts of -local discoveries are given. These references, thanks to members of my -own family, have been carefully checked, and the accuracy of all the -original figures for this work, engraved for me with conscientious care -by Mr. Swain, of Bouverie Street, may, I think, be relied on. - -To the councils of several of our learned societies, and especially -to those of the Societies of Antiquaries of London and Edinburgh, the -Royal Irish Academy, the Royal Archæological Institute, and the Royal -Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland, I am much indebted -for the loan of woodcuts and for other assistance. I have also to thank -the trustees and curators of many local museums, as well as the owners -of various private collections, for allowing me to figure specimens, -and for valuable information supplied. - -My warmest thanks are, however, due to Mr. Augustus W. Franks, F.R.S., -and Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., not only for assistance in the matter of -illustrations, but for most kindly undertaking the task of reading my -proofs. I must also thank Mr. Joseph Anderson, the accomplished keeper -of the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh, and Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A., of -Cork, for having revised those portions of the work which relate to -Scotland and Ireland. - -The Index has been carefully compiled by my sister, Mrs. Hubbard. As -was the case with those of my “Ancient Stone Implements,” and “Ancient -British Coins,” it is divided into two parts; the one referring -generally to the subject matter of the book, and the other purely -topographical. The advantages of such a division in a book of this -character are obvious. - -In conclusion, I venture to prefer the request that any discoveries of -new types of instruments or of deposits of bronze antiquities may be -communicated to me. - - JOHN EVANS. - - NASH MILLS, HEMEL HEMPSTED, - _March, 1881_. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - CHAPTER I. - - INTRODUCTORY. - - PAGE - - The Succession of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages—A Copper Age - in America—Scriptural Notices of Bronze—Bronze preceded Iron - in ancient Egypt—Bronze in ancient Greece—The Metals mentioned - by Homer—Iron in ancient Greece—Bronzes among other ancient - Nations—Use of Iron in Gaul and Italy—Disputes as to the three - Periods—The Succession of Iron to Bronze—The Preservation of - ancient Iron 1 - - - CHAPTER II. - - CELTS. - - Origin of the word Celt—Views of early Antiquaries—Conjectures - as to the Use of Celts—Opinions of modern Writers 27 - - - CHAPTER III. - - FLAT AND FLANGED CELTS. - - Flat Celts from Cyprus and Hissarlik—Discoveries of Flat Celts - in Barrows—Those ornamented on the Faces—Flanged Celts—Those - from Arreton Down—And from Barrows—Decorated Flanged Celts—Flat - Celts found in Scotland—Decorated Scottish Specimens—Flat Celts - found in Ireland—Decorated Irish Specimens—Character of their - Decorations—Flat Celts with Lateral Stops 39 - - - CHAPTER IV. - - WINGED CELTS AND PALSTAVES. - - Origin of the term Palstave—Celts with a Stop-ridge—Varieties - of Winged Celts—Transitional Forms—Palstaves with Ornaments - on Face—With Central Rib on the Blade—Shortened by Wear—With - a Transverse Edge—Looped Palstaves—With Ribs on Blade—With - Shield-like Ornaments—With Vertical Ribs on Blade—With - semicircular Side-wings hammered over—Iron Palstaves imitated - from Bronze—Palstaves with two Loops—Scottish Palstaves—Irish - Palstaves—Looped Irish Palstaves—Irish Palstaves with - Transverse Edge—Comparison with Continental Forms 70 - - - CHAPTER V. - - SOCKETED CELTS. - - Terms, “the Recipient” and “the Received”—Evolution from - Palstaves—With “Flanches,” or curved Lines, on the Faces—Plain, - with a Beading round the Mouth—Of a Gaulish type—With vertical - Ribs on the Faces—With Ribs ending in Pellets—With Ribs and - Pellets on the Faces—With Ribs and Ring Ornaments—Variously - ornamented—Of octagonal Section—With the Loop on one - Face—Without Loops—Of diminutive Size—Found in Scotland—Found - in Ireland—Comparison with Foreign Forms—Mainly of Native - Manufacture in Britain—Those formed of Iron 107 - - - CHAPTER VI. - - METHODS OF HAFTING CELTS. - - The perforated Axes of Bronze—Celts in Club-like Handles—Their - Hafts, as seen in Barrows—Hafting after the manner of - Axes—Socketed Celts used as Hatchets—Hafted Celt found at - Chiusi—Hafts, as seen at Hallstatt—Celts in some instances - mounted as Adzes—No perforated Axe-heads in Britain—Hafting - Celts as Chisels 146 - - - CHAPTER VII. - - CHISELS, GOUGES, HAMMERS, AND OTHER TOOLS. - - Simple form of Chisel rare—Tanged Chisels—Chisels with - Lugs at sides—Socketed Chisels—Tanged Gouges—Socketed - Gouges—Socketed Hammers—Irish Hammers—Method of Hafting - Hammers—French Anvils—Saws and Files almost unknown in - Britain—Tongs and Punches—The latter used in Ornamenting—Awls, - Drills, or Prickers frequently found in Barrows—Awls used in - Sewing—Tweezers—Needles—Fish-hooks 165 - - - CHAPTER VIII. - - SICKLES. - - Method of Hafting—Sickles with Projecting Knobs—With - Sockets—Sickles found in Scotland and Ireland—Found on the - Continent 194 - - - CHAPTER IX. - - KNIVES, RAZORS, ETC. - - The Socketed Form—Scottish and Irish Knives—Curved - Knives—Knives with broad Tangs—With Lanceolate Blades—Of - peculiar Types—Double-edged Razors—Scottish and Irish - Razors—Continental Forms 204 - - - CHAPTER X. - - DAGGERS AND THEIR HILTS.—RAPIER-SHAPED BLADES. - - Tanged Knives or Daggers—Knife-Daggers with three Rivets—Method - of Hafting Daggers—Bone Pommels—Amber Hilt inlaid with - Gold—Hilts with numerous Rivets—Inlaid and Ivory Hilts—Hilts - of Bronze—Knife-Daggers with five or six Rivets—Knife-Daggers - from Scotland—From Ireland—Daggers with Ornamented Blades—With - Mid-ribs—With Ogival Outline—Rapier-shaped Blades—Rapiers with - Notches at the Base—With Ribs on the Faces—Rapiers with Ox-horn - and Bronze Hilts—Bayonet-like Blades 222 - - - CHAPTER XI. - - TANGED AND SOCKETED DAGGERS OR SPEAR-HEADS, HALBERDS, AND MACES. - - Arreton Down type of Spear-heads—With Tangs and with - Socket—Scandinavian and German Halberds—The Chinese Form—Irish - Halberds—Copper Blades less brittle than Bronze—Broad Irish - Form—Scottish Halberds—English and Welsh Halberds—The Form - known in Spain—Maces, probably Mediæval 257 - - - CHAPTER XII. - - LEAF-SHAPED SWORDS. - - Their Occurrence in British Barrows not authenticated—Occur - with Interments in Scandinavia—The Roman Sword—British - Swords—Disputes as to their Age—Hilts proportional to - Blades—Swords with Central Slots in Hilt-plate—With many - Rivet-holes—With Central Rib on Blade—Representation of - Sword on Italian Coin—Those with Hilts of Bronze—Localities - where found—Comparison with Continental Types—Swords found - in Scotland—In Ireland—In France—Swords with Hilts of - Bone—Decorated with Gold—Continental Types—Early Iron Swords 273 - - - CHAPTER XIII. - - SCABBARDS AND CHAPES. - - Sheaths with Bronze Ends—Wooden Sheaths—Bronze Sheaths—Ends - of Sword-Sheaths or Scabbard Ends—Chapes from England and - Ireland—Spiked Chapes—Mouth-pieces for Sheaths—Ferrules on - Sword-Hilts 301 - - - CHAPTER XIV. - - SPEAR-HEADS, LANCE-HEADS, ETC. - - Different Types—Leaf-shaped—With a Fillet along the - Midrib—Ornamented on the Sockets—With Loops at the Sides—From - Ireland—Decorated on the Blade—With Loops at the Base of - the Blade—Of Cruciform Section near the Point—With Openings - in the Blade—With Flanges at the Side of the Openings—With - Lunate Openings in the Blade—Barbed at the Base—Ferrules for - Spear-shafts—African Spear Ferrules—Continental Types—Early - Iron Spear-heads 310 - - - CHAPTER XV. - - SHIELDS, BUCKLERS, AND HELMETS. - - Shields with numerous raised Bosses—With Concentric Ribs—With - Concentric Rings of Knobs—Shields found in Scotland—In England - and Wales—Wooden Bucklers—The Date of Circular Bucklers—Bronze - Helmets—Their Date 343 - - - CHAPTER XVI. - - TRUMPETS AND BELLS. - - Trumpets found in Ireland—Trumpets with Lateral Openings—The - Dowris Hoard—Riveted Trumpets—The Caprington Horn—Trumpets - found in England—Bells found in Ireland 357 - - - CHAPTER XVII. - - PINS. - - Pins with Flat Heads—With Crutched Heads—With Annular - Heads—Those of large Size—With Spheroidal Heads—With Ornamental - Expanded Heads—From Scotland—From Denmark—Their Date difficult - to determine 365 - - - CHAPTER XVIII. - - TORQUES, BRACELETS, RINGS, EAR-RINGS, AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS. - - The Gaulish Torque—Gold Torques—Funicular Torques—Ribbon - Torques—Those of the Late Celtic Period—Penannular Torques - and Bracelets—Bracelets engraved with Patterns—Beaded - and Fluted—Looped, with Cup-shaped Ends—Late Celtic - Bracelets—Rings—Rings with others cast on them—Coiled Rings - found with Torques—Finger-rings—Ear-rings—Those of Gold—Beads - of Tin—Of Glass—Rarity of Personal Ornaments in Britain 374 - - - CHAPTER XIX. - - CLASPS, BUTTONS, BUCKLES, AND MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS. - - Difficulty in Determining the Use of some Objects—Looped - Sockets and Tubes—Possibly Clasps—Perforated Rings forming - a kind of Brooch—Rings used in Harness—Brooches—Late - Celtic—Buttons—Circular Plates and Broad Hoops—Perforated - Discs—Slides for Straps—Jingling Ornaments—Objects of Uncertain - Use—Rod, with Figures of Birds upon it—Figures of Animals 396 - - - CHAPTER XX. - - VESSELS, CALDRONS, ETC. - - Fictile Vessels—Gold Cup—Bronze Vessels not found in - Barrows—Caldrons found in Scotland—In Ireland—Some of an - Etruscan Form—The Skill exhibited in their Manufacture 407 - - - CHAPTER XXI. - - METAL, MOULDS, AND THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURE. - - Composition of Bronze—Lead absent in early Bronze—Sources of - Tin and Copper—Analyses of Bronze Antiquities—Cakes of Copper - and Lumps of Metal—Tin discovered in Hoards of Bronze—Ingots of - Tin—Methods of Casting—Moulds of Stone for Celts, Palstaves, - Daggers, Swords, and Spear-heads—Moulds of Bronze for Palstaves - and Celts—The Harty Hoard—Bronze Mould for Gouges—Moulds - found in other Countries—Moulds formed of Burnt Clay—Jets - or Runners—The Processes for Preparing Bronze Instruments - for Use—Rubbers and Whetstones—Decoration—Hammering out and - Sharpening the Edges 415 - - - CHAPTER XXII. - - CHRONOLOGY AND ORIGIN OF BRONZE. - - Inferences from number of Types—Division of Period - into Stages—The Evidence of Hoards—Their different - Kinds—Personal, Merchants’, and Founders’—Lists of Principal - Hoards—Inferences from them—The Transition from Bronze to - Iron—Its probable Date—Duration of Bronze Age—Burial Customs - of the Period—Different Views as to the Sources of Bronze - Civilisation—Suggested Provinces of Bronze—The Britannic - Province—Comparison of British and Continental Types—Foreign - Influences in Britain—Its Commercial Relations—Imported - Ornaments—Condition of Britain during the Bronze Age—General - Summary 455 - - - - -WOODCUT ILLUSTRATIONS. - -The references are to the original sources of such cuts as have not -been engraved expressly for this book. - - - CHAPTER III. - - FLAT AND FLANGED CELTS. - - FIG. PAGE - - 1. Cyprus 40 - - 2. Butterwick 41 - - 3. Moot Low 44 - Llew. Jewitt, F.S.A., “Grave Mounds,” fig. 187. - - 4. Yorkshire 45 - - 5. Weymouth 46 - - 6. Read 47 - - 7. Suffolk 48 - - 8. Arreton Down 49 - _Archæologia_, vol. xxxvi. p. 329. - - 9. Plymstock 50 - - 10. ” 50 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 346. - - 11. Thames 52 - - 12. Norfolk 52 - - 13. Dorsetshire 53 - - 14. Lewes 53 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 167. - - 15. Ely 53 - - 16. Barrow 54 - - 17. Liss 54 - - 18. Rhosnesney 55 - - 19. Drumlanrig 56 - - 20. Lawhead 57 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 105. - - 21. Nairn 58 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. N.S. - - 22. Falkland 59 - - 23. Greenlees 59 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. p. 601. - - 24. Perth 60 - - 25. Applegarth 60 - - 26. Dams 61 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xiii. p. 120. - - 27. Ballinamallard 61 - - 28. North of Ireland 62 - - 29. Ireland 62 - - 30. Tipperary 62 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 410. - - 31. Ireland 63 - - 32. Connor 64 - - 33. Clontarf 65 - - 34. Ireland 65 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 248. - - 35. Ireland 66 - - 36. Trim 66 - - 37. Ireland 66 - - 38. ” 66 - - 39. Punched patterns 67 - - 40. ” ” 67 - - 41. ” ” 67 - - 42. ” ” 67 - - 43. ” ” 67 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” figs. 286 to 290. - - 44. Armoy 68 - - 45. Ireland 68 - - 46. ” 69 - - 47. ” 69 - - - CHAPTER IV. - - WINGED CELTS AND PALSTAVES. - - 48. Icelandic Palstave 71 - - 49. ” ” 71 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 74. - - 50. Wigton 73 - - 51. Chollerford Bridge 74 - - 52. Chatham 74 - - 53. Burwell Fen 75 - - 54. Bucknell 75 - - 55. Culham 75 - - 56. Reeth 76 - - 57. Dorchester 76 - - 58. Colwick 77 - - 59. Barrington 78 - - 60. Harston 78 - - 61. Shippey 79 - - 62. Severn 80 - - 63. Sunningwell 80 - - 64. Weymouth 82 - - 65. Burwell Fen 82 - - 66. East Harnham 83 - - 67. Burwell Fen 83 - - 68. Thames 84 - - 69. Stibbard 84 - - 70. Irthington 85 - - 71. North Owersby 85 - - 72. Bonn 85 - - 73. Dorchester 87 - - 74. Wallingford 88 - - 75. Stanton Harcourt 88 - - 76. Brassington 89 - - 77. Bath 89 - - 78. Oldbury Hill 90 - - 79. Ross 91 - - 80. Honington 91 - - 81. Ely 92 - - 82. Bottisham 92 - - 83. Nettleham 93 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160. - - 84. Cambridge 93 - - 85. Carlton Rode 94 - - 86. Penvores 96 - - 87. West Buckland 96 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 107. - - 88. Bryn Crûg 96 - - 89. Andalusia 97 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 69. - - 90. Burreldale Moss 98 - - 91. Balcarry 98 - - 92. Pettycur 99 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 377. - - 93. Ireland 100 - - 94. ” 100 - - 95. ” 101 - - 96. North of Ireland 101 - - 97. Lanesborough 101 - - 98. Trillick 102 - - 99. Ireland 102 - - 100. ” 102 - - 101. ” 102 - - 102. ” 103 - - 103. ” 103 - - 104. ” 103 - - 105. Miltown 104 - - 106. Ireland 105 - - 107. ” 105 - - 108. ” 105 - - 109. Ballymena 105 - - - CHAPTER V. - - SOCKETED CELTS. - - 110. High Roding 109 - - 111. Dorchester, Oxon 109 - - 112. Wilts 110 - - 113. Harty 110 - - 114. ” 111 - - 115. Dorchester, Oxon 111 - - 116. Reach Fen 112 - - 117. ” ” 112 - - 118. Canterbury 114 - - 119. Usk 114 - - 120. Alfriston 115 - - 121. Cambridge Fens 116 - - 122. High Roding 116 - - 123. Chrishall 117 - - 124. Reach Fen 117 - - 125. Barrington 117 - - 126. Mynydd-y-Glas 119 - - 127. Stogursey 120 - - 128. Guildford 120 - - 129. Frettenham 120 - - 130. Ely 121 - - 131. Caston 121 - - 132. Carlton Rode 122 - - 133. Fornham 122 - - 134. Fen Ditton 123 - - 135. Bottisham 123 - - 136. Winwick 123 - - 137. Kingston 124 - - 138. Cayton Carr 124 - - 139. Lakenheath 125 - - 140. Thames 125 - - 141. Kingston 125 - - 142. ” 126 - - 143. Thames 127 - - 144. Givendale 127 - - 145. Cambridge 127 - - 146. Blandford 127 - - 147. Ireland (?) 128 - - 148. Barrington 128 - - 149. Hounslow 128 - - 150. Wallingford 128 - - 151. Newham 129 - - 152. Westow 130 - - 153. Wandsworth 130 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 378. - - 154. Whittlesea 130 - - 155. Nettleham 132 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160. - - 156. Croker Collection 132 - - 157. Nettleham 132 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160. - - 158. Ulleskelf 132 - - 159. Reach Fen 133 - - 160. Carlton Rode 133 - - 161. Arras 134 - - 162. Bell’s Mills 135 - “Catal. Ant. Mus. Ed.” - - 163. North Knapdale 136 - - 164. Bell’s Mills 136 - - 165. ” ” 136 - “Catal. Ant. Mus. Ed.” - - 166. Leswalt 137 - _Ayr and Wigton Coll._, vol. ii. p. 11. - - 167. Ireland 138 - - 168. ” 138 - - 169. Belfast 139 - - 170. Ireland 139 - - 171. ” 139 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 280. - - 172. Athboy 140 - - 173. Meath 140 - - 174. Ireland 140 - - 175. Newtown Crommolin 141 - - 176. North of Ireland 141 - - 177. Ireland 141 - - 178. ” 142 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 275. - - 179. Kertch 142 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 91. - - - CHAPTER VI. - - METHODS OF HAFTING CELTS. - - 180. Stone Axe of Montezuma II. 148 - - 181. Aymara Stone Hatchet 148 - - 182. Modern African Axe of Iron 149 - - 183. Stone Axe, Robenhausen 150 - - 184. Bronze Axe, Hallein 152 - - 185. Raron, Brigue 154 - - 186. Edenderry 155 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 257. - - 187. Chiusi 156 - - 188. Winwick 158 - - 189. Everley 163 - - - CHAPTER VII. - - CHISELS, GOUGES, AND OTHER TOOLS. - - 190. Plymstock 166 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 346. - - 191. Heathery Burn 166 - - 192. Glenluce 166 - - 192*. Carlton Rode 167 - - 193. Wallingford 168 - - 194. Reach Fen 168 - - 195. Thixendale 168 - - 196. Yattendon 169 - - 197. Broxton 169 - - 198. Scotland 170 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. p. 613. - - 199. Ireland 170 - - 200. Carlton Rode 171 - - 201. Westow 172 - - 202. Heathery Burn Cave 172 - - 203. Carlton Rode 173 - - 204. Thorndon 174 - - 205. Harty 174 - - 206. Undley 175 - - 207. Carlton Rode 175 - - 208. Tay 175 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 127. - - 209. Ireland 176 - - 210. Thorndon 178 - - 211. Harty 178 - - 212. ” 178 - - 213. Carlton Rode 178 - - 214. Taunton 178 - - 215. Ireland 179 - _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66. - - 216. Dowris 179 - _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 65. - - 217. Fresné la Mère 182 - - 218. ” ” 182 - - 219. Heathery Burn Cave 185 - - 220. Harty 186 - - 221. Reach Fen 186 - - 222. Ebnall 186 - _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66. - - 223. Upton Lovel 189 - _Archæologia_, vol. xliii. p. 466. - - 224. Thorndon 189 - - 225. Butterwick 189 - - 226. Bulford 190 - _Archæologia_, vol. xliii. p. 465. - - 227. Winterbourn Stoke 190 - - 228. Wiltshire 191 - _Archæologia_, vol. xliii. p. 467. - - 229. Llangwyllog 192 - - 230. Ireland 192 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 403. - - - CHAPTER VIII. - - SICKLES. - - 231. Mœrigen 196 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxx. p. 192. - - 232. Edington Burtle 197 - - 233. ” ” 197 - - 234. Thames 198 - - 235. Near Bray 199 - - 236. Near Errol, Perthshire 200 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 378. - - 237. Garvagh, Derry 200 - - 238. Athlone 201 - - - CHAPTER IX. - - KNIVES, RAZORS, ETC. - - 239. Wicken Fen 204 - - 240. Thorndon 205 - - 241. Reach Fen 205 - - 242. Heathery Burn Cave 206 - _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132. - - 243. Kilgraston, Perthshire 206 - - 244. Kells 207 - - 245. Ireland 208 - - 246. Moira 209 - - 247. Fresné la Mère 209 - - 248. Skye 209 - Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 400. - - 249. Wester Ord 209 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. viii. p. 310. - - 250. Reach Fen 210 - - 251. ” ” 210 - - 252. Heathery Burn Cave 212 - - 253. Harty 212 - - 254. Ireland 212 - - 255. Ballyclare 213 - - 256. Reach Fen 213 - - 257. Ballycastle 213 - - 258. Ireland 213 - - 259. Wigginton 214 - - 260. Isle of Harty 214 - - 261. Allhallows, Hoo 214 - - 262. Cottle 215 - _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 301. - - 263. Reach Fen 216 - - 264. Lady Low 216 - - 265. Winterslow 216 - - 266. Priddy 216 - - 267. Balblair 217 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 476. - - 268. Rogart 217 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. x. p. 431. - - 269. Wallingford 218 - - 270. Heathery Burn Cave 218 - - 271. Dunbar 219 - - 272. ” 219 - - 273. ” 219 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. x. p. 440. - - 274. Ireland 219 - Wilde’s “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 433. - - 275. Kinleith 220 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 87. - - 276. Nidau 221 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 91. - - - CHAPTER X. - - DAGGERS AND THEIR HILTS.—RAPIER-SHAPED - BLADES. - - 277. Roundway 223 - - 278. Driffield 224 - - 279. Butterwick 225 - - 280. Helperthorpe 227 - - 281. ” 227 - - 282. Garton 228 - _Archæologia_, vol. xliii. p. 441. - - 283. Wilmslow 228 - - 284. Hammeldon Down 229 - - 285. Reach Fen 230 - - 286. Allhallows, Hoo 230 - - 287. Brigmilston 231 - - 288. Leicester 231 - - 289. Normanton 232 - - 290. Roke Down 233 - - 291. Ireland 235 - - 292. Belleek 235 - _Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland_, - 4th S., vol. ii. p. 196. - - 293. Ireland 235 - - 294. Woodyates 236 - - 295. Homington 237 - - 296. Idmiston 237 - - 297. Dow Low 239 - - 298. Cleigh 239 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Soc._, vol. x. p. 84. - - 299. Collessie 239 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. p. 440. - - 300. Musdin 240 - - 301. Plymstock 240 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 346. - - 302. Winterbourn Stoke 240 - - 303. Camerton 243 - - 304. Cambridge 243 - - 305. Magherafelt 245 - _Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland_, - 2nd S., vol. i. p. 286. - - 306. Arreton Down 245 - - 307. Kinghorn 245 - - 308. Colloony 246 - - 309. Ireland 246 - Wilde’s “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.” fig. 347. - - 310. Kilrea 247 - - 311. Thames 247 - - 312. Thatcham 247 - - 313. Coveney 249 - - 314. Thames 249 - - 315. Chatteris 251 - - 316. Thetford 251 - - 317. Londonderry 251 - - 318. Lissane 252 - Wilde’s “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 314. - - 319. Galbally 253 - _Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland_, - 4th S., vol. ii. p. 197. - - 320. Tipperary 254 - - 321. Ely 255 - - 322. North of Ireland 255 - - 323. Raphoe 255 - - - CHAPTER XI. - - TANGED AND SOCKETED DAGGERS, OR - SPEAR-HEADS, HALBERDS AND MACES. - - 324. Arreton Down 258 - - 325. Stratford le Bow 258 - - 326. Matlock 259 - - 327. Plymstock 259 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 349. - - 328. Arreton Down 260 - - 329. Årup 261 - Montelius, “Sver. Forntid,” fig. 131. - - 330. China 262 - - 331. Ireland 264 - - 332. Cavan 266 - - 333. Newtown Limavady 267 - - 334. Ballygawley 267 - - 335. Falkland 268 - - 336. Stranraer 268 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 423. - - 337. Harbyrnrigge 269 - - 338. Shropshire 269 - - 339. Lidgate 271 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 181. - - 340. Great Bedwin 271 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 411. - - 341. Ireland 271 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 361. - - - CHAPTER XII. - - LEAF-SHAPED SWORDS. - - 342. Battersea 278 - - 343. Barrow 279 - - 344. Newcastle 281 - - 345. Wetheringsett 283 - - 346. Tiverton 284 - - 347. Kingston 284 - - 348. Ely 286 - - 349. River Cherwell 286 - - 350. Lincoln 287 - _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. ii. p. 199. - - 351. Whittingham 288 - - 352. Brechin 288 - - 353. Edinburgh 290 - - 354. Newtown Limavady 292 - - 355. Ireland 292 - - 356. ” 292 - - 357. ” 292 - - 358. Muckno 294 - - 359. ” 294 - _Journ. R. H. & A. Assoc. of Ireland_, - 3rd S., vol. i. p. 23. - - 360. Muckno 295 - - 361. Mullylagan 295 - _Journ. R. H. & A. Assoc. of Ireland_, - 4th S., vol. ii. p. 257. - - 362. Mullylagan 295 - - 363. Ireland 296 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 322. - - - CHAPTER XIII. - - SCABBARDS AND CHAPES. - - 364. Isleworth 302 - - 365. Guilsfield 303 - - 366. River Isis, near Dorchester 303 - - 367. Ireland 303 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 335. - - 368. Stogursey, Somerset 304 - - 369. Brechin 304 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. p. 81. - - 370. Pant-y-Maen 304 - - 371. Reach Fen 305 - - 372. Cloonmore 305 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 336. - - 373. Stoke Ferry 305 - - 374. Keelogue Ford, Ireland 306 - - 375. Mildenhall 306 - - 376. Thames 307 - - 377. Isle of Harty 308 - - - CHAPTER XIV. - - SPEAR-HEADS, LANCE-HEADS, ETC. - - 378. Thames, London 312 - - 379. Lough Gur 312 - - 380. ” ” 312 - - 381. Heathery Burn Cave 312 - - 382. Nettleham 314 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 159. - - 383. Achtertyre 315 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 435. - - 384. North of Ireland 316 - - 385. Newark 317 - - 386. Reach Fen 317 - - 387. Ireland 317 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 367. - - 388. North of Ireland 319 - - 389. Ireland 319 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 368. - - 390. Reach Fen 319 - - 391. Thorndon 319 - - 392. Culham 320 - - 393. Athenry 320 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 382. - - 394. Thetford 321 - - 395. Lakenheath 323 - - 396. Near Cambridge 323 - - 397. North of Ireland 323 - - 398. Ireland 324 - - 399. Thames 324 - - 400. Ireland 324 - - 401. Near Ballymena 325 - - 402. Ireland 326 - - 403. ” 326 - - 404. ” 326 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” figs. - 385, 386, 378. - - 405. Elford 327 - - 406. Isleham Fen 328 - - 407. Stibbard 329 - - 408. Ireland 329 - - 409. Lakenheath Fen 329 - - 410. Nettleham 330 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160. - - 411. Knockans 331 - - 412. Lurgan 332 - _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 65. - - 413. Ireland 332 - - 414. Antrim 332 - - 415. Thames 333 - - 416. Naworth Castle 333 - - 417. Blakehope 334 - - 418. Whittingham 334 - - 419. Winmarleigh 335 - - 420. Burwell Fen 336 - - 421. Denhead 337 - “Catal. Ant. Mus. Ed.,” p. 98. - - 422. Speen 337 - - 423. Nettleham 339 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160. - - 424. Guilsfield 339 - - 425. Glancych 341 - - 426. Fulbourn 341 - - 427. Hereford 341 - - - CHAPTER XV. - - SHIELDS, BUCKLERS, AND HELMETS. - - 428. Little Wittenham 344 - Messrs. James Parker & Co. - - 429. Harlech 345 - - 430. Coveney 346 - - 431. ” 347 - - 432. Beith 347 - - 433. ” 348 - - 434. Beith 349 - _Ayr and Wigton Coll._, vol. i. p. 66. - - 435. Yetholm 350 - - 436. ” 350 - - 437. ” 350 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 165. - - - CHAPTER XVI. - - TRUMPETS AND BELLS. - - 438. Limerick 357 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 360. - - 439. Tralee 358 - - 440. ” 359 - - 441. ” 359 - _Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland_, - 4th S., vol. iii. p. 422. - - 442. Africa 359 - - 443. Derrynane 360 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 529. - - 444. Portglenone 361 - _Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland_, - 4th S., vol. iii. p. 422. - - 445. The Caprington Horn 362 - _Ayr and Wigton Coll._, vol. i. p. 74. - - 446. Dowris 364 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 523. - - - CHAPTER XVII. - - PINS. - - 447. Heathery Burn Cave 365 - _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 130. - - 448. Brigmilston 366 - - 449. Everley 366 - - 450. Bryn Crûg 367 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 246. - - 451. Taunton 367 - - 452. Chilton Bustle 367 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 106. - - 453. Ireland 368 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 452. - - 454. River Wandle 368 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 8. - - 455. Scratchbury 369 - - 456. Camerton 369 - Both from _Archæologia_, vol. xliii. p. 468. - - 457. Ireland 370 - - 458. ” 370 - - 459. Cambridge 370 - - 460. Ireland 370 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 447. - - 461. North of Ireland 370 - - 462. Keelogue Ford 371 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 449. - - 463. Ireland 371 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.” fig. 448. - - 464. Edinburgh 372 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, New S., vol. i. - p. 322. - - 465. Ireland 372 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 450. - - - CHAPTER XVIII. - - TORQUES, BRACELETS, RINGS, EAR-RINGS, - AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS. - - 466. Wedmore 375 - - 467. ” 376 - - 468. West Buckland 377 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 107. - - 469. Wedmore 378 - - 470. Yarnton 379 - - 471. Montgomeryshire 380 - _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 467. - - 472. Achtertyre 382 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 435. - - 473. Redhill 382 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. p. 138. - - 474. Scilly 383 - - 475. Liss 383 - - 476. Stoke Prior 384 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 200. - - 477. Stobo Castle 384 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 277. - - 478. Guernsey 385 - _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 344. - - 479. Cornwall 385 - - 480. Normanton 385 - _Archæologia_, vol. xliii. p. 469. - - 481. West Buckland 386 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 107. - - 482. Ham Cross 386 - - 483. Heathery Burn Cave 386 - _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 131. - - 484. County Cavan 387 - - 485. Cowlam 387 - - 486. ” 388 - - 487. Ireland 389 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 480. - - 488. Woolmer Forest 390 - _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. ii. p. 83. - - 489. Dumbarton 390 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 24. - - 490. Cowlam 392 - - 491. Goodmanham 392 - Greenwell’s “British Barrows,” p. 324. - - 492. Orton 392 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. viii. p. 30. - - - CHAPTER XIX. - - CLASPS, BUTTONS, BUCKLES, AND - MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS. - - 493. Reach Fen 397 - - 494. ” ” 397 - - 495. Broadward 397 - _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 354. - - 496. Trillick 398 - _Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland_, - 3rd S., vol. i. p. 164. - - 497. Ireland 399 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 494. - - 498. Cowlam 400 - - 499. Reach Fen 400 - - 500. Edinburgh 401 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, New S., vol. i. - p. 322. - - 501. Heathery Burn Cave 402 - - 502. ” ” 402 - Both from _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., - vol. iii. p. 236. - - 503. Harty 403 - - 504. Dreuil, Amiens 404 - - 505. Abergele 404 - - 506. ” 404 - - 507. ” 404 - - 508. Dreuil, Amiens 405 - - - CHAPTER XX. - - VESSELS, CALDRONS, ETC. - - 509. Golden Cup, Rillaton 408 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 189. - - 510. Kincardine Moss 410 - Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. - p. 409. - - 511. Ireland 411 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 407. - - 512. Ireland 412 - Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 409. - - 513. Capecastle Bog 413 - - - CHAPTER XXI. - - METAL, MOULDS, AND THE METHOD OF - MANUFACTURE. - - 514. Falmouth 426 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 39. - - 515. Ballymena 429 - - 516. Ireland 431 - - 517. ” 431 - - 518. Ballymoney 433 - - 519. Broughshane 433 - - 520. Knighton 434 - - 521. ” 434 - - 522. Maghera, Co. Derry 435 - - 523. Lough Gur 436 - _Arch. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 170. - - 524. Campbelton 437 - - 525. ” 437 - - 526. ” 437 - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 48. - - 527. Hotham Carr 439 - - 528. Wiltshire 440 - - 529. ” 440 - _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 158. - - 530. Harty 441 - - 531. ” 442 - - 532. ” 446 - - 533. Heathery Burn Cave 448 - _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. - p. 132. - - 534. Stogursey 450 - - 535. ” 450 - - 536. ” 450 - - 537. Heathery Burn Cave 451 - _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132. - - 538. Kirby Moorside 452 - - 539. Hove 452 - _Sussex Arch. Coll._, vol. ix. p. 120. - - 540. Harty 453 - - - - -ERRATA. - - - Page 117, under fig. 123, _for_ “Crishall” _read_ “Chrishall.” - ” 143, line 15, _for_ “Spain” _read_ “Portugal.” - ” 207, ” 34, _for_ “St. Genoulph” _read_ “St. Genouph.” - ” 215, ” 16, _for_ “St. Julien Chateuil” _read_ “St. Jullien, - Chapleuil.” - ” 314, ” 3 from bottom, _for_ “Staffordshire” _read_ - “Shropshire.” - ” 322, ” 4, _for_ “Suffolk” _read_ “Sussex.” - ” 336, ” 20, _for_ “Staffordshire” _read_ “Shropshire.” - ” 452, ” 4 from bottom, _for_ “Staffordshire” _read_ - “Shropshire.” - - - - -CHAPTER I. - -INTRODUCTORY. - - -HAVING already in a former work attempted the arrangement and -description of the Ancient Stone Implements and Ornaments of Great -Britain, I am induced to undertake a similar task in connection with -those Bronze Antiquities which belong to the period when Stone was -gradually falling into disuse for cutting purposes, and Iron was either -practically unknown in this country, or had been but partially adopted -for tools and weapons. - -The duration and chronological position of this bronze-using period -will have to be discussed hereafter, but I must at the outset reiterate -what I said some eight or ten years ago, that in this county, at all -events, it is impossible to fix any hard and fast limits for the close -of the Stone Period, or for the beginning or end of the Bronze Period, -or for the commencement of that of Iron. Though the succession of -these three stages of civilisation may here be regarded as certain, -the transition from one to the other in a country of such an extent -as Britain—occupied, moreover, as it probably was, by several tribes -of different descent, manners, and customs—must have required a long -course of years to become general; and even in any particular district -the change cannot have been sudden. - -There must of necessity have been a time when in each district the new -phase of civilisation was being introduced, and the old conditions had -not been entirely changed. So that, as I have elsewhere pointed out, -the three stages of progress represented by the Stone, Bronze, and Iron -Periods, like the three principal colours of the rainbow, overlap, -intermingle, and shade off the one into the other, though their -succession, so far as Britain and Western Europe are concerned, appears -to be equally well defined with that of the prismatic colours. - -In thus speaking of a bronze-using period I by no means wish to -exclude the possible use of copper unalloyed with tin. There is indeed -every ground for believing that in some parts of the world the use -of native copper must have continued for a lengthened period before -it was discovered that the addition of a small proportion of tin not -only rendered it more readily fusible, but added to its elasticity and -hardness, and thus made it more serviceable for tools and weapons. Even -after the advantages of the alloy over the purer metal were known, the -local scarcity of tin may at times have caused so small a quantity of -that metal to be employed, that the resulting mixture can hardly be -regarded as bronze; or at times this dearth may have necessitated the -use of copper alone, either native or as smelted from the ore. - -Of this Copper Age, however, there are in Europe but extremely feeble -traces, if indeed any can be said to exist. It appears not unlikely -that the views which are held by many archæologists as to the Asiatic -origin of bronze may prove to be well founded, and that when the use of -copper was introduced into Europe, the discovery had already long been -made that it was more serviceable when alloyed with tin than when pure. -In connection with this it may be observed that the most important -discovery of instruments of copper as yet recorded in the Old World is -that which was made at Gungeria in Central India.[1] They consisted of -flat celts of what has been regarded as the most primitive type; but -with them were found some ornaments of silver, a circumstance which -seems to militate against their extreme antiquity, as the production -of silver involves a considerable amount of metallurgical skill, and -probably an acquaintance with lead and other metals. However this may -be, there are reasons for supposing that if a Copper Age existed in the -Old World its home was in Asia or the most eastern part of Europe, and -not in any western country. - -The most instructive instance of a Copper Age, as distinct from one -of Bronze, is that afforded by certain districts of North America, in -which we find good evidence of a period when, in addition to stone as -a material from which tools and weapons were made, copper also was -employed, and used in its pure native condition without the addition of -any alloy. - -The State of Wisconsin[2] alone has furnished upwards of a hundred -axes, spear-heads, and knives formed of copper; and, to judge from -some extracts from the writings of the early travellers given by the -Rev. E. F. Slafter,[3] that part of America would seem to have entered -on its Copper Age long before it was first brought into contact with -European civilisation, towards the middle of the sixteenth century. It -has been thought by several American antiquaries that some at least of -these tools and weapons were produced by the process of casting, though -the preponderance of opinion seems to be in favour of all of them being -shaped by the hammer and not cast. Among others I may mention my friend -the Hon. Colonel C. C. Jones, who has examined this question for me, -and has been unable to discover any instance of one of these copper -tools or weapons having been indisputably cast. - -That they were originally wrought, and not cast, is _à priori_ in the -highest degree probable. On some parts of the shores of Lake Superior -native copper occurs in great abundance, and would no doubt attract -the attention of the early occupants of the country. Accustomed to the -use of stone, they would at first regard the metal as merely a stone -of peculiarly heavy nature, and on attempting to chip it or work it -into shape would at once discover that it yielded to a blow instead of -breaking, and that in fact it was a malleable stone. Of this ductile -property the North American savage availed himself largely, and was -able to produce spear-heads with sockets adapted for the reception of -their shafts by merely hammering out the base of the spear-head and -turning it over to form the socket, in the same manner as is so often -employed in the making of iron tools. But though the great majority -of the instruments hitherto found, if not all, have been hammered and -not cast, it would appear that the process of melting copper was not -entirely unknown. Squier and Davis have observed,[4] “that the metal -appears to have been worked in all cases in a cold state. This is -somewhat remarkable, as the fires upon the altars were sufficiently -strong in some instances to melt down the copper implements and -ornaments deposited upon them, and the fact that the metal is fusible -could hardly have escaped notice.” That it did not altogether escape -observation is shown by the evidence of De Champlain,[5] the founder of -the city of Quebec. In 1610 he was joining a party of Algonquins, one -of whom met him on his barque, and after conversation “tira d’un sac -une pièce de cuivre de la longueur d’un pied qu’il me donna, le quel -estoit fort beau et bien franc, me donnant à entendre qu’il en avoit en -quantité là ou il l’avoit pris, qui estoit sur le bort d’une rivière -proche d’un grand lac et qu’ils le prenoient par morceaux, et le -faisant fondre le mettoient en lames, et avec des pierres le rendoient -uny.” - -We have here, then, evidence of a Copper Age,[6] in comparatively -modern times, during most of which period the process of fusing the -metal was unknown. In course of time, however, this art was discovered, -and had not European influences been brought to bear upon the country -this discovery might, as in other parts of the world, have led to -the knowledge of other fusible metals, and eventually to the art of -manufacturing bronze—an alloy already known in Mexico and Peru.[7] - -So far as regards the Old World there are some who have supposed that, -owing to iron being a simple and not a compound metal like bronze, and -owing to the readiness with which it may be produced in the metallic -condition from some of its ores, iron must have been in use before -copper. Without denying the abstract possibility of this having been -the case in some part of our globe, I think it will be found that -among the nations occupying the shores of the eastern half of the -Mediterranean—a part of the world which may be regarded as the cradle -of European civilisation—not only are all archæological discoveries -in favour of the succession of iron to bronze, but even historical -evidence supports their testimony. - -In the Introductory Chapter of my book on Ancient Stone Implements I -have already touched upon this question, on which, however, it will -here be desirable farther to enlarge. - -The light thrown upon the subכject by the Hebrew Scriptures is but -small. There is, however, in them frequent mention of most of the -metals now in ordinary use. But the word כְהֹשֶה, which in our version -is translated brass—a compound of copper and zinc—would be more -properly translated copper, as indeed it is in one instance, though -there it would seem erroneously, when two vessels of fine copper, -precious as gold, are mentioned.[8] In some passages, however, it -would appear as if the word would be more correctly rendered bronze -than copper, as, for instance, where Moses[9] is commanded to cast -five sockets of brass for the pillars to carry the hangings at the -door of the tabernacle, which could hardly have been done from a metal -so difficult to cast as unalloyed copper. Indeed if tin were known, -and there appears little doubt that the word בְדִיל represents that -metal, its use as an alloy for copper can hardly have been unknown. -It may, then, be regarded as an accepted fact that at the time when -the earliest books of the Hebrew Scriptures were reduced to writing, -gold,[10] silver, iron, tin, lead, and brass, or more probably bronze, -were known. To what date this reduction to writing is to be assigned is -a question into which it would be somewhat out of place here to enter. -The results, however, of modern criticism tend to prove that it can -hardly be so remote as the fourteenth century before our era. - -In the Book of Job, as to the date of which also there is some -diversity of opinion, we find evidence of a considerable acquaintance -with the metals: “Surely there is a vein for the silver, and a place -for gold where they fine it. Iron is taken out of the earth, and brass -is molten out of the stone.”[11] Lead is also mentioned, but not tin. - -Before quitting this part of the subject I ought perhaps to allude to -the passage respecting Tubal-Cain,[12] the seventh in descent from -Adam, who is mentioned as “an instructer of every artificer in brass -and iron,” or a furbisher[13] of every cutting instrument in those -metals. This must, however, be regarded as a tradition incorporated -in the narrative at the time it was written, and probably with some -accessory colouring in connection with the name which Gesenius has -suggested may mean _scoriarum faber_, a maker of dross, and which -others have connected with that of Vulcan. Sir Gardner Wilkinson[14] -has remarked on this subject that whatever may have been the case -in earlier times, “no direct mention is made of iron arms or tools -till after the Exodus,” and that “some are even inclined to doubt the -_barzel_ (בִַֹרֲזֶל), of the Hebrews being really that metal,” iron. - -Movers[15] has observed that in the whole Pentateuch iron is mentioned -only thirteen times, while bronze appears no less than forty-four, -which he considers to be in favour of the later introduction of iron; -as also the fact that bronze, and not iron, was associated with gold -and silver in the fittings for the Tabernacle. - -For other passages in Scripture relative to the employment of brass -or bronze, and iron, among the Jews, the reader may consult an -excellent article by the Rev. John Hodgson in the first volume of the -_Archæologia Æliana_ (1816), “An Inquiry into the Era when Brass was -used in purposes to which Iron is now applied.” From this paper I have -largely borrowed in subsequent pages. - -As to the succession of the two metals, bronze and iron, among the -ancient Egyptians, there is a considerable diversity of opinion among -those who have studied the subject. Sir Gardner Wilkinson,[16] judging -mainly from pictorial representations, thinks that the Egyptians of an -early Pharaonic age were acquainted with the use of iron, and accounts -for the extreme rarity of actual examples by the rapid decomposition -of the metal in the nitrous soil of Egypt. M. Chabas,[17] the author -of a valuable and interesting work upon primitive history, mainly as -exhibited by Egyptian monuments, believes that the people of Egypt -were acquainted with the use of iron from the dawn of their historic -period, and upwards of 3000 years B.C. made use of it for all the -purposes to which we now apply it, and even prescribed its oxide as a -medicinal preparation. M. Mariette,[18] on the contrary, whose personal -explorations entitle his opinion to great weight, is of opinion that -the early Egyptians never really made use of iron, and seems to think -that from some mythological cause that metal was regarded as the bones -of Typhon, and was the object of a certain repugnance. M. Chabas -himself is, indeed, of opinion that iron was used with extreme reserve, -and, so to speak, only in exceptional cases. This he considers to -have been partly due to religious motives, and partly to the greater -abundance of bronze, which the Egyptians well knew how to mix so as -to give it a fine temper. From whatever cause, the discovery of iron -or steel instruments among Egyptian antiquities is of extremely rare -occurrence; and there are hardly any to which a date can be assigned -with any approach to certainty. The most ancient appears to be a curved -scimitar-like blade discovered by Belzoni beneath one of the Sphinxes -of Karnak, and now in the British Museum.[19] Its date is stated to be -about 600 B.C.[20] A wedge of iron appears, however, to have been found -in a joint between the stones of the Great Pyramid.[21] - -Without in any way disputing the occasional use of iron among the -ancient Egyptians, nor the interpretation of the colours red and blue -on the tomb of Rameses III. as being intended to represent blades of -bronze and iron or steel respectively, I may venture to suggest that -the round blue bar,[22] against which butchers are represented as -sharpening their knives in some of the pictures in the sepulchres of -Thebes, may have been too hastily regarded as a _steel_ instead of as a -whetstone of a blue colour. The existence of a _steel_ for the purpose -of sharpening seems to imply not only the knowledge of the preparation -of the metal and its subsequent hardening, but also of files or of -other tools to produce the peculiar striated surface to which the -sharpening property of a _steel_ is due. Had such tools been known, it -seems almost impossible that no trace of them should have come down to -our times. Moreover, if used for sharpening bronze knives, a steel such -as at present used would sooner become clogged and unfit for use than -if employed for sharpening steel knives. - -Lepsius[23] has observed that the pictures of the old Empire do not -afford an example of arms painted in blue, the metal of weapons being -always painted in red or bright brown. Iron was but little used under -the old Empire; copper was employed in its stead where the hardness of -iron was not indispensable. - -However this may be, it seems admitted on all hands that the use of -iron in Egypt in early times was much restricted, probably from some -religious motive. May not this have arisen from the first iron there -known having been, as it appears to have been in some other countries, -of meteoric origin? The Coptic name for iron, =ⲂⲈⲚⲒⲠⲈ= which has been -interpreted by Professor Lauth[24] as “the Stone of Heaven,” strongly -favours such a view. The resemblance of this term to =ⲂⲀⲀ-Ⲛ-ⲠⲈ=, the -_baa_ of heaven, or celestial iron, has also been pointed out by M. -Chabas,[25] who, however, is inclined to consider that steel was so -called on account of its reflecting the colour of the sky. If the iron -in use among the early Egyptians were meteoric, and its celestial -origin acknowledged, both its rarity and its restricted use would be -accounted for. The term “bone of Typhon,” as applied to iron, is given -by Plutarch on the authority of Manetho, who wrote in the days of the -first Ptolemy. It appears to be used only in contrast to the name “bone -of Horus,” which, according to the same author, was applied to the -loadstone, and it seems difficult to admit any great antiquity for the -appellation, or to connect it with a period when iron was at all rare, -or its use restricted. - -Although the use of iron in Egypt was at an early period comparatively -unknown, that of bronze was most extensive. The weapons of war,[26] -the tools for various trades, including those of the engraver and -sculptor, were all made of that metal, which in its crude form served -also as a kind of circulating medium. It appears to have been mainly -imported from Asia, some of the principal sources of copper being -in the peninsula of Sinai. One of the chief mines was situated at -Sarbout-el-Khadem, where both turquoises and copper ore were extracted, -and the latter smelted at Wady-Nash. The copper mines of Wady-Magarah -are thought to have been worked as early as the second dynasty, upwards -of 3000 years B.C.; and in connection with ancient Egyptian mining, it -is worthwhile again to cite Agatharchides,[27] whose testimony I have -already adduced in my “Ancient Stone Implements,” and who relates that -in his time, _circa_ B.C. 100, there were found buried in some ancient -gold-mines in Upper Egypt the bronze chisels or wedges (λατομίδες -χαλκᾶι) of the old miners, and who accounts for their being of that -metal by the fact that when those mines were wrought, men were in no -way acquainted with the use of iron. - -In the seventh century B.C., however, iron must have been in general -use in Egypt, for on the landing of the Carians and Ionians,[28] -who were armed with bronze, an Egyptian, who had never before seen -men armed with that metal, ran to Psammetichus to inform him that -brazen men had risen from the sea and were wasting the country. As -Psammetichus himself is described as wearing a brazen helmet, the arms -mentioned would seem to have been offensive rather than defensive. - -The source whence the tin, which formed a constituent part of the -bronze, was derived, is much more uncertain. Indeed, to judge from M. -Chabas’ silence, its name and hieroglyphic are unknown, though from -some of the uses to which the metal designated by was applied, it seems -possible that it may have been tin. - -On the whole, to judge from documentary evidence alone, the question -as to the successive use of the different metals in Egypt seems to be -excessively obscure, some of them being almost impossible to identify -by name or representative sign. If, however, we turn to the actual -relics of the past, we find bronze tools and weapons in abundance, -while those of iron are extremely scarce, and are either of late -date or at best of uncertain age. So strong, indeed, is the material -evidence, that the late Mr. Crawfurd,[29] while disputing any general -and universal sequence of iron to bronze, confesses that Ancient Egypt -seems to offer a case in which a Bronze Age clearly preceded an Iron -one, or at least in which cutting instruments of bronze preceded those -of iron. - -Among the Assyrians iron seems to have been in considerable use at an -early date, and to have been exported from that country to Egypt, but -knives and long chisels or hatchets of bronze were among the objects -found at Tel Sifr, in Southern Babylonia. The earliest bronze image to -which a date can be assigned appears to be that on which M. Oppert has -read the name of Koudourmapouk, King of the Soumirs and Accads,[30] -who, according to M. Lenormant, lived about 2100 B.C. Dr. S. Birch -reads the name as Kudurmabug (about 2200 B.C.). Others in the British -Museum are referred to Gudea, who reigned about 1700 B.C. - -The mythology and literature of ancient Greece and Rome are so -intimately connected, that in discussing the evidence afforded -by classical writers it will be needless to separate them, but -the testimony of both Greek and Latin authors may be taken -indiscriminately, though, of course, the former afford the more -ancient evidence. I have already cited much of this evidence in -the Introductory Chapter of my book on Ancient Stone Implements, -mainly with the view of showing the succession of bronze to stone; -on the present occasion I have to re-adduce it, together with what -corroborative testimony I am able to procure, in order to show that, -along the northern shores of the Mediterranean, philology and history -agree as to the priority of the use of bronze for cutting instruments -to that of iron. - -The Greek language itself bears witness to this fact, for the words -significant of working in iron are not derived from the name of -that metal, but from that of bronze, and the old forms of χαλκεύς -and χαλκεύειν remained in use in connection with the smith and his -work long after the blacksmith had to a great extent superseded the -bronze-founder and the copper-smith in the fabrication of arms and -cutlery.[31] An analogous transition in the meaning of words has been -pointed out by Professor Max Müller. “The Mexicans called their own -copper or bronze _tepuztli_, which is said to have meant originally -_hatchet_. The same word is now used for iron, with which the Mexicans -first became acquainted through their intercourse with the Spaniards. -_Tepuztli_ then became a general name for metal, and when copper had -to be distinguished from iron, the former was called red, the latter -black _tepuztli_.”[32] I am not certain whether Professor Max Müller -still retains the views which he expressed in 1864. He then pointed -out[33] that “what makes it likely that iron was not known previous to -the separation of the Aryan nations is the fact that its names vary -in every one of their languages.” But there is a “name for copper, -which is shared in common by Latin and the Teutonic languages, _æs_, -_æris_, Gothic _ais_, Old High German _êr_, Modern German _Er-z_, -Anglo-Saxon _âr_, English _ore_. Like _chalkós_, which originally meant -copper, but came to mean metal in general, bronze or brass, the Latin -_æs_, too, changed from the former to the latter meaning; and we can -watch the same transition in the corresponding words of the Teutonic -languages.... It is all the more curious, therefore, that the Sanskrit -_ayas_, which is the same word as _aes_ and _aiz_, should in Sanskrit -have assumed the almost exclusive meaning of iron. I suspect, however, -that in Sanskrit, too, _ayas_ meant originally the metal, _i.e._ -copper, and that as iron took the place of copper, the meaning of -_ayas_ was changed and specified.... In German, too, the name for iron -was derived from the older name of copper. The Gothic _eisarn_, iron, -is considered by Grimm as a derivative form of _aiz_, and the same -scholar concludes from this that ‘in Germany bronze must have been in -use before iron.’” - -But to return to Greece. It is, of course, somewhat doubtful how far -the word χαλκὸς, as used by the earliest Greek authors, was intended -to apply to unalloyed copper, or to that mixture of copper and tin -which we now know as bronze. Mr. Gladstone,[34] who on all questions -relating to Homer ought to be one of the best living authorities, -regards the word as meaning copper: firstly, because it is always -spoken of by Homer as a pure metal along with other pure metals; -secondly, on account of the epithets ἐρυθρὸς, ἤνοψ, and νώροψ, which -mean red, bright, and gleaming, being applied to it, and which Mr. -Gladstone considers to be inapplicable to bronze; and thirdly, because -Homer does not appear to have known anything at all of the fusion or -alloying of metals. The second reason he considers further strengthened -by the probability that Homer would not represent the walls of the -palace of Alcinous as plated with bronze, nor introduce a heaven of -bronze among the imposing imagery of battle (Il., xvii. 424). On the -whole he concludes that χαλκὸς was copper hardened by some method, as -some think by the agency of water, or else and more probably according -to a very simple process, by cooling slowly in the air.[35] - -I regret to say that these conclusions appear to me to be founded to -some extent on false premises and on more than one misconception. The -process of heating copper and then dipping it in water or allowing it -slowly to cool, so far from being adapted for hardening that metal, -is that which is usually adopted for annealing or softening it. While -the plunging into cold water of steel at a red heat has the effect -of rendering that metal intensely hard, on copper the reverse is the -result; and, as Dr. Percy has observed,[36] it is immaterial whether -the cooling after annealing—or restoring its malleability by means of -heat—takes place slowly or rapidly. Indeed, one alloy of copper and -tin is rendered most malleable by rapid cooling. - -It has been stated[37] that bronze of the ancient composition may by -cooling it slowly be rendered as hard as steel, and at the same time -less brittle, but this statement seems to require confirmation. - -According to some[38] the impossibility of hardening bronze like steel -by dipping it into water had passed into a proverb so early as the -days of Æschylus, but “χαλκοῦ βαφάς” has by others been regarded -as referring to the impossibility of dyeing metal.[39] Some of the -commentators on Hesiod and Homer speak, however, distinctly as to -a process of hardening bronze by a dipping or βαφὴ, and Virgil[40] -represents the Cyclopes as dipping the hissing bronze in water— - - “Alii stridentia tingunt - Æra lacu”— - -but the idea of bronze being hardened or tempered by this process -appears to me to have been based on a false analogy between this metal -and steel, or even iron. The French chemist, Geoffroy, thought he had -succeeded in imitating the temper of an ancient bronze sword, but no -details are given as to whether he added more than the usual proportion -of tin to his copper, or whether he hardened the edge with a hammer. - -With regard to the other reasons adduced by Mr. Gladstone, it is no -doubt true that χαλκὸς is occasionally spoken of by Homer as a pure -metal, mainly, however, it may be argued, in consequence of the same -name being applied to both copper and bronze, if not, indeed, like -the Latin “æs,” to copper, bronze, and brass. We find, moreover, that -tin, for thus we must translate κασσίτερος, is mentioned by Homer; and -as this metal appears in ancient times to have been mainly, though -not exclusively, employed for the purpose of alloying copper, we must -from this fact infer that the use of bronze was not unknown. In the -celebrated description of the fashioning of the shield of Achilles -by Vulcan—which may for the moment be assumed to be of the same age -as the rest of the Iliad—we find the copper and tin mentioned in -juxtaposition with each other; and if it had been intended to represent -Hephaistos as engaged in mixing and melting bronze, the description -could not have been more complete.[41] - - Χαλκὸς δ̓ έν πυρὶ βάλλεν ἀτειρέα, κασσίτερόν τε. - -Even the term indomitable may refer to the difficulty of melting copper -in its unalloyed condition. - -But tin was also used in the pure condition. In the breast-plate of -Agamemnon[42] there were ten bands of black κύανος, twelve of gold, -and twenty of tin. In his shield[43] were twenty bosses of tin. The -cows[44] on the shield of Achilles were made of both gold and tin, -and his greaves[45] of soft tin, and the border of the breast-plate of -Asteropæus[46] was formed of glittering tin. - -This collocation of various metals, or inlaying them by way of -ornament, calls to mind some of the pottery and bronze pins of the -Swiss Lake dwellings, which are decorated with inlaid tin, and the -remarkable bronze bracelet found at Mœrigen,[47] which is inlaid with -iron and a yellow brass by way of ornament. - -With regard to the epithets red, bright, and gleaming, they are -perfectly applicable to bronze in its polished condition, though they -ill assort with the popular idea of bronze, which usually assigns -to that metal the brown or greenish hues it acquires by oxidation -and exposure to atmospheric influences. As a matter of fact, the red -colour[48] of copper, though certainly rendered more yellow, is not -greatly impaired by an admixture of tin within the proportions now used -by engineers, viz. up to about two and a half ounces to the pound, -or about 15 per cent. As to the bright and shining properties of the -metal, Virgil, when no doubt speaking of bronze swords and shields, -makes special mention of their glitter—[49] - - “Æratæque micant peltæ, micat æreus ensis.” - -Indeed, the mere fact of the swords of Homer being made of χαλκὸς is in -favour of that metal being bronze, as pure copper would be singularly -inapplicable to such a purpose, and certainly no copper sword would -break into three or four pieces at a blow instead of being merely -bent.[50] - -The bending of the points of the spear-heads against the shields of -the adversaries is, however, in favour of these weapons having been of -copper rather than of bronze.[51] - -As to Homer having been unacquainted with the fusion or alloying of -metals, it may fairly be urged that without such knowledge it would -have been impossible to work so freely as he has described, in gold, -silver, and tin; and that the only reason for which Vulcan could have -thrown the latter metal into the fire must have been in order to melt -it. - -Whether steel was designated by the term κύανος is a matter of -considerable doubt, and certainly in later times that word was applied -to a substance occasionally used as a blue pigment, not improbably -a dark blue carbonate of copper. Assuming the word to mean a metal, -the difficulty in regarding it as significant of steel appears in a -great measure due to the colour implied by the adjective form κύανεος, -being a dark blue.[52] If, however, it were the custom even in those -days to colour steel blue by exposing it, after it had been polished, -to a certain degree of heat—as is usually done with watch and clock -springs at the present day—the deep blue colour of the sky or sea -might well receive such an epithet. That steel of some kind was known -in Homeric days is abundantly evident from the process of hardening an -axe by dipping it in cold water while heated, which is so graphically -described in the Odyssey. - -If κύανος be really steel, we can also understand the epithet black[53] -being occasionally applied to it, even though the adjective derived -from it had the signification of blue. - -According to the Arundelian Marbles, iron was discovered B.C. 1432,[54] -or 248 years before the taking of Troy, but though we have occasional -mention of this metal and of steel in the Homeric poems, yet weapons -and tools of bronze are far more commonly mentioned and described. -Trees, for instance, are cut down and wood carved with tools of bronze; -and the battle-axe of Menelaus[55] is of excellent bronze with an -olive-wood handle, long and well polished. - -Before noticing further the early use of iron in Greece, it will be -well to see what other authors than Homer say as to the origin and -ancient use of bronze in that country. - -The name of the principal metal of which it is composed, copper, bears -witness to one of the chief sources of its supply having been the -island of Cyprus. It would appear that Tamassus in this island was -in ancient times a noted mart for this metal, as it is according to -Nitzsch and other critics the Temese[56] mentioned in Homer as being -resorted to in order to exchange iron for χαλκὸς, which in this as well -as some other passages seems to stand for copper and not bronze. - -The advantage arising from mixing a proportion of tin with the copper, -and thus rendering it at the same time more fusible and harder, must -have been known before the dawn of Grecian history. - -The accounts given by early Greek writers as to the first discoverer -of the art of making bronze by an admixture of copper and tin vary -considerably, and thus prove that even in the days when these notices -were written the art was of ancient date. - -Theophrastus makes Delas, a Phrygian, whom Aristotle[57] regards as a -Lydian, to have been the inventor of bronze. Pausanias[58] ascribes the -honour of first casting statues in bronze to Rhœcus and Theodorus the -Samians, who appear to have lived about 640 B.C. They are also said -to have improved the accuracy of casting, but no doubt the process -on a smaller scale was practised long before their time. Rhœcus and -his colleague are also reported to have discovered the art of casting -iron,[59] but no really ancient objects of cast iron have as yet been -discovered. - -The invention of the metals gold, silver, and copper is also ascribed -to the Idæan Dactyli,[60] or the Telchines, who made the sickle of -Chronos[61] and the trident of Poseidon.[62] - -Though, as has already been observed, iron and even steel were not -unknown in the days of Homer, both seem to have been of considerable -rarity, and it is by no means improbable that, as appears to have -been the case with the Egyptians, the first iron used by the Greeks -was of meteoric origin. I have elsewhere[63] called attention to the -possible connection of the Greek name for iron (σίδηρος) with ἀστήρ, -often applied to a shooting-star or meteor, and with the Latin Sidera -and the English Star, though it is unsafe to insist too much on mere -verbal similarity. In an interesting article on the use of meteoric -iron by Dr. L. Beck,[64] of Biebrich on the Rhine, the suggestion -is made that the final ηρος of σίδηρος is a form of the Aryan _ais_ -(conf. _æs_, _æris_). Dr. Beck, however, inclines to the opinion that -the recognition of certain meteorites as iron was first made at a time -subsequent to the discovery of the means of smelting iron from its ore. - -The self-fused mass or disc of iron,[65] σόλον αὐτοχόωνον, which formed -one of the prizes at the funeral games of Patroclus, may possibly have -been meteoric, but this is very doubtful, as the forging of iron, and -the trouble and care it involved, were well known in those days, as is -evident from the epithet πολύκμητος so often bestowed upon that metal. - -For a considerable time after the Homeric period bronze remained in -use for offensive weapons, especially for those intended for piercing -rather than cutting, such as spears, lances, and arrows, as well as for -those which were merely defensive, such as shields, cuirasses, helmets, -and greaves. Even swords were also sometimes of bronze, or at all -events the tradition of their use was preserved by the poets. Thus we -find Euripides[66] speaking of the bronze-speared Trojans, χαλκεγχέων -Τρώων, and Virgil[67] describing the glitter of the bronze swords of -some of the host of Turnus. - -Probably, however, the use of the word χαλκὸς was not restricted to -copper or bronze, but also came in time to mean metal in general, and -thus extended to iron, a worker in which metal was, as we have already -seen, termed a χαλκεύς. - -The succession of iron to bronze is fully recognised by both Greek -and Latin authors. The passage in Hesiod,[68] where he speaks of the -third generation of men who had arms of bronze and houses of bronze, -who ploughed with bronze, for the black iron did not exist, is already -hackneyed; nor is the record of Lucretius[69] less well known:— - - “Arma antiqua, manus, ungues, dentesque fuerunt, - Et lapides, et item sylvarum fragmina rami, ... - Posterius ferri vis est, ærisque reperta, - Sed prior æris erat quam ferri cognitus usus; ... - Inde minutatim processit ferreus ensis, - Versaque in opprobrium species est falcis ahenæ, - Et ferro cœpere solum proscindere terræ.” - -The difference between the age of Homer and Hesiod in respect to the -use of metals is well described by Mr. Gladstone. The former[70] “lived -at a time when the use of iron (in Greece) was just commencing, when -the commodity was rare, and when its value was very great;” but in -the days of Hesiod “iron, as compared with copper, had come to be the -inferior, that is to say the cheaper metal,” and the poet “looks back -from his iron age with an admiring envy on the heroic period.” - -Hesiod gives to Hercules[71] a helmet of steel and a sword of iron, and -to Saturn[72] a steel reaping-hook. His remark that at the feast of -the gods the withered[73] part of a five-fingered branch should never -be cut from the green part by black iron, shows that this metal was in -common use, and that for religious ceremonies the older metal bronze -retained its place. - -Bronze was, however, a favourite metal with the poet, if not indeed in -actual use long after iron was known,[74] for Pindar, about B.C. 470, -still frequently cites spears and axes made of bronze. - -By the time of Herodotus, who wrote before 400 B.C., the use of iron -and steel was universal among the Greeks. He instances, as a fact worth -recording, that the Massagetæ,[75] a powerful tribe which occupied the -steppes on the east of the Caspian, made no use of iron or silver, but -had an abundance of χαλκὸς and gold, pointing their spears and arrows -and forming the heads of their battle-axes with the former metal. Among -the Æthiopians,[76] on the contrary, he states that bronze was rarer -and more precious than gold; nor was it in use among the Scythians.[77] -The Sagartii[78] in the army of Xerxes are mentioned as not carrying -arms either of bronze or iron except daggers, as if bronze were still -of not unfrequent use. - -Strabo,[79] at a much later date, thinks it worth while to record that -among the Lusitanians the spears were tipped with bronze. - -But certainly some centuries before the time of Herodotus, and probably -as early as that of Homer, the Chalybes on the shores of the Euxine -practised the manufacture of iron on a considerable scale, and from -them came the Greek name for steel, χαλυψ.[80] Daïmachus, in the fourth -century B.C., records that different sorts of steel are produced among -the Chalybes in Sinope, Lydia, and Laconia. That of Sinope was used for -smiths’ and carpenters’ tools; that of Laconia for files, drills for -iron, stamps, and masons’ tools; and the Lydian kind for files, swords, -razors, and knives. In Laconia iron is said to have formed the only -currency in the days of Lycurgus. - -Taking all the evidence into consideration, there can be no doubt that -iron must have been known in Greece some ten or twelve centuries before -our era, though, as already observed, it was at that time an extremely -rare metal. It also appears that as early as B.C. 500, or even 600, -iron or steel was in common use, though bronze had not been altogether -superseded for offensive arms such as spear-heads and battle-axes. - -The tradition of the earlier use of bronze still, however, remained -even in later times, and the preference shown for its employment in -religious rites, which I have mentioned elsewhere,[81] is a strong -witness of this earlier use. It seems needless again to do more than -mention the bronze ploughshare used at the foundation of Tuscan -cities, the bronze knives and shears of the Sabine and Roman priests, -and the bronze sickles of Medea and Elissa. I must, however, again -bring forward the speculations of an intelligent Greek traveller, who -wrote in the latter half of the second century of our era, as to the -existence of what we should now term a Bronze Age in Greece. - -Pausanias[82] relates how Lichas the Lacedæmonian, in the fifth century -B.C., discovered the bones of Orestes, which his countrymen had been -commanded by an oracle to seek. The Pythia[83] had described the place -as one where two strong winds met, where form was opposed to form, and -one evil lay upon another. These Lichas recognised in the two bellows -of the smith, the hammer opposed to the anvil, and the iron lying on -it. Pausanias on this observes that at that time they had already begun -to use iron in war, and that if it had been in the days of the heroes -it would have been bronze and not iron designated by the oracle as the -evil, for in their days all arms were of bronze. For this he cites -Homer as his authority, who speaks of the bronze axe of Pisander, and -the arrow of Meriones. A farther argument he derives from the spear of -Achilles, laid up in the temple of Minerva at Phaselis, and the sword -of Memnon in that of Æsculapius at Nicomedia, which is entirely of -bronze, while the ferrule and point of his spear are also of that metal. - -The spear-head which lay with the bones of Theseus[84] in the Isle -of Scyros was also of bronze, and probably the sword likewise. There -are no works of Latin authors of a date nearly so remote as that of -the earlier Greek writers, and long before the days of Ennius, iron -was in general use in Italy. If the Articles of Peace which “Porsena, -King of the Tuscans, tendered unto the people of Rome” were as -Pliny[85] represents them, the Romans must even in those early days -have had iron weapons, for they were forbidden the use of that metal -except for tilling the ground. In B.C. 224 the Isumbrian Gauls who -fought with Flaminius were already in possession of iron swords, the -softness and flexibility of which led to the discomfiture of their -owners. The Romans themselves seem but to have been badly armed so -far as swords were concerned until the time of the Second Punic War, -about B.C. 200, when they adopted the Spanish sword, and learnt the -method of preparing it. Whether the modern Toledo and Bilbao blades -are legitimate descendants of these old weapons we need not stop to -inquire. In whatever manner the metal was prepared, so thoroughly was -iron identified with the sword in classical times that _ferrum_ and -_gladius_ were almost synonyms. - -Pliny mentions that the best steel used in Rome was imported from -China, a country in which copper or bronze swords are said to have been -in use in the days of Ki,[86] the son of Yu, B.C. 2197-48, and those of -iron under Kung-Kia, B.C. 1897-48, so that there also history points to -a Bronze Age. But this by the way. - -Looking at the fact that iron and steel were in such general use at -Rome during the period of her wars in Western Europe, we may well -believe that had any of the tribes with which the Roman forces came -in contact been armed with bronze, such an unusual circumstance could -hardly have escaped record. In the Augustan age the iron swords of -Noricum were in great repute, and farther north in Germany, though -iron did not abound, it was, according to Tacitus, used for spears and -swords. The Catti had the metal in abundance, but among the Aestii, -on the right coast of the Baltic, it was scarce. The Cimbrians in the -first century B.C. had, according to Plutarch,[87] iron breast-plates, -javelins, and large swords. - -The Gauls of the North of France had in the time of Julius Cæsar[88] -large iron mines which they worked by tunnelling; the bolts of their -ships were made of that metal, and they had even chain cables of -iron. The Britons of the South of England who were in such close -communication with the opposite coast of Gaul must have had an equal -acquaintance with iron. Cæsar mentions ingots or rings of iron as being -used for money, and observes that iron is obtained on the sea-coast, -but in small quantities, and adds that bronze was imported.[89] Strabo -includes iron, as well as gold, silver, and corn, among the products of -Britain. In Spain, as already mentioned, iron had long been known, so -that from the concurrent testimony of several historians we may safely -infer that in the time of Julius Cæsar, when this country was first -exposed to Roman influences, it had already, like the neighbouring -countries to the south, passed from the Bronze into the Iron Age. - -Notwithstanding all this historical testimony in favour of the prior -use of bronze to that of iron, there have been not a few authors who -have maintained that the idea of a succession of stone, bronze, and -iron is delusive when applied to Western Europe. Among these was the -late Mr. Thomas Wright, who has gone so far as to express[90] “a firm -conviction that not a bit of bronze which has been found in the British -Islands belongs to an older date than that at which Cæsar wrote that -the Britons obtained their bronze from abroad, meaning of course from -Gaul.” “In fact these objects in bronze were Roman in character and in -their primary origin.” As in the same page he goes on to show that two -hundred years before Christ the swords of the Gauls were made of iron, -and as his contentions have already been met by Sir John Lubbock,[91] -and will, I think, be effectually disposed of by the facts subsequently -to be mentioned in this volume, it seems needless to dwell on Mr. -Wright’s opinions. I may, however, mention that,[92] while denying the -antiquity of British, German, and Scandinavian weapons and tools of -bronze, he admits that in Greece and Italy that metal was for a long -period the only one employed for cutting instruments, as iron was not -known in Greece until a comparatively late date. - -About one hundred and thirty years ago,[93] in 1751, a discussion as to -the date of bronze weapons took place among the members of the Académie -des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres of Paris, on the occasion of some -bronze swords, a spear-head, and other objects being found near Gannat, -in the Bourbonnais. Some antiquaries regarded them as weapons made for -use; others as merely made for show. The Count de Caylus considered -that the swords were Roman, though maintaining that copper or bronze -must have been in earlier use than iron. Lévesque de la Ravalière -maintained, on the contrary, that neither the Greeks, Romans, Gauls, -nor Franks had ever made use of copper or bronze in their swords. The -Abbé Barthélemy showed from ancient authors that the earliest arms of -the Greeks were of bronze; that iron was only introduced about the time -of the siege of Troy; and that in later times among the Romans there -was no mention of bronze having been used for weapons of offence, and -therefore that these swords were not Roman. Strangely enough, he went -on to argue that they were Frankish, and of the time of Childeric. Had -he been present at the opening of the tomb of that monarch in 1653 he -would, however, have seen that he had an iron sword.[94] - -A still warmer discussion than any which has taken place in England -or France, one, in fact, almost amounting to an international war of -words, has in more recent times arisen between some of the German -antiquaries and those of the Scandinavian kingdoms of Denmark and -Sweden. - -So early as 1860[95] my friend Dr. Ludwig Lindenschmit, of Mainz, had -commenced his attack on “the so-called Bronze Period,” and shown a -disposition to regard all bronze antiquities of northern countries as -of Italian origin, or, if made in the countries where found, as mere -homely imitations of imported articles. Not content with this, he in -1875[96] again mustered his forces and renewed the campaign in even a -more formal manner. He found a formidable ally in Dr. Hostmann, whose -comments on Dr. Hans Hildebrand’s “Heathen Period in Sweden” are well -worth the reading, and contain a vast amount of interesting information. - -Dr. Hostmann’s method of dealing with Dr. Hans Hildebrand brought Dr. -Sophus Müller[97] to the rescue, with whom Dr. Lindenschmit[98] at once -grappled. Shortly after Dr. Hostmann[99] again appears upon the scene, -and before engaging with Dr. Sophus Müller goes so far as to argue that -while Greek swords of iron are known to belong to the eighth century -B.C., no bronze sword of that country can with safety be assigned to -an earlier date than the sixth century, and, indeed, these may have -been only weapons of parade, or possibly funereal offerings in lieu of -efficient swords. Rector Genthe[100] also engages in the fight upon the -same side. - -These three antagonists bring Sophus Müller[101] again to the front, -and as one great argument of his opponents was that bronze objects -could not be produced with the finish and ornamentation which is found -upon them without the use of iron and steel tools, he brings forward -an official document signed by four authorities in the museum at -Copenhagen, and stating that precisely similar ornamentation to the -spirals, zigzags, and punched lines which occur on Scandinavian bronze -antiquities had been produced in their presence by a workman using -bronze tools only on a plate of bronze. Both plate and tools were of -the same alloy, viz. 9 of copper to 1 of tin. - -On this a final charge is made by Professor Hostmann[102] and Dr. -Lindenschmit, the former of whom produces a kind of affidavit from -the late director of the Polytechnic School at Hanover and the court -medallist of the same town, to the effect that certain kinds of punched -work cannot be produced with bronze punches, and the editors of the -_Archiv_ think it best to close the discussion after Dr. Lindenschmit’s -final retort. - -I have not thought it worth while to enter into all the details of this -controversy, as even to summarise them would occupy more room than I -could spare. It seems to me, however, that a considerable amount of -misconception must have existed in the minds of some of the disputants, -both as to the accepted meaning of the term Bronze Age, as applied not -chronologically, but to a certain stage of civilisation, and as to the -limitation of the objects which can with propriety be referred to that -age. No antiquary of experience will deny that many bronze ornaments, -and even some bronze weapons, remained in use long after iron and even -steel were known, any more than he would deny that the use of stone -for certain purposes continued not only after bronze was known, but -even after iron and steel were in general use, and, in fact, up to -the present time, not only in barbarian but in civilised countries. -Our flint strike-a-lights and our burnishers are still of much the -same character as they were some thousands of years ago, and afford -convincing instances of this persistent use. - -The real question at issue is not whether any bronze weapons co-existed -with those of iron and steel in Western Europe, but whether any of -them were there in use at a period when iron and steel were unknown. -Moreover, it is not a question as to whence the knowledge of bronze -was derived, nor whether at the time the Scandinavians or Britons were -using bronze for their tools and weapons, the inhabitants of Greece and -Italy were already acquainted with iron and steel; but it is a question -whether in each individual country there arrived a time when bronze -came into use and for certain purposes superseded stone, while iron -and steel were practically unknown. - -This is a question to be solved by evidence, though in the nature of -things that evidence must to some extent be of a negative character. -When barrow after barrow is opened, and weapons of bronze and stone -only are found accompanying the interments, and not a trace of iron -or steel; when hoards of rough metal and broken bronze, together with -the moulds of the bronze-founder and some of his stock-in-trade, are -disinterred, and there is no trace of an iron tool among them—the -presumption is strong that at the time when these men and these -hoards were buried iron was not in use. When, moreover, by a careful -examination of the forms of bronze instruments we can trace a certain -amount of development which is in keeping with the peculiar properties -of bronze and not with those of iron, and we can thus to some extent -fix a kind of chronological succession in these forms, the inference is -that this evolution of form, which must have required a considerable -amount of time, took place without its course being affected by any -introduction of a fresh and qualifying influence in the shape of iron -tools and weapons. - -When, however, in various countries we find interments and even -cemeteries in which bronze and iron weapons and instruments are -intermingled, and the forms of those in bronze are what we have learnt -from other sources to regard as the latest, while the forms in iron are -not those for which that metal is best adapted, but are almost servile -copies of the bronze instruments found with them, the proof of the one -having succeeded the other is almost absolutely conclusive. - -The lessons taught by such cemeteries as that at Hallstatt, in Austria, -and by our own Late Celtic interments, such as those at Arras, in -Yorkshire, are of the highest importance in this question. - -It is not, however, to be supposed that even in countries by no means -geographically remote from each other the introduction either of iron -or bronze must of necessity have taken place at one and the same -chronological period. Near the shores of the Mediterranean the use of -each metal no doubt prevailed far earlier than in any of the northern -countries of Europe; and though the knowledge of metals probably spread -from certain centres, its progress can have been but slow, for in each -part of Europe there appears to have been some special development, -particularly in the forms of bronze instruments, and there is no -absolute uniformity in their types extending over any large area. In -each country the process of manufacture was carried on, and though -some commerce in tools and arms of bronze no doubt took place between -neighbouring tribes, yet as a rule there are local peculiarities -characteristic of special districts. - -So marked are these that a practised archæologist can in almost all -cases, on inspection of a group of bronze antiquities, fix with some -degree of confidence the country in which they were found. To this rule -Britain offers no exception, and though some forms of instruments were -no doubt imported, yet, as will subsequently be seen, our types are for -the most part indigenous. - -As to the ornamentation of bronze by bronze tools, I have seen -none in this country on objects which I should refer to the Bronze -Age but what could have been effected by means of bronze punches, -of which indeed examples have been discovered in bronze-founders’ -hoards in France,[103] and what are probably such also in Britain. -Such ornamentation is, however, simple compared with that on many of -the Danish forms, and yet I have seen the complicated Scandinavian -ornaments accurately and sharply reproduced by Dr. Otto Tischler, by -means of bronze tools only, on bronze of the ordinary ancient alloy. - -But even supposing that iron and steel were known during some part of -the so-called Bronze Age, I do not see in what manner it would affect -the main features of the case or the interest attaching to the bronze -objects which I am about to describe. “De non apparentibus et non -existentibus eadem est ratio” is a maxim of some weight in archæology -as well as in law; and in the absence of iron and all trace of its -influence, it matters but little whether it was known or not, except in -so far as a neglect of its use would argue some want of intelligence -on the part of those who did not avail themselves of so useful a -metal. It will be seen hereafter that some of the objects described -in these pages actually do belong to an Iron Period, and nothing -could better illustrate the transition of one Period into another, or -the overlapping of the Bronze Age upon that of Iron, than the fact -that in these pages devoted to the Bronze Period I must of necessity -describe many objects which were still in use when iron and steel -were superseding bronze, in the same manner as in my “Ancient Stone -Implements” I was forced to describe many forms, such as battle-axes, -arrow-heads, and bracers, which avowedly belonged to the Bronze Period. - -A point which is usually raised by those who maintain the priority -of the use of iron to that of bronze is, that inasmuch as it is more -readily oxidized and dissolved by acids naturally present in the soil, -iron may have disappeared, and indeed has done so, while bronze has -been left; so that the absence of iron as an accompaniment to all -early interments counts for nothing. Professor Rolleston,[104] in a -paper on the three periods known as the Iron, the Bronze, and the -Stone Ages, has well dealt with this point; and observes that in some -graves of the Bronze Period the objects contained are incrusted with -carbonate of lime, which would have protected any iron instrument of -the Bronze Period as well as it has done those of Saxon times. Not -only are the iron weapons discovered in Saxon cemeteries often in -almost perfect preservation, but on the sites of Roman occupation -whole hoards of iron tools have been found but little injured by rust. -The fact that at Hallstatt and other places in which graves have been -examined belonging to the transitional period, when both iron and -bronze were in use together, the weapons and tools of iron, though -oxidized, still retain their form and character as completely as those -in bronze, also affords strong ground for believing that had iron -been present with bronze in other early interments it would also have -been preserved. The importance attaching to the reputed occurrence -of bronze swords with Roman coins as late as the time of Magnentius -cannot be better illustrated than by a discovery of my own in the -ancient cemetery of Hallstatt. In company with Sir John Lubbock I was -engaged in opening a grave in which we had come to an interment of -the Early Iron Age, accompanied by a socketed celt and spear-heads of -iron, when amidst the bones I caught sight of a thin metallic disc of -a yellowish colour which looked like a coin. Up to that time no coin -had ever been found in any one of the many hundred graves which had -been examined, and I eagerly picked up this disc. It proved to be a -“sechser,” or six-kreutzer piece, with the date 1826, which by some -means had worked its way down among the crevices in the stony ground, -and which from its appearance had evidently been buried some years. Had -this coin been of Roman date it might have afforded an argument for -bringing down the date of the Hallstatt cemetery some centuries in the -chronological scale. As it is, it affords a wholesome caution against -drawing important inferences from the mere collocation of objects when -there is any possibility of the apparent association being only due to -accident. - -In further illustration of the succession of the three Ages of Stone, -Bronze, and Iron in Western Europe, I might go on to cite cases of the -actual superposition of the objects of one age over those of another, -such as has been observed in several barrows and in the well-known -instance of the cone of La Tinière, in the Lake of Geneva, recorded by -Morlot. - -It will, however, be thought that enough, if not more than enough, has -already been said on the general question of a Bronze Age in a book -particularly devoted to the weapons and instruments of bronze found -in the British Isles. It is now time to proceed with the examination -and description of their various forms; and in doing this I propose -to treat separately, so far as possible, the different classes of -instruments intended each for some special purpose, and at the same -time to point out their analogies with instruments of the same -character found in other parts of Europe. Their chronological sequence -so far as it can be ascertained, the position in time of the Bronze -Period of Britain and Ireland, and the sources from which our bronze -civilisation was derived, will be discussed in a concluding chapter. - -I begin with the instrument of the most common occurrence, the -so-called celt. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -CELTS. - - -OF all the forms of bronze instruments the hatchet or axe, to which -the name of celt has been applied, is perhaps the most common and the -best known. It is also probably among the earliest of the instruments -fabricated from metal, though in this country it is possible that some -of the cutting instruments, such as the knife-daggers, which required -a less amount of metal for their formation, are of equal or greater -antiquity. - -These tools or weapons—for, like the American tomahawk, they seem -to have been in use for peaceful as well as warlike purposes—may be -divided into several classes. Celts may be described as flat; flanged, -or having ribs along the sides; winged, or having the side flanges -extended so as almost to form a socket for the handle on either side of -the blade, to which variety the name of palstave has been given; and -socketed. Of most of these classes there are several varieties, as will -be seen farther on. - -The name of celt which has been given to these instruments is derived -from the doubtful Latin word “celtis” or “celtes,” a chisel, which is -in its turn said to be derived _à cœlando_ (from carving), and to be -the equivalent of _cœlum_. - -The only author in whose works the word is found is St. Jerome, and it -is employed both in his Vulgate translation of the Book of Job[105] and -in a quotation from that book in his Epistle to Pammachius. The word -also occurs in an inscription recorded by Gruter and Aldus,[106] but as -this inscription is a modern forgery, it does not add to the authority -of the word “celtis.” - -Mr. Knight Watson, Sec. S. A., in an interesting paper communicated to -the Society of Antiquaries of London,[107] has given several details -as to the origin and use of this word, which he considers to have -been founded on a misreading of the word _certe_, and the derivation -of which from _cœlo_ he regards as impossible. There can be no doubt, -as Beger pointed out two centuries ago, that a number of MSS. of the -Vulgate read _certe_ instead of _celte_ in the passage in Job already -mentioned, and that in all probability these are the most ancient and -the best. But this only adds to the difficulty of understanding how a -recently invented and an unknown word, such as _celte_ is presumed to -be, can have ever supplanted a well-known word like _certe_; and so -far as the Burial Service of the Roman Catholic Church is concerned -can have maintained its ground for centuries. Nor is this difficulty -diminished when we consider that the ordinary and proper translation of -the Hebrew לֹער is either “in æternum” or “in testimonium,” according -as the word is pointed לָעַר or לְעֵר, and that, so far as I am aware, -there is no other instance of its being translated “_certe_.” On the -other hand, a nearly similar word, פְעֵס “with a stylus,” or, as it is -translated, “a pen,” occurs in the same passage; and assuming that this -was by some accident read for לער by St. Jerome, he would have thought -that the word for stylus was used twice over, and have inserted some -word to designate a graving tool, by way of a synonym. The probability -of such an error would be increased if his MS. had the lines arranged -in couplets in accordance with its poetical character, the passage -standing thus when un-pointed:— - - עפרתו ברול בעס - יתצבון בַצזר לער - -Very possibly the word used by St. Jerome may not have been _celte_ but -_cœlo_, and the corruption into _celte_ in order to make a distinction -between heaven and a chisel would then at all events have been possible. - -The other contention involves two extreme improbabilities—the one, -that St. Jerome, having in his second revision of the Bible translated -the passage as “in testimonium in petris sculpantur,” should in the -Vulgate have given the inaccurate rendering “certe sculpantur in -silice;” the other and the more extreme of the two, that the well-known -word _certe_ should have been ousted by a word like _celte_ had it been -utterly new-fangled. - -Under any view of the case there are considerable difficulties, but as -the word celt has now obtained a firm hold in our language, it will be -convenient to retain it, whatever its origin or derivation. - -It has been the fashion among some who are fond of novelties to call -these instruments “kelts,” possibly from some mental association of the -instruments with a Celtic or Keltic population. From some such cause -also some of the French antiquaries must have coined the new plural -to the word, _Celtœ_. Even in this country it has been said[108] with -regard to “the ancient weapon denominated the celt,” “Our antiquarians -have commonly ascribed them to the ancient Celtæ, and hence have given -them this unmeaning appellation.” If any one prefers pronouncing celt -as “kelt,” or celestial as “kelestial,” let him do so; but at all -events let us adhere to the old spelling. How the Romans of the time of -St. Jerome would have pronounced the word _cœlum_ or _celtis_ may be -inferred from the punning line of Ausonius with regard to Venus.[109] - - “Orta salo, suscepta solo, patre edita cœlo.” - -The first author of modern times whose use of the word in -connection with Celts I can trace is Beger, who, in his “Thesaurus -Brandenburgicus”[110] (1696), gives an engraving of a celt of the -palstave form, under the title Celtes, together with the following -dialogue:— - -“Et nomen et instrumentum mihi obscurum est, infit ARCHÆOPHILUS; -Instrumentum Statuariorum est, respondit DULODORUS, qui simulacra -ex Cera, Alabastro, aliisque lapidum generibus cædunt et poliunt. -Græcis dicitur Ἐγκοπεὺς, quâ voce Lucianus usus est in Somnio, ubi cum -lusum non insuavem dixisset, Deos sculpere, et parva quædam simulacra -adornare, addit ἐγκοπέα γὰρ τινά μοι δοὺς, scilicet avunculus, id quod -Joh. Benedictus vertit, _Celte datâ_. Celte? excepit ARCHÆOPHILUS; at -nisi fallor hæc vox Latinis incognita est? Habetur, inquit DULODORUS, -in versione vulgatâ Libri Hiob c. 19 quamvis alii non _Celte_, -sed _Certe_ ibi legant, quod tamen minus quadrat. Quicquid sit, -instrumentum Statuariorum hoc esse, ex formâ patet, figuris incidendis -aptissima; neque enim opinio Molineti videtur admittenda, qui _Securim_ -appellat, cum nullus aptandi manubrii locus huic faveat. Metallum -reposuit ARCHÆOPHILUS, minus videtur convenire. Instrumentum hoc ex ære -est, quod duritiem lapidum nescio an superare potuerit? Uti lapides -diversi sunt, regessit DULODORUS, ita diversa fuisse etiam metalla -instrumentorum iis cædendis destinatorum, facilè cesserim. Vet. -Gloss. Celtem _instrumentum ferreum_ dicit proculdubio quòd durioribus -lapidibus ferreum chalybe munitum servierit. Hoc autem non obstat, -ut æreum vel ceris, vel terris, vel lapidibus mollioribus fuerit -adhibitum. Si tamen res Tibi minus probetur, me non contradicente, -molliori vocabulo γλυφεῖον _cœlum_ poteris et appellare et credere. -Γλυφεῖα etiam Statuariorum instrumenta fuisse, ex allegato modò Luciano -planum est, ubi Humanitas, _si me relinquis_, inquit, σχῆμα δουλοπρεπὲς -ἀναλήψη, καὶ μολία, καὶ γλυφεῖα, καὶ κοπέας, καὶ κολαπτῆρας ἐν ταῖν -χεροῖν ἕξεις, _habitum servilem assumes_, _Vectes_, _COELA_, _CELTES_, -_Scalpra præ manibus habebis_.” - -The idea of a bronze celt being a statuary’s chisel for carving in wax, -alabaster, and the softer kinds of stone will seem the less absurd if -we remember that, at the time when Beger wrote, the manner in which -such instruments were hafted was unknown, and that all antiquities of -bronze were generally regarded as being of Roman or Greek origin. - -Dr. Olaf Worm, a Danish antiquary of the seventeenth century, was more -enlightened than Beger, for in his “Museum Wormianum,”[111] published -in 1655, he states his belief that bronze weapons had formerly been -in use in Denmark, and cites two flat or flanged celts, or _cunei_, -as he calls them, found in Jutland, which he regards as hand weapons -for close encounters. He also was, nevertheless, at a loss to know how -they were hafted, for he adds that had they but been provided with -shaft-holes he should have considered them to have been axes. - -In a work treating of the bronze antiquities of Britain we must, -however, first consider the opinion of British antiquaries, by whom -the word celt had been completely adopted as the name for bronze -hatchets and axes by the middle of the last century. Borlase,[112] in -his “Antiquities of Cornwall,” 1754, speaking of some “spear-heads” of -copper mentioned by Leland, says that by the spear-heads he certainly -meant those which we (from Begerus) now call Celts. Leland’s words are -as follows:[113]—“There was found of late Yeres syns Spere Heddes, -Axis for Warre, and Swerdes of coper wrapped up in lynid scant perished -nere the Mount in S. Hilaries Paroch in Tynne Works;” so that it by no -means follows but that he was right in speaking of spear-heads, for if -there were any celts among the objects discovered they were probably -termed battle-axes by Leland. - -Camden makes mention of the same find:[114] “At the foote of this -mountaine (St. Michael’s Mount), within the memorie of our Fathers, -whiles men were digging up of tin, they found Spear-heads, axes, and -swordes of brasse wrapped in linnen, such as were sometimes found -within the forrest of Hercinia in Germanie, and not long since in our -Wales. For evident it is by the monuments of ancient Writers that the -Greeks, the Cimbrians, and the Britans used brazen weapons, although -the wounds given with brasse bee lesse hurtfull, as in which mettall -there is a medicinable vertue to heale, according as _Macrobius_ -reporteth out of Aristotle. But happily that age was not so cunning in -devising meanes to mischiefe and murthers as ours is.” - -Hearne, the editor of Leland’s “Itinerary,” took a less philosophical -view of these instruments. Writing to Thoresby[115] in 1709, he -maintains that some old instruments of bronze found near Bramham Moor, -Yorkshire, are not the heads of British spears; on the contrary, they -are Roman, not axes used in their sacrifices, nor the heads of spears -and javelins, but chisels which were used to cut and polish the stones -in their tents. Such instruments were also used in making the Roman -highways and in draining their fens. - -Plot[116] also, at a somewhat earlier date, asserted a Roman origin -for bronze celts, which he regarded as the heads of bolts, founding -his opinion mainly on two, which are engraved in the Museum Moscardi. -These, which are reproduced in the _Archæologia_, vol. v. Pl. VIII. 18 -and 19, are of the palstave form, and were regarded by Moscardo[117] -as the heads of great darts to be thrown from a catapult. A flat celt -found in Staffordshire,[118] Plot takes to be the head of a Roman -_securis_ with which the _Popæ_ slew their sacrifices. - -Rowland,[119] in his “Mona Antiqua Restaurata,” 1723, suggested that -looped palstaves fastened by a thong to a staff might be used as war -flails. - -The imaginative Dr. Stukeley, in the year 1724, communicated to the -Society of Antiquaries a discourse on the use of celts, which is to be -found in the Minute Book of the Society. An abstract of it is given -by Mr. Lort[120] in his paper subsequently mentioned. Dr. Stukeley -undertook to show that celts were British and appertaining to the -Druids, who, when not using them to cut off the boughs of oak and -mistletoe, put them in their pouches, or hung them to their girdles -by the little ring or loop at the side. In a more sensible manner he -divided them into two classes, the recipient and the received; that is -to say, the socketed, in which the handle was received, and the flat -and palstave forms, which entered into a notch in the handle. - -Borlase,[121] notwithstanding that he was under the impression that a -number of socketed celts found at Karnbrê in 1744 were accompanied by -Roman coins, one of them at least as late as the time of Constantius -I., did “not take them to be purely Roman, foreign, or of Italian -invention and workmanship.” - -He argues that the Romans of Italy would not have made such instruments -of brass after Julius Cæsar’s time, when the superior hardness of iron -was so well understood, and that metal was so easily to be procured. -Farther, that no representations of such weapons occur on the Trajan -or Antonine Columns, that few specimens exist in the cabinets of the -curious in Italy, where they are regarded as Transalpine antiquities, -and that none have been found among the ruins of Herculaneum;[122] nor -are any published in the Museum Romanum or the Museum Kircherianum. He -concludes that they were made and used in Britain, but that though they -were originally of British invention and fabric, they were for the most -part made when the Britons had improved their arts under their Roman -masters, as most of them seem too correct and shapely for the Britons -before the Julian conquest. - -As to the uses of celts, Borlase cites the various opinions of the -learned, and observes that if they had not been advanced by men of -learning it would be scarce excusable to mention some of them, much -less to refute them. They had been taken for heads of walking staffs, -for chisels to cut stone withal (as such instruments must have been -absolutely necessary in making the great Roman roads), as tools with -which to engrave letters and inscriptions, as the sickles with which -the Druids cut the sacred mistletoe, and as rests to support the -_lituus_ of the Roman augurs. After all, however, Borlase himself comes -to the somewhat lame conclusion that they formed the head or arming -of the spear, the javelin, or the arrow, and thinks that Mr. Rowland -comes the nearest to the truth of any author he has read, when he says -that they might be used with a string to draw them back, and something -like a feather to guide them in flying towards the enemy, and calls -them sling-hatchets. He concedes, however, that for such weighty heads -there was no occasion for feathers, and as for slinging of hatchets -against an enemy, he does not remember any instance, ancient or modern. -Some of the celts, moreover, are too light to do any execution if -thrown from the hand. - -The Rev. Mr. Lort,[123] who communicated some observations on celts -to the Society of Antiquaries in 1776, differed from Dr. Borlase, and -regarded a large flat celt found in the Lower Furness as manifestly -designed to be held in the hand only, and much better adapted to the -chipping of stone than to any other use which has hitherto been found -out for it. He will not, however, take upon himself to assert that -some socketed celts, which he also describes, were designed for the -same purpose. Appended to the paper by Mr. Lort are notices of several -bronze celts, which at different times had been brought under the -notice of the Society of Antiquaries. Some which had been exhibited in -1735 were regarded by Mr. Benjamin Cooke and Mr. Collinson as Gaulish -weapons used by the Roman auxiliaries at the time of Claudius. Mr. -Cooke, however, took them to be axes, and mounted one of them on a -shaft, citing Homer as his authority for doing so, and speaking of the -ἀξίνην ἔυχαλκον. - -The Rev. Samuel Pegge in 1787 makes some pertinent remarks -respecting celts in a letter to Mr. Lort, which is published in the -_Archæologia_.[124] He points out that from some of them having been -found in barrows associated with spear-heads of flint, it is probable -that some at least were military weapons. He also maintains that though -the use of bronze originally preceded that of iron, yet that regard -must be had to the circumstances of each country, so that it would not -follow that a bronze celt found in Ireland was prior in age to the -invention of iron. All that could be said was that it was older than -the introduction of iron into Ireland, and when that was, no one could -pretend to say. Mr. Pegge did not approve of the derivation of the -name of celt from _celtis_ or _cœlare_, but thought it derived from -the name of the Celtic people who used the instruments. In his opinion -the instruments were not Roman, especially as they were frequent in -Ireland and in places where the Romans never were settled. The specimen -on which he comments is of the palstave form, and, though it might be -mounted as a tool, he thinks it could never have served as an axe, but -it might have tipped a dart or javelin. - -Douglas[125] was of opinion that the bronze arms found in this country -were not Roman, but that it was more reasonable to refer them to the -early inhabitants, of probably not less than two centuries B.C. - -Mr. C. J. Harford, F.S.A.,[126] writing in 1801, expressed his -opinion that a clue as to the uses of celts might be obtained from a -consideration of similar instruments which had been brought from the -South Sea Islands. “Our rude forefathers doubtless attached the celt -by thongs to the handle, in the same manner as modern savages do; and, -like them, formed a most useful implement or destructive weapon from -these simple materials.” He thought that the metal celts might have -been fabricated abroad and exported to this country, just as we have -sent to the South Sea Islands an imitation in iron of the stone hatchet -there in use. - -Coming down to later times, we find Sir Richard Colt Hoare,[127] who -discovered a few flat and flanged celts in the Wiltshire barrows, -regarding them as for domestic, and not for military, architectural, -or religious purposes. He thought that the flat form must be the -most ancient, from which the pattern of that with the socket for the -insertion of a handle was taken; for among the numerous specimens -described by Mr. Lort in the _Archæologia_, not one of the latter -pattern is mentioned as having been discovered in a barrow. As many -were found in Gaul, he rather supposed that they were imported from -the Continent; or, perhaps, the art of making them might have been -introduced from Gaul. From the method of hafting of one of those he -found (see Fig. 189), he seems to have regarded the whole of them as -chisels rather than hatchets. - -Sir Joseph Banks,[128] in some observations communicated to the -Society of Antiquaries in 1818, on an ancient celt found near Boston, -Lincolnshire, pointed out the manner in which looped palstaves could -be hafted so as to serve either as axes, adzes, or chisels. He thought -that they were ill adapted for any warlike purposes, and regarded them -as tools such as might be used in hollowing out the trunks of trees to -form canoes, and suggested that they were secured to their handles by -strings tied round them in the same manner as the stone axes used in -the South Sea Islands were fastened to theirs. - -About the year 1816 the Rev. John Dow,[129] in some remarks on the -ancient weapon denominated the celt, advocated the opinion that it was -an axe, and probably a weapon of war. He also traces its connection -with the stone celt, from which he considered it to have been developed. - -About the same year the Rev. John Hodgson, secretary of the Society -of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne, communicated to that society a -valuable memoir in the shape of “An Enquiry into the Æra when Brass -was used in purposes to which Iron is now applied,”[130] of which -mention has already been made in the Introductory Chapter. He thought -that celts were tools which were well adapted for use as wedges for -splitting wood, or that with wooden hafts they might be used as chisels -for hollowing canoes and for similar purposes, some instruments found -with them being undoubtedly gouges. As to their date, he thought that -bronze began to give way to iron in Britain nearly as soon as it did -in Greece, and that consequently the celts, &c., found in this island -belonged to an era 500, or at least 400 years, B.C. - -In 1839 Mr. Rickman[131] communicated to the Society of Antiquaries a -paper on the Antiquity of Abury and Stonehenge, in the notes to which -he propounds the theory that the socketed celts were used merely as -chisels, with hafts of wood inserted in the socket. They could be then -either held in the hand or by means of a withe, like a blacksmith’s -chisel, while they were struck with a stone hammer. - -Among writers of comparatively modern times, the first whom I have to -mention is the late Mr. G. V. Du Noyer,[132] who in 1847 communicated -to the Archæological Institute two papers on the classification of -bronze celts, which are still of great value and interest. He traces -the gradual development in form from the bronze celt shaped like a -wedge to that which is socketed, and shows that an important element -in the transition from one form to the other has been the method -of hafting. He also enters into the subjects of the casting and -ornamentation of celts; and as in subsequent pages I shall have to -refer to these as well as to the methods of hafting, I content myself -here with citing Mr. Du Noyer’s papers as being worthy of all credit. - -In 1849 Mr. James Yates communicated a paper to the Archæological -Institute of a far more speculative kind than those of Mr. Du Noyer, -his object being to prove that among the various uses of bronze celts -one of the most important was the application of them in destroying -fortifications and entrenchments, in making roads and earthworks, and -in similar military operations. He confines his inquiry, however, to -those which were adapted to be fitted to straight wooden handles. -Following in the steps of some of the older antiquaries, he appears -to regard them as of Roman origin, and identifies them with the Roman -_dolabra_, an instrument which he thinks was used as a chisel or a -crowbar. In fact, he was persuaded that the celt was commonly used not -as a hatchet, but as a spud or a crowbar. Had he but been acquainted -with the ancient handles, such as have been discovered in the Austrian -salt-mines and elsewhere, he would probably have come round to another -opinion as to the ordinary method of hafting, though it is of course -possible that in some instances these instruments may have been mounted -and used as spuds. Had he practically tried mounting them and using -them as crowbars, he would have found that with but slight strain the -shafts would break or the celts become loosened upon them. And had he -been better versed in archæology, he would have known that whatever -was the form of the Roman _dolabra_, or whatever the uses for which -it served, it can hardly have differed from their other implements -in being made of bronze and not of iron; and he would have thought -twice before engraving bronze celts from Cornwall and Furness as -illustrations of the Roman _dolabra_ in Smith’s “Dictionary of Greek -and Roman Antiquities.” - -The ring or loop, which so often is found on the side of celts of -the palstave and socketed forms, was thought by Mr. Yates to have -been principally of use to assist in carrying them, a dozen or twenty -perhaps being strung together, or a much smaller number tied to the -soldier’s belt or girdle. He also thought that they might serve for the -attachment of a thong or chain to draw the instrument out of a wall, -should it become wedged among the stones in the process of destruction. - -The next essay on celts and their classification which I must adduce -was written by the late Rev. Thomas Hugo, F.S.A.,[133] who followed -much the same system as Mr. Du Noyer, so far as the development of the -socketed celt was concerned, though he differed from him with regard -to the method of hafting, as he was persuaded that, in general, celts -were mounted with a straight shaft, like spuds. He considered that the -loop was not used for securing the celt to its haft, but for hanging -it up at home when not in use, or for suspending it from the soldier’s -girdle whilst on the march. - -Mr. Hugo’s paper was followed by some supplementary remarks from -Mr. Syer Cuming, who suggests that a thong may have passed through -the loop by which the weapon might be propelled, and contends that -socketed celts are neither chisels nor axe-blades, but the ferrules of -spear-shafts, which might be fixed in the ground, or even used at times -as offensive weapons. - -The name of the late Mr. Thomas Wright[134] has already been mentioned. -In his various works and papers he claims a Roman origin for bronze -celts and swords, though admitting that they may occasionally have been -made in the countries in which they are found. - -Among other modern writers who have touched upon the subject of celts, -I may mention that accomplished antiquary, the late Mr. Albert Way, -F.S.A., whose remarks in connection with an exhibition of bronze -antiquities at a meeting of the Archæological Institute in 1861[135] -are well worth reading. I may also refer to the late Sir W. R. Wilde, -in his “Catalogue of the Copper and Bronze Antiquities in the Museum of -the Royal Irish Academy,” published in the same year; to Mr. Franks, in -the “Horæ Ferales;” to Sir John Lubbock, in his “Prehistoric Times;” -and to General A. Lane Fox (now Pitt-Rivers), in his excellent lecture -on Primitive Warfare, section iii.[136] - -Canon Greenwell, in his “British Barrows,”[137] has also devoted a -few pages to the consideration of bronze celts and axe-heads, more -especially in connection with interments in sepulchral mounds. - -Foreign writers I need hardly cite, but I may mention a remarkable idea -that has been promulgated by Professor Stefano de Rossi[138] as to -celts having served as money, which has, however, been shown by Count -Gozzadini to be unfounded. - -In conclusion, I may also venture to refer to an address[139] which -I delivered to the Society of Antiquaries on the occasion of an -exhibition of bronze antiquities in their apartments in January, 1873. - - * * * * * - -In treating of the different forms of celts on the present occasion, I -shall divide them into the following classes:— - -Flat celts. - -Flanged celts. - -Winged celts and palstaves, with and without loops. - -Socketed celts. - -What are known as tanged celts may perhaps be more properly included -under the head of chisels, to which class of tools it is not unlikely -that some of the narrow celts of the other forms should be referred. - -It is difficult to draw a hard and fast line between the flat celts -and the flanged, and between these latter and the so-called palstaves. -I propose, therefore, to include the flanged celts, which are not -provided with a stop-ridge to prevent their being driven into their -haft, in the same chapter with the flat celts, and to treat of those -which have a stop-ridge in the same chapter as the palstaves, with and -without a loop. In a subsequent chapter I shall speak as to the manner -in which these instruments were probably hafted. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - -FLAT AND FLANGED CELTS. - - -FLAT celts, or those of simple form with the faces somewhat convex, and -approximating in shape to the polished stone celts of the Neolithic -Period, have been regarded by several antiquaries as being probably -the earliest bronze implements or weapons. Such a view has much to -commend it, but, as already observed, it may be doubted whether in the -earliest times, when metal was scarce, it would be so readily applied -to purposes for which much of the precious material was required, as to -the manufacture of weapons or tools of a lighter kind, such as daggers -or knives. - -Among celts, however, the simple form, and that most nearly approaching -in character to the stone hatchet, was probably the earliest, though -it may have been continued in use after the introduction of the side -flanges, the stop-ridge, and even the socket. Some celts of the -simplest form found in Ireland are of copper, and have been thought to -belong to the period when the use of stone for cutting purposes was -dying out and that of metal coming in; but the mere fact of their being -of copper is by no means conclusive on this point. - -A copper celt of the precise shape of an ordinary stone celt, 6 inches -long and 2½ inches wide, which was found in an Etruscan tomb, and is -preserved in the Museum at Berlin, appears to have been cast in a mould -formed upon a stone implement of the same class. It has been figured -and described by Sir William Wilde.[140] I have not seen the implement, -nor am I aware of the exact circumstances of the finding. Celts may, -however, like the flint arrow-heads inserted in Etruscan[141] necklaces -of gold, have been regarded with superstitious reverence, and it does -not appear to me quite certain that this specimen was ever in actual -use as an implement, and was not placed in the grave as a substitute -for a stone hatchet or _Ceraunius_. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.—Cyprus. ½] - -However this may be, some of the earliest bronze or, possibly, copper -celts with which we are acquainted, those from the excavations of -General di Cesnola in Cyprus, and of Dr. Schliemann at Hissarlik, -are of the simple flat form, and justify Sir W. Wilde[142] in his -supposition that the first makers of these instruments, having once -obtained a better material than stone, repeated the form with which -they were best acquainted, though they economized the metal and -lessened the bulk by flattening the sides. The annexed cut, Fig. 1, -shows a celt from Cyprus in my own collection, which in form might be -matched by celts of flint, though it must be acknowledged that the type -in stone is rather that of Scandinavia than of Eastern Europe or the -Levant. A slight ridge in the oxide upon it seems to mark the distance -that the narrow end penetrated the handle. Numerous tools or weapons -of the same form were found by Dr. Schliemann[143] in his excavations -in search of Troy. They were at first thought to be of copper, but -subsequently proved to have a small per-centage of tin in them. A -number of flat celts, some short and broad, and others long and narrow, -were found at Gungeria,[144] in the Mhow Talook, about forty miles -north of Boorha, in Central India, many of which are now in the British -Museum. On analysis Dr. Percy found them to be of pure copper. The -same form was found at Tel Sifr, in Southern Babylonia. Some from that -place, and from the island of Thermia,[145] in the Greek Archipelago, -are also in the British Museum. Nearly similar instruments, said to -be made of copper, have been found in Austria,[146] Denmark,[147] -Sweden,[148] Hungary,[149] France,[150] and Italy.[151] I have one 3¾ -inches long, from Royat, Puy de Dôme. A large and thicker specimen is -in the Museum at Toulouse. They have usually a small per-centage, 0·15 -to 2·08 of tin in them.[152] - -I have already, in the Introductory Chapter, made some remarks on the -probability of a copper age having, in some part of the world, preceded -that of bronze, and need here only repeat that the occurrence of -implements in copper, of the forms usually occurring in bronze, does -not of necessity imply a want of acquaintance with the tin necessary -to mix with copper to form bronze, but may only be significant of -a temporary or local scarcity of the former metal. I may also add -that without actual analysis, it is unsafe, from appearance only, to -judge whether copper is pure, or whether it has not an appreciable -per-centage of tin in it. - -In treating of the different forms and characters of bronze celts, and -of the places and circumstances of finding, I think it will be best -first to take those from England and Wales, then those from Scotland, -and lastly those from Ireland. I begin with those which have been found -in barrows in England. - - Fig. 2 represents a flat celt found in a barrow in the parish of - Butterwick, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, by the Rev. Canon - Greenwell, F.R.S., F.S.A.[153] It lay at the hips of the body of a - young man, at whose right hand the knife-dagger (Fig. 279) and the - bronze drill or pricker (Fig. 225) were found, accompanied by a flint - knife formed from a broad external flake. - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.—Butterwick. ½] - - In front of the chest were six buttons, five of jet and one - of sandstone, two of which are figured in my “Ancient Stone - Implements.”[154] The handle of the celt or axe-head could be plainly - traced by means of a dark line of decayed wood, and to all appearance - the weapon had been worn slung from the waist. “The blade is of - the simplest form, modelled on the pattern of the stone axe, and - may, it is probable, be regarded as the earliest type of bronze axe - antecedently to the appearance of either flanges or socket. It is 4 - inches long, 2⅜ inches wide at the cutting edge, and 1⅛ inches at the - smaller end. It had evidently been fixed into a solid handle to a - depth of 2 inches.” - - A very similar discovery to that at Butterwick was made by the late - Mr. Thomas Bateman in a barrow upon Parwich Moor, Derbyshire,[155] - called Shuttlestone, opened by him in June, 1848. In this case a - man of fine proportions and in the prime of life had been interred, - surrounded by fern-leaves and enveloped in a hide with the hair - inwards. Close to the head were a small flat bead of jet and a - circular flint (probably a “scraper”). In contact with the left arm - lay a bronze dagger, much like Fig. 279, with two rivets for the - attachment of the handle, which had been of horn. About the middle - of the left thigh was a bronze celt of the plainest axe-shaped type. - The cutting edge was turned towards the upper part of the person, - and the instrument itself had been inserted into a wooden shaft for - about 2 inches at the narrow end. The celt and dagger are engraved in - the _Archæological Association Journal_,[156] and the former in the - _Archæologia_.[157] It is about 5½ inches long, and in form much like - Fig. 19. - - In a small barrow named Borther Low,[158] about two miles south of - Middleton by Youlgrave, Mr. William Bateman discovered a skeleton with - the remains of a plain coarse urn on the left side, a flint arrow-head - much burnt, a pair of canine teeth of either a fox, or a dog of the - same size, and a diminutive bronze celt. In the catalogue of the - Bateman Museum[159] this is described as “of the most primitive type, - closely resembling the stone celts in form,” and 2 inches only in - length. It is there stated to have been found with a flint spear, but - this seems to be a mistake for an arrow-head.[160] - - Dr. Samuel Pegge,[161] in his letter to Mr. Lort already cited, - mentions that “Mr. Adam Wolsey the younger, of Matlock in Derbyshire, - has a celt found near the same place A.D. 1787, at Blakelow in the - parish of Ashover, with a spear-head of flint, a military weapon - also.” Not improbably this was an axe-head of the same class. - - A celt of much the same character as Fig. 2, but in outline more - nearly resembling Fig. 19, 4⅜ inches long and 2⅜ broad at the cutting - edge, was found in company with two diadems or lunettes of gold such - as the Irish antiquaries call “Minds,” at Harlyn, in the parish of - Merryn, near Padstow, Cornwall, and is engraved in the _Archæological - Journal_.[162] The objects were found at a depth of about six feet - from the surface, and with them was another bronze article, which - was unfortunately thrown away. This was described by the man at work - on the spot as “like a bit of a buckle.” The discovery was quite - accidental, and no notice seems to have been taken as to whether - there were any traces of an interment at the spot, though the earth - in contact with the articles is described as having been “of an - artificial character.” - - It is a celt of this kind which is engraved by Plot[163] as found near - St. Bertram’s Well, Ilam, Staffordshire. He describes it as “somewhat - like, only larger than, a lath-hammer at the edge end, but not so on - the other,” and regards it as a Roman sacrificial axe. - - One (4⅛ inches) was found on Bevere Island, Worcestershire.[164] - - Others of the same kind have been found near Duxford, Cambs,[165] - near Grappenhall, Cheshire;[166] the Beacon Hill, Charnwood Forest, - Leicestershire;[167] and, near Battlefield, Shrewsbury,[168] in - company with a palstave without loop, some sickle-like objects, - and other articles. One, 9 inches long and 5 inches broad at the - cutting edge, found in the ruins of Gleaston Castle, Lower Furness, - Lancashire, is engraved in the _Archæologia_.[169] - - The celts found on Baddow Hall Common,[170] near Danbury, Essex, one - of which was 6 inches long and 3½ inches broad at the edge, seem to - have been of this character. - - I have seen specimens of the same type from Taxley Fen, - Huntingdonshire (4¾ inches long), in the collection of Mr. S. Sharp, - F.S.A.; and from Raisthorp, near Fimber, Yorkshire, in that of Messrs. - Mortimer. - - In Canon Greenwell’s collection are three (about 4¾ inches) found at - Newbiggin, Northumberland, and others (about 5½ inches) from Alnwick - and Wallsend. A specimen in the same collection (5¼ inches), found at - Knapton, Yorkshire (E. R.), has a slight ridge along the centre of the - sides, which, as well as the angles between the faces and the sides, - is indented with a series of slight hammer marks at regular intervals. - - Mr. Wallace of Distington, Whitehaven, has one (6½ inches) from Hango - Hill, Castleton, Isle of Man. - - I have myself celts of the same class from the Cambridge Fens (4⅝ - inches); Sherburn Carr, Yorkshire (5⅝ inches), found with another - nearly similar; Swansea (4¼ inches, much decayed); and near Pont - Caradog, Brithder, Glamorganshire (6¼ inches), found with three - others, and given to me by Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., in whose - collection the others are preserved. - - A few of these flat plain celts have been found in France. Some from - the departments of Doubs and Jura are engraved by Chantre.[171] - One from Normandy,[172] figured by the Abbé Cochet, seems to show - some trace of a transverse ridge. One from the Seine is engraved - in the “Dictionnaire Archéologique de la Gaule.” Another was found - in Finistère.[173] Others are in the Museum at Narbonne[174] and - elsewhere. The form is also found in Spain, both in bronze and what is - apparently copper. I have specimens from the Ciudad Real district. - - The plain flat form like Fig. 2 is also occasionally found in Germany. - One from Ackenbach, near Homberg, is figured by Schreiber.[175] - - With nearly straight sides like Fig. 27, the form is not uncommon in - Hungary. Some of these are very thin. - - Others of nearly the same form, but thicker, have been found on the - other side of the Atlantic in Mexico, and many of the copper celts of - North America are also of the plain flat type with an oblong section. - This circumstance to my mind rather proves that the form is the - simplest, and therefore that most naturally adopted for hatchets, than - that there was of necessity any intercourse between the countries in - which it has prevailed. - -Many of the flat celts are ornamented in a more or less artistic -manner on the faces, or the sides, or on both; but before proceeding -to notice any of them, it will be well to mention another variety of -the plain celt, in which the faces, instead of being nearly flat or -uniformly convex, slope towards either end from a transverse ridge near -the middle of the blade. This ridge is never very strongly defined, as -the total thickness of the blade from ridge to ridge is rarely more -than half an inch. The plain variety is somewhat rare in Britain, but -one ornamented on both faces will be described, under Fig. 5, and an -Irish example is shown in Fig. 35. - -A large doubly tapering celt (8 inches) was found at East Surby, -Rushen,[176] Isle of Man. Some of those already mentioned partake of -this character. In Hoare’s great work a specimen from the Bush Barrow, -Normanton,[177] is engraved as being of this plain doubly tapering -type; but from the more accurate engraving given by Dr. Thurnam[178] it -appears that this instrument has flanges at the side, like Fig. 8, and -must therefore be spoken of later on. - -[Illustration: Fig. 3.—Moot Low. ½] - -I now proceed to consider some of the flat celts ornamented with -patterns probably produced by punches, as will subsequently be -mentioned. The first which I adduce was found with an interment, and -the ornamentation is so slight that it is a question whether the celt -ought not to rank among those of the plain kind. - - The late Mr. Thomas Bateman in 1845 found what he described as “a fine - bronze celt of novel form” and “of elegant outline” near the head of a - contracted skeleton in a barrow called Moot Low,[179] about half-way - between Alsop Moor and Dovedale, Derbyshire. “It was placed in a - line with the body, with its edge upwards.” By the kindness of Mr. - Llewellynn Jewitt, F.S.A.,[180] I am enabled to give a figure of this - instrument in Fig. 3. As will be seen, it has slight flanges along - the sides, and the upper part is ornamented with short vertical lines - punched in. - - That shown in Fig. 4 was found in Yorkshire, and is now in the - British Museum. The patina upon it has been somewhat injured, but - the ornamentation upon the faces is in places very well preserved. It - consists of numerous parallel lines, each made up of short diagonal - indentations in the metal, and together forming the pattern which will - be better understood from the figure than from any description. The - sides are ornamented by having two low pyramidal bosses drawn out upon - them, leaving a long concave hexagonal space in the middle between - them. This celt has already been figured, but on a much smaller scale, - in the “Horæ Ferales.”[181] - -[Illustration: Fig. 4.—Yorkshire. ½] - - This style of ornamentation on the sides is more common on Irish than - on English or Scottish celts. One, however, 5½ inches long, of the - doubly tapering form with lunate edge, having the central portion of - the blade ornamented with a series of lines in a chevron pattern, and - having the sides worked into three facets of a pointed oval form, - was found at Whittington,[182] Gloucestershire, and was presented - by Mr. W. L. Lawrence, F.S.A., to the Society of Antiquaries. The - ornamentation is much like that on Fig. 7, but between the ornamented - portion of the blade and the edge there is a curved hollow facet, the - ridge below which runs nearly parallel with the edge. - -[Illustration: Fig. 5.—Weymouth. ½] - - The celt shown in Fig. 5 might perhaps be more properly placed among - the flanged celts, as, without having well-developed flanges along - the sides, there is a projecting ridge running along either margin - of the faces, in consequence of the sides having been somewhat - chamfered, or having had their angles beaten down by hammering. It was - found on Preston Down, near Weymouth, Dorsetshire; but I do not know - under what circumstances. It has become thickly coated with a dark - sage-green patina, which has in places been unfortunately knocked off. - The beautiful original ornamentation of the celt has been admirably - preserved by the patina. The greater part of the surface has been - figured with a sort of grained pattern like morocco leather, probably - by means of a punch in form like a narrow blunt chisel. The faces of - the blade are not flat, but taper in both directions from a ridge - rather more than half-way up the blade. Along the lower side of this - somewhat curved ridge, and again about an inch above the cutting edge, - a belt of chevrons has been punched in, having the appearance of a - plaited band. Below the lower band the surface has been left smooth - and unornamented, so that grinding the edge would not in any way - injure the pattern. The upper part of the blade has at the present - time exactly the appearance of dark green morocco with “blind-tooling” - upon it. No doubt many blades which were originally ornamented after - the same fashion as this specimen have now, through oxidation or - the accidental destruction of the patina, lost all traces of their - original decoration. On this, where the patina has been destroyed, - nothing can be seen of the graining. - - I have a flat celt from Mildenhall, Suffolk (6 inches), in form like - Fig. 6, the greater part of the surface of which has been grained in a - similar manner, though the graining is now almost obliterated. - - In the collection of the Duke of Northumberland[183] is a large celt - which appears to be of the flat kind, with the side edges “slightly - recurved,” and with the surface “elaborately worked with chevrony - lines and ornaments which may have been partly produced by hammering.” - It was found in Northumberland. - - Another belonging to James Kendrick, Esq., M.D., found at Risdon,[184] - near Warrington, is described as being “ornamented with punched lines - in a very unusual manner.” Another, of which a bad representation - from one of Dr. Stukeley’s drawings is given in the _Archæologia_, is - said to have been found in the long barrow at Stonehenge.[185] One 4½ - inches long, the faces ornamented with a number of longitudinal cuts, - was found near Sidmouth.[186] - -[Illustration: Fig. 6.—Read. ½] - - In some instances the faces of the celts have been wrought into a - series of slightly hollowed facets. One such from Read, Lancashire, - is in the British Museum, and is engraved as Fig. 6. The central - space between the two series of ridges and also the margins of the - faces are ornamented with shallow chevrons punched in. The sides - have been hammered into three facets, and this has produced slight - flanges at the margins of the faces. These facets are ornamented with - diagonal lines. This celt was found with two others, apparently of - the same kind, and is described and engraved in Whitaker’s “History - of the Original Parish of Whalley.”[187] The author says that these - instruments were from 9 to 12 inches long, and had a broad and narrow - end, but had neither loops, grooves, nor any other contrivance by - which they could be fixed in a shaft, or indeed applied to any known - use. That in the British Museum was obtained by the late Mr. Charles - Towneley. The two others were formerly in the collections of the Rev. - Dr. Milles, P.S.A., and of Dr. Whitaker. - -I now come to the flanged celts, or those which have projecting ledges -along the greater part of each side of the faces, produced either by -hammering the metal at the sides of the blades, or in the original -casting. As has already been observed, some of the celts which have -been described as belonging to the flat variety might, with almost -equal propriety, have been classed as flanged celts, as the mere -hammering of the sides with a view to render them smooth or to produce -an ornament upon them “upsets” the metal, and produces a thickening -along the margin which almost amounts to a flange. - - In the celt shown in Fig. 7 the flanges are very slight, and are in - all probability merely due to the hammering necessary to produce the - kind of cable pattern or spiral fluting which is seen in the side - view. The faces taper in each direction from a transverse ridge, and - the blade for some distance below this is ornamented with an incuse - chevron pattern. The blade towards the edge and above the ridge is - left plain. This specimen was found in Suffolk, but I do not know the - exact locality. It is in my own collection. - -[Illustration: Fig. 7.—Suffolk. ½] - - Among nineteen bronze celts discovered about the year 1845 on the - property of Mr. Samuel Ware, F.S.A., at Postlingford Hall,[188] near - Clare, Suffolk, were several of this class, two of which (6½ and 5½ - inches), now in the British Museum, are figured in the _Archæologia_. - One of them is ornamented with a chevron pattern, covering the part of - the blade usually decorated, and having vertical lines running through - the centres of the chevrons, and through the junction of their bases. - The other is ornamented with a series of curved parallel lines running - across the blade, as on Fig. 16. They have a slight projection or - ridge at the thickest part of the blade, as have also two that are not - ornamented, which likewise were presented by Mr. Ware to the British - Museum. - - Another celt of this kind (4⅞ inches) was found with a bronze - spear-head having loops at the lower part of the blade in the Kilcot - Wood,[189] near Newent, Gloucestershire. The faces are ornamented with - parallel rows of short diagonal lines, bounded at the lower end by a - double series of dots, and a transverse row of diagonal lines. - - In the remarkable hoard of bronze instruments discovered on Arreton - Down, in the Isle of Wight, about the year 1735, were, besides the - spear-heads and dagger blades, of which mention will be made in - subsequent chapters, four of these flanged celts. Of these one (6⅞ - inches) was ornamented both on the face and sides, but is at present - only known from a drawing in an album belonging to the Society of - Antiquaries. - -[Illustration: Fig. 8.—Arreton Down. ½] - - The others were plain, and of one of them a woodcut is given in the - _Archæologia_,[190] which by the permission of the Council of the - Society of Antiquaries is here reproduced as Fig. 8. It is 8 inches in - length, and is one of the largest of its class in the British Museum. - As will be seen, the blade itself is of the doubly tapering kind. The - others are 4½ and 4¾ inches long. They are said to have been found - arranged in regular order,[191] and, as Mr. Franks has suggested, may - possibly have been the store deposited by some ancient founder, which - he was unable to reclaim from its hiding-place. - -[Illustration: Fig. 9.—Plymstock. ⅔] - -[Illustration: Fig. 10.—Plymstock. ⅔] - - In Figs. 9 and 10[192] are shown two more of these doubly tapering - flanged celts, which were found in the parish of Plymstock,[193] - Devonshire, about a mile east of Preston. They lay beneath a flat - stone at a depth of about two feet below the surface, together with - fourteen other celts, three daggers, one of which is given as Fig. - 301, a spear-head or dagger, shown in Fig. 327, and a narrow chisel - (Fig. 190). All the sixteen celts are of the same general type, but - vary in length from 3¾ inches to 6¾ inches. The extent of the flanges - or wings also varies, and in some they project considerably, and - are brought with great precision to a sharp edge. At the narrow or - butt end, the late Mr. Albert Way, who described the hoard, noticed - a peculiar slight groove extending only as far as the commencement - of the lateral flanges. The character of the groove is shown in the - portion of the side view given with each figure. Mr. Way and Mr. - Franks thought that the narrow end of the celt, when produced from the - mould, had been slightly bifid, and that the little cleft had been - closed by the hammer. My own impression is that these marks are merely - the result of “drawing down” the narrow ends with the hammer after - their sides had been somewhat “upset” or expanded by hammering out the - side flanges. - - The sides of some of these celts have been hammered so as to present - three longitudinal facets; others have the sides simply rounded. One - of the most interesting features of this discovery is its analogy - with that already mentioned as having been made at Arreton Down. The - greater number of the objects found at Plymstock were given by the - Duke of Bedford to the British Museum, and the remainder to the Exeter - Museum. - - Four or five celts with slight side flanges were found in the - Wiltshire barrows by Sir E. Colt Hoare. The largest of these (6¼ - inches long and 2½ inches broad) was found in 1808, in a tumulus - known as the Bush Barrow, near Normanton.[194] The following are the - particulars of this discovery:—On the floor of the barrow was the - skeleton of a tall man lying from south to north. Near his shoulders - lay the celt, which owes its great preservation to having been - inserted in a handle of wood. About eighteen inches south of the head - were several bronze rivets, intermixed with wood and thin pieces of - bronze, which were regarded as the remains of a shield. Near the right - arm were a large dagger of bronze and a spear-head of the same metal, - fully 13 inches long. The handle of this dagger, marvellously inlaid - with pins of gold, will be described in a subsequent chapter. On the - breast of the skeleton was a large lozenge-shaped plate of gold, - ornamented with zigzag and other patterns, and near it were some other - gold ornaments, some bone rings, and an oval perforated stone mace, - the representation of which I have reproduced in my “Ancient Stone - Implements.” - - We have here an instance of bronze weapons occurring associated with - those of stone and with gold ornaments. Sir R. Colt Hoare has recorded - some other cases. In a bell-shaped barrow near Wilsford,[195] at the - feet of the skeleton of a tall man, he found a massive hammer of a - dark-coloured stone, some objects of bone, a whetstone with a groove - in the centre, and a bronze celt with small lateral flanges 3¼ inches - long. These were accompanied by a very curious object of twisted - bronze, apparently a ring about 4½ inches in diameter, having a tang - pierced with four rivet holes for fixing in a handle. In the ring - itself, opposite the tang, is a long oval hole, through which passes - one of three circular links forming a short chain. - - In a barrow on Overton Hill,[196] Sir R. Colt Hoare found a contracted - skeleton buried either in the trunk of a tree or on a plank of wood. - Near the head were a small celt of this kind, an awl with a handle - (Fig. 227), and a small dagger, or, as he terms it, a “lance-head.” - - The occurrence of celts of this character is not limited to interments - by inhumation. In another barrow of the Wilsford group Sir R. C. Hoare - found, in a cist 2 feet deep, a pile of burnt bones, an ivory (?) pin, - a rude ring of bone, and a small bronze celt, also with side flanges, - and only 2⅛ inches long. - - Among other specimens of this form of celt may be cited one found on - Plumpton Plain,[197] near Lewes, Sussex, now in the British Museum; - one (4 inches) found near Dover in 1856; and one (6½ inches) from - Wye Down, Kent, both in the Mayer collection at Liverpool. Canon - Greenwell, F.R.S., has one (3½ inches) from March, Cambridgeshire. - - Flanged celts much like Fig. 9 have been found in France. Some from - Haute-Saône,[198] Rhône, and Compiègne[199] (Oise) have been figured. - I have specimens from Evreux (Eure), Amiens (Somme), and Lyons. - The type also occurs in Italy[200] in some abundance; it is found - more rarely in Germany.[201] Examples from Denmark are figured by - Schreiber,[202] Segested,[203] and Madsen.[204] The form also occurs - in Sweden.[205] - - A peculiar form of flanged celt is shown in Fig. 11. The flanges - extend as usual nearly to the edge, but at the upper part of the blade - are set down so as to project still farther over the faces, though at - a lower level. The original was found in the Thames,[206] and is the - property of Mr. T. Layton, F.S.A. - -[Illustration: Fig. 11.—Thames. ½]. [Illustration: Fig. 12.—Norfolk. -½] - - A small example, ornamented with a fluted pattern on the sides and - with the blade slightly tapering in each direction from a central - ridge, is shown in Fig. 12. The original was found in Norfolk, and is - in the collection of Mr. R. Fitch, F.S.A. - - Another, decorated with a fluted chevron pattern on the sides, and - with indented herring-bone and chevron patterns on the faces, is given - in Fig. 13. This example was found in Dorsetshire, and is now in the - British Museum. In the same collection is a beautiful celt with side - flanges found near Brough, Westmoreland (6¾ inches), which has the - portion of the blade below the thickest part ornamented with a lozengy - matted pattern much like that on Fig. 51, but with the alternate - lozenges plain and hatched. The hatching on some of the lozenges is - from left to right, on others the reverse. - -[Illustration: Fig. 13.—Dorsetshire. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 14.—Lewes. ½] - - A flanged celt of unusual type, the sides curiously wrought and - engraved or punched, and the faces exhibiting a pattern of chevrony - lines, is shown in Fig. 14. It was found near Lewes,[207] Sussex, and - is the property of Sir H. Shiffner, Bart. - -[Illustration: Fig. 15.—Ely. ½] - - An example of nearly the same kind is shown in Fig. 15, from a celt - found in the Fens near Ely, and now in the museum of Mr. Marshall - Fisher, of that city. Both faces are ornamented below the thickest - part with broad indented lines, vertical and transverse, as will be - best seen in the figure. The sides are hammered into three facets, - each having a series of diagonal grooves wrought in them. The two - left-hand facets on each side have the grooves running upwards from - left to right; on the third facet they run downwards, but at a much - less inclination. The punch with which the grooves and ornaments were - produced has also been employed along the inner angle of the flanges. - - A pretty little celt, ornamented with transverse ridges in the lower - part, is shown in Fig. 16. The original was found at Barrow, Suffolk. - - The Rev. Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., possesses one (4⅝ inches) found at - Horncastle, Lincolnshire, the faces of which are decorated in a nearly - similar manner; but the sides show a cable pattern, and there is a - slight central ridge on the faces. - -[Illustration: Fig. 16.—Barrow. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 17.—Liss. ½] - - A much larger specimen (6¼ inches), found near the Menai Bridge,[208] - Anglesea, has also cabled sides, but the grooves on the faces are - straighter and wider apart. - - A Danish celt, ornamented in a similar manner, is engraved by - Madsen.[209] - - The celt shown in Fig. 17 is of somewhat the same character, but the - transverse lines are closer and not continuous. They have evidently - been produced by means of a small blunt punch, with the aid of a - hammer. The original was found at Liss,[210] near Petersfield, Hants, - and is now in the British Museum. - - Flanged celts decorated on the faces are of rare occurrence in France. - One of narrow proportions, and ornamented with lozenges and zigzags, - was found at Mareuil-sur-Ourcq[211] (Oise). - -[Illustration: Fig. 18.—Rhosnesney. ½] - -The only instance known to me in which the rough castings destined -to be wrought into this form of celt have been found in Britain is -one recorded in the _Archæologia Cambrensis_[212] by the Rev. E. L. -Barnwell. At the meeting of the Cambrian Archæological Association at -Wrexham, Sir R. A. Cunliffe, Bart., exhibited what had evidently been -the stock in trade of an ancient bronze-founder or merchant. It had -been found at Rhosnesney, near Wrexham, and consisted of six palstaves, -all from the same mould, another somewhat slighter and broken in two, -the blade of a small dagger, three castings for flanged celts, and the -shank of a fourth—all of them rough as they came from the mould. The -cut given of one of the last-mentioned castings is here reproduced on a -smaller scale as Fig. 18. It will be seen that a broad runner is left -at the butt end, which was probably destined to be broken off; the -sides would also be hammered, so as to increase the prominence of the -flanges; and the whole would be planished by hammering and grinding. -All the specimens have the appearance of having been washed over with -tin, but this deposit of tin upon the surface may, I think, be due to -some chemical action which has gone on since the bronze was buried in -the ground, and may not have been intentionally produced. - -A casting for a longer flanged celt found at Vienne (Isère) has been -figured by Chantre.[213] - -Turning now to the flat and flanged celts discovered in Scotland, I may -remark that the instruments of the flat form appear to be comparatively -more abundant in that country than in England and Wales. - - In Fig. 19 is shown a remarkably well-preserved specimen in my - own collection, which is said to have been found near Drumlanrig, - Dumfriesshire. The sides present two longitudinal facets at a low - angle to each other. In hammering these the margin of the faces - has been somewhat raised; they are otherwise smooth and devoid of - ornament. Other specimens have three facets on the sides. - -[Illustration: Fig. 19.—Drumlanrig. ½] - - Instruments of much the same character have been found near - Biggar[214] (6⅛ inches), Culter[215] (5¼ inches), both in Lanarkshire; - on the farm of Colleonard,[216] near Banff (found with three which - were ornamented); at Sluie on the Findhorn,[217] Morayshire (two, - 6 inches); near Abernethy,[218] Perthshire (4 inches across face); - near Ardgour House,[219] Invernessshire (5¾ inches); the Hill of - Fortrie of Balnoon,[220] Inverkeithney, Banffshire (5¾ inches long); - Ravelston,[221] near Edinburgh (7 inches); Cobbinshaw, Midcalder, - Edinburgh (4¾ inches), in my own collection. One found in the Moss of - Cree,[222] near Wigton in Galloway, has been mentioned by Wilson, and - is engraved in the _Ayr and Wigton Collections_.[223] Others from Inch - and Leswalt, Wigtonshire, have also been figured.[224] - -Some of these blades, and notably the celts from Sluie, the Hill of -Fortrie of Balnoon, and Ravelston, have been thought to be tinned. An -interesting paper on the subject has been written by Dr. J. Alexander -Smith and Dr. Stevenson Macadam.[225] Their conclusion is rather in -favour of the celts having been intentionally tinned, so as to protect -them from oxidation and the influence of the weather. I think, however, -that the tinned appearance of the castings for celts from Rhosnesney -affords a strong argument against this feature being the result of -intentional tinning; for, if so, that metal would have been applied -to the blades after they had been wrought and ground into shape, and -not to the rough castings, from the surface of which the tin would be -certainly removed in the process of finishing the blades. A bronze -hammer from France in my collection has all the appearance of having -been intentionally tinned, even partly within the socket; but in this -case the bronze appears unusually rich in tin, which was probably added -in order to increase the hardness of the metal, and some considerable -alteration of structure has taken place within the body of the metal, -as the surface is fissured in all directions, something like “crackle -china.” - - In the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh are other flat celts, some of - them with slight flanges at the edge, from Eildon, Roxburghshire; - Inchnadamff, Sutherlandshire; Dunino, Fifeshire; Vogrie and Ratho, - Midlothian; Kintore and Tarland, Aberdeenshire; and other places. - -[Illustration: Fig. 20.—Lawhead. ¼] - - Some celts of this form, but with slight side flanges, have been found - in the South of France.[226] - - A celt of this class, also in the Museum at Edinburgh, is probably - the largest ever found in the United Kingdom. It is 13⅝ inches in - length, 9 inches in its greatest breadth, but only 1⅜ inch at the - narrow end. Its thickness is about ⅝ inch in the middle of the blade, - and its weight is 5 lbs. 7 ozs. It is shown on a scale of rather more - than one-fourth in Fig. 20, for the use of the woodcut of which I am - indebted to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. It was found in - digging a drain on the farm of Lawhead,[227] on the south side of the - Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh. - - Some of the Scottish celts, both flat and doubly tapering, are - ornamented on the faces. One with four raised longitudinal ribs, and - two with a series of short incised or punched lines upon their faces, - were among those found on the farm of Colleonard,[228] Banff; another - has shallow flutings on the blade; another, E22, in the Catalogue of - the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh, is also ornamented with incised - lines. One of those from Sluie,[229] Morayshire, is cited by Wilson. - -[Illustration: Fig. 21.—Nairn. ½] - - The tastefully ornamented celt shown in Fig. 21 was found near Nairn, - and is now in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, - to the Council of which I am indebted for the use of the cut. The - wreathed lines appear to have been produced by a chisel-like punch. - The ornamentation of both faces is almost exactly similar. - - I have two flat celts, both said to have been found near Falkland, - Fifeshire, one of which (6¾ inches) has had grooves about half an inch - apart worked in the faces parallel to the sides, so as to form very - pointed chevrons down the centre of the blade. The other (5 inches - long) has had broad shallow dents about ½ inch long and ⅛ inch apart - made in its faces, so as to form a herring-bone pattern. - - The doubly tapering celt shown in Fig. 22 is also said to have been - found near Falkland. Below the ridge the face has been ornamented with - parallel belts of short, narrow indentations arranged longitudinally - for about half the length of the lower face, but nearer the edge - transversely. The sides are worked into three longitudinal facets. - -[Illustration: Fig. 22.—Falkland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 23.—Greenlees. ½] - - Of Scottish flanged celts resembling Fig. 9, the following may be - mentioned. One found in Peeblesshire[230] (5⅜ inches long, with a - circular depression on one face); one from Longman,[231] Macduff, - Banffshire (3¾ inches long). - - Another of the same class, having a round hole at the upper part of - the blade, is said to have been found in Scotland, and is engraved by - Gordon.[232] - - A celt with but slightly raised flanges and peculiar ornamentation is - shown in Fig. 23. It was found at Greenlees,[233] near Spottiswoode, - Berwickshire, and is in the collection of Lady John Scott. There is a - faintly marked stop-ridge, above which the blade has been ornamented - by thickly set parallel hammer or punch marks. The sides are fluted in - a cable pattern. Parallel to the cutting edge are three slight fluted - hollows, and on the blade above are segments of concentric hollows - of the same kind, forming what heralds would term “flanches” on the - blade. Whether in this ornament we are to see a representation of the - “flanches” of the winged palstave like Fig. 85, such as is so common - on socketed celts, or whether it is of independent origin, I will not - attempt to determine. - - [Illustration: Fig. 24.—Perth. ½] - - [Illustration: Fig. 25.—Applegarth. ½] - - A flanged celt with a slight stop-ridge, having the sides ornamented - with a cable pattern and the faces with rows of triangles alternately - hatched and plain, is shown in Fig. 24. The original was found near - Perth,[234] and is in the collection of the Rev. James Beck, F.S.A. - A celt with five hatched bands surmounted by triangles, and with the - sides cable moulded, though found in Denmark,[235] much resembles this - Scottish specimen and some of those from Ireland. Another with similar - sides, but with the lower part of the faces ornamented with narrow - vertical grooves, was found at Applegarth,[236] Dumfriesshire, and is - now in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. It is represented in Fig. - 25. - - Another decorated celt of the same character, though with different - ornamentation, is shown in Fig. 26. The curved hands on the faces - are formed of lines with dots between, and the sides have a kind - of fern-leaf pattern upon them, like that on the winged celt from - Trillick, Fig. 98. The original was found at Dams, Balbirnie,[237] - Fifeshire. - -[Illustration: Fig. 26.—Dams. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 27.—Ballinamallard. ½] - -A very large number of flat celts of the simplest form have been -found in Ireland. So numerous are they that it would only encumber -these pages were I to attempt to give a detailed account of all the -varieties, and of all the localities at which they have been found. -Sir William Wilde, in his most valuable “Catalogue of the Museum of -the Royal Irish Academy,” has placed on record a large amount of -information upon this subject, from which some of the facts hereafter -mentioned are borrowed, and to which the reader is referred for farther -information. Some of those of the rudest manufacture are formed “of -red, almost unalloyed copper.”[238] These vary in length from about 2½ -inches to 6½ inches, and are never ornamented. - - In Fig. 27 is shown a small example of a celt apparently of pure - copper, which was found at Ballinamallard, Co. Fermanagh, and was - kindly added to my collection by the Earl of Enniskillen. I have - another, more like Fig. 28, from Ballybawn, Co. Cork, presented to me - by Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A. - - A small celt of this character, from King’s County, now in the British - Museum, is only 2⅛ inches in length. - - Fig. 28 shows a very common form of Irish celt, in this instance made - of bronze. The instruments of this type are in general nearly flat, - and without any marked central ridge, such as is to be observed more - frequently on the longer and narrower form, of which a remarkably - small specimen from the collection of Mr. R. Day, F.S.A., is shown in - Fig. 29. - -[Illustration: Fig. 28.—North of Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 29.—Ireland. ½] - - In this case it will be seen that the blade tapers both ways from a - low central ridge. Others of these flat celts are in outline more like - Fig. 20. One such, in the museum of the Royal Irish Academy, is 12¼ - inches long by 8½ inches broad, and weighs nearly 5 lbs. One in the - British Museum, which, unfortunately, is somewhat imperfect, must have - been of nearly the same size. The usual length of the celts like Fig. - 28 is from 4 to 6 inches. One from Greenmount, Castle Bellingham, Co. - Louth, is engraved in the _Archæological Journal_.[239] - -[Illustration: Fig. 30.—Tipperary. ½] - - Occasionally the flat surface is ornamented. An example of this kind - (7½ inches) is given in Fig. 30, from a specimen found in the county - of Tipperary,[240] and now in the British Museum. The surface has the - patterns punched in, and the angles between the faces and the sides - are slightly serrated. Some few Irish celts are slightly fluted on the - face, like the English specimen, Fig. 6. - - [Illustration: Fig. 31.—Ireland. ½] - - Another ornamented celt of this class, from my own collection, is - shown in Fig. 31. On this the roughly worked pattern has been produced - by means of a long blunt punch, or possibly by the pane or narrow end - of a hammer; but it is far more probable that the former tool was used - than the latter. The two faces are nearly alike, and the sides have - been hammered so as to produce a central ridge along them. - - A large and highly ornamented flat celt in the collection of Canon - Greenwell, F.R.S., is shown in Fig. 32. The ornamentation on each - face is the same, and the sides have been hammered so as to produce a - succession of flat lozenges upon them. It was found near Connor, Co. - Antrim, with two others of nearly the same size, one of which was - scraped by the finder. The other is ornamented with a cross-hatched - border along the margins, and three narrow bands across the blade, - one cross-hatched, one of triangles alternately hatched and plain, - and one with vertical lines. Parallel with the cutting edge, which, - however, has been broken off in old times, is a curved band of - alternate triangles, like that across the centre of the blade. Much - of the surface is grained by vertical indentations, and the sides are - ornamented like those of Fig. 4. - -[Illustration: Fig. 32.—Connor. ½] - - In the celts tapering in both directions from a slight transverse - ridge, the sides have often been “upset” by hammering, so as to - produce a thickening of the blade at the margins almost amounting to a - flange. Not unfrequently a pattern is produced upon the sides, as in - Fig. 33, where it will be seen that the median ridge along the sides - is interrupted at intervals by a series of flat lozenges. The faces of - this instrument below the ridge have been neatly hammered, so as to - produce a kind of grained surface not unlike that of French morocco - leather. This specimen, which is unusually large, was found near - Clontarf, Co. Dublin. The same kind of decoration occurs on the sides - of many specimens in the museum of the Royal Irish Academy.[241] - - The decoration of the faces often extends over the upper part of the - blade, though, when hafted, much of this was probably hidden. In - Fig. 34, borrowed from Wilde (Fig. 248), this peculiarity is well - exhibited. The sides have the long lozenges upon them, like those on - the celt last described. - -[Illustration: Fig. 33.—Clontarf. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 34.—Ireland. ½] - - The beautiful specimen shown in Fig. 35 was presented to me by Mr. - Robert Day, F.S.A. The sides have in this case a kind of cable pattern - worked upon them. The ornamentation of the faces is remarkable as - having so many curved lines brought into it. The lower part of the - blade has two shallow flutings upon it, approximately parallel to the - edge. - - [Illustration: Fig. 35.—Ireland. ½] - - [Illustration: Fig. 36.—Trim. ½] - - In the case of a celt of much the same form and size (7¼ inches), - which belonged to the late Rev. Thomas Hugo, F.S.A., and was at one - time thought to have been found in the Thames,[242] it is the upper - part of the blade that is decorated, and not the lower, which is left - smooth. - - [Illustration: Fig. 37.—Ireland. ½] - - [Illustration: Fig. 38.—Ireland. ½] - - There is no central ridge, but the upper part has a coarse lozenge - pattern hammered upon it, the centres of the lozenges being roughly - hatched with transverse lines. Possibly this roughening may have - assisted to keep the blade fast in the handle, though in producing it - some artistic feeling was brought to bear. There is little doubt of - this instrument being of Irish origin. - - Other celts, like Fig. 36, have the upper part of the blade plain and - the lower ornamented. This specimen was found at Trim, Co. Meath, - and is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. It will be - observed that even the cabled fluting of the sides ceases opposite the - transverse ridge. - - In Figs. 37 and 38 are shown two more of these slightly flanged - ornamented celts. The first is in the museum of the Royal Irish - Academy, and has already been figured by Wilde (Fig. 298). The lower - part of the blade is fluted transversely with chevron patterns punched - in along the curved ridges. In the second, which was presented to - me by Dr. Aquilla Smith, M.R.I.A., there is a fairly well defined - though but slightly projecting curved stop-ridge, and the blade is - decorated by boldly punched lines, forming a pattern which a herald - might describe as “per saltire argent and azure.” The cable fluting - on the sides is beautifully regular. The Rev. G. W. Brackenridge, - of Clevedon, possesses a longer specimen (5⅜ inches), found at - Tullygowan, near Gracehill, Co. Antrim, the faces of which are - ornamented with a nearly similar design. Canon Greenwell has another - example found at Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim. - -The patterns punched upon the celts of this type show a great -variety of form, and not a little fertility of design in the ancient -artificers.[243] Various combinations of chevron patterns are the -most frequent, though grained surfaces and straight lines like those -on Fig. 17 also frequently occur. Sir William Wilde describes them -as hammered, punched, engraved, or cast. Most of the patterns were, -however, produced by means of punches, though it is possible that in -some instances the other processes may have been used. - -[Illustration: Fig. 39.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 40.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 41.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 42.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 43.] - -Figs. 39 to 43, borrowed from Wilde (Figs. 286 to 290), show some of -the patterns full size. The punch most commonly employed must have -resembled a narrow and blunt chisel; but a kind of centre-punch, -producing a shallow round indentation, was also employed, and possibly -a somewhat curved punch like a blunt gouge. In some cases the lines -between the punched marks are, according to Wilde, engraved. It is, -however, a question whether even the finest lines might not have been -produced by a chisel used after the manner of a punch. What were -probably punches for producing such patterns have been found in some -English hoards, as will subsequently be mentioned; and in the Fonderie -de Larnaud, Jura,[244] was a punch with an engrailed end for producing -a kind of “milled” mark, either in the mould or on the casting. -Another, with concentric circles, seems best adapted for impressing the -loam of the mould. - -Some few of the Irish ornamented celts have well-defined stop-ridges -like the English example, Fig. 51; but these will be more in their -place in the following chapter. One or two other forms may, however, -be here mentioned, though they approximate closely to the chisels -described in subsequent pages. - - One of these is shown in Fig. 44, the upper part of the blade of which - is, as will be seen, so narrow, and the instrument itself so small and - light, that it is a question whether it should not be regarded as a - chisel or paring-tool rather than as a hatchet. The blade tapers both - ways, and the incipient flange is more fully developed above the ridge - than below. The original was found at Armoy, Co. Antrim. It is much - broader at the cutting edge than the blade from Culham, Fig. 55, to - which it is somewhat allied. - -[Illustration: Fig. 44.—Armoy. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 45.—Ireland. ½] - - Another Irish form of celt, or possibly chisel, tapers in both - directions from a central transverse ridge, near which there are - lateral projections on the blade, as if to prevent its being driven - into the handle. An example of this kind, from the museum of the Royal - Irish Academy, is given in Fig. 45. There are nine or ten in that - collection, and they vary in length from about 3¾ to 8 inches. Others - are in the British Museum, one of which is more distinctly tanged - than the figure, and the stops are formed by the gradual widening out - of the blade, which again contracts with a similar curve, and once - more widens out at the edge. This type is also known in France. Other - varieties of this form are described in Chapter VII. - - A doubly tapering blade in the museum of the Royal Irish Academy, - shown in Fig. 46, has a slight stop-ridge on the face, and also - expands at the sides, though not to the same extent as the plain - specimens just mentioned. It is ornamented with straight and curved - bands formed of chevron patterns. - - A double-edged instrument, also in the museum of the Royal Irish - Academy, has a stop-ridge on one of the faces only, as shown in Fig. - 47. - - An instrument of the same form, but with stops at the sides instead - of on the face, 4⅞ inches long, ⅝ inch broad at the edges, and about - ¼ inch thick, was found at Farley Heath, Surrey, and is now in the - British Museum. - - A Danish instrument of the same kind is figured by Worsaae.[245] /# - -[Illustration: Fig. 46.—Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 47.—Ireland. ½] - - Flat celts of iron with lateral stops have been found in the - cemetery at Hallstatt, Austria, as well as winged palstaves and - socketed celts of the same metal. - -Some of the thin votive hatchets found at Dodona[246] are of the same -form, and are significant of such blades having been in actual use in -Greece. - -In the next chapter are described the celts in which the side flanges -have become more fully developed, so as to form wings to embrace and -steady the handle, and the central ridge has grown into a well-marked -shoulder against which the end of the haft could rest. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - -WINGED CELTS AND PALSTAVES. - - -TO any one who has examined an extensive collection of the bronze -instruments found in this country it will at once be apparent that in -the class of celts designed to be fixed in some sort of haft, and not -themselves socketed for the reception of a handle, there is a wide -range of form. Any attempt, however, to divide them into well-marked -classes is soon seen to be futile, as there is found to be a gradual -transition from what at first sight appears to be a well-marked -form into some other which presents different characteristics. If, -for instance, we take the side flanges as a criterion, we find them -ranging from a mere thickening on the margins of the flat celts to -well-developed flanges, extending along nearly the whole blade; we -then find them confined to the upper part of the instrument, and in -some cases of great lateral extent, so as to be capable of being -hammered over to form a kind of semicircular socket on each side of -the blade. In other cases we find that the flanges have some part of -their apparent projection due to a diminution in the thickness of -the portion of the blade which lies between them. If we take as a -criterion the stop-ridge, as it has been termed, a projecting ridge -for the purpose of preventing the blade being driven too far into its -wooden handle, we find the ridge in a rudimentary form in the blades -which taper both ways; next as a slightly raised ridge or bead running -across the blade; then as a better-defined ridge, to which, at last, -greater development is given by a reduction in the thickness of the -blade above it. The presence or absence of a loop at the side is, no -doubt, a good differentiation, but as this is a mere minor accessory, -and two celts may be identical in other respects with the exception -of one being provided with a loop and the other being without it, it -does not materially assist in the classification of this group of -instruments, although for convenience’s sake it is best to treat of -the two varieties of form separately. An additional reason for this -may be found in the possibility that the loop was a comparatively -late invention, so that the palstaves provided with it may be in some -cases of later date than those without it, though the identity in the -ornamentation of some of the instruments of the two classes, and the -fact of their being occasionally found together, are almost conclusive -as to their contemporaneity. - -[Illustration: Fig. 48. Fig. 49. Icelandic “Palstaves.”] - -In the present chapter I propose to treat of the celts with a -stop-ridge, of the winged celts, and of those of the palstave form. - -The winged celts may be generally described as those in which the -flanges are short and have a great amount of lateral extension. When -these wings are hammered over so as to form a kind of socket on each -side of the blade, one of the varieties of the palstave form is the -result. The other and more common variety of the palstave form has the -portion of the blade which lies between the wings or side flanges and -above the stop-ridge cast thinner than the rest of the blade, thus -leaving a recess or groove on each side into which the handle fitted. - -I have already made frequent use of the term palstave, and it will -be well here to make a few remarks as to the origin and meaning of -the word. The term palstave, or more properly paalstab, comes to us -from the Scandinavian antiquaries. Their reason for adopting the term -was that there is still in use in Iceland a kind of narrow spade or -spud, which is known by the name of paalstab, and which somewhat -resembles these bronze instruments. Woodcuts of two of these Icelandic -palstaves are given in the _Archæological Journal_,[247] from drawings -communicated to Mr. Yates by Councillor Thomsen, of Copenhagen. They -are here by permission reproduced. The derivation of the term suggested -in a note to the Journal is that _paal_ comes from the Icelandic verb -_pula_, or _pala_, to labour, so that the word means the “labouring -staff.” But this appears to me erroneous. _Pul_, indeed, signifies -hard, laborious work; but _pæli_ (_at pæla_) means to dig, and _pall_ -(_conf._ Latin _pala_ and French _pelle_) means a kind of spade or -shovel. The word, indeed, survives in the English language as _peel_, -the name of a kind of wooden shovel used by bakers for placing loaves -in the oven. The meaning of the term would appear, then, to be rather -“spade staff” than “labouring staff,” unless the word labouring be used -in the sense of the French _labourer_. - -Mr. Thoms, in a note to his “Translation of Worsaae’s Primeval -Antiquities of Denmark,”[248] says that the “term Paalstab was formerly -applied in Scandinavia and Iceland to a weapon used for battering the -shields of the enemy, as is shewn by passages in the Sagas. Although -not strictly applicable to the (bronze) instruments in question, this -designation is now so generally used by the antiquaries of Scandinavia -and Germany, that it seems desirable, with the view of securing a -fixed terminology, that it should be introduced into the archæology -of England.” The term had already been used in 1848 in the “Guide to -Northern Archæology,”[249] edited by the Earl of Ellesmere, and has -now, like celt, become adopted into the English language. - -I have not been able to refer to the passage in the Sagas mentioned as -above by Mr. Thoms, but whatever may be the original meaning of the -word palstave, it is applied by northern antiquaries to all the forms -of celts with the exception of those of the socketed type.[250] - -Among English antiquaries it has, I think, been used in a more -restricted sense. Professor Daniel Wilson[251] defines palstaves -as “wedges, more or less axe-shaped, having a groove on each side -terminating in a stop-ridge, and with lateral flanges destined to -secure a hold on the handle. The typical example, however, which he -engraves has neither groove nor stop-ridge, but is what I should term a -winged celt, like Fig. 56. - -In the present work I propose confining the term palstave to the two -varieties of form already mentioned; viz. the winged celts which have -their wings hammered over so as to form what may be termed external -sockets to the blade; and those with the portion of the blade which -lies between the side flanges and above the stop thinner than that -which is below. - -The first form, however, of which I have to treat is that of the celts -provided with a stop-ridge on each face. These are almost always -flanged celts. - - A fine specimen, with the stop-ridge consisting of a straight narrow - raised band across each face, and with a second curved band at - some distance below, is shown in Fig. 50. It was found at Wigton, - Cumberland, and is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. The - face between the two bands has a grained appearance given it by - hammering. The wings or side flanges are also faceted by the same - process. In the same collection is another blade (5¾ inches) of this - form, with a small stop-ridge, and having the lower part ornamented - with vertical punched lines. The sides have three facets, that in the - centre ornamented in a similar manner. This celt was found at Rougham, - Norfolk. I have a sketch of another (6¼ inches) found near Longtown, - Cumberland, in 1860. - -[Illustration: Fig. 50.—Wigton. ½] - - I have a nearly similar specimen, but only 4⅞ inches long, from - Stanton, Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire. Another (5¾ inches) with - only a slight stop-ridge was found at Aynhoe,[252] Northamptonshire, - and is in the collection of Sir Henry Dryden. Fig. 51 shows a - beautifully wrought and highly decorated flanged celt, provided with a - somewhat curved stop-ridge connecting the two flanges. The two faces - of the celt are ornamented with an interlaced pattern produced by - narrow dents, with a border of chevrons along each margin punched into - the metal. The flanges are worked into three facets ornamented with - diagonal grooves, and the lower side of the stop-ridge has a moulding - worked on it. This fine example of an ornamented celt was found near - Chollerford Bridge, Northumberland, and is in the collection of Canon - Greenwell, F.R.S. - -[Illustration: Fig. 51.—Chollerford Bridge. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 52.—Chatham. ½] - - A somewhat similar but unornamented variety of instrument, partaking - more of the palstave character, is shown in Fig. 52. The original - was found in excavations at Chatham Dockyard, and is now in the - British Museum. As will be seen, the recess for the haft ends in a - semicircular stop-ridge. - - In Fig. 53 is shown a winged celt without stop-ridge found in - Burwell Fen, Cambridgeshire, and now in my own collection. The side - flanges or wings have been hammered into three facets, and are well - developed. The form of the blade is otherwise that of a flat celt, - except that there is a slight irregularity in the sweep of the sides, - which results from the hammering of the flanges. The form occurs - occasionally in Ireland, and one (4¼ inches) is figured by Wilde.[253] - Winged celts of nearly the same form, but provided with a stop-ridge, - are occasionally found. One of these in the British Museum, found at - Bucknell, Herefordshire, is shown in Fig. 54. The blade below the - stop-ridge is 9/16 inch thick; above it only ⅜ inch. A celt of much - the same character (7¼ inches), found at Wolvey, Warwickshire, is in - the collection of Mr. M. H. Bloxam, F.S.A. - -[Illustration: Fig. 53.—Burwell Fen. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 54.—Bucknell. ½] - - The double curvature of the sides may be noticed in the narrow - chisel-like celt shown in Fig. 55. The blade in this instance tapers - both ways from a line just below the wings, but without there being - any actual stop-ridge; a third slope is produced by the lower part of - the blade having been drawn down by hammering to form the edge. The - original was found at Culham, near Abingdon, Oxfordshire, and is in my - own collection. - -[Illustration: Fig. 55.—Culham. ½] - - I have another specimen, 4½ inches long, and half as wide again as the - Culham chisel, which was found near Dorchester, Oxon. The blade at - the lower end of the wings is an inch wide, but in the straight part - between that point and the edge only a little more than ¾ inch wide. - - Although these instruments are so narrow that they may be regarded as - chisels rather than axes, yet from their general character so closely - resembling that of Fig. 53, I have thought it best to insert them here. - -A Scotch example will be subsequently cited. - - Another form of winged celt without stop-ridge is shown in Fig. 56. - In this the blade is flat, and the wings, which form triangular - projections, stand at right angles to it. Had they been hammered - over to form semicircular receptacles on each side of the blade the - instrument would have been more properly described as a palstave. It - was found with others near Reeth, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, - and is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., where are also - other specimens of this type from Linden, Northumberland (5¼ inches); - Brompton, N.R., Yorkshire (5¼ inches); and Wolsingham, Durham (5⅜ - inches). - -[Illustration: Fig. 56.—Reeth. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 57.—Dorchester. ½] - - Fig. 57 shows a winged celt with a broad low stop-ridge. The part of - the blade above this is about ⅛ inch thinner than the part below, so - that though transitional in character it belongs to one of the classes - to which I would wish to restrict the term palstave. This specimen was - found near Dorchester, Oxfordshire, and is in my own collection. - - I have a nearly similar palstave (6 inches long) found in Wicken - Fen, Cambridgeshire. In this the blade below the stop-ridge is ½ - inch thick, and above it 5/16 inch. In this as well as in that from - Dorchester the stop-ridge is well below the level of the side flanges. - In one found on Hollingbury Hill,[254] near Brighton, and now in the - British Museum, the stop-ridge is nearly on the same level as the side - flanges. It was found in the year 1825, together with four looped - armillæ, a torque, and three spiral rings, which are said to have been - arranged in a symmetrical manner in a depression dug in the chalk. - Both the torque and the palstave were broken; and it is thought that - this was done intentionally, at the time of the interment. - - A similar discovery is recorded as having been made in 1794 on the - Quantock Hills, when two large torques were found, within each of - which was placed a palstave. In this case, however, these instruments - were of the looped kind. - - Winged celts of the type of Fig. 57 are of not unfrequent occurrence - in Ireland, though the stop-ridge is usually less fully developed. - -[Illustration: Fig. 58.—Colwick. ½] - - They also occur in France. One from Jonquières[255] (Oise) has been - figured. I have a good specimen (6¼ inches) from the Seine at Paris. - The wings are rather wider and the stop-ridge better defined than in - the figure. One from Gasny is in the Museum at Evreux. - - There are several in the Göttingen Museum, from a hoard found in that - neighbourhood. - - Usually the stop-ridge is nearly on the same level as the part of - the side flanges on which it abuts, as will be seen in Fig. 58. - This specimen was found in the gravel of the Trent at Colwick, near - Nottingham, and is in my own collection. The blade immediately below - the stop is fluted, and the bottom of this fluting tapers somewhat - in the contrary direction to the tapering of the blade. The junction - of the fluting and the face produces an elliptic ridge of elegant - outline. The blade is ⅝ inch thick at this ridge, but above the - stop-ridge barely ⅜ inch. It is rather thinner near the stop-ridge - than somewhat higher up, so that the blade would be as it were - dovetailed into the handle, if tightly tied to it. I have specimens of - much the same type from Attleborough, Norfolk (6⅜ inches), Newbury, - Berks (6¾ inches), and Hay, Brecknockshire (7⅛ inches). A curious - variety of this type found at Monach-ty-gwyn,[256] near Aberdovey, has - on the bottom of one of the recesses for the handle a number of sunk - diagonal lines crossing each other so as to form a kind of lattice - pattern. It seems to me that though this cross-hatching occurs on only - one face of the palstave, it was intended rather as a means of giving - it a grip on the handle than as an ornament, for when hafted this part - of the instrument must have been concealed by the wood. Mr. Barnwell, - however, regards it in the light of an ornament. - - Plain palstaves of this character are of not unfrequent occurrence in - the North of France. I have one from a hoard found at Bernay, near - Abbeville. With it were palstaves of different varieties, but none - of them provided with loops. The form also occurs occasionally in - Holland. - - In the palstave engraved as Fig. 59, the half-oval ornament below the - stop-ridge is preserved, but there is a raised bead round it. There is - also a slight median ridge running down the blade. The joint of the - two moulds in which it was cast can be traced upon the sides of the - instrument, and it appears as if one of the moulds had been somewhat - deeper than the other. The original was found at Barrington, near - Cambridge, and is in my own collection. I have other specimens of the - same type, and of nearly the same size, from Swaffham Fen, Cambridge; - and from Dorchester, Oxfordshire. The semi-elliptical ridge on the - latter is larger and flatter than in that figured. The same is the - case in a large specimen (6½ inches long) from Weston, near Ross, also - in my own collection. - - I have seen others from the Fens, near Ely (6½ inches), and from - Mildenhall (6¼ inches), in the collections of Mr. Marshall Fisher, of - Ely, and the Rev. S. Banks, of Cottenham, near Cambridge. Another (5½ - inches) from the Carlton Rode find is in the Museum at Norwich. - -[Illustration: Fig. 59.—Barrington. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 60.—Harston. ½] - - One from North Wales[257] (7¼ inches), in an unfinished state, is - in the British Museum. Another (6⅜ inches) from Llanfyllin,[258] - Montgomeryshire, is also of nearly this type. One from North Tyne (6½ - inches), in the Newcastle Museum, has two of the looped ridges one - below the other on each face. In this type and in that subsequently - described the ridge at the sides of the semi-elliptical ornament - sometimes dies into the upper part of the blade. The variety like Fig. - 59 is also abundant in the North of France. There were two or three - in the hoard from Bernay, near Abbeville, and I have one from the - neighbourhood of Lille. - - In Fig. 60 the same general type is preserved, but there is a - vertical rib running down the middle of the semi-elliptical ornament - below the stop; and the median ridge along the upper part of the - blade is more fully developed. In this specimen, which is in my own - collection, and was found at Harston, near Cambridge, there is an - attempt at ornamentation along the sides, the angles of the blade - having been hammered in such a manner as to produce a series of small - pointed oval facets along them. - - I have other specimens of the same type, but without the ornamentation - on the sides, from Burwell, Quy, and Reach Fens, near Cambridge, 6 - inches, 5⅞ inches, and 6¾ inches long respectively. In that from - Burwell there is no median ridge below the ornament. Canon Greenwell - has one which was found with three others, one of them with a loop, - near Wantage, Berks. - -[Illustration: Fig. 61.—Shippey. ½] - - A rather peculiar variety of this type (6¾ inches), found in - Anglesea,[259] has been figured, as well as another from Pendinas - Hill,[260] near Aberystwith. - - In palstaves of this class there is often a slight projection on each - of the sides a little below the level of the stop-ridge. Below this - projection the sides are usually more carefully hammered and planished - than above it. - - In a narrow palstave of this class, found at Freeland, near Witney, - Oxfordshire, there are three short ridges at the bottom of each of - the recesses for the handle, like those in a palstave from Newbury, - subsequently described. These were probably designed to assist in - steadying the handle. - - A palstave (7¼ inches) from Cynwyd,[261] Merionethshire, appears to be - of this type. - - An instrument of this type from Les Andelys[262] (Eure) has been - figured. Another, with the vertical rib in the shield, from a hoard - found in Normandy, has been engraved by the Abbé Cochet.[263] Some - from the Bernay hoard have a similar ornament. - - On some palstaves of this class there is a series of vertical ribs - within the semi-elliptical loop, as will be seen in Fig. 61. This is - taken from a specimen found at Shippey, near Ely, which is in the - collection of Mr. Marshall Fisher of Ely, who has kindly allowed me to - engrave it. I have one from Bottisham, near Cambridge (6¾ inches), on - which there is a smaller vertical ridge, on each side of the central - ridge, within the ornament. One from Snettisham, Norfolk (6⅛ inches), - like that from Shippey, is in the Norwich Museum. Another from - Lakenheath, Suffolk (5¾ inches), is in the collection of Mr. James - Carter of Cambridge. - - A palstave with this ornament is in the Museum at Soissons. - - The type is also found in Northern Germany.[264] - - In some cases these vertical lines below the stop-ridge are not - enclosed in any loop. In Fig. 62 is shown an example of the kind from - a specimen in my own collection found in the Severn, near Wainlodes - Hill, Gloucester. It has a slight rib down the middle of the blade. - One of the same class (6¼ inches), with four vertical stripes, found - on Clayton Hill, Sussex, is in the collection of Mrs. Dickinson of - Hurstpierpoint; four others (about 6½ inches long), with five short - vertical ridges, were found with two of the type of Fig. 63 in making - the railway near Bognor, and are now in the Blackmore Museum at - Salisbury. - -[Illustration: Fig. 62.—Severn. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 63.—Sunningwell. ½] - - Another, apparently of the same type, found near Brighton, is engraved - in the _Sussex Archæological Collections_.[265] - - Another variety, having nearly the same general form, but no - elliptical ridge below the stop, is shown in Fig. 63, engraved from a - specimen in my own collection, found at Sunningwell, near Abingdon. - The end of the recess for the handle is somewhat rounded, and there is - a well-marked central rib running down the blade. At the upper part, - near the stop-ridge, there are also slight side flanges. The metal - in the recess for the handle is thinnest near the stop, so as to be - somewhat dovetailing. - - This is markedly the case in a fine example of the same type (6½ - inches) with the _provenance_ of which I am unacquainted. In another, - also in my own collection, found at Newbury, Berks, the side flanges - of the blade are continued almost down to the edge, and the bottom as - well as the end of the recess for the handle is rounded. Near the end - of the recess are some slight longitudinal ribs, one on one face and - two on the other, perhaps designed to assist in steadying the handle. - The mouldings along the sides of the blade are often much more fully - developed, like those on Fig. 77. - - Palstaves of this type have been obtained from the following - localities: from South Cerney,[266] near Cirencester; from the mouth - of the River Wandle,[267] in Surrey, now preserved in the British - Museum; from Bucks[268] (6 inches long), also in the British Museum; - from Chichester;[269] Astley,[270] Worcestershire; Llangwyllog,[271] - Anglesea (6¼ inches); from near Bognor,[272] Billingshurst,[273] - and Iford,[274] Sussex; and Lovehayne,[275] near Broad Down, Devon - (5⅛ inches); where several appear to have been found in the rough - state in which they came from the mould. I have an example from the - neighbourhood of Penzance. - - One (6¾ inches) found near Ashford, Kent, is in the Mayer Collection - at Liverpool. One of the same kind was found with a hammer, a tanged - chisel, broken spear-heads, and rough metal, in Burgesses’ Meadow, - Oxford. The hoard is now in the Ashmolean Museum. In three palstaves - of this kind found in the parishes of Llandrinio,[276] and Caersws, - Montgomeryshire, and St. Harmon, Radnorshire, there is a hole in - the metal between the two recesses for the handle just above the - stop-ridge. It has been thought by Professor Westwood that these - holes were connected with the manner of fastening the instrument to - its haft, but it appears to me much more likely that they arise from - accidental defects in casting. This is certainly the case with two - specimens of my own, which also have holes through the same part of - the instrument, where the metal is thin. - - One (5 inches), rather narrower in the blade than the figure, found - near Longford, Ireland, is in the Blackmore Museum at Salisbury. - - Palstaves with a central and two lateral ribs on the blade are of not - unfrequent occurrence on the Continent, especially in the North of - France. I have examples much like the figure found in the hoard at - Bernay, near Abbeville. Others, much narrower in the blade, have been - discovered in large numbers in the North-west of France. - - German examples have been figured by Lindenschmit.[277] - - In another variety the blade is nearly flat, having only a broad - protuberant ridge extending along the upper part to the stop. A - palstave of this kind, found near Winfrith, Weymouth, Dorset, is shown - in Fig. 64. In this, the metal between the side flanges tapers towards - the top of the instrument, instead of being of nearly even thickness, - as is often the case, or thinnest near the stop-ridge, as it is - sometimes. Close to the stop the metal is ½ inch thick, while at the - top of the recess it comes to a nearly sharp edge. A palstave of this - character was found on Kingston Hill,[278] Surrey, near Cæsar’s Camp. - -[Illustration: Fig. 64.—Weymouth. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 65.—Burwell Fen. ½] - - In a specimen found at Winwick,[279] Lancashire, the blade below the - stop-ridge appears to be nearly flat. A broad flat ring of bronze, 1¾ - inch in diameter (Fig. 188), was found at the same time. It has been - thought that this was attached to the shaft to prevent its splitting. - A palstave much like that from Winwick was found at Chagford, Devon, - and is in the possession of Mr. G. W. Ormerod, F.G.S. Another (6½ - inches), from Ashford, Kent, is in the Mayer Collection at Liverpool. - Another of these plain palstaves, found near Llanidan,[280] Anglesea, - with one of the looped kind somewhat like Fig. 76, is engraved in the - _Archæologia Cambrensis_. - -I have a palstave of nearly the same form, but with a more clearly -defined semi-conical bracket below the stop, which was found at -Masseyck, on the frontiers of Belgium and Holland. - - A short and thick form of palstave is shown in Fig. 65, engraved from - a specimen found in Burwell Fen, Cambridge. On one of its faces it - has the semi-elliptical ornament, with one vertical rib in it, below - the stop-ridge. On the other there are five ribs instead of one within - the ornament. - -[Illustration: Fig. 66.—East Harnham. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. Fig. 67.—Burwell Fen. ½] - - I have another from Bottisham Fen (4⅜ inches), not quite so heavy in - its make, and perfectly flat below the stop-ridge. The ends of the - recess for the handle are somewhat undercut, so as to keep the wood - close to the blade when a blow was struck. - - The shortened proportions of these instruments are probably due to - wear. In this instance it is not improbable that the cutting end of - the original palstave has been broken off, and the blunt end that was - left has been again drawn to an edge by hammering. - - A form of palstave without any ornament below the stop-ridge is shown - in Fig. 66. This specimen was found in 1846 at East Harnham, near - Salisbury, and is now in my own collection. The thickness of the blade - below the stop is nearly ½ inch, above it but little more than ⅛ inch. - The sides are remarkably flat. - - One, only 2½ inches long, merely recessed for the handle, found at - Chatham Hill, Kent, is in the Mayer Collection at Liverpool. - - This plain form with a square stop-ridge is found in France and in - Western Germany. - - A long chisel-like form of palstave is shown in Fig. 67, engraved - from a specimen in my own collection found in Burwell Fen, Cambridge. - It is ornamented with a semi-elliptical projecting ridge below the - stop. The flanges at the sides of the recess have some notches running - diagonally into them, so as to form a kind of barb, such as would - prevent the blade from being drawn away from the handle when bound to - it by a cord. - -[Illustration: Fig. 68.—Thames. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 69.—Stibbard. ½] - - - I have another nearly similar tool, also from the Cambridge Fens, but - without any barbs. In a third, from the neighbourhood of Dorchester, - Oxon, there are neither barbs at the sides nor any ornament below the - stop-ridge. I have seen another of the same character (4½ inches) - which was found at Wolsonbury, Sussex, and is in the collection of - Mrs. Dickinson. Another (4¾ inches), found in the Thames at Kingston, - Surrey, is in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries. I have seen - another (6⅝ inches), found at Sutton, near Woodbridge, Suffolk, in - which there was a tongue-shaped groove below the stop-ridge, like that - on the socketed celt, Fig. 148, but single instead of double. - - The Rev. James Beck, F.S.A.,[281] has a palstave of this kind 6 inches - long and 1¼ inch wide at the edge, with a projecting rib below the - stop-ridge and also in the recess above. It was found at Westburton - Hill, near Bignor, Sussex. There are depressions on each side of the - rib below the stop, forming an ornament like that on Fig. 81. - - A narrow palstave, apparently of the same character, found at - Windsor,[282] is engraved by Stukeley. - - A very beautiful narrow palstave, found in the Thames, and now in the - collection of General A. Pitt Rivers, F.R.S., is shown in Fig. 68. As - will be seen, the angles are ornamented with a kind of milling, and - the sides are also decorated with zigzag and chevron patterns. - - In Fig. 69 is shown an unfinished casting for a palstave of - unusually small size, which formed part of the great hoard found at - Stibbard,[283] Norfolk. About seventy such castings were found, and - about ten castings for spear-heads (see Fig. 407). - - [Illustration: Fig. 70. Irthington. ½] - - The form of palstave with the side wings or flanges hammered over so - as to form a kind of semicircular socket on either side of the blade, - is of rare occurrence in Britain, and is usually provided with a loop. - In Canon Greenwell’s collection is one (7 inches) without any ornament - below the square stop-ridge, with the side wings slightly hammered - over. It was found with others (with and without loops), together with - a mould for palstaves (Fig. 527), at Hotham Carr, Yorkshire, E. R. - - In a hoard of about sixty bronze objects found at Westow,[284] about - twelve miles from York on the Scarborough Road, was one palstave of - this kind, like Fig. 85, but without a loop, and about thirty socketed - celts, six gouges, a socketed chisel, two tanged chisels, and numerous - fragments of metal, including some jets or runners broken off castings. - - The type is of common occurrence in Austria, South Germany, and the - South of France. - - Palstaves of the adze form, or having the blade at right angles to - the septum between the flanges, are but very seldom found in Britain. - A small specimen from the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., is - shown in Fig. 70. It was found at Irthington, Cumberland. - - Another, from North Owersby, Lincolnshire, in the same collection, is - shown in Fig. 71. It has a remarkably narrow chisel-like blade. - - Irish examples will be subsequently cited. - - I have, in Fig. 72, engraved for comparison a larger specimen in my - own collection, which came from the Valley of the Rhine, near Bonn. - One from Baden[285] is figured by Lindenschmit. - -[Illustration: Fig. 71.—North Owersby. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 72.—Bonn. ½] - - Others have been found near Landshut,[286] Bavaria, and in the - Rhine district.[287] One with a loop, from Hesse,[288] is engraved - by Lindenschmit. A long and narrow example of this type[289] was - found at Villeder, near Ploërmel, Morbihan, and has been figured - by Simonin. There are specimens in the museums at Rouen and Tours. - Some have a loop on one face. A specimen from Escoville is in the - museum at Caen. Several with and without loops have been found in the - Swiss lake-dwellings,[290] the type being termed the Hache Troyon by - Desor.[291] - - A beautiful palstave of the same character is preserved in the Antiken - Cabinet at Vienna. Its sides are ornamented with four small sets of - concentric circles and a pattern of dotted lines, punched in after the - instrument was fashioned. The form has also been found in Italy.[292] - - Palstaves without loops, but of which no detailed description is - given, are recorded to have been found at the following places:—The - Thames,[293] near Kingston; Drewsteignton,[294] Devonshire; Cundall - Manor,[295] North Riding, Yorkshire; Aspatria,[296] Cumberland; Ackers - Common,[297] near Warrington, Lancashire; Bushbury,[298] Brewood, - Handsworth, and a barrow on Morridge, Staffordshire; near Llanvair - Station,[299] Rhos-y-gad, Anglesea. - - Palstaves of which it is not specified whether they were provided with - a loop or no, have been found in the Thames,[300] near London; the old - River, Sleaford,[301] Lincolnshire; Canada Wharf,[302] Rotherhithe; - Wolvey,[303] Warwickshire; and near Corbridge,[304] Glamorganshire (?). - - Plain palstaves without loops have frequently occurred with other - forms of instruments in hoards of bronze objects. The following - instances may be cited. Several were found with unfinished socketed - celts, fragments of swords and spears, a socketed chisel, and lumps - of metal, at Romford,[305] Essex. At Nettleham,[306] near Lincoln, - one was found with looped palstaves, socketed celts, spear-heads, and - a tube, most of which will be mentioned in subsequent pages. In the - hoard at Battlefield,[307] near Shrewsbury, a palstave without loop, - a flat wedge-shaped celt, and three curious curved objects were found - together. Other instances are given in Chapter XXII. - -The palstaves which are provided with a loop on one side present -as many varieties as those without the loop. The same character of -ornamentation occurs on the instruments of both classes. Indeed, for -some length of time both forms appear to have been contemporaneous and -in use together. - - Some of them are, however, entirely devoid of ornament, as will be - seen from Fig. 73. This represents a palstave in my own collection - found near Dorchester, Oxfordshire. The loop has unfortunately been - broken off. At the stop the metal is 1¼ inch thick, but the diaphragm - between the two recesses for the haft is only ⅜ inch thick. This - specimen is shorter than usual in the blade, which not improbably has - been considerably worn away by use. - - A somewhat larger instrument, but of precisely the same type, found - at Ramsbury,[308] Wilts, is engraved in the Salisbury volume of the - Archæological Institute. The Rev. James Beck, F.S.A., has one (6¼ - inches) of narrower proportions, found at Pulborough,[309] Sussex. I - have seen another from near Wallingford, Berks. Stukeley has engraved - a somewhat similar palstave found near Windsor.[310] - -[Illustration: Fig. 73.—Dorchester. ½] - - In some the bottom of the recesses, instead of being square, is - rounded more or less like Fig. 52, and there is a projecting bead - round its margin. I have a narrow specimen of this kind 5⅝ inches - long and 1⅛ inch broad at the edge, found in the neighbourhood of - Dorchester, Oxon. - - A number of palstaves of this kind were discovered in 1861 at - Wilmington,[311] Sussex, in company with socketed celts, fragments of - two daggers, and a mould for socketed celts. The whole of these are - now in the Lewes Museum. - - In the hoard found near Guilsfield,[312] Montgomeryshire, were some - instruments of this kind, associated with socketed celts, gouges, - swords, scabbards, spear-heads, &c. Others from Stretton,[313] - Staffordshire (5¼ inches), and Lancashire[314] (5½ inches) are - engraved, though badly, in the _Archæologia_. Two others of this - character (5 inches) were found on Hangleton Down,[315] near Brighton, - and another at Glangwnny,[316] near Caernarvon. - - I have seen others found at Sutton, near Woodbridge, Suffolk. - - A larger example of the same type, found near Wallingford, and - communicated to me by Mr. H. A. Davy, is shown in Fig. 74. In this - the blade is flat and without ornament. The short specimen shown in - Fig. 73 may originally have resembled this; as such instruments must - have been liable to break, and would then have been drawn out and - sharpened in a curtailed condition; or if not broken would become - eventually “stumped up” by wear. In the British Museum and elsewhere - are many palstaves and celts which have been worn almost to the stump - by resharpening. - - Nearly thirty palstaves, mostly, I believe, of this type, were found - with about twelve socketed celts, like Fig. 116, and lumps of rough - metal, near Worthing, in 1877. The whole had been packed in an urn, of - coarse earthenware. - - Looped palstaves of the type of Fig. 74 are occasionally found in - Ireland. One with a small bead running down the centre of the blade - found in West Meath is engraved in the _Archæologia_.[317] - - One from Grenoble,[318] Isère, is engraved by Chantre. - -[Illustration: Fig. 74.—Wallingford. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 75.—Stanton Harcourt. ½] - - Some palstaves of much the same general character have a median ridge, - occasionally almost amounting to a rib, running down the blade below - the stop. One of this kind from Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire, is - shown in Fig. 75. On the face of the recess there are some slightly - raised ribs running down to the stop, which are not shown in the cut. - Two (6¾ inches) were found near Bolton Percy, Yorkshire, one of which - is in Canon Greenwell’s collection, and the other in the British - Museum. - - Mr. John Brent, F.S.A., has an example of nearly the same type from - Blean, near Canterbury. Another from Buckland, near Dover (6¼ inches), - is in the Mayer Collection at Liverpool. One from Ombersley,[319] - Worcestershire, appears to be of the same kind. I have also a large - specimen (6⅞ inches) from Bottisham, Cambridge. - - In the palstave engraved as Fig. 76, the central rib down the - blade is much more fully developed. It was found at Brassington, - near Wirksworth, Derbyshire, and is in my own collection. It is - considerably undercut at the stop, so as to keep the handle pressed - against the central diaphragm of metal. - - A palstave of the same character from Llanidan,[320] Anglesea, has - been figured. It is said to have been found with another without a - loop. Another from Boston,[321] Lincolnshire, is engraved in the - _Archæologia_. Others with the ribs very distinct were found in a - hoard at Wallington, Northumberland, and are in the possession of Sir - Charles Trevelyan. - - I have seen others of the same general character which were found - at Downton, near Salisbury (5¾ inches), and at Aston le Walls, - Northamptonshire. - - One with a narrower and more distinct midrib, found at Nymegen, - Guelderland, Holland, is in the museum at Leyden. - - [Illustration: Fig. 76.—Brassington. ½] - - [Illustration: Fig. 77.—Bath. ½] - - In Fig. 77 is shown another variety which has two beads running down - the sides of the blade, in addition to the central rib. I bought - this specimen at Bath, but I do not know where it was discovered. - It is much like one which was found on the Quantock Hills,[322] - in Somersetshire, and is engraved in the _Archæologia_. The side - flanges are, however, in that case more lozenge-shaped, and project - to obtuse points about half an inch above the stop. Two palstaves - and two torques were on that occasion found buried together, as has - already been mentioned. One of the same type (5¾ inches) from Elsham, - Lincolnshire, is in the British Museum. - - One of narrower form (6⅛ inches) but of the same character, found - with socketed celts (some of them octagonal at the neck) at Haxey, - Lincolnshire, is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. - - I have another of the same type, but imperfect, which was found with a - plain bronze bracelet, and what from the description must have been a - small ribbon-like gold torque, at Winterhay Green, near Ilminster. I - have a smaller specimen (5 inches) from the Cambridge Fens. - - The unfinished casting for a palstave of the type Fig. 77 (5½ inches) - was found with four looped palstaves, and one without a loop, and a - spear-head like Fig. 409 at Sherford,[323] near Taunton, in 1879. Some - of the palstaves have a raised inverted chevron below the stop-ridge - by way of ornament. - - Palstaves of the same character, but without the loop, have already - been described under Fig. 63. The looped type, like Fig. 77, occurs - also in Ireland.[324] - - In the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of London is a heavy - narrow looped palstave (8 inches by 2 inches) with this ornamentation, - found in Spain. - - [Illustration: Fig. 78.—Oldbury Hill. ½] - - The central rib running down the blade is in many cases connected with - some ornament below the stop-ridge. The ornament consists usually of - raised ribs, either straight and converging, as on Fig. 78, or curved - so as to form a semi-elliptical or shield-shaped loop, as on Fig. 79. - - The original of Fig. 78 was found on Oldbury Hill, Much Marcle, - Herefordshire, and is in my own collection. I have a smaller example - of the same type (5⅜ inches) found at Hammerton, Huntingdonshire, as - well as one from the Cambridge Fens (6 inches). - - One (6¾ inches) found at Danesfield,[325] near Bangor, has been - figured. I have seen one found near Chelmsford (6¾ inches) with much - the same ornament. One (6¼ inches) in the Museum of the Society of - Antiquaries, found in Northamptonshire, has the middle rib large, and - the converging ribs much slighter. There are some which have only a - slight central ridge on the blade, and are ornamented with an indented - chevron below the stop-ridge. I have one such from the Cambridge Fens, - and I have seen one (6½ inches) which was found at Broomswell, near - Woodbridge, Suffolk. - - A palstave of this character 6 inches long, found near the Upper - Woodhouse Farm, Knighton, Radnorshire, is engraved in the _Archæologia - Cambrensis_.[326] The loop, owing to a defect in casting, is filled - with metal. Six others (6 inches long), apparently of the same - character, were found with some rough castings of flanged celts at - Rhosnesney,[327] near Wrexham. - - Two others (6 inches) were found with a chisel and a spear-head, like - Fig. 407, at Broxton, Cheshire, and are in the collection of Sir P. de - M. Grey Egerton, Bart. - - The type is found upon the continent. One from Normandy[328] has been - engraved by the Abbé Cochet. I have an example from the neighbourhood - of Abbeville. - - One from near Giessen, in the museum at Darmstadt, is figured by - Lindenschmit.[329] - -[Illustration: Fig. 79.—Ross. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 80.—Honington. ½] - - That with the shield-shaped ornament below the stop-ridge, shown in - Fig. 79, is in my own collection, and was found near Ross. The central - rib runs only part of the way up the shield. In a specimen from the - Cambridge Fens (5⅝ inches) it stops short on joining the ridge forming - the shield. - - In others it forms a heraldic pale running through the shield, as in - five found at Waldron,[330] Sussex. - - A smaller variety, in which the vertical rib does not extend into the - shield, is shown in Fig. 80. This specimen was found at Honington, - Suffolk. - - In some the shield-shaped ornament consists of merely two triangular - depressions. A palstave of this class, rather narrow at the - stop-ridge, and with almost triangular blade, is shown in Fig. 81. - The original, which is of more yellow metal than ordinary, was found - in the neighbourhood of Ely, and is in the collection of Mr. Marshall - Fisher, who has kindly allowed me to figure it. In one such from - Downton, near Salisbury, in the Blackmore Museum, the faces of the - diaphragm between the recesses for the handle have raised ridges or - ribs running along nearly the whole length, five on one face and six - on the other. These are longer than in the Nottingham specimen shortly - to be mentioned. - - In one found at Hotham Carr (5¾ inches), Yorkshire, and now in Canon - Greenwell’s collection, there is a bead running down the blade between - the two depressions. - -[Illustration: Fig. 81.—Ely. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 82.—Bottisham. ½] - - This shield-shaped ornament below the stop-ridge is well shown in a - palstave from Bottisham Lode, Cambridge, engraved as Fig. 82. What may - be called the field of the shield is on one face nearly flat; on the - other there are indentations on either side of the central ridge. As - will be seen, the extremities of the cutting edge are recurved, both - in this and the specimen from Ross shown in Fig. 79. It does not, - however, appear that the instruments were originally cast in this - form, but the wide segmental edge, together with the recurved ends, - seem to be the result of a constant hammering out of the blade, in - order to renew or harden the edge. Though the hammer was thus freely - used, the whetstone was employed both to polish the sides of the blade - and to perfect the cutting edge. - - I have a French palstave found near Abbeville, almost identical with - this in size and form. The shield ornament is, however, replaced by - two triangular depressions with a rib left between them, like that on - Fig. 81. - - In some specimens the ornamentation consists of a greater or less - number of parallel ribs below the stop-ridge, as in that from - Nettleham,[331] Lincolnshire, shown in Fig. 83. With this were found - two others and a fourth without loop, two peculiar socketed celts, - two spear-heads, and a ferrule, which will be subsequently mentioned. - They are now in the British Museum. - - A nearly similar discovery was made in 1860 near Nottingham,[332] - where a palstave was found similarly ornamented, but also having three - ribs on the diaphragm above the stop-ridge. It was accompanied by - sixteen socketed celts, four spear-heads, a tanged knife, fragments of - swords, a ferrule, &c. - - In Mr. Brackstone’s collection was a palstave of the same type, found - near Ulleskelf,[333] Yorkshire, in 1849, with two socketed celts, one - of them of the peculiar type shown in Fig. 158. - -[Illustration: Fig. 83.—Nettleham. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 84.—Cambridge. ½] - - I have a palstave found near Dorchester, Oxfordshire, of the same kind - as Fig. 83, with three ribs below the stop-ridge. There are also side - flanges at that part of the blade of the same length and character as - the ribs in the middle of the blade, so as virtually to make five ribs. - - Canon Greenwell has specimens of this type (6⅛ inches) from - Llandysilio, Denbighshire, and (6 inches) from Ubbeston, Suffolk. One - (6¼ inches) from Keswick, Cumberland, in the same collection has the - ribs 1¾ inches long. Another (6⅜ inches) was found at Vronheulog,[334] - Merionethshire. - - I have a very fine and perfect specimen (6¾ inches) from the Cambridge - Fens, on which the three ribs stand out in high relief and converge so - as to form a triangle below the stop-ridge something like that on Fig. - 78. - - A palstave, having a series of ribs upon the diaphragm as well as - below the stop-ridge, is shown in Fig. 84. In this instance the upper - series of ribs extends nearly to the top of the instrument. It was - probably thought that they assisted in making the haft firm to the - blade. This specimen, which has been much cleaned, is in the British - Museum, and as it formed part of the late Mr. Lichfield’s collection - it was probably found in the neighbourhood of Cambridge. - -[Illustration: Fig. 85.—Carlton Rode. ½] - -The form of palstave, so common in France and Germany, without -stop-ridge, and with the side wings hammered over so as to form a kind -of semi-cylindrical socket on either side of the blade, is rare in -England. A specimen from the great find of Carlton Rode,[335] Norfolk, -is shown in Fig. 85. There is usually at the top of the blade a sort -of dovetailed notch, which may possibly have been made of service in -hafting the tool. It originates, however, in there having been two -runners by which the metal was conducted into the mould, which when -broken off left two projections at the top of the blade. These being -hammered so as to round the external angles and flatten the ends have -come over towards each other, and made what was a notch with parallel -sides into one which is dovetailed. - -In this hoard were found numerous socketed celts, gouges, chisels, -hammers, pieces of metal, &c. It seems to have been the stock in trade -of a bronze-founder. Some other specimens from the same hoard will -subsequently be described. - - Another palstave of the same character was found, with many socketed - celts, fragments of swords and daggers, and rough metal, at - Cumberlow,[336] near Baldock, Herts. - - Three others were found in 1806, with two socketed celts, a fragment - of a sword, three lumps of raw copper, and four gold armlets, on the - beach near Eastbourne,[337] immediately under Beachy Head. They passed - with the Payne Knight collection into the British Museum. - - That found “in an old wall, in Purbeck,”[338] with the socket - “_double_ or _divided by a partition_,” as described by Mr. Hutchins - in a letter to Bishop Lyttelton in 1768, must probably have been of - this kind. - - A good specimen of the same character but bent (5⅜ inches), as well - as part of another, was found at Wickham Park, Croydon, together with - several socketed celts. They are now in the British Museum. - - The upper part of a palstave of this character was found with socketed - celts, gouges, &c., in the Hundred of Hoo,[339] Kent. It has been - thought that this was cast hollow to receive a central prong, but - the cavity is probably due to defective casting. A broken instrument - of this kind was found with socketed celts and metal on Kenidjack - Cliff,[340] Cornwall. - - Palstaves of this type, both with and without loops, are much more - abundant on the Continent than in Britain. Numerous examples have been - found in France, in Rhenish Prussia, and in the Lake habitations of - Savoy and Switzerland. - - A Danish example is engraved by Worsaae,[341] and several from - Germany[342] by Lindenschmit. - -Iron palstaves with and without loops, some of them closely -approximating to the form of Fig. 85, but others more like the ordinary -Italian form of palstave, with a broad chisel-like blade, have been -found in the cemetery of Hallstatt.[343] In a specimen in my own -collection the side flanges are ornamented with transverse ribs, -precisely like those on some of the bronze palstaves from the same -locality. In one instance the upper part with the flanges is of bronze, -and the lower part of the blade of iron or steel. - -This form of instrument, with a section in the form of the letter H -above, though easily cast, must have been extremely difficult to forge; -and though we can readily trace its evolution in cast bronze, it so ill -accorded with the necessary conditions for the profitable working of -malleable iron that it seems soon to have disappeared when iron came -into general use. The fact of the form occurring at all in iron shows -that the iron instruments were made in imitation of those in bronze, -and not the bronze in imitation of the iron. The same observation holds -good with the iron socketed celts, spear-heads, and swords from the -same cemetery. - - Looped palstaves, without sufficient details being given of - their types, are recorded to have been found in Harewood Square, - London,[344] Oxford,[345] Devonshire,[346] and with socketed celts, - near Kidwelly,[347] Caermarthen. - - A looped palstave rather like Fig. 75 is said to have been found in a - barrow near St. Austell,[348] Cornwall, in 1791, but no details are - given. - - Palstaves provided with a loop on either side are of rare occurrence - in the British Islands. - - A specimen found in 1871 at Penvores,[349] near Mawgan-in-Meneage, - Cornwall, is engraved as Fig. 86. In character it closely resembles - that from Brassington, Fig. 76, the main difference consisting in - its second loop. This specimen, with another from Cornwall and two - from Ireland, was exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries in 1873, - and is now in the British Museum. In the same collection is another, - 6½ inches long, somewhat lighter below the stop-ridge, and having - the central rib less fully developed on the blade. It was found in - Somersetshire in 1868, in making the Cheddar Valley line of railway. - Another found in 1842, near South Petherton,[350] in the same county, - is in the possession of Mr. Norris at that place. - -[Illustration: Fig. 86.—Penvores. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 87.—West Buckland. ½] - - Another example, shown in Fig. 87 was found at West Buckland,[351] - Somersetshire, and is in the collection of Mr. W. A. Sanford. With - it were discovered a torque (Fig. 468,) and a bracelet, (Fig. 481,) - and also some charcoal and burnt bones, but there was no sign of any - tumulus. Irish specimens will be subsequently mentioned. - -[Illustration: Fig. 88. Bryn Crûg. ½] - - Another two-looped instrument of a different character was found at - Bryn Crûg,[352] near Carnarvon, in company with a tanged knife and a - pin with three holes through its flat head (Fig. 450). It is shown in - Fig. 88, copied on a reduced scale from the _Archæological Journal_. - It resembles a flanged celt except in having that part of the blade - which lies between the side loops raised to the level of the flanges. - - In France these double-looped palstaves are of rare occurrence, but I - have seen one much like Fig. 86 which was found in the Department of - Haute Ariège, and is now in the Toulouse Museum. One from Tarbes[353] - was in the Exposition des Sciences Anthropologiques, at Paris in 1878. - Another was found at Langoiran (Gironde). - -[Illustration: Fig. 89. Andalusia. ½] - - The form is much more abundant in Spain, but in most cases both - the blade and the tang are long and narrow in their proportions. - An engraving of one from Andalusia is given in the _Archæological - Journal_,[354] and is here by permission reproduced as Fig. 89. I - have one like it from a mine in the Asturias. One rather broader - from the Sierra de Baza,[355] Andalusia, has also been figured. A - broken and unfinished double-looped palstave from Oviedo, now in the - British Museum, has a cup-shaped projection at the butt end which has - been filled with lead, possibly in old times, but for what purpose - it is impossible to say. An engraving of one much like it has been - published.[356] There are several such in the Museums at Madrid, with - the head of metal left on the castings. - -The forms of celts and palstaves treated of in this chapter are found -also in Scotland, though perhaps less frequently than those of the flat -and flanged forms described in the previous chapter. - -Many so closely resemble English specimens that it is needless to give -representations of them, as a reference to the figures in the preceding -pages will sufficiently indicate their character. - - In the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh is a winged celt 4½ inches long - much like Fig. 56, which was found on the top of a hill called Lord - Arthur’s Cairn, in the parish of Tullynessle,[357] Aberdeenshire. - Another, 6 inches long, with the wings somewhat curved inwards, was - found at Kerswell,[358] in the parish of Carnwath, Lanarkshire. - Another winged celt, 4 inches long, was ploughed up on the estate of - Barcaldine,[359] Argyleshire. - - In the same Museum are also winged celts (5 inches) from Birrenswark, - Dumfriesshire, and from the neighbourhood of Peebles, much like that - from Reeth (Fig. 56). - - A chisel-shaped celt, in character much like Fig. 55, but having a - slight stop-ridge, was found in Burreldale Moss,[360] Keith Hall, - Aberdeenshire, and has been engraved by the Society of Antiquaries of - Scotland, to whom I am indebted for the use of Fig. 90. - - In a palstave (6¾ inches) from Kilnotrie,[361] Crossmichael, - Kircudbright, the lateral flanges are continued below the stop-ridge, - and there is a median ridge down the blade. - - In some palstaves in the British Museum, found between Balcarry and - Kilfillan, Wigtonshire, the stop-ridges instead of being at right - angles to the face of the blade shelve outwards. One of them is - engraved as Fig. 91. The sides are hammered into V-shaped depressions - forming a kind of fern-leaf pattern along them. - - Two of these palstaves are figured on a larger scale in the _Ayr and - Wigton Collections_.[362] - - Another palstave from Windshiel, near Dunse, in the Antiquarian Museum - at Edinburgh, has also the flanges somewhat hammered over. - -[Illustration: Fig. 90.—Burreldale Moss. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 91.—Balcarry. ½] - - A palstave without loop, and which from the engraving appears to have - a well-marked stop-ridge and to have the side flanges much hammered - over, is said to have been found near Tintot-top,[363] in Clydesdale. - The description, however, says that it has no stop, otherwise the - figure would almost justify an attribution of the instrument to - Southern Germany rather than to Scotland. Another of much the same - character, but without any stop-ridge, has been figured from Baron - Clerk’s[364] collection as having been found in Scotland. - - Palstaves with a side loop have been said[365] to be common in - Scotland; but this can hardly be the case, as in the Museum of the - Society of Antiquaries of Scotland there are no authenticated examples. - - One from Aikbrae,[366] Lanarkshire (6¾ inches), like Fig. 77, has - been figured. Wilson gives another example like Fig. 78, but does not - say where it was found. The “spade” he gives as his Fig. 59 is in all - probability Italian. - -[Illustration: Fig. 92.—Pettycur. ½] - - A palstave rather like that from Balcarry, Fig. 91, but with a loop, - is figured by Gordon[367] as having been found in Scotland. - - What may be classed as a celt with two side loops, or possibly as a - chisel, is said to have been found in the year 1810 in a barrow near - Pettycur,[368] Fifeshire. It is described as very strong, and the bend - in the upper part, as seen in Fig. 92, is thought to be accidental. - Wilson describes it as a crowbar or lever, but as its total length is - only 7½ inches it can hardly be classed among such instruments. - - A somewhat similar tool, but without holes in the side stops (7⅞ - inches), is in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy.[369] - -Turning now to the instruments of this class discovered in Ireland, -I may observe that it is so difficult to draw the line between the -flanged celts, tapering both ways from a central ridge, and those -which have a slight projecting stop-ridge upon them, that some Irish -instruments of the latter class have already been mentioned in the -preceding chapter, to which the reader is referred for the more highly -ornamented varieties. Other Irish types have also been incidentally -cited. - -Some of the Irish palstaves much resemble English and Scottish types, -but generally speaking there are sufficient peculiarities in their -forms to enable a practised observer to recognise their origin. For -several other varieties of form, besides those mentioned in the -following pages, the reader is referred to Wilde’s Catalogue. - -Winged celts without a stop-ridge, like Fig. 53, have occasionally -been found in Ireland, and one is figured by Wilde.[370] I have one -(5¼ inches) from Armoy, Co. Antrim. The wide-spreading celt with a -slight stop-ridge and segmental band upon the blade, like Fig. 50, -also occurs. A remarkably fine specimen from Westmeath with punctured -ornaments on the wings and at the lower margin of the band has been -engraved by Wilde.[371] Some are without the segmental band. - -The type of Fig. 54 has also been found. I have a specimen (6 inches) -from Ballinamallard, near Enniskillen. - - Palstaves without a stop-ridge, and with broad lozenge-shaped wings, - like Fig. 56, are of rare occurrence. One of nearly the same type, but - having a low projecting ridge between the wings, is shown in Fig. 93. - -[Illustration: Fig. 93.—Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 94.—Ireland. ½] - - I have another from Armoy, Co. Antrim (6 inches), with a still - slighter transverse ridge, which forms the upper boundary to a - shield-shaped projection on the blade, on which is a central vertical - ridge with two others on each side less definitely marked. The base of - the shield is pointed. - - A not uncommon type has a very high stop-ridge coming up to the level - of the side wings, the blade above the stop-ridge being somewhat - thinner than it is below. An example is shown in Fig. 94. - - I have another from County Antrim, in which the lower part of the - blade has a slight median vertical ridge. - - In a palstave in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy,[372] with - elliptical wings, a long fusiform boss has been cast in the centre of - the blade. - -[Illustration: Fig. 95.—Ireland. ½] - - In another instrument in the same collection the whole blade is - thickened out so as to form the stop-ridge, as will be seen in Fig. 95. - - In other cases the ridge of the wings is continued as a moulding on - the face of the blade, so as to enclose a space below the stop-ridge. - From the base of this there sometimes proceeds a vertical rib, as seen - in Fig. 96. - - Inverted chevrons by way of ornament below the stop-ridge are not - uncommon, sometimes with a vertical rib in addition. - - Such compartments are often seen on the winged celts, with only - a slight stop-ridge. Fig. 97 shows an example from Lanesborough, - Co. Longford, now in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. The - compartment is ornamented with vertical punch marks. The outside of - the wings is faceted after a fashion not unusual in Ireland, but there - is here a slight shoulder at the base of the central facet which may - have assisted in securing the blade to the handle. On a specimen at - Dublin there are on the otherwise flat sides elevated transverse - ridges, which, as Sir W. Wilde[373] has pointed out, may have served - “to keep the tying in its place.” - -[Illustration: Fig. 96.—North of Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 97.—Lanesborough. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 98.—Trillick. ½] - - The sides of other specimens of much the same type are otherwise - fashioned and ornamented. In Fig. 98 is shown a celt from Trillick, - Co. Tyrone, on the sides of which a kind of fern-leaf pattern has been - hammered, or rather punched, not unlike the carving on one of the - stones in the great chambered tumulus of New Grange. The shield plate - has two vertical hollows worked on it. - - The side of a celt ornamented in the same manner is engraved by - Wilde.[374] - - A small palstave, with two vertical grooves in the blade, is shown in - Fig. 99. - - Another form of winged celt, with a low stop-ridge and with a vertical - rib passing through an inverted chevron on the blade, is shown in Fig. - 100. The original is in the collection of Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A. - - The same style of ornament occurs on palstaves of other forms.[375] - - In some instances, there is in the centre of the stop-ridge a kind of - bracket on the blade, and the side wings are hammered over so as to - form an imperfect socket. A small example of the kind is shown in Fig. - 101. I have a larger specimen (4½ inches) from Trillick, Co. Tyrone. - Vallancey[376] engraves a palstave of this type. - - Others with flat blades and no brackets have the side flanges hammered - over in the same manner. - -[Illustration: Fig. 99.—Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 100.—Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 101.—Ireland. ½] - - A fine example, in which the conical bracket dies into the stop-ridge - and side flanges, is in the British Museum. - - Palstaves with a loop at the side are not of such frequent occurrence - in Ireland as those without. Wilde[377] has engraved a specimen (6⅜ - inches) like Fig. 77 as well as that[378] which I have here shown on a - larger scale as Fig. 102. This latter has the wings well hammered over - at the base, so as to form a kind of socket on each side of the blade. - It differs, however, from the English and foreign specimens like Fig. - 85 in having a well-marked shoulder or stop on the blade between the - wings. - -[Illustration: Fig. 102.—Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 103.—Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 104.—Ireland. ½] - - Palstaves of nearly the same character, but without the loop, have - already been mentioned as found both in Ireland and Scotland. Others, - with loops like Fig. 103, have a bracket on the blade between the - flanges. - - A remarkable form with slight side flanges and no stop-ridge, from - the Dublin Museum, is shown in Fig. 104. It is No. 630 in Wilde’s - Catalogue. The sides have deep diagonal notches upon them and the - upper part of each face is chequered, perhaps in order to assist in - steadying the blade in its handle. - - Another noteworthy palstave, found at Miltown, Co. Dublin, is shown - in Fig. 105. In this the side wings are not hammered over, and the - stop is supported by a conical bracket. The shoulders, instead of - being nearly square to the midrib, are inclined upwards at an angle - of nearly 45°, so as to form receptacles in which the wedge-shaped - ends of the split handle would be held tight against the blade. - These inclined stops have been observed in other palstaves of - different forms, and Sir W. Wilde[379] has called attention to them - in connection with a palstave much like that now under consideration, - but without any projection or loop on the side. The most remarkable - feature in the Miltown example is a projecting, slightly curved - spike or neb placed near the top of the blade rather above the - position usually occupied by the loop. At first sight it looks like an - imperfect loop, but, on examination, it is evident that the casting is - perfect; and, on consideration, it seems clear that this projection - would serve quite as well as a loop for receiving a cord to hold the - blade back upon its haft, while for the actual tying it would be more - convenient, as the cord would have merely to be passed over a hook, - and not to be threaded through a loop. In a somewhat similar palstave - (3⅞ inches) in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy[380] there is - also a projecting neb, but more semicircular in outline. I am not - sure that it was intended for the same purpose. A looped palstave of - this type, but with the bottom of the side socket more circular, is - engraved by Vallancey.[381] - -[Illustration: Fig. 105.—Miltown. ½] - - Some of the socketed celts from the Bologna hoard have curved nebs on - each side instead of rings. Instruments of the same character, also - from Italy, have been engraved by De Bonstetten,[382] Schreiber,[383] - and Caylus.[384] - - Double-looped palstaves, with a loop on either side, and in character - like Fig. 86, are almost or quite as rare in Ireland as in England. - The only specimen engraved by Wilde[385] is in the collection of Lord - Talbot de Malahide. It is 6¼ inches long, with the loops not quite - symmetrical. It was supposed to be unique. I have, however, another - specimen of this type (6⅜ inches) found at Ballincollig,[386] Co. - Cork, in 1854, which was formerly in the collection of the Rev. Thomas - Hugo, F.S.A. It so closely resembles Fig. 86 that it is not worth - while to engrave it. - - Another remarkable and indeed unique instrument, in the Museum of the - Royal Irish Academy,[387] is shown in Fig. 106. It is like a flat - celt, but has grooves and stops at the side like a palstave with a - transverse edge. Below the stops are two loops. The sides below the - stops are ornamented with transverse lines, and on the face here shown - there is a dotted kind of cartouche below the stops, and a square - compartment chequered in lozenges above them. This latter is wanting - on the other face, but the corresponding cartouche below is divided - into small lozenges alternately hatched and plain. - -[Illustration: Fig. 106.—Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 107.—Ireland. ½] - - Another Irish instrument of nearly the same form, but without the - grooves and stops at the sides, is in the Bell Collection in the - Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh; but its exact place of finding is - uncertain. It is shown in Fig. 107, and, like that last described, has - each of its faces ornamented in a different manner. - -[Illustration: Fig. 108.—Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 109.—Ballymena. ½] - - The palstaves with a transverse edge are of more common occurrence in - Ireland than in England, but are even there very rare. That engraved - as Fig. 108 was formerly in the collection of the Rev. Thomas Hugo, - F.S.A.[388] A similar tool is figured by Vallancey.[389] - - The smaller specimen shown in Fig. 109 was found near Ballymena, Co. - Antrim, and is in the collection of Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A. I have one - from the North of Ireland (4 inches) with the stops less distinct. - - Another Irish specimen (3 inches) is in the British Museum. In the - Museum of the Royal Irish Academy are several varying in length from - 2⅝ inches to 5¼ inches. They are classed by Wilde[390] among the - chisels. In describing the various forms illustrated by the figures, - I have from time to time called attention to the analogies which they - present with other European forms, and it is hardly necessary to make - any broad comparison of British palstaves and winged celts with those - of other European countries. It would indeed be a difficult task to - attempt, as in each country, if not in several districts in each - country, the instruments of this kind are characterised by some local - peculiarity. - - Perhaps it will be more instructive to mention certain continental - forms which are conspicuous by their absence in Britain. - -We have not, for instance, the southern French form with a kind of -contracted waist and broad side flanges or rounded wings in the middle -of the blade; nor, again, the long narrow form almost resembling a -marrow spoon; nor that with the almost circular blade, much like -an ancient mirror. Nor have we the German form, with the V-shaped -stop-ridge, nor that in which the stop-ridge forms a circular collar -above a blade with beadings along the sides. Nor have we the common -Italian form, with the blade like a long spud; nor, again, the narrow -Scandinavian form, which is often highly decorated. - -And yet, in comparing the instruments described in the present chapter -with those of neighbouring countries, and especially of France, it will -at once be remarked that, as might have been reasonably expected, the -closest analogies are to be observed between some of those of England -and France, while in the more peculiarly Scottish and Irish types the -resemblances are more remote. It must, however, be borne in mind that -there is good evidence in the shape of moulds and bronze-founders’ -hoards, such as will subsequently be mentioned, to prove that these -instruments were cast in various parts of this country; so that, though -some palstaves may be of foreign origin, yet, as a rule, it was the -fashion of the objects rather than the objects themselves for which -the inhabitants of Britain were indebted to foreign intercourse. Even -in the area now embraced by France there does not appear to have been -any single centre of manufacture, but, taken as a group, the palstaves -of the South, the North, and the North-west of France present some -distinguishing characteristics. The same is the case with the socketed -celts of that country, the English representatives of which will be -discussed in the next chapter. - - - - -CHAPTER V. - -SOCKETED CELTS. - - -THE class of celts cast in such a manner as to have a socket for -receiving the haft is numerously represented in the British Isles. In -this form of instrument the haft was actually imbedded in the blade, -whereas in the case of the flat and flanged celts, and of the so-called -palstaves, the blade was imbedded in the handle, so that the terms, -“the recipient” and “the received,” originally given to the two classes -by Dr. Stukeley, are founded on a well-marked distinction, and are -worthy of being rescued from oblivion. - -That the recipient class is of later introduction than the received is -evident from several considerations. In the first place, a flat blade -not only approaches most nearly in form to the stone hatchets or celts -which it was destined to supersede, but it also requires much less -skill in casting than the blade provided with a socket. For casting -the flat celts there was, indeed, no need of a mould formed of two -pieces; a simple recess of the proper form cut in a stone, or formed -in loam, being sufficient to give the shape to a flat blade of metal, -which could be afterwards wrought into the finished form by hammering. -And secondly, as will subsequently be seen, a gradual development can -be traced from the flat celt, through those with flanges and wings, to -the palstave form, with the wings hammered over so as to constitute -two semicircular sockets, one on each side of the blade; while on -certain of the socketed celts flanges precisely similar to those of -the palstaves have been cast by way of ornament on the sides, and -what was thus originally a necessity in construction has survived as -a superfluous decoration. There is at least one instance known of the -intermediate form between a palstave with pocket-like recesses on -each side of a central plate and a celt with a single socket. In the -museum at Trent[391] there is an instrument in which the socket is -divided throughout its entire length into two compartments with a plate -between, and, as Professor Strobel says, resembling a palstave with -the wings on each side united so as to form a socket on each side. The -evolution of the one type from the other is thus doubly apparent, and -it is not a little remarkable that though palstaves with the wings bent -over are, as has already been stated, of rare occurrence in the British -Islands, yet socketed celts, having on their faces the curved wings -in a more or less rudimentary condition, are by no means unfrequently -found. The inference which may be drawn from this circumstance is that -the discovery of the method of casting socketed celts was not made -in Britain but in some other country, where the palstaves with the -converging wings were abundant and in general use, and that the first -socketed celts employed in this country, or those which served as -patterns for the native bronze-founders, were imported from abroad. - -Although socketed celts, with distinct curved wings upon their faces, -are probably the earliest of their class, yet it is impossible to say -to how late a period the curved lines, which eventually became the -representatives of the wings, may not have come down. This form of -ornamentation was certainly in use at the same time as other forms, -as we know from the hoards in which socketed celts of different -patterns have been found together. As has already been recorded, the -socketed form has also been frequently found associated with palstaves, -especially with those of the looped variety. - -The form of the tapering socket varies considerably, the section being -in some instances round or oval, and in other cases presenting every -variety of form between these and the square or rectangular. There is -usually some form of moulding or beading round the mouth of the celt, -below which the body before expanding to form the edge is usually -round, oval, square, rectangular, or more or less regularly hexagonal -or octagonal. The decorations generally consist of lines, pellets, and -circles, cast in relief upon the faces, and much more rarely on the -sides. Not unfrequently there is no attempt at decoration beyond the -moulding at the top. The socketed celts are, almost without exception, -devoid of ornaments produced by punches or hammer marks, such as are so -common on the solid celts and palstaves. This may be due to their being -more liable to injury from blows owing to the thinness of the metal -and to their being hollow. They are nearly always provided with a loop -at one side, though some few have been cast without loops. These are -usually of small size, and were probably used as chisels rather than as -hatchets. A very few have a loop on each side. - -The types are so various that it is hard to make any proper -classification of them. I shall, therefore, take them to a certain -extent at hazard, keeping those, however, together which most nearly -approximate to each other. I begin with a specimen showing in a very -complete manner the raised wings already mentioned. - -[Illustration: Fig. 110.—High Roding. ½.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 111.—Dorchester, Oxon. ½.] - - This instrument formed part of a hoard of celts and fragments of - metal found at High Roding, Essex, and now in the British Museum, and - is represented in Fig. 110. With it was one with two raised pellets - beneath the moulding round the mouth, and one with three longitudinal - ribs. The others were plain. - - Another (4 inches), with a treble moulding at the top, from - Wateringbury, Kent, was in the Douce and Meyrick Collections, and is - now also in the British Museum. - - I have a German celt of this type, but without the pellets, found in - Thuringia. Others are engraved by Lindenschmit,[392] Montelius,[393] - and Chantre.[394] I have a good example from Lutz (Eure et Loir). - - On many French celts the wings are shown by depressed lines or grooves - on the faces. I have specimens from a hoard found at Dreuil, near - Amiens, and from Lusancy, near Rheims. Others with the curved lines - more or less distinct have been found in various parts of France. - - There is an example from Maulin in the Museum at Namur, and a Dutch - example is in the Museum at Assen. - - In Fig. 111 is shown a larger celt in my own collection, found in - the neighbourhood of Dorchester, Oxon. The wing ornament no longer - consists of a solid plate, but the outlines of the wings of the - palstave are shown by two bold projecting beads which extend over - the sides of the celt as well as the faces. The socket is circular - at the mouth, but the neck of the instrument below the moulding - is subquadrate in section. In the socket are two small projecting - longitudinal ribs, probably intended to aid in steadying the haft. - Such projections are not very uncommon, and are sometimes more than - two in number. - - A celt ornamented in a similar manner, but with two raised bands - near the mouth, was found with several other socketed celts and some - palstaves with the wings bent over at Cumberlow,[395] near Baldock, - Herts. Some of these are in the British Museum. - - Another with two small pellets between the curved lines was found in a - hoard at Beddington,[396] Surrey. - -[Illustration: Fig. 112.—Wilts. ½.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 113.—Harty. ½.] - - Fig. 112 represents another celt of much the same character, but with - a bolder moulding at top, and a slight projecting bead all round the - instrument just below the two curved lines representing the palstave - wings, which on these celts have just the appearance of heraldic - “flanches.” On the face not shown there is a triangular projection - at the top like a “pile in chief” between the flanches. Inside the - socket there are two longitudinal projections as in the last. The - original of this figure, which has been broken and repaired with the - edge of another celt, is in the Blackmore Museum at Salisbury, and was - probably found in Wilts. - - In the British Museum is an example of this type (4 inches) which has - on one face only a pellet in the upper part of the compartment between - the two “flanches.” It was found at Hounslow. - - Another (4 inches) from the Heathery Burn Cave, Durham, is now in the - collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. I have one with the pattern less - distinct from a hoard found in the Barking Marshes, Essex, in 1862. A - celt much of the same pattern, but without the transverse line below - the flanches, was found on Plumpton Plain,[397] near Lowes. - - The same type occurs in France. I have examples from a hoard found - at Dreuil, near Amiens. The same ornament is often seen on Hungarian - celts, though usually without the lower band. - - In Fig. 113 is shown one of the celts from the hoard discovered in - the Isle of Harty,[398] Kent, to which I shall have to make frequent - reference. Besides eight more or less perfect unornamented socketed - celts, various hammers, tools, and moulds, five celts of this type - were found. Although so closely resembling each other that they were - probably cast in the same mould, in fact in that which was found at - the same time, there is a considerable difference observable among - them, especially in the upper part above the loop. In the one shown in - the figure there are three distinct beaded mouldings above the loop, - and above these again is a plain, somewhat expanding tube. In one - of the others, however, there are only the two lowest of the beaded - mouldings, and the upper half-inch of the celt first mentioned is - absolutely wanting. The three others show very little of the plain - part above the upper moulding. As will subsequently be explained, - the variation in length appears to be connected with the method of - casting, and to have arisen from a greater part of the mould having - been “stopped off” in one case than another. - -[Illustration: Fig. 114.—Harty. ½.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 115.—Dorchester, Oxon.] - - It will be noticed that the “flanches” on these celts are placed below - the loop and not close under the cap-moulding. The beads which form - them are continued across the sides. Running part of the way down - inside the socket are two longitudinal ridges which are in the same - line as the runners by which the metal found its way into the mould. - The vertical ridge above the topmost moulding shows where there is a - channel in the mould for the metal to pass by. If the celts had been - skilfully cast so that their top was level with the upper moulding, no - traces of this would have been visible. - - In Fig. 114 is shown one of the plain socketed celts from the same - hoard. The mould in which it was cast was found at the same time, as - well as the half of a mould for one of smaller size. The five other - plain celts from the same hoard were all rather less than the one - which is figured, and appear to have been cast in three different - moulds, as the beading round the top varies in character, and in some - is double and not single. The two projections within the socket are in - these but short, though strongly marked. - - In the British Museum is a celt of this kind, 4 inches long, found at - Newton, Cambridgeshire, which on its left face, as seen with the loop - towards the spectator, has a small projecting boss 1½ inch below the - top. - - Five socketed celts of this plain character (2½ inches to 3¾ inches) - were found together at Lodge Hill, Waddesdon, Bucks, in 1855, and were - lithographed on a private plate by Mr. Edward Stone. - - The outline and general character of the celt shown in Fig. 115 may - be taken as representative of one of the most common forms of English - socketed celt. This particular specimen differs, however, from the - ordinary form in having a ridge or ill-defined rib on each face which - adds materially to the weight and somewhat to the strength of the - instrument. It was found near Dorchester, Oxon. - - A nearly similar celt found in Mecklenburg has been figured by - Lisch.[399] - -[Illustration: Fig. 116.—Reach Fen. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 117.—Reach Fen. ½] - -A larger celt of the same general character, found with a hoard of -bronze objects in Reach Fen, Burwell Fen, Cambridge, is shown in Fig. -116. This may also be regarded as a characteristic specimen of the -socketed celts usually found in England, though the second moulding -is often absent, and there is a considerable range in size and in the -proportion of the width to the length. No doubt much of this range is -due to some instruments having been more shortened by use and wear than -others. The edge of a bronze tool must have been constantly liable to -become blunted, jagged, or bent, and when thus injured was doubtless, -to some extent, restored to its original shape by being hammered out, -and then re-ground and sharpened. The repetition of this process would, -in the course of time, materially diminish the length of the blade, -until eventually it would be worn out, or the solid part be broken away -from the socketed portion. - - Celts of this general character, plain with the exception of a single - or double beading at the top, occur of various sizes, and have been - found in considerable numbers. In my own collection are specimens (3 - inches) from Westwick Row, near Gorhambury, Herts, found with lumps of - rough metal; from Burwell Fen, Cambridge (3¼ inches), found also with - metal, a spear-head like Fig. 381 and a hollow ring; from Bottisham, - Cambridge (3 inches), and other places. - - In the Reach Fen hoard already mentioned were some other celts - of this type. They were associated with gouges, chisels, knives, - hammers, and other articles, and also with two socketed celts, one - like Fig. 133, and two like Fig. 124, as well as with two of the type - shown in Fig. 117, with a small bead at some little distance below - the principal moulding round the mouth. One of them has a slightly - projecting rib running down each corner of the blade, a peculiarity - I have noticed in other specimens. The socket is round rather than - square. - - I have other examples of this type from a hoard of about sixty celts - found on the Manor Farm, Wymington, Bedfordshire (3¾ inches); from - Burwell Fen, Cambridge (4 inches); and from the hoard found at Carlton - Rode, Norfolk (4 inches). This last has the slightly projecting beads - down the angles. - - Socketed celts partaking of the character of the three types last - described, and from 2 inches to 4 inches in length, are of common - occurrence in England. Some with both the single and double mouldings - were found in company with others having vertical beads on the face - like Fig. 124, and a part of a bronze blade at West Halton,[400] - Lincolnshire. I have seen others both with the single and double - moulding which were found with some of the ribbed and octagonal - varieties, a socketed knife, parts of a sword and of a gouge, and - lumps of metal, at Martlesham, Suffolk. These are in the possession of - Captain Brooke, of Ufford Hall, near Woodbridge. Another, apparently - with the double moulding, was found with others (some of a different - type), seven spear-heads, and portions of a sword, near Bilton,[401] - Yorkshire. These are now in the Bateman Collection. Another with the - single moulding was found near Windsor.[402] Others with the double - moulding, to the number of forty, were found with twenty swords and - sixteen spear-heads of different patterns, about the year 1726, - near Alnwick Castle,[403] Northumberland. Some also occurred in the - deposit of nearly a hundred celts which was found with a quantity - of cinders and lumps of rough metal on Earsley Common,[404] about - 12 miles N.W. of York, in the year 1735. A socketed celt with the - single moulding was found with spear-heads, part of a dagger, and - some small whetstones, near Little Wenlock,[405] Shropshire. Four - socketed celts of this class with the double moulding were found, - with a socketed gouge and about 30 pounds weight of copper in lumps, - at Sittingbourne,[406] Kent, in 1828. They are, I believe, now in the - Dover Museum. One (4¾ inches), obtained at Honiton,[407] Devonshire, - has a treble moulding at the top, that in the middle being larger than - the other two. The socket is square. - - A plain socketed celt, 2¼ inches long, was found in digging gravel - near Cæsar’s Camp,[408] Coombe Wood, Surrey. It is now in the Museum - of the Society of Antiquaries. In the collection of Messrs. Mortimer, - at Fimber, is a celt with the double moulding (3 inches long), found - at Frodingham, near Driffield, which has four small ribs, one in the - centre of each side running down the socket. Another, with the double - moulding (4 inches), and with a nearly round mouth to the socket, was - found at Tun Hill, near Devizes, and is in the Blackmore Museum, - where is also one found near Bath (3¾ inches) with the mouldings more - uniform in size. - - A socketed celt without any moulding at the top, which is hollowed and - slopes away from the side on which is the loop, is said to have been - found in a tumulus near the King Barrow on Stowborough Heath,[409] - near Wareham, Dorset. - - Socketed celts of this character occur throughout the whole of - France, but are most abundant in the northern parts. They are of rare - occurrence in Germany. - - The same form is found among the Lake habitations of Switzerland. Dr. - Gross has specimens from Auvernier and Mœrigen,[410] which closely - resemble English examples. - -[Illustration: Fig. 118.—Canterbury. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 119.—Usk. ½] - - A celt of the same general character as Fig. 114, but of peculiar - form, narrowing to a central waist, is shown in Fig. 118. The original - was found at Canterbury, and was kindly presented to me by Mr. John - Brent, F.S.A. - - Broad socketed celts nearly circular or but slightly oval at the - neck, and closely resembling the common Irish type (Fig. 167) in - form and character, are occasionally found in England. That shown in - Fig. 119 is stated to have been discovered at the Castle Hill, Usk, - Monmouthshire. - - I have seen another (3¼ inches) in the collection of Mr. R. Fitch, - F.S.A., which was found at Hanworth, near Holt, Norfolk. - - Among those found at Guilsfield,[411] Montgomeryshire, was one of - somewhat the same character, but having a double moulding at the - top. Another,[412] with a nearly square socket, has above a double - moulding, a cable moulding round the mouth, like that on Fig. 172. - In the same hoard were looped palstaves, gouges, spears, swords, - scabbards, &c. - - Another, that, to judge from a bad engraving, had no moulding at the - top, which was oval, is said to have been found under a supposed - Druid’s altar near Keven Hirr Vynidd,[413] on the borders of - Brecknockshire. - -[Illustration: Fig. 120.—Alfriston. ½] - -Another variety, with a nearly square socket and long narrow blade -is shown in Fig. 120, the original of which was found at Alfriston, -Sussex. The loop is imperfect, owing to defective casting. The socket -is very deep, and extends to within an inch of the edge. Instruments -of this type are principally, if not solely, found in our southern -counties. The type is indeed Gaulish rather than British, and is very -abundant in the north-western part of France. It appears probable that -not only was the type originally introduced into this country from -France, but that there was a regular export of such celts to Britain. -For I have in my collection a celt of this type, 4½ inches long, that -was found under the pebble beach at Portland, and in which the core -over which it was cast still fills the socket, the clay having by the -heat of the metal been converted into a brick-like terracotta. It -could, therefore, never have been in use, as no haft could have been -inserted. It is waterworn and corroded by the action of the sea, the -loop having been almost eaten and worn away, so that it is impossible -to say whether the surface and edge were left as they came from the -mould. In the large hoard, however, of bronze celts of this type which -was found at Moussaye, near Plénée-Jugon, in the Côtes du Nord, the -bulk were left in this condition, and with the burnt clay cores still -in the sockets. - -I have another celt of the same size and form as that from the Portland -beach, which was found near Wareham, Dorset, and appears to have been -in use. - - Two found with many others in the New Forest[414] (3 and 5 inches - long) are engraved in the _Archæologia_. The larger has a rib 3 inches - long running down the face and terminating in an annulet. - - Others of the same type have been found at Hollingbury Hill,[415] - and near the church at Brighton,[416] Sussex. - -Among the celts found at Karn Brê, Cornwall, in 1744, were some of this -character, but expanding more at the cutting edge. Others were more -like Fig. 124, though longer in proportion. With them are said to have -been found several Roman coins, some as late as the time of Constantius -Chlorus. Others (5 inches long) seem to have formed part of the hoard -found at Mawgan,[417] Cornwall, in which there was also a fine rapier. -Another, from Bath,[418] is in the Duke of Northumberland’s museum at -Alnwick. Another has been cited from Cornwall.[419] - -Celts of this form are of rare occurrence in the North of England, -but one, said to have been disinterred with Roman remains at -Chester-le-Street,[420] Durham, is in the Museum of the Society of -Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne. - -[Illustration: Fig. 121. Cambridge Fens. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 122. High Roding. ½] - -Celts like Fig. 120 are of very frequent occurrence in Northern France; -large hoards, consisting almost entirely of this type, have been found. -A deposit of sixty was discovered near Lamballe[421] (Côtes du Nord), -and one of more than two hundred at Moussaye, near Plénée-Jugon, in -the same department. Most of the celts in both these hoards had never -been used, and in a large number the core of burnt clay was still in -the socket. A hoard of about fifty is said to have been found near -Bevay,[422] Belgium. - -Plain socketed celts nearly square at the mouth have occasionally been -found in Germany. One from Pomerania[423] is much like Fig. 120 in -outline. - -The form of narrow celt, which I regard as of Gaulish derivation, is -not nearly so elegant as that of a more purely English type of which an -example is shown in Fig. 121. The original was found in the Cambridge -Fens, and is in my own collection. Within the socket on the centre of -each side is a raised narrow rib running down 2 inches from the mouth, -or to within ¾ inch of the bottom of the socket. - -The type is rare; but a specimen (5 inches) of nearly the same form -as the figure was found, with palstaves, sickles, &c., near Taunton, -Somerset.[424] There is also a resemblance to the Barrington celt, Fig. -148. - -I have already mentioned a celt with a moulded top, which, on one of -its faces, is ornamented with a small projecting boss. In Fig. 122 is -shown an example with two pellets beneath the upper moulding. It was -found with others at High Roding, Essex, and is now in the British -Museum. Another with three such knobs on each face, placed near the -top of the instrument, is shown in Fig. 123. The original is in the -British Museum, and was found at Chrishall,[425] Essex, where also -several plain celts with single or double mouldings at the top, some -spear-heads, and a portion of a socketed knife were dug up. - -A large brass coin of Hadrian, much defaced, is said to have been found -at the same time. As in other instances, the evidence on this point is -unsatisfactory, and if it could be sifted, would probably carry the -case no farther than to prove that the Roman coins and the bronze celts -were found near the same spot, and possibly by the same man, on the -same day. In illustration of this collection of objects of different -dates, I may mention that I lately purchased a fifteenth-century -_jeton_ as having been found with Merovingian gold ornaments. - -[Illustration: Fig. 123.—Chrishall. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 124.—Reach Fen. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 125.—Barrington. ½] - - Some of the Breton celts, in form like Fig. 120, have two or three - knobs on a level with the loop. - -Another and common kind of ornament on the faces of socketed celts -consists of vertical lines, or ribs, extending from the moulding round -the mouth some distance down the faces of the blade. They vary in -number, but are rarely less than three. In some instances the ribs are -so slight as to be almost imperceptible, a circumstance which suggests -the probability of celts in actual use having served as the models or -patterns from which the moulds for casting others were made, as in each -successive moulding and casting any prominences such as these ribs -would be reduced or softened down. On any other supposition it is -difficult to conceive how an ornamentation so indistinct as almost to -escape observation could have originated. There are some celts which on -one face are quite smooth and plain, while on the other some traces of -the ribs may just be detected. The same is the case with some of the -celts which have the slightest possible traces of the “flanches,” such -as seen on Fig. 111. The smearing of metal moulds with clay, to prevent -the adhesion of the castings, would tend to obliterate such ornaments. - - A celt with the vertical ribs from the hoard of Reach Fen, Cambridge, - is shown in Fig. 124. There are slight projecting beads running down - the angles. The three ribs die into the face of the blade. Another of - nearly the same type, but with coarse ribs somewhat curved, is shown - in Fig. 125. It has not the beads at the angles. This specimen was - found in company with a celt like Fig. 116, and with a gouge like Fig. - 204, at Barrington, Cambridge, and is in my own collection. - - Celts of wider proportions, and having the three ribs farther apart, - have been frequently found in the Northern English counties. I have - one (3¼ inches) from Middleton, on the Yorkshire Wolds, which was - given me by Mr. H. S. Harland; and Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., has - several from Yorkshire. The celt which was found near Tadcaster,[426] - in that county, and which has been so often cited, from the fact of - its having a large bronze ring passing through the loop, on which - is a jet bead, is also of this type. There can be little doubt that - the ring and bead, which not improbably were found at the same time - as the celt, were attached to it subsequently by the finder, in the - manner in which they may now be seen in the British Museum. A celt - with three ribs, from the hoard found at Westow,[427] in the North - Riding, has been figured, as has been one from Cuerdale,[428] near - Preston, Lancashire, and one (4½ inches) from Rockbourn Down,[429] - Wilts, now in the British Museum. One (3¾ inches long) was found near - Hull,[430] in Yorkshire; and five others at Winmarley,[431] near - Garstang, Lancashire, together with two spears, one of them having - crescent-shaped openings in the blade (Fig. 419). - - Another was found, with other bronze objects, at Stanhope,[432] Durham. - - The celts found with spear-heads and discs near Newark, and now in - Canon Greenwell’s collection, are of this type, but of different - sizes. That found at Cann,[433] near Shaftesbury, with, it is said, a - human skeleton and two ancient British silver coins, had three ribs on - its face. - - Several others were found in the hoard at West Halton,[434] - Lincolnshire, already mentioned. Others were discovered in company - with a looped palstave, some spear-heads, ferrules, fragments of - swords, and a tanged knife, near Nottingham,[435] in 1860. Seven or - eight such celts, and the half of a bronze mould in which to cast - them, were found with a socketed knife, spear-heads, and numerous - other objects, in the Heathery Burn Cave,[436] near Stanhope, Durham, - of which further mention will subsequently be made. Many have also - been found in Yorkshire and Northumberland. - - The type is not confined to the Northern Counties, for specimens - occurred in the great find at Carlton Rode,[437] near Attleborough, - Norfolk. I have seen another, 4 inches long, which was found with - many other socketed celts and other articles at Martlesham, Suffolk, - in the hoard already mentioned (p. 113). I have one (3⅝ inches) - from Llandysilio, Denbighshire. Another, with traces of the three - ribs, was found at Pulborough,[438] Sussex. This specimen is in - outline more like Fig. 130. A socketed celt of this kind (5 inches - long), with three parallel ribs on the flat surface, was found near - Launceston,[439] Cornwall. Some long celts of the same kind were found - at Karn Brê, in the same county, as already mentioned. - -[Illustration: Fig. 126.—Mynydd-y-Glas. ½] - - In some celts with the three ribs on their faces, found in Wales, the - moulding at the top is large and heavy, and forms a sort of cornice - round the celt, the upper surface of which is flat. That engraved as - Fig. 126 was found at Mynydd-y-Glas, near Hensol, Glamorganshire, and - is now in the British Museum. In the same collection is another of - much the same character, but of ruder fabric, 4¾ inches long, with a - square socket, found in 1849 with others similar, in making the South - Wales Railway, in Great Wood,[440] St. Fagan’s, Glamorganshire. The - loop is badly cast, being filled up with metal. - - Canon Greenwell has a celt of this type (4 inches), found at - Llandysilio, Denbighshire, with two others having three somewhat - converging ribs (3¾ inches and 3¼ inches), a socketed knife, and part - of a spear-head. - - Two others (5⅛ inches and 4⅜ inches) were found with part of a looped - palstave[441] and a waste piece from a casting, and lumps of metal, on - Kenidjack Cliff, Cornwall. Another (4 inches) from Cornwall is in the - British Museum. One from Sedgemoor, Somersetshire, is in the Taunton - Museum. - - The three-ribbed type occurs occasionally in France. Examples are in - the Museums of Amiens, Toulouse, Clermont Ferrand, Poitiers, and other - towns. Three vertical ribs are of common occurrence on celts from - Hungary and Styria. - - In some rare examples the three ribs converge as they go down - the blade. One such is shown in Fig. 127. The original is in the - possession of Sir A. A. Hood, Bart., and was found with twenty-seven - other socketed celts, some of oval and some of square section, two - palstaves, two gouges, two daggers, twelve spear-heads, and numerous - fragments of celts and leaf-shaped swords, as well as rough metal and - the refuse jets from castings. The whole lay together about two feet - below the surface at Wick Park,[442] Stogursey, Somerset. - - In other rare instances there is a transverse bead running across - the blade below the three vertical ribs. The celt shown in Fig. 128 - was found near Guildford, Surrey, and is in the collection of Mr. R. - Fitch, F.S.A. - -[Illustration: Fig. 127.—Stogursey. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 128.—Guildford. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 129.—Frettenham. ½] - - On other celts the vertical ribs are more or less than three in - number. A specimen with four ribs, also in Mr. Fitch’s collection, is - engraved as Fig. 129. It was found at Frettenham, Norfolk. - - Others with four ribs occurred in the find at West Halton,[443] - Lincolnshire, already mentioned. One was also found at the Castle - Hill,[444] Worcester, and another at Broust in Andreas,[445] Isle - of Man. Examples with three and four ribs from Kirk-patrick and - Kirk-bride, Isle of Man, are in the collection of Mr. J. R. Wallace of - Distington, Whitehaven. - - One (4⅛ inches) with five ribs was found in the hoard at Martlesham, - Suffolk, also already mentioned. - - One (3¾ inches) with six small vertical ribs on the faces, found at - Downton, near Salisbury, is in the Blackmore Museum. In a celt with - square socket from the Carlton Rode find there are traces of six ribs - on one of the faces only. This specimen, in my own collection, is - in good condition, and the probability is in favour of this almost - complete obliteration of the pattern being due to a succession of - moulds having been formed, each rather more indistinct than the one - before it, in which the model that served for the mould was cast. - - Celts closely resembling Fig. 129 are in the museums at Nantes and - Narbonne.[446] - - As an instance of a celt having only two of these vertical ribs upon - it, I may mention a large one in my own collection (4¾ inches) found - in the Isle of Portland. The mouth of the socket is oval, but the - external faces are flat, the sides being rounded. The ribs run about - 2½ inches down the faces, but the metal is too much oxidised to see - whether they end in pellets or no. - -[Illustration: Fig. 130.—Ely. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 131.—Caston. ½] - - It is not unfrequently the case that the ribs thus terminate in - roundels or pellets. That from the Fens, near Ely, which has been - kindly lent me by Mr. Marshall Fisher, and is shown in Fig. 130, is of - this kind, though the pellets are so indistinct as to have escaped the - eye of the engraver. This celt is remarkable for the unusually broad - and heavy moulding at the top. The notches in the edge, which the - engraver has reproduced, are of modern origin. - - The celt from Caston, Norfolk, shown in Fig. 131, has also the three - ribs ending in pellets, but there are short diagonal lines branching - in each direction from the central rib near the top. - - I have another of the same kind, but longer, and without the diagonal - lines, from Thetford, Suffolk. - - A celt of this type is in the Stockholm Museum. - -[Illustration: Fig. 132.—Carlton Rode. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 133.—Fornham. ½] - - In Figs. 132 and 133 are shown two celts of this class, one with five - short ribs ending in pellets, from the Carlton Rode find, and the - other with five longer ribs ending in larger roundels, from Fornham, - near Bury St. Edmunds. The latter was bequeathed to me by my valued - friend, the late Mr. J. W. Flower, F.G.S. - - It will be observed that in the Fornham celt the first and last ribs - form beadings at the angles of the square shaft. In the other none of - the beads come to the edge of the face. I have a celt like Fig. 133, - but shorter (4 inches), from the hoard found in Reach Fen, already - mentioned. Another (4⅛ inches), in all respects like Fig. 133, except - that the outer ribs are not at the angles, was found at Brough,[447] - near Castleton, Derbyshire, and is in the Bateman Collection, where - is also another (4¼ inches) from the Peak Forest, Derbyshire. Canon - Greenwell, F.R.S., has one (4½ inches) from Broughton, near Malton, - on one face of which there are only four ribs, and in the place where - the central rib would terminate, a ring ornament. The other face of - the celt has only four ribs at regular intervals, ending in pellets. - Another, similar (5 inches), was found in the Thames, near Erith.[448] - I have seen another rather more hexagonal in section, which was found - in the Cambridge Fens. - - Celts with vertical ribs ending in pellets are occasionally found in - France. One from Lutz (Eure et Loir) is in the museum at Chateaudun; - others are in that of Toulouse. Another with four ribs, found at - Cascastel, is in the museum at Narbonne. Canon Greenwell has one from - l’Orient, Brittany. - - I have a small one like Fig. 120 in form, but barely 3 inches long, - found near Saumur (Maine et Loire). It has five ribs, arranged as on - Fig. 133. - - An example with a far larger array of vertical ribs than usual is - shown in Fig. 134. The ribs are arranged in groups of three, and each - terminates in a small pellet. The outer lines are so close to the - angles of the celt as almost to merge in them. This instrument was - found at Fen Ditton, Cambridge, and is now in the collection of Canon - Greenwell, F.R.S. - -[Illustration: Fig. 134.—Fen Ditton. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 135.—Bottisham. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 136.—Winwick. ½] - - On some celts there is, besides the row of roundels or pellets at the - end of the ribs, a second row a little higher up, as is shown in Fig. - 135, which represents a specimen in the British Museum, from Bottisham - Lode, Cambridge. The sides of this celt are not flat, but somewhat - ridged, so that in its upper part it presents an irregular hexagon in - section. There are ribs running down the angles, with indications of - terminal pellets. - - In the Warrington Museum is a curious variety of the celt with the - three vertical ribs ending in pellets, which by the kindness of - the trustees of the museum I have engraved as Fig. 136. It will - be seen that in addition to the vertical ribs there is a double - series of chevrons over the upper part of the blade. The metal is - somewhat oxidised, and the pattern is made rather more distinct in - the engraving than it is in the original. This celt has already - been figured on a smaller scale, and was found at Winwick,[449] near - Warrington, Lancashire. - - An ornamentation of nearly the same character, but without pellets at - the end of the ribs, occurs on a socketed celt from Kiew,[450] Russia. - -[Illustration: Fig. 137.—Kingston. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 138.—Cayton Carr. ½] - -The vertical ribs or lines occasionally end in ring ornaments or -circles with a central pellet, like the astronomical symbol for the sun -☉. Next to the cross this ornament is, perhaps, the simplest and most -easily made, for a notched flint could be used as a pair of compasses -to produce a circle with a well-marked centre on almost any material, -however hard. We find these ring ornaments in relief on many of the -coins of the Ancient Britons, and in intaglio on numerous articles -formed of bone and metal, which belong to the Roman and Saxon periods. -On Italian palstaves they are the commonest ornaments. But though so -frequent on metallic antiquities of the latter part of the Bronze Age, -it is remarkable that the ornament is of very rare occurrence on any of -the pottery which is known to belong to that period. - - A good example from Kingston, Surrey, of a celt with ring ornaments - at the end of the ribs is in the British Museum, and is shown in Fig. - 137. Canon Greenwell possesses a nearly similar celt (5 inches) from - Seamer Carr, Yorkshire, the angles of which are ribbed or beaded. A - socketed celt with the same ornamentation, but with pellets having - a central boss instead of the ring ornaments, is in the museum at - Nantes.[451] It was found in Brittany. - - Some of the Brittany celts like Fig. 120 have one ring-ornament on - each face, composed of two concentric circles and a central pellet. - - On a celt found at Cayton Carr, Yorkshire, and in the collection of - Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., there is a double row of ring ornaments at - the end of the three ribs. Below the principal moulding at the top of - the celt is a band of four raised beads by way of additional ornament. - It is shown in Fig. 138. A nearly similar specimen is in the Museum of - the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne. - - In a very remarkable specimen from Lakenheath,[452] Suffolk, preserved - in the British Museum and engraved as Fig. 139, there are three lines - formed of rather oval pellets, terminating in ring ornaments, and - alternating with them two plain beaded ribs ending in small pellets. - There are traces of a cable moulding round the neck above. - -[Illustration: Fig. 139.—Lakenheath. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 140.—Thames. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 141.—Kingston. ½] - - In another variety, also in the British Museum, and shown in Fig. - 140, the three ribs ending in ring ornaments spring from a transverse - bead, between which and the moulding round the mouth are two other - vertical beads, about midway of the spaces between the lower ribs. It - is probable that this celt was found in the Thames. - - Another of remarkably analogous character was certainly found in the - Thames near Kingston,[453] and is now in the Museum of the Society of - Antiquaries. It is shown in Fig. 141. On it are only two descending - ribs, ending in ring ornaments, the pellets in the centre of which are - almost invisible; but above the transverse bead are three ascending - ribs, which alternate with those that descend. All these ribs are - double instead of single. - -[Illustration: Fig. 142.—Kingston. ½] - - In some rare instances there are ring ornaments both at the top - and at the bottom of the vertical lines, as is seen on one of the - faces of the curious celt shown in Fig. 142, where the usual ribs - are replaced by rows of two or three slightly raised lines. On the - other face it will be seen that the ornamentation is of a different - character, with one ring ornament at top and three below, the two - outer of which are connected with ribs diverging from two curved lines - above. The original was found, with three others less ornamented, at - Kingston,[454] Surrey, and is in the British Museum. - - A nearly similar celt from Scotland is described at page 137. - - In another very rare specimen the vertical lines are replaced by two - double chevrons of pellets, the upper one reversed. There is still - a ring ornament at the base, and lines of pellets running down the - margins of the blade. This specimen, shown in Fig. 143, was found in - the Thames,[455] and is in the collection of Mr. T. Layton, F.S.A. - - In another equally rare form there is a treble ring ornament at the - bottom of a single central beaded rib, and at the top two “flanches,” - represented by double lines, as shown in Fig. 144. The neck of this - celt is in section a flattened hexagon. It was found at Givendale, - near Pocklington, Yorkshire, E. R., and is now in the British Museum. - - In the celt shown in Fig. 145 the central rib terminates in a pellet, - and there are three curved ribs on either side. In this case the - section of the neck of the blade is nearly circular. The specimen is - in the British Museum, and was probably found near Cambridge, as it - formed part of the late Mr. Lichfield’s collection. A celt ornamented - in the same manner, but without the central rib, was found near - Mildenhall, Suffolk, and is in the collection of Mr. H. Prigg. - -[Illustration: Fig. 143.—Thames.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 144.—Givendale. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 145.—Cambridge. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 146.—Blandford. ½] - - Another (4 inches), also in the British Museum, has two ribs on each - margin, parallel to the sides, as seen in Fig. 146. It was found near - Blandford, Dorsetshire, in company with unfinished gouges, and is - remarkable on account of its having been cast so thin that it seems - incapable of standing any hard work. - - It seems probable that the instruments from Blandford, now in the - British Museum, formed part of a large hoard, for in the collection - of the late Mr. Medhurst, of Weymouth, were a dozen or more of much - the same outline and character. The section at the neck is a flattened - hexagon. Some have a straight rib on each of the sloping sides, as - well as two curved lines on the flat face. Others have three lines, - one straight and two curved, on the flat face, each ending in a - pellet; and others again have merely a central line on the flat face. - - A celt of nearly the same outline as Fig. 146 (4¼ inches), found at - Gembling, Yorkshire, E. R., has slight flutings down the angles for - about two-thirds of its length. It is in the collection of Canon - Greenwell, F.R.S. - - Another of these instruments, ornamented in the same manner, but - having a curved edge, is shown in Fig. 147, from an original in - the British Museum. It formed part of the Cooke Collection from - Parsonstown, King’s County, but I doubt its being really Irish. - - A rare form of socketed celt is shown in Fig. 148. The original was - found in the Fens, near Barrington, Cambridge, and is in my own - collection. It has at the top of the blade, below the moulding, a - shield-shaped ornament, of much the same character as that on the - palstaves, like Fig. 60, but in this case formed by indented lines - cast in the metal. - -[Illustration: Fig. 147. Ireland? ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 148. Barrington. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 149. Hounslow. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 150. Wallingford. ½] - - Another, of unusually narrow form, found at Thames Ditton,[456] is in - the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries. - - A broader celt, ornamented with a reversed chevron, formed of three - raised ribs, and with short single ribs on each side, is shown in Fig. - 149. It was found at Hounslow, with a flat celt, a palstave, and a - socketed celt like Fig. 112, and is now in the British Museum. - - A more common form has a circular socket and moulded top, below which - the neck of the blade is an almost regular octagon. That shown in - Fig. 150 is in my own collection, and was found at Wallingford,[457] - Berks, in company with a socketed gouge, a tanged chisel (Fig. 193), a - socketed knife, and a two-edged cutting tool or razor (Fig. 269). - - One nearly similar, supposed to have been found in Yorkshire, - together with the mould in which it was cast, is engraved in the - _Archæologia_.[458] The mould was regarded as a case in which the - instrument was kept. Another of the same kind seems to have been - found, with other celts and fragments of swords and spears, at - Bilton,[459] Yorkshire. I have seen another, 4 inches long, from - the hoard found at Martlesham, Suffolk, already mentioned. A broken - specimen, found with a socketed gouge and an article like Fig. 493, at - Roseberry Topping,[460] in Cleveland, Yorkshire, appears to be of this - kind. Another (5 inches long), found at Minster, Kent, is in the Mayer - Collection at Liverpool. I have also one from the Cambridge Fens. - -[Illustration: Fig. 151.—Newham. ½] - - In the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., are three socketed - celts with octagonal necks, which were found with others, both plain - and having three ribs on the face, together with a looped palstave, - at Haxey, Lincolnshire. Two of these are of the usual type, but the - third (3½ inches) is shorter and broader, resembling in outline the - common Irish form, Fig. 167. A celt apparently of the type of Fig. - 150, but with a double bead round the top, was found in the Severn, - at Holt,[461] Worcestershire. In the Faussett Collection, now at - Liverpool, is a celt of this kind, with the angles engrailed or - “milled.” This was probably found in Kent. - - A celt of this type, found at Orgelet, Jura, is figured by - Chantre,[462] as well as one from the Lac du Bourget.[463] They have - also been found in the Department of La Manche.[464] I have one from - the hoard found at Dreuil, near Amiens, the neck of which is decagonal. - - Nearly the same form has been found in Sweden.[465] - - Another example, more trumpet-mouthed, is shown in Fig. 151, from - the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. It was found in 1868 in - draining at Newham, Northumberland. I have another of nearly the same - form (4¾ inches), from Coveney, in the Isle of Ely. Another, found at - Stanhope,[466] Durham, without loop, and with two holes near the top, - was regarded as an instrument for sharpening spear-heads. - - Occasionally the neck of the blade is hexagonal instead of octagonal. - In one found at Ty-Mawr,[467] on Holyhead Mountain, Anglesea, the - hexagonal character is continued to the mouth. The socket is of an - irregularly square form. It was found with a socketed knife, a tanged - chisel, spear-heads, &c., which are now in the British Museum. This - form occurs more frequently in Ireland. A nearly similar celt has been - found in the Lake of Geneva.[468] - - Another celt, with the neck irregularly octagonal, but with a series - of mouldings round the mouth of the socket, is shown in Fig. 152. The - original is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, and formed part of - the hoard found at Westow, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, already - mentioned at p. 118. - -[Illustration: Fig. 152.—Westow. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 153.—Wandsworth.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 154.—Whittlesea. ½] - - In Fig. 153 is shown, not on my usual scale of one-half, but of - nearly the actual size, a very remarkable celt, which was found in - the bed of the Thames[469] near Wandsworth, and was presented to - the Archæological Institute. The original is, unfortunately, no - longer forthcoming. It was 4¾ inches long, and, besides its general - singularity of form, presented the peculiar feature of having the hole - of the loop in the same direction as the socket of the celt, instead - of its being as usual at right angles to the blade. - - Socketed celts with a loop on the face instead of on the side are of - exceedingly rare occurrence either in Britain or elsewhere. That shown - in Fig. 154 is in the Museum at Wisbech, and was found in company - with three socketed celts, two gouges, a hammer, and a leaf-shaped - spear-head at Whittlesea. The socket shows within it four vertical - ribs at equal distances, with diagonal branches from them. These - latter may have been intended to facilitate the escape of air from the - mould. I am indebted to the managers of the Museum for the loan of the - specimen for engraving. - - The type has occasionally been found in the Lake-dwellings of Savoy. - In the Museum of Chambéry[470] there are three examples from the Lac - du Bourget, and I possess another specimen from the same locality. - Another (about 4 inches), from la Balme,[471] Isère, is in the Museum - at Lyons; it is more spud-shaped than the English example. Another, of - different form, was in the Larnaud hoard,[472] Jura. One has also been - found at Auvernier,[473] in the Lake of Neuchâtel. Another (4 inches), - in the late M. Troyon’s collection, was found at Echallens, Canton - Vaud. - - One with curved plates on the sides, like Fig. 155, but having the - loop on one face, was found near Avignon, and is now in the British - Museum. It has a round neck with a square socket. A smaller one, of - nearly the same form, was found in a hoard at Pont-point, near the - River Oise. Another, with curved indentations on the sides, from the - department of Jura,[474] is in the museum at Toulouse. Socketed celts - with a loop on the face have been found in Siberia.[475] - - In some socketed celts the reminiscence of the “flanches” or wings - upon the palstaves, of which I have spoken in an earlier part of this - chapter, has survived in a peculiar manner, there being somewhat - hollowed oval projections upon each side of the blade, that give the - appearance of the “flanches” on the face, but at the same time produce - indentations in the external outline of the instrument. - - This will be seen in Fig. 155, which was found with the palstave - (Fig. 83), the socketed celt (Fig. 157), and other objects at - Nettleham,[476] near Lincoln, as already described (page 93). - Another of the same class is said to have been found in a tumulus - on Frettenham Common,[477] Norfolk. Another, shown in Fig. 156, was - in the Crofton Croker Collection. All these are now in the British - Museum. The second celt from Nettleham (Fig. 157) shows only the - indented outline without any representation of the oval plates. The - nearest approach in form to these celts which I have met with is to be - seen in some from the South of France. These are, however, generally - without loops. I have two from the departments of Haute Loire and - Isère. One from Ribiers, in the department of the Hautes Alpes, is in - the museum at St. Omer. Another is in the museum at Metz. - - A socketed celt, found at Aninger, and now in the Antiken Cabinet at - Vienna, has large oval plates on each of its sides, which nearly meet - upon the faces. - - In the collection of the late Mr. Brackstone was a remarkable celt, - exhibiting a modification of this form. It is said to have been found - with a large socketed celt with three mouldings round the mouth, and a - looped palstave with three ribs below the stop ridge, near Ulleskelf, - Yorkshire. Mr. Brackstone printed a lithographic plate of the three, - from which and from an engraving in the _Archæological Journal_[478] - Fig. 158 is taken. It will be observed that this celt is elaborately - ornamented, even on the ring, either by engraving or punching. The - original is now in the Blackmore Museum at Salisbury. - -[Illustration: Fig. 155.—Nettleham. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 156.—Croker Collection. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 157.—Nettleham.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 158.—Ulleskelf. ½] - - A celt of closely allied character, with the lower part of the blade - and the C-shaped flanches similar to that from Ulleskelf, with the - exception of the chevron ornament, is said to have been also found in - Yorkshire. A woodcut, from a drawing by M. Du Noyer, will be found in - the _Archæological Journal_.[479] The upper part is rectangular and - plain, without any moulding round the top, and there is no loop. The - original is 6 inches long. In general appearance and character this - celt approaches those of Etruscan and Italian origin; but I see no - reason why it may not have been found, as stated, in Britain, though, - so far as I know, it is unique of its kind. - -The next class of socketed celts which has to be noticed consists -of those in which the loop is absent. No doubt, in some cases, this -absence arises either from defective casting, or from the loop having -been accidentally broken off, and all traces of it removed; but in many -instances it is evident that the tools were cast purposely without -a loop. It seems probable that many of them were intended for use -as chisels, and not like the looped kinds as axes or hatchets. The -similarity between the looped and the loopless varieties is so great -that I have thought it best to describe some of the instruments which -may be regarded as undoubtedly chisels in this place rather than in the -chapter devoted to chisels, in which, however, such of the socketed -kinds as are narrow at the edge, and do not expand like the common -forms of celt, will be found described. - -[Illustration: Fig. 159. Reach Fen. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 160. Carlton Rode. ½] - - The small tool shown in Fig. 159 may safely be regarded as a chisel. - It does not show the slightest trace of ever having been intended - to have a loop, and is indeed too light for a hatchet. It was found - with a tanged chisel, a hammer, numerous socketed celts, and other - articles, in the hoard from Reach Fen, Cambridge, already mentioned - at p. 112. I have seen another, 2⅛ inches long, with a somewhat oval - socket and no loop, which was found in Mildenhall Fen, and was in the - collection of the Rev. S. Banks, of Cottenham. - - A longer celt of the same character is engraved by Dr. Plot.[480] It - was sent to him by Charles Cotton, Esq., and according to Plot “seems - to have been the head of a Roman rest used to support the lituus, - the trombe-torte, crooked trumpet, or horne pipe used in the Roman - armies.” Another of nearly the same form was found on Meon Hill,[481] - near Camden, Gloucestershire. - - A celt or chisel of this character found at Düren, in North Brabant, - is in the museum at Leyden. - - Another was found at Zaborowo,[482] in Posen, in a sepulchral urn. - - A celt of the octagonal form of section and without a loop is shown - in Fig. 160. It formed part of the great hoard found at Carlton Rode, - near Attleborough, Norfolk, of which some particulars have already - been given. The joint marks of the moulds are still very distinct - upon the sides. This specimen is in the Norwich Museum, and was - kindly lent by the trustees for me to have it engraved. A nearly - similar Scottish celt is shown in Fig. 165. A celt from the hoard of - Cumberlow, near Baldock,[483] has been figured as having no loop, but - I believe that this has arisen from an error of the engraver, as in a - drawing which I have seen the loop is present. - - One of hexagonal section and socket from a hoard found on Earsley - Common,[484] Yorkshire, in 1735, is engraved as having no loop. - - Celts without loops are not uncommon in France, and are often found of - small size in Denmark.[485] - -Socketed celts have rarely if ever been found with interments in -barrows in Britain. Sir R. Colt Hoare mentions “a little celt” as -having been found with a small lance, and a long pin with a handle, -all of bronze, near the head of a skeleton, in a barrow on Overton -Hill,[486] near Abury, Wilts. The body had been buried in the -contracted attitude, and had, as was thought, been enclosed within the -trunk of a tree. It appears, however, from Dr. Thurnam’s account,[487] -that this was a flat and not a socketed celt. It was a celt like Fig. -116, 3¼ inches long, which is reported to have been discovered by the -late Rev. R. Kirwan in a barrow on Broad Down, Farway, Devonshire.[488] -It is said to have lain in the midst of an abundant deposit of charcoal -which was thought to be the remains of a funeral pyre. Mr. Kirwan -informed Dr. Thurnam that there was every reason to believe that the -celt was deposited where found at the time of the original interment. -No bones, however, were actually with the celt, which lay 18 inches -from the central cist. - -[Illustration: Fig. 161. Arras.] - -A socketed celt with three vertical ribs, like Fig. 125, is also said -to have been found with a human skeleton, and two uninscribed ancient -British coins of silver, at Cann,[489] near Shaftesbury, in 1849. The -celt and coins are now in the collection of Mr. Durden, of Blandford. -In neither case are the circumstances of the discovery absolutely -certain. - -A curious instance of the survival of the bronze celt as an ornament -or amulet is afforded by that which was found in a barrow at Arras, -or Hessleskew,[490] near Market Weighton, Yorkshire. It is only an -inch in length, and is shown full-size in Fig. 161. With it was a pin -which connected it with a small light-blue glass bead. It accompanied -the contracted body of a woman laid in a grave, and having with it a -necklace of glass beads, a large amber bead, and a brooch, bracelets, -ring, tweezers, and pin, apparently of bronze, some of them ornamented -with a kind of paste or enamel. The majority of the objects found in -the group of barrows at Arras, of which this was one, seem to belong to -what Mr. Franks has termed the “Late-Celtic” period, or approximately -to the time of the Roman invasion of this country. - -[Illustration: Fig. 162. Bell’s Mills. ½] - -Socketed celts not more than ¾ of an inch in length have been found -in Ireland, but with sockets large enough for serviceable handles, so -that they might possibly have been used as chisels. The diminutive -celts, about 2 inches in length, which have been found in large numbers -in Brittany, and have been regarded by French antiquaries as votive -offerings, might also by some possibility have served as tools; but -this can hardly have been the case with the Arras specimen. A golden -celt found in Cornwall is said to have been in the possession of the -Earl of Falmouth,[491] but nothing is known of it by the present -Viscount Falmouth, and the statement in the “Barrow Diggers” is -probably erroneous. - -It will be well to postpone the account of the different hoards of -bronze objects, in which socketed celts have been found with other -tools and weapons, until I come to treat of such ancient deposits, -though some of them have already been mentioned. - -Turning now to the socketed celts which have been discovered in -Scotland, we find them to present a considerable variety of types, -though hardly so great as that exhibited by those from England, and the -recorded instances of their finding are comparatively few in number. - - In Fig. 162 is shown a socketed celt of the plain kind which was found - at Bell’s Mills,[492] on the Water of Leith, Edinburgh, in company - with those given as Figs. 164 and 165. - - A celt found in a bog between Stranraer and Portpatrick, - Wigtonshire,[493] like Fig. 162, but with a bead at the level of the - top of the loop, has been figured. - - The nearly square-necked celt shown in Fig. 163 is of a broader type - than usual, and was found at North Knapdale,[494] Argyleshire. - - Socketed celts with oval necks, and resembling the common Irish type, - Fig. 167, in form, have occasionally been found in Scotland. One (3¼ - inches), with a double moulding round the mouth, was found on Arthur’s - Seat, Edinburgh. Another (3 inches) was found with several other - socketed celts and a spear-head near the Loch of Forfar. One of these, - like Fig. 150, has a round socket and a twelve-sided neck. - - A celt with a long socket and narrow blade was found, with - spear-heads, bronze armlets, and some pieces of tin, at - Achtertyre,[495] Morayshire. - - Another type, which appears to be more especially Scottish, has - the ornamented moulding placed on the neck of the blade in such a - manner as to run through the loop. One of this character, dug up - near Samson’s Ribs,[496] Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh, has been figured - by Professor Daniel Wilson. A second (2⅞ inches), with three raised - bands passing through the loop, was found in the Forest of Birse,[497] - Aberdeenshire. - -[Illustration: Fig. 163.—North Knapdale. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 164.—Bell’s Mills. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 165.—Bell’s Mills. ½] - - A type which is also common to England is shown in Fig. 164 from - another of the Bell’s Mills specimens. - - Others with raised lines on the sides are preserved in the museum at - Edinburgh. One of these was found near the citadel at Leith.[498] - - One (3½ inches), ornamented with four longitudinal lines on each - face, was found in the parish of Southend,[499] Cantire. Another (4¼ - inches), with traces of five ribs, three down the middle and two at - the margins of each face, was found at Hangingshaw,[500] in Culter - parish, Lanarkshire. - - A third celt from Bell’s Mills is shown in Fig. 165. This is of the - variety without the loop, and closely resembles that from the Carlton - Rode hoard, Fig. 160, the main difference being that the neck is of - decagonal instead of octagonal section. - - Moulds for celts of other patterns have also been found in Scotland, - as will subsequently be seen. A modern cast from some moulds found at - Rosskeen, Ross-shire, has been engraved by Professor D. Wilson.[501] - It is of hexagonal section, and is ornamented on each face by two - diverging ribs starting from an annulet close below the moulding round - the mouth, and ending in two annulets about two-thirds of the way down - the blade, which expands considerably, and has a nearly flat edge. - -[Illustration: Fig. 166.—Leswalt. ½] - - For the use of Fig. 166 I am indebted to the Council[502] of the - Ayrshire and Wigtonshire Archæological Association. The original - was found in a peat-moss near the farm-house of Knock and Maize, in - Leswalt parish, Wigtonshire, and is now in the cabinet of the Earl of - Stair. Its analogies with that found at Kingston, Surrey (Fig. 142), - are very striking, while at the same time it closely resembles the - type exhibited by the mould from Ross-shire already mentioned. The - occurrence of instruments of so rare a form at such a distance apart - is very remarkable; but if, as appears probable, the celts of this - type are among the latest which were manufactured, and may possibly - belong even to the Late Celtic period, their wide dissemination is the - less wonderful. - -Socketed celts have been found in very large numbers in Ireland, -upwards of two hundred being preserved in the Museum of the Royal -Irish Academy; and numerous specimens are to be seen in other -collections, both public and private. Mr. R. Day, F.S.A., of Cork, has -upwards of forty in his own cabinet. The Irish celts vary much in size, -the largest being a little over 5 inches long, and the smallest less -than an inch. The most common form is oval at the neck, and expands -into a broad cutting edge. There is usually some kind of moulding round -the mouth, giving the end of the instrument a trumpet-like appearance. -The effect of the moulding is not unfrequently exaggerated by a hollow -fluting round the neck, as in Fig. 167. - -[Illustration: Fig. 167.—Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 168.—Ireland. ½] - - Celts of this and some of the following types have been figured by - Vallancey.[503] - - In that shown as Fig. 168 there is a slight shoulder below the - trumpet-shaped part of the mouth, and the loop, instead of springing - straight out from the neck, has its ends extended into four ridges, - running over the neck of the celt like half-buried roots. - - An example of a celt with the loop attached in a similar manner has - been engraved by Wilde.[504] Another (3¾ inches) is in the collection - of Mr. R. Day, F.S.A. - -Fig. 169 shows a finely patinated celt, with a triple moulding below -the expanding mouth, which was found near Belfast. With it are said to -have been found a set of three gold clasps, or so-called fibulæ, with -discs at each end of a slug-like half-ring (see Wilde, Figs. 594-598). -Curiously enough, I have another set of three of these ornaments, also -found together at Craighilly, near Ballymena, Co. Antrim. Mr. Robert -Day, F.S.A., has a specimen which also is one of three found together -in the Co. Down. It seems, therefore, probable that, like our modern -shirt-studs, these ornaments were worn in sets of three. - -[Illustration: Fig. 169.—Belfast. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 170.—Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 171.—Ireland. ½] - - A celt with four hands (3½ inches) has been engraved by Wilde.[505] - The middle member of the triple band is often much the largest. - - A small example of the same type, but with a single band at the mouth, - is shown in Fig. 170. One from Co. Antrim, 1⅝ inch long and 1¼ inch - broad at the edge, is in the British Museum. - - These oval-necked celts are occasionally, but rarely, decorated with - patterns cast in relief upon them. One of them, in the Museum of the - Royal Irish Academy,[506] is shown in Fig. 171. - - Inside the sockets of most of the instruments of this class there - are near the bottom, where the two sides converge, one, two, or more - vertical ridges, probably destined to aid in steadying the haft. - - In some instances the upper member of the moulding round the mouth is - cast in a cable pattern. Fig. 172 shows an example of this kind from - Athboy, Co. Meath, in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. Others - are in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. - - Socketed celts, with vertical ribs on the faces, are of rare - occurrence in Ireland. A specimen from Co. Meath, in Canon Greenwell’s - collection, is engraved as Fig. 173. - - One (2⅝ inches) found near Cork, and now in Mr. Robert Day’s - collection, has six vertical ribs on each face, three on either - margin. They are placed close together, and vary in length, the - outer one being about twice as long as that in the middle, which is, - however, nearly three times as long as the innermost of the three ribs. - -[Illustration: Fig. 172.—Athboy. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 173.—Meath. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 174—Ireland. ½] - - I have an example of the same kind (2⅜ inches), from Trillick, Co. - Tyrone,[507] in which there are five equidistant vertical ribs on - each face. The edge has been much hammered, so as to be considerably - recurved at the ends. Wilde[508] has figured a much larger specimen - (4½ inches), with three vertical ribs, which cross a ring, level with - the top of the loop, and run up to the lip moulding. Another,[509] - with rectangular socket, has the ribs arranged in the usual manner. - In a few instances the ribs end in pellets, and in one instance - Wilde[510] describes them as “ending in arrow points.” - - A short but broad socketed celt in the Petrie Collection has on each - face six vertical ribs terminating at each end in annulets. - - The socketed celts with an almost square socket and neck are not so - common in Ireland as those of the broad type with an oval neck, but - are yet not absolutely rare. Fig. 174 shows a good specimen of this - type. I have another (3½ inches), from the neighbourhood of Belfast, - rather wider at the edge, and with three flat vertical ribs below the - neck moulding. - - Fig. 175 shows a short variety of the same type, from Newtown - Crommolin, Co. Antrim. One from Trillick, Co. Tyrone (2½ inches), - though nearly rectangular at the neck, has an oval socket. - - Mr. Robert Day has an example (3¼ inches), from Dunshaughlin, Co. - Meath, with two beads round it, the lower one at the level of the - bottom of the loop. This celt is rectangular at the neck, though the - socket is oval. - - Some few have grooves running down the angles. One from Londonderry - (4¼ inches) is in Mr. Day’s collection. - - The long narrow celt with a rib ending in an annulet on the face, - engraved by Wilde as Fig. 283, appears to me to belong to Brittany - rather than to Ireland. - -[Illustration: Fig. 175. Newtown Crommolin. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 176. North of Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 177. Ireland. ½] - - An elegant type of socketed celt of not uncommon occurrence in - Ireland is shown in Fig. 176. The neck is octagonal below the rounded - trumpet mouth, which is ornamented with a series of small parallel - beads, between which a number of minute conical depressions have been - punched, making the beads appear to be corded. Around the loop is - an oval of similar punch marks. A nearly similar specimen has been - engraved by Wilde (Catal., Fig. 276), who also gives one of the same - general type, but with two plain broad beads, alternating with three - narrow ones, round the mouth (Catal., Fig. 277). It has a hexagonal - neck. A celt (4¼ inches) from Ballina, Co. Mayo, in the collection of - Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A., has an octagonal neck, and five grooved lines - round its circular mouth. - - Canon Greenwell has one of the type of Fig. 176 (3⅞ inches), with - hexagonal neck and five equal beads round the mouth, from Carlea, - Co. Longford, and another (3¾ inches), with ten small beads round a - somewhat oval mouth, from Arboe, Co. Tyrone. The neck of this latter - is nearly rectangular. I have a celt of this type from Balbriggan, Co. - Dublin (3½ inches), with a hexagonal neck and a plain mouth. The loop - has root-like excrescences from it, as already described. - -[Illustration: Fig. 178.—Ireland. ½] - - There is one more Irish type of looped socketed celts which it will - be well to figure, and to which Wilde has given the name of the - axe-shaped socketed celt. As will be seen, the blade is expanded - considerably below the socketed part, and assumes a form not uncommon - among iron or steel axes. I have copied Fig. 177 from Wilde’s cut, No. - 281, on an enlarged scale. - - A socketed celt expanding into a broad axe-like edge is in the Pesth - Museum. - - An analogous but narrower form is found in France. I have seen the - drawing of one found at Pont-point, Oise (?). - - Socketed celts without loops have not unfrequently been found in - Ireland. One of this type has been figured by Wilde,[511] whose cut - is, by the kindness of the Council of the Royal Irish Academy, here - reproduced as Fig. 178. There are two others in the same collection. - Another of the same length (2-1/16 inches), but wider at the edge, was - found in the Shannon,[512] at Keelogue Ford. A longer and narrower - instrument (3¾ inches) of the same kind has also been engraved by - Wilde.[513] Another has been engraved by Vallancey.[514] Others (2 and - 2⅛ inches) from Lisburn and Ballymoney, Co. Antrim, are in the British - Museum. The former has a small bead on a level with the base of the - socket. The latter is oval at the neck, but oblong at the mouth. - - A bronze instrument of this form, but wider at the edge, was in common - use among the ancient Egyptians, and has been regarded as a hoe. - -[Illustration: Fig. 179.—Kertch. ½] - - A socketed celt without loop, but with two projections on one side, - from the Sanda Valley,[515] Yunan, China, has been figured by Dr. - Anderson. The edge is very oblique. An example brought from Yunan - by the same expedition is in the Christy Collection. One from - Cambodia,[516] without loop, but in form like Fig. 119, has been - figured by Dr. Noulet. - - A very remarkable socketed celt without loop from Java is in the - Cabinet of Coins at Stuttgart. It expands widely at the edge and has - three facets on one side of the neck, while the other is curved, so - that it was probably mounted as an adze. The surface of the socket is - not flat, but there is a V-shaped depression across it. - - Socketed celts with two loops have not as yet been recorded as found - within the United Kingdom, though a stone mould for celts of this - form was found at Bulford Water, Salisbury. In Eastern Europe the - form is more common. The specimen shown as Fig. 179 was found in the - neighbourhood of Kertch,[517] and is now in the British Museum. I have - seen others ornamented on the faces, brought from Asiatic Siberia by - Mr. H. Seebohm. Others from Siberia[518] have been figured. One of - these is without loops, and has chevron ornaments in relief below a - double moulding. - - A socketed celt with two loops, and apparently hexagonal at the neck, - found at Ell, near Benfeld, Alsace, is figured by Schneider.[519] - - I have elsewhere described a two-looped socketed celt from - Portugal[520] (6½ inches). It is like Fig. 120, but has a second loop. - Another, of gigantic dimensions, 9½ inches long and 3½ inches wide, - was found in Estremadura, Portugal.[521] - - A two-looped celt with square socket and the loops at the junction - with the flattened blade was in the great hoard found at Bologna. Only - one of the loops, however, is perforated. - - In the museum at Stockholm are also some socketed celts with two loops. - -In looking over these pages, it will have been observed, that though -socketed celts occur in numbers throughout the British Isles, yet -that those found in England for the most part differ in form from -those found in Ireland, and that some few types appear to be peculiar -to Scotland. Traces of continental influence are, as might have been -expected, most evident in the forms found in the southern counties of -England, and are barely, if at all, perceptible in those from Ireland -and Scotland. Some few of the socketed celts from both England and -Scotland are of the type Fig. 167—a type so common in Ireland as to -be characteristic of it—and these appear for the most part, though -by no means exclusively, to have been found in western counties. -Although, therefore, the first socketed celts in Britain were doubtless -of foreign origin, there was no regular importation of them for use -over the whole country; but the fashion of making them spread through -local foundries, and different varieties of pattern originated in -various centres, and were adopted over larger or smaller areas as -they happened to commend themselves to the taste of the bronze-using -public. The use of socketed celts would, from their abundance, seem -to have extended over a considerable period; and from their having -apparently been found with objects belonging to the Late Celtic Period -they must have been among the last of the bronze tools or weapons to -be superseded by those of iron. A socketed celt, somewhat like Fig. -116 but more trumpet-mouthed, is stated to have been found in company -with a looped spear-head, two pins like Figs. 453 and 458, a bronze -bridle-bit, and some portions of buckles of a late Celtic character on -Hagbourne Hill, Berks. These objects are now in the British Museum, and -there seems reason to believe the account of their discovery given in -the _Archæologia_.[522] Some coins of gold and silver are said to have -been found with them, but these are not forthcoming. Socketed celts -have also been found associated with clasps like Figs. 504 and 505 at -Dreuil, near Amiens, while at Abergele such clasps accompanied buckles -almost, if not quite, late Celtic in character. - -No doubt the final disuse of socketed celts was not contemporaneous -throughout the whole of the country, and their employment probably -survived in the north and west of Britain and in Ireland to a -considerably later date than in the districts more accessible to -Gaulish influences. The chronology of our Bronze Period will, however, -have to be considered in a subsequent chapter. The transition from -bronze to iron cannot so readily be traced in this country as on -the Continent; but socketed celts, &c. formed of iron, and made in -imitation of those in bronze, have occasionally been found in Britain. -One (4 inches) with a side loop, and a part of its wooden handle, was -found in Merionethshire, and is now in the British Museum. It has been -figured in the Archæologia Cambrensis.[523] Another of the same type -was found in North Wales.[524] - -I have one (5¼ inches) with a rounded socket and no loop, found at -Gray’s Thurrock, Essex. - -I have another (4 inches) with a square socket, from Pfaffenburg in -the Hartz; and others of longer proportions with round sockets from -Hallstatt. The metal has been carefully welded together to form the -sockets, in which there is no slit like those commonly to be seen in -more modern socketed tools of iron. There are ornaments round the -mouth of some of the Hallstatt[525] socketed celts, and both they -and the iron palstaves are frequently provided with a side loop, in -exact accordance with those on their analogues in bronze. Some of the -socketed celts in iron from the cemetery of Watsch,[526] in Carniola, -are also provided with a loop. - -As an illustration of the view that similar wants, with similar means -at command with which to supply them, lead to the production of similar -forms of tools and weapons in countries widely remote from each other, -I may mention a socketed celt (10¾ inches) found in an ancient grave -near Copiapo, Chili.[527] In general form it is almost identical -with some of the Italian bronze celts, but it is of copper, and not -bronze; and is not cast, but wrought with the hammer. The socket -has, therefore, been formed in the same manner as those of the early -iron celts from Hallstatt, with which it also closely corresponds in -outline. The surface, however, has been ornamented by engraving; and -among the patterns we find bands of chevrons, alternately plain and -hatched, closely allied to the common ornament of the European Bronze -Age. What is, perhaps, more striking still is that the Greek fret also -occurs as an ornament on the faces. - -The method in which socketed and other celts were hafted will be -discussed in the next chapter. - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - -METHODS OF HAFTING CELTS. - - -ANY account of the various forms of celts and palstaves which have been -discovered in this country, such as that attempted in the preceding -chapters, would be incomplete without some observations as to the -manner in which they were probably hafted or mounted for use, and some -account of the discoveries which throw light upon that subject. - -In a previous chapter I have cited numerous opinions of the older -school of antiquaries as to the nature of these instruments or weapons, -and the uses which they were intended to serve. Many of these opinions -are so palpably absurd that it is needless again to refer to them. -Others which regard the instruments as having been mounted in such a -manner as to serve for axes or adzes, for chisels, or for spud-like -tools or weapons, have an evident foundation in the necessities of -the case. There can, in the first place, be no doubt that celts and -palstaves were cutting tools or weapons. There can, in the second -place, be but little doubt that they were not destined for direct use -in the hand without the addition of any shaft or handle. In fact, with -the palstave and socketed forms, it is evident that special provisions -are made for a haft of some kind. In the third place, this haft, -whether long or short, must either have been straight or crooked. If -straight, a kind of chisel or spud must have resulted; if crooked or -L-shaped, an axe, hatchet, or adze. - -It is possible that the same form of bronze instruments may have been -mounted both with straight and with L-shaped handles; but, as will -subsequently be seen, the probability, judging from what few ancient -handles have been discovered, is that the great majority were mounted -with elbowed handles as axes. At the same time, from the form and -small size of some celts, especially of some of those of the socketed -variety, it is probable that they were used as chisels. Indeed, -judging from the analogy of some other forms, and from the discovery at -Everley, mentioned at p. 163, this may be regarded as certain. - -As the discoveries of the original hafts of bronze celts have -principally been made upon the Continent, I shall, in treating of this -part of my subject, be compelled to have recourse to foreign rather -than British illustrations. It will also, in speaking of the method of -hafting, be desirable to make an attempt to trace the successive stages -of development of the socketed celts; and, in connection with this part -of the subject also, foreign examples will become of service. - -And first, in illustration of the use of bronze blades as axes, rather -than as spuds, or chisels of any kind, I may mention an instrument -not uncommon in Hungary, and occasionally occurring in other parts of -Southern Europe, which is perforated and similar in general form to our -modern axe-heads of iron and steel. In Scandinavia also other varieties -of these perforated axe-heads have been found. The common axe-like -type has also been discovered among Assyrian antiquities. Another -and distinct form which has been found in Egypt mounted as an axe or -hatchet, with a wooden handle, is a flat blade not unlike the ordinary -flat celt, except that instead of tapering at the butt-end it expands -so as to have two more or less projecting horns, by which it was bound -against the haft in a shallow socket provided for it. Egyptian axes -mounted in this manner may be seen in many museums, and have been -frequently figured in works on Egyptian antiquities.[528] The blade of -an axe of this kind, formerly in the collection of the Rev. Sparrow -Simpson, D.D., F.S.A.,[529] and by him presented to the British Museum, -bears an inscription in hieroglyphics upon it, with cartouches probably -containing the name of a shepherd king of the sixteenth or seventeenth -dynasty. In my own collection is another bronze blade of the same -shape and size, and with the same inscription, except that the names -in the cartouches are different. Unfortunately this part of the blade -is corroded, but Dr. S. Birch thinks that the cartouches contain the -name either of Ramses I. or of a subordinate Ramses of the eighteenth -dynasty. The hieroglyphics are the same on both faces of the blade, but -on one run from right to left, and on the other from left to right. A -hatchet of the same form, still bound to its haft, was found in the -tomb of Queen Aah-Hotep,[530] of the eighteenth dynasty. - -Some of the stone hatchets from Ecuador, in South America, are also -provided with projecting ears, and were tied against their helves in -the same manner. - -The stone axe, said to be that of Montezuma II., preserved in the -Ambras Museum at Vienna, and shown in Fig. 180, may also be of this -kind. Copper or bronze blades of this crescent or cheese-cutter form, -with two projecting lugs at the top of the narrow part of the blade, -have been found in Peru. - -[Illustration: Fig. 180.—Stone Axe of Montezuma II.] - -Broad blades of bronze, in form more like the ordinary flat celts, but -with the projections at the top, have been found in the same country. I -have one about 5 inches long and 3 inches wide, with strong lugs at the -top 2 inches long. It came from Eastern Peru. - -Some blades of this form were hafted in a rather different manner, as -will be seen by means of Fig. 181. - -[Illustration: Fig. 181.—Aymara Indian Hatchet. ¼] - -This represents an iron hatchet used by the Aymara Indians, of the -province of La Paz, Bolivia, which was brought from that country and -presented to me by my friend, the late Mr. David Forbes, F.R.S. In -this form the handle is split, and the blade is secured by a leather -thong, two turns of which pass under the two lugs of the blade, and -thus prevent it from coming forward; two other turns pass over the -butt-end, and thus prevent it from being driven backwards by any blow; -while all the coils of the thong hold the cleft stick firmly against -the two faces of the blade. Although no celts with the T-shaped -butt-end have been found in Britain, or, indeed, in Western Europe, -I have thought it worth while to engrave this curious example of the -method of mounting such blades, especially as the central projections -of the Irish form of celt, like Fig. 45, may have been secured by -thongs in a somewhat analogous manner. - -[Illustration: Fig. 182.—Modern African Axe of Iron. ¼] - -Turning now to the other British forms of celts, of which, as already -observed, the flat and doubly tapering blades, like Fig. 2, seem to -be the most ancient, it is probable that these were hafted by the -butt-end being merely driven into a club or handle of wood, in the same -manner as many stone celts appear to have been mounted. The modern iron -hatchet, from Western Africa, shown in Fig. 182, will give a good idea -of the manner in which the bronze celts that are so much like it in -form were probably hafted. Another modern African axe has been engraved -by Sir John Lubbock.[531] It is, of course, possible that some of the -ancient flat celts were mounted after the manner of spuds, as is, by -several German and Danish antiquaries, held to have been the case with -those of the palstave form. It must, however, be borne in mind that -as a rule the stone celts, which the earliest of those in bronze must -in all probability have supplanted, were mounted after the manner of -hatchets. Moreover, the few stone celts, the axis of the straight -handle of which was in the same direction as the blade, appear to have -been hafted with short handles as chisels, and not with long shafts as -spuds. Among those found still attached to their hafts in the Swiss -lake dwellings, some few were mounted in short stag’s-horn handles -as chisels, but the majority were fitted for use as hatchets, with a -club-like handle, in which a short stag’s-horn socket was mortised as -affording a receptacle for the stone, harder and less liable to split -than those of wood. In some cases, however, the handles were made from -a bough of a tree with a short projecting branch, which was cleft to -receive the stone. One of these, from Robenhausen, is shown in Fig. -183, which is copied from Dr. Keller’s work.[532] - -[Illustration: Fig. 183.—Stone Axe, Robenhausen.] - -In Britain the traces of the original handles of bronze celts have been -not unfrequently found, though the actual wood had perished. - -In a barrow in the parish of Butterwick,[533] Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., -found what he describes as “an axe-blade of bronze,” engraved as Fig. -2, which lay with a skeleton, and “the handle, which had been under -two feet in length, could be plainly traced by means of a dark line of -decayed wood extending from the hips towards the heels; moreover, from -the presence of decayed wood on the sides of the blade, it would seem -as if the axe had been protected by a wooden sheath. To all appearance -the weapon had been worn slung from the waist.” In this case the blade -had been fixed, apparently after the manner of Fig. 182, into a solid -handle to the depth of two inches, as is evident from the surface of -the metal being oxidized on that part of the blade differently from -what it is elsewhere. - -In a barrow at Shuttlestone,[534] near Parwich, Derbyshire, Mr. Bateman -found about the middle of the left thigh of a skeleton a bronze celt, -of “the plainest axe-shaped type. The cutting edge was turned upwards -towards the upper part of the person, and the instrument itself has -been inserted vertically into a wooden handle by being driven in for -about two inches at the narrow end—at least, the grain of the wood -runs in the same direction as the longest dimension of the celt.” “A -fact,” adds Mr. Bateman, “not unworthy of the notice of any inclined -to explain the precise manner of mounting these curious implements.” -It may be remarked, however, that no part of the handle itself, beyond -this grain upon the bronze, was preserved, and that this direction of -the grain of the wood would be quite consistent with the blade having -been mounted in a side branch from the shaft, after the manner of the -Swiss stone celt shown in Fig. 183. - -It appears to me possible that in other cases where the marks of the -grain of the wood, or even the traces of the wood itself, have been -found upon celts, running along and not across the blade, the somewhat -hasty conclusion has been drawn that they were attached to the end of -straight shafts instead of into side branches; and that possibly this -opinion, when once accepted, may have affected insensibly the reports -of the position of the blade of the celts with regard to the bodies -with which they were found, and to the traces of their shafts. - -The opinion first enounced by J. A. Fabricius that the celt was the -ancient German _framea_ or spear mentioned by Tacitus, seems also -insensibly to have affected observers. - -There is an account given by Thorlacius[535] of the discovery in a -tumulus near Store-Hedinge, in Denmark, of a palstave with the wooden -shaft an ell and a quarter long, into which the blade was inserted; the -wood, as might have been expected, running down between the side wings; -at the other end of the shaft there was a leather strap wound round for -about a quarter of an ell. The whole was so decayed that not the least -part of it could be taken out of the ground. Although nothing appears -to be said with regard to the position of the palstave with respect to -the shaft, this has been cited by Lisch[536] and others in evidence of -this form of instrument having been mounted spud-fashion, as a kind -of chisel-ended spear. A more conclusive instance is that adduced by -Westendorp,[537] who has figured a socketed celt without a loop, found -in a fen in the province of Groningen, Holland, mounted in this manner -on a straight shaft. I have, however, already remarked that some of the -socketed celts of this character were probably used as chisels. - -[Illustration: Fig. 184.—Bronze Axe, Hallein.] - -Whatever reliance may be placed upon the older discoveries, all those -of more recent times are in favour of the instruments of the palstave -form having been mounted as axes, hatchets, or adzes. In the museum at -Salzburg, Austria, there are at least four crooked handles for this -kind of blade, found in the salt-mines of Hallein, one of which is -shown in the annexed cut. I am not, however, sure whether the blade -was actually found with the haft in which it is now placed, nor, if -so, whether it was originally in its present position with the loop -outwards. It looks much more like an Italian than a German specimen, -which has been added to the haft in recent times, and it has not the -appearance of having been exposed for centuries to the action of salt. -It seems more probable that the salt, which has fortunately had the -power of preserving the wood, would in course of years have dissolved -the whole of the metal, assuming that at the time when the haft was -lost, or left in the mine, a blade was still attached to it, than that -it should have left the metal, as here, almost uninjured. In this -instance, moreover, the haft is perfect, and not, as in some of the -other cases, broken, so as to raise an inference of their having been -thrown away. The position of the blade with the loop outwards is also -suspicious. - -A broken example of the same kind of haft, also from the salt-mines -of Hallein, has been figured by Klemm,[538] and is to be seen in the -British Museum. There are others in the museum at Linz. - -Handles of the same kind, intended for palstaves, have been found in -the Italian lake dwellings. In some discovered in the “palafitta” of -Castione,[539] the notch is in the transverse direction to the shaft, -as if the blade had been mounted as an adze, and not as an axe. In -others the notch is longitudinal, and not transverse. In one instance -the side branch has no notch, but there is a shoulder on it, as if it -had served for a socketed celt. - -A looped palstave, mounted in a similar branched handle, has been found -at the lake dwelling of Mœrigen,[540] on the Lac de Bienne. In this -case also the loop is on the farther side of the shaft. - -That the flanged and winged celts and palstaves were, as a rule, -destined to be mounted in the manner of hatchets or adzes, and not as -spuds or spear-heads, is to some extent witnessed by the development -of their form; the progressive increase in the size of the wings and -flanges, more especially about the middle of the blade, appearing to be -intended as a precaution against lateral strains, such as the blade of -an axe undergoes, rather than against a mere thrust, such as that to -which the head of a spear or lance is subject. Of course the stop-ridge -is a preservative against the blade being driven back into its handle, -in whatever way it is mounted. But the flanges, at first slight, then -expanding at the middle of the blade, then becoming projecting wings, -and finally being bent over, so as to form side sockets on each side of -the blade, seem rather the result of successive endeavours to steady -the blade against a sideways strain. - -This development can best be traced in the series of flat celts, -flanged and winged celts, and palstaves, discovered in the South of -France. - -Even the long narrow palstaves, which have so much the appearance of -chisels, seem to have been mounted on crooked shafts. There is a long -German[541] form with a narrow butt above the stop-ridge, and with -but slight side flanges, which are continued down along the sides of -the blade below the ridge, that seems much more like a chisel than a -hatchet. The usual length of this form is about 6 inches, and the width -at the edge about 1½ inches, that of the butt-end, including the side -flanches, being about ¾ inch. - -[Illustration: Fig. 185.—Raron, Brigue. ½] - -But that palstaves of this kind were mounted as hatchets will be -evident from an inspection of Fig. 185, which represents a specimen in -my own collection, found in the district of Raron, near Brigue, Valais, -Switzerland. It is, as will be seen, in fact, a socketed celt, but -with the socket at right angles to the axis of the blade. The reason -why it should have been cast in this manner is probably to be found in -the fact that boughs of trees with a smaller branch at right angles -to them are not easily met with, though such boughs are best adapted -for conversion into the helves of this kind of hatchet. Some ingenious -bronze-founder of old times conceived the idea of producing a hatchet -which did not require a crooked helve, but for hafting which any -ordinary straight stick would serve; and we have here his new form of -axe-head. In practice, however, it was probably found both to balance -badly, and to be expensive in metal, and the design appears not to have -spread, as up to the present time this specimen seems to be unique. The -most remarkable features in it have still to be noticed. The pattern -from which it was cast seems to have been a palstave already mounted -on its haft, and we have here the smooth and rounded end of the bough, -with the smaller side branch running off at right angles, reproduced -in bronze. Even the band by which the blade was secured in the cleft -part of the handle is reproduced as a spiral moulding. The banding -which extends to the mouth of the socket is also spiral, and probably -represents a binding round the original wooden handle at the part -where, from experience, it was found most liable to break. The straight -haft of this hatchet was secured in its place by a bronze rivet passing -through the socket from side to side, which is still in its place, -though all trace of the wood has disappeared. - -With this singular celt was found a small dagger, 6½ inches long, -which had been secured to its hilt by four rivets, and a penannular -bracelet decorated with ring ornaments. It is remarkable how well the -discovery of this form of celt bears out the theoretical suggestions -of Sir Joseph Banks,[542] Sir Samuel Meyrick,[543] Mr. Dunoyer,[544] -and others, including Sir W. Wilde.[545] Indeed, Dr. Richard -Richardson[546] many years ago advanced the same opinion as to the -manner in which such celts were hafted. - -With regard to the usual manner of mounting those of the socketed form -there can be but little doubt, as in some few instances the original -handles have been preserved with them. - -[Illustration: Fig. 186.—Edenderry. 1/6] - -One such, found in the bed of the river Boyne, near Edenderry, King’s -County, has been figured by Wilde,[547] whose cut, by the kind -permission of the Royal Irish Academy, is here reproduced as Fig. 186. -The helve is only 13¾ inches long, but seems well adapted to the size -of the blade. So far as I know this is the only instance of such a -discovery within the United Kingdom. - -In Fig. 187, however, is shown an Italian socketed celt of a common -form, with the original handle still attached. This specimen is in my -own collection, and was found about the year 1872 in the neighbourhood -of Chiusi, Tuscany. With it were another, also retaining its handle, -a large _fibula_ of silver, a scarabæus, and many small square plates -of bronze, each having a fylfot cross upon it, probably the ornaments -of a girdle. All these objects had been buried in an urn, which was -covered by a slab of stone, and most of them are to be seen in the -Etruscan Museum at Florence. With the exception of a fracture not far -from the angle, the handle of my specimen is perfect. The preservation -is due to its having been entirely coated with thin plates of bronze, -the sides of which overlap, and have been secured round the handle by -round-headed nails about ¾ inch apart. - -[Illustration: Fig. 187.—Chiusi. ½] - -This plating is turned over square at the end of the handle, where -there is a little projecting bronze eye, through which a ring may have -passed, so as to serve for its suspension. At the sides above the celt -there are some larger round-headed nails, or possibly rivets; and the -end of the branch which goes into the socket appears to be secured by a -rivet, which passes through from face to face. At the end of the handle -itself, above the celt, is a nearly circular flat bronze plate, with a -round-headed nail in the middle to attach it to the wood. The fracture -exposes the wood inside the plates, which has been preserved by the -salts, or oxide, of copper. It has been thought to be oak. On the blade -of the celt are some flakes of oxide of iron, as if it had lain in -contact with some articles made of that metal. Indeed, from the form, -as well as from the objects found with it, the presumption is that this -instrument belongs to quite the end of the Bronze Age of Italy, or to -the transitional period between bronze and iron. - -It may be well here to mention that celts of iron of the flat form, -with projections at the sides like Fig. 45; of the palstave kind, with -the semicircular side sockets; and of the socketed form, have been -found in the cemetery at Hallstatt, in Austria, the researches in -which of Herr Ramsauer have been described by Baron Von Sacken. These -discoveries seem to show that all three varieties were still in use at -the close of the Bronze Period. In the same cemetery celts of the two -last-mentioned forms were found in bronze, and palstaves occurred with -the wings formed of bronze and the blade of iron. - -In 1866 I exhumed from this cemetery with my own hands, when in company -with Sir John Lubbock, a socketed celt of iron, with a portion of the -haft still in it. The celt is attached to a branch of the main handle, -which projects at an angle of about 80°. This has been split off from -the handle, only a small part of which remains attached; and it is this -portion only of the wood which has been preserved by the infiltration -of some salts of iron, while the rest, which was detached from contact -with metal, has disappeared. The wood of which the handle was made -appears to be fir. On an iron palstave from the same spot it seems to -be oak. On two bronze palstaves from France in my own collection, one -from Amiens and the other from the Seine, at Paris, the portions of -wood which still remain attached to the blades appear also to be oak. - -In the Hallstatt specimen the inclination of the blade seems to have -been towards the hand, and the part of the handle beyond the branch -which enters the socket presents some appearance of having been bound -with an iron ferrule, probably with the view of preventing it from -splitting. The projection is somewhat longer proportionally than that -in Fig. 185, and the end appears to have been truncated, and not -rounded. - -There have been in this country a few instances of the discovery of -bronze rings in company with palstaves and socketed celts, and these -rings may possibly have served a similar purpose, though it must be -confessed that such an use is purely conjectural. That shown in Fig. -188 was found in company with a bronze palstave without a loop, but -much like Fig. 74, at Winwick,[548] near Warrington, Lancashire, and -was kindly lent me by Dr. James Kendrick, who in 1858[549] suggested -that it was a “sort of ferrule to put round the handle of the palstave -to prevent the wood from splitting when the instrument was struck.” The -ornament on the ring, somewhat like the “broad arrow” of modern times, -is of much the same character as the shield-like pattern below the -stop-ridge of some palstaves. In the British Museum is a stone mould -from Northumberland for flat rings, 3 inches in diameter, and for flat -celts; but such rings probably served some other purpose. - -[Illustration: Fig. 188.—Winwick. ½] - -Another bronze ring, 1⅔ inches in diameter, was found with a socketed -celt in the Thames,[550] opposite Somerset House, but here the actual -association of the two is doubtful. - -I have already expressed a doubt whether the celt from Tadcaster, -Yorkshire, and now in the British Museum, had, when found, the bronze -ring with a jet bead upon it passing through the loop. The ring itself -is made not of one continuous piece of metal, but of stout wire, with -the ends abutting against each other, and nothing would be easier for -the workman who found the three objects than to pass the ring through -the loop of the celt and the hole of the bead. I have myself received -from Hungary two socketed celts, each having imperfect penannular -bracelets passed through the loop in the same manner, though they -certainly had no original connection with the celts. It is, however, -but right to mention that in the British Museum is the upper part of a -celt with an octagonal neck, found with other objects near Kensington, -on the loop of which is a small ring, barely large enough to encircle -the loop. Of what service this could have been it is difficult to -imagine. - -If the association of the larger rings and the celts must be given up, -it is needless to cite the opinions which have been held as to the use -of the one in connection with the other. Some references are given in -the note.[551] - -The early Iron Age of Denmark is no doubt considerably later in date -than that of Hallstatt, but in several of the discoveries of objects -of that period in Denmark socketed celts of iron have been found still -attached to their helves. In the Nydam find[552], described by Mr. -Conrad Engelhardt, the majority of the axes were of the ordinary form, -with eyes for the shafts; but there were some also of the form of the -socketed celt, though without any loops. These were mounted as axes, -and not as adzes, on crooked handles about 17 inches long. The helves -of axes of the ordinary form were from 23 to 32 inches in length. In -the Vimose find[553] there were several of these iron celts, one of -which was thought to have been mounted on a crooked handle, but the -others appear to have been mounted as chisels. - -The palstaves with the edges transverse to the septum between the -side flanges seem to have been mounted in precisely the same manner -as those of the ordinary form, except that when attached to their -handles they formed adzes, and not axes. It has been suggested[554] -that the palstaves of the ordinary form may also have been mounted as -adzes, and probably this was so in some exceptional cases. Mention has -already been made of some Italian helves with transverse notches for -the reception of the blade. Some of the flat celts may have also been -mounted as adzes by binding them against the shorter end of an L-shaped -handle, in the same manner as the Egyptians fixed their adze blades. - -In some palstaves, but more especially in those of the South of Europe, -there is at the butt-end of the blade a kind of dovetailed notch, which -appears to have been formed by hammering over a part of the jets or -runners of the original castings, which were left projecting a short -distance instead of being broken off short at the blade. Whether the -hammering over was for the purpose of rounding the angles or for that -of forming this dovetailed notch is somewhat uncertain; it is, however, -possible that one or more pins or rivets may have been driven through -the handle, so as to catch the dovetails and retain the blade in its -place. It is not often the case that this portion of the blade is so -long that it would have gone through the handle and have allowed of -a pin beyond it, as suggested by Mr. Dunoyer[555] in the case of a -long palstave, with a rivet-hole near the butt-end of the blade. A -palstave, found in a tomb in the department of Loir et Cher,[556] by -my friend the late Abbé Bourgeois, is provided with a rivet-hole near -the top, counter-sunk on either side so as to guide a pin into the -place intended for it; and it seems probable, as the Abbé suggests, -that this was connected with the securing of the blade, which is -destitute of a loop, to the helve. Of six thin flat bronze celts, 7 -or 8 inches long, from the Island of Thermia,[557] or Cythnos, in the -Greek Archipelago, which are now in the British Museum, three that -are broad are provided with square or lozenge-shaped holes towards -the upper end of the blade, and three that are narrower are without. -A flanged celt from Italy,[558] 6 inches long, has a circular hole in -the same position, which may have received a pin. Some contrivance -for keeping blades of smooth bronze fast in their handles must have -been necessary or desirable from the earliest times. With stone celts -we often find that the butt-end destined to be let into the wooden -or horn socket was purposely roughened. With bronze, however, such a -process does not seem to have been adopted to any extent; and probably -with blades of bronze, so much less tapering than those of stone, the -difficulty of keeping them in place was surmounted by attaching them -with some sort of resinous or pitchy cement. A safe remedy against -slipping out was no doubt found in the addition of the ring or loop -to the side, which there can be but little doubt served for a cord to -pass through, so as to hold the blade back to the handle. In a socketed -celt, 5½ inches long, found in the Seine, at Paris, and now in my own -collection, not only is the wood preserved in the socket by saturation -with some salt of copper, but within the upper part of the loop there -are distinct traces of a cord which was apparently formed of vegetable -fibre. The Irish palstave, Fig. 105, with the curved projection instead -of the usual loop, seems to show that it was only against the upper -part of the loop that the strain came. No doubt, however, there was -more strength in the loop attached to the blade at both ends than in -the mere neb or projection. Some Italian socketed celts have similar -projecting nebs, one on either side. In the case of the palstaves and -celts with two loops, it seems probable that the handle must have been -somewhat prolonged beyond the side branch, which received the palstave -or went into the socket of the celt. - -It has been stated that some of the Spanish palstaves[559] with two -loops were, when first discovered, attached to a straight handle of -wood. But this opinion may have been formed from the grain of the wood -impressed on the upper part of the blade running along and not across -it. In the first account[560] given of the discovery, these palstaves -were regarded as having been used for _picking_ out the strata of coal, -and one of them is said to have been firmly attached to a wooden handle -by means of thongs interlaced and held by notches in the wood. This -handle was described as having been straight, so that the instrument -was fitted to be used as a crowbar and not as a hatchet. But inasmuch -as the groove for the handle is only 2¼ inches long and ½ inch wide, -while the length of the blade projecting beyond the handle is nearly 5 -inches, it is almost impossible for it to have served in this manner. - -Axe-heads of bronze of the modern form with an eye through them to -receive a straight helve have not been found in this country, though, -as already observed, they are not uncommon in Hungary, Southern -Germany, and Italy. That the form was already known in Greece in -the Homeric Age is evident from the feat of skill in shooting an -arrow through the shaft holes of a number of axe-heads, arranged in -a row, recorded in the Odyssey.[561] I have in my collection a fine -double-edged axe, or πέλεκυς, from Greece, 8½ inches in length, with a -round shaft-hole ⅞ inch in diameter. I have also two from Salamis. - -Looking at the widespread distribution of perforated stone implements, -especially battle-axes, throughout Europe, it seems strange that -so few bronze weapons of the same class should be found. Possibly, -however, these stone weapons may have remained in use even until the -latter part of the Bronze Period, as they certainly did through the -earlier part of it. In this country it seems doubtful whether any of -the perforated battle-axes of stone belong to a time when bronze was -absolutely unknown, as bronze knife-daggers, like Fig. 279, have so -often been found associated with them in interments. Hungary is the -country in which the perforated bronze battle-axes seem to have arrived -at their fullest development, many of them being of graceful form and -beautiful workmanship. The perforated copper implements of that country -were probably used for agricultural purposes, and I see no reason for -assigning them to so early a date as the commencement of the Bronze -Period of Hungary. They may, indeed, belong to a much later period. -It is hard to account for this absence of perforated axes of bronze -in Britain, but various causes seem to have conduced to render their -introduction difficult. When first bronze came into use it must have -been extremely scarce and valuable; and to cast an axe-head in bronze, -like one of the perforated axe-hammers of stone, would have required -not only a considerably greater amount of the then precious metal than -was required for a flat hatchet-head, but would also have involved -a far higher skill in the art of casting. Moreover, the flat form -of these simple blades rendered them well adapted for being readily -drawn out to a sharp cutting edge, and when once they had come into -general use they would not have been readily superseded by those of -another form, hafted in a different method, even were that method more -simple. If the bronze celts were mainly in use for peaceful industries, -while the warlike battle-axes were made of stone, the progressive -modifications in the shape of the former would be less likely to -be affected by the characteristics of the latter. It must also be -remembered that in France,[562] which then as now set the fashion to -Britain, perforated axe-heads of stone were very seldom used, and those -of bronze were in the north of the country unknown. - -But, to return to the celts of the British Islands, there can, I think, -be but little doubt that the loop is, as already described, connected -with the method of mounting these instruments on their hafts; and is -not intended for the attachment of a cord, by which they might be -withdrawn and recovered after they had been thrown at the enemy. Like -the American tomahawks, they may, no doubt, have occasionally been used -as “missile hatchets,” the “missiles secures” of Sidonius;[563] but -the days of young Sigimer, whose followers were provided with these -weapons, are many centuries more recent than those to which the bronze -celts must be referred. - -In the same manner, any idea of the loops having merely served for -hanging these instruments at the girdle may be at once discarded. For -such a purpose the projection which we find substituted for the loop -would be useless, and the presence of two loops would be superfluous. - -[Illustration: Fig. 189.—Everley. 1/1] - -On the whole, we may conclude that the majority of these instruments -were mounted for use, somewhat in the manner described, so as to serve -as axes or adzes. A smaller proportion of them may, however, not -improbably have been provided with short straight handles, to serve as -chisels, especially the socketed celts of small size and without loops. -This is the more probable as several socketed instruments closely -resembling them in character cannot be regarded as other than chisels -and gouges. No example, however, of a socketed celt provided with a -handle of this kind has as yet been found. The little instrument of -brass fixed into a handle made of stag’s horn, which was found in a -cist in a barrow at Everley,[564] Wilts, by Sir R. Colt Hoare, has more -the appearance of being a tanged chisel, such as will subsequently be -described, than a flat celt. It is shown full size in Fig. 189, which I -have copied from Sir R. C. Hoare’s plate. There were no bones or ashes -found in the cist, but several pointed instruments, and what appears -to be a kind of long, flat bead of bone, as well as two whetstones of -freestone, and a hone of a blueish colour had been deposited with it. - -Professor Worsaae[565] has published an engraving of a narrow Danish -palstave, which was found in a hill in Jutland fastened to its handle -by three rings of leather. This handle was straight, but unlike that -from Store Hedinage, which was an ell and a quarter long, was not more -than about 8 inches in length. In some other instances, he says, the -blade has been fastened to the handle by nails or rivets. - -I have already mentioned that some of the socketed celts of iron -belonging to the early Iron Age of Denmark have been found mounted -as chisels. A good example of one thus hafted has been figured by -Engelhardt.[566] The part of the handle which goes into the socket -is tapered to fit it. Above this the handle expands with a shoulder -projecting somewhat beyond the outside of the celt. It continues of -this size for about 1½ inches, and is then again reduced to the same -size as the mouth of the celt. The whole of the handle beyond the metal -is about 4 inches in length. - -Having said thus much with regard to the early iron chisels, it will, -however, now be well to proceed to the consideration of those formed of -bronze, and of the other bronze tools found in this country. - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - -CHISELS, GOUGES, HAMMERS, AND OTHER TOOLS. - - -ALTHOUGH, doubtless, many if not most of the instruments of different -forms, described in the preceding chapters, were used as tools, and -not as weapons, yet in some cases, especially where they have been -found in graves, it is more probable that they formed part of the -equipment of a warrior than of an artificer. With regard to the various -forms of which I intend to treat in the present chapter, there can -hardly exist a doubt that they should be regarded as tools, and not as -weapons. Already in the Neolithic Period we find many of these forms -of tools, such as chisels and gouges, developed; and so far as hammers -are concerned, it seems probable that for many purposes a stone held -in the hand may have served during the Bronze Period as a hammer or -mallet, just as it often does now in the age of steel and steam. I have -elsewhere[567] mentioned a fact communicated to me by the late Mr. -David Forbes, F.R.S., that in Peru and Bolivia the masons, skilful in -working hard stone with steel chisels, make use of no other mallet or -hammer than a stone pebble held in the hand. - -The simplest form of chisel is of course a short bar of metal brought -to an edge at one end and left blunt at the other where it receives the -blows of the hammer or mallet. Such at the present day are the ordinary -chisels of the stone-mason, and the “cold chisel” of the engineer. - -Most of the Scandinavian chisels of flint are of nearly the same -form as the simplest metal chisels, being square in section in the -upper part and gradually tapering to an edge at the lower end. Bronze -chisels of this form are, however, but rarely met with in any part of -Europe. One such, however, was found at Plymstock,[568] near Oreston, -Devonshire, in company with sixteen flanged celts like Figs. 9 and -10, three daggers, and a tanged spear-head, engraved as Fig. 327. It -is shown in Fig. 190. Its length is 4 inches, and the cutting edge -is rather more than ¼ inch in width. The late Mr. Albert Way, who -describes this specimen in the _Archæological Journal_, regarded it as -unique in England; and the form, so far as I am aware, has not again -been found in this country. It is now in the British Museum. - - I have a large chisel of the same type, but apparently formed of - copper, which was found in the neighbourhood of Pressburg, Hungary. It - is 7½ inches long, about ⅞ inch square in the middle, and expands in - width at the edge, which is lunate. Others of the same form, 4½ inches - and 5¾ inches long, also from Hungary, are in the Zurich Museum. Such - chisels have also been found in the Swiss Lake-dwellings. - -[Illustration: Fig. 190. Plymstock. ⅔] - -[Illustration: Fig. 191. Heathery Burn. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 192. Glenluce. ½] - - A long chisel, formed from a plain square bar drawn to an edge, was - found by Dr. Schliemann[569] in his excavations at Hissarlik. - - Bronze chisels of the same form were also in use among the ancient - Egyptians. - - A smaller chisel, conical at the butt end and possibly intended for - insertion into a handle, is shown in Fig. 191. The original is in the - collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., and was found with numerous - other bronze antiquities in the Heathery Burn Cave, Durham, already - so often mentioned. One rather larger, about 3 inches long and 1/5 inch - broad, probably found in one of the barrows at Lake[570] or Durnford, - is in the collection of the Rev. E. Duke, of Lake House, near - Salisbury. It may possibly have been a large awl. - - An Aztec[571] chisel of nearly the same form as Fig. 191, and about 4½ - inches long, contains 97·87 copper and 2·13 of tin. Another from Lima - contains 94 copper and 6 of tin. - - The small bronze chisel from Scotland, shown in Fig. 192, exhibits - a somewhat different type; the blade tapering evenly away from the - edge. The point which was intended to go into the handle appears to - have been “drawn down” a little by hammering, which has produced - slight flanges at the sides. The edge has also been hammered. The - original was kindly lent me by the Rev. George Wilson, of Glenluce, - Wigtonshire, and was found, with a conical button and a flat plate - of cannel-coal or jet, on the Sandhills of Low Torrs, near Glenluce. - Numerous arrow-heads and flakes of flint have also been found among - the sands at the same place. - - A flat chisel (4½ inches) like Fig. 192, but rather broader at the - edge, which is somewhat oblique, was found with two flat sickles on - Sparkford Hill,[572] Somersetshire. - - There were some small chisels of this class in the Larnaud hoard[573] - (Jura). - - Others have been found in the Swiss Lake-dwellings.[574] - - Two shorter edged tools, found at Ebnall,[575] Salop, which have been - described as chisels or hammers, seem rather to have been punches, and - will be mentioned subsequently. - -As chisels were probably used in ancient times, as at present, not only -in conjunction with a mallet, but also in the hand alone with pressure -as paring-tools, it would have been found convenient to attach them to -wooden or horn handles. Accordingly we find them both provided with a -tang or shank for driving into a wooden handle, like the majority of -modern chisels, and also, though more rarely, with a socket for the -reception of a handle, like the heavy mortising chisels of the present -day. Chisels of the tanged variety vary considerably in size and -strength, and in the relative width of the blade to the length. - -[Illustration: Fig. 192*. Carlton Rode. ½] - - That shown in Fig. 192 is from the great hoard discovered at Carlton - Rode,[576] Norfolk, already mentioned, and is preserved in the Norwich - Museum. The marks of the joint of the mould are still visible on the - tang. It was found with numerous celts and gouges, a hammer, and at - least one socketed chisel. Another tanged chisel of nearly the same - form and dimensions is also in the Norwich Museum. It formed part of - the Woodward Collection, and was probably found in Norfolk. - - A chisel much more expanded at the edge, and also of lighter make, - was found at Wallingford, Berks, in company with a double-edged knife - or razor, and a socketed celt, gouge, and knife, of which notices are - given in other parts of this book. It is engraved as Fig. 193, and is - in my own collection, as is also the original of Fig. 194. This formed - part of the hoard discovered in Reach Fen, Cambridge, and was the only - one of the kind there found. A socketed chisel-like celt from the same - hoard has been already described and figured at page 133, Fig. 159. - - Tanged chisels have also occurred in various other hoards of bronze - antiquities. Some were found with numerous celts and other tools at - Westow,[577] on the Derwent, Yorkshire, which from their curved edges - and general character the late Mr. James Yates regarded as the σμίλα - χαρτοτόμος, or chisel for cutting paper, mentioned by Philoxenus, and - as the currier’s chisel, σκιτοτόμος, mentioned by Julius Pollux. If - I were to offer an opinion it would be that any cutting tool of the - Bronze Period in Britain was more likely to have been used for cutting - leather than paper, the latter commodity being, to say the least of - it, scarce in Britain at that time; and, moreover, that chisels are - generally used for cutting wood and not leather. - - In the collection of Canon Green well, F.R.S., are two of these tanged - chisels from Westow, about 4½ inches long and 1⅛ inch broad at the - edge. A small part of the blade below the round collar is cylindrical. - In the British Museum is a small specimen of this kind (3½ inches) - from the Thames. - -[Illustration: Fig. 193.—Wallingford. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 194.—Reach Fen. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 195.—Thixendale. ½] - - In the Mayer Collection at Liverpool is a specimen, 4 inches long and - ⅞ inch broad at the edge, found near Canterbury in 1761. The collar is - flat above and almost hemispherical below. Another, with part of the - tang broken off, and the blade 2½ inches long and 1½ inch wide, was - found in the Kirkhead Cave, Ulverstone, Lancashire, and was described - to me by Mr. H. Ecroyd Smith. - - Another, rather like Fig. 199, but broken at the angles, was found - with spear-heads and a socketed celt at Ty Mawr,[578] Anglesea. What - appears to be a chisel of this kind (4¾ inches long) was found near - Biggen Grange,[579] Derbyshire, and is in the Bateman Collection. - Another was found at Porkington,[580] Shropshire. - - A fragment of a tanged chisel was found with a large hoard of broad - spear-heads, &c., at Broadward, Shropshire. - - A remarkably small specimen from Thixendale, in the East Riding of - Yorkshire, is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, who has kindly - allowed me to engrave it as Fig. 195. The stop, instead of being as - usual a circular collar, consists of a bead on each face, so that in - the side view it appears as if an oval pin traversed the blade. - -[Illustration: Fig. 196.—Yattendon. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 197.—Broxton. ½] - - Nearly similar side-stops are to be observed in the chisel represented - in Fig. 196, which was found with two others (3¾ inches and 4½ inches) - in a hoard of bronze antiquities at Yattendon,[581] Berks, of which - I have given an account elsewhere. With the chisels were instruments - of the following forms, some in a fragmentary condition: flat celts, - palstaves, socketed celts, gouges, socketed and tanged knives, swords, - scabbard ends, spear-heads, and flat, conical, and annular pieces of - bronze. The other two chisels from this hoard were more like Fig. 194. - - A very large example of a chisel of this kind is shown in Fig. 197, - the original of which was kindly lent me by Sir Philip de M. Grey - Egerton, F.R.S. It was found in company with two looped palstaves - and a spear-head near Broxton, Cheshire, about twelve miles south of - Chester. - - An instrument of somewhat the same character, from Farley Heath, has - already been described at p. 69. - - A tanged chisel, 5 inches long, and without any stops or collar, was - found with other objects at Burgesses’ Meadow, Oxford, in 1830, and is - now in the Ashmolean Museum. - -This form of instrument occurs but rarely in Scotland; but what appears -to be a chisel of this kind is engraved by Wilson.[582] His figure is, -however, a mere diagram, without any scale attached, and the instrument -is described as an axe blade with a cross limb, or as a “spiked axe.” -Whatever its character, the original of the figure is said to have been -found with other bronze relics at Strachur, Argyleshire. - - An example of a chisel of elongated form is in the Antiquarian - Museum[583] at Edinburgh, but it is uncertain in what part of Scotland - it was found. By the kindness of the Council of the Society of - Antiquaries of Scotland it is shown as Fig. 198. - -[Illustration: Fig. 198.—Scotland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 199.—Ireland. ½] - -In Ireland they are much more common. There are thirteen specimens in -the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, as catalogued by the late Sir -William Wilde,[584] varying in length from 2½ to 6¼ inches. Some of -these Irish chisels, which approximate to flat celts in character, have -already been described in Chapter III. - - That which Wilde has given as his Fig. 395 is almost identical in - form with the chisel from Ireland in my own collection which is here - engraved as Fig. 199, though considerably longer altogether, and - somewhat longer proportionally in the tang. - - I have another example from Belaghey, County Antrim, which is 6⅜ - inches long, and much stouter in the tang and in the neck of the blade - than that here figured. It is only 1⅜ inches wide at the edge. - - Among those in the museum at Dublin is one which is decorated with - knobs round the collar. Two others are figured in “Horæ Ferales.”[585] - In the British Museum is one (4⅝ inches) with a well-marked collar. - Another, with the square tang broken off, has a loop at the side of - the round part of the blade, which is 2¼ inches long. This curious - specimen was found near Burrisokane, county Tipperary. - - Another chisel (4¾ inches) in the same collection has side-projections - only, like Fig. 195. - - Another (3¼ inches), with a well-developed collar, is engraved in the - _Archæological Journal_.[586] The form shades off into that of the - flat celts having projections at the sides. - - Others in the collection of Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A., resemble Fig. 196 - (4½ inches) and Fig. 197 (6 inches). The latter was found at Kanturk, - Co. Cork. - -Tanged chisels have been found, though not abundantly, in France. One -from Beauvais is in the museum at St. Germain. - -The socketed form of chisel is by no means common in this country; but -some instruments, probably intended for use as chisels, have already -been described among the socketed celts not provided with loops. These -are all comparatively broad at the cutting edge; but there is another -variety, with a narrow end, formed much like the modern engineer’s -“crosscut chisel,” some specimens of which will be now described. - -[Illustration: Fig. 200. Carlton Rode. ½] - -That shown in Fig. 200 is from the great find of Carlton Rode,[587] -Norfolk (1844), from which several specimens, including a tanged chisel -(Fig. 192) and a socketed celt without loop (Fig. 160), have already -been described; and some other forms, such as gouges and hammers, have -yet to be mentioned. The edge is only 3/16ths of an inch in width, and -the tool seems well adapted for cutting mortises. The idea of a mortise -and tenon must be of very early date, as a mere stake driven into the -ground supplies it in a rudimentary form; and tools let into sockets, -or having sockets to receive handles, afford instances of connections -of the same kind. In our modern mortising chisels the cutting edge, -instead of being in the middle of the blade, so as to have a V-shaped -section, is usually at the side, and presents an outline like the upper -part of a K, V. I have not met with this bevelled edge among bronze -chisels. - -On the side of this Carlton Rode chisel may be seen the mark of the -joint of the mould in which it was cast. The socket, as usual with -these tools, is circular. - - A bronze chisel of the same form, 3¾ inches long, was found at - Romford,[588] Essex, in company with socketed celts, palstaves, - fragments of swords, a broken spear-head, and lumps of metal. It has - already been figured. - - In the hoard found at Westow, Yorkshire, already mentioned, were two - or three socketed chisels. One of them, 2½ inches long, is engraved in - the _Archæological Journal_.[589] That which I have here engraved as - Fig. 201 is probably the same specimen. It is now in the collection - of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. Tanged chisels, gouges, and socketed celts - were found at the same time. - - [Illustration: Fig. 201. Westow. ½] - - [Illustration: Fig. 202. Heathery Burn. ½] - - In the same collection is a somewhat smaller chisel, the socket of - which is square instead of circular. This was found in the Heathery - Burn Cave, Durham, together with a number of objects, belonging to - the Bronze Period, of which further mention will be made hereafter. - Another, found at Roseberry Topping, Yorkshire, is now in the Bateman - Collection, at Sheffield. A small narrow-edged chisel was found in a - hoard at Meldreth, Cambridgeshire. - - I am not aware of any socketed chisels of the narrow form having been - found in Scotland. - - In Ireland they are rare, but in the collection of Mr. R. Day, F.S.A., - are a few specimens of undoubtedly chisel-like character. The broad - celt-like form has been described in a previous chapter. - - In France they are also far from common. There are, however, two in - the museum at Tours, found at the Chatellier d’Amboise. There is - also one in the museum at Narbonne.[590] They have been found in - Savoy,[591] Doubs,[592] and Jura.[593] - - Several have been found in the Lake-dwellings of Switzerland.[594] - One with a treble moulding round the mouth and a polygonal neck from - Mœrigen[595] exhibits much taste in its manufacture. - - A number of chisels both of the tanged and the socketed forms were - present in the great hoard of bronze objects discovered at Bologna. - - Socketed examples from Italy are in the museum at Copenhagen,[596] and - in the British Museum. - - I have some from Macarsca, Dalmatia, of which the sockets have been - formed by hammering out the metal and turning it over, instead of - being produced as usual, by means of a core in the casting. - - Socketed chisels from Emmen and Deurne, Holland, are in the - museum[597] at Leyden. - - From North Germany I may cite one (6⅛ inches) from Schlieben,[598] - which is in the Berlin Museum. - - Others are engraved by Lindenschmit,[599] Schreiber,[600] and - Lisch.[601] - - One from Kempten, Bavaria, is in the Sigmaringen Collection.[602] - - -[Illustration: Fig. 203. Carlton Rode. ½] - - -GOUGES. - -Closely allied to chisels are gouges, in which, the edge, instead -of being straight, is curved or hollowed, so that it is adapted for -working out rounded or oval holes. In some languages, indeed, the name -by which these tools are known is that of “hollow chisels.” It is an -early form of instrument, and a few specimens made of flint have been -found in this country, though they are here extremely rare, while, -on the contrary, they are very abundant in Denmark and the South of -Sweden. In the Scandinavian countries, however, bronze gouges are never -found; and though gouges of stone were not unknown in this country -during its Stone Period, their successors in bronze do not appear to -belong to the early part of the Bronze Period, but, on the contrary, -seem to be characteristic of its later phases. - -Of bronze gouges there are the same two varieties as of the ordinary -chisel, viz. the tanged and the socketed, of which the former is far -rarer than the latter. Indeed the only tanged gouge from Britain with -which I am acquainted is that from the Carlton Rode[603] hoard, already -so often mentioned, which is shown in Fig. 203. The original is in the -Norwich Museum, the trustees of which kindly allowed me to engrave -it. As will be seen, it is of remarkably narrow form, especially as -contrasted with the socketed gouge from the same hoard shown in Fig. -207. There was a broken tanged gouge in the great hoard of bronze -objects found at Bologna. - - Of English socketed gouges the most common form is that shown in Fig. - 204, from an original in the British Museum, which was found with a - spear-head (Fig. 391), socketed knife (Fig. 240), hammer (Fig. 210), - awl (Fig. 224), and two socketed celts, at Thorndon,[604] in Suffolk. - There were six gouges of the same character, but of different sizes, - in the hoard found at Westow,[605] Yorkshire, some of which have - been figured. Another (3½ inches) found with socketed celts and some - curious ornaments under a large stone at Roseberry Topping,[606] in - Cleveland, has also been figured. Another was found with socketed - celts and spear-heads at Exning,[607] in Suffolk. The cutting end of - another was associated with socketed celts in the hoard discovered - at Martlesham in the same county. Part of another was discovered, - with a socketed celt, fragments of blades, and rough copper, at - Melbourn,[608] Cambridgeshire. Another was found, with socketed celts, - spear-heads, and an armlet, within the encampment on Beacon Hill,[609] - Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. Another, with socketed celts, - spear-heads, &c., at Ebnall,[610] near Oswestry; and another (2½ - inches), with socketed celts, fragments of knives, a button or stud, - and lumps of metal, at Kensington.[611] This hoard is in the British - Museum. - -[Illustration: Fig. 204. Thorndon. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 205. Harty. ½] - - A gouge was found with four socketed celts and about 30 lbs. of - rough copper in an urn at Sittingbourne,[612] Kent. A plain gouge - formed part of the hoard found at Stanhope,[613] Durham. A remarkably - fine gouge, 4¼ inches long and nearly 1¼ inch wide at the edge, was - found, with spear-heads, socketed celts, part of a celt mould, and - lumps of metal, at Beddington,[614] Surrey. At Porkington,[615] - Shropshire, a gouge accompanied the tanged chisel lately mentioned. - In the hoard found at Guilsfield,[616] Montgomeryshire, there were - two gouges in company with looped palstaves, socketed celts, &c. In - my own collection are three socketed gouges, about 3½ inches long, - which form part of the hoard from Reach Fen, Cambridgeshire, in - which were socketed celts, socketed and tanged knives, and numerous - other objects. In some of the instances cited, as at Guilsfield and - Ebnall, the upper part of the socket is beaded instead of plain. - One of this kind from the Harty hoard already mentioned is shown in - Fig. 205. There were two such in the hoard, which comprised numerous - socketed celts and the moulds for them, and various tools of the - bronze-founder. There were also the two halves of a bronze mould for - such gouges which will subsequently be described. In the Museum of - the Cambridge Antiquarian Society is a gouge from Bottisham Lode (3 - inches) with a slight shoulder about ½ inch from the top of the blade, - the upper part of the neck being larger than the lower. One of three - found in the Heathery Burn Cave (2¾ inches) is also shouldered. Of the - other two (3⅜ inches and 3¼ inches) one is very slightly shouldered. - They are in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., as is also a - plain example (3¾ inches) from Scothorn, Lincolnshire. - - In the British Museum are the unfinished castings for two gouges, one - 2¾ inches long and fully ½ inch wide, and the other 3 inches long and - ⅜ inch wide at the edge, which in both is but slightly hollowed. They - were found with a socketed celt (Fig. 146) near Blandford, Dorset. The - longer one is of very white and hard bronze. - - [Illustration: Fig. 206. Undley. ½] - - [Illustration: Fig. 207. Carlton Rode. ½] - - [Illustration: Fig. 208. Tay. ½] - - Two gouges, one 3½ inches and the other broader, but only 2 inches - long, found with various other objects at Hounslow; as well as one - from the Thames at Battersea (4 inches), are in the same collection. - -Two gouges (3¼ inches and 5 inches) were found, with a hammer, a -spear-head, and a socketed celt with a loop on the face (Fig. 154), -near Whittlesea. The whole are in the museum at Wisbech. - -Two from Derbyshire are in the Blackmore Museum at Salisbury. - -A socketed gouge of unusually long proportions is shown in Fig. 206. -It was found at Undley, near Lakenheath, Suffolk, and is in my own -collection. In the Carlton Rode hoard were also two long gouges with -the hollow extending more nearly to the socket end. They are both -rather trumpet-mouthed. One of them is 4½ inches long and 9/16 inch -wide at the edge, the other 4⅛ inches long and ¾ inch wide. I have not -seen the originals, but describe them from a lithographed plate. - -The broad short gouge shown in Fig. 207 is also from Carlton Rode. -It is broken at the mouth of the socket, but I have, in the figure, -restored the part that is wanting. The original was lent me by the -trustees of the Norwich Museum. Another[617] from the same hoard, -about 3¼ inches long, has the groove, which is wide and rather flat, -extending only an inch upwards from the edge. - -Socketed gouges have been found, though very rarely, in Scotland. That -shown in Fig. 208, the cut of which has been kindly lent to me by -the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, was dredged up in the river -Tay.[618] This appears to be almost the only Scottish specimen at -present known. Professor Daniel Wilson[619] terms it “one of the rarest -of the implements of bronze hitherto found in Scotland;” but he adds -that other specimens have been met with in the Tay. - -In Ireland they are considerably more abundant, there being at least -twenty specimens in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, one of them -as much as 4½ inches long. - - One, much like Fig. 208, has been engraved by Wilde as Fig. 399. - Others are figured in the _Archæological Journal_[620] and “Horæ - Ferales.”[621] In one of these, 2½ inches long, the hollow is carried - up to the collar round the mouth as a square-ended recess. One gouge - appears to have been originally tanged. Several socketed gouges from - Ireland are in the British Museum. Mr. R. Day, F.S.A., has examples - from Mullingar and Derry, the latter with a collar at the top. They - occurred also in the Dowris hoard. A gouge[622] only 2½ inches long - and unusually broad has a small loop at the upper end of the concave - part. It is here engraved as Fig. 209, from the original in the Museum - of the Royal Irish Academy. This may be the specimen figured by - Vallancey.[623] I have a specimen like Fig. 208. /# - - [Illustration: Fig. 209.—Ireland. ½] - - #/ Socketed gouges are occasionally found in France. One, 4¼ inches - long, with two mouldings round the top, ornamented with faint diagonal - lines, was found with socketed celts and other implements in the - Commune de Pont-point[624] (Oise), near the river Oise, and is in - the Hotel Cluny, Paris. Others from the Hautes Alpes[625] and from - the Fonderie de Larnaud have been figured in Mr. Ernest Chantre’s - magnificent Album. - -There are three with moulded tops, from the hoard of Notre Dame d’Or, -in the Poitiers Museum. - -A fine gouge (about 5½ inches) with a moulded top is in the museum -at Clermont Ferrand (Puy de Dôme). A very fine French gouge of this -character is in the British Museum. - -I have a specimen much like Fig. 208 found in the Seine at Paris. -Others were in the hoard at Dreuil, near Amiens, and in a second hoard -also found near that town. - -Large gouges with moulded tops, from the Stations of Auvernier,[626] in -the Lake of Neuchâtel, and Mœrigen, in the Lake of Bienne, are in Dr. -Victor Gross’s collection. - -There was at least one socketed gouge in the great Bologna hoard. - -In Germany they are very rare, but one from the museum at Sigmaringen, -with a somewhat decorated socket, is engraved by Lindenschmit. It was -found at Kempten, Bavaria.[627] Others, from Düren and Deurne, North -Brabant, Holland, are in the museum at Leyden. - -A socketed gouge, with the edge turned to a sweep of about 1 inch -radius, is in the museum at Agram, Croatia. - -One from Siberia[628] has been figured by Worsaae. - - -HAMMERS AND ANVILS. - -Another form of tool constructed with a socket to receive the handle -in precisely the same manner as the socketed celts and gouges is -the hammer. It is worthy of notice that, though perforated hammers -formed of stone are comparatively abundant in this country, yet that -instruments of the same kind in bronze are unknown. It is true that -what looks like a perforated hammer, said to be of bronze, was found in -Newport, Lincoln, and is engraved in the _Archæological Journal_,[629] -but there is no evidence of its belonging to the same period as the -ordinary tools formed of bronze; and the suggestion that it may have -been the extremity of a bell-clapper is, I think, not far from the -truth. It is very probable that many of the perforated stone hammers -belong to the Bronze Period of this country, as do doubtless most of -the perforated stone battle-axes or axe-hammers; for in the early part -of the Bronze Period it is likely that metal was far too valuable to -be used for heavy tools and weapons, and even towards the close of the -period it seems as if it was only the lighter kind of hammers which -were formed of bronze. The heaviest I possess weighs only five ounces, -and the lightest less than half that weight. As will subsequently be -seen, it is possible that some of these instruments were of the nature -of anvils rather than of hammers, but for the present it will be most -convenient to speak of them under the latter name. - -The most common form of hammer is that which is shown in Fig. 210, from -an original in the British Museum found at Thorndon,[630] Suffolk, in -company with a spear-head, socketed gouge, socketed knife, and two -socketed celts. The two hammer-like instruments engraved as Figs. 211 -and 212 were found, with a number of socketed celts, moulds, &c.—in -fact the whole stock-in-trade of an ancient bronze-founder—in the Isle -of Harty, Sheppey, and are in my own collection. The larger of the -two shows a considerable amount of wear at the end, which is somewhat -“upset” by constant use. The smaller is more oxidized, so that the -marks of use are less easily recognised. The metal of which they are -formed seems to contain a larger admixture of tin than is usual with -the cutting tools; and I have noticed the same appearance in some other -instances, so that even in early times the singular fact must have -been known that by adding to copper the softer metal, tin, in a larger -proportion than the one-tenth usually employed for bronze, a much -harder metal resulted. At the present time the extremely hard alloy -used for the specula of reflecting telescopes is formed by an admixture -of about two parts of copper and one part of tin, the two soft metals -mixed in these proportions forming an alloy almost as hard as hardened -steel. - -[Illustration: Fig. 210.—Thorndon. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 211.—Harty. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 212.—Harty. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 213.—Carlton Rode. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 214.—Taunton. ½] - - In the Carlton Rode find, of which mention has already been frequently - made, was a hammer of much longer proportions than those from the Isle - of Harty. By the kindness of the trustees of the Norwich Museum I have - been able to engrave it as Fig. 213. It expands considerably at the - mouth. As will be seen, the end is “upset” by use. What appears to - be a hammer of much the same kind, but with the face still smaller, - was found with a hoard of bronze objects, including palstaves, - spear-heads, flat sickles, a torque, &c., at Taunton.[631] It is shown - in Fig. 214. - - A hammer somewhat larger in its dimensions than Fig. 211, but in - type more resembling Fig. 212, having no shoulder upon its body, was - found at Roseberry Topping,[632] in Cleveland, with a socketed celt, - a gouge, and other objects. Another broken hammer was found, with a - hoard of bronze objects, at Stanhope,[633] Durham. - - A small hammer (2¼ inches), found with gouges and other objects near - Whittlesea, is in the Wisbech Museum. - - Another with a circular socket was in the hoard found in Burgesses’ - Meadow, Oxford. - - A small one was found at Rugby,[634] and is in the possession of Mr. - M. H. Bloxam, F.S.A. I have one (3 inches) found near Cambridge. - -I am not aware of any examples having as yet been found in Scotland. - -In Ireland they are rare, but four “round-faced socketed punches,” -varying from 2 to 4 inches in length, are mentioned in Wilde’s -Catalogue. These are probably hammers. - - In the British Museum are also several Irish hammers, one of which is - shown full size in Fig. 215, for the use of which I am indebted to the - Council of the Society of Antiquaries.[635] It is cylindrical in form, - with two rings of projecting knobs around it. The end is circular - and slightly convex, and has a ridge across it, due to constant use. - Another, found, with trumpets, spear-heads, and numerous other bronze - relics, at Dowris,[636] King’s County, is shown in Fig. 216, also - lent me by the same Council. It is of a different type from any of - the others, expanding beyond the socket into a large flat blade. It - appears never to have been in use. Two other small Irish specimens, - one with a long oval face, are in the British Museum. I have a hammer - (2½ inches) much like Fig. 210, but with the shoulder nearer the - top, found with a socketed celt and some perforated and other rings, - near Trillick, Co. Tyrone. I have also an imperfect specimen with the - end expanded, but not to the same extent as Fig. 216. This was found - with a broken sword, spear-heads, and a socketed knife, on Bo Island, - Enniskillen, and was kindly procured for me by the Earl of Enniskillen. - -[Illustration: Fig. 215.—Ireland. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 216.—Dowris. 1/1] - - Socketed hammers have been found in several European countries. I have - two from France. One of them (3½ inches), like Fig. 212 in form, was - found, with a spear-head, a double-edged knife, some curved cutting - tools, and an anvil of bronze (Fig. 217), together with a large - torque and a plain bracelet of gold, at Fresné la Mère, near Falaise, - Calvados. The other (2 inches), stouter in its proportions and more - like Fig. 210, was found near Angerville, Seine et Oise. A short thick - hammer was found at Briatexte, Tarn.[637] - - An instrument in the British Museum, in form much like Fig. 216, found - at Vienne (Isère?), has only a small square hole in the socket, and - may have served as an anvil rather than as a hammer. A hammer also - with expanded end was found near Chalon,[638] and another in the - Valley of the Somme.[639] - - A cylindrical hammer or anvil was found in the hoard of the Jardin des - Plantes at Nantes.[640] - - Cylindrical hammers have been found among the Lake-dwellings of the - Lac du Bourget,[641] Savoy, one of them provided with a loop. M. - Rabut, of Chambéry, has a stone mould from the same lake for casting - such hammers. Another hammer-mould of stone was found at the Station - of Eaux Vives, near Geneva. - - In my own collection is one of these looped socketed hammers, nearly - square in section, from Auvernier, in the Lake of Neuchâtel. Others - from Swiss Lake-dwellings, both with and without loops, are engraved - by Keller. Professor Desor has a hammer expanding towards the end - from the Lake of Neuchâtel.[642] A hammer found at Mœrigen[643] - seems to have been formed from a portion of a looped palstave. The - Lake-dwellers frequently utilized such broken instruments. Another - hammer, from the Lake of Bienne,[644] is hexagonal in section, and - ornamented with reversed chevrons on its faces. - - They are occasionally found in Hungary. I have seen one ornamented - with chevrons in relief upon the sides. One with saltires on the - sides, and some fragments of others, were in the Bologna hoard. - - The object engraved by Madsen[645] as possibly the ferrule of a lance - may be a hammer of this kind. - - A solid bronze hammer (4½ inches), of oblong section, with two - projecting lugs on each side for securing the handle, found near - Przemysl, Poland, was exhibited at the Prehistoric Congress at Pesth. - It was found with a bronze spear-head, and is in the Museum of the - Academy of Sciences at Cracow. - -As to the manner in which these socketed hammers were mounted we have -no direct evidence. It seems probable, however, that many of them had -crooked hafts of the same character as those of the socketed celts. It -is worth notice that on some of the coins of Cunobeline[646] there is -a seated figure at work forging a hemispherical vase, and holding in -his hand a hammer which in profile is just like a narrow axe, the head -not projecting beyond the upper side of the handle. A seated figure -on a hitherto unpublished silver coin of Dubnovellaunus, a British -prince contemporary with Augustus, holds a similar hammer, or possibly -a hatchet, in his hand. But though when in use as hammers they were -mounted with crooked shafts, it is quite possible that some of these -instruments may have been fitted on to the end of straight stakes and -have served as anvils. The Rev. W. C. Lukis, F.S.A., informs me that -at the present day the peasants of Brittany make use of iron-tipped -stakes, which, when driven into the ground, form convenient anvils on -which to hammer out the edges of their sickles, and which have the -great advantage of being portable. Though such anvils are not, so far -as I am aware, any longer used in this country, traces of their having -been formerly employed appear to be preserved in our language, for a -small anvil to cut and punch upon, and on which to hammer cold work, is -still termed a “stake.” - -It is worthy of remark that an implement of the same kind as these -so-called socketed hammers, and made in the same manner, of a very hard -greyish alloy, was found in the cemetery at Hallstatt,[647] and was -regarded by the Baron von Sacken as a small anvil. A bronze file was -found with it. - -It is also to be observed that of the two hammer-like instruments found -together in the Harty hoard one is much larger than the other, and may -have formed the head of a stake or anvil, while the other served as a -hammer. Still, as a rule, a flat stone must have served as the anvil -in early times, as it does now among the native ironworkers of Africa, -and did till quite recently, for many of the country blacksmiths and -tinkers of Ireland.[648] Among Danish antiquities some carefully made -anvils of stone occur, but I am not certain as to the exact age to -which they should be assigned. - -[Illustration: Fig. 217.—Fresné la Mère. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 218.—Fresné la Mère. ½] - -Bronze anvils of the form now in use are of extremely rare occurrence -in any country. That figured by Sir William Wilde[649] appears to me to -be of more recent date than the Bronze Period, and I am not aware of -any other specimen having been found in the British Isles; but as it -is a form of tool which may eventually be discovered, it seems well to -call attention to it by engraving a French example. This anvil is shown -in two views, in Figs. 217 and 218. As will be seen, it is adapted for -being used in two positions, according as one or the other pointed -end is driven into the workman’s bench. In one position it presents -at the end two plane-surfaces, the one broad and the other narrow, -inclined to each other at an angle of about 120 degrees, so that their -junction forms a ridge. This part of the anvil has seen much service, -as there is a thick burr all round it, caused by the expansion of the -metal under repeated blows. On the projecting beak there are three -slight grooves gradually increasing in size, and apparently intended -for swages in which to draw out pins. In the other position the anvil -presents no smooth surface on which to hammer, but a succession of -swages of different forms—some half-round, some V-shaped, and some -W-shaped. There are also some oval recesses, as if for the heads of -pins. The metal of which the anvil is made appears to contain more tin -than the ordinary bronze, and therefore to be somewhat harder. On one -face is the mark of the runner ⅞ inch in diameter, which was broken off -after the tool was cast. - -This interesting tool was found with the hammer already mentioned, -a spear-head, a double-edged knife or razor, a knife with the end -bent round so as to present a gouge-like edge, and a large curved -cutting-tool of the same character (Fig. 247), all of bronze, at -Fresné la Mère, near Falaise, Calvados. With them was a magnificent -gold torque with recurved cylindrical ends, the twisted part being of -cruciform section; and a plain penannular ring or bracelet, formed from -what was a cylindrical rod. The whole find is now in my own collection. -It is not by any means improbable that this anvil was rather the tool -of a goldsmith of the Bronze Age than that of a mere bronze-worker. - - I have another anvil of about the same size, but thinner, which was - found in the Seine at Paris. It also can be mounted two ways, but in - each position it presents a nearly flat but somewhat inclined face, - and there are no swages in the beaks, one of which is conical and the - other nearly rectangular. - - M. Ernest Chantre has engraved two other specimens, somewhat differing - in form, but of much the same general character. They were found near - Chalon-sur-Saône and near Geneva.[650] The analysis of the metal of - one of them gives 16 parts of tin to 84 parts of copper. - - Another bronze anvil is in the museum at Amiens, and a fifth, also - from France, is in the British Museum. This has a flat projecting - ledge at the top, and at right angles a slightly tapering beak. An - anvil of the same kind, but without the beak, was found with other - objects near Amiens, and is now in the museum of that town. - - A small anvil without a beak, found at Auvernier,[651] in the Lake of - Neuchâtel, is in the collection of Dr. Gross. A square flat anvil, - somewhat dented on the face, formed part of the Bologna hoard. - - In my own collection is what appears to have been a larger anvil of - bronze, which was found, with other instruments of the same metal, at - Macarsca, Dalmatia. In form it is not unlike an ordinary hammer-head - about 5 inches long; but the eye through it appears to be too small - for it ever to have served to receive a haft of the ordinary kind, - though it probably held a handle by which to steady the tool when in - use. One end is nearly square and but slightly convex; the other is - oblong and rounded the narrow way. Both ends are much worn. On one - face and one side are rounded notches or swages. This tool has been - cast in an open mould, as one face presents the rough surface of the - molten metal, which contains a large proportion of tin. The other face - and the sides are fairly smooth. - - -SAWS AND FILES. - -While speaking of bronze tools, which up to the present time have -not been noticed in Britain, but which may probably be some day -discovered—if, indeed, they have not already been found—the saw must -not be forgotten. - - A fragment of what has been regarded as a rudely formed saw of bronze - was indeed found, with a sword and several celts, at Mawgan,[652] - Cornwall, and is now in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries. It - is 4 inches by ¾ inch, coarsely toothed, and the serrations appear to - have been cast. I am, however, rather doubtful whether it was really a - saw. - - Saws have been found both in Scandinavia and in France, in the latter - country in hoards apparently belonging to the later portion of the - Bronze Period. One from Ribiers,[653] Hautes Alpes, is about 5½ - inches long and ¾ inch broad, slightly curved, and with a rivet-hole - at one end for attachment to the handle. Two from the “Fonderie de - Larnaud,”[654] Jura, are nearly one-half smaller. There were five - specimens in that hoard, and M. Chantre enumerates sixteen altogether - from various parts of France and Switzerland. A fine specimen, with a - rivet-hole for the handle, was found at Mœrigen,[655] in the Lake of - Bienne. - - The Scandinavian[656] type is of much the same character, though some - are more sickle-like in shape, with the teeth on the inner sweep. - - A saw, found with celts, spear-heads, diadems, &c., at Lämmersdorf, - near Prenzlau, is in the Berlin Museum. A short one, with a rivet-hole - for the handle, found at Stade, is in that at Hanover. - - A saw of pure copper was found in some excavations of dwellings of - remote date at Santorin,[657] in the Grecian Archipelago, in company - with various instruments formed of obsidian. Some fragments of saws - occurred in the Bologna hoard. Part of one from Cyprus is in the - British Museum. A copper(?) saw from Niebla, Spain, 9 inches long, - also in the British Museum, has the teeth arranged to cut as it is - drawn towards the workman, and not when pushed away from him. - -The file is another tool of exceedingly rare occurrence in bronze, -though not absolutely unknown in deposits belonging to the close of the -Bronze Period. Sir William Wilde[658] mentions “a bronze circular file, -straight, like a modelling tool,” as being in the Museum of the Royal -Irish Academy, but I have not seen the original and am not confident as -to its age. A file[659] was, however, found in the great hoard of the -Fonderie de Larnaud, and another from the Lake-dwellings of the Lac du -Bourget is in the museum at Chambéry. - -[Illustration: Fig. 219. Heathery Burn. ¼] - -The early form of file is indeed much the same as that of a very broad -saw, the toothing being coarse and running at right angles across the -blade. In the cemetery at Hallstatt,[660] in Upper Austria, files of -this character were found, several in bronze and one in iron. The -bronze files are from 5 to 10 inches long, and some which are flat for -the greater part of their length are drawn down, for about 2 inches at -the end, into tapering round files. In the Bologna hoard were several -fragments of files, including one of a “half-round” file. - - -TONGS AND PUNCHES. - -From our greater acquaintance with the working of iron than with that -of bronze, there seems to us a sort of natural connection between -the anvil, hammer, and tongs. It must, however, be borne in mind -that bronze is a metal which instead of being, like iron, tough and -ductile, becomes “short” and fragile when heated, so that all the -hammering to which the tools and weapons of bronze were subjected in -order to planish their faces, or to draw out and harden their edges, -was probably administered to them when cold. At least one pair of -bronze tongs has, however, been found, which is shown in Fig. 219. This -instrument was discovered, with numerous other antiquities, in the cave -at Heathery Burn,[661] near Stanhope in Weardale, Durham, and is now -in the collection of Canon Greenwell. As half of a mould for socketed -celts and some waste runners of bronze were found, it is evident that -the practice of casting bronze was carried on in the cave, and these -tongs were probably part of the founder’s apparatus. Whether they were -used merely as fire-tongs, or for the purpose of lifting the crucible -or melting-pot, is a question. They appear, however, much too light to -be of service for the latter purpose. - -In the museum of the Louvre at Paris are some Egyptian tongs of bronze, -which are remarkably similar to those from Durham. A workman seated -before a small fireplace, holding a blowpipe to his mouth with one -hand and with a pair of tongs in the other, is shown in a painting at -Thebes, published by Sir Gardner Wilkinson.[662] - -What I have ventured to regard as another of the tools of the -bronze-founder is a kind of pointed punch or pricker, of which an -example is given in Fig. 220. This, as well as another which had lost -its point, was found, with socketed celts, gouges, moulds, &c., forming -the whole stock-in-trade of a bronze-founder, in the Isle of Harty, -Kent. It seems to have been furnished with a wooden handle, into which -the tang was driven as far as the projecting stop; and its purpose -appears to have been the extraction of the cores of burnt clay from out -of the sockets of the celts. - -[Illustration: Fig. 220.—Harty. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 221.—Reach Fen. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 222.—Ebnall. 1/1] - -That these sockets were formed over a core of clay inserted into the -mould is proved by numerous celts having been found with the cores -still in them. The heat of the melted metal was sufficient to convert -the clay into terracotta or brick, and in this condition the cores -have been preserved. Some force was necessary to extract such hardened -cores, and this could be well effected by driving in such a pointed -instrument as that here figured. If the two prickers from the Harty -hoard were originally of the same length, the broken one has lost a -portion from its end exactly corresponding in length with the depth -of the socket of the largest celts found with it; as if it had been -driven home through the burnt clay quite to the bottom of the socket, -and then had been broken off short at the mouth of the celt in the vain -endeavour to extract it. - -Some small punches, without any tang for insertion in a handle, were -found with socketed celts and numerous other objects in the hoard -from Reach Fen, already mentioned. One of these is shown in Fig. 221. -No moulds were discovered in this case; and though the hoard has all -the appearance of being the stock of an ancient bronze-founder, it -is possible that these shorter punches may here have been used for -some other purpose than that of extracting cores. The end of one is -sharp, that of the other presents a small oblong face. It is possible -that, like the instruments next to be described, these may have been -punches used in the decoration of other articles of bronze. Mr. H. -Prigg,[663] in his description of this hoard, has suggested such an -use. The large end of the punch shown in the figure bears no mark of -having been hammered; it may, however, have been struck with a wooden -mallet. Punches, more chisel-shaped at the point, appear to have been -in use for producing the incuse ornaments which occur on so many of -the flat and flanged celts. I am not aware of any tools which were -undoubtedly used for this purpose having been observed in Britain; but, -as I have already remarked, there were found at Ebnall,[664] Salop, -two short-edged tools, which may possibly be punches, and if so may -have been applied to this use. One of these is shown in Fig. 222, the -block for which has been kindly lent me by the Council of the Society -of Antiquaries. The other is described as of similar form but of rather -longer proportions. They were found in company with spear-heads, celts, -gouges, and broad dagger-blades; but it does not appear that any of -these were ornamented with punch-marked patterns. The tools may, -therefore, have been merely some kind of strong chisels, possibly used -for breaking off the jets and superfluous metal from the castings. The -thickness of the tool is rather greater than the cut would lead one to -imagine, being ½ inch. These two tools have been regarded as hammers, -or possibly weights. I have now spoken of them as punches, or possibly -chisels, but it may be that after all it was the broad end that was -destined for use, in which case they might be regarded as anvils. - -Whatever the purpose of these particular tools, there can be but little -doubt that punches were in use for the ornamentation of the flat faces -and the sides of celts; and it will be well to be on the look out -for such tools when hoards belonging to the ancient bronze-founders -are examined. For the most part, however, these seem to belong to a -period posterior to that of the ornamented flat celts, though decorated -spear-heads occur in them. - -Some of the punches from the Fonderie de Larnaud and from the -Lake-dwellings may have served for decorating other articles in bronze. - - -AWLS, DRILLS, OR PRICKERS. - -Allied to the pointed tools last described, but considerably smaller, -are the awls, drills, borers, or prickers of bronze which have so -frequently been found accompanying interments in barrows. No doubt such -instruments must have been in very extensive and general use; but it -is only under favourable conditions that such small pieces of metal -would be preserved, and when preserved it is only under conditions -equally favourable that they would attract the attention of an ordinary -labourer. It is, therefore, mainly to the barrow-digger that we are -indebted for our knowledge of these little instruments. Many belong -to a very early part of the Bronze Age, but the form continued in use -through the whole period. - -A somewhat detailed essay upon them has already appeared in the -_Archæologia_[665] in the late Dr. Thurnam’s admirable and exhaustive -paper on “Ancient British Barrows,” from which I am tempted largely to -borrow. I am also, through the kindness of the Council of the Society -of Antiquaries, enabled to make use of some of the woodcuts which -illustrate Dr. Thurnam’s paper. He distinguishes three types of these -instruments, which, as he points out, correspond to some extent with as -many types or varieties of the bronze celt. They are as follows:— - -I. That with a simply flattened end or tang for insertion into its -handle. - -II. That with a well-marked shoulder, where the stem and tang unite; -the object being to prevent its passing too far into the handle. - -III. That with a regular stop-ridge, or waist, almost as marked as that -in a carpenter’s awl, as distinguished from that of a shoemaker. - - One of the first type, from the Golden barrow at Upton Lovel, is - engraved by Hoare,[666] and is shown in Fig. 223. With it were two - cups, a necklace of amber beads, and a small bronze dagger. It is - almost the longest of those found by Sir R. Colt Hoare, which were - upwards of thirty in number. The only longer specimen was found in a - barrow near Lake,[667] and there also some beads and a bronze dagger - accompanied the interment. It is considerably thicker than Fig. 223, - and the tang for insertion in the handle is broader and flatter. A - smaller awl of the same character was found in a barrow on Upton Lovel - Down,[668] opened by Mr. Cunnington. In this instance there were two - interments in the same grave, and several flint celts and a perforated - stone battle-axe were found, as well as numerous instruments of bone, - and a necklace of beads of jet or lignite. - -[Illustration: Fig. 223. Upton Lovel. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 224. Thorndon. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 225. Butterwick. 1/1] - - An awl of this kind (3-1/10 inches) found, with a spear-head, - hammer, knife, and gouge of bronze, at Thorndon, Suffolk,[669] most of - them already described, is now in the British Museum, and is shown in - Fig. 224. - - Several such instruments, some of them not more than an inch in - length, were found by Canon Greenwell[670] in his exploration of - the Yorkshire barrows. In nine cases awls or prickers accompanied - interments of unburnt bodies, and in three cases they were found among - burnt bones. In most instances instruments of flint were found with - them. An aged woman in a barrow on Langton Wold[671] had three bronze - awls or prickers, as well as an assemblage of bone instruments, animal - teeth, marine shells, and other miscellaneous property, buried with - her. Dr. Thurnam regarded these as drills used with a bow, but I think - such an use is doubtful. Some of the awls from the Yorkshire barrows, - instead of being flattened at one end, are drawn down to a point at - both ends, leaving the middle of larger diameter so as to form a kind - of shoulder. These, I presume, are included under Dr. Thurnam’s Type - II. Sometimes this central part of the blade is square and sometimes - the tang is square, like that described by Stukeley[672] from a barrow - near Stonehenge as “a sharp bodkin round at one end, square at the - other where it went into a handle.” - - An awl, square at the centre, and round at each end in section, is - shown in Fig. 225. It was found by Canon Greenwell in a barrow at - Butterwick, Yorkshire, in company with the celt (Fig. 2), and other - objects. The point has unfortunately been broken off. - - A typical example of Dr. Thurnam’s second class from a barrow at - Bulford,[673] Wilts, is shown in Fig. 226. Another was found at - Beckhampton, and a small pricker of the same type was found with a - burnt interment at Storrington,[674] Sussex. Like those found by Sir - R. C. Hoare, this was regarded as the pin for fastening the cloth in - which the bones were collected from the funeral pyre. The fact of - several of them having been found still inserted in their hafts, as - will subsequently be seen, will suffice to prove that this view is - mistaken. - - Several awls pointed at both ends were found by the late Mr. Bateman - during his researches in the Derbyshire barrows. In Waggon Low[675] - at the right shoulder of a contracted skeleton were three instruments - of flint, and a small bronze awl 1½ inches long, tapering each way - from the middle, which is square. Another, pointed at each end, lay - with a drinking cup and a rude spear- or arrow-head of flint near the - shoulder of a youthful skeleton in a barrow near Minning Low.[676] - Another of the same kind was found in a barrow on Ilam Moor,[677] - Staffordshire. Another was found with calcined bones in a barrow in - Larks-Low,[678] Middleton. - -[Illustration: Fig. 226. Bulford. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 227. Winterbourn Stoke. ½] - - In several instances there were traces of a wooden handle, as was - the case with one, upwards of 3 inches long, which was found with a - flint spear-head, a double-edged axe of basaltic stone, and objects of - bone, among the calcined bones in a sepulchral urn from a barrow at - Throwley.[679] - - In a barrow at Haddon Field[680] there was a small drinking cup near - the back of a contracted skeleton, and beneath this an arrow-head of - flint, an instrument of stag’s-horn like a netting mesh, and a bronze - awl showing traces of its wooden handle. - - In another barrow near Gotam, Nottinghamshire,[681] there lay near the - thigh of a contracted skeleton a neatly chipped spear-head of flint, - and a small bronze pin which had been inserted into a wooden handle. - - In a barrow near Fimber,[682] Yorkshire, opened by Messrs. Mortimer, - there were found near the knee of a contracted female skeleton a - knife-like chipped flint and the point of a bronze pricker or awl. - With another female interment in the same barrow a bronze pricker was - found inserted in a short wooden haft. The Britoness in this instance - wore a necklace of jet discs with a triangular pendant of the same - material. - - A bronze pin, 1½ inches long, accompanied by a broken flint celt and - some arrow-heads and flakes of flint, together with calcined bones, - was found in an urn in Ravenshill barrow,[683] near Scarborough. - - In some of the Wiltshire barrows more perfectly preserved handles - have been found. One of these, copied from Hoare’s “Ancient - Wiltshire,”[684] is shown in Fig. 227. It was found in the King barrow - with what was probably a male skeleton buried in the hollowed trunk - of an elm tree. With it was a curious urn of burnt clay and two - bronze daggers, one near the breast and the other near the thigh. - The handle is described as being of ivory, but I think Dr. Thurnam - was right in regarding it as of bone. The awl in this instance is of - the third type, having a well-marked collar round it. Another of the - same character, but retaining only a small part of the haft, so that - the shoulder is better shown, was found with burnt bones in an urn - deposited in a barrow near Stonehenge.[685] No mention is made as to - the nature of the material of which the haft was formed. - - In the case of an awl of the first type, engraved by Dr. Thurnam, and - here reproduced as Fig. 228, the handle is of wood, but the kind of - wood is not mentioned. - -[Illustration: Fig. 228. Wiltshire. ½] - - One or two bronze or brass awls with square shoulders are in the - Museum of the Royal Irish Academy.[686] Several awls with their - original wooden handles have been found in the Lake-dwellings - of Savoy,[687] and others in hafts of stag’s-horn in the Swiss - Lake-dwellings. - -Whether the twisted pins from the Wiltshire barrows are of the nature -of gimlets, as suggested by Dr. Thurnam, is a difficult question. I -shall, however, prefer to treat of them as personal ornaments rather -than as tools. It is possible that they may to some extent have -combined the two functions. As to the instruments which I have been -describing being piercing tools or awls, there seems to be little -doubt; and Mr. Bateman can hardly have been far wrong in regarding -them as intended to pierce skins or leather. Though not curved like -the cobbler’s awl of the present day, they are probably early members -of the same family. In Scandinavia these instruments are of frequent -occurrence, sometimes being provided with ornamental handles also made -of bronze.[688] They are in that part of Europe often found in company -with tweezers and small knives of bronze, and all were probably used -together in sewing, the hole being bored by the awl and the thread -drawn through by the tweezers and, when necessary, cut with the knife. -Possibly the use of bristles as substitutes for needles dates back to -very early times. - -In one instance at least tweezers have been found in Britain in company -with objects apparently belonging to the Bronze Age, though no doubt to -a very late part of it. Those represented in Fig. 229 were discovered -near Llangwyllog,[689] Anglesea, together with a two-edged razor, a -bracelet, buttons, rings, &c., which are now in the British Museum. - -A more highly ornamented pair of tweezers, with a broad end, found -with a bone comb, a quern, spindle-whorls, &c., in a Picts’ house near -Kettleburn,[690] Caithness, belongs to a considerably later period. - -[Illustration: Fig. 229. Llangwyllog.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 230. Ireland.] - -The needles of bronze found in the British Isles do not as a rule -appear to belong to the Bronze Period, though some of those found -on the Continent seem to date back to that age. Two are engraved by -Wilde,[691] and there are altogether eighteen such articles in the -Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. A broken specimen (1¼ inch) from the -sand-hills near Glenluce,[692] Wigtonshire, has been figured. - -Another useful article anciently formed of bronze—though perhaps not, -strictly speaking, a tool—may as well be mentioned in this place; -I mean the fish-hook, of which, however, I am able to cite but one -example as having been found in the British Isles. This was found in -Ireland, and is shown in Fig. 230,[693] kindly lent by the Royal Irish -Academy. - -Fish-hooks of bronze have been found in considerable abundance on the -site of several of the Swiss Lake-dwellings; and it is not a little -remarkable that in form many of them are almost identical with the -steel fish-hooks of the present day. The barb, to prevent the fish from -struggling off the hook, is in most instances present, and double hooks -are occasionally found. The attachment to the line was, even in the -single hooks, frequently made by a loop or eye, formed by flattening -and turning back the upper part of the shank of the hook. Fish-hooks -were found in the Fonderie de Larnaud (Jura),[694] and in the hoard of -St. Pierre-en-Châtre (Oise). - -Such are the principal forms of tools and instruments of bronze found -in these islands. Some of them, such as the socketed gouges, hammers, -and chisels, can only belong to the latter part of the Bronze Period, -when the art of using cores in order to produce sockets or other hollow -recesses in castings was well known. Others, like the simple awls so -frequently found in company with instruments of flint in our barrows, -appear to extend from the commencement of the Bronze Age to its close. - -There still remains to be described a class of instruments in use by -the husbandman, and not by the warrior; and as the present chapter has -extended to such a length, it will be well to treat of these under a -separate heading. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -SICKLES. - - -SICKLES are the only undoubtedly agricultural implements in bronze with -which we are acquainted in this country. Already in the Stone Period -the cultivation of cereals for food appears to have been practised, and -I have elsewhere[695] pointed out a form of flint instrument which may -possibly have supplied the place of sickles or reaping hooks in those -early times. The rarity of bronze sickles in this country, as compared -with their abundance in some parts of Southern Europe, is, however, -somewhat striking, and may, perhaps, point to a considerably less -cultivation of grain crops in Britain than in countries with a warmer -climate, while the inhabitants were otherwise in much the same stage of -civilisation. - -The traditions of the use of bronze sickles survived to a -comparatively late period in Greece and Italy, and Medea is described -by Sophocles[696] as cutting her magic herbs with such instruments -(Χαλκέοισιν ἤμα δρεπάνοις τομάς), and by Ovid[697] as doing it -“curvamine falcis ahenæ.” Elissa is by Virgil[698] represented as using -a bronze sickle for similar purposes— - - “Falcibus et messæ ad lunam quæruntur aënis - Pubentes herbæ nigri cum lacte veneni.” - -When bronze sickles were used for reaping corn it seems to have been a -common custom merely to cut the ears of corn from off the straw, after -the manner of the Gaulish reaping machine described by Pliny,[699] and -not to cut and carry away straw and ear together from the field. This -practice will probably account for the small size of the sickles which -have come down to us, unless we are to reverse the argument, and derive -the custom of cutting off the ears only from the diminutive size of -the instruments employed for reaping. - -Bronze sickles were hafted in different ways, sometimes being fastened -to the handle by a pin, either attached to the stem of the blade or -passing through a hole in it, combined with some system of binding; and -sometimes being provided with a socket into which the haft was driven, -and then secured by a transverse pin or rivet. - -The sickles with a socket to receive the handle appear to be peculiar -to Britain and the North of France. The other form occurs over the -greater part of Europe, including Scandinavia, and the blades, as has -been observed by Dr. Keller, are always adapted for use in the right -hand. Dr. Gross, of Neuveville, on the Lake of Bienne, has been so -fortunate as to discover at Mœrigen, the site of one of the ancient -pile-villages on the lake, two or three handles for sickles of this -kind. A figure showing three views of one of these handles has been -published by the Royal Archæological Institute,[700] and is here by -permission reproduced as Fig. 231. This handle is formed of yew, -curiously carved so as to receive the thumb and fingers, and has a -flat place at the end against which the blade was fastened. In this -place there are two grooves to receive the slightly projecting ribs -with which the stem of the sickle-blade is usually strengthened. Dr. -Keller[701] has suggested that the blade of the sickle was made fast to -the handle by means of a kind of ferrule which passed over it, and was -secured in its place by two pins or nails. - -The end of the handle forms a ridge, through which are two holes -that would admit a small cord for the suspension of the sickle, and -thus prevent its being lost either on land or water. We find this -sailor-like habit prevailing among the Lake-dwellers in the case of -their flint knives also, the handles of which were often perforated. - -There is a remarkable resemblance in character between this handle and -some of those in use among the Esquimaux[702] for their planes and -knives, which are recessed in the same manner for the reception of the -fingers and the thumb. - -Some iron sickles, of nearly the same form as those in bronze with -the flat stem, were present in the great Danish find of the Early -Iron Age at Vimose,[703] described by Mr. C. Engelhardt. The chord -of the curved blades is from 6 to 7 inches in length, and one of the -instruments still retained its original wooden handle. This is between -9 and 10 inches long, and is curved at the part intended to receive the -hand. The end is conical, like the head of a screw, and is evidently -thus made in order to give a secure hold to the reaper when drawing the -sickle towards him. Sickles with nearly similar handles were in use in -Smaaland,[704] in the South of Sweden, until recent days. - -[Illustration: Fig. 231.—Three views of a handle for a sickle, -Mœrigen.] - -Of sickles without a socket but few have been found in Britain, and -those mostly in our Western Counties. In a remarkable hoard found in a -turbary at Edington Burtle,[705] near Glastonbury, Somersetshire, were -four of these flat sickles. One of these had never been finished, but -had been left rough as it came from the mould, into which the metal had -been run through a channel near the point of the sickle. A projection -still marks the place where the jet was broken off. As will be seen -from Fig. 232, this blade is provided with two projecting pins for -the purpose of attaching it to the handle. In this respect it differs -from the sickles of the ordinary continental type, which, when of this -character, have usually but a single knob. - -[Illustration: Fig. 232.—Edington Burtle. ½] - -Another of the Edington sickles with a single projection is shown in -Fig. 233. This blade is more highly ornamented, and has a rib along the -middle in addition to that along the back, no doubt for the purpose of -increasing stiffness while diminishing weight. Of the other two sickles -found at Edington, one is imperfect and the other much worn. Both are -provided with the two projecting pins. - -[Illustration: Fig. 233.—Edington Burtle. ½] - -Two other sickles found on Sparkford Hill,[706] also in Somersetshire, -present the same peculiarity. One of these much resembles Fig. 233, -though nearly straight along the back. The other is flat on both faces. -Each has lost its point. A chisel-like tool was found with them. - -With the Edington sickles were found a broad fluted penannular -armlet and what may have been a finger-ring of the same pattern, a -plain penannular armlet of square section, part of a light funicular -torque like Fig. 467, part of a ribbon torque like Fig. 469, and four -penannular rings, some of them apparently made from fragments of -torques. - -Two other sickles of the same character, each with two projecting pins, -were found in Taunton[707] itself in association with twelve palstaves, -a socketed celt, a hammer (Fig. 214), a fragment of a spear-head, a -double-edged knife, a funicular torque (Fig. 468), a pin (Fig. 451), -some fragments of other pins, and several penannular rings of various -sizes. - -[Illustration: Fig. 234.—Thames. ½] - -All the objects found at Edington, Sparkford Hill, and Taunton are now -in the museum in Taunton Castle. - -A thinner form of flat sickle, if such it be, has been found in Kent. -Among a number of bronze objects which were discovered at Marden,[708] -near Staplehurst, there is a slightly curved blade with a rivet at one -end, which appears to present a sickle-like character. I have not seen -the original, and as it is described as a knife-blade it may prove to -have been one, or possibly, what is of far rarer occurrence, a saw. - -Of socketed sickles a few have at different times been dredged up from -the Thames. One of these, found in 1859, is in my own collection, and -is shown in Fig. 234. The blade, which is almost as sharp at the back -as at the edge, is not quite central with the socket, but so placed as -to make the instrument better adapted for use in the right hand than in -the left. The socket tapers considerably, and is closed at the end. - - In another sickle found in the Thames, near Bray, Berks[709] (Fig. - 235), the socket dies into the blade instead of forming a distinct - feature. A third, found near Windsor, and engraved in the _Proceedings - of the Society of Antiquaries_,[710] closely resembles Fig. 234, but - the end of the socket, instead of being closed, is open. The blade of - this also is sharp on both edges. - - One from Stretham Fen, in the Museum of the Cambridge Antiquarian - Society (about 5½ inches), is of the same character. It has two - rivet-holes in the socket. Another from Downham Fen (5¾ inches) is - sharp on both edges. - -[Illustration: Fig. 235.—Near Bray. ½] - - In the Norwich Museum is a sickle of somewhat the same character - as Fig. 235, but the socket instead of being oval is oblong, and - is placed at a less angle to the blade, which in this case also is - double-edged. The socket is 11/16 by 7/16 inch, and has one rivet-hole - through it. The curved knife from Wicken Fen, to be described in the - next chapter, much resembles this Norwich example in outline. Another - sickle from Norfolk[711] was exhibited to the Archæological Institute - in 1851. Mr. Franks has shown me a sketch of another found at Dereham - which has the external edge of the blade extending across the end of - the socket. Both edges of the blade are sharp. - - But few sickles have been found in Scotland. That shown in Fig. 236 - was found in the Tay,[712] near Errol, Perthshire, in 1840, and has - been described by Dr. J. Alexander Smith. The block, which has been - kindly lent me by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, is engraved - on the scale of two-thirds linear, instead of my usual scale of - one-half. The main difference between this specimen and mine from the - Thames (Fig. 234) consists in the blade being fluted. Another more - rudely made sickle, found at Edengerach,[713] Premnay, Aberdeenshire, - has also been engraved. This has a single central rib along the blade - and no rivet-hole through the socket. Perhaps it is an unfinished - casting. - -[Illustration: Fig. 236.—Near Errol, Perthshire. ⅔] - - In Sinclair’s “Statistical Account of Scotland”[714] it is stated that - an instrument of this class was found at Ledbeg, Sutherlandshire, and - was pronounced by the Earl of Bristol, then Bishop of Derry, to whom - it was presented, to be a Druidical pruning hook similar to several - found in England. - -In Ireland these instruments are much more abundant. Eleven specimens -are mentioned by Wilde[715] as being in the Museum of the Royal Irish -Academy, and there are three in the British Museum, as well as one in -that at Edinburgh. - -[Illustration: Fig. 237.—Garvagh, Derry. ½] - - That engraved as Fig. 237 is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, - F.R.S., and was found at Garvagh, county Derry. The blade is fluted - somewhat like that of the Tay specimen. In one of those engraved - by Wilde (Fig. 405) it is more highly ornamented. In another the - socket is not closed at the end, but resembles that of the Windsor - example already mentioned. This appears to be the one engraved by - Vallancey[716] who observes that it was “called by the Irish a - Seare,” and that it was used “to cut herbs, acorns, misletoe, &c.” In - another[717] the blade forms a direct continuation of the socket as - in Fig. 238, which is engraved from a specimen in the British Museum, - found near Athlone, county Westmeath. - - Vallancey, in his “Collectanea,” has figured another. In the - collection of Mr. J. Holmes is another example of this type. Another - sickle of the same character as Fig. 237, found near Ballygawley,[718] - Tyrone, has also been figured. This specimen is among those in the - British Museum. - - A socketed sickle, double-edged, and with a concavity on each side at - the angle between the blade and the socket so deep as to meet and form - a hole, was found in Alderney, and is engraved in the _Archæological - Association Journal_.[719] With it were found socketed celts, - spear-heads, and broken swords and daggers. This may be regarded as a - French rather than an English example. - -[Illustration: Fig. 238.—Athlone. ½] - - In my own collection is another, from the Seine at Paris, about 7 - inches in length along the outer edge of the blade, which extends - past the end of the socket. This still contains a part of the wooden - handle, which has been secured in its place by two rivets, apparently - of bronze. In general outline this sickle is much like Fig. 234, but - the blade is narrower and more curved and the socket more flattened. - In the museum at Amiens is another sickle, in form closely resembling - Fig. 234, but with a loop at the back of the socket. M. Chantre in his - magnificent work, “L’Age du Bronze,” does not specify this socketed - type, though he divides the form without socket into five different - varieties. The socketed form appears to be quite unknown in the South - of France, as it also is in Switzerland. - -These three are the only instances I can cite of socketed sickles -having been found outside the British Isles, so that this type of -instrument appears to be peculiarly our own. The existence of a socket -shows that the form does not belong to an early period in the Bronze -Age, and the same is to be inferred from the character of the other -bronze objects with which the Alderney sickle was found associated. - -Inasmuch as the continental forms are as a rule different from the -British, and as they are, moreover, well known, it will suffice -to indicate some few of the works in which descriptions of them -will be found. Some from Camenz, in Saxony, have been engraved in -illustration of a paper by myself in the _Proceedings of the Society of -Antiquaries_.[720] - -Others from Germany, some of which are said to have Roman numerals upon -them, have been figured by Lindenschmit.[721] - -Examples from Italy have been given by Strobel,[722] Gastaldi,[723] -Lindenschmit,[724] and others. - -They have been found in great abundance in some of the settlements -on the lakes of Switzerland and Savoy. It has been thought that the -Lake-dwellers did not cut off merely the ears of their corn,[725] but -“that the straw was taken with it, otherwise there would not have been -the seeds of so many weeds in the corn.” Diodorus Siculus, however, who -wrote in the first century B.C., tells us distinctly that the Britons -gathered in their harvest by cutting off the ears of corn and storing -them in subterraneous repositories. From these they picked the oldest -day by day for their food. Whether for threshing they made use of the -_tribulum_,[726] that “sharp threshing instrument having teeth,” before -Roman times, is doubtful; but that so primitive an instrument, armed -with flakes of flint or other stone, should have remained in use in -some Mediterranean countries until the present day, is a remarkable -instance of the power of survival of ancient customs. Such an -instance of persistence in a primitive form much reduces the extreme -improbability of the use of bronze sickles in Germany having lasted -until a time when Roman numerals might appear upon them. If every St. -Andrew’s cross and every straight line found upon ancient instruments -is to be regarded as a Roman numeral, and the objects bearing them are -to be referred to Roman times as their earliest possible date, the -range of Roman antiquities will be much enlarged, and will be found -to contain, among other objects, a large number of the bronze knives -from the Swiss Lake-dwellings; for one of the most common ornaments on -the backs of these knives consists of a repetition of the pattern -XIIIIIXIIIIIXIIIII. - -Even were it proved that in some part of Europe the use of bronze -sickles survived to so late a date as supposed by Dr. Lindenschmit, -their great scarcity in the British Isles affords a conclusive argument -against their being assigned to the period of the Roman occupation, of -which other remains have come down to us in such abundance. - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - -KNIVES, RAZORS, ETC. - - -IT is a question whether, if in this work strict regard had been paid -to the development of different forms of cutting implements, the knife -ought not to have occupied the first place, rather than the hatchet or -celt; for when bronze was first employed for cutting purposes it was no -doubt extremely scarce, and would therefore hardly have been available -for any but the smaller kinds of tools and weapons. - -[Illustration: Fig. 239.—Wicken Fen. ½] - -Both hatchets and knives, or rather knife-daggers, have been found with -interments in barrows; but it seems better to include the majority of -the latter class of instruments, which appear to occupy an intermediate -place between tools and weapons, in the next chapter, which treats of -daggers; rather than in this, which will be devoted to what appear to -be forms of tools and implements. Some of these, however, like the -celt or hatchet, may have been equally available both for peaceful and -warlike uses; and though I have to some extent tried to keep tools and -weapons under different headings, it appears impossible completely to -carry out any such system of arrangement. Nor in treating of what I -have regarded as knives does it seem convenient first to describe what -appear to be the simpler and older forms, inasmuch as there are other -forms which in all respects except the shape of the blade so closely -resemble some of the socketed sickles described in the last chapter, -that they seem almost of necessity to follow immediately in order. The -first instrument which I shall cite has sometimes indeed been regarded -as a sickle, though it is more properly speaking a curved knife. - -[Illustration: Fig. 240.—Thorndon. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 241.—Reach Fen. ½] - - It was found in Wicken Fen, and is now in the Museum of the Cambridge - Antiquarian Society, the Council of which has kindly permitted me to - engrave it as Fig. 239. It has already been figured, but not quite - accurately, in the _Archæological Journal_,[727] the rib at the back - of the blade being omitted. I am not aware of any other example of - this form of knife having been found in the United Kingdom, but a - double-edged socketed knife with a curved blade, found in Ireland, is - in the Bateman Collection. - -The ordinary form of socketed knife has a straight double-edged blade, -extending from an oval or oblong socket, pierced by one or two holes, -through which rivets or pins could pass to secure the haft. These holes -are usually at right angles to the axis of the blade, but sometimes in -the same plane with it. - - Fig. 240 shows a knife with two rivet-holes, which was found at - Thorndon, Suffolk, together with socketed celts, a spear-head, hammer, - gouge, and an awl, several of which have been figured in preceding - pages. Another (9 inches long), much like Fig. 240, but with the - sides of the socket flat, and the blade more fluted, was found in the - Thames, and is engraved in the _Archæological Journal._[728] Another, - of much the same size and general character, formed part of a hoard of - bronze objects found in Reach Fen, near Burwell, of which mention has - already frequently been made. It is in my own collection, and is shown - in Fig. 241. I have another, 6½ inches long, found in Edmonton Marsh. - - A fine blade of this kind, with two rivet-holes in the hilt (14½ - inches), was found in the New Forest, Glamorganshire, and was formerly - in the Meyrick Collection.[729] It is now in the British Museum. The - blade has shallow flutings parallel with the edges. - - A socketed knife of this kind (4½ inches) was found by General A. Pitt - Rivers, F.R.S., in a pit at the foot of the interior slope of the - rampart of Highdown Camp,[730] near Worthing, Sussex. It may possibly - have accompanied a funereal deposit. - - In some instances the two rivet-holes run lengthways of the oval - of the socket. One such, discovered with other objects at Lanant, - Cornwall (8¼ inches), is engraved in the _Archæologia_.[731] It is now - in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries. One like it was found on - Holyhead Mountain,[732] Anglesea, and is now in the British Museum. - - A fragment of a knife of this kind is in the museum at Amiens, and - formed part of a hoard found near that town. It has a beading at the - mouth of the socket, and also one about midway between the rivet-holes. - -[Illustration: Fig. 242.—Heathery Burn Cave. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 243.—Kilgraston, Perthshire. ½] - -Commonly there is but a single hole through the socket, especially in -the smaller specimens. That shown in Fig. 242 is of this kind, but -presents the remarkable feature of having upon each face of the socket -six small projecting bosses simulating rivet-heads. It was found in the -Heathery Burn Cave,[733] Durham, with socketed celts, spear-heads, and -numerous other articles. Another from the same cave (5⅛ inches) with a -plain and rather larger socket is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S. - - Of other specimens, but without the small bosses, the following may - be mentioned:—One (6½ inches long) found with socketed celts, part - of a sword blade, and a gouge, at Martlesham, Suffolk, and in the - possession of Captain Brooke, of Ufford Hall. Two found in the Thames - near Wallingford.[734] Another (5⅜ inches), from the same source, in - my own collection. This was found with a socketed celt, gouge, chisel, - and razor (Fig. 269). One from Llandysilio, Denbighshire, found with - socketed celts and a spear-head, is in Canon Greenwell’s collection. A - knife of this kind was among the relics found above the stalagmite in - Kent’s Cavern, near Torquay. - - I have a knife of this character (4¾ inches), but with the rivet-hole - in a line with the edges of the blade, found in Dorsetshire. - -In Scotland the socketed form of knife is very rare. - - That shown in Fig. 243 was found at Kilgraston, Perthshire, and is in - the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. It has a central rib along - the blade and two shorter lateral ribs, and in some respects has more - the appearance of being a spear-head than a knife. - - Another, with the rivet-hole in the same plane as the blade, was found - near Campbelton, Argyleshire, and has been engraved as a spear-head - by Professor Daniel Wilson.[735] The discovery of a blade having its - original handle, as subsequently mentioned, proves, however, that some - of these are rightly regarded as knives, though another form (Fig. - 328) has more the appearance of being a spear-head. The curved knife - with a socket, figured by the same author,[736] can hardly, I think, - be Scottish. - -[Illustration: Fig. 244.—Kells. ½] - -In Ireland the socketed form of knife is more abundant than in either -England or Scotland. No less than thirty-three such knives[737] are -recorded by Sir W. Wilde, as preserved in the Museum of the Royal Irish -Academy, of five of which he gives figures. Many specimens also exist -in private collections. - - That shown in Fig. 244 is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, - F.R.S., and was found at Kells, Co. Meath. As will be observed, the - blade is at the base somewhat wider than the socket. The indented - lines upon it appear to have been produced in the casting, and not - added by any subsequent process. A knife of the same kind, found in - the Bog of Aughrane, near Athleague, Co. Galway, is still attached to - the original handle, which, like many of those of the flint knives - found in the Swiss Lake-dwellings, is formed of yew. It has been - several times figured.[738] - - I have a specimen of the same character, but in outline more like Fig. - 240, 6 inches long, from the North of Ireland. - - A knife of this kind, found in a hoard at St. Genouph, is in the - Tours Museum. - -In some instances the junction between the blade and the socket is -made to resemble that between the hilt and blade of some of the bronze -swords and daggers, such as Figs. 291 and 349. - - The example shown in Fig. 245 is in my own collection. I do not, - however, know in what part of Ireland it was found. The rivet-hole is - at the side, and not on the face, in which, however, there is a slight - flaw, which assumes the appearance of a hole in the figure. In Canon - Greenwell’s collection is a nearly similar specimen (10¾ inches), - found at Balteragh, Co. Derry, with two rivet-holes at the side and - the socket somewhat ornamented by parallel grooves at the mouth and at - the junction with the blade. - -[Illustration: Fig. 245.—Ireland. ½] - - One of the socketed knives in the Academy Museum at Dublin has two - rivet-holes on the face. Of the others, about two-thirds have a single - rivet-hole on the face, and the other third one on the side. - - A long blade, somewhat differing in its details from Fig. 245, was - found between Lurgan and Moira, Co. Down, and, it is stated, in - company with the bronze hilt or pommel shown in Fig. 246. These - objects formed part of the Wilshe Collection, and are now in the - Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. Two objects, somewhat similar to - Fig. 246, found with spear-heads in Cambridgeshire, will subsequently - be mentioned. A piece of bronze of much the same form, found with a - hoard of bronze objects at Marden,[739] in Kent, seems to be a jet or - waste piece from a casting. It has, however, been regarded as part of - a fibula. - - The socketed form of knife is hardly known upon the Continent, - though, as will have been observed, it has occasionally been found - in the North of France. Among the fragments of metal forming part of - the deposit of an ancient bronze-founder, and discovered at Dreuil, - near Amiens, I have the fragments of two such knives. I have also a - fine and entire specimen, 9¼ inches long, from the bed of the Seine - at Charenton, near Paris. There is a transverse rib at each end - and in the middle of the socket, through the face of which are two - rivet-holes. A portion of the original wooden handle is still in the - socket, secured in its place by two pins, also apparently of wood, - which pass through the rivet-holes. Another knife (6⅝ inches), like - Fig. 241, but with only one rivet-hole, was also found in the Seine at - Paris, and is now in my collection. - - Several socketed knives with curved blades have been found in the - Swiss Lake-dwellings, and one such, found with the sickle already - mentioned, is in the Amiens Museum. - -There is another form of socketed knife which it will be well here to -mention. The blade is sharp on both sides, but instead of being flat it -is curved into a semicircle. For a typical example I am obliged to have -recourse to a French specimen. - - That shown in Fig. 247 is in my own collection, and was found with - a gold torque and bracelet, a bronze anvil (Fig. 217), and other - objects, at Fresné la Mère, near Falaise, Calvados. It seems well - adapted for working out hollows in wood. With it was found a small, - tanged, single-edged knife, the end of which is bent to a smaller - curve. - -[Illustration: Fig. 246.—Moira. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 247.—Fresné la Mère. ½] - - An instrument of much the same character (4 inches) was found, with a - bronze sword, spear-heads, &c., in the Island of Skye, and is now in - the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. As Professor Daniel Wilson[740] - observes, “in general appearance it resembles a bent spear-head, but - it has a raised central ridge on the inside, while it is nearly plain - and smooth on the outer side.—The most probable use for which it has - been designed would seem to be for scraping out the interior of canoes - and other large vessels made from the trunk of the oak.” It is shown - as Fig. 248. Another instrument of the same kind (4½ inches), found at - Wester Ord, Invergordon, Ross-shire, is engraved in the _Proceedings - of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_,[741] and is here by their - permission reproduced as Fig. 249. - -[Illustration: Fig. 248.—Skye. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 249.—Wester Ord. ½] - - It seems by no means improbable that such instruments may have been - mistaken for bent spear-heads, and that they are not quite so rare as - would at present appear. - - Two specimens of the socketed form have been found in the Lake - settlement of the Eaux Vives, near Geneva, and are now in the museum - of that town. Another, with a tang, is in the collection of M. Forel, - of Morges, and was found among the pile-dwellings near that place. - -[Illustration: Fig. 250.—Reach Fen. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 251.—Reach Fen. ½] - - A fragment of what appears to have been one of these curved knives, - but with a solid handle, and not a socket, was found with gouges and - various fragments at Hounslow, and is now in the British Museum. - - What seems to be a tanged curved knife of this kind formed part of the - great Bologna hoard. - -Another form of knife, which appears to be intermediate between those -with sockets and those with merely a flat tang, is shown in Fig. 250. -In this there are loops extending across the blade on either side, -which would receive the ends of the two pieces of wood or horn destined -to form the handle, so that a single rivet sufficed to bind them and -the blade between them firmly together. - - The original was found in Reach Fen, Cambridgeshire, and is now in my - own collection. The blade has the appearance of having been originally - longer, but of being now worn away by use. I know of no other specimen - of the kind. The power to cast such loops upon the blade is a proof of - no ordinary skill in the founder. - - A palstave with a loop of this kind instead of a stop or side-flanges - was found at Donsard,[742] Haute Savoie. - -Another form of knife or dagger has merely a flat tang, in some cases -provided with rivets by which it could be fastened to a handle, in -others without rivets, as if it had been simply driven into a handle. - - The blade shown in Fig. 251 was found in the same hoard as that - engraved as Fig. 241. The rivets are fast attached to the blade, and - the handle through which they passed was probably of some perishable - material, such as wood, horn, or bone. - - Another blade (5¼ inches), with a broad tang and two rivet-holes, was - found in the Thames.[743] - - In the British Museum is a knife much like the figure, 8 inches long, - and showing three facets on the blade, found in the Thames at Kingston. - -The knife-blades with broad tangs, which were not riveted to their -handles, were in some instances provided with a central ridge upon the -tang, which served to steady them in their handles, and in others the -stem or tang was left plain. - - One of the former class, from the Heathery Burn Cave, is shown in Fig. - 252. It is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. - - An imperfect knife of the same kind, found in Yorkshire, is in the - Scarborough Museum. - - Another, with the edges more ogival, like Fig. 241, was found in the - neighbourhood of Nottingham,[744] with socketed celts and numerous - other objects in bronze. - - Another, broader at the base and more like a dagger in character, was - found with various other articles at Marden,[745] Kent. - - More leaf-shaped and sharply pointed blades of this kind, probably - daggers rather than knives, have been often found in Ireland. One[746] - (10½ inches) has been figured by Wilde. Another was in the Dowris - hoard. - - In the Isle of Harty hoard, already more than once cited, was a knife - with a plain tang, shown in Fig. 253. It has rather the appearance of - having been made from the point of a broken sword, as the edges of the - tang have been “upset” by hammering. The blade itself is now narrower - than the tang, the result probably of much wear and use. - - The end of a broken sword in the Dowris hoard has been converted - into a knife in a similar manner. In the collection of the late Lord - Braybrooke is what appears to be part of a tanged knife, sharpened at - the broken end so as to form a chisel. - - In the Reach Fen hoard was a knife (4⅛ inches) of much the same - character, but not so broad in the tang. - - A flat blade with a tang for insertion in a haft must have been a very - early form of metal tool. Among the Assyrian relics from Tel Sifr, in - South Babylonia, such blades were found, of which there are examples - in the British Museum. - - Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., has two leaf-shaped blades of copper, with - tangs set in handles of bone rather longer than the blades, which were - lately in use among the Esquimaux. In form they resemble Fig. 257. - -It will now be well to mention some of the other Irish specimens of -this class. - - The knives with the projecting rib upon the tang are by no means - uncommon, and there are several in the Museum of the Royal Irish - Academy and elsewhere. Canon Greenwell has one (6⅜ inches) from - Ballynascreen, Co. Tyrone, much like that from the Heathery Burn Cave - (Fig. 252). - -[Illustration: Fig. 252.—Heathery Burn Cave. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 253.—Harty. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 254.—Ireland. ½] - - The knife or dagger with a plain tang and an ornamented blade engraved - as Fig. 254 is in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. Another, - simply ridged and with a single rivet-hole in the tang, found at - Craigs,[747] Co. Antrim, is in the collection of Mr. R. Day, F.S.A. - It is less round-ended than the blade with a central rib along it - and one rivet-hole in the tang, shown in Fig. 255. This is in my own - collection, and was found at Ballyclare, Co. Antrim. - - A mould for blades of this character will subsequently be mentioned. - - Another form of knife, unless possibly it was intended for a - lance-head, is shown in Fig. 256. This specimen is also from the Reach - Fen hoard, but is of yellower metal and differently patinated from the - objects found with it. Canon Greenwell has a knife of the same form - (4¾ inches), found at Seamer Carr, Yorkshire. Another, smaller (3⅜ - inches), is in the British Museum, but its place of finding is not - known. A nearly similar blade, found near Ballycastle, Co. Antrim, is - shown in Fig. 257. - - Another example of this form (5⅜ inches) is in the British Museum. - - Sir W. Wilde[748] has figured some other examples of the same kind, - from 3 to 4 inches long, which he regarded as arrow-heads. They appear - to me, however, too large for such a purpose. - - In the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy is yet another variety, with - the blade pierced in the centre (Fig. 258). - -[Illustration: Fig. 255.—Ballyclare. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 256.—Reach Fen. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 257.—Ballycastle. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 258.—Ireland. ½] - -Before proceeding to describe some other symmetrical double-edged -blades, it will be well to notice such, few examples as have been found -of single-edged blades, like the ordinary knives of the present day. -Abundant as these are, not only in the Lake-dwellings of Switzerland, -but in France and other continental countries, they are of extremely -rare occurrence in the British Isles. - - In Fig. 259 I have engraved a small instrument of this kind, found at - Wigginton, near Tring, Herts, the handle of which terminates in the - head of an animal. It was therefore not intended for insertion into a - haft of some other material. - - I have another bronze knife, rather longer and narrower, and with a - pointed tang, which is said to have been found in London; but of this - I am by no means certain. - -[Illustration: Fig. 259.—Wigginton. 1/1] - - The rude knife found with the Isle of Harty hoard, and shown full - size as Fig. 260, is the only other English specimen with which I am - acquainted, but no doubt more exist. - -[Illustration: Fig. 260.—Isle of Harty. 1/1] - - The only specimen mentioned in the Catalogue of the Museum of the - Society of Antiquaries of Scotland is in all 14 inches long, with - a thick back and notched tang, and of this the place of finding is - unknown. Professor Daniel Wilson[749] speaks of it as having been - found in Ayrshire, and regards it as a reaping instrument. He also - figures a socketed knife of much the same size from the collection - of Sir John Clerk at Penicuick House, in which are also some tanged - specimens. I cannot help suspecting that these are of foreign origin. - - In Ireland the form appears to be at present unknown. - -[Illustration: Fig. 261.—Allhallows, Hoo. ½] - -In Fig. 261 is shown a knife of a form which is of extremely rare -occurrence in this country; though, as will be seen, it has frequently -been found in France. - - The specimen here figured has been kindly lent me by Mr. Humphrey - Wickham, of Strood, and was found with a hoard of bronze objects - at Allhallows, Hoo,[750] Kent. The hoard contained socketed celts, - gouges, a spear-head, fragments of swords, and the object engraved as - Fig. 286. One more crescent-like in form was found with a hoard of - bronze objects near Meldreth, Cambridgeshire, and is in the British - Museum. - - Knives of this kind were associated with celts, gouges, &c., in - the hoard of Notre-Dame d’Or, now in the museum at Poitiers. Two - also were present in the Alderney hoard found near the _Pierre du - Villain_.[751] - - Some knives of this character were found with a hoard of bronze tools - and weapons at Questembert, Brittany, and are now in the museum at - Vannes. A broken one was in the hoard of the Jardin des Plantes, - Nantes.[752] One from La Manche is engraved in the _Memoirs of the - Society of Antiquaries of Normandy_, 1827-8, pl. xvi. 20. A knife - of this character of rectangular form, each side being brought to - an edge, was found with other bronze relics at Plonéour, Brittany, - and is engraved in the _Archæologia Cambrensis_.[753] In character - this knife closely resembles some of those in flint.[754] A kind of - triangular knife of the same character was found at Briatexte[755] - (Tarn). One from the station of Eaux Vives, in the Lake of Geneva, - has the face ornamented at the blunt margin with a vandyke of hatched - triangles. In some French varieties there are rings at the top of the - blade instead of holes through it. In a curious specimen from St. - Jullien, Chapleuil, in the collection of M. Aymard, at Le Puy, the edge - is nearly semicircular, and there are eight round holes through the - blade as well as two rings at the back. Some of the razors from the - Lake-dwellings of Savoy and Switzerland are of much the same character - as these knives. I have a knife of this class with a rather large - triangular opening in it and two circular loops, found at Bernissart, - Hainault.[756] Another somewhat different was found at Lavène[757] - (Tarn). - -[Illustration: Fig. 262.—Cottle.] - - A Danish[758] knife of this character has five circular loops along - the hollowed back. A Mecklenburg[759] knife has three such loops and - corded festoons of bronze between. - - The bronze knife or razor, shown full size in Fig. 262, was found at - Cottle,[760] near Abingdon, and is now in the British Museum. It is - of a peculiar and distinct type, but somewhat resembles in character - the oblong bronze cutting instrument found at Plonéour, Brittany, - already mentioned. It is thinner and flatter than would appear from - the figure. A Mecklenburg[761] knife or razor figured by Lisch is - analogous in form. - - I have a rough and imperfect blade of somewhat the same character as - that from Cottle, but thinner and more curved. It has no hole through - it, but thickens out at one end into a short boat-shaped projection - about ½ inch long. It was found near Londonderry. - - A diminutive pointed blade which appears to be too small to have - been in use as a dagger, and which from the rivet-hole through the - tang can hardly have served as an arrow or lance head, is shown in - Fig. 263. This specimen formed part of the Reach Fen hoard. A very - small example of this kind of blade, from a barrow near Robin Hood’s - Ball, Wilts, has been figured by the late Dr. Thurnam, F.S.A., in his - second exhaustive paper on “Ancient British Barrows,” published in the - _Archæologia_,[762] from which I have derived much useful information. - - A small blade with the sides more curved is shown in Fig. 264, which I - have copied from Dr. Thurnam’s engraving.[763] The original was found - in Lady Low, Staffordshire. - - A smaller example, with a longer and imperforated tang, found in an - urn at Broughton,[764] Lincolnshire, and now in the British Museum, - has been thought to be an arrow-head; but I agree with Dr. Thurnam - in regarding both it and the small blades described by Hoare[765] as - arrow-heads, as being more probably small double-edged knives. - -[Illustration: Fig. 263. Reach Fen. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 264. Lady Low. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 265. Winterslow. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 266. Priddy. ½] - -Some remarks as to the almost if not absolutely entire absence of -bronze arrow-heads in this country will be found in a subsequent page. - -The larger specimens of these tanged blades of somewhat triangular -outline I have described as daggers, but I must confess that the -distinction between knives and daggers is in such cases purely -arbitrary. The more rounded forms which now follow seem rather of the -nature of tools or toilet instruments than weapons. - - Fig. 265, copied from Dr. Thurnam’s plate,[766] represents what - has been regarded as a razor blade. It was found in a barrow at - Winterslow, Wilts, and is now in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. - Its resemblance to the leaf of rib-wort (_Plantago media_) has been - pointed out by Dr. Thurnam, who records that it was found in an urn - with burnt bones and a set of beautiful amber buttons or studs. He - has also figured one of nearly the same size, but with fewer ribs, - from a barrow at Priddy, Somerset. This also has been regarded as an - arrow-head, though it is 3 inches long and 1½ inches broad. It has a - small rivet-hole through the tang. The original is now in the Bristol - Museum, and its edge is described as sharp enough to mend a pen.[767] - I have reproduced it in Fig. 266. A blade of much the same kind was - found in an urn, with an axe-hammer of stone and a whetstone, at - Broughton-in-Craven,[768] in 1675. - -[Illustration: Fig. 267.—Balblair.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 268.—Rogart. 1/1] - - Canon Greenwell records the finding of an oval knife (2⅞ inches) with - burnt bones in an urn at Nether Swell,[769] Gloucestershire. - - A flat blade, almost circular, with a somewhat longer tang than any - here figured, formed part of the great Bologna hoard. - -These instruments are occasionally found in Scotland. Some of them are -of rather larger size, and ornamented in a different manner upon the -face. - - A small plain oval blade, which has possibly lost its tang, was found - in a tumulus at Lieraboll,[770] Kildonan, Sutherland, and has been - figured. Two oval blades were found with burnt bones in urns near St. - Andrews.[771] - - Another, found in a large cinerary urn at Balblair,[772] - Sutherlandshire, is shown full size in Fig. 267. The edges are very - thin and sharp, and the central rib shown in the section is ornamented - with incised lines. - - Another blade of the same character, but ornamented with a lozenge - pattern, and with the midrib less pronounced, is shown in Fig. 268, - also of the actual size. It was found in a tumulus at Rogart,[773] - Sutherland. - -[Illustration: Fig. 269.—Wallingford. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 270.—Heathery Burn Cave. ½] - - Another, apparently more perfect, and with many more lozenges in the - pattern, is engraved in Gordon’s “Itinerarium Septentrionale.”[774] He - describes it as “the end of a spear or Hasta Pura of old mixt brass, - finely chequered.” It was in Baron Clerk’s collection. - - The only English example which I can adduce was found with some - sickles, a torque, and numerous other objects at Taunton. It is of - nearly the same size and shape as Fig. 267, but the centre plate - is fluted with a slight ridge along the middle and one on either - side, and is not ornamented. It is described as a lance-head in the - _Archæological Journal_.[775] - - I am not aware of any such blades having ever been found in Ireland, - in which country the plainer forms of oval razors also seem to be - extremely rare. - - In Canon Greenwell’s Collection is an oval blade (4 inches) with a - flat central rib, tapering to a point, running along it. It has no - tang, but there is a rivet-hole through the broad end of the rib. It - was found in an urn with burnt bones at Killyless, Co. Antrim. - -The form most commonly known under the name of razor is that shown in -Fig. 269, from a specimen in my own collection, found in the Thames, -with a socketed knife and other objects, near Wallingford. One of -almost identical character was found at Llangwyllog,[776] Anglesea. - -[Illustration: Fig. 271.—Dunbar. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 272.—Dunbar. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 273.—Dunbar. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 274.—Ireland. ½] - - Another, without midrib, from the Heathery Burn Cave, is, by the - permission of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., shown as Fig. 270. - - An example from Wiltshire[777] in the Stourhead Museum (now at - Devizes) is more barbed at the base and rounded at the top, in which - there is neither notch nor perforation. - - It is difficult to assign a use for the small hole usually to be seen - in these blades. It may possibly be by way of precaution against the - fissure in the blade extending too far, though in most cases the notch - in the end of the blade does not extend to the hole. - - Razors of this character have been discovered in Scotland. Three which - are believed to have been found together in a tumulus at Bowerhouses, - near Dunbar,[778] Haddingtonshire, about 1825, are shown in Figs. 271, - 272, and 273. They are all in the Antiquarian Museum, at Edinburgh, - together with a socketed celt found with them. - -[Illustration: Fig. 275.—Kinleith. 1/1] - - Razors of the class last described have been found in Ireland, and - three are mentioned in Wilde’s Catalogue[779] of the Museum of the - Royal Irish Academy, to the Council of which body I am indebted - for the use of Fig. 274. The midrib of the specimen here shown is - decorated with ring ornaments formed of incised concentric circles, an - ornament of frequent use in early times, though but rarely occurring - on objects of bronze in Britain. There is a large razor of this kind - in the Museum of Trinity College, Dublin. Several unornamented blades - of this character were present in the Dowris hoard. Two which were - found in a crannoge[780] in the county of Monaghan were regarded as - bifid arrow-heads. One of these (2⅝ inches) is in the British Museum. - - A blade of this kind, but with a loop instead of a tang, and a hole at - the base of the blade as well as one near the bottom at the notch, was - found at Deurne,[781] Guelderland, and is in the Leyden Museum. - - The only remaining form of razor which has to be noticed is that of - which a representation is given of the actual size in Fig. 275. - - This instrument was found at Kinleith,[782] near Currie, Edinburgh, - and has been described and commented on by Dr. John Alexander Smith. - The blade, besides being perforated in an artistic manner and having a - ring at the end of the handle, is of larger dimensions than usual with - instruments of this kind. The metal of which it is composed consists - of copper 92·97 per cent., tin 7·03 (with a trace of lead). - -[Illustration: Fig. 276.—Nidau.] - - It affords the only instance of a razor of this shape having been - found in the British Isles. The form much more nearly approaches one - of not uncommon occurrence on the Continent than any other British - example, and Dr. Smith has illustrated this by the accompanying figure - of a razor from the Steinberg, near Nidau,[783] on the Lake of Bienne - (Fig. 276). I have a razor of nearly the same form from the Seine at - Paris, and others have been found in various parts of France.[784] - - The nearest in character to Fig. 275 is perhaps one found in the hoard - of Notre-Dame d’Or,[785] and preserved in the museum at Poitiers. - Instead of the blade being a single crescent, it consists of two - penannular concentric blades with a plain midrib connecting them, - which has a ring at the external end. An instrument with the blade - formed of a single crescent was found at the same time. - - A German example is in the Museum of the Deutsche Gesellschaft, at - Leipzig. - -In the next chapter I shall treat of those blades which appear to be -weapons rather than tools. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - -DAGGERS AND THEIR HILTS.—RAPIER-SHAPED BLADES. - - -AMONG all uncivilised, if not indeed among all civilised nations, arms -of offence take a far higher rank than mere tools and implements; -and on the first introduction of the use of metal into any country, -there is great antecedent probability that the primary service to -which it was applied was for the manufacture of weapons. So far as -there are means of judging, a small knife or knife-dagger appears to -have been among the earliest objects to which bronze was applied in -Britain. Possibly, like the Highland dirk, the early form may have -served for both peaceful and warlike purposes; but there are other and -apparently later forms made for piercing rather than for cutting, and -which are unmistakably weapons. The distinction which can be drawn -between knives, such as some of those described in the last chapter, -and the daggers to be described in this, is no doubt to a great -extent arbitrary, and mainly dependent upon size. In the same way the -distinction between a large dagger and a small sword, such as some of -those to be described in the next chapter, is one for which no hard and -fast rule can be laid down. - -Nor in treating of daggers can any trustworthy chronological -arrangement be adopted, though it is probable, as already observed, -that the thin flat blades are earliest in date. The late Dr. Thurnam, -in the paper already frequently cited, has pointed out that of bronze -blades without sockets there are two distinct types. These are the -tanged, which he regards as perhaps the more modern, and those provided -with rivet-holes in the base of the blade, which seem to be the most -ancient. I purpose mainly to follow this classification; and, inasmuch -as the tanged blades are most closely connected with the smaller -examples of the same character, described in the last chapter, I take -them first in order, though possibly they are not the earliest in date. - -[Illustration: Fig. 277.—Roundway. ½] - - But for its size, the blade shown in Fig. 277 might have been regarded - as a knife for ordinary use. The original was found in a barrow at - Roundway,[786] Wilts, covered with a layer of black powder, probably - the remains of a wooden sheath and handle, the upper outline of - which latter is marked upon the blade. It lay near the left hand - of a contracted skeleton, with its point towards the feet. Between - the bones of the left fore-arm was a bracer,[787] or arm-guard, of - chlorite slate, and part of the blade and the tang of some small - instrument, perhaps a knife. Near the head was a barbed flint - arrow-head. - - A smaller blade[788] (5½ inches), of nearly the same shape and - character, was found in one of the barrows near Winterslow, Wilts, as - well as one more tapering in form. - - Another, from Sutton Courtney, Berks (6¼ inches by 1⅝ inches), is in - the British Museum. - - Another (5½ inches) was found by Mr. Fenton in a barrow at Mere - Down,[789] Wilts. In this case also there was a stone bracer near the - left side of the contracted skeleton. Another, imperfect, and narrower - in the tang, was found at Bryn Crûg,[790] Carnarvon, with interments. - The double-looped celt (Fig. 88) was found at the same place. - - Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., has what appears to be a tanged dagger (6 - inches) from Sherburn Wold, Yorkshire. - - A blade of this character (10 inches) was found by M. Cazalis de - Fondouce in the cave of Bounias,[791] near Fonvielle (Bouches du - Rhône), associated with instruments of flint. - - Smaller tanged blades, of which it is hard to say whether they are - knives or daggers, are not uncommon in France. Two are engraved in the - “Matériaux.”[792] I have specimens from Lyons, and also from Brittany. - - Another form, which appears to be a dagger rather than a knife, has - the tang nearly as wide as the blade, and towards its base there is a - single rivet-hole. A dagger of this kind was found with a contracted - interment in a barrow near Driffield, Yorkshire, and an engraving - of it is given in the _Archæologia_[793] from which Fig. 278 is - reproduced. It had a wooden sheath as well as the wooden handle, of - which a part is shown. On the arm of the skeleton was a stone bracer. - - Another, rather narrower in the tang and about 4¼ inches long, was - found, with a stone axe-hammer, and bones, in an urn within a barrow - at Winwick,[794] near Warrington, Lancashire. One (2⅛ inches) with - a rivet-hole in its broad tang was found in an urn on Lancaster - Moor.[795] - - A dagger of nearly the same form but having two rivet-holes was found - by the late Rev. R. Kirwan in a barrow at Upton Pyne,[796] Devon. - -[Illustration: Fig. 278.—Driffield. ½] - - One, only 3¼ inches long, and much like Fig. 278 in form, was - found in an urn with burnt bones in Moot Low,[797] near Middleton, - Derbyshire. - -Another was found with burnt bones in a barrow at Lady Low,[798] near -Blore, Staffordshire. The end of the handle in this instance was -straight, and not hollowed. One (5⅜ inches) with a broad tang, through -which passes a single rivet, was found in the Thames.[799] It is now in -the British Museum. - -What Sir R. C. Hoare terms a lance-head (3 inches), found with amber -beads in the Golden Barrow,[800] Upton Lovel, appears to have been a -knife-dagger of this character. - -A knife, 1 inch wide, which had been fastened to its haft of ox-horn by -a single rivet, was found by Canon Greenwell in a barrow at Rudstone, -Yorkshire.[801] With the same interment was an axe-hammer of stone and -a flint tool. A blade like Fig. 278 (3 inches), from the sand-hills -near Glenluce,[802] Wigtonshire, has been figured. - -Daggers, or possibly spear-heads, with a broad tang, as well as the -moulds in which they were cast, were discovered by Dr. Schliemann on -the presumed site of Troy.[803] - -The more ordinary form of instrument is that of which the blade was -secured to the handle by two or more rivets at its broad base. These -may be subdivided into knife-daggers with thin flat blades, and daggers -which as a rule have a thick midrib and more or less ornamentation on -the surface of the blade. The former variety is now generally accepted -as being the more ancient of the two, and may probably have served as a -cutting instrument for all purposes, and not have been intended for a -weapon. - - Fig. 279, representing a knife-dagger from a barrow at - Butterwick,[804] Yorkshire, E.R., explored by Canon Greenwell, will - give a good idea of the usual form, though these instruments are not - unfrequently more acutely pointed. This specimen was found with the - body of a young man, and had been encased in a wooden sheath. The haft - had been of ox-horn, which has perished, though leaving marks of its - texture on the oxidized blade. In the same grave were a flat bronze - celt (Fig. 2), a bronze pricker or awl (Fig. 225), a flint knife, and - some jet buttons. Another blade of the same character, but rather - narrower in its proportions, was found in a barrow at Rudstone,[805] - Yorkshire. The handle had in this instance also been of ox-horn. In - the same grave were a whetstone, a ring and an ornamental button of - jet, and a half-nodule of pyrites and a flint for striking a light. - Of the shape of the handles I shall subsequently speak; I will only - here remark that at their upper part, where they clasped the blade, - there was usually a semicircular or horseshoe-shaped notch, in some - instances very wide and in others but narrow. This notch is more - rarely somewhat V-shaped in form. - -[Illustration: Fig. 279.—Butterwick. ½] - - A blade of nearly the same form as Fig. 279, but with only two rivet - holes, found in a barrow at Blewbury,[806] Berks, is preserved in the - Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. Another, also with two rivets, was found - by the late Mr. Bateman in a barrow near Minning Low,[807] Derbyshire. - Its handle appears to have been of horn. Its owner, wrapped in a skin, - had been buried enveloped in fern-leaves, and with him was also a flat - bronze celt, a flat bead of jet, and a flint scraper. Dr. Thurnam - mentions eighteen[808] other blades, varying from 2½ inches to 6¾ - inches in length, as having been found during the Bateman excavations, - as well as one 7¾ inches long and sharply pointed, found at Lett - Low,[809] near Warslow, Staffordshire. Of these twenty, sixteen - were found with unburnt bodies and four with burnt. Some of these - were, however, of the tanged variety, and some fluted or ribbed. At - Carder Low a small axe-hammer of basalt, as well as a knife-dagger of - this kind, with the edges worn hollow by use, had been placed with - the body. The same was the case in a barrow at Parcelly Hay, near - Hartington, Derbyshire. - - At End Low, near Hartington, there was a rudely formed “spear-head” of - flint beside the knife-dagger, and at Thorncliff,[810] on Calton Moor, - Staffordshire, “a neat instrument of flint.” - - In some cases, though there were holes in the blade, there were - no rivets[811] in them, which led Mr. Bateman to think that they - were attached to their handles by ligatures. In a barrow in - Yorkshire,[812] Mr. Harland found, with remains of a burnt body, a - small bronze knife which still had adhering to it some portions of - cord partly charred, apparently the remains of what had formed the - attachment to the handle. Pins of wood, bone, or horn were no doubt - frequently used instead of metal rivets. Such pins seem to have been - commonly employed for securing spear-heads to their shafts. “An - instrument of brass,[813] formed like a spear-head, but flat and - thin,” was found in a barrow on Bincombe Down, Dorsetshire. “It had - been fixed to a shaft by means of three wooden pegs, one of which - remained in the perforation when found, but on being exposed to the - air fell immediately into dust.” In certain dagger blades with four - or more rivet-holes some are devoid of rivets, while there are metal - rivets in the others. - - A remarkably small blade, only 1¾ inches long, with two rivet-holes, - was found in a tumulus in Dorsetshire.[814] Another (4⅛ inches) lay - with burnt bones, in what was regarded as a cleft and hollowed trunk - of a tree, in a barrow near Yatesbury,[815] Wilts. Another, more - triangular in shape, and also with two rivet-holes, was found in a - barrow near Stonehenge.[816] - - Another (2½ inches) of the same character was found with burnt - bones, a needle of wood, and a broken flint pebble, in an urn at - Tomen-y-Mur,[817] near Festiniog, Merionethshire. - - Of knife-daggers with three rivet-holes found in our southern - counties, may be mentioned one (5½ inches) found with a drinking - cup and a perforated stone axe, accompanying an unburnt interment, - in a barrow at East Kennett,[818] Wilts. Another (4¼ inches), also - accompanied by a stone axe-hammer, was found in a barrow called - Jack’s Castle,[819] near Stourton. The body had in this instance - been burnt. Another knife-dagger, also with burnt bones, in a barrow - at Wilsford,[820] was accompanied by two flint arrow-heads, some - whetstones, and some instruments of stag’s-horn. Another, protected by - a wooden scabbard, was found in a barrow at Brigmilston.[821] - - What appear to have been blades of the same kind were found with burnt - bones in the barrows near Priddy,[822] Somerset, and Ashey Down,[823] - Isle of Wight (6 inches). The latter is tapering in form. One (7⅜ - inches) which shows no rivets was found at Culter,[824] Lanarkshire. - - An unfinished blade without rivet-holes was also found, with castings - of palstaves and flanged celts, at Rhosnesney,[825] near Wrexham. - - From Derbyshire may be cited that from Carder Low,[826] already - described, and one from Brier Low.[827] Another from Lett Low,[828] - Staffordshire, has already been mentioned, as have been others - described by Bateman.[829] One from a barrow at Middleton[830] was - regarded by Pegge as a spear-head. - - [Illustration: Fig. 280.—Helperthorpe. ½] - - From Yorkshire Mr. Bateman describes one (4½ inches) with a - crescent-shaped mark showing the form of the handle, found with an - extended skeleton at Cawthorn.[831] Another (6 or 7 inches), from - a barrow near Pickering,[832] had a V-shaped notch in the handle, - to which had been attached a small bone pommel. One from Bishop - Wilton,[833] belonging to Mr. Mortimer, has been engraved by Dr. - Thurnam. - -The mention of this pommel suggests that it is time to consider the -manner in which these blades were hafted, as to which the discoveries -of Sir Richard Colt Hoare in the Wiltshire barrows, and of Canon -Greenwell in those of Yorkshire, leave no doubt. The hafts appear in -nearly all cases to have consisted of ox-horn, bone, or wood, sometimes -in a single piece with a notch for receiving the blade, and sometimes -formed of a pair of similar pieces riveted together, one on each side -of the blade. The lower end of the haft was often inserted in a hollow -pommel usually of bone. - -[Illustration: Fig. 281.—Helperthorpe. ½] - -The nature of the arrangement of the haft when formed of two pieces -will be readily understood on reference to Fig. 280, in which the -presumed outline of the original ox-horn haft is shown by dotted lines, -and the rivets by which the two plates of horn were bound together are -in the position they originally occupied along the centre of the haft. -The outline of the upper part of this handle, where it was secured -by two rivets to the blade, is still visible, and is shown by darker -shading. The pommel at the lower end was attached by pins of horn or -of wood, and not by metal rivets. A separate view and section of the -pommel is shown in Fig. 281. The original was found by Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S., with a contracted interment in a barrow at Helperthorpe,[834] -Yorkshire, at the opening of which I was present. As will be seen, -the blade has all the appearance of having been much worn by use and -repeated whetting. - - Bone pommels of the same kind have been frequently met with in - barrows, but their purpose was not known to some of the earlier - explorers. One from a barrow on Brassington Moor[835] is described by - Mr. Bateman as a bone stud perforated with six holes, and was thought - to have been intended for being sown on to some article of dress or - ornament. Another was found in a barrow at Narrowdale Hill,[836] near - Alstonefield, and is also described as a bone button. In both these - instances the dagger itself seems to have entirely perished. - - In a barrow subsequently opened by Mr. Ruddock near Pickering,[837] - the butt end of a dagger handle was recognised in one of these - objects. In this instance the pommel was made of three pieces of bone - fastened together by two bronze rivets, and having two holes for the - pegs by which it was secured to the handle. - -[Illustration: Fig. 282.—Garton.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 283.—Wilmslow.] - - Two others in solid bone from barrows at Garton[838] and Bishop - Wilton, Yorkshire, have been figured by Dr. Thurnam. The former is - here by permission reproduced. That from the well-known Gristhorpe - tumulus,[839] near Scarborough, in which the body lay in the hollowed - trunk of an oak-tree, is more neatly made, being of oval outline with - a projecting bead round the base. It has holes for three pins. - - Another pommel of an ornamental character was found with burnt bones - in an urn at Wilmslow, Cheshire, and is engraved in the _Journal of - the British Archæological Association_,[840] from which Fig. 283 is - here reproduced. The receptacle is so small that the haft to which it - was attached probably consisted of but a single piece of ox-horn or - wood. It appears as if the mortise had been made by drilling three - holes side by side. - - A very remarkable and beautiful hilt of a sword or dagger, formed of - amber of a rich red colour and inlaid with pins of gold, was found in - a barrow on Hammeldon Down,[841] Devonshire. By the kindness of the - Committee of the Plymouth Athenæum I am enabled to give two views - and a section of this unique object in Fig. 284. Instead of a socket - or mortise, there is in this instance a tenon, or projection, which - entered into a mortise or hole in the handle. On each side of this - tenon is a small mortise of the same length, and through the tenon - have been drilled two small holes, one from each side, for pins to - attach the pommel to the handle. A small part of the pommel which was - broken off in old times seems to have been united to the main body by - a series of minute gold rivets or clips, but this piece has again been - severed, though the pins round the margin of the fracture remain. This - pommel seems disproportionately large for the slightly fluted blade, - of which a fragment was found in the same barrow. - -[Illustration: Fig. 284.—Hammeldon Down. 1/1] - - A small object of amber, apparently the pommel of a diminutive dagger, - was found in a barrow at Winterbourn Stoke,[842] Wilts. A small knife - or scraper, mounted in a handle formed of two pieces of amber, secured - by two rivets and bound with four strips of gold, is also preserved at - Stourhead.[843] The blade is at the side like that of a hatchet. - - Amber was used for inlaying some of the ivory hilts of iron swords at - Hallstatt. - - The bronze object shown full size in Fig. 285 may not improbably be - the pommel of the hilt of a dagger or sword. The hole through the base - is irregular in form, and may be accidental. It was found in the hoard - at Reach Fen, Cambridge, in which were also the tip of a scabbard and - some fragments of swords, as well as two large double-edged knives. - - A somewhat similar object is in the Musée de l’Oratoire, at Nantes. - Another, found at Grésine,[844] Savoy, has been regarded as the tip - for a scabbard. Another was found in the department of La Manche.[845] - -[Illustration: Fig. 285.—Reach Fen. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 286.—Allhallows, Hoo. 1/1] - - What appears to be the hilt of either a sword or dagger was found - in a hoard of bronze objects at Allhallows,[846] Hoo, Kent. By the - kindness of Mr. Humphrey Wickham I am able to engrave it as Fig. - 286. It consisted originally of a rectangular socketed ferrule with - a rivet-hole through it, and attached to a semicircular end like the - half of a grooved pulley. The socket itself extends for some distance - into this semicircular part. From portions of a sword having been - found with it, Mr. Wickham has regarded it as a kind of pommel. It - may, however, have been the end of a scabbard or a chape, and, if so, - should have been described in Chapter XIII. The knife, Fig. 261, was - found in the same hoard. - - -To return, however, to undoubted examples. The most remarkable of all -dagger handles discovered in the British Isles are those obtained by -Sir R. Colt Hoare from the barrows of Wiltshire. - - One of these, from a barrow at Brigmilston,[847] is here reproduced in - Fig. 287, taken from the engraving in “Ancient Wiltshire.” It is thus - described by the late Dr. Thurnam: “It is of the thin broad-bladed - variety. The handle is of wood, held together by thirty rivets of - bronze, and strengthened at the end by an oblong bone pommel fastened - with two pegs. It is decorated by dots incised in the surface of - the wood, forming a border of double lines and circles between the - heads of the rivets.” He goes on to say that a similar dagger of the - broad variety, having exactly the same number of rivets, was found - in one of the Derbyshire[848] barrows. Two buttons of polished shale - accompanied this interment. Another, from Garton,[849] Yorkshire, in - the collection of Mr. Mortimer, has thirty-seven rivets and two strips - of bronze at the sides of the handle, in addition to the four rivets - for securing the blade. The bone pommel is shown in Fig. 282. - - Another dagger, of somewhat the same character, was found at - Leicester, and is preserved in the museum of that town. For the sketch - from which Fig. 288 is engraved I am indebted to Mr. C. Read. In this - instance the pommel consists of two pieces of bone riveted on either - side of a bronze plate, which, however, does not appear to have been - continuous with the blade. From the length of the rivets remaining in - the blade, the handle appears to have been somewhat thicker in the - middle than at the sides. - -[Illustration: Fig. 287.—Brigmilston. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 288.—Leicester. ½] - - In the British Museum is a dagger from a barrow at Standlow, - Derbyshire, with a bone pommel of nearly the same character as that - from Leicester. - - Perhaps the most highly ornamented dagger handle ever discovered is - that which was found by Sir R. Colt Hoare in the Bush Barrow,[850] - near Normanton, the lower part of which, copied from the engraving - in “Ancient Wiltshire,” is shown in Fig. 289. A drawing of the - whole dagger with its handle restored has been published by Dr. - Thurnam.[851] The blade is 10½ inches long and slightly fluted at the - sides, so that it is not, strictly speaking, a knife-dagger such as - those hitherto described. It appears, however, best to call attention - to it in this place. It lay with a skeleton placed north and south, - with which were some rivets and thin plates of bronze, supposed to be - traces of a shield. - -[Illustration: Fig. 289.—Normanton.] - - At the shoulders was a flanged bronze celt, like Fig. 9. Near the - right arm was the dagger and “a spear-head” of bronze. These were - accompanied by a nearly square plate of thin gold, with a projecting - flat tongue or hook, which was thought to have decorated the sheath - of the dagger. Over the breast lay another lozenge-shaped plate of - gold, 7 inches by 6 inches, the edges lapped over a piece of wood. On - the right side of the skeleton was a stone hammer,[852] some articles - of bone, many small rings of the same material, and another gold - lozenge much smaller than that on the breast. As to the handle, I may - repeat Sir Richard’s words: “It exceeds anything we have yet seen, - both in design and execution, and could not be surpassed (if, indeed, - equalled) by the most able workman of modern times. By the annexed - engraving you will immediately recognise the British zigzag or the - modern Vandyke pattern, which was formed, with a labour and exactness - almost unaccountable, by thousands of gold rivets smaller than the - smallest pin. The head of the handle, though exhibiting no variety of - pattern, was also formed by the same kind of studding. - -[Illustration: Fig. 290.—Roke Down. ½] - - So very minute, indeed, were these pins, that our labourers had thrown - out thousands of them with their shovels and scattered them in every - direction before, by the necessary aid of a magnifying glass, we could - discover what they were, but fortunately enough remained attached to - the wood to enable us to develop the pattern.” Some of the pins are - shown in the figure below the hilt. - - As Dr. Thurnam has pointed out, the ornamentation on a thin piece of - metal (said to have been gilt), which apparently decorated the hilt of - a bronze dagger, found in a barrow in Dorsetshire,[853] is of the same - character, though produced in a different manner. This dagger is said - by Douglas to have been “incisted” into wood. It is uncertain whether - this refers to the hilt or to the sheath; but in several instances - remains of sheaths have been found upon the blades of daggers, some - of which have been already adduced, and others will hereafter be - mentioned. Sir R. Colt Hoare, in a barrow near Amesbury,[854] found - an interment of burnt bones, and with it a bronze dagger which had - been “secured by a sheath of wood lined with linen cloth.” A small - lance-head, a pair of ivory nippers, and an ivory pin accompanied the - interment. In one instance the wood of the sheath was “apparently - willow.”[855] - - I am unable to guarantee the accuracy of the representation of a - large dagger with its handle given in Fig. 290, the original having - unfortunately been destroyed in a fire. I have, however, copied it - from Dr. Thurnam’s[856] engraving, which was taken from a drawing by - the late Mr. S. Solly, F.S.A.[857] It was found in 1845, in a barrow - on Roke Down, near Blandford, Dorsetshire, and is thus described by - Mr. Shipp:[858] “The blade is exquisitely finished, and the handle, - which is ivory, as perfect and as highly polished as any of more - recent date. It was found with two small bronze spear-heads at the - bottom of a cist cut in the chalk, and covered with burnt bones - and ashes; and over it was an inverted urn of the coarsest make, - unburnt and unornamented.” In Mr. Shipp’s drawing the handle expands - gradually to the base like the mouth of a trumpet. In a subsequent - communication[859] Mr. Shipp describes the two spear-heads as of iron. - - Mr. Solly[860] says that with it was a second small blade, also of - bronze, which may have been a knife, and makes no mention of iron - spear-heads. He also says that it lay beneath a stone more than - a ton in weight. Mr. C. Warne, F.S.A., has informed me that the - spear-heads—if, indeed, such they were—were of bronze and not of - iron. He has engraved the dagger in his Plate X.,[861] not from the - original, but from the figure in the _Journal of the Archæological - Association_. - - Hilts made of bronze, though of frequent occurrence in Scandinavia, - the South of France, and Italy, are rarely discovered in England or - Scotland. That said to have been found at Bere Hill, near Andover, - cast in one piece with the blade and with a raised rim round the - margin, and studs like rivet-heads in the middle, has been kindly - submitted to me by Mr. Samuel Shaw, its owner, and I believe it to - be of Eastern and probably Chinese origin. Near Little Wenlock,[862] - however, a portion of a dagger was found with part of the handle, in - form like that of the sword from Lincoln (Fig. 350), attached by four - rivets. With it were a socketed celt, some spear-heads, and whetstones. - - A beautiful Egyptian[863] bronze dagger from Thebes is in the Berlin - Museum. It has a narrow rapier-like blade and a broad flat hilt of - ivory. - - Others of nearly the same character are in the British Museum. The - end of the hilt is often hollowed, like that of Fig. 277, and the - attachment to the blade is by means of three rivets. - -In Ireland a few daggers have been found with bronze hilts still -attached. - - In the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy is a fine example, which - has frequently been published, and which I have here reproduced as - Fig. 291, from the engraving given by Wilde,[864] but on the scale - of one-half. Both blade and handle are “highly ornamented, both in - casting and also by the punch or graver.” - - A portion of a blade with a bronze hilt still attached was found near - Belleek, Co. Fermanagh, and has been engraved in the _Proceedings of - the Royal Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland_.[865] - The cut is by their kindness here reproduced as Fig. 292. The handle - is hollow, and the blade appears to have been originally attached by - four pins or rivets, of which but two now remain. Possibly the other - two were of horn. - -[Illustration: Fig. 291.—Ireland.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 292.—Belleek.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 293.—Ireland. ½] - - Another Irish form of hafted dagger has also been frequently - published.[866] It is shown in Fig. 293. Vallancey describes this - specimen as cast in one piece, the rivets being either ornamental - or intended to stop against the top of the scabbard. No doubt these - imitation rivets are mere “survivals” from those of the daggers, which - were thus fastened to their handles before it was found that it saved - trouble to cast the whole in one piece. The hole in the handle, the - sides of which are left rough, was probably filled by two slightly - overlapping plates of wood or horn riveted together. - -[Illustration: Fig. 294.—Woodyates. ½] - - Another[867] (14½ inches) was thought to have the “loop-fashioned” - handle for suspending the weapon to a thong or the belt. I think, - however, that when the daggers were in use the handles were to all - appearance solid. In one found in Dunshaughlin[868] crannoge, Co. - Meath, there is a second oval hole at the end of the hilt, which may - have been used for suspension. - - There is a good example of this type of dagger in the Blackmore Museum - at Salisbury. - - A small dagger (7⅛ inches), found near Ballinamore,[869] Co. Leitrim, - has an extension of the blade in the form of a thin plate with a - button at the bottom so as to form the body of the handle. In this - part are two rivet-holes for the attachment of the plates of wood or - horn to form the handle. - - Some handles of bronze knives found in Scandinavia and - Switzerland[870] are formed with similar openings. Daggers with the - blade and handle cast in one piece have been found in the Italian - _terramare_.[871] I have a dagger of the same kind from Hungary. - -I must now return, from this digression as to the hafting of daggers, -to the thin blades or knife-daggers of which I was speaking. - - Of those with four rivets but few can be cited. One of unusually - large size is shown in Fig. 294. The original was found by Sir R. C. - Hoare in a barrow at Woodyates.[872] It was protected by a wooden - scabbard. A perforated ring and two buttons of jet, four barbed flint - arrow-heads, and a bronze pin were found with the same skeleton. - This blade, like many others, is described as having been gilt, but - this can hardly have been the case. Dr. Thurnam[873] has tested such - brilliantly polished surfaces for gold, but found no traces of that - metal. - - A blade of this form is engraved in the “Barrow Diggers,”[874] but is - described as a stone celt split in two. - - A nearly similar blade from Oefeli[875] (Lac de Bienne) is said to be - of copper. - - In Fig. 295 is shown a blade with, five rivets, from an interment at - Homington,[876] near Salisbury, which, is now in the British Museum. - One side is still highly polished, with an almost mirror-like lustre. - The mark of the hilt is very distinct upon it. - -[Illustration: Fig. 295.—Homington. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 296.—Idmiston. ½] - - One of more pointed form, and with a more V-shaped notch in the - hilt, was found with an unburnt body in a cairn at North Charlton, - Northumberland, and is in the Greenwell Collection in the British - Museum. The portion is broken off in which were the rivets. - - Occasionally the surface of these thin blades is ornamented by - engraved or punched patterns. The decoration usually consists of - converging bands of parallel lines. The example given as Fig. 296 was - found in a barrow at Idmiston, near Salisbury, and is now preserved in - the Blackmore Museum. In one found in Dow Low,[877] Derbyshire, shown - in Fig. 297, there are three parallel lines on either side which meet - in chevron. This blade has two rivets. - - In a barrow near Maiden Castle,[878] Dorchester, opened by Mr. - Sydenham, there lay in the midst of the ashes two bronze daggers. One - (4 inches) has two lines engraved on it, forming a chevron parallel - with the edges; the other (5½ inches) is described as “curiously - wrought, chased, and gilt.” This latter, to judge from Mr. Warne’s - engraving, has a slight projecting rib along the middle of the blade, - between two others converging to meet it near the point. The space on - each side of the central rib appears to be decorated by small circular - indentations. - - One from another barrow in Dorsetshire[879] has a treble chevron on - the blade and a straight transverse groove between two ridges just - above the hilt. - - A small blade found in an urn at Wilmslow,[880] Cheshire, seems to - have a single chevron upon it. - - A dagger from a tumulus at Hewelinghen (Pas de Calais), and now in the - museum at Boulogne, is of this character. It has double lines to the - chevron and four rivet-holes. - - Another was found with an interment at Rame[881] (Hautes Alpes) in - company with other articles of bronze. It has six rivet-holes. A - narrower blade and more of the rapier shape, with four rivet-holes, - was found in the Marais de Donges[882] (Loire Inférieure). - - A dagger much like Fig. 296, but with a double row of rivets, has been - found at Mœrigen,[883] in the Lac de Bienne. - - A dagger with a pointed blade having two parallel grooves just within - each edge was found with other dagger blades, flat celts, flint - arrow-heads, &c., in the tumulus of Kerhué-Bras, Finistère.[884] It - has a plain wooden handle, to which the blade is attached by six - rivets. The character of some of the other blades is peculiar. - - A beautifully patinated dagger (7¼ inches) from the Seine at Paris, - now in my own collection, has six rivet-holes at the base, as in Fig. - 296, and is of nearly the same shape, though rather more sharply - pointed. One of the rivets which remains is ⅝ inch long. The blade has - upon it a small low rib on either side running parallel with the edge. - On the inner side of the rib there is a groove, on the outer side the - blade is flat. The edge itself is fluted. - - I have a small thin blade (4⅝ inches), like Fig. 298, found in the - Palatinate, which has four rivet-holes at the base. There is a band of - five parallel lines running along each edge, and in the centre of the - blade a chevron with the sides slightly curved inwards formed of two - similar bands. The lines seem to have been punched in. The mark left - by the hilt is like that on Fig. 296. - -What appear to be knife-daggers, some of them with notches at the side -for the reception of rivets, have been found with interments in Spain, -and have been described by Don Gongora y Martinez[885] as lance-heads. - -Knife-daggers of much the same character as the English have -occasionally been found in Scotland. - - That shown in Fig. 298 was found in a stone cist in a cairn at - Cleigh,[886] Loch Nell, Argyleshire. Along the margin of the original - handle is a line of small indentations made with a pointed punch. - -[Illustration: Fig. 297.—Dow Low.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 298.—Cleigh. ½] - - Another (4¼ inches) was found in a cairn at Linlathen,[887] - Forfarshire, together with a “drinking cup.” Particulars of the - finding of several others, with interments in sepulchral cairns, have - been given by Mr. Joseph Anderson[888] in an interesting paper, to - which the reader is referred. - -[Illustration: Fig. 299.—Collessie. 1/1] - - Three others, from Drumlanrick,[889] near Callander, Perth (4½ inches, - two rivets), Crossmichael, Kirkcudbrightshire, and Callachally, - Island of Mull, are in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. Another, - apparently of the same type, was found in a cairn at Collessie,[890] - Fife, the handle of which appears to have been encircled by the gold - fillet shown in Fig. 299. The sheath seems to have been of wood - covered with cow-hide, the hairs on the outside. - -In Ireland the thin flat blades are of rare occurrence. Canon -Greenwell, F.R.S., has one from Co. Antrim (4¾ inches) with three -rivet-holes, and with a V-shaped notch in the mark of the handle. - - There is a form of blade which appears to be intermediate between - the flat knife-daggers and those to which the name of dagger may - more properly be applied, which are either considerably thicker at - the centre than towards the edges, or else have a certain number of - strengthening ribs running along the blade. This intermediate form has - a single narrow rounded rib running along the centre of the blade. - That shown in Fig. 300 is an example of the short and broad variety of - this kind. It was found in a barrow at Musdin,[891] Staffordshire, and - has a splendid patina, rivalling malachite in colour. The relation of - the dagger to any interment is uncertain. - -[Illustration: Fig. 300.—Musdin. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 301.—Plymstock. ⅔] - -[Illustration: Fig. 302.—Winterbourne Stoke. ½] - - A dagger of this class, but more pointed and with two parallel lines - engraved on each side of the midrib, was found by Canon Greenwell, - F.R.S., in one of the barrows called the Three Tremblers,[892] - Yorkshire. It showed traces of both its handle and sheath. With it was - a beautifully flaked large flint knife. - - A more pointed blade, with the central rib much less pronounced, and - the notch in the hilt more distinct, was found with a skeleton in a - cist near Cheswick,[893] Northumberland, and is now in the Greenwell - Collection in the British Museum. It has been carefully polished. - - Another, with a small, well-defined central midrib and two rivets, - was found by Canon Greenwell in a barrow at Aldbourn, Wilts. It - accompanied a burnt body. - - Some of the Italian dagger blades are provided with similar midribs. - - Of the English weapons just described some closely resemble in - character the much larger blades of which I shall subsequently have to - speak, and which not improbably were those of some form of halberd or - battle-axe. - - A much longer and narrower form, in which the central rib is - partly the result of two long lateral grooves along the sides of - the blade, is shown in Fig. 301. This was found with two others at - Plymstock,[894] Devon, in company with flanged celts, a chisel, and - a tanged spear-head or dagger, Fig. 327, and is now in the British - Museum. - - I have a much smaller blade, of somewhat the same character - (4⅞ inches), but imperfect at the base, found in a barrow near - Cirencester; and one smaller still (4¼ inches), from a small barrow - near Ablington, Cirencester, Gloucestershire. This latter appears to - have had two rivet-holes. - - A beautiful example of the form of dagger of which Sir Richard C. - Hoare found numerous examples in the Wiltshire barrows is shown in - Fig. 302. It lay with burnt bones in a wooden cist in a barrow near - Winterbourn Stoke.[895] With it was another, which was, however, - broken, an ivory pin and tweezers, and two small pieces of ivory with - bronze rivets, which were supposed to have appertained to the tips - of a bow. They may more probably have formed part of the hilt of the - dagger. The blade is ornamented with parallel lines as usual, but it - also has a series of fine dotted lines. - - Two other blades (8½ and 8 inches), less highly ornamented, and one - of them straighter at the edges, were found with a skeleton buried in - the hollowed trunk of an elm-tree in the King Barrow,[896] Winterbourn - Stoke. With one of these at the breast of the skeleton were traces of - a wooden scabbard, with indentations which were thought to have been - gilt. The handle is described as having been of box-wood, and rounded - somewhat like that of a large knife. The other dagger was at the - thigh. On the breast was also a bronze awl with what is said to have - been an ivory handle (Fig. 227). - -Dr. Thurnam[897] thinks it not improbable that one of the blades may -have been a spear-head for use in the chase. In writing of these blades -he observes, “Where two are found with the same interment they are not -exactly of one type, but one is light and thin and of greater breadth, -the other strengthened by a stout midrib relatively heavier and of more -pointed or leaf-like form; the rivets also are larger. In such cases -the former may, perhaps, be supposed to be the dagger, the latter the -spear.” Sir Richard Hoare in some cases discriminates between the spear -and the dagger when two blades were found; and Mr. Cunnington observed -in a barrow at Roundway,[898] Wilts, that a pointed blade only 3 inches -long with three rivets had a wooden shaft about a foot in length, -which, as Dr. Thurnam remarks, could not have been the haft of a dagger. - -The fact that many of these blades bore traces of having had a sheath -is in favour of their being daggers rather than spear-heads, though it -must not be forgotten that Homer[899] describes Achilles as drawing the -spear which had belonged to his father from its sheath— - - Ἐκ δ̓ ἄρα σύριγγος πατρώϊον ἐσπάσατ̓ ἔγχος - -Though Sir Richard Colt Hoare at first regarded all these blades as -spear-heads, he observes, about two-thirds of the way through his first -volume,[900] “daily experience convinces me that those implements we -supposed to be spear-heads, may more properly be denominated daggers, -or knives, worn by the side, or in a girdle, and not affixed to long -shafts like the modern lance.” Further on, however, he mentions a -“spear-head” from a barrow near Fovant,[901] having the greater part -of the wooden handle adhering to it, so that the mode by which it was -fastened was clearly seen. From the figure given in the _Archæologia_, -and in an unpublished plate of Hoare, this seems, however, to have been -a dagger rather than a spear. - - Other blades of much the same character, found at Everley and Lake, - Wilts, and West Cranmore, Somerset, are figured by Dr. Thurnam.[902] - This latter was found by my friend the late Mr. J. W. Flower, F.G.S. - It is straight at the bottom of the blade, which went only ¼ inch into - the handle at the part where the usual semicircular notch was formed. - There was a single rivet on either side. The one preserved is ½ inch - long. Another, from Lake,[903] is given by Hoare. It was found with - burnt bones and was accompanied by a whetstone. - - Others have been found in a barrow at Ablington,[904] near Amesbury, - Wilts, and at Rowcroft,[905] Yattendon, Berks (7½ inches). - - A fine blade of this character (9¼ inches long), with three rivets, - was found near Leeds. The midrib ends in a square base. It is not - unlike the blade of a halberd. - - A hafted blade of the same kind,[906] from Bere Regis, Dorsetshire, - has already been mentioned; as well as the decoration of the hilt - of one of the same form. One (9 inches) was found in a barrow at - Came,[907] and exhibited to the Archæological Institute. Mr. - Warne,[908] however, records the finding of two at that place. One - seems to have the midrib dotted over with small indentations. - - That shown in Fig. 303 (which is copied from Dr. Thurnam’s[909] - engraving) is from Camerton, Somerset. It is remarkable as having a - kind of second midrib beyond the parallel grooves which border the - first. As usual it has but two rivets. - -[Illustration: Fig. 303.—Camerton. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 304.—Cambridge. ½] - - A bronze dagger (5½ inches) of the Wiltshire type was found in the - well-known barrow at Hove,[910] near Brighton, in which the interment - had been made in an oak coffin. An amber cup, a perforated stone - axe-hammer, and a whetstone had also been deposited with the body. - - In a blade of this class (7 inches), found with burnt bones and - chippings of flint in a barrow at Teddington,[911] the midrib appears - to be formed of three beads. - - Another (9 inches) formed part of the Arreton Down[912] find, of which - more will hereafter be said. The blade is ornamented with delicate - flutings and curves, and the midrib ends in a crescented hollow - exactly opposite to the usual notch in the handle. This specimen is - now in the British Museum. - - A bronze dagger (6¾ inches) with three rivets, of which the blade - has much suffered from decomposition, was found with a lump of iron - pyrites within an urn in a barrow at Angrowse Mullion,[913] Cornwall. - A dagger blade of nearly the same kind, but with six rivets, found in - a barrow at Carnöel,[914] Finistère, is in the museum at the Hôtel - Cluny, Paris. - - I have a dagger (9 inches) much like Fig. 302, only somewhat more - taper, found in the Seine at Paris. It has had three rivet-holes, and - on the blade are two bands of four lines parallel with the edge. - - The strengthening of the blade is sometimes effected by forming it - with three or more projecting ribs instead of a single midrib. In - Fig. 304 is shown a dagger blade in my own collection, found not far - from Cambridge. On either side of the central rib and along the outer - margin of the two other ribs are lines of minute punctures by way of - ornament. - - A somewhat larger blade (8⅝ inches), from Little Cressingham,[915] - Norfolk, has two deep furrows, one on each side of the broad central - midrib, and beyond these again two lateral ribs. This was secured - to its hilt by six rivets, three on each side. It was found with a - contracted male skeleton, accompanied by a necklace of amber beads and - some articles made of thin gold plate. - - A dagger with a central rounded midrib, and apparently two - lateral ribs like those on Fig. 304, was found in a barrow near - Torrington,[916] Devon. It has three rivets, by which it was attached - to a wooden handle, and the blade showed traces of a wooden sheath, - which like the handle had perished. - - A very small dagger or knife, with apparently a well-marked central - rib, found near Magherafelt,[917] Co. Londonderry, is shown in Fig. - 305. It has a haft of oak attached, which is thought to be original. - Any pins or rivets that may have existed are now lost, and possibly - what were used may have been formed of wood or horn. Some thin wedges - of oak appear to have been used for steadying the blade in the haft, - the upper part of which has somewhat suffered from fire. - - One of the daggers from the great find at Arreton Down,[918] Isle of - Wight (9⅝ inches), has the blade strengthened by three raised ribs. - It is shown in Fig. 306. It was found with several tanged blades like - Fig. 324, some flanged celts, and other objects. In a blade (9 inches) - in Canon Greenwell’s collection, and found at Ford, Northumberland, - there are two slight ribs about ⅜ inch from the edges and parallel to - them. There are punctures along the sides of the ribs. - - Possibly some of these weapons may have been halberd blades, such as - those hereafter described. - - Another form of dagger widens out considerably at the base, so as to - give the edges an ogival outline, and this form passes into what have - been termed rapier-like blades. As is the case with the leaf-shaped - blades, which will presently be described, some of these latter are so - long that it is hard to say whether they ought to be classed as swords - or as daggers. - - The example engraved as Fig. 307 is from Scotland, and not England, - the original being in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. It was - found in 1828 upon the farm of Kilrie, near Kinghorn, Fifeshire. The - blade, as is usually the case, shows a central ridge upon it, but is - also ornamented with parallel lines engraved on either side, which is - a feature of far less common occurrence. - - A plain blade of the same character (7½ inches), but narrower in its - proportions, was found at Bracklesham,[919] Sussex. It has as usual - two rivets only. - - I have another (7⅛ inches), showing four facets on the blade, from - Soham Fen; the two rivet-holes cut through the margin of the base, as - in Fig. 304. - - I have seen others from the Cambridge Fens. - - Another (13½ inches) with four rivets, and more nearly approaching - the rapier form, was found in the Thames at Ditton,[920] Surrey, - and was presented to the British Museum by the Earl of Lovelace. - Another of the same character (7 inches) was found in the Thames near - Maidenhead,[921] and another (8 inches) at Battersea.[922] - -[Illustration: Fig. 305.—Magherafelt. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 306.—Arreton Down. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 307.—Kinghorn. ½] - - One (9¾ inches) with two rivets, and the base forming half a hexagon, - was found at New Bilton,[923] near Rugby. I have another of nearly the - same form (7¾ inches) from Waterbeach Fen, Cambridge. - - In some the blade is ornamented by ribs cast in relief and by - engraving. A good example of the kind from the collection of Mr. - Robert Day, F.S.A., is shown in Fig. 308. It was found in the old - castle of Colloony,[924] Co. Sligo. One of much the same form as the - Wiltshire dagger (Fig. 302), found in the Thames,[925] near Richmond - (7-9/10 inches), has at the base a vandyke border and hatched diagonal - bands. The blade is slightly ridged but not otherwise ornamented. It - is now in the British Museum. One (5½ inches), ornamented at the base - in a similar manner, but with a short broad tang and one rivet-hole, - was found on Helsington Peat Moss,[926] Westmoreland. - -[Illustration: Fig. 308.—Colloony. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 309.—Ireland. 1/1] - - A blade (7 inches) also ornamented at the base with a vandyke pattern - was found at Pitkaithly, Perthshire, and is now in the museum at - Edinburgh. - - Many blades of daggers from Germany are ornamented. One of the most - beautiful that I have seen is that in the museum at Laibach, Carniola. - Another (11½ inches), with the hilt complete, and the blade and - pommel-plate beautifully ornamented, was found near Vienna.[927] Von - Sacken points out that from the shortness of the hilt it is probable - that these daggers were held in the same manner as among the Peruvians - of the present day, with the two first fingers not round the hilt, - but stretched along the blade. - - In the museum of the Royal Irish Academy[928] is a broad dagger blade - 6⅝ inches long, and engraved with a kind of vandyke pattern at the - base. The ornamented portion is shown full size in Fig. 309, kindly - lent me by the Academy. It is rather remarkable that the ornaments - should extend to so near the base, as they must have been intended to - be free of the hilt, in which, in consequence, it would appear that - only a small part of the blade can have been inserted. The sides of - the socket in the hilt may, however, have extended some distance up - the sloping part of the base of the blade. - -[Illustration: Fig. 310. Kilrea. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 311. Thames. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 312. Thatcham. ½] - - An ornamented blade of more elongated form (16½ inches) is engraved - on the scale of one-fourth in Fig. 310. It was found at Kilrea, Co. - Sligo, and is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. There is a - vandyke pattern near the base, which is not shown in the cut. - - I have a plain blade (14 inches) with merely a central ridge, and with - two rivet-holes, which is also from Ireland, and of much the same form. - - In a small English blade (5 inches) of the same character there are no - rivet-holes at the base. - - A blade from the Thames[929] of an ordinary rapier shape is shown on - the scale of one-fourth in Fig. 311. It is provided with two rivets, - and there are notches at the side of the base as if to allow of two - others being passed through the hilt to steady the blade. - - A blade of the same form (10 inches), but with only two rivet-holes at - the base, was found at the foot of “the Castle Tump,” Newchurch,[930] - Radnorshire. - - Rapier-shaped blades from 8½ inches to 12½ inches long, found at - Auchtermuchty, Fife; at Fairholm, Dumfriesshire; and near Ardoch, - Perthshire, are preserved in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. - - Fig. 312 represents a small blade of this character dredged up from - the Kennet and Avon Canal, between Theale and Thatcham, Berks, and - given me by Mr. W. Whitaker, F.G.S. The two little notches at the side - of the base are peculiar. - - A number of blades of this character, but without these small notches, - have been found in the Cambridgeshire Fens. Mr. Fisher, of Ely, has - four, varying in length from 8 inches to 9 inches, about 2 inches wide - at the base and 1 inch in the middle of the blade. They all have two - rivet-holes, in some of which are rivets ⅝ inch long. - - Two blades found at South Kyme,[931] Lincolnshire, seem to have been - of this character. Another (13½ inches) was found at Corbridge,[932] - Northumberland, in company with a leaf-shaped spear-head. One from - Burwell Fen, in my own collection, has three rivet-holes, in which are - still two of the rivets, of which one is formed from a nearly square - piece of metal. A long blade of this kind (16½ inches), but with the - blade tapering more gradually from a rounded base, was dredged from - the Thames[933] near Vauxhall. Other rapier-shaped blades (18⅝ inches - and 14-3/10 inches) have been found in the Thames near Kingston.[934] - - The base of these blades appears sometimes to be disproportionately - broad with regard to the blades themselves. An example from Coveney, - near Downham Hithe, Cambridgeshire, is in the collection of Mr. - Fisher, of Ely, and is shown in Fig. 313. This widening was no doubt - intended to aid in steadying the blade in its hilt. - - I have a dagger of the same form (8 inches), but with a more tapering - blade, found in Waterbeach Fen, Cambridge. Another (11½ inches), - from Harlech, Merionethshire, is even narrower in the blade than the - Coveney example, but it has lost its edges by corrosion. - - Some blades, from 12½ inches to 15½ inches long, and rapier-like in - character, from Maentwrog in the same county, are engraved in the - _Archæologia_,[935] and are now in the British Museum. The rivet - arrangements vary. A spear-head, with loops attached to the blade, was - found with them. One of them has notches at the sides of the base, as - in Fig. 311. - - One 14¾ inches long, and of much the same outline, but flat in the - centre instead of ridged, was found at Fisherton,[936] near Salisbury, - and is in the Blackmore Museum. Another of the same character, but - broad in the blade (16½ inches), was found in the Thames.[937] - - Canon Greenwell has two rapier-like blades from the Thames, 17½ inches - and 15⅝ inches long, from Sandford. With the latter was found a - leaf-shaped blade (19 inches) with two rivet-holes in the base. - - Such blades are almost long enough to be regarded as swords. - - A weapon of this form (16⅞ inches), with the blade reduced in - thickness towards the edges, and with two large rivets, one of them - still _in situ_, was found in the Thames, and is now in the British - Museum. Another in the same collection (12⅞ inches), from the Thames - at Kingston, is much narrower at the base. - - A blade of this character from Blair Drummond Moss was exhibited in - the museum at Edinburgh, and is preserved at Blair Drummond House. - - The type occurs in France. One found at Auxonne,[938] Haute Saône, is - in the St. Germain Museum. - - Another, rather shorter and broader, with two rivets and two notches - in the sides of the base, was found in the bay of Penhouët[939] (Loire - Inférieure). - -[Illustration: Fig. 313.—Coveney. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 314.—Thames. ½] - - I have examples from the Seine at Paris, and also from the - neighbourhood of Amiens. - - In some cases the rivet-holes cut through the margin of the metal as - in Fig. 304. - - Blades appear sometimes to have been cast with deep rounded notches in - the base to receive the rivets instead of having holes drilled or cast - in them. That shown in Fig. 314 is of this character, and was found in - the Thames at London. It was given to me by Mr. C. Roach Smith, F.S.A. - Others of the same character have also been found in the Thames. One - of these (16⅝ inches), of nearly the same type but more rounded at the - lower part of the wings, is in the British Museum. - - Canon Greenwell has a blade of this type (8¾ inches), found near - Methwold, Norfolk. - - A specimen of this form (11 inches) from Edington Burtle, Somerset, is - in the Museum at Taunton. - - A blade from Inchigecla,[940] Co. Cork, figured in the _Archæological - Journal_, seems to be notched in a similar manner. Another of - different form, but apparently notched after the same fashion, is - engraved by Vallancey.[941] - - Some of the rapier-shaped blades, and especially those of larger size, - such as seem intermediate between swords and daggers, are ornamented - as well as strengthened by a projecting midrib, while their weight is - diminished by flutings along either side. A beautiful example of this - kind, found at the bottom of an old canoe, between the peat and clay, - near Chatteris, Cambs, is shown one-quarter size in Fig. 315. I have - another (14 inches) with the midrib not quite so prominent, and with - the rivet-holes cutting the margin of the base, found at Aston Ingham, - Herefordshire. A portion of another was found near Waterbeach,[942] - Cambs. - - A broader blade of the same character (12¾ inches), with two very - large rivets, was found in the Thames at Kingston, and is now in the - British Museum. A narrower blade (12 inches) with the rivet-holes - cutting through the base, was found at Cæsar’s Camp, Farnham, Surrey, - and is in the same collection. - - A long blade of this character from the Thames (21 inches long and - 2⅜ inches wide at the base), with central ridge and slight flutings - at the edges, may more properly be regarded as a sword. It is in the - British Museum. - - Six blades, all of the rapier character, but varying in details, - and from 12 inches to 22 inches in length, were found at Talaton, - Devonshire.[943] Some moulds of stone for blades of the same kind - were found at Hennock in the same county, and will subsequently be - described. Another blade (17 inches) was found at Winkleigh,[944] near - Crediton, Devon. - - A blade of the same character from Ireland is given by Vallancey.[945] - A fine specimen from the same country (18 inches) is in the British - Museum.[946] What appears to be a part of a blade[947] of the same - kind has been regarded as a kind of “steel” for sharpening other - blades. - - A rapier-shaped blade (21 inches) with two rivet-holes was found, with - socketed celts and a palstave, at Mawgan,[948] Cornwall. - - Blades of this character are also found in France. Two from the - departments of Aisne and Somme,[949] have been figured. One (20 inches - long) is in the Museum at Nantes. - - A rapier blade from the Chaussée Brunehault, and now in the Boulogne - Museum, is almost like a trefoil in outline at the hilt end. - - A still longer blade of this character, which perhaps ought with - greater propriety to have been classed among swords, is shown in Fig. - 316 on the scale of one-fourth. It has unfortunately lost its point, - but is still 17¾ inches long. It would appear to have been originally - about 20½ inches long, as shown in the figure. The blade in this - case has three projecting ribs between which and again towards the - edges it is fluted. It was found in the River Ouse, near Thetford. - The imperfect rivet-holes at the base appear to have been cast in the - blade, and the means of steadying it in its hilt must have been but - inadequate. Such weapons, however, can only have been intended for - stabbing, and not for striking. - - Another blade of similar form, but with perfect rivet-holes, was - found in the fine earthwork of Badbury, Dorsetshire, and is in the - collection of Mr. Durden, of Blandford. It is 23½ inches long and - 2-9/16 inches wide at the base above the rivet-holes. - - Blades of this kind are occasionally found in Ireland. In the British - Museum is one (9 inches) with deep notches for the rivets, found in - Rathkennan Bog, Co. Tipperary. - -[Illustration: Fig. 315.—Chatteris. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 316.—Thetford. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 317.—Londonderry. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 318. Lissane. 1/5] - - Nearly all the rapier-shaped blades which have still to be noticed - may be regarded as probably those of swords rather than of daggers. - That shown in Fig. 317 is in my own collection, and was found near - Londonderry. The method of attachment to the hilt by two rivets - fitting into notches at the sides of the base of the blade is the same - as in some of the shorter weapons already mentioned. - - Another (19 inches), found at Killeshandra,[950] Co. Cavan, has - similar notches at the sides, but the base is somewhat differently - shaped. Many of these rapier-shaped blades have been found in Ireland, - and Canon Greenwell has one (27¼ inches) which was bought in Scotland, - and probably found in that country. - - A blade (14 inches) found in the Loire, and now in the Nantes Museum, - has side notches of nearly the same character as those in Fig. 317. - - The finest example of the rapier kind ever found in Ireland is that - shown in Fig. 318, which by the kindness of the Royal Irish Academy I - here reproduce from Sir W. Wilde’s Catalogue. It is no less than 30¼ - inches long, and is only ⅝ inch in width at the centre of the blade, - which has a strong midrib. It was found in a bog at Lissane, Co. - Derry. I have a blade, found at Noailles, near Beauvais, Oise, France, - identical in form and character, but only 23¼ inches long. Were it not - that the rivets are wanting, Fig. 318 might have been taken from the - French instead of the Irish specimen. - - Another narrow blade, with a heavy rounded midrib (22⅝ inches long - and 1¾ inch broad at the base), was found in a bog at Galbally, - Co. Tyrone, and had at the time of its discovery the original hilt - attached. There also appear to have been some remains of a scabbard, - but this is uncertain. The hilt has been engraved in the _Proceedings - of the Royal Historical and Archæological Society of Ireland_,[951] - and is here by their kindness reproduced as Fig. 319. - -Mr. Wakeman, of Enniskillen, in his interesting account of the -discovery, describes the material of which the hilt is formed as bone, -or rather whalebone. Both blade and haft are, however, now in my own -collection, and I think there can be no doubt that the material of -the hilt is in reality a dark-coloured ox-horn. On some Danish blades -I have seen the fibrous texture of this substance still shown by the -oxide or salt of the metal, forming as it were a cast of its surface, -which has outlasted the horn against which it was originally formed. -There are no traces of the rivets in the Galbally hilt, so that -probably pins of hard wood served to secure it to the blade. - -Some Scandinavian daggers have been found with their handles of horn -still attached. One from a barrow in Hasslöf,[952] South Halland, -Sweden, had its leather sheath with a long rectangular end of bronze -still preserved. The length of the sheath is about twice that of the -blade of the dagger. - -The bronze hilts for the long rapier-like blades are rare, but not -unknown. - - One of these blades, found in the Co. Tipperary,[953] has its hilt - still attached by metal rivets, as shown in Fig. 320. The hilt - is hollow and is now open at the end, though probably, as Wilde - suggests, originally closed by a bone stud. - -[Illustration: Fig. 319.—Galbally. 1/1] - - The hilt of a sword in the museum at Tours is joined to the blade - in much the same fashion, but has a mere indentation instead of the - central semicircular notch. The body of the hilt is engraved with - bands of triangles and circles. - -[Illustration: Fig. 320.—Tipperary. ½] - - A rapier-shaped blade, with a bronze hilt of nearly the same form, but - with six rivets, is in the museum at Narbonne.[954] Another nearly - similar was found at Cheylounet,[955] Haute Loire. - - Some Egyptian bronze daggers have the hilts formed in the same style. - - In another form, the blade of which is more leaf-shaped, like the - ordinary bronze sword, the means of attachment to the haft are merely - slight notches at the sides. That shown in Fig. 321 is only 11 inches - long, but the edge has been removed for about 1½ inch from the base, - showing the portion which presumably was inserted in the hilt. The - original was found near Ely, and is in the collection of Mr. M. - Fisher, of that town. - - I have a small specimen of the same kind (6¾ inches) from Fordham, - Cambs. - - A more leaf-shaped blade (14 inches), with rivet notches at the side - of the base, was found, with leaf-shaped spear-heads, at Worth,[956] - Washfield, Devon. Possibly this, as suggested by Mr. Tucker, F.S.A., - was originally a sword from which the hilt was broken. - - A blade more like Fig. 321 (15¼ inches long and 1 inch broad) was - found in the Mardyke, near Grays Thurrock,[957] Essex. Some of the - weapons of this kind, like one from the Thames at Kingston (11½ - inches), appear to have been made from broken sword or rapier-like - blades. - - A long-tanged form, of which it is sometimes difficult to say whether - it is a sword, a knife, or a dagger, is of not unfrequent occurrence - in Ireland. That shown in Fig. 322 is in my own collection. - - I have another found near Armagh (8½ inches), which is rather broader - in its proportions. It has a diagonal row of circular indentations - across each side of the blade just above the shoulders. Not improbably - these and other specimens originally existed in a somewhat different - form, but having been injured at their base were refitted with a tang - for attachment to the haft instead of being secured by rivets at the - sides like those last mentioned. - - Some Danish daggers are provided with merely a slight tang like that - of a modern chisel. - -[Illustration: Fig. 321.—Ely. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 322.—North of Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 323.—Raphoe. ¼] - - Another form of blade is more of the nature of a bayonet than of a - rapier, yet this would appear to be the proper place in which to - notice it. The example shown in Fig. 323 is in the collection of - Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., and was found at Raphoe, Co. Donegal. - - The section of the blade is nearly square, and the faces are - ornamented with parallel engraved lines. It ends in a tang with a - single hole through it, and with it was found a ferrule of bronze for - receiving the end of the handle. - - In the Royal Irish Academy Museum is another blade of the same - character, 33 inches long and nearly square in section, but having the - faces fluted. With it was a ferrule, 3¾ inches long, having four ribs - at the base, with hollows between. It has one rivet-hole through it. - This specimen was found in a bog near Glenarm, Co. Antrim. - - From the ferrules and general form of the blades it is probable that - they were lance or pike heads rather than of the nature of swords or - daggers. The “javelin with loop” found in Monaghan, and engraved in - the _Archæological Journal_[958] seems to be somewhat of the same - nature. - -It may possibly be the case that some of the other blades described in -this chapter have served as the points of spear-like weapons, though, -from the hilts being discovered with so many of them, there can be no -doubt that the majority must be regarded as having been the blades -of daggers or rapiers. Among modern weapons we have, however, some -which, like the sword-bayonet, are intended to serve a double purpose; -and though there can be little doubt as to the true character of the -knife-daggers, it is hardly safe to assert that all the dagger-like -blades were without exception mounted with short hilts as poniards, -and that none were provided with straight shafts as pikes, or placed -transversely on a handle to serve as halberds or battle-axes. - -The weapons described in this chapter probably range over the whole -of the Bronze Period of Britain. The knife-daggers, which have almost -exclusively been found in barrows, often associated with other weapons -formed of stone, may be regarded as among the earliest of our bronze -antiquities; while the rapier-shaped blades, though of rare occurrence -in hoards, appear to belong to a period when socketed celts were -already in use. Of the dagger-like blades, in whatever manner they were -mounted, a considerable number belong to an early period. The analogies -of the different forms with those found upon the Continent have already -from time to time been noted in the preceding pages. - - - - -CHAPTER XI. - -TANGED AND SOCKETED DAGGERS, OR SPEAR-HEADS, HALBERDS, AND MACES. - - -BEFORE passing to the leaf-shaped swords, which would seem naturally -to follow in order after the blades last described, it will be well to -notice two sets of weapons which, though in many respects identical -with daggers, may in the one case have served as spear-heads, and in -the other most probably as the blades of battle-axes or halberds. To -the first of these two classes the term “Arreton Down type” has been -conventionally applied, as it was in the hoard found at that place that -the largest proportion of such weapons occurred; and, indeed, until -that discovery the type appears to have been unknown. - -The tanged blades are still rare, but have now been found in several -other places besides the Isle of Wight. The centre of the blade is -usually thick and strong, showing a central ridge and having the sides -more or less decorated with flutings or lines where the metal is -reduced in thickness. The tang, unlike that of the daggers described -at the beginning of the last chapter, is long and narrow, and tapers -away from the blade. At its end is a hole for a rivet or pin. In one -instance a ferrule was found upon the blade, as will be seen in Fig. -324. This figure is copied from that in the _Archæologia_[959] which is -taken from a drawing made in 1737 by Sir Charles Frederick. Upon the -ferrule are a number of raised bosses in imitation of rivets, but there -seems to be no rivet-hole in the ferrule itself, though there is one in -the end of the tang of the blade with the rivet still in it. - -Accounts of the discovery of this and other weapons at Arreton Down, -near Newport, in the Isle of Wight, were communicated to the Society of -Antiquaries in the years 1735 and 1737, and the latter has been printed -by Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.[960] At least sixteen articles were found -in a marl-pit, and they are said to have been arranged in a regular -order. Of these, nine were of this tanged type, but varying in details. - -[Illustration: Fig. 324.—Arreton Down. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 325.—Stratford-le-Bow. ½] - -One (Fig. 328) was provided with a socket; two were dagger blades, -already mentioned (one of which is given in Fig. 306), and four were -flanged celts, like Fig. 8, but varying in size. Six specimens from -this hoard are now in the British Museum. Mr. Franks, in the paper -already mentioned, regards these tanged weapons as spear-heads, and -is I think right in so doing; the blades, however, present such close -analogies with the daggers from the Wiltshire barrows, and the socketed -variety (Fig. 328) is so dagger-like in character, that it is hard to -speak with any degree of confidence upon this point. - -In 1855 Mr. Franks observed that the type was quite new to him, but -since that time several other specimens have been found besides those -from Arreton Down. One of these, discovered in the River Lea at -Stratford-le-Bow, Essex, is now in the British Museum, and is shown -in Fig. 325. As will be seen, it has a rounded midrib, with several -parallel grooves on each side of it engraved or punched on the blade. - - Some of the weapons from[961] Arreton Down are of nearly the same - description, but the midrib is more ridged, and is ornamented with - rows of engraved or punched dots. One has a double crescent-shaped - line of dots punched in at the base of the blade. - - I have a blade (10 inches) of the same form and character, but without - any engraved dots upon it, from Burwell Fen, Cambridge. The parallel - flutings on the blade appear to have been produced in the casting, and - not by engraving or punching. The hole in the tang was also made in - the casting, being irregular in form. It is nowhere less than ¼ inch - in diameter. Another weapon (7⅛ inches) of the same character, but - apparently without any fluting, was found near Newbury,[962] Berks. - -[Illustration: Fig. 326.—Matlock. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 327.—Plymstock. ⅔] - -Such blades are of extremely rare occurrence in Ireland, but one (9 -inches) closely resembling Fig. 325 was found in the county of West -Meath, and is now in the collection of Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A., of Cork. - - A slightly different variety of blade is shown in Fig. 326. It is - ridged along the centre, and has a groove on each side running - parallel to the edge, such as would afford facility for sharpening - the edge by hammering it out. The end of the tang has been broken off - at the hole. This specimen is said to have been found near Matlock, - Derbyshire, and is in my own collection. - - One with much broader and deeper grooves on each side of the midrib - (10 inches), found in Swaffham Fen, is in the Museum of the Cambridge - Antiquarian Society. - - A nearly similar blade, but with four slight channels on either side - instead of one, is in the museum at Copenhagen, and is said to have - been found in Italy.[963] - - Another of these blades, but without any lateral flutings, and in - character similar to Fig. 324, was found near Preston,[964] in the - parish of Plymstock, Devon, and is shown in Fig. 327. It is now in the - British Museum. In this instance, as at Arreton Down, the accompanying - articles were flanged celts like Fig. 9, of which there were sixteen, - and three dagger blades (see Fig. 301). There was also a narrow chisel - (Fig. 190). - - Two specimens from Suffolk (8 inches and 10½ inches), one of them - from Hintlesham,[965] formed part of the collection of the late Mr. - Whincopp, and are now in the British Museum. - - One of the Arreton Down[966] specimens, without a ferrule, is also - much of this type. - -[Illustration: Fig. 328.—Arreton Down. ½] - -In the Arreton Down hoard there was a single example of a weapon of -this kind which was provided with a socket for the insertion of a -handle or shaft, instead of having a tang. Fig. 328 is copied from the -engraving published in the _Archæologia_.[967] As will be observed, -the socket part is made to abut on the blade, much after the manner of -a dagger handle, and has cast upon it two bosses in imitation of the -heads of rivets for securing the blade. A weapon (8¼ inches), which -there can hardly be a doubt is the original from which Sir Charles -Frederick made his drawing for the Society of Antiquaries, is now -in Canon Greenwell’s collection, and I know of no other example. It -differs from the socketed knives in the character of the blade, which -is thicker and more highly ornamented, like some of the daggers from -the Wiltshire barrows. Whether it was itself intended to be a dagger, -or whether it was the head of a spear or lance, I will not attempt to -determine. - - What has somewhat the appearance of being a weapon of the same - character was found in a moss near Campbeltown,[968] Argyleshire, - together with a bronze sword. It may, however, as already suggested, - be merely a socketed knife. - - A very beautiful weapon of this kind is in the museum at Lausanne. The - blade is ornamented somewhat in the same manner as that of Fig. 328. - The socket is shorter and ornamented with parallel rings and bands - of triangles, alternately hatched and plain. There appear to be six - rivets, and what may be termed the hilt has a deep half-oval notch in - it, like that which is common on swords and daggers. The margin of - this notch is decorated with punctured dots. It was, I believe, found - near Sion, Valais, with portions of what may have been the ornaments - of a sheath, and also with a long narrow celt, flanged at the upper - part. The general resemblance between the Swiss and the English - specimens is very remarkable. - - An Egyptian[969] blade, with the side edges slightly curved inwards, - and with the socket rather shorter than in Fig. 328, is in the museum - at Boulaq. It is attached to the socket by three rivets. - -[Illustration: Fig. 329.—Årup. ⅓] - -The second series of blades of which it is proposed to treat in this -chapter are usually from six to sixteen inches long, rather broad at -the base, and not unfrequently curved longitudinally. This latter -circumstance, as well as their shape and weight, proves that some of -these broad blades were not intended for use as daggers; and this being -admitted, it seems to follow that others, which resemble the curved -blades in all respects except their curvature, must be regarded as -belonging to the same class of weapons. What these weapons were may -I think be best shown by some examples from Scandinavia and Northern -Germany, which also show the manner in which similar blades were -attached to their shafts so as to form a kind of halberd or battle-axe. - - That which I have selected by way of illustration is one that is - engraved in Dr. Oscar Montelius’ “Sveriges Forntid,”[970] who has - kindly lent me the block of Fig. 329. In this instance the scale - adopted is one-third linear measure. In A is given a view of the upper - end, seen from above, and in B a view from behind the blade, showing - the great projection of the rivet-like knobs. The handle as well as - the blade is in bronze. This specimen was found at Årup, in Scania. - Another is engraved in Lisch’s “Frederico-Francisceum.”[971] It was - found, with two others, at Blengow, near Buckow, Mecklenburg Schwerin, - and is regarded by Lisch as a kind of battle-axe, or possibly as a - “commander’s staff” or bâton of honour. Good examples of the same kind - are in the museums at Malmoe and Kiel, and others have been described - by Klemm.[972] Two have been found near Neu Ruppin. Others are in - the Schwerin Museum. Another, with a separate socket, having three - rivet-like bosses upon it, is in the Berlin Museum.[973] There can be - little doubt that this last-mentioned weapon is a representative of - an earlier form, when the shaft was merely of wood and the transverse - blade was secured in it by means of three rivets. An intermediate - form, in which the blade fits into a kind of open-work bronze socket - for receiving a shaft, is preserved in the Berlin Museum.[974] - -[Illustration: Fig. 330.—China. ½] - - An instance of the use of an analogous form of weapon in another part - of the world is afforded by some bronze blades from China, of which - one is represented in Fig. 330. For the loan of the original of this - figure I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S. As will be readily - seen, the blade is adapted for being attached at nearly a right angle - to a shaft, into which the flat tang behind the stop-ridge would be - inserted, and the blade would then be secured in its position by laces - or straps passing through the slots at the base of the blade. The - antiquity of such weapons in China it is hard to ascertain, but they - probably date back to a period many centuries remote from the present - day. - - Several of them are engraved in a Chinese work on antiquities, “The - Golden Study,” to which Mr. H. N. Moseley, F.R.S., has kindly called - my attention. What appear to be bronze spear-heads and swords are - figured in the same work. - - A bronze weapon of the same kind, but with a socket, which, like - the blade, is highly ornamented, was found on the Yenissei,[975] in - Siberia. There is the figure of a kind of antelope projecting from the - socket opposite the blade. Another, from Viatka, in Russia, has the - head of an animal in the same position. - - An iron weapon with a socket at right angles to the blade, from the - Inwa,[976] Perm, appears to be a halberd of much the same kind. - - This form of weapon closely approximates to the Australian - “malga”[977] and to some other wooden weapons in use in New Caledonia. - -As it is in Ireland and Scotland that the most characteristic of the -halberd blades have been discovered, it will be well to commence with -the examples from those countries rather than with those from England. - - In Fig. 331 is represented a fine specimen of a form not unusual in - Ireland, though the central rib is somewhat more ornamented than is - generally the case. The rivets, as usual, are three in number, and - are still preserved in the blade. In this case they are about ⅜ inch - in diameter and ¾ inch between the heads, which are about ⅝ inch in - diameter and have been carefully hammered into an almost hemispherical - form. The midrib ends abruptly in a straight line where it abutted on - the shaft. The metal appears to have a considerably less proportion - of tin to copper than is usual with bronze weapons. It looks in fact - almost like pure copper. - -[Illustration: Fig. 331.—Ireland. ½] - - This coppery appearance is by no means uncommon in these blades. - I have another specimen of the same form (9¾ inches), but without - the bead on the midrib. It was found at Letterkenny, Co. Donegal. A - specimen much like Fig. 331 is termed by Vallancey,[978] “the brass - head of a _Tuagh catha_, a general name for the war-axe.” “The large - rivets of this weapon show it was mounted on a very strong shaft.” - -Sir W. Wilde has described, under the two distinct headings of “Broad -scythe-shaped Swords,” and “Battle-axes,” the weapons which I have here -classed together. Of the former he mentions forty-one specimens in the -Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, of the latter but two or three. -The “swords”[979] he describes as thick, heavy, and round-pointed, -averaging about 12 inches in length by about 2½ inches in breadth -at the base; twenty-two of the blades being curved. With the strong -blades, however, he classes some which are quite thin and flat, and -which have more the appearance of having been intended for daggers. -The curved shape is much against their having been attached to staves -“spear-ways;” so that Wilde’s other suggestion of the scythe-shaped -swords having been mounted like axes, or “affixed to long handles like -modern halberds,” seems much more reasonable. As to the shorter and -broader blades, whether curved or not, he appears to have had no doubt -of their being a kind of battle-axes. - -Wilde has inferred from the large size of the rivets, some being 1½ -inches in length and nearly 1 inch across the burr or head, that they -must have been attached to massive metal handles, of which, however, -no fragments have been preserved. If this view had been correct, the -disappearance of the handles would be a remarkable circumstance; -but the large rivets appear rather intended for securing the blades -to wooden shafts, the disappearance of which from ordinary decay is -exactly what might be expected. In one instance there are large conical -washers or broad rings of bronze 1¼ inches in diameter beneath the -rivet-heads, and these in the case of a metal handle would have been -superfluous. - -Wilde appears to me to have fallen into another error with respect -to the antiquity of this form of weapon.[980] Arguing from the fact -that many of the specimens are formed either of red bronze or of pure -copper, he thinks it probable that, like the celts of that material, -they are of immense antiquity. And in another place he says that their -antiquity may be gathered from the fact of many being of copper, the -use of which metal invariably preceded that of bronze. As I have -already had occasion to observe, it is perfectly true that many of -these blades have the appearance of being made of copper, but the -absence of tin in their composition has not as yet been proved. Even -were they of pure copper the form and character of the blades show them -to be derivatives from the dagger, as the dagger itself sprang from the -simpler knife; and the cause for using a less proportion of tin, or -indeed none of that metal in them, appears to me to have been the wish -to make them less brittle than if they had been of bronze. A weapon -used as a battle-axe would not be less deadly from having a somewhat -duller cutting edge than if formed of bronze, and should it get bent -in an encounter, the straightening of it might quickly be effected, -while the loss of a blade by its breaking would be irreparable. I -have elsewhere contended that the Hungarian perforated double-ended -axes (like pick-axes) of copper, with but little or no tin in them, -were made of this material, not because tin was unknown, but because -the ductile and malleable copper was found better adapted for certain -purposes than the more fragile bronze. In the same manner copper rather -than brass sets or punches are in use among engineers at the present -day, when an intermediate piece of metal is required to convey the -blows of a hammer to an iron key or other object which would be injured -by receiving the blows direct. - -Sir William Wilde, in his Fig. 360, has shown a hollow tube of bronze -as forming the handle of a wide halberd blade; but this juxtaposition -of the two objects has been questioned. Not only are the projecting -spikes upon the tube somewhat inconsistent with its use as a handle, -but from a comparison with some similar objects since discovered there -can be no doubt of the presumed halberd shaft being in reality a -portion of a trumpet. - -[Illustration: Fig. 332.—Cavan. ½] - - The blade which is figured in connection with this handle was found - near Roscrea, Co. Tipperary, and closely resembles Fig. 332 both in - form and size, being 7⅜ inches long and 8⅝ inches wide at the base, in - which are two rivet-holes and also two notches in the margin. It has - a kind of treble midrib. The blade shown in Fig. 332 has but a single - midrib, but near the edges and following the same curve is a minor - ridge. A section is given at the side of the figure. The original - was found near Cavan, and is in my own collection. From the absence - of rivet-holes it seems doubtful whether it was ever mounted on a - shaft so as to form a complete weapon, unless, indeed, the sharp base - was merely driven into the wood. The metal appears to have a larger - admixture of tin in it than is usual in the scythe-like blades. I am - not aware of the existence of any other specimens of this very broad - form besides the two now mentioned. - - A curved blade, of much the same section as Fig. 332, but 15½ inches - long and 3¼ inches broad at the base, found at the foot of Slieve - Kileta Hill, Co. Wexford, is in the British Museum. It has three stout - rivets. - -[Illustration: Fig. 333.—Newtown Limavady. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 334.—Ballygawley. ½] - - The long and narrow blade shown in Fig. 333 seems also to belong to - the category of halberds, though the rivet-holes are smaller than - usual, and the blade itself thinner. It is strengthened by a number - of small converging ribs formed in the casting, instead of by a broad - midrib, and is also straight and not curved. The original was found - near Newtown Limavady, Co. Derry, and is in the collection of Canon - Greenwell, F.R.S. - - The shorter and much more massive blade shown in Fig. 334 is also - in Canon Greenwell’s collection, and was found at Ballygawley, Co. - Tyrone. It has probably seen much service, as what appear to have been - the original three rivet-holes have in two cases been partly closed - by hammering, while in the third the base of the blade has broken - away. In order to make use of the weapon, three fresh holes have been - drilled rather farther from the base, in which the rivets are still - preserved. - -[Illustration: Fig. 335.—Falkland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 336.—Stranraer. ¼] - - Some of the Irish[981] blades are more rounded than this at the point, - and have been secured to the shafts by four rivets arranged as in Fig. - 336. There is also occasionally a shoulder between the blade and the - part let into the handle, as in that from Stranraer. - -[Illustration: Fig. 337.—Harbyrnrigge. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 338.—Shropshire. ¼] - - In Fig. 335 is shown another blade much like that from Ballygawley, - but found near Falkland, Fifeshire. The metal appears to be nearly - pure copper, and it is doubtful whether it ever had more than one - rivet-hole, though there are notches for the reception of two besides - the rivet still left in the blade. It would, however, be fairly - secured in its handle by a second rivet in the notch on the left, - while a third at the back of the midrib would prevent the blade from - being driven into its handle by a blow. - - In the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh are several of these - halberd-like blades, some of them curved. One from Sluie,[982] - Edinkillie, Elginshire, is 11 by 3½ inches, and has four rivet-holes - arranged in a semicircle. It was found with two flat celts. Three - others, from 10 to 13½ inches by 3 inches, were found together at - Kingarth,[983] Bute. They are described as of reddish bronze. - - The original of Fig. 336 was found near Stranraer,[984] Wigtonshire, - and is now in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. It is 12½ inches - long and 4½ broad, and weighs nearly 1¾ lbs., so that if mounted as a - halberd, it must have been a formidable weapon. The rivets are an inch - in length. - -In England and Wales the blades which can with any degree of confidence -be regarded as those of halberds are by no means common. I think, -however, that the example from Harbyrnrigge,[985] Crosby Ravensworth, -Westmoreland, shown in Fig. 337, must be looked upon as a halberd -rather than as a dagger. It is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S. - - Another blade of much the same character is shown on the scale of - one-fourth in Fig. 338. It was found in Shropshire,[986] but the - exact locality is not known. Another (11¼ by 4 inches), bearing much - resemblance to that from Shropshire, was found near Manea,[987] - Cambridgeshire. It is provided with four rivets, and has a small rib - running down the thickened centre of the blade. It is now in the - Museum of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. - - The late Mr. J. W. Flower, F.G.S., bequeathed to me a blade of this - character (9¾ by 3½ inches) thickened out in the middle like Fig. 334, - and with three large rivet-holes in the base, which is somewhat of a - trefoil form. It was found with broken sword-blades and spear-heads at - Stoke Ferry, Norfolk, and appears to be formed of copper. - - The only Welsh example which I have to mention was found in the parish - of Llansanffraid,[988] Cwm Deuddwr, Radnorshire. It is 9 inches long - and 4 inches wide, and weighs 15 oz. In form and character it closely - resembles the Irish and Scotch specimens (Figs. 334 and 335), having a - plain midrib, bevelled edges, and three rivet-holes. - - A large blade, with a strong midrib and three rivets, found in - Zealand, and engraved by Madsen,[989] may have belonged to a halberd - of this class. - -I have already mentioned the halberd blades from Scandinavia and -North Germany, and have seen but one example from any of the western -countries of Europe. This is from Spain, and was found near Ciudad -Real. It is about 8¼ inches long, and more T-shaped at the -base than any British specimen, the blade suddenly expanding from 2 -inches in width to 5. In this expanded part are the usual three rivets, -each about 1 inch in length. The discovery of a weapon of this type in -Spain seems to lend support to those who maintain that there was some -connection between the Iberians and the early inhabitants of Ireland. -The curious similarity of some of the Portuguese forms of flint arrow- -and javelin-heads to those of Ireland is also worthy of notice. - -[Illustration: Fig. 339.—Lidgate. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 340.—Great Bedwin. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 341.—Ireland. ½] - -Besides the battle-axe or halberd there is another form of weapon for -hand-to-hand encounters—the mace—of which it will be well to say a -few words; for though I do not for a moment believe that the bronze -mace-heads so frequently found in this and other European countries -belong to the Bronze Age, yet by many they have been classed among the -antiquities of that period. These weapons vary considerably in size and -weight, but the cuts will show the more common forms. - - That shown in Fig. 339 is in the Museum of the Cambridge Antiquarian - Society, and is stated to have been found at Lidgate,[990] Suffolk. - In the Meyrick[991] Collection is one precisely similar, which was - brought from Italy. The mace to which these dentated rings were - attached is thought to have been a kind of “morning star” or flail. - Others from Lanarkshire[992] are of similar character. Professor - Daniel Wilson refers these to the time of the Roman occupation. - - I have three heavy rings with four long and eight short spikes each, - from Hungary. - - Another form is provided with a socket, and is evidently intended for - mounting on a straight staff. That shown in Fig. 340 was found in a - well at Great Bedwin,[993] Wilts, and is now in the British Museum. - Another of the same class, with a longer socket, is in the Museum[994] - of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society; and two are in the collection of - Mr. M. Fisher, at Ely. Others have been found in London,[995] and at - Stroud,[996] Gloucestershire. - - An Irish example from Wilde[997] is shown in Fig. 341. There are three - such in the Museum of the Academy, varying in length from 2 to 5 - inches. One from Tipperary[998] (4 inches) is of the same kind. - - I have specimens of this kind from Hungary, one (4⅝ inches) with - three rows of four spikes, and one (4⅞ inches) with five rows of five - spikes. I have another from the Seine at Paris (4⅜ inches) with six - longitudinal ribs instead of spikes. - - Lindenschmit[999] has figured seven examples, from various parts of - Germany and Italy, some more or less similar to each of the three - figures I have given. Some of these are decorated with spirals in - relief. Lisch[1000] has also engraved some specimens. - - In the British Museum[1001] are some foreign specimens decorated with - patterns of a decidedly mediæval character. - - An instrument of this kind, with eight lateral spikes and a long iron - spike coming out from the end, was found with numerous mediæval relics - in the ruins of Söborg,[1002] in North Zealand. Such a discovery - seems to me conclusive as to the date to be assigned to this class of - weapons. - -I must apologise to the reader for this digression, and now proceed to -the consideration of the leaf-shaped bronze swords, which are far more -closely allied to the arms described in Chapter X. than to the objects -which have been discussed in the present chapter. - - - - -CHAPTER XII. - -LEAF-SHAPED SWORDS. - - -AMONG ancient weapons of bronze, perhaps the most remarkable both -for elegance of form and for the skill displayed in their casting -are the leaf-shaped swords, of which a considerable number have come -down to our times. The only other forms that can vie with them in -these respects are the spear-heads, of which many are gracefully -proportioned, while the coring of their sockets for the reception of -the shafts would do credit to the most skilful modern founder. Neither -the one nor the other belong to the earliest period[1003] when bronze -first came into general use for weapons and tools, the flat celts and -knife-daggers characteristic of that period being as a rule absent from -the hoards in which fragments of swords and spear-heads are present. - -There is also this remarkable circumstance attaching to the bronze -swords, viz., that there is no well-authenticated instance[1004] of -their occurrence with any interments in barrows. It is true that -Professor Daniel Wilson[1005] speaks of the frequent discovery of -broken swords with sepulchral deposits, and mentions one found -alongside of a cinerary urn in a tumulus at Memsie, Aberdeenshire, and -another which lay beside a human skeleton in a cist under Carlochan -Cairn, Carmichael, Galloway. But one of these discoveries took place -so long ago as 1776, and in both cases there may, as Canon Greenwell -has suggested, either have been some mistake as to the manner of -finding, or the connection of the sword with the interment may have -been apparent rather than real. A portion of a sword 6½ inches long, -said to have been found in a cairn at Ballagan,[1006] Strathblane, -Stirlingshire, in 1788, is in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. A -“sarcophagus with ashes” is said to have been in the cairn. Another -sword, broken in four pieces, is said to have been found in a barrow -in Breconshire.[1007] Another, found at Wetheringsett, Suffolk, is said -to have lain fourteen feet deep in clay, with a great number of human -bones, but no pottery or other remains. In this case, however, there is -no mention of a barrow. The sword is elsewhere said to have been found -in a sandpit.[1008] - -In Scandinavia, however, bronze swords have not unfrequently been found -with interments in barrows; and inasmuch as the owners of the bronze -swords in Britain were, after death, in all probability interred, -either in a burnt or unburnt condition, there appears no reason why in -some instances their swords may not have been buried with them, though -as yet the evidence of these weapons having been found in tumuli, is -far from satisfactory. Possibly at the time when the swords were in -use the practice of erecting mounds over graves had ceased, and there -are now no external marks upon the ground to indicate the graves of -the warriors who wielded the bronze swords, and who have thus escaped -disturbance in their “narrow cells” from the hands of treasure-seekers -and archæologists; or possibly the custom of burying weapons with the -dead may at that time have ceased. - -But not only has there been a question, as to what was the method of -interment in vogue among the owners of the bronze swords, but, as -already mentioned in the Introductory Chapter, serious dispute has -arisen whether the swords themselves are not Roman, or at all events -of Roman date. The late Mr. Thomas Wright[1009] was the most ardent -advocate of this latter view, and he has been to some extent supported -by Mr. C. Roach Smith.[1010] The contrary view, that the swords belong -to a Bronze Age before the use of that metal was superseded by that -of iron, has been ably advocated by the late Mr. A. Henry Rhind, -F.S.A.Scot.,[1011] and Sir John Lubbock.[1012] It seems almost needless -for me here to enter further into this controversy, in which, to my -mind, as already stated in the Introductory Chapter, the whole weight -of the argument is in favour of a pre-Roman origin for these swords -in Western and Northern Europe. There was no doubt a time when bronze -swords were in use in Greece and Italy, and the substitution of iron -or steel for bronze, so far as we can judge from the early iron swords -found in the ancient cemetery at Hallstatt and elsewhere, involved -little if any alteration in the form and character of the weapon, -which was better adapted for thrusting than for striking. Even here -in Britain, by the time when the Roman invasion took place, not only -were swords made of iron in use, but the form of what is known as -the Late-Celtic[1013] sword was no longer leaf-shaped, but slightly -tapering, with the edges nearly straight almost as far as the point. -Among the Romans it would seem that more than one change was made in -the form of their swords after the introduction of iron as the material -from which they were formed. As Mr. Rhind has pointed out, Polybius -speaks of the swords wielded by the soldiers of Æmilius at the battle -of Telamon, B.C. 225, as made not only to thrust but to give a falling -stroke with singular effect. “During the Second Punic War, however, -which immediately succeeded the battle of Telamon, the Romans adopted -the Spanish sword,” the material of which we have no difficulty in -definitely ascertaining, as “Diodorus Siculus[1014] particularly -mentions the process by which the Celtiberians prepared their iron for -the purpose of manufacturing swords so tempered that neither shield, -helmet, nor bone could resist them.” How far their process of burying -iron underground until a part of it had rusted away would, in the -case of charcoal iron, leave the remaining portion more of the nature -of steel, I am unable to say. Perhaps the amount of manipulation in -charcoal necessary to restore the rusted plates to a serviceable -condition may have produced this effect of converting the iron into -mild steel. The steel of the sabres made in Japan,[1015] which will cut -through an iron nail without their edge being injured, is said to be -prepared in a similar manner from iron long buried underground. - -Most of the bronze swords are shorter than those of the present day; -but the Roman sword would, in the time of Julius, appear to have -been longer than ours. Otherwise Cicero’s joke about his son-in-law, -Lentulus, would have but little point, however small in person he may -have been. Indeed, Macrobius[1016] expressly says that it was a long -sword that Lentulus was wearing when Cicero made the inquiry, Who has -tied my son-in-law to a sword? - -The swords in use among the Britons at a somewhat later period appear -to have been of great size, for Tacitus speaks of them as “ingentes” -and “enormes.” They were also bluntly pointed, or “sine mucrone.” Such -a description is entirely inconsistent with the form and size of our -bronze swords, though it might well refer to some of the iron blades -of the Late-Celtic Period, which are 3 feet in length. Others are, -however, shorter. - -Of the comparative rarity of bronze swords in Italy, and of their -abundance in Scandinavia and Ireland, countries never occupied by the -Romans, Sir John Lubbock[1017] has already spoken; and he has also -summarized the reasons which convince him, as they do me, that our -bronze weapons cannot be referred to Roman times. I will only repeat -one of the arguments, of which perhaps not sufficient use has been -made. It is that at the time when Julius Cæsar was invading Britain, -and its inhabitants were thus for the first time brought in contact -with Roman weapons, iron had been so long in use for swords in Italy -that the term for the weapon was “ferrum.” - -Another feature in bronze swords, which has been frequently commented -on by archæological writers, is the comparatively small size of the -hilt. “The handles are always very small, a fact which tends to prove -that the men who used these swords were but of moderate stature.”[1018] -“The handles of the bronze swords are very short and could not have -been held comfortably by hands as large as ours—a characteristic much -relied on by those who attribute the introduction of bronze into Europe -to a people of Asiatic origin.[1019] - -I must confess that I regard this view of the smallness of the hilts as -being somewhat exaggerated. My own hand is none of the smallest, and -yet where the bronze hilts of the Danish and Hungarian swords have been -preserved I have no difficulty in finding room to clasp them. The part -of the hilt where it expands to embrace the base of the blade was, I -think, probably intended to be within the grasp of the hand, and not to -be beyond it as a guard. In the case of some of the short dagger-like -weapons it seems possible that the projecting rim, which forms a kind -of pommel at the end of the hilt, was intended to rest between the -fourth and the little finger, and thus to assist in its being grasped -firmly when in use as a stabbing weapon. When the plates of horn or -wood, which, as we shall subsequently see, once covered the hilt -portion of the sword, have perished, it is hard to realise what was the -exact form of the hilt; but it is quite evident that we must not assume -that because the bare bronze does not fill the hand so as to give it -a good grip, the same was the case when it had a plate of some other -material on each face, which also possibly projected beyond the sides. - -There is, moreover, one peculiarity about the hilt-plates of these -swords which I have often pointed out by word of mouth, but which -I think has not as yet been noticed in print. It is that there is -generally, though not universally, a proportion between the length of -the blade and the length of the hilt-plate; long sword blades having -as a rule long hilt-plates, and short sword blades short hilt-plates. -So closely is this kind of proportion preserved, that the outline of -a large sword on the scale of one-sixth would in some cases almost -absolutely correspond with that of one which was two-thirds of its -length, if drawn on the scale of one-fourth. - -This relative proportion between the length and size of a blade and -its handle is by no means restricted to the swords of the Bronze -Period, but prevails also among various tools, such as the saws and -chisels of the present day. If, for instance, we were to argue from -the saw-handles in a carpenter’s shop as to the size of the hands of -the carpenters, we should soon find ourselves in difficulties. The -handle of an ordinary hand-saw is sufficiently large to admit the -hand of any one short of a giant, while the orifice in the handle of -a small keyhole-saw will not admit more than a couple of fingers, -and the handles of saws of intermediate size range between these two -extremes. This fact suffices to inculcate caution in arguing from the -hilt-plates of the bronze swords as to the size of the hands of those -who used them. It is a question which will be more safely determined on -osteological than archæological evidence; but, owing to the remarkable -absence of bronze swords from the interments in our barrows, it may be -some time before a sword and the bones of the hand that wielded it are -found in juxtaposition. - -Professor Rolleston[1020] has well said, “I am not quite clear that -this bronze sword, leaf-shaped or other, has always a very small hilt.” -“At any rate, there can be no doubt that in this country the skeletons -of the Bronze Period belonged to much larger and stronger and taller -men than did the skeletons of the Long Barrow stone-using folk who -preceded them. In some parts of England the contrast in this matter of -size between the men of the Bronze and those of the Stone Age is as -great as that now existing between the Maori and the gentle Hindoo.” - -[Illustration: Fig. 342. Battersea. ¼] - -The stature of several of the men interred in the Yorkshire barrows, -examined by Canon Greenwell, was not less than five feet nine inches, -and the bones of the hands were proportional to those of the bodies; -but, unfortunately, no bronze swords accompanied them, though many of -the interments were of the Bronze Age. - -The usual form of sword to which the term “leaf-shaped” has been -applied is that shown in Fig. 342. Their total length is generally -about 24 inches, though sometimes not more than 16 inches, but they -are occasionally as long as 30 inches, or even more. The blades are in -most cases uniformly rounded, but with the part next the edge slightly -drawn down so as to form a shallow fluting. In some instances, however, -there is a more or less bold rounded central rib, or else projecting -ridges running along the greater part of the blade near the edges. They -differ considerably in the form of the plate for the hilt, and in the -number and arrangement of the rivets by which the covering material -was attached. This latter, as will subsequently be seen, usually -consisted of plates of horn, bone, or wood, riveted on each side of the -hilt-plate. In rare instances the outer part of the hilt was of bronze. -Of the scabbards of such swords and the chapes attached to them I shall -subsequently speak. - - The sword shown in Fig. 342 was found about the year 1864 in the - Thames, near Battersea Bridge, and is now in my own collection. Its - length is 25¼ inches, and the blade is 2⅛ inches broad in its broadest - part, though at the top of the hilt it is 2⅜ inches in breadth. Just - above this point the edge of the blade has been removed so as to form - two broad notches, the object being probably to save the hand of the - warrior from being cut should the sword be drawn back in his hand, - there being apparently no transverse guard. The hilt has been attached - by rivets or pins passing through three longitudinal slots, which have - been produced in the casting, and not subsequently drilled or made. - The hilt-plate expands into a kind of fish-tail termination, which - was probably enclosed in a pommel-like end formed by the plates of - horn, or other material, of which the hilt was made. I have another - sword, about 21 inches in length, which was found in the year 1851 - near the circular encampment at Hawridge, on the south-eastern border - of Buckinghamshire. The hilt-plate is of the same character as that - of Fig. 342, but the lower slot is longer and the upper ones shorter. - In the latter were found the bronze rivets for fastening on the hilt. - This blade is figured on a small scale in the _Proceedings of the - Society of Antiquaries_.[1021] - -[Illustration: Fig. 343. Barrow. ¼] - - Another sword (22 inches) of the same character, with three pointed - oval slots for the rivets, was found at Washingborough,[1022] - Lincolnshire. Two other leaf-shaped swords were found near the - same spot. Another (24 inches), found near Midsummer Norton,[1023] - Somerset, has the central slot nearly rectangular. - - The central slot is sometimes accompanied by two or more rivet-holes - in the projecting wings of the hilt-plate. A sword (24 inches) with - two rivets was found between Woodlands and Gussage St. Michael,[1024] - Dorset. Another, broken, was found, with fragments of others, socketed - celts, spear-heads, a sickle, and other objects, near the Pierre du - Villain, Alderney.[1025] - - One (24½ inches) from the Thames,[1026] at Battersea, and now in the - Bateman Collection, has a long rectangular slot and four rivets. One - of two (24 inches), found in broken condition, with a spear-head and - two ferrules, on Fulbourn Common,[1027] near Cambridge, was of this - type. Another, from Aldreth, Cambs. (23½ inches), is in the Museum of - the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. - - I have an example, originally 26 inches long, found with a leaf-shaped - spear-head near Weymouth. - - The type occurs also in France. I have one (18¾ inches), with a slot - and four rivets, from Albert, near Amiens. Another was found near - Argenteuil,[1028] Seine et Oise. I have seen a bronze sword from - Spain, also with the three slots. - - In the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., is a remarkably fine - sword (27½ inches) from Barrow, Suffolk, in which the long slot in - the hilt-plate is combined with ten small rivet-holes. The central - ridge on the blade is well pronounced, as will be seen by Fig. 343. - The blunted part of the blade near the hilt is engraved or milled - diagonally. The number of rivets is here larger than usual; but in a - sword (28½ inches) from the Thames, near Vauxhall,[1029] there are - five rivet-holes in the centre of the plate in lieu of the slot, and - four in each of the wings—thirteen in all. In another (23½ inches) - from the same locality there are eleven, three in each wing and five - in the centre. One (27 inches) from the Thames, in the Museum of the - Society of Antiquaries, has ten rivets, of which four are in the - centre. - - Another (28½ inches) with ten rivet-holes, four in the hilt-plate and - three in each wing, was found in the Thames[1030] in 1856, and is in - the British Museum. - - A sword from the Roach Smith Collection (20⅜ inches) has a well-marked - midrib to the blade, which is somewhat hollowed on either side of it. - The hilt-plate has the central slot and four rivet-holes, in which two - rivets remain. - - In the British Museum is another sword (27⅝ inches) of much the same - form at the hilt, but with ten rivet-holes, three in each wing and - four in the central plate, which is prolonged beyond the fishtail-like - expansion in the form of a flat tang, 1 inch by ⅝ inch. It was found - in the Lea,[1031] near London. The lower part of the hilt has been - united to the blade by a subsequent process of burning on, as will - shortly be mentioned. - - This prolongation of the hilt-plate is not singular. In the - Rouen Museum is a sword with thirteen rivets which exhibits this - peculiarity. The same exists in a Swiss Lake[1032] sword, and is not - uncommon in swords found in Italy. - - Another sword from the Thames (23 inches) has five holes in the - hilt-plate and four in each wing. The blade, which expands from 1¼ - inch near the hilt to 2⅛ inches at two-thirds of its length, is - ornamented with a single engraved line skirting the edge. - - In the British Museum is another remarkably fine sword from the - Thames, ornamented in a similar manner, but with a slot in the - hilt-plate and three rivet-holes in each wing. The blade is 24½ inches - long and from 1⅞ inch to 2⅜ inches wide. - - Another, from Battle, Sussex (29½ inches), has eleven rivets, three - in the hilt-plate, which is in form much like that of Fig. 343. The - blade is drawn down towards the edges. The lower end shows where the - runner was broken off after it was cast, and is left quite rough, thus - raising the presumption that it was covered by some kind of pommel. - Five rivets are still preserved. - - A sword from the Medway, at Upnor Reach, is 31¼ inches long and - 1⅞ inch wide at the broadest part. It has no less than fifteen - rivet-holes for the hilt, in three groups of five each. - - One from the Thames (28⅝ inches), with plain blade and thirteen - rivet-holes, has five small rivets still _in situ_. - - More commonly the rivet-holes are fewer in number. One (24½ inches) - in Canon Greenwell’s Collection, from Broadway Tower, Broadway, - Worcester, has nine rivet-holes, three in the tang and three in - each wing. One from the Thames at Battersea[1033] (26 inches), and - one from Ebberston, Yorkshire, in the Bateman Collection, have the - rivets arranged in the same manner, as has one which was found near - Whittingham,[1034] Northumberland, with another sword subsequently to - be described, and also with three spear-heads. - -[Illustration: Fig. 344.—Newcastle. ¼] - - I have one (19 inches) with eight rivet-holes, four in the centre and - two in each wing, found near Cambridge. The holes appear to have been - either made or enlarged by a punch having been driven through them, - the rough burr being left on. On either side of the central ridge of - the blade there is a pair of engraved lines parallel to the edges - and at about ¼ inch distant from them. The base of the blade next - the expansion for the hilt has been neatly serrated or engrailed, - like that of the sword from Barrow, but in this case transversely. - Unfortunately this blade, which is beautifully patinated, has been - broken into three pieces. - - French swords of this class, both with a central slot combined with - rivets and with rivets only, are by no means uncommon. Specimens - of each, from the department of Seine et Oise, are figured in the - “Dictionnaire Archéologique de la Gaule.” One with a slot and four - rivets is in the museum at Nantes. Two with seven rivet-holes were - found at St. Nazaire-sur-Loire[1035] (Loire Inférieure). - - Seven is, indeed, a more usual number for the rivet-holes than any - of these higher numbers. In Fig. 344 is shown a fine example of a - sword with seven rivet-holes, found in the Tyne, near Newcastle, and - now in the collection of Canon Greenweil, F.R.S. It is 28 inches in - length, and has a bead or rib just within the edges, which is somewhat - exaggerated in the figure. The hilt-plate is provided with slight - flanges for retaining the horn or wood that formed the hilt, and has a - semicircular notch at the base, possibly for the reception of a rivet. - See Fig. 356. - - A sword from the Thames near Battersea (28⅝ inches), in the British - Museum, is of nearly the same form as Fig. 344, but the end of the - hilt-plate has no notch, and there is no midrib running down it. The - hilt has been fastened by seven rivets, which fit tightly in the holes - and are nearly all in position. Their ends have conical depressions - in them, as if a punch had been used as a riveting tool. In some the - rivets have been closed by a hollow punch, so as to leave a small stud - projecting in the middle of each surrounded by a deep hollow ring. - Some French swords present the same peculiarity. - - A sword of the same form (23¾ inches), but with a plain blade and only - five small rivet-holes, was found in the Medway at Chatham Reach, and - is now in the same collection. The hilt seems to have been burnt on. - - A sword of this form (25¼ inches), with raised ridges parallel to the - edges, has a rounded end to the hilt-plate and holes for six very - small pins or rivets at the base and for one large one. The hilt-plate - has been much hammered. It was found in the Thames. A second (24¾ - inches), almost identical in every respect, has retained five of its - pins. - - There are two swords in the Norwich Museum, each of them with seven - rivet-holes, both 21½ inches long, but the one found at Woolpit, - Suffolk, and the other at Windsor. One of the swords found at - Fulbourn,[1036] Cambridge, had its rivets arranged as in Fig. 344. The - blade is somewhat fluted between the central ridge and has smaller - ridges running parallel to the edges. Another (23¾ inches), found in - Glamorganshire,[1037] is of the same character. Another like this was - found in the bed of the Lark,[1038] at Icklingham, Suffolk. - - I have two swords (about 23 inches) with seven rivet-holes, which - were found with spear-heads, a halberd, and other objects at Stoke - Ferry, Norfolk. They are unfortunately broken. One of them appears - to have been a defective casting, and to have wanted a portion of - its hilt-plate. This has been subsequently supplied by a second - hilt-plate having been cast over the broken end of the original plate, - a hole in which has been stopped with a rivet, which has been partly - covered over by the metal of the second casting. This is not an unique - instance of mending by burning on additional metal. I have a small - leaf-shaped sword (17⅜ inches), for which I am indebted to the Earl - of Enniskillen, found near Thornhill, Killina, Co. Cavan, which has - in old times had a new hilt-plate cast on the original blade in this - manner. - - Other swords with seven rivet-holes arranged as in Fig. 344 have been - found near Alton Castle,[1039] Staffordshire, and at Billinghay,[1040] - Lincoln. - - A sword with six rivet-holes (23 inches) was found near - Cranbourne,[1041] Dorset. Another of the same length was dug up at - Stifford,[1042] near Gray’s Thurrock, Essex. Another (20½ inches) was - found in the Severn[1043] at Buildwas, Salop. The rivet-holes are two - in the middle and two in each wing. - - A leaf-shaped sword, the hilt broken off, but the blade still 22½ - inches long, was found with a bronze spear-head, a palstave, and a - long pin, in the Thames,[1044] near the mouth of the Wandle. It is now - in the British Museum. - - A sword with the hilt-plate like that of Fig. 344 has been found in - Rhenish Hesse.[1045] - -[Illustration: Fig. 345.—Wetheringsett. ¼] - - Another variety of the sword has a strong central rounded rib along - the blade, of which kind a good example is shown in Fig. 345. - The original is in the collection of Mr. Robert Fitch, F.S.A., - who has kindly lent it to me for engraving. It was found at - Wetheringsett,[1046] Suffolk, and is said to have had remains of a - wooden hilt and scabbard, attached to it when found. Human bones are - also reported to have been found near it. It is 25½ inches long, with - engraved lines on the hilt, and has only two rivet-holes besides the - central square-ended slot. - - Mr. Fisher, of Ely, has a sword of the same character (25 inches), but - with four rivets and a slot, found in the Fens near Ely. - - A fragment of what appears to have been a sword of the same - character, but with two rivet-holes instead of the central slot, was - found with socketed celts and spear-heads at Bilton,[1047] Yorkshire. - - I have a fragment of a blade of this kind in the Reach Fen hoard. - Another fragment, from Chrishall, Essex, is in the British Museum, as - is also one found under Beachy Head.[1048] It has two rivet-holes in - each wing, and three considerably larger in the centre. They appear - to be cast, and not drilled. With this fragment were found palstaves, - socketed celts, lumps of copper, and gold armlets. - - The type also occurs in France. I have a specimen from the Seine at - Paris, with the hilt and lower part almost identical with Fig. 345, - but the blade does not expand in the same manner, and has two lines - engraved on each side of the central rib, the inner pair meeting on - the rib some little way from the point, the outer continued to nearly - the end of the blade. I have fragments of a sword of similar character - from the hoard found at Dreuil, near Amiens. The fragment from Beachy - Head already mentioned may possibly be of Gaulish origin. - -On an Italian oblong bronze coin or _quincussis_, 6⅝ inches by 3½ -inches, and weighing about 3½ lbs., is the representation of a -leaf-shaped sword with a raised rib along the centre of the blade, and -in general character much like Fig. 345. A specimen of this coin is -in the British Museum,[1049] and bears upon the reverse the figure of -a scabbard with parallel sides, and a nearly circular chape. Another -coin of the same type, engraved by Carelli,[1050] has a nearly similar -scabbard on the reverse, but the sword on the obverse is either -represented as being in its scabbard or is not at all leaf-shaped, -the sides of the blade being parallel. The hilt is also curved, and -there is a cross-guard. In fact, upon the one coin, the weapon has -the appearance of a Roman sword of iron, and on the other that of a -leaf-shaped sword of bronze. These pieces were no doubt cast in Umbria, -probably in the third century B.C., but their attribution to Ariminum -is at best doubtful. From the two varieties of sword appearing on coins -of the same type, the inference may be drawn either that at the time -when they were cast, bronze swords were in Umbria being superseded by -those of iron; or that the type originally referred to some sacred -weapon of bronze such as is represented on the coin in the British -Museum, but was subsequently made more conventional so as to represent -the sword in ordinary use at the period. - -[Illustration: Fig. 346. Tiverton. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 347. Kingston. ¼] - - The sword with a central rib was sometimes attached to the hilt in - a different manner from any of the blades hitherto described, as - will be seen by Fig. 346, copied from the _Archæological Association - Journal_.[1051] This sword was found at Tiverton, near Bath, and it is - provided with four rivets, a pair on each side of the continuation of - the central rib along the hilt-plate. Human remains and stag’s-horns - are said to have been found near it. - - In the British Museum is a blade of the same kind (19⅝ inches), with - semicircular notches for the four rivets. It was found in the Thames - at Kingston. Another from the Thames (21 inches) has the two upper - holes perfect. - - Leaf-shaped swords of the ordinary type also occasionally had their - hilts attached in the same manner. Fig. 347 shows a blade from the - Thames,[1052] near Kingston (16⅛ inches) with the rivet-holes thus - arranged. I have another, from the Hugo Collection (18 inches), found - in the Thames about a mile west from Barking Creek,[1053] which has - had four rivet-holes arranged in the same manner, though the margins - are now broken away, so that only traces of the holes remain. Another - apparently of this type was found in Lincolnshire.[1054] - - In Canon Greenwell’s Collection is a leaf-shaped blade of the same - character (15¾ inches), which, however, has only two rivet-holes, one - on each side of the hilt-plate. It was found at Sandford,[1055] near - Oxford, together with a rapier-shaped blade. - - Another variety has a narrower tang and rivet holes in the median - line. A blade of this kind, which is in Mr. Layton’s Collection, - was found in the Thames at Greenwich, and is engraved in the - _Archæological Journal_.[1056] - - Before proceeding to the consideration of the swords with more perfect - hilts and pommels found in England, it will be well to give references - to some of the other instances of leaf-shaped swords found in this - country and in Wales. Several have been found in the Thames[1057] - besides those already mentioned. Others have been discovered in the - Isle of Portland;[1058] at Brixworth,[1059] Northamptonshire; and in - the sea-dike bank between Fleet and Gedney,[1060] Lincolnshire. Two, - one with the chape of the scabbard, of which more hereafter, were - found at Ebberston,[1061] Yorkshire. - - Two were found at Ewart Park,[1062] near Wooler, Northumberland, - one of which is in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of - Newcastle-on-Tyne. - - Some fragments of swords, regarded as being of copper, were found, - with spear-heads, celts, and lumps of metal, at Lanant,[1063] and also - at St. Hilary, Cornwall, about the year 1802. - - There were also some fragments in the Broadward find,[1064] - Shropshire, which consisted principally of spear-heads and ferrules. - Occasionally a considerable number of swords are said to have been - found together. No less than twenty are reported to have been - discovered about the year 1726 near Alnwick Castle,[1065] in company - with forty-one socketed celts and sixteen spear-heads; and two broad - swords, one sharp-pointed sword, a spear-point, and a socketed celt - were found “in a bundle together” at Ambleside, Westmoreland,[1066] - about 1741. - - Two swords, some spear-heads, celts, and other relics were discovered - at Shenstone,[1067] Staffordshire, in 1824. Near them are said to have - been some fragments of human bones. Some swords are reported to have - been found in a marsh on the Wrekin Tenement,[1068] Shropshire, with a - celt and about one hundred and fifty fragments of spear-heads. - - Two swords and a fragment of a third were found in the Heathery Burn - Cave, in company with numerous bronze and bone instruments and a gold - armlet and penannular hollow bead. Most of these objects are now in - the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. Three swords were found at - Branton, Northumberland, and are now in the Alnwick Museum; where are - also two which had pommels of lead, and were found with two rings near - Tosson, parish of Rothbury, in that county. Another, which was also - accompanied by two rings, were found near Medomsley, Durham. These - rings may in some manner have served to attach the swords to a belt. - - Most of the swords found in Wales appear to be in a fragmentary - condition. Engravings of some leaf-shaped swords are said to exist on - a rock between Barmouth[1069] and Dolgellau, North Wales. - - A fragment of a sword was found, with a bronze sheath-end, looped - palstaves, spear-heads, and a ferrule, near Guilsfield,[1070] - Montgomeryshire. Fragments of three swords were found, with - lance-heads, ferrules, a chape, and other objects, at Glancych,[1071] - Cardiganshire. They appear to have had six rivets. - -[Illustration: Fig. 348. Ely. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 349. River Cherwell. ¼] - -English swords, with the hilts, or pommels, or both, formed of bronze, -are not of common occurrence. The first which I have selected for -illustration has the side edges so straight that it hardly belongs to -the class usually known as leaf-shaped. The hilt-plate is peculiar -in having well-developed side flanges which expand at the base so -as to form an oval pommel. The hilt has as usual been formed of two -plates of bone or wood, which have been secured to the hilt-plate by -six rivets. This sword, which was found in the Fens, near Ely, has -unfortunately lost its point, but is still 19¼ inches long. It was lent -me for engraving (as Fig. 348) by Mr. M. Fisher, of Ely. In some Danish -examples the high flanges of the hilt-plates are covered by thin plates -of gold, beyond which, of course, the hilt of bone, wood, or horn did -not project, and no doubt in this instance also the side flanges were -left visible and not in any way covered. They are upwards of 4 inches -in length, so that the hilt would fit into a large hand. - -A small but very interesting sword with a perfect bronze hilt and -pommel is shown in Fig. 349. It was found in the River Cherwell,[1072] -and is now in the Museum at Oxford. It was kindly lent me by Professor -Rolleston for the purpose of engraving. The total length of the -weapon is 21 inches, of which the pommel and hilt, which is adapted -for a decidedly large hand, occupy about 5 inches. The hilt has the -appearance of having been cast upon the blade, and seems to be formed -of bronze of the same character. There are no rivets visible by which -the two castings are attached the one to the other. - -[Illustration: Fig. 350. Lincoln.] - -I am of opinion that the same process of attaching the hilt to the -blade by casting the one upon the other was in use in Scandinavia and -Germany. Some of the bronze daggers from Italy seem also to have had -their hilts cast upon the blades in which the rivets were already fixed. - - In the British Museum is a sword blade with slight ribs inside the - edges, retaining a portion of the hilt, which is cast in a separate - piece and attached to the wings by two rivets. It is said to have been - found in the Thames.[1073] The hilt has had ribs round it at intervals - of about half an inch apart. - - On a fragment of a sword blade, ornamented on each side with five - parallel engraved lines, the upper margin of the hilt is marked out by - a raised and engrailed line of the same form as the upper end of the - hilt of Fig. 350. It was found in the Fen, near Wicken, Cambs, with - a part of a scabbard end, spear-heads, and other objects now in the - British Museum. - - A remarkably fine sword, found in the River Witham,[1074] below - Lincoln, in 1826, is shown in Fig. 350, for the use of which I am - indebted to the Council of the Society of Antiquaries. The original is - in the museum of the Duke of Northumberland, at Alnwick. It presents - the peculiarity of having two spirals attached to the base of the hilt - with a projecting pin between them, the whole taking the place of the - pommel. The blade appears to be engraved with parallel lines on either - side of the midrib. These spirals are of far more common occurrence - on the Continent than in Britain, and this sword, though found so far - north as Lincoln, is not improbably of foreign origin. - - Several such have been found in France. One with the spirals but a - different form of hilt was found at Aliès, Cantal.[1075] - - A bronze sword found in the Rhône at Lyons, but now in the museum at - Rennes,[1076] Brittany, has a nearly similar hilt and pommel It has - three raised bands on the hilt, but no pin between the spirals. Some - of the swords from the Swiss Lake-dwellings have similar hilts. They - have been found at Concise,[1077] in the Lake of Neuchâtel, and in the - Lac de Luissel.[1078] - -[Illustration: Fig. 351.—Whittingham. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 352. Brechin. ¼] - - Another of the same kind is in the Johanneum at Gratz, Styria. The - same form was also found at Hallstatt.[1079] Another was found near - Stettin.[1080] Another from Erxleben,[1081] Magdeburg, is in the - Brunswick Museum. - - The hilt of a sword with spirals and a central pin was found in the - great Bologna hoard. A perfect example is in the Royal Armoury at - Turin.[1082] - - There are several swords with this kind of hilt in the Museum of - Northern Antiquities at Copenhagen,[1083] some of which are figured - by Madsen.[1084] The spirals are sometimes found detached. A highly - interesting paper by Dr. Oscar Montelius on the different forms of - hilts of bronze swords and daggers is published in the Stockholm - volume of the Congress for Prehistoric Archæology.[1085] - - The remarkable sword with a somewhat analogous termination to the - hilt, shown in Fig. 351, was found at Thrunton Farm,[1086] in the - parish of Whittingham, Northumberland, and is in the collection of - Lord Ravensworth. With it was found another sword already mentioned, - a spear-head with lunate openings in the blade (Fig. 418), and some - smaller leaf-shaped spear-heads. They are said to have been all - found sticking in a moss with the points downwards, and arranged in - a circle. The pommel end of the hilt is in this instance a distinct - casting, and is very remarkable on account of the two curved horns - extending from it, which are somewhat trumpet-mouthed, with a - projecting cone in the centre of each. - -In Scotland a number of bronze swords have been found which bear, as -might have been anticipated, a close resemblance to those from England. - - That shown in Fig. 352 was found in a moss at Leuchland, Brechin, in - Angus, and is now in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. Its - length is 26½ inches, and the six rivets for attaching the hilt are - still in the hilt-plate, which is doubly hooked at the end. A rib - from the thicker part of the blade is prolonged part of the way down - the hilt-plate as in Fig. 344. Another sword, broken at the hilt, but - still 26¼ inches long, was found on the same farm. A find from Brechin - is mentioned further on. A sword with four rivet-holes, like those - from Arthur’s Seat, found on the borders between England and Scotland, - and engraved by Grose,[1087] has the same peculiar end to the - hilt-plate, as has one with five rivets from Methlick, Aberdeenshire, - now in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. Grose has also engraved - two, each with six rivet-holes in the wings and two or three in the - hilt-plate, found in Duddingston Loch,[1088] near Edinburgh, as well - as the hilt-plate of another, found near Peebles, with slots in the - wings and a slot and rivet-hole in the tang. - - Some fragments of swords from this loch are in the Antiquarian Museum - at Edinburgh. Almost directly above Duddingston Loch, on Arthur’s - Seat,[1089] two other swords were found during the construction of the - Queen’s Drive. They are 26¼ inches and 24¼ inches long, in outline - like Fig. 342, with one rivet-hole in each wing and two in the centre - of the hilt-plate. - - Two (23⅜ inches and 20½ inches) of the usual character, with - nine rivets and hilts much like Fig. 354, have been found in - Lanarkshire.[1090] - - In Gordon’s “Itinerarium Septentrionale”[1091] a sword (24½ inches) - found near Irvine, Argyleshire, is engraved, as is also one (26 - inches) found in Graham’s Dyke near Carinn, which is said to be in the - Advocates’ Library at Edinburgh. The figures do not seem accurate, but - show seven rivets in one and three in the other. Gordon makes no doubt - that these swords are Roman. - - Other specimens have been found at Forse,[1092] Latheron, Caithness - (25 inches), near the Point of Sleat,[1093] Isle of Skye (22½ inches), - with two spear-heads and a pin. Another was found in Wigtonshire.[1094] - - In the Antiquarian Museum are specimens from the following counties: - Aberdeen, Argyle, Ayr, Edinburgh, Fife, Forfar, Kincardine, and - Stirling. - - In peat, at Iochdar,[1095] South Uist, were found two swords like that - from Arthur’s Seat, the hilts of which are said to have been formed of - wood. A leather sheath is also reported to have been present. - - A bronze scabbard tip, such as will subsequently be described, - was found, with four bronze swords (about 24 inches) and a large - spear-head, near Brechin,[1096] Forfarshire; and in Corsbie - Moss,[1097] Legerwood, Berwick, a bronze sword and spear-head were - found, the former having, it is said, a scabbard, apparently of metal, - but so much corroded as to fall in pieces on removal. This also may - have been of leather stained by the metal. - -[Illustration: Fig. 353.—Edinburgh. ¼.] - - A sword with a large pommel (24 inches), closely resembling Fig. 353, - was found, together with two other sword blades (one 25 inches with - slots), a scabbard end, and two bronze pins, with large circular flat - heads, at Tarves,[1098] Aberdeenshire. Some of these were presented to - the British Museum by the Earl of Aberdeen. There is a recess on the - hilt-plate for the reception of the horn or bone of the hilt, which - was fastened by three rivets still remaining. - - Another sword, the blade 22 inches long, the handle, including a - round hollow pommel, 5½ inches, was found in Skye, and is engraved in - “Pennant’s Tour.”[1099] It shows four rivet-holes arranged like those - in the sword from Arthur’s Seat, so that the hilt was probably formed - as usual of horn or wood and not of bronze. - -A few other swords with pommels to their hilts have been found in -Scotland. That shown in Fig. 353 was found in Edinburgh,[1100] with, -it is said, thirteen or fourteen more, a pin, and ring, and a kind -of annular button, of bronze. It is now in the Antiquarian Museum at -Edinburgh. The hilt appears to have been added to the hilt-plate by a -subsequent process of casting. The pommel has been cast over a core -of clay, which it still retains within it. Another of the swords (24¼ -inches) has the hilt-plate pierced for six rivets. Two others which -have been examined are imperfect. - -Mr. Joseph Anderson, who has described this find, points out that this -hilt must have “been cast in a matrix modelled from a sword which had -the grip made up of two convex plates attached on either side of the -handle plate, and their ends covered by a hollow pommel”—in fact, from -such a sword as that from Tarves, already mentioned. He also observes -that the holes in the hilt are not rivet-holes, and thinks that they -may have been caused by wooden pins used to hold the clay core in -position, for the handle as well as the pommel is hollow. I am rather -doubtful as to the accuracy of this theory, as such pins would, I -think, produce blow-holes in the metal in casting. There may, however, -have been clay projections from the inner core which would leave holes -such as these, into which studs of wood, bone, or horn might afterwards -be inserted by way of ornament and to add firmness to the grip. For -details of the finding of from thirty to forty bronze swords in -Scotland, the reader is referred to Mr. Anderson’s paper. - -The bronze leaf-shaped swords from Ireland, of which nearly or quite -a hundred, either perfect or fragmentary, are preserved in the Museum -of the Royal Irish Academy, have been treated of at some length by the -late Sir William Wilde,[1101] whose Catalogue the reader may consult -with advantage. Ingeneral appearance they closely resemble the swords -from the sister countries, and vary in length from about eighteen to -thirty inches. The blades are usually rounded on the faces, or have a -faintly marked median ridge, and are slightly fluted along the edges. -This fluting or bevelling is sometimes bounded by a raised ridge. -The form with a rounded rib along the middle of the blade is almost -unknown. There is considerable variation in the form of the end of the -hilt-plate, in which occasionally there is a deep V-shaped notch, or -several smaller notches. The most common termination is that like a -fish-tail as seen in Fig. 354. The number of rivet-holes is various, -ranging from four to eleven. There are occasionally slots[1102] in the -hilt-plate and in the wings at the base of the blade. - -They have been found in most parts of the kingdom. - -A common type of Irish sword is shown in Fig. 354 from a specimen found -at Newtown Limavady, Co. Derry, in 1870. One wing of the fish-tail -termination is wanting and has been restored in the sketch. The nine -rivet-holes seem to have been cast and not drilled, though they may -have been slightly counter-sunk subsequently to the casting. The -hilt-plate is slightly fluted, perhaps with the view of steadying the -hilt. - -[Illustration: Fig. 354. Newtown Limavady. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 355. Ireland. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 356. Ireland. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 357. Ireland. ¼] - -In a fragment of a sword found with spear-heads, a socketed dagger, and -a fragment of a hammer on Bo Island, Enniskillen, there are five deep -flutings on each side of the hilt-plate. As is the case with some of -the English examples already mentioned, this hilt-plate has been joined -to the blade by some process of burning on. One of the four rivet-holes -in it has been partially closed by the operation. Sir William Wilde -has noticed that several of the leaf-shaped swords under his charge -had been broken and subsequently “welded” both by fusion and by the -addition of a collar of the metal which encircles the extremities of -the fragments. The term “welding” is, however, inappropriate to a metal -of the character of bronze. - - In the British Museum is a sword of this type with nine rivet-holes - (25¼ inches), found near Aghadoe,[1103] Co. Kerry. - - In the small Irish blade of much the same type (Fig. 355) there are - only three rivet-holes, which have been cast in the blade, a fourth - having from some cause been filled up with the metal, though a - depression on each face marks the spot where the hole was intended to - be. - - There were several swords, mostly broken, in the great Dowris hoard. - They had a rivet-hole in each wing and two or three in the hilt-plate. - - Some of the bronze swords found in Ireland attracted the attention - of antiquaries upwards of a century ago. Governor Pownall described - two found in a bog at Cullen, Tipperary, which are engraved in the - _Archæologia_.[1104] They are 26½ inches and 27 inches long, and - one of them is of the same form as the Scotch sword, Fig. 352. - Vallancey[1105] has also figured one (22 inches) with eight rivets. - - From among those in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy I have - selected two for engraving. The first, Fig. 356 (26¼ inches), has had - its hilt attached by a number of very small pins instead of rivets - of the usual size. The second, Fig. 357, is a short blade about 19½ - inches long, with a central rib extending down the hilt-plate, in - which there are four rivet-holes, two on each side. - - A bronze sword from Polignac, Haute Loire, now in the Museum at Le - Puy, Haute Loire, has its hilt-plate like that of Fig. 356, but has - only four rivets. Another with seven rivets was found in a dolmen - at Miers,[1106] Lot. Another with six rivets from the Department of - Jura[1107] is in the museum at St. Germain. - - Another from near Besançon,[1108] Doubs, has six small rivets. One - found at Alise Ste. Reine,[1109] Côte d’Or, has four rivets only. - - The type also occurred at Hallstatt,[1110] and in Germany.[1111] - -At least two swords have been found in Ireland still retaining the -plates of bone which formed their hilts. By the kindness of Mr. Robert -Day, F.S.A., I am able to reproduce full-sized figures of both sides -of one of the most perfect specimens, as Figs. 358 and 359, which -have already appeared in the _Journal of the Royal Historical and -Archæological Association of Ireland_.[1112] - -[Illustration: Fig. 358.—Muckno. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 359.—Muckno. 1/1] - -The sword itself, shown on a small scale in Fig. 360, was found in -Lisletrim Bog, Muckno, Co. Monaghan. It is 24½ inches long, with a -thick midrib running along the blade. The plates of bone which are -still attached have been pronounced by Professor Owen to be mammalian, -and probably cetacean. It will be observed that at the wings of the -hilt-plate the bone projects somewhat beyond the metal. The same -peculiarity may be observed in the bone hilt of a sword found at -Mullylagan,[1113] Co. Armagh, which has somewhat the appearance of -having been carved at the end next the blade into a pair of rude -volutes. It is shown full-size in Fig. 361. The sword itself, on a -small scale, is shown in Fig. 362. In this instance the bone projects -beyond the sides of the hilt-plate. I have not seen the specimen, -which is preserved in the collection of Mr. A. Knight Young, of -Monaghan.[1114] A bronze sword with six rivets, found near Kallundborg, -Denmark,[1115] had the hilt formed of wood. - -[Illustration: Fig. 360.—Muckno.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 361.—Mullylagan. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 362.—Mullylagan. 1/6] - -As is the case with several of the bronze swords discovered in -Scandinavia, some of those found in Ireland seem to have been decorated -with gold upon their hilts. - -[Illustration: Fig. 363. Ireland.] - -On one of the rivets of a sword found in a bog near Cullen,[1116] -Tipperary, was a thin piece of gold weighing upwards of 12 dwts. -Another sword,[1117] found near the same place in 1751, had a plate of -gold on one side which covered the hilt; at the end was a small object -like a pommel of a sword, with three links of a chain hanging from -it. The whole weighed 3 ozs. 3 dwts. 11 grs. In this bog about twenty -bronze swords were found at intervals, besides about forty pieces of -hilt-plates in which the rivets stood. In one sword[1118] there was a -recess near the blade, ½ × ¼ × 1/6 inch, in which was “a piece of pewter -which just fitted it, with four channels cut in it, in each of which -was laid a thin bit of fine copper, so that they resembled four figures -of 1.” - -A fragment of a blade which Wilde[1119] considers to be that of a -sword, is decorated with raised lines and circles in relief, which -were cast with the blade. A portion of it is shown in Fig. 363. As the -whole fragment is only 4¼ inches long, it may have formed part of a -socketed knife or some other instrument, and not of a sword. A part of -a spear-head, with a series of ring ornaments engraved on the blade, -was in the hoard found at Haynes Hill, Kent.[1120] - -There is considerable general resemblance between the bronze swords -found in the British Islands and those of the continental countries -of Europe. The similarities with those from France have already been -pointed out. Several with ornamented hilts have been figured by -Chantre[1121] and others. One has a hemispherical pommel and a varied -design on the hilt. - -The bronze swords from the Swiss Lake-dwellings[1122] have frequently -bronze hilts, like those of the swords from the South of France. In -some instances the hilt-plate has side flanges, with a central slot -or line of rivets, and rivets in the wings. In others the broad tang -forming the hilt has two or three rivet-holes. In some hilts cast in -bronze there is a recess for receiving a piece of horn or wood. The -blades have frequently delicate raised ribs, sometimes six on each -face, running along them. - -The bronze swords of Italy[1123] present several varieties not found -in Britain. The sides of the blades are more nearly parallel, and many -have a slender tang at the hilt, sometimes with two rivet-holes forming -loops at the side of the tang, sometimes with one rivet-hole in its -centre. In some the blade narrows somewhat for the tang, in each side -of which are two semicircular notches for the rivets. In some Italian -and French swords the blade is drawn out to a long tapering point, so -that its edges present a somewhat ogival curve. - -A fragment of a very remarkable Greek sword from Thera[1124] has a -series of small broad-edged axes of gold, in shape like conventional -battle-axes, inlaid along the middle of the blade between two slightly -projecting ribs. - -The double-edged bronze swords found by Dr. Schliemann[1125] at Mycenæ -are tanged and often provided with pommels made of alabaster. The -hilts and scabbards are in some cases decorated with gold. The blades -are usually long and narrow, though some widen considerably at the -hilt-end, so as to form a broad shoulder to the tang. Swords appear to -have been much rarer on the presumed site of Troy. - -There appear to be doubts whether the beautiful bronze sword in -the Berlin Museum,[1126] reported to have been found at Pella, in -Macedonia, does not belong to the valley of the Rhine. - -Bronze swords have but rarely been found in Egypt. In my own -collection, however, is one which was found at Great Kantara during the -construction of the Suez Canal. The blade, about 17 inches long, is -leaf-shaped, and much like that of Fig. 360, but more uniform in width. -Instead of having a hilt-plate it is drawn down to a small tang about -3/16 inch square. This again expands into an octagonal bar, about ⅜ -inch in diameter, which has been drawn down to a point, and then turned -back to form a hook, probably for suspending the sword at the belt. -At the base of the blade are two rivet-holes. The hilt must have been -formed of two pieces which clasped the tang. The total length of the -sword from the point to the top of the hook is 22⅜ inches. I have never -seen another similar example, but a bronze sword blade, presumably from -Lower Egypt, is in the museum at Berlin. It has an engraved line down -each side of the blade, and its sides are more parallel than in mine -from Kantara, already mentioned. The hilt is broken off. A German sword -from the Magdeburg district, with a tang and two rivet-holes at the -base of the blade, closely resembles mine from Egypt, except that it -has no hook to the tang. - -The bronze swords found in Denmark[1127] and Northern Germany[1128] -have often side flanges to the hilt-plate, like Fig. 348, occasionally -plated with gold; but the blades are generally more uniform in width, -and have the edges straighter than those from the United Kingdom. Some -blades have a simple tang. On a very large proportion the hilt formed -of bronze (or of some more perishable material alternating with bronze -plates) has been preserved. The pommels are usually formed of oval or -rhomboidal plates with a central boss, and are generally ornamented -below. - -Some of the swords found in Sweden and Denmark have been regarded by -Dr. Montelius[1129] and Mr. Worsaae[1130] as of foreign origin. - -A bronze sword from Finland with a flanged hilt-plate and eight -rivet-holes has been[1131] figured. - -In Germany[1132] the bronze swords present types which more nearly -resemble those of France and Denmark than those of the British Isles. -Those with a flanged hilt-plate are found, however, both in Northern -and Southern Germany, as well as in Italy, Austria and Hungary. Others -have long and narrow tangs, but a large proportion are provided with -bronze hilts, usually with disc-like pommels. These hilts conceal the -form of the tangs. Some few have spirals at the end of the hilt, as -already mentioned, and one from Brandenburg, in the Berlin Museum, has -a spheroidal pommel. In some of the bronze hilts there are recesses for -the reception of pieces of horn or wood, as on some of the French and -Swiss swords. - -Iron swords of the same general character as those of bronze have been -found in the ancient cemetery at Hallstatt and elsewhere. Those from -Hallstatt[1133] are identical in character with the bronze swords from -the same locality. In one instance the hilt and pommel of an iron -sword are in bronze; in another the pommel alone; the hilt-plate of -iron being flat, and provided with rivets exactly like those of the -bronze swords. In others the pommel is wanting. I have a broken iron -sword from this cemetery, with the hilt-plate perfect, and having three -bronze rivets still in it, and the holes for two others at the pommel -end. The blade has a central rounded rib along it like Fig. 345, but -with a small bead on either side. I have a beautiful bronze sword from -the same locality, on the blade of which are two small raised beads -on either side of the central rib, and in the spaces between them a -threefold wavy line punched in or engraved. In this instance a tang -has passed through the hilt, that was formed of alternate blocks of -bronze and of some substance that has now perished, possibly ivory. A -magnificent iron sword from Hallstatt, now in the Vienna Museum, has -the hilt and pommel formed of ivory inlaid with amber. - -The late Celtic iron swords found in Britain have been described -by Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S., in an exhaustive paper in the -_Archæologia_,[1134] in which also the reader will find many -interesting particulars of analogous swords found in continental -countries. - -Several iron swords have been found in France with flat hilt-plates -and rivets exactly of the same character as those of the bronze -swords. Nine have been discovered in tumuli at Cosne, Magny Lambert, -and elsewhere in the department of Côte d’Or. Others have been found -at Cormoz, Ain; and at Gédinne, in Belgium. There can be but little -doubt that M. Alexandre Bertrand[1135] is right in assigning the French -examples to the fourth or fifth century B.C., and in regarding them as -direct descendants from the bronze swords of ordinary type. He adduces, -also, the remarkable fragment of an iron sword with a bronze hilt found -in the Lac de Bienne, which is in exact imitation of a bronze sword -with ribs on the blade, as an additional proof that these early iron -swords are the reproductions, pure and simple, of those in bronze, and -fabricated from the metal then recently introduced into the West. How -far back in time the use of bronze swords in Gaul may have extended -it is difficult to say, but the varieties in their types testify to a -lengthened use before they began to be superseded by those of iron. - -I must, however, now describe the sheaths by which these blades were -protected. - - - - -CHAPTER XIII. - -SCABBARDS AND CHAPES. - - -ALTHOUGH the sheaths which protected the daggers and swords described -in the preceding chapters consisted probably for the most part of wood -or leather, yet in many instances some portion of the scabbard and its -fittings was made of bronze; and to the description of these objects -it seems desirable to devote a separate chapter. It is rarely that the -metallic portions of the sheaths have been found in company with the -blades; but in one instance at least a portion of a sword blade has -been discovered within a surrounding sheath of bronze; which, however, -does not extend the full length of the blade, the upper part of the -scabbard having probably been formed of wood. This discovery proves -that the short bronze sheaths, which are usually from 8 to 12 inches -long, belonged to swords, and not, as at first sight might be inferred -from their size, to daggers. - -[Illustration: Fig. 364. Isleworth. ¼] - -In France some much longer bronze sheaths have been found with -the swords still in them. The most noteworthy is that from the -neighbourhood of Uzés,[1136] Gard, now in the Musée d’Artillerie, at -Paris, which is decorated with transverse beaded lines alternating with -ornaments of concentric rings. This scabbard is longer by some inches -than the blade it contains. In fact, in no instance does the point -of the sword appear to have reached so far as the end of the sheath. -Another sheath found at Cormoz (Ain)[1137] is in the museum at Lyons. - -In a few instances the wooden sheaths of bronze swords have been found -entire. The finest is that from the Kongshöi,[1138] Vamdrup, Ribe, -Denmark. It was found with a body in a tree-coffin of oak. This sheath -is about a fifth longer than the blade of the sword, and is carved on -both faces, though more highly decorated on what must have been the -outer face, than on the inner. There is no metal mounting at either -end. Another scabbard found in the Treenhöi[1139] is likewise of wood. -Its chape also is formed of some hard wood. It has been lined with -skin, the hair towards the blade of the sword. This sheath is about an -eighth longer than the blade of the sword. - -No doubt many of the British sheaths were made of wood alone. Others, -though partly made of that material, were tipped with bronze, the metal -being secured to the wood, or the leather, if that material was used, -by a small rivet which passed diagonally through the metal. As Mr. -Franks[1140] has pointed out, the presence of this rivet-hole would -have been sufficient to show that these objects are not dagger sheaths, -as some have thought, for the rivet leaves too small a part of the -bronze receptacle available for a blade even as long as that of an -ordinary dagger. The discovery already mentioned places this question -beyond doubt. - -The bronze sheaths of the iron swords and daggers of the Late Celtic -Period are of a different character from those I am about to describe, -and are made of sheet bronze, and not cast in a single piece. - - In Fig. 364 is shown a portion of a sword blade, with the scabbard end - still in position, which was found in the Thames near Isleworth, and - is in the collection of Mr. T. Layton, F.S.A.[1141] This scabbard end - has a central rib and two other slight ribs along each margin in order - to give it strength, and, as will be seen from the figure, probably - extends at least 6 inches beyond the end of the sword, thus giving - an opportunity of securing the metal end to the wooden or leather - scabbard at a place where the blade would not interfere with the - passage of a pin or rivet. - - A scabbard end of much the same form (13½ inches) is shown in - Fig. 365. It was found with fifteen others, some broken, near - Guilsfield,[1142] Montgomeryshire, together with looped palstaves, - spear-heads, &c. It has a small rivet-hole about half-way along it. - Another,[1143] somewhat straighter (12½ inches), found with a bronze - buckler in the River Isis near Dorchester, Oxon,[1144] is shown in - Fig. 366. It is now in the British Museum. There is a small rivet-hole - passing transversely through it. Several[1145] other sheath ends of - the same kind are preserved in the same collection. One, imperfect, - from the Thames at Teddington (10 inches), with ribs along the middle - and edges, has a hole for a diagonal rivet, and retains a fragment of - wood inside, as does also another from the Thames at London, which - has a very slightly projecting midrib. A third, of the same character - (10¾ inches), from the Thames at Chelsea, has a small end plate - secured by a central rivet. This has traces of either leather or wood - inside.[1146] In another, also from the Thames (7¾ inches), the end - plate has been cast with the sheath, and there is a wooden lining - secured by a diagonal rivet. The opening is nearly flat. - -[Illustration: Fig. 365.—Guilsfield. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 366.—River Isis, near Dorchester. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 367.—Ireland. ½] - - In some there is no rib down the middle, but merely a projecting - ridge, and in others no rivet-holes are visible. - - This straight form of scabbard end has been very rarely found in - Ireland. The only specimen mentioned by Wilde is by permission here - reproduced as Fig. 367. Another (5½ inches) was in the collection of - Mr. Wakeman, of Enniskillen. - - A scabbard end of much the same general character as that from - Guilsfield, but shorter and broader, is shown in Fig. 368. It was - found at Wick Park, Stogursey, Somerset,[1147] with palstaves, - socketed celts, gouges, spear-heads, and fragments of swords, together - with jets from castings and rough metal. - -[Illustration: Fig. 368. Stogursey, Somerset. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 369. Brechin. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 370. Pant-y-maen. ½] - - Scabbard ends occur also in Scotland, for one nearly similar to - these last (5¾ inches) was found with four leaf-shaped swords and - a large spear-head, all of bronze, at Cauldhame, near Brechin, - Forfarshire.[1148] They are now in the Antiquarian Museum at - Edinburgh. The scabbard is by permission of the Society of Antiquaries - of Scotland here shown as Fig. 369. Another scabbard tip in the same - museum is rather shorter. It was found at Gogar Burn, near Edinburgh, - together with a sword and a penannular brooch of bronze and a small - penannular ornament of gold. A Scotch specimen from the farm of - Ythsie, Tarves, Aberdeenshire, is in the British Museum. It is like - that from Brechin, and is 5½ inches long. - - The straight form of scabbard end has been discovered, though - rarely, in Northern France. One from Caix, Somme, is engraved in the - Dictionnaire Archéologique de la Gaule. A fragment of another, more - like Fig. 365, has been found near Compiègne (Oise). - - A still shorter form is shown in Fig. 370, the original of which was - found at Pant-y-maen, near Glancych, Cardiganshire,[1149] together - with broken swords, spear-heads, and ferrules, as well as some small - rings. - - A still more simple form, and one more nearly approaching the modern - chape, has occasionally been found. That shown as Fig. 371 formed part - of the hoard found in Reach Fen, Cambridgeshire, which comprised also - some fragments of swords. It is of especial interest, as the small - bronze nail which served to fasten it to the wooden scabbard was found - with it. This nail is shown above the chape in the figure. - -[Illustration: Fig. 371.—Reach Fen. 1/1] - - Another chape of the same kind, but more like Fig. 372 in form, was - found at Haines Hill, near Hythe, Kent,[1150] with a perforated disc - of bronze, like Fig. 503, and some other objects. - - Fig. 372, kindly lent by the Royal Irish Academy, shows a chape found - at Cloonmore, near Templemore, Co. Tipperary.[1151] This form seems to - be of very rare occurrence in Ireland. - - It has, however, been found in Savoy,[1152] and in the Swiss - Lake-dwellings. - -[Illustration: Fig. 372.—Cloonmore. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 373.—Stoke Ferry. 1/1] - - An English form, which is, I believe, as yet unique, is shown in Fig. - 373. It was found, with several broken swords and spear-heads, at - Stoke Ferry, Norfolk. It is ornamented with a neat fluting, produced - apparently by means of punches. The rivet-holes are at the sides, - instead of being, as usual, on the face. - - A curious socketed object in bronze, found near Piltown,[1153] in - the barony of Iverk, Co. Kilkenny, has been regarded as the haft of - a dagger. It is rectangular in section and expanding at the base - which is closed. But from its analogy with some of the scabbard - ends lately described it seems possible that it formed part of a - sheath. The objection to this view is that the breadth of the socket - is much greater than usual with these chapes. The zigzag and other - ornamentation upon it is described as having been engraved with a fine - point after the object was cast. The lower face is not ornamented. - - The form is not unlike that of the end of the scabbard of some modern - African leaf-shaped swords of iron, as to which Mr. Syer Cuming[1154] - has remarked, that while the point of the blade is as sharp as a - needle, the base of its receptacle measures nearly 3 inches across. It - is possible that the object engraved as Fig. 286 may be intended for - the end of a scabbard, and not for that of a hilt, but this can only - be determined by future discoveries. - -[Illustration: Fig. 374.—Keelogue Ford, Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 375.—Mildenhall. ½] - - Another Irish form is shown in Fig. 374, the original of which was - found at Keelogue Ford, in the Shannon, and is in the Royal Irish - Academy. In this instance the chape has assumed a kind of boat-like - form with pointed ends. As Sir W. Wilde[1155] has observed, the - indentations at the top mark the overlapping of the wooden portion of - the scabbard, which was fastened to the bronze by two slender rivets, - so that the ends projected about an inch on each side. - - Fig. 375 shows an English scabbard tip of the same class, though - differing in details, which was found in the neighbourhood of - Mildenhall, Suffolk, and is in the collection of Mr. Simeon Fenton, - of that town, to whom I am indebted for permission to engrave it. The - surface of this chape is beautifully finished, and the raised rib - round the semicircular notch is delicately engrailed or “milled.” - There is a single minute hole for a pin or rivet on one face only. As - will be seen, this English example closely resembles that from Ireland - shown in the previous figure. - -Such projections as those on the chapes of this form would appear to -be inconvenient; but in another variety the projecting ends shoot -out into regular spikes, the ends of which are tipped by a small -button. In some cases the length from point to point is not less than -8 inches. There are several in the museum of the Royal Irish Academy. -Sir W. Wilde considered that the bronze sword was suspended high up -on the thigh and not allowed to trail on the ground, so that these -projections would be less in the way of the wearer than might at -first sight appear. The lengthening of these points may have been the -result of a kind of prehistoric dandyism, analogous to that which led -to the lengthening of the points of boots and shoes in England at the -beginning of the fifteenth century.[1156] Specimens of these still -exist in which the points extend 6 inches beyond the foot, and it has -been asserted that they had to be chained to the knees of the wearers -to give them a chance of walking with freedom. - -[Illustration: Fig. 376.—Thames. ½] - - Though chiefly found in Ireland, this elongated form of scabbard - has occasionally been discovered in England. Fig. 376 represents a - specimen from the Thames, now preserved in the British Museum. - - Another example, but slightly more curved, was found with a bronze - sword at Ebberston, Yorkshire, and is in the Bateman Collection.[1157] - It has been figured. The rivets for attaching it to the wooden - scabbard are still in position. - - This type of scabbard end has also been found in France. In the Museum - of Bourges is an example about 5½ inches long, much like Fig. 376, but - rather more V-shaped. Another, more like the figure, was found with a - bronze sword, near Marsanne[1158] (Drôme), and a third in the tumulus - of Barésia[1159] (Jura). Another was found at the end of an iron sword - in a tumulus at Mons[1160] (Auvergne). - - It is to be observed that the ends of some of the knife sheaths of the - Early Iron Period[1161] expand in somewhat the same manner, so as to - assume an anchor-like appearance. - - A bronze bouterolle or scabbard tip of a very peculiar type, the sides - being elongated and flattened out so as to form two sickle-shaped - wings curving upwards, was exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries in - 1867[1162] as having been found in Britain. A figure of it was to have - appeared in the _Archæologia_, but has not yet been published. Perhaps - there was room to doubt its English origin. Certainly the description, - with the exception of the sickle-shaped wings curving upwards, agrees - with a form of which several examples have been found in Germany and - in France.[1163] Some of these are sharp at the end like a socketed - celt, with two expanding sickle-like wings, but their purpose as - chapes has not always been recognised. One from Hallstatt is described - by Von Sacken[1164] as a cutting tool to be attached to a thin shaft. - There are two in the Museum at Prague, found at Korno and Brasy. - - One from Oberwald-behrungen is in the Museum at Würzburg. Another is - at Hanover. - -[Illustration: Fig. 377.—Isle of Harty. 1/1] - - The fact that traces of wooden sheaths to daggers have been found in - the Wiltshire and other barrows has already been mentioned, but no - bronze fittings have been found with them. There are, however, some - objects which may have served either as the mouth-pieces of sheaths - for daggers or small knives, or as ferrules for their hilts. - - One of these from the Harty hoard is shown full size in Fig. 377. - - Another of identically the same character, but rather shorter, was - found, with a bronze knife or dagger and numerous other articles, at - Marden,[1165] Kent. It was regarded by Mr. Beale Poste as the mounting - of the top of a dagger sheath formed of leather. - - Another was found with various other relics near Abergele,[1166] - Denbighshire. - - Some elongated loops formed of jet are of a shape that would have - served for the mouth-pieces of sword scabbards, but whether so fragile - a substance was used for such a purpose may well be questioned. They - may have been merely ornamental. One about 3 inches long, found in - Scotland,[1167] has been regarded as a clasp for a belt. Possibly - these objects in bronze may, after all, be of the nature of slides or - clasps. - - Another loop, more rounded at the ends, found in the peat at - Newbury,[1168] Berks, has been described as a slider for securing - some portion of the dress, or for passing over a belt. Not improbably - this is their true interpretation. Some outer slides are described at - p. 404. - - Some bronze objects of nearly similar form, but about 3 inches in - length, found with late Celtic remains, have been regarded as the - cross-guards[1169] of daggers or knives. - - In my own collection is a fine bronze sword from Denmark with broad - side flanges to the hilt plate, on the blade of which is a bronze loop - about ¼ inch wide, rebated for the reception of wood, but without - any rivet-holes. Each face presents four parallel headings. For some - time, in common with some Danish antiquaries, I regarded this loop as - the mouth-piece of a scabbard, for which it appears well adapted; but - I now find that such a view is erroneous, and that this loop is the - ferrule for receiving the ends of the plates of wood or horn which - formed the hilt. For in the barrow of Lydshöi,[1170] near Blidstrup, - Frederiksborg, was a bronze sword with a similar ferrule upon it, and - the remains of the plates of horn beneath it still in position. One of - these Danish ferrules is of gold.[1171] A sheath[1172] from a barrow - at Hvidegaard, made of birch wood with an outer and inner casing of - leather, has a leather band for the mouth-piece, and a leather eye for - receiving the belt. Some small sheaths for bronze knives and for a - flint dagger found at the same time are simply of leather. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV. - -SPEAR-HEADS, LANCE-HEADS, ETC. - - -THERE can be but little doubt that one of the weapons of offence in -earliest use among mankind must have been of the nature of a spear—a -straight stick or staff, probably pointed and to a certain extent -hardened in the fire. The idea of giving to such a staff a still harder -and sharper point by attaching to it a head of bone or of stone, such -as is still commonly in use among many savage tribes, would come next. -And, lastly, these heads or points would be formed of metal, when its -use for cutting tools and weapons had become general, and means had -been discovered for rendering it available for this particular purpose. -In the earlier part of the Bronze Age, when bronze was already in -use for knife-daggers and even for daggers, it would appear that the -spears and darts, if any such were in use, were in this country still -tipped with flint. How long this practice continued it is impossible -to say, and it is even doubtful whether any bronze spear-heads were in -use before the time when the founders had discovered the art of making -sockets by means of cores placed within the moulds. It is, however, not -impossible that some of the blades found in the Wiltshire barrows, and -the tanged weapons which have already been described in Chapter XI., -may have been the heads of spears rather than the blades of daggers; -but even at the period to which they belong the art of making cores -must have been known, as the ferrule found at Arreton Down, and shown -in Fig. 324, will testify, as well as the hollow socket of Fig. 328. - -In the South-east of Europe and in Western Asia, as in Cyprus and at -Hissarlik, tanged and not socketed spear-heads have been found in -considerable numbers; but such a form is of very rare occurrence in -Europe, and is unknown in Britain, unless possibly some of the blades -already described as knives or daggers, such as Fig. 277, were attached -to long rather than short handles, and should, therefore, have been -treated of in this chapter rather than in that in which I have placed -them. If spears were deposited in the graves with the dead, the shafts -must in all probability have been broken, for as a rule the graves for -bodies buried in the contracted position are not long enough to receive -a spear of ordinary length. - -In the case of some few ancient socketed tools of bronze, the socket -has not been formed by casting over a core, but a wide plate of metal -has been hammered over a conical mandril so as to form a socket like -that of many chisels of the present day, and of the iron spear-heads -of earlier times. I am not aware of any bronze instruments with the -sockets formed in this manner ever having been found in this country. -In all cases the sockets have been produced by cores in the casting, -and in many spear-heads the adjustment of the core has been effected -with such nicety that a conical hollow extends almost to the tip, -with the metal around it of uniform substance, and often very thin in -proportion to the size of the weapon. - -The heads of arrows, bolts, darts, javelins, lances, and spears so -nearly resemble one another in character, that it is impossible to draw -any absolute line of distinction between them. The larger varieties -must, however, have served for weapons retained in the hand as spears, -while those of small and moderate size may have been for weapons thrown -as lances, or possibly discharged as bolts or arrows. In length these -instruments vary from about 2 inches to as much as 36 inches. - -Sir W. Wilde[1173] has divided the Irish spear-heads into four -varieties, as follows:— - -1. The simple leaf-shaped, either long and narrow, or broad, with holes -in the socket through which to pass the rivets to fix them to the shaft. - -2. The looped, with eyes on each side of the socket below and on the -same plane with the blade. These are generally of the long, narrow, -straight-edged kind. - -3. Those with loops in the angles between the edge of the blade and the -socket. - -4. Those with side apertures and perforations through the blade. - -To these four classes may be added— - -5. Those in which the base of each side of the blade projects at right -angles to the socket, or is prolonged downwards so as to form barbs. - -[Illustration: Fig. 378.—Thames, London. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 379.—Lough Gur. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 380.—Lough Gur. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 381.—Heathery Burn Cave. ½] - -A remarkably fine specimen of a broad leaf-shaped spear-head of the -first class is shown in Fig. 378. The original was found in the Thames -at London, and still contains a portion of the wooden shaft smoothly -and carefully pointed. The wood is, I think, ash; and my opinion -is supported by that of Mr. Thiselton Dyer, F.R.S., who has kindly -examined the shaft for me. There are no traces of the pin or rivet, -which in the spear-heads of this character appears to have been formed -of wood, horn, or bone, rather than of metal, probably with the view of -the head being more readily detached from the shaft, in case the latter -was broken. I have, however, a leaf-shaped bronze spear-head of this -class, found in the Seine at Paris, in which a metallic rivet is still -present. It is formed of a square rod of bronze, which at each end has -been hammered into a spheroidal button, of at least twice the diameter -of the hole through which the rivet passes. Portions of the wooden -shaft are still adhering to the rivet. The wood in this instance also -appears to be ash. - - I have a rather narrower spear-head of the same type as Fig. 378 - (10¾ inches), found with a bronze sword near Weymouth; and another - identical in type with that from the Thames, but only 9 inches long, - found in the county of Dublin. - - Others of nearly the same form (12¾ inches and 8¾ inches) were found - with a bronze sword in an ancient entrenchment at Worth,[1174] in the - parish of Washfield, Devon. - - Another spear-head of this type from the Thames[1175] (13½ inches) is - in the British Museum, as are others (13 inches and 10 inches long). - - A remarkably fine bronze spear-head, found in Lough Gur, Co. Limerick, - with the lower part of the socket ornamented with gold, is of much - the same form as Fig. 378, and is shown on the scale of one-fourth - in Fig. 379. The ornamented part is shown on the scale of one-half - in Fig. 380. It is in the collection of General A. Pitt Rivers, - F.R.S., who has thus described the socket.[1176] Around it, “at top - and bottom, are two ferrules of very thin gold, each ⅜ inch in width. - Each ferrule is ornamented with three bands scored with from four to - seven transverse lines, and separated from each other by two bands - scored with incised longitudinal lines. The two ferrules are separated - by a band about 3/16 inch in width, in which longitudinal lines of - gold have been let into grooves in the bronze, leaving an intervening - line between each of the gold lines.” Most of these gold strips have, - however, now disappeared. The shaft of this spear is of bog oak 4 feet - 8½ inches long, but though its authenticity has been accepted by many - good judges, I must confess that I do not regard it as the original. - Some other spear-heads ornamented with engraved lines, but not with - inlaid gold, will be mentioned further on. I may incidentally recall - the fact that the gold ring or ferrule around the spear-head of Hector - is more than once mentioned by Homer.[1177] - - πάροιθε δὲ λάμπετο δουρὸς - Αἰχμὴ χαλκείν περὶ δὲ χρύσεος ϑέε πόρκης. - - Another fine specimen of a spear-head with a long oval leaf-shaped - blade in Canon Greenwell’s Collection is shown in Fig. 381. It - was found with several others varying in length from 6⅝ inches to - 11¼ inches, and numerous other articles of bronze and bone, in the - Heathery Burn Cave,[1178] Durham. As will be seen, the blade is - continued as a slight narrow projection along the socket as far as the - rivet-hole. The edges are somewhat fluted. - - [Illustration: Fig. 382. Nettleham. ¼] - - A spear-head of nearly the same form (10½ inches) was found in a peat - moss near the Camp Graves,[1179] Bewcastle, Cumberland. Another was - found in a hoard at Bilton, Yorkshire.[1180] - - A very fine example (about 15 inches), as well as a smaller one of - the same type (about 8 inches), and one with lunate openings in the - blade (Fig. 418), were found with two swords (see Fig. 351) near - Whittingham,[1181] Northumberland. - - I have others (9 inches to 11 inches) found with broken swords at - Stoke Ferry, Norfolk, and from the Reach Fen hoard. The same form - occurs in Ireland. I have a fine specimen (8⅝ inches) from Athlone. - Another (13¼ inches) is engraved by Wilde as his Fig. 362. A very - narrow spear-head, 14¾ inches long, and only 1⅜ inch wide, said to - have been found in a barrow near Headford, Co. Galway, is in the - British Museum. - - A spear-head of this character from the Thames (16¾ inches), not - fluted at the edges and quite plain, is in the British Museum. The - blade is only 2¼ inches wide. - - One from Stanwick, Yorkshire (8 inches), is in the British Museum, as - is one (11 inches) from Bannockburn, Scotland. An Irish specimen (10 - inches) is devoid of rivet-holes. - - Another spear-head of nearly the same type, but of smaller dimensions, - is given in Fig. 382. It was found, with some other spear-heads (Fig. - 410), socketed celts (Figs. 155 and 157), palstaves (Fig 83), and - a ferrule, to be subsequently mentioned, at Nettleham,[1182] near - Lincoln, in 1860. They are now in the British Museum. - - Others of the same type have been found at Winmarleigh[1183] and - Cuerdale,[1184] Lancashire, at Wardlow,[1185] Derbyshire, Little - Wenlock,[1186] Shropshire (8 inches), near Windsor[1187] (7 inches), - at Bottisham,[1188] Cambridge, and in Herts.[1189] - - I have one from the River Lea[1190] at St. Margaret’s, Herts, and - others from Reach Fen, Cambridge. - -[Illustration: Fig. 383. Achtertyre. ½] - - Others were in the Guilsfield hoard,[1191] and in that of - Pant-y-maen,[1192] or the Glancych hoard. One from the latter hoard - is about 11 inches long. Another, more like Fig. 386, about 4 inches. - With them were found fragments of swords, a scabbard tip, some rings - and ferrules. Others (9 inches and 5 inches) were found, with a - socketed celt and knife, a tanged chisel, and other objects, at Ty - Mawr,[1193] on Holyhead Mountain. - - Five were found in the hoard near Stanhope,[1194] Durham, with - socketed celts, a gouge, &c. - - Of Scottish specimens the following may be noticed: one from - Lanark[1195] (5¾ inches), which has been figured; two (7¾ inches) - rather long in the socket, found with a bronze sword and a long - pin on the Point of Sleat,[1196] Isle of Skye; one (6 inches) from - Balmaclellan,[1197] New Galloway. One (5⅛ inches) from Duddingston - Loch, Edinburgh, is in the British Museum. - - Leaf-shaped spear-heads such as Fig. 382 are of frequent occurrence in - various parts of France. A number were found at Alise Ste. Reine[1198] - (Côte d’Or), several of them ornamented with rings round the sockets. - - They also are found in the Lake-dwellings of Switzerland[1199] and - Savoy. Many of them have parallel rings round the mouth of the - socket by way of ornament. They also occur in Germany[1200] and - Denmark.[1201] One from Northern Germany, still containing a part of - its wooden shaft, has been engraved by Von Estorff.[1202] - -Those from Italy and Greece have very frequently facets running along -the midrib which contains the socket. - -[Illustration: Fig. 384. North of Ireland. ½] - - In Fig. 383 is shown a variety (11½ inches) with a projecting fillet - running down to the rivet-holes as in Fig. 381, which, however, in - this case forms the termination of small beads running along the sides - of the central rib. There is also a beading running along the midrib. - The original was found, with another spear-head, plain, a socketed - celt, some bronze rings, and fragments of tin, at Achtertyre,[1203] - Morayshire. Mr. R. Day, F.S.A., has a nearly similar spear-head (5 - inches), found in Dublin. - - A more elongated form, with the projecting part of the socket - considerably shorter, is shown in Fig. 384, from a specimen found - in the North of Ireland. A spear-head (20 inches) of the same form - of outline, but with a slight ridge running the whole length of the - socket from its mouth to the point, was found at Ditton,[1204] Surrey. - It is now in the British Museum, having been presented by the Earl of - Lovelace. - - Another (14⅝ inches) in the same collection, found in the River - Thames,[1205] near the mouth of the Wandle, retains a portion of the - original wood in its socket. It was found in company with a bronze - sword, a palstave, and a long pin (Fig. 454). - - One of much the same form as the figure (11 inches) was found at - Teigngrace,[1206] Devon. It has a delicate bead running down each side - of the midrib, and continued as a square projection below the blade. - - Canon Greenwell has a long spear-head (14½ inches) from Quy Fen, with - grooves running up the blade at the side of the socket. The ends of - the blade are truncated so as to leave projections on the sides of the - socket above the rivet-hole. These are slightly ornamented. - - I have seen another spear-head (11½ inches) with the base of the blade - slightly truncated in a similar manner. It was found near Eastbourne. - - This elongated form is of common occurrence in Denmark and Northern - Germany,[1207] the necks being usually ornamented by delicate - punch-marking or possibly engraving. - - A broader variety, with the socket considerably enlarged in the part - extending below the blade, is shown in Fig. 385. The original was - found in company with other spear-heads like Fig. 382 from 5⅝ inches - to 10⅝ inches long, two socketed celts with three vertical lines on - the face like Fig. 125, and two somewhat conical plates with central - holes, near Newark, and is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. - - A spear-head (6½ inches) not quite so broad in its proportions, said - to have been found in a tumulus, near Lewes,[1208] Sussex, is in - the British Museum, as is another (6½ inches) found near Bakewell, - Derbyshire. - - A spear-head of the same general outline as Fig. 385, but with the - sides of the socket straighter, was found with others, as well as with - 16 socketed celts, a knife, fragments of swords and of a quadrangular - tube (qy. a scabbard?) and a long ferrule, near Nottingham.[1209] - -[Illustration: Fig. 385.—Newark. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 386.—Reach Fen. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 387.—Ireland. ½] - - It is often the case that the sides of the upper part of the blade are - nearly straight, and the socket itself appears large in proportion to - the width of the blade. Such a spear- or lance-head from the Reach - Fen hoard is shown in Fig. 386. I have several others from the Fen - districts, as well as one of a shorter and broader form (5 inches) - with a large socket extending only an inch below the blade, found at - Walthamstow, Essex. - - A spear-head from Unter-Uhldingen[1210] exhibits the same narrowness - of blade in proportion to the size of the socket. - - In some cases the blade and socket are of nearly equal length. - - Fig. 387 is here by permission reproduced from Wilde’s Catalogue, Fig. - 367. It is only 3½ inches long, and may have been the head of a dart - or javelin rather than of a spear. I have an example of nearly the - same form and size from Co. Dublin. One in the British Museum is only - 2 inches long, though the mouth of the socket is ¾ inch in diameter. - - Some of these very small weapons may possibly have served to point - arrows. In the Norwich Museum is a head like Fig. 387, but with the - blade shorter in proportion and narrower, the total length of which is - only 1-11/16 inch. The blade is ½ inch wide, and the socket is only ⅜ - inch in external diameter. A bronze arrow-head is said to have been - found in the Isle of Portland,[1211] but particulars are not given. - Another small point, in form rather like Fig. 386, and only 3⅛ inches - long, was found at Llan-y-mynech Hill,[1212] Montgomeryshire. Another, - 3½ inches, was found near Pyecombe,[1213] Sussex. - - One 4 inches long is said to have been found in Yorkshire.[1214] - - Some double-pointed arrow-heads of bronze are mentioned as having been - found in Ireland,[1215] but in point of fact these were “razors” like - Fig. 274. - -In this country,[1216] however, and not improbably in others, during -the period when bronze was in use for cutting tools and the larger -weapons, flint still served as the material from which arrow-heads -were usually made. Such a method of taking the census as that devised -by the Scythian king Ariantas would in Britain have produced but small -results; at all events, but few of the inhabitants would have been -able each to contribute his bronze arrow-head. Many of the bronze -arrow-heads found on the Continent appear to belong to the Early Iron -Age, but it is mainly in southern countries that they have been found. - -In Egypt[1217] and Arabia they have occurred of the leaf-shaped as well -as of the three-edged form, which latter is common in Greece. - - Some spear-heads appear to have had the form of their point somewhat - modified by grinding, as if from time to time they became blunted by - use and required to be re-sharpened. A kind of ogival outline such as - is shown in Fig. 388 appears, however, to have been intentional. The - original was found in the North of Ireland. - - This ogival outline is of frequent occurrence among the bronze - spear-heads from Hungary. - - The lance-head shown in Fig. 389, also from Wilde (Fig. 368), has - the blade of a trapezoid rather than of a leaf-shaped form, and in - general character more nearly approaches the looped variety, Fig. 397, - than those now under consideration. The socket also appears to be - quadrangular rather than round. - -It will now be well to speak of some of the spear-heads of this class -which have either their sockets or their blades ornamented by engraving -or punching. - - In Fig. 390 is shown a spear-head from the Reach Fen hoard, the - nature of the ornamentation on which will be seen from the cut. The - five bands, each of four parallel lines around the socket, have the - appearance of being engraved; but I think that this is not actually - the case, but that the lines have been punched in with a chisel-like - punch. The short transverse dotted lines have probably been made with - a serrated punch. - -[Illustration: Fig. 388. North of Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 389. Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 390. Reach Fen. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 391. Thorndon. ½] - - Another spear-head, with ornamentation of a nearly similar - character, is shown in Fig. 391. This example was found at Thorndon, - Suffolk,[1218] in company with a hammer (Fig. 210), a knife (Fig. - 240), a gouge (Fig. 204), and an awl (Fig. 224), the whole of which - are now in the British Museum. Another in the same collection from - Thames Ditton (6⅛ inches) has three sets of three rings each, with - short vertical lines above the upper ring. - - A small lance-head of this type (4½ inches), found at Ingham, Norfolk, - with socketed celts, has one band of four parallel lines round the - socket. It is now in the Mayer Collection at Liverpool. Another from - the Broadward hoard (Shropshire)[1219] has two bands of four, and one - of two rings, the latter close to the mouth of the socket. A second - in the same hoard shows eight rings near the mouth of the socket, and - a line running down each side of the midrib prolonged below the blade - as far as the rivet-hole which it encloses. A spear-head from the - hoard found at Beddington, near Croydon,[1220] is ornamented in nearly - the same manner. It was found with a gouge, socketed celts, a portion - of celt mould, &c. That from Culham, near Abingdon, shown in Fig. 392, - has three sets of four rings and one of two, as well as some vertical - dotted lines above the upper ring. In this case the bands seem to have - been punched in with a serrated punch which produced four short lines - at each stroke, and by skilful manipulation these short lines were - made to join so as to form a continuous ring. - - I have a spear-head from Lakenheath, Suffolk (5⅞ inches), with a small - raised band cast on the socket just below the rivet-hole. - -[Illustration: Fig. 392. Culham. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 393. Athenry.] - - A spear-head (6½ inches) in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh, found - near Forfar, is ornamented with two bands of three parallel lines - round the socket. - - The sockets of some Irish spear-heads are highly decorated. That of - a long leaf-shaped specimen from Athenry, Co. Galway, is shown in - Fig. 393, kindly lent me by the Royal Irish Academy. It is Fig. 382 - in Wilde’s Catalogue, in which also some other examples are engraved. - The chevron ornament and the alternate direction of the hatching are - highly characteristic of the style of the Bronze Period. - - A similar decoration is found on English specimens. One found at - Bilton, Yorkshire,[1221] with other spear-heads, fragments of swords, - and socketed celts, has round the socket three bands of triangles - alternately hatched and plain, and the blade is ornamented with a - single row of the same kind on each side of the central rib. One from - Edington Burtle, Somerset (4½ inches), in the Taunton Museum, has a - band of hatched triangles above three bands of parallel lines with - transverse lines between. - - A broken spear-head from the Broadward[1222] find has the blade - ornamented in the same way. A row of plain triangles is left on each - side of the midrib, while the rest of the blade is hatched, the set - of parallel lines in each point between the plain triangles being - alternately to the right and to the left. - - A fragment of a blade from the Haynes Hill hoard,[1223] Kent, has ring - ornaments engraved along each side of the midrib. - - As has already been observed, the edges of this class of spear-heads - are not unfrequently fluted, but it occasionally happens that the - whole blade is ornamented by minute ribs and flutings. The spear-head - (10½ inches) found with two swords and two ferrules at Fulbourn, - Cambridge,[1224] affords an example of this kind. On each side of the - central rib containing the socket are two sharp ridges one below the - other, next comes a hollow fluting, then a ridge, and then the fluting - which forms the edge. To judge from the engraving, another found at - Gringley, Nottinghamshire,[1225] must also have been fluted in a - somewhat similar manner. - -[Illustration: Fig. 394.—Thetford. ½] - - The discovery of other leaf-shaped spear-heads with rivet-holes - through the sockets is recorded to have been made at the following - places, and many others might no doubt be added to the list: the - Thames, near Battersea[1226] (16¾ inches); near Wallingford[1227] (7¼ - inches); and Kingston[1228] (6½ and 7-6/10 inches); two (7¾ inches - and 6 inches) were found near Toddington, Beds;[1229] at Beacon Hill, - Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire,[1230] two (7½ inches and 6½ inches) - were found with a socketed celt and gouge. Others were discovered near - Yarlet, Staffordshire;[1231] near Alnwick Castle[1232] (sixteen with - celts and swords); Vronheulog, Merionethshire;[1233] and Longy Common, - Alderney[1234] (one with blade ornamented). - -The spear-heads of the second of the classes into which they are here -divided are those with loops at the side of the projecting socket. -These loops are usually more elongated than those on socketed celts -and palstaves, though they probably served a similar purpose, that of -securing the metallic head to the wooden handle. The metal of which -the loops are formed has frequently been flattened by hammering, so as -to reduce the projection of the loops beyond the socket; the flattened -part is often wrought into a lozenge form. - -The strings which passed through these loops were probably secured to -some stop or collar on the shaft, and may have been arranged in some -chevron-like pattern with which these lozenges coincided. There are -usually no rivet-holes in the spear-heads of this class. - - A specimen exhibiting these lozenges, and with the blade of nearly - the same form as those of the spear-heads of the first class, is - shown in Fig. 394. The upper part of the midrib containing the socket - is ridged, so that the section near the point is almost square. The - socket is slightly fluted round the mouth. The original was found at - Thetford, Suffolk. - - A spear-head of the same type, but with only a single large - loop, found in Glen Kenns, Galloway, is engraved in the - _Archæologia_,[1235] but it seems probable that the figure is somewhat - inaccurate. - - Another (5½ inches) with two loops was found at Hangleton Down, - Sussex.[1236] Another (5¼ inches), rather more elongated than Fig. - 394, was found at Trefeglwys, Montgomeryshire.[1237] Another from - Shirewood Forest is engraved in the Archæologia.[1238] It has a - slightly ogival outline on each side, a peculiarity I have noticed in - other specimens. An example given in the same plate seems to have lost - the flat part of the blade. - - I have one (6¼ inches) from Fyfield, near Abingdon. - - Mr. M. Fisher has a specimen from the Fens at Ely (5⅜ inches), with - the midrib ridged like Fig. 396. - - One from Hagbourn Hill, near Chiltern, Berks,[1239] is reported to - have been found with a socketed celt, a pin like Fig. 458, and another - like Fig. 453, together with a bronze bridle-bit, and some portions - of buckles like those of the late Celtic Period. These are now in the - British Museum. A few coins of gold and silver are said to have been - found at the same time. - - One (6 inches) was found at Chartham, near Canterbury.[1240] - - One, 5 inches long, from the Thames, is in the British Museum. It has - a small ridge or bead along the mid-feather. The loops have a diamond - engraved or punched upon them. - - In one from Beckhampton, Wilts[1241] (4¾ inches), the side loops do - not appear to be flattened. - - The form is of not unfrequent occurrence in Ireland, though perhaps - that with the raised ribs on the blade, like Fig. 397, is more common. - - In one instance (13½ inches)[1242] the loops upon the socket are not - opposite each other, though, as usual, in the same plane as the blade. - - A small specimen (5¼ inches) from Fairholme, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire, - is in the British Museum. - - A small example of this type (about 3½ inches) is in the collection - formed by Sir R. Colt Hoare at Stourhead, and now at Devizes, and in - the same case with the dagger blades. It has been figured by the late - Dr. Thurnam[1243] in his valuable memoir in the _Archæologia_, and is - thought by him to have been found in a grave with burnt bones in one - of the Wilsford barrows near Stonehenge. - - There is a diminutive variety of this class of weapon with two loops, - in which the blade is extremely narrow, like that from Lakenheath - shown in Fig. 395. I have another, 4⅞ inches, with even a smaller and - shorter blade, from Cumberland. - - Canon Greenwell has one only 3 inches long, found near Nottingham. It - has three parallel grooves round the socket mouth. One, 4¼ inches, - from Ashdown, Berks, is in the British Museum. - - A fragment of another of very small dimensions was found at Farley - Heath, Surrey, and is now in the British Museum. - - A lance-head with a more leaf-shaped blade (6¼ inches) is said to have - been found in a tumulus at Craigton, near Kinross.[1244] - - An Irish example, 2⅜ inches long, and comparatively broad in - proportion to its length, has been regarded as an arrow-head. It was - found at Clonmel, Co. Tipperary.[1245] It has probably been broken and - repointed. An example much like Fig. 395 is engraved by Wilde as his - Fig. 379. - - In some cases there is a ridge running along the whole or a great - part of the midrib on the blade so as to make the section near the - point almost cruciform. An example of this kind from the neighbourhood - of Cambridge is shown in Fig. 396. In this case the side loops are - unusually near the mouth of the socket, the cavity of which extends - about half-way along the blade. Canon Greenwell has an example of this - type (6½ inches), from Langton, Lincolnshire, with a longer socket, - and the loops about half-way along it. - -[Illustration: Fig. 395. Lakenheath. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 396. Near Cambridge. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 397. North of Ireland. ½] - - This ribbing along the midrib is of frequent occurrence on Irish - spear-heads, and was probably intended to strengthen as well as to - decorate the blade. The projecting ribs on the flat part of the blade - were also probably added for the same purpose. Fig. 397 shows a - spear-head with these ridges, found in the North of Ireland. - -[Illustration: Fig. 398.—Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 399.—Thames. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 400.—Ireland. ½] - - The blade is carried down as a slight projection along the socket - until it meets the side loops, the outer faces of which are expanded - into lozenges. - - I have a shorter example (5½ inches) from Old Kilpatrick, - Dumbartonshire, Scotland; one from Termon, Co. Tyrone, is engraved in - the _Archæological Journal_.[1246] - - In some the blade is proportionally wider and shorter. I have one from - near Enniskillen (7¼ inches), in which the blade between the socket - and the ribs is so thin that two long holes have been eaten or worn - through it, giving it the appearance of belonging to the perforated - class to be subsequently described. - - An Irish specimen much like Fig. 397 is engraved in “Horæ - Ferales.”[1247] - - A small broad-bladed form is of very common occurrence in Ireland. An - example is given in Fig. 398. Another is engraved by Wilde (Fig. 369). - Some have two diagonal ribs on each side of the blade instead of only - one. A rather more pointed form is given by Vallancey.[1248] There are - others figured in the “Horæ Ferales.”[1249] - - This type is of rare occurrence in England, but one (4½ inches?) - much like Fig. 398 was ploughed up at Heage,[1250] in the parish - of Duffield, Derbyshire, and another (4⅝ inches) was found near - Lincoln.[1251] - - A gracefully shaped spear-head, with parallel beadings upon the blade, - and having very flat loops with pointed oval faces on the socket, was - found in the Thames, and formed part of the Roach Smith Collection, - now in the British Museum. It is shown in Fig. 399, and appears to be - unique of its kind. A plain spear-head (7 inches) of much the same - form, and another of the same length, but wider and flatter, were - found at Edington Burtle, Somerset, and are now in the Museum at - Taunton. - -[Illustration: Fig. 401.—Near Ballymena. ½] - - A very remarkable specimen in the Royal Irish Academy is engraved as - Fig. 400. It has already been figured on a small scale by Wilde, who - thus describes it:[1252] “A long narrow spear with concave or recurved - sides, and long lozenge-shaped loops on each side of the socket, where - the circular form of that portion of the weapon becomes angular. - Narrow lateral ridges connect these loops with the base of the blade, - which has hollow bevelled edges, and is as sharp as the day it came - from the mould. The socket margin is decorated with a fillet of five - elevations, and a double linear engraved or punched ornament forming - a triangular pattern like that seen in some antique gold ornaments. - A sharp ridge extends along the middle of the socket from the loops - to the point, on each side of which, as well as in the angles between - the blade and the socket, there are lines of small oval punched - indentations apparently effected by the hand.” - - In one of the looped forms both the blade and the socket are often - highly ornamented. The socket part is made to appear somewhat like a - haft to the blade, as in the Arreton Down specimen (Fig. 328), and - the blade itself has ridges running nearly parallel to the edges, - the midrib being almost square in section. An example of this kind - from Ballymena is, by the kindness of Mr. R. Day, F.S.A., shown in - Fig. 401. As will be seen, the socket, blade, and external faces of - the loops are all ornamented with engraved and punctured lines. A - beautiful example from Ireland (6½ inches), the socket engraved with - a double ring of chevrons near the middle, and a single ring near the - base, and also ornamented with dotted circles and lines extending down - the blade, is in the British Museum. It has two knobs on each side of - the socket simulating rivets. - - Other varieties with the midrib more rounded are given by Wilde,[1253] - and two of his figures are, by the kindness of the Council of the - Royal Irish Academy, here reproduced as Figs. 402 and 403.[1254] The - original of Fig. 402 is 5 inches long. It has “a central circular stud - opposite the base of the blade, beneath which there are a series of - minute continuous lines margined on both sides by a row of elevated - dots.” The socket and the outer surface of the loops are also highly - decorated. - - Fig. 403 is 7½ inches long, and is also artistically ornamented. - -[Illustration: Fig. 402.—Ireland. ⅔] - -[Illustration: Fig. 403.—Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 404.—Ireland.] - - An example of this kind is given in “Horæ Ferales.”[1255] - - One (5¼ inches) from the Dean Water, Forfarshire, is in the - Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. The blade is ornamented by incised - lines and punctulations. - - Fig. 404, also kindly lent by the Royal Irish Academy (Wilde, Fig. - 378), shows a smaller and a plainer type. - - An unornamented lance-head of this type (5 inches) was found at - Peel,[1256] in the Isle of Man. Another, 5⅝ inches, with three - bands of parallel lines round the socket, was obtained at Douglas, - Lanarkshire.[1257] - - The spear-heads of this class with loops at the side of the sockets - are almost unknown out of the British Islands. In my own collection, - however, is one from the Seine at Paris (6¼ inches), almost identical - in form with Fig. 394, but with the lozenge-shaped plates forming the - loops somewhat wider. - -[Illustration: Fig. 405.—Elford. ½] - - A highly ornamented spear-head from Hungary,[1258] preserved in the - Museum at Buda-Pest, has small semicircular loops at the sides of the - socket. - -The third class of spear-heads consists of those with loops at the base -of the blade connecting it with the socket. There are many varieties -of this class, which includes some of the most elegant forms of these -ancient weapons. The reason for adopting this particular kind of loop -appears to be that they were, when thus attached to the blade, less -liable to be broken off or damaged than when they formed isolated -projections from the socket. The spear-heads were also more readily -polished and furbished when the socket was left as a plain tube. - -The loops are very frequently formed by the continuation of two ribs -along the margin of the blade, which are curved inwards from the base -of the blade until they join the socket. - - A good example of this formation of the loop is shown in Fig. 405. The - original was found at Elford, Northumberland, and is in the collection - of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. - - Another of nearly the same form, but without the ribs on the blade, - was found near Lowthorpe, Yorkshire, E.R., and is in the possession of - Mr. T. Boynton, of Ulrome Grange. - - The very graceful spear-head shown in Fig. 406 was found at Isleham - Fen, Cambridge, in 1863, and is a remarkably fine casting, the cavity - for the reception of the shaft being no less than 12¼ inches in - length, and perfectly central in the blade. - -[Illustration: Fig. 406.—Isleham Fen. ½] - - I have another spear-head of the same type (18 inches), probably from - the Thames, almost as well cast, but rather heavier in proportion to - its size. There are traces of wood in the socket, as is also the case - in another of the same form (14½ inches) dredged from the Thames at - Battersea,[1259] and now in the Bateman Collection. The wood has been - thought to be ash. Another similar, but originally about 20 inches - long, was found in the Thames near Runnymede;[1260] and another in - the collection of General A. Pitt Rivers, F.R.S., 17 inches long, was - found at Hampton Court. - - Another (13¾ inches) from the Thames at Thames Ditton is in the - British Museum. - - One (15¼ inches) from Bottisham Lode, Cambridge, is in the British - Museum; as is another (14¼ inches) from the New River Works, - Pentonville. I have seen others from Coveney Fen (16¾ inches, Mr. - Fisher), and from Woolpit, near Bury St. Edmunds (8⅞ inches). The - blade of one (11⅜ inches) without the socket was found at Stanwick, - Yorkshire, and is now in the British Museum. - - One (13½ inches) was found with three rapier-shaped blades near - Maentwrog, Merionethshire, and is in the same collection.[1261] - - Another, broken, in the Museum at Taunton, is said to have been found - in the Roman villa at Wadsford, Combe St. Nicholas, near Chard. Its - original length must have been about 18 inches. - - In the specimen from Stibbard, Norfolk,[1262] shown in Fig. 407, the - ribs upon the blade are less distinct, and the loops are widened out - so as to show a lozenge form when the edge of the blade is seen. This - spear-head was found with nine others and about seventy palstaves - about 1806, and is in the state in which it left the mould, having - never been finished by hammering and grinding, though the core has - been extracted. I have seen a specimen in the collection of Mr. J. - Holmes, found at Morley, near Leeds, in which the hammering process - had been applied to a part only of the blade, which had evidently - broken in the operation. The partly finished base and the unfinished - point were found together. - - An Irish example of this form has been engraved by Vallancey.[1263] - - This type is rare in France, but a specimen is in the Museum at - Carcassonne (Aude), and another in that at St. Germain. - - In some spear-heads of nearly the same form there is a raised bead - running down the midrib as in Fig. 408. This beautifully finished - weapon was bought in Dublin, but I cannot say in what part of Ireland - it was found. - - A smaller and broader specimen (7 inches) in my collection was found - at Clough, near Antrim. - - I have another (10¾ inches) from the north of Ireland in which the - midrib half-way along the blade expands to form an edge almost as - sharp as that at the sides. Near the point the section is cruciform, - as in Fig. 396. - -[Illustration: Fig. 407.—Stibbard. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 408.—Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 409.—Lakenheath Fen. ¼] - - A spear-head found near Hay, on the river Wye, and now in the Museum - of the Society of Antiquaries of London, presents the same peculiarity - as Fig. 408. - - Some ancient bronze spear-heads from China[1264] are provided with - central ridges of the same kind on the blades. They have but one loop, - and that is on the face, and there is a deep notch at the mouth of the - socket. - -[Illustration: Fig. 410. Nettleham. ½] - - The long blades are often more leaf-shaped and less truncated at the - base than that shown in Fig. 406. A very large specimen of this kind - from Lakenheath Fen is shown on the scale of ¼ inch in Fig. 409. The - point is unfortunately lost, but is restored in the engraving. The - midrib containing the socket is ridged, and the outer faces of the - loops expand into the diamond form. - - One of nearly the same character (22¼ inches), found in the Thames - at Datchet, forms part of the Roach Smith Collection,[1265] now in - the British Museum. Another (11½ inches) was found with palstaves at - Sherford,[1266] near Taunton. - - A specimen in the British Museum (15¾ inches) has an ornament of - hatched chevrons round the base of the socket, and the lozenge-shaped - flanges are also ornamented with hatched open mascles. - - A spear-head of the same form (15½ inches) from Ireland[1267] has the - ridge decorated with lines of dots, and the socket with bands and a - chevron pattern. A plain specimen, no less than 26¾ inches long, found - at Maghera, Co. Londonderry,[1268] has been figured by Wilde. - - In others the midrib is conical, and the blade nearly flat, or with - only a shallow channel along the sides of the midrib. One such from - the find at Nettleham, Lincolnshire,[1269] now in the British Museum, - is, by the kindness of Mr. Franks, shown in Fig. 410. I have one - nearly similar (9½ inches) from Edmonton Marsh. One (7½ inches) from - the Thames at Lambeth is in the British Museum, as are others from the - same river varying in length from 9 to 15¾ inches. - - One from Speen, Berks[1270] (7 inches), is of the same character, - as is one (8¼ inches) from Crawford, Lanarkshire.[1271] Another (9 - inches) from Horsey, near Peterborough, Hunts, has been engraved - by Artis.[1272] Another (10½ inches) from the Severn at Kempsey, - Worcestershire,[1273] appears to have been of this type. I have seen - others from the Cambridge Fens. One (5½ inches) from Edington Burtle, - Somerset, is in the Taunton Museum. - -[Illustration: Fig. 411.—Knockans. ½] - - A spear-head of this character (10½ inches), with the faces of the - loops lozenge-shaped, was found with two looped palstaves and a - chisel (Fig. 197) at Broxton, about twelve miles south of Chester. It - is now in the collection of Sir P. de M. G. Egerton, Bart., who has - kindly shown it to me. - - Spear-heads of this character are occasionally found in Scotland. Two - from Wigtonshire[1274] have been figured. - - The form is common in Ireland. I have one 12 inches long from one of - the northern counties. - - A spear-head (6½ inches) with small projecting loops at each side of - the blade was found near Hawick, Roxburghshire.[1275] - - In Fig. 411 is shown a remarkably fine spear-head in the collection - of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., which exhibits the peculiarity of having - the loops formed by the prolongation of small ribs on each side of the - midrib, and of having, in addition, a rivet-hole through the socket. - It was found at Knockans, Co. Antrim. - - An Irish spear-head (14¾ inches) with loops at the lower end of the - blade, and the socket pierced for a rivet, was exhibited to the - Archæological Institute in 1856.[1276] - -The fourth class of spear-heads, those with openings in the blade, may -again be subdivided into those in which the openings appear to have -served as loops for attaching the blade to the shaft, and those in -which these apertures seem to have been mainly intended for ornament, -or possibly for diminishing weight. - -Of the former kind appear to be those which have merely two small slits -in the lower part of the blade, such as would seem adapted for the -insertion of a cord. These holes are usually protected by projections -rising from the blade on the outer side of the holes. - -[Illustration: Fig. 412.—Lurgan. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 413.—Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 414.—Antrim. ½] - - A fine spear-head in my own collection thus perforated, found near - Lurgan, Co. Armagh,[1277] is shown in Fig. 412. It is 24 inches in - length, and 3¼ inches in extreme breadth. - - The openings are about 17 inches from the point. An Irish friend has - suggested that they were for the reception of poison, but after the - blade had penetrated seventeen inches into the human body such an use - of poison would probably be superfluous. - - A spear-head of the same form (19⅛ inches) was found on the hill - of Rosele, Duffus, Morayshire,[1278] and is now in the Elgin - Museum. Another, broken, but still 10⅝ inches long, was found with - a rapier-shaped blade at Corbridge, Northumberland.[1279] A broken - specimen was found in the Isle of Portland.[1280] - - A spear-head (10 inches) with small openings in the blade was found, - with palstaves, socketed celts, rapiers, bracelets, and a ferrule, at - Wallington, Northumberland, and is in the possession of Sir Charles - Trevelyan. - -[Illustration: Fig. 415.—Thames. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 416.—Naworth Castle. ½] - - An “eyed” spear-head 22 inches long was found in the Thames near - Datchet,[1281] but whether it was of this or some other type I cannot - say. One (9 inches) with two holes at the base of the leaf above the - ferrule was found near Speen, Berks.[1282] - - A broader form (13½ inches) from Ireland is engraved by Wilde (Fig. - 365), and another broader still is shown in my Fig. 413. This has a - rivet-hole on the front of the socket, as well as the holes in the - blade. This is also in the Dublin Museum. - - In some instances the blade is very much shorter in proportion to - the length of the socket, as will be seen in Fig. 414, the original - of which was found in the county of Antrim, and is now in Canon - Greenwell’s collection. - - A remarkably fine English example of the same class is shown in Fig. - 415. This specimen was found in the Thames, and is now in the British - Museum. The small projecting flanges at the side of the holes in the - blade are very strongly marked, and form circular discs when seen with - the edge of the spear-head towards the spectator. - - The simplest of the forms, in which the holes in the blade appear - to be for ornament rather than use, is that in which there are two - circular or oval holes through the blade, one on either side of - the midrib containing the socket. The spear-head shown in Fig. 416 - was found near Naworth Castle, Cumberland, in 1870, and is in the - collection of Canon Greenwell. In general form it resembles the type, - Fig. 381. It is provided with a rivet-hole through the socket. - -[Illustration: Fig. 417.—Blakehope. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 418.—Whittingham. ¼] - - Some Italian spear-heads have two circular holes in the blade, but - nearer the base. - - In the spear-head shown in Fig. 417 there is no trace of a rivet-hole - in the socket, the end of which, however, is broken, and the two - oval orifices in the blade are placed one somewhat below the other. - This specimen is in Canon Greenwell’s collection, and was found at - Blakehope, Northumberland. - -[Illustration: Fig. 419.—Winmarleigh. ¼] - -The more truly characteristic spear-heads of this class have two -crescent-shaped or lunate openings, one on each side of the midrib -containing the socket, which thus is made, as it were, to reappear -in the middle of the blade. There is usually a rivet-hole in the -projecting part of the socket below the blade, so that these openings -must be regarded as ornamental, or else as intended to diminish the -weight of the weapon. - - The original of Fig. 418 was found about 1847, near Whittingham, - Northumberland,[1283] in company with some other spear-heads and two - swords, and is now in the possession of Lord Ravensworth. The surface - of the blade is ornamented by being worked into steps or terraces, and - the socket by bands of parallel lines. - - A rather longer specimen was found, together with a plain leaf-shaped - spear-head and five socketed celts, at Winmarleigh, near Garstang, - Lancashire.[1284] By the kindness of the curators of the Warrington - Museum I am enabled to give it as Fig. 419. It is 19½ inches long. - There are small ridges by the side of the midrib and round the margin - of the openings. - - Another like it, but only 15¼ inches long, was found with a socketed - celt near Middleham, Yorkshire. - - Some fragments of spear-heads of this character were found with other - bronze antiquities in Duddingston Loch, Edinburgh.[1285] - - The same form has occurred in Ireland.[1286] A fine example (14 - inches) from a hoard at Dowris, King’s County,[1287] is in the British - Museum. - - A spear-head of this type, about 8 inches long, is in the Boucher de - Perthes Collection at Abbeville. - - A spear-head smaller than Fig. 419, but of the same general character, - is shown in Fig. 420. It was found in Burwell Fen, Cambridge, about - 1869. There is a double bead along each side of the midrib, and the - blade is in two steps or terraces. Around the crescent-shaped opening - the beading is grained or milled transversely. A projection is carried - down along the socket from the blade, so as to allow the rivet-hole to - be made in it. The socket extends to within 1½ inches of the point. - -[Illustration: Fig. 420.—Burwell Fen. ½] - - A spear-head of nearly the same size, with the openings somewhat - smaller, but ornamented in a similar manner, was found with - celts, palstaves, gouges, swords, scabbards, &c., at Guilsfield, - Montgomeryshire,[1288] in 1862. Another, broken, was found at the same - time. Another was in the hoard at Little Wenlock, Shropshire,[1289] - but does not appear to have been ornamented. There was a fragment of - another, plain, in the Broadward[1290] find. - - In the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh are some spear-heads of this - character, with the openings on the blade rather longer in proportion. - One was found in the bottom of a cairn at Highfield, Urray, near - Dingwall, Ross-shire.[1291] Others were found in Roxburghshire and - Stirlingshire. - - Some of the spear-heads of this type which have been found in Ireland - are highly ornamented. A very fine specimen given by Wilde (Fig. 374) - has several mouldings with a kind of cable pattern upon them. Others - have circular perforations in addition to the lunate openings; and in - one instance the socket is decorated with bands and vertical lines - (Wilde, Fig. 372). - - A small lance-head from Jelabugy, Russia,[1292] with comparatively - large crescent-shaped openings in the blade, has been figured by - Worsaae. - - The cut for Fig. 421 is kindly lent me by the Society of Antiquaries - of Scotland. The original, 19 inches long, was found with a - bronze sword at Denhead, Cupar-Angus, Forfarshire,[1293] and has - unfortunately been somewhat broken. - -[Illustration: Fig. 421.—Denhead. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 422.—Speen. ½] - - As will be seen, there are ten circular holes, besides two long - crescents. The socket is said by Professor Daniel Wilson to contain - a thin rod or core of iron, which was inserted in the mould to - strengthen this unusually large weapon; but what seemed to Dr. Wilson - to be an iron rod is really a piece of wood that has been recently - inserted when the spear-head was mended. - -In the last class into which these weapons are here divided, are placed -those which are barbed at the base of the blade, or in very rare -instances are square at that part. - - A good typical example (10-7/12 inches) is shown in Fig. 422, from an - original found at Speen, Berks.[1294] It is very heavy, weighing 11¾ - ozs. troy, or more than ¾ lb. avoirdupois. Another of the same size, - but lighter (8 ozs.), was found in the Severn, near Worcester.[1295] - - Another (10¾ inches), found in the Plaistow Marshes, Essex, and now in - the British Museum, has a rivet of bronze 2⅜ inches in length still - in the rivet-hole. Curiously enough this long rivet appears to be a - speciality of this class of weapons. Some of this type, together with - some fragments twisted and adhering together as if partially molten, - were found in the Thames at Kingston,[1296] and in one of them was the - bronze rivet. These are now in the British Museum. Some broken barbed - spear-heads of larger size (about 14 inches), also with the rivets - still in position, were found with bronze ferrules at a spot called - “Bloody Pool,” South Brent, Devon.[1297] - - Another (7 inches), found at Pendoylan, near Cardiff, - Glamorganshire,[1298] has an oval socket pierced on one side for a - rivet, which, however, is wanting. - - Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., possesses an example much like that from - Speen (10⅞ inches) found in Yorkshire, near the river Humber. - - In the Broadward find[1299] (Shropshire) were several spear-heads of - this type, mostly retaining their bronze rivets. One of them, about - 6 inches long and 3 inches broad, has the base of the blade at right - angles to the socket, and not sloping downwards. Several bronze - ferrules were included in the hoard. What appears to have been a - discovery of nearly the same character took place in a bog on a farm - called the Wrekin Tenement,[1300] also in Shropshire, where a celt, - a small number of swords, and about one hundred and fifty fragments - of spear-heads were found. They are described as being for the most - part about 8 inches in length, and having rivets of bronze through the - sockets. I have not met with the type in Scotland or Ireland. - -It has been suggested that these weapons were fishing spears, and -certainly their barbed form, so distinct from that of the more common -spear-heads, raises a presumption that they were intended for some -special purpose. It appears to me, however, as it already has done to -others, that such weapons are too clumsy to have been used for the -capture of fish of any ordinary size, and would have made sad havoc -even of a forty-pound salmon. If they were used for the chase at -all, it is more probable that they were intended for attacking large -four-footed game, such as wild oxen, either by thrusting or darting, -and that the weapons were left in the wound, the shafts encumbering -the animal in its flight. If, as would probably be the case, these -got broken by the animal, the long rivets were well adapted for being -removed so as to allow of the broken shaft being taken out, and would -again serve to retain a new one. - -Mention has already been made of ferrules having been frequently -discovered in company with ordinary spear-heads; and from this fact, -and the size and character of the ferrules, the inference has, with -much probability, been drawn that they served to tip the lower ends of -the shafts of spears and lances. - -[Illustration: Fig. 423. Nettleham. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 424. Guilsfield. ¼] - -The illustrations given in Figs. 423 and 424 will serve to show the -usual character of these objects. They vary in length from about 16 -inches down to 8 inches, and are about ¾ inch or less in diameter. They -are not made from a flat piece of metal turned over, but are cast in -one piece, having been very carefully “cored.” The metal, especially -near the mouth, is very thin, and there is usually a small hole nearer -this end than the other to allow of a pin or rivet being inserted to -keep the ferrule on the shaft. - - The original of Fig. 423 (8¼ inches) was found with spear-heads and - other articles at Nettleham, near Lincoln, and is now in the British - Museum.[1301] - - One 14 inches long, bluntly pointed at the base, was found in the - Thames, near London, and is now in the British Museum. It has a - portion of the wooden shaft inside, which appears to be of beech. - The hole for the pin is still visible in the wood, but the pin has - perished. It may have been made of horn. - - Fig. 424 is on the scale of one-fourth, the original being 14 inches - long. It was found with eleven others, varying in length from 10 to - 16 inches, and with spear-heads and other articles, at Guilsfield, - Montgomeryshire.[1302] - - Another ferrule (9½ inches) was found, with spear-heads, socketed - celts, &c., near Nottingham.[1303] - - Four such (about 7 inches) were found, with spear-heads, &c., at - Bloody Pool, South Brent, Devon.[1304] - - Canon Greenwell has a specimen from Antrim (9½ inches), the end of - which is worn obliquely, as if by trailing on the ground. It has a - single rivet-hole. - - A very long ferrule of this kind (14½ inches), but with a small disc - at the base, is in the Museum at Nantes. It was found in the bed of - the Loire. - - A shorter form, somewhat expanding towards the base, is shown in Fig. - 425. This, together with three others, none more than 4¼ inches long, - was found, with spear-heads, &c., at Pant-y-maen, near Glancych.[1305] - - In the Broadward find[1306] were six tubes, varying in length from 6 - to 2 inches, of which one only was of this type. Some were so small - that the diameter did not exceed ¼ inch. - - A small ferrule of this kind was in the hoard found at Beddington, - near Croydon,[1307] and part of one in that of Wickham Park. The - latter is now in the British Museum. - - What appears to be a ferrule of this kind, but more widely expanded - at the end, like Fig. 425, is described in Gordon’s “Itinerarium - Septentrionale”[1308] as “a Roman tuba, or trumpet.” - - Another of these expanded ferrules is in the Museum of the Cambridge - Antiquarian Society.[1309] - - In the Fulbourn find[1310] there were two ferrules expanding at the - base to about 2 inches in diameter, which were regarded by Dr. Clarke - as having been the feet of two spears. He points out that similar feet - for spears may be seen represented on Greek vases.[1311] The οὐρίαχος - or σαυρωτήρ of Homer[1312] appears to have been more susceptible of - being driven into the ground. This point at the base was sometimes - used for fighting when the spear-head proper was broken. - - Among the African tribes on the shores of the Gambia, the spears, as - Mr. Syer Cuming[1313] has pointed out, have a chisel- or celt-like - ferrule at the base of their shafts; and this fashion extends all - across Africa to Madagascar,[1314] and recurs in Borneo. - - Some Danish ferrules[1315] present the same peculiarity of being - chisel-like at the base. - - Another form, more spherical at the base, is shown in Fig. 427, copied - from the _Archæological Journal_.[1316] The original, with several - others, was found at St. Margaret’s Park, Hereford. The socket tapers - to a point 1½ inches from the extremity. - - A nearly similar ferrule, but with a slight cylindrical projection - beyond the spherical part, was found with other bronze objects at - Lanant, Cornwall.[1317] A kind of pointed ferrule of a nearly square - section, with the faces hollowed, which was found near Windsor,[1318] - and is now in the British Museum, not improbably belongs to a later - date than the Bronze Period. - - In the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy are several ferrules, - apparently for the end of spear shafts, some of which are said to have - been found with spear-heads. Many of these have ornaments of a late - Celtic[1319] character upon them. Others[1320] appear to have been - made from plates turned over and soldered, and not to have been cast - hollow. Both of these kinds are of more recent date than the Bronze - Age. - - Tapering ferrules of bronze occur in Italy, and a pointed iron - ferrule, probably belonging to a barbed javelin of Roman age, was - found in the river Witham, near Lincoln.[1321] - - A ferrule, about 3 inches long, with parallel lines engraved round it, - is in the Museum at Clermont Ferrand. Another, more conical, is in - that of Narbonne.[1322] Some with expanded button-like ends have been - found in the Lake-dwellings of Savoy. Several ferrules, some of them - very short, were found with bronze spear-heads at Alise Ste. Reine - (Côte d’Or).[1323] - -[Illustration: Fig. 425.—Glancych. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 426.—Fulbourn. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 427.—Hereford. ½] - - Others, some of them ornamented, formed part of the great Bologna - hoard. - - A ferrule was found with a bronze spear-head, between 23 and - 24 inches long, in the Alban Necropolis, and is figured in the - _Archæologia_.[1324] Padre Garrucci regards this spear as neither - Greek, nor Etruscan, nor Latin, but Celtic. - -Although the simple leaf-shaped spear-heads from the British Isles -present close analogies with those from the other parts of Europe, -yet for the most part those of the other types, with loops to the -sockets, with openings in the blade, or of the barbed class last -described, present peculiarities of their own. Several of these types -appear, indeed, to have been evolved in Britain or in Ireland, and the -differences they exhibit from the ordinary continental types are more -marked than in any other class of bronze weapons. Though loops are -such a common adjunct to the socketed celts of other countries, yet -looped palstaves are comparatively rare abroad. At the same time, as -will have been seen, hardly any examples of looped spear-heads from -foreign countries can be cited, while in Britain, and more especially -in Ireland, they are very abundant. This fact, in whatever way it is to -be accounted for, affords a most conclusive argument against assigning -a Roman origin for our bronze weapons; a looped spear-head, so far as -I am aware, never having been discovered in Italy, and but very rarely -even in Gaul. The spear-heads with the small apertures in the blade -appear also to be of an indigenous type. - -Some of the iron spear-heads from Hallstatt and elsewhere have been -made in imitation of those in bronze, and have been welded along the -whole length of their sockets in a manner which displays the highest -skill in the smiths. But, unlike the iron palstaves and socketed celts, -none of the spear-heads are provided with a loop. In later times the -sockets of the iron spear-heads were left with an open slit along them, -a method of manufacture which produced an equally serviceable weapon, -and involved far less trouble. - -As to the position in time which spear-heads occupy in the Bronze Age, -it is probable that it is towards the close rather than the beginning -of that period. Not only are spear-heads almost, if not quite, absent -from our barrows, but the skill involved in producing implements so -thin and so truly cored could only have been acquired after long -practice in casting. The objects to be considered in the next chapter -are also of comparatively late date. - - - - -CHAPTER XV. - -SHIELDS, BUCKLERS, AND HELMETS. - - -HAVING now described the various weapons of offence of which in early -times bronze formed the material, it will be well to examine the arms -of defence fabricated from the same metal, and presumably of the same -or nearly the same age. - -The shields first in use in Britain were probably formed of perishable -materials, such as wicker-work, wood, or hide, like those of many -savage tribes of the present day; and it can only have been after a -long acquaintance with the use of bronze that plates could have been -produced of such size as those with which some of the ancient shields -and bucklers found in this country were covered. They would appear, -therefore, to belong to quite the close of the Bronze Age, if not to -the transitional period when iron was coming into use. There are, -indeed, several bronze coverings of shields of elongated form, such -as those from the river Witham[1325] and from the Thames,[1326] with -decorations upon them, in which red enamel plays a part, that have been -found associated with the iron swords of what Mr. Franks has termed the -Late Celtic Period. Those, however, which appear to have a better claim -to a place in these pages are of a circular form. - -That which I have shown in Fig. 428 is now in the British Museum, and -has already been figured in the _Archæologia_[1327], and described by -Mr. Gage. It was dredged up from what appears to have been the ancient -bed of the river Isis, near Little Wittenham, Berks, not far from the -Dyke Hills, near Dorchester, Oxon. It is about 13½ inches diameter, not -quite circular in form, though probably intended so to be. The raised -bosses have all been wrought in the metal with the exception of four, -two of which form the rivets for the handle across the umbo, and two -others serve as the rivets or pivots for two small straps or buttons of -bronze on the inner side of the buckler. Such buttons occur on several -other examples, but it is difficult to determine the exact purpose -which they served. From the pains taken in this instance to conceal the -heads of these pivots on the outside, by making them take the form and -place of bosses, it would appear that they were necessary adjuncts of -the shield, and possibly in some way connected with a lining for it. - -[Illustration: Fig. 428.—Little Wittenham.] - -Such a lining can hardly have been of wood, or many rivet or pin holes -would have been necessary for securing the metal to it. It may be that -a lining of hide was moulded while wet to the form of the shield, -and that these buttons served to keep it in place when dry. In one -case[1328] it is said that some fibrous particles resembling leather -still remain attached to the inside of the shield. In general the -metal is so thin that without some lining these bucklers would have -afforded but a poor defence against the stroke of a sword, spear, or -arrow. In this Little Wittenham example, and possibly in some others, -it is probable that the shield itself was larger than the bronze plate. -Another view is that these buttons fastened a strap for carrying the -shield when either in or out of use. - - Another buckler, in Lord Londesborough’s collection, 14 inches in - diameter, with two circles of small bosses divided by a raised - band, is stated to have been found with a large bronze spear-head - at Athenry,[1329] Co. Galway. Two of the bosses of the inner circle - are the heads of rivets for securing the handle. A much smaller - buckler, or centre of a buckler, only 9¼ inches in diameter (also - with two rings of bosses), presumably found in the Isis,[1330] near - Eynsham Bridge, is in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries. It - has a slightly conical boss, surrounded by a circle of smaller bosses - between two raised ribs. There is also a raised rib round the margin - formed by turning over the metal towards the outer face. In the outer - ring of bosses two are missing at the places where, no doubt, were - formerly the rivets of the buttons or loops. - -[Illustration: Fig. 429.—Harlech.] - - A shield in the British Museum (21 inches), found in the Thames, has - four rows of bosses, about an inch in diameter, and the same number of - raised rings. The inner set of bosses abuts on the umbo. There is a - marginal rim about an inch beyond the outer ring. This shield appears - to have had two buttons, which as usual are nearly in a line with one - of the rivets which fasten the handle. One of these loops remains - secured by a large-headed rivet matching the bosses. There is at least - one hole through the shield which may have resulted from a spear - thrust. - - The rivets which secure the handle have heads made in imitation of - bosses. - - In some the decoration consists of a series of concentric ribs or - beads, as in that found in a peat moss near Harlech,[1331] which is - shown in Fig. 429. Its diameter is 22 inches. The heads of the four - rivets for holding the handle and the two buttons are in this case - visible in the spaces between the ribs. - - Another of the same pattern was discovered in company with that shown - in Fig. 430, in Coveney Fen,[1332] near Ely, and is now in the Museum - of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. The metal of which it is formed - has been found on analysis to contain— - - Copper 87·55 - Tin 11·72 - Nickel 0·40 - ————— - 99·67 - - The presence of the nickel is probably due to impurities in the ore - from which the copper was extracted. - -[Illustration: Fig. 430—Coveney. 1/6] - -[Illustration: Fig. 431.—Coveney. 1/1] - - The second Coveney shield is shown in Fig. 430.[1333] The ornament - in this instance is of a very peculiar character, and appears to - represent two snakes, one long and the other short, twisted about into - a symmetrical pattern. They are of the _amphisbæna_ kind, with a head - at each end. The two outermost ribs, one of them at the margin, are - continuous. The rivets for holding the handle are visible, as are also - three on either side connected with the inner buttons, that in this - case have been regarded as loops by which the shield was suspended. - - The buttons have a small hole through them, as will be seen by Fig. - 431. In front of each is a pair of small conical studs, of which the - purpose can now hardly be determined. Mr. Goodwin thought that they - might be intended to prevent a thong which passed beneath the buttons - from slipping away from them. - -[Illustration: Fig. 432.—Beith. 1/6] - -The type of shield, of which, the largest number has been found in the -British Isles, is that having a series of concentric rings, from about -twelve to thirty in number, and between them circles of small studs. - - A very fine example of this kind of shield is preserved in the - Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of London,[1334] and is shown - on the scale of one-sixth, together with some of its details on a - larger scale, in Figs. 432, 433, and 434, for the use of which I am - indebted to the Council of the Ayrshire and Wigtonshire Archæological - Association.[1335] - - [Illustration: Fig. 433.—Beith. 1/1] - - A figure of the shield has been given by Professor Daniel - Wilson,[1336] but the illustrations here given will convey a much more - accurate impression of its character and details. - - Though there is some discrepancy as to measurement, there is little - doubt that this is the shield found about the year 1780 in a peat moss - on a farm called Luggtonrigge, in the parish of Beith, Ayrshire, and - presented to the Society of Antiquaries by Dr. Ferris,[1337] who was - informed that four or five others of the same kind were discovered - at the same time. A portion of the margin of the shield is shown of - the full size in Fig. 433, and the handle across the inner side of - the boss on the scale of one-half in Fig. 434. These figures give - so complete an idea of the original that it seems needless to enter - into further details. It is, however, well to call attention to the - fact that the handle of the buckler, which is made from a flat piece - of bronze, is rendered more convenient to grasp, and at the same - time strengthened, by its sides being doubled over, and thus made to - present a rounded edge. It is secured to the shield by a rivet at each - end. About midway between the edge of the umbo and that of the shield, - but placed so that one of the rivets of the handle is in the same line - and midway between them, have been two rivets, each fastening a short - button like those on the Coveney Fen shield, of which at present only - one remains. The rivet-hole for the other has been closed by a short - rivet. - - [Illustration: Fig. 434.—Beith. ½] - - Other shields, almost identical in character, have likewise been found - in Scotland, one of which, by the kindness of the Council of the - Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, is shown in Fig. 435, on the scale - of one-sixth. A portion of the margin is shown full size in Fig. 436, - and the interior of the umbo in Fig. 437, on the scale of one-fourth. - It was found in 1837, together with another, in a marshy field near - Yetholm, Roxburghshire. These shields have been described in a paper - by the late Mr. W. T. M^cCulloch,[1338] of some of whose references I - have here made use. - - One of these Yetholm shields is 23½ inches in diameter, and has - thirty concentric rings of convex knobs alternating with projecting - circular ribs or beads; the other measures 24 inches across, and has - twenty-four rings of both knobs and ribs. In the centre of each is - a hollow circular umbo 4 inches in diameter, with a handle riveted - across it. - - Another shield of the same character was found at Yetholm[1339] in - 1870, near the place where the two others were discovered. It is 22½ - inches in diameter, with twenty-nine concentric rings alternating - with the usual small knobs. The boss is 3½ inches in diameter. - -[Illustration: Fig. 435.—Yetholm. 1/6] - -[Illustration: Fig. 436.—Yetholm. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 437.—Yetholm. ¼] - - At the back of each of these shields, about midway between the centre - and the rim, are the usual small movable tongues of bronze, which - have been supposed to serve for the attachment of a leather strap by - which the shield might be slung round the body. Mr. Jeffrey, F.S.A. - Scotland, of Jedburgh, who described this third shield, has pointed - out that there is too little room beneath the tongues for a strap of - any kind. - - So far as at present known these are the only instances of bucklers of - this kind having been discovered in Scotland. - - In England and Wales several such have been found. One was in the - Meyrick Collection[1340] at Goodrich Court, and is now in the British - Museum. It is about 26½ inches in diameter, with twenty concentric - circles of knobs and ribs between, and is in all respects like those - just described. It was found about 1804 in a turbary near Aberystwith, - Cardiganshire. It has had the usual buttons, one of which remains. - - Another example[1341] of the kind (25¼ inches), with twenty-seven - concentric rings, was also in the Meyrick Collection, and is now in - the British Museum. It was found in a peat moss at Moel Sinbod, near - Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire. It has one of the usual loops and the - rivet of the other. Sir Samuel Meyrick had heard of another shield, - dug up near Newcastle-on-Tyne, which the owner, wishing to gratify - all his friends, cut up like a cake, and sent to each a slice. This - may be the shield found at Broomyholme, Chester-le-Street, Durham, of - which a fragment is in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of - Newcastle-on-Tyne. - - Another now in the possession of Sir Edward Blackett, Bart., was found - near Corbridge, Northumberland. - - Fragments[1342] of two other shields of the same character were also - found in Northumberland, at Ingoe, in the parish of Stamfordham, - about two miles north of the Roman wall. They were originally about - 20 inches in diameter, and like so many others were discovered during - draining operations. - - Another buckler of the same character was found in the Thames[1343] - at London, and passed into the British Museum with the Roach Smith - Collection. This specimen is 21¼ inches in diameter, and has eleven - rings of the small bosses upon it separated by concentric ribs. - A curious feature in this shield is that the places to which the - usual little buttons were attached have been neatly cut out, leaving - triangular holes. There is also a third hole of the same kind. In one - place also there is a hole through the shield, such as might have - been produced by the thrust of a bronze spear. Close by this hole is - a clean cut, such as might have been made by a sword. The plate of - bronze has been turned over on to the face, so as to form the outer - rim. - - A circular shield,[1344] with twenty-six concentric rings of studs, - was dredged up, together with a leaf-shaped bronze sword, from the bed - of the Thames off Woolwich in 1830. - - A thin bronze plate from the Thames, 19 inches in diameter, convex, - and with small knobs round the margin, is in the Mayer Collection at - Liverpool. It has been marked with the hammer, possibly in imitation - of basket-work, and has been mended in one place in ancient times. It - may be the bottom of a caldron, and not a shield. - - Another buckler, 26 inches in diameter, having twelve concentric - raised rings with the usual knobs between them, is also said to - have been found in the Thames[1345] between Hampton and Walton, in - September, 1864. - - In draining a meadow at Bagley,[1346] about five miles from Ellesmere, - in Shropshire, another of these circular bucklers was found. This is - 23 inches in diameter, with an umbo of 4 inches, and has twenty-six - concentric circles, with the same rings of knobs between them as on - the other examples. It has the usual holes for the rivets of the small - buttons. - - Another, found on Burringham Common,[1347] Lincolnshire, in 1843, is - 26 inches in diameter, with an umbo of 4½ inches, and only nineteen - concentric circles with intermediate rings of knobs. The boss of - this shield is conical rather than hemispherical. It is now in the - Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. A shield of this kind 20½ inches - in diameter, having thirteen concentric circles of small bosses and - raised rings between, was found at Sutton St. Michael’s, Norfolk.[1348] - - In the collection of Canon Greenwell is the bronze boss of a shield - nearly 5 inches in diameter, probably intended for the centre of a - wooden buckler. It has three small holes for nails or rivets in the - rim. In one place there is a square hole, apparently made by a thrust - from a spear. This boss was found at Harwood, Northumberland. - - Shields like Fig. 435, with several concentric rings alternating with - small knobs, are rare, but by no means unknown in Ireland. One (27¾ - inches in diameter) was found in a bog near Ballynamona,[1349] Co. - Limerick, and has been figured. As usual, it has the two movable loops - or buttons at the back. There is a little patch of bronze over a small - irregular hole in the shield, such as an arrow or a javelin would - make. It is soldered on with a metal which is stated to be bronze, - but which I imagine must be some more fusible alloy of copper. This - shield is now in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, and in their - _Proceedings_[1350] is stated to have been found in Lough Gur, Co. - Limerick, but this must be an error. - - The central portion of a bronze shield, including the umbo, was found - at Toome Bar, Lough Neagh, and is now in the collection of Mr. William - Gray, of Belfast. - - A somewhat doubtful instance has been recorded of the remains of a - bronze shield having been found with an interment in a barrow. Sir R. - Colt Hoare, in his examination of the Bush Barrow, Normanton,[1351] - found a skeleton lying from S. to N., and about eighteen inches S. - of the head “several brass rivets intermixed with wood, and some - thin bits of brass nearly decomposed. These articles covered a space - of twelve inches or more; it is probable, therefore, that they are - the mouldered remains of a shield.” Near the shoulders lay a flanged - bronze celt like Fig. 9. A large dagger of bronze, and what Sir - Richard calls a spear-head of the same metal, but which was probably a - dagger, the inlaid hilt (Fig. 289). a stone hammer, and some plates - of gold accompanied this interment. It is much to be regretted that - more is not known of the real character of the object with the rivets, - but their presence shows that it could not have been a shield such as - those here described, in which the only rivets are those securing the - handle and the movable buttons. - - The umbo of a Late-Celtic shield was among the objects found at Polden - Hill,[1352] Somersetshire. - - Some wooden bucklers have been found both in Scotland[1353] and - Ireland, but it is hard to determine their age. - - Mr. Franks[1354] has already remarked that bronze shields are of far - less common occurrence on the Continent than in the British Isles. He - cites three from the Copenhagen Museum,[1355] one of which, about 27 - inches in diameter, has five concentric ribs round the boss and ten - sets of knobs; these, however, are arranged in such a manner as to - leave a star of eight rays of smooth metal radiating from the boss. - The other two are less like the British in character. A fine shield in - the Stockholm Museum, with swan-like figures upon it, has been thought - to have been imported from Italy.[1356] - - One found near Bingen, on the Rhine,[1357] about 15½ inches in - diameter, has merely four raised concentric ribs. There are two small - bowed handles secured with two rivets, each in about the same position - as the usual button. They seem certainly intended for a strap to pass - through them. There are, however, two other rivets in the shield to - which movable buttons may possibly have been attached. - - The Italian shields mentioned by Mr. Franks are of a different type. - One in the British Museum (34 inches in diameter) has a very slight - boss, and is ornamented with concentric bands of sphinxes and other - designs. - -As has already been observed, it is somewhat hard to judge of the date -of these bucklers. I am not aware of any portions of them having been -found in the hoards of metal in which fragments of swords frequently -occur. Still in the case of the shield dredged up off Woolwich the -sword which accompanied it was of bronze, though of course there is no -evidence of the two having been lost or deposited together. The whole -character, however, of the ornamentation and workmanship is, I think, -more in accordance with the Bronze Age than with the Late Celtic or -Early Iron Period, though the shields probably belong to the close of -the Bronze Period. - -Circular bucklers, or targets, no doubt remained in use until a -considerably later date, but it seems probable that some other material -than a thin plate of bronze was used for their manufacture. Professor -Daniel Wilson[1358] remarks that on the gold coins of Tasciovanus, -Cunobeline, and others of our native rulers contemporary with the -first intercourse with Rome, the shields borne by the warriors are -either long and double-pointed, or, if round, large and disked, and -of very different construction from the Luggtonrigge shield. On one -coin of Cunobeline, however (Evans, pl. xii. 14), the horseman bears -a circular buckler, which, so far as can be judged from so diminutive -a representation as that given on the coin, would be about 2 feet in -diameter. On two small gold coins of Verica,[1359] recently published, -the horseman carries a target of somewhat larger proportions. Somewhat -smaller circular bucklers are carried by the horsemen on certain -Spanish coins,[1360] probably of the second century B.C. One of these -shields shows four smaller bosses, arranged in cruciform order around -the central boss; another seems to be plain except the umbo and a -projecting rim. - -This buckler is no doubt the Cetra, or Cætra (καίτρεα, Hesych.), -in use among the people of Spain and Mauretania, which was usually -made of hide, among the latter people sometimes of that of the -elephant. Cæsar[1361] speaks of the “cetratæ Hispaniæ cohortes,” and -Tacitus[1362] mentions the Britons as armed “ingentibus gladiis sine -mucrone et brevibus cetris.” It does not appear that the Romans ever -carried the cetra, which has been by Livy compared to the pelta of the -Greeks and Macedonians.[1363] The clipeus appears to have been larger -in size, and to have been held on the arm and not by the handle only. - -But whatever shields may have been in use in this country at the time -of the Roman invasion, I am inclined to refer these circular bucklers -to a somewhat earlier date, as already in Cæsar’s time iron was fully -in use for swords and for cutting purposes generally; and, as has -already been observed, the shields with which the early iron swords -are found are of a different form from these. As is the case with -bronze swords, such bucklers are never found with interments, and those -discovered seem to have been lost in the water, or hidden in bogs, -rather than buried as accessories for the dead. - -The skill requisite for the production of such bucklers must have -been great, and the appliances at command by no means contemptible. -The whole of the work is _repoussé_ and wrought with the hammer, and -not improbably the original sheet of bronze from which a shield was -made was considerably less in diameter and also much thicker than the -finished shield. To produce so large a casting of such even substance, -and yet so thin, would I think be beyond the skill of most modern, -and probably most ancient, brass-founders; and moreover there is no -appearance on the shields, of the metal having been cast in the form in -which it now appears. - -While still upon the subject of defensive armour it will be well to -say a few words about bronze helmets, though there is good reason -to believe that in this country at all events such objects do not -belong to the Bronze Age properly so-called. Indeed the earliest known -bronze helmets in some other countries, such as those from Assyria and -Etruria, appear to belong to a time when iron was already in use in -those countries. The date of an Etruscan helmet of bronze preserved -in the British Museum[1364] can be determined with precision, for -an inscription upon it proves that it was offered in the Temple of -Zeus at Elis, by Hiero, Tyrant of Syracuse, from the spoils of the -Etruscans after the naval battle of Cumæ, which took place in B.C. -474. It is of simple form with a brim around it. Those which have -been found in Styria and Germany[1365] are in some cases half ovals -in form, sometimes with a knob at the top, without any rims round the -opening, but with a certain number of small holes for the attachment of -cheek-pieces or appendages of other kinds. These may belong to a true -Bronze Period. Others, like those from Hallstatt,[1366] have rims and -even ridges for crests. - -In the Salzburg Museum is a fine helmet without a rim, but with an -ornamented ridge and cheek-pieces. It was found, with twelve others now -at Vienna, at Mattrey,[1367] between Innsbruck and Brixen. One of these -bears an Etruscan inscription upon it. According to Pliny, “the ancient -inhabitants of Brixen came from Etruria.” - -Even in the time of Severus, the Britons, according to Herodian,[1368] -made no use of helmets or cuirasses, though they wore an iron collar -round the neck and an iron belt round the body, and regarded them as -ornaments and signs of wealth. - -The following English and French helmets of bronze may just be -mentioned. - - (1.) A helmet of hemispherical form tapering to a projection, pierced - above to receive a crest or ornament, the extreme height being about - 8½ inches, and the diameter at the base nearly the same. This was - found in Moorgate Street, London.[1369] - - (2.) One found in the Thames,[1370] near Waterloo Bridge, with - projecting horns and ornamented with scroll-work and red enamel. This - is undoubtedly of the Late Celtic Period. Some Etruscan helmets also - bear horns, but more curved in form than those on this helmet from the - Thames. - - (3.) Another, more conical in form, and with a semicircular plate at - the back, locality unknown, but probably from a river.[1371] This was - in the Meyrick Collection, and is now in the British Museum. - - The helmets found on Ogmore Down,[1372] Glamorganshire, appear to be - of much later date. - - A helmet from Auxonne, Côte d’Or, has been figured by Chantre.[1373] - Another was found with various bronze antiquities at Theil[1374] (Loir - et Cher). - - - - -CHAPTER XVI - -TRUMPETS AND BELLS. - - -ANOTHER instrument probably connected with warfare, though not strictly -speaking an arm either of offence or defence, is the trumpet, of which -numerous examples in bronze have been found, especially in Ireland. It -is very doubtful whether the greater part of them do not belong to the -Early Iron Age, rather than to that of Bronze; but as it seems probable -that some at least belong to a transitional period, and it is possible -that others are of even earlier date, they could hardly be passed over -without notice in these pages. - -[Illustration: Fig. 438.—Limerick. 1/6] - -There are two distinct classes of these instruments, so far as the -process of their manufacture is concerned, viz. those which are cast in -one piece, and those which are formed of sheet-metal turned over and -riveted to form the tube. There are also two distinct varieties of the -instrument, viz. those in which the aperture for blowing is at the end, -and those in which it is at the side. - -Sir W. Wilde, in his Catalogue[1375] of the Museum of the Royal Irish -Academy, has devoted several pages to a detailed description of the -trumpets found in Ireland, to which the reader is referred. Those -which he figures are all curved, some almost to a semicircle, others -to a more irregular sweep. Some straight tubes which were found -in company with several curved horns he has regarded, but without -sufficient cause, as the portions of a “commander’s staff,” or of the -handle of a halberd. One of these is shown in Fig. 438, borrowed from -his Catalogue.[1376] A similar straight tube, (23¾ inches,) found -with trumpets at Dunmanway, Co. Cork, is now in the British Museum. -The earliest known instance of the discovery of such instruments is, -according to Wilde, that recorded by Sir Thomas Molyneux,[1377] in -1725, of a “short side-mouthed trumpet” being found with others in a -mound near Carrickfergus, which was then regarded as of Danish origin. -But so early as 1713 Mr. F. Nevill described eight bronze trumpets -found at Dungannon,[1378] Co. Tyrone. In 1750 thirteen or fourteen more -curved bronze horns were discovered between Cork and Mallow, three of -which are described and figured in the “Vetusta Monumenta.”[1379] - -[Illustration: Fig. 439.—Tralee.] - -There is a remarkable resemblance between these trumpets and three -of those found near Chute Hall, Tralee, Co. Kerry, and described by -Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A., in the _Journal of the Royal Historical and -Archæological Association of Ireland_.[1380] By his kindness I am able -here to reproduce his cuts as Figs. 439, 440, and 441. It will be -observed that in two of them the ends are open, so as to be adapted for -the reception of mouth-pieces, and that the end of the other is closed. -In this there is a lateral opening to which to apply the mouth. It is -on the inner curve of the trumpet, but in some other cases it is at -the side. As Mr. Day has observed, there are rivet-holes at the wide -ends of two of the horns, as if for securing some more widely expanding -end, while in the more bell-mouthed examples no such rivet-holes are -present. The trumpet shown in Fig. 440 is made of two pieces which fit -exactly into each other, one of them being nearly straight. The length -of this instrument, taken along the external curve, is 50 inches, and -its bell-shaped mouth is 4 inches in diameter. It will be seen that -at the mouths, and in other positions on these three trumpets, there -are small conical projections or spikes always in groups of four. Mr. -Day has suggested the possibility of these being added to give effect -to blows with the trumpets in case it became necessary to use them as -weapons of offence. He has also pointed out the remarkable resemblance -between the horns with the lateral openings and the war trumpets in use -in Central Africa, which are made from elephants’ tusks. One of these -is shown in Fig. 442, also kindly lent by Mr. Day. The conch-shell -trumpets of Fiji have also lateral openings. - -[Illustration: Figs. 440 and 441.—Tralee.] - -As will subsequently be seen, trumpets of the two types represented by -Figs. 439 and 440 have been found associated with bronze weapons. - -[Illustration: Fig. 442.—Africa.] - -To return to the trumpets from Cork described in the “Vetusta -Monumenta.” Two of these are formed, like Fig. 440, of two pieces, and -are open at the end, which may have been provided with some kind of -mouth-piece. The other, like Fig. 439, is cast in a single piece and -is closed at the small end, but has a large orifice at the side like -the Portglenone specimen Fig. 444. Both are provided with a number -of conical projections by way of ornament round the mouth, and one of -them has similar small spikes in other positions. With them were found -some pieces of straight tubing, which were also decorated in a similar -manner. The horn with the side aperture is provided with a ring for -suspension, like Fig. 439. Some of the straight tubes have a sliding -ferrule upon them also furnished with a ring. - -Sir W. Wilde observes of a horn about 24 inches long with the aperture -at the end slightly everted, as if for holding the lips, that it -requires a great exertion even to produce a dull sound with this -instrument. As to those with lateral apertures 2 inches long on the -average, and 1¼ inches wide, he says that “it is not possible by -any yet discovered method of placing the lips to this mouth-hole to -produce a musical sound; but, as conjectured by Walker in 1786, these -instruments might have been used as speaking-trumpets, to convey the -voice to a great distance as well as render it much louder.” - -[Illustration: Fig. 443.—Derrynane.] - -In one instance of a trumpet, like Fig. 439, being broken across the -mouth-piece, it has been repaired by a process of burning together, -like that adopted in the case of broken swords[1381] previously -mentioned. The mended portion is shown in Fig. 443,[1382] borrowed from -Wilde. This trumpet was found at Derrynane, Co. Kerry. - -A trumpet, broken across the middle and mended in a similar manner, -formed part of the “Dowris find,” from which a number of specimens are -preserved in the British Museum,[1383] and others are in the Museum of -the Royal Irish Academy. The metal of which most of the articles in -this hoard are formed has a peculiar golden lustre which is thought -to arise from the admixture of a certain proportion of lead. A horn -analyzed by Donovan[1384] gave: - - Copper 79·34 - Tin 10·87 - Lead 9·11 - ——— - 99·32 - -The find took place at Dowris, near Parsonstown, in King’s County, -and comprised, besides trumpets and socketed celts, a casting for -a hammer-head, a socketed knife, tanged knives, razors, a broad -rapier-shaped dagger-blade, broken swords, a dagger formed from a part -of a sword, spear-heads both leaf-shaped and with openings in the -blade, vessels of thin bronze, rough metal, some rattles or crotals, -such as will shortly be mentioned, a pin with a hook somewhat like a -crochet-needle, and some rubbing stones for grinding and polishing. -There may have been other articles, but those here mentioned are -represented in the portion of the hoard now in the British Museum. The -association of trumpets with such a series raises the presumption that -some of them at least belong to the close of the Bronze Age proper. - - Some of these Dowris trumpets are engraved in the “Horæ - Ferales,”[1385] and one of them belonging to the Earl of Rosse is - peculiar as having two loops opposite each other above and below. A - detached portion of another consists of a nearly straight tube, 9 - inches long, expanding at each end. - -[Illustration: Fig. 444.—Portglenone.] - - Another slightly differing example with the opening at the side is - also figured by Mr. R. Day, and here with his permission reproduced. - It was found at Portglenone, Co. Derry, and measures 24½ inches along - the convex margin. - - The other finds of trumpets have been for the most part isolated. Most - of those I am about to cite have already been mentioned by Wilde. A - fine specimen, like Fig. 444, is figured by Vallancey[1386] and in - Gough’s “Camden’s Britannia.”[1387] Three others and a portion of a - straight tube were found in the county of Limerick[1388] in 1787. - Others have been found near Killarney;[1389] Cornaconway, Co. Cavan; - Kilraughts, Co. Antrim; Diamond Hill, Killeshandra; Crookstown and - Dunmanway, Co. Cork. - -[Illustration: Fig. 445—The Caprington Horn. 1/5] - - As the riveted variety of trumpet appears from its ornamentation to - belong to the Late Celtic Period, a short mention of it will suffice. - One[1390] found near Armagh, and now in the Museum of the Royal Irish - Academy, has at the end a disc 7½ inches in diameter, embossed with - the peculiar scroll patterns characteristic of that period. - - Another is no less than 8 feet 5 inches along the convex margin, and - consists of two portions made of sheet bronze, each turned over to - form a tube, and having the abutting edges riveted to a long strip of - metal extending along the interior of the tube. This strip of bronze - is only half an inch in width, and has two rows of minute rivet-holes - in it, the rivets being placed alternately. Their circular heads are - on the inside of the tube, and so minute are the rivets, that there - are no less than 638 of them along the seam. It is, indeed, not - unlike a modern riveted hose pipe of leather. In what manner such an - ingenious and complicated piece of riveting could have been effected - is, as Sir W. Wilde remarks, a subject for speculation. - -These riveted trumpets appear to be unknown in Britain, and the -cast-bronze variety is extremely scarce. A fine and perfect specimen -found at Caprington, Ayrshire, has been engraved for the Ayrshire -and Wigtonshire Archæological Association,[1391] and is here, by the -kindness of the Council of the Association, reproduced as Fig. 445. -It was found some time before 1654, on the estate of Coilsfield, in -the parish of Tarbolton, in Kyle, but is known as the Caprington horn. -According to Mr. R. W. Cochran-Patrick, F.S.A., it has been described -by Sir Robert Gordon in Blaeuw’s Atlas[1392] and by Defoe.[1393] This -horn is 25 inches in length, and is the only specimen recorded to -have been found in Scotland. The metal of which it is formed has been -analyzed by Professor Stevenson Macadam, and consists of— - - Copper 90·26 - Tin 9·61 - Loss ·13 - ——— - 100·00 - -English trumpets of bronze are of extremely rare occurrence. One -found in the river Witham, Lincolnshire, has been figured in the -_Philosophical Transactions_,[1394] and is nearly straight for the -greater part of its length (about 28 inches), curving upwards near the -end into an irregularly-shaped expanding mouth. It has an ornament or -crest like a mane along the exterior curve. In form it is not unlike -the _carnyx_ which is brandished by the horseman on the coins of the -British princes Eppillus and Tasciovanus,[1395] and which also appears -on some Roman coins and monuments commemorative of Gallic and British -victories. The metal on analysis gave copper 88, tin 12, and the -tube was formed from a hammered sheet and soldered with tin. It not -improbably belongs to a period not far removed from that of the Roman -invasion of this country. - -Another, with two joints and a perfect mouth-piece, is said to have -been found at Battle, Sussex, and has been engraved by Grose.[1396] A -bronze horn about 3 feet 7 inches long, found in Mecklenburg,[1397] is -not unlike the Scotch horn in character, though smaller at the wide -end. The curved bronze horns or “lurer,” found in Denmark,[1398] have -usually broad bossed flanges at the wide end, and most resemble the -Irish Late Celtic trumpets. - -The use of war trumpets among the Celtic population of Western Europe -has been more than once mentioned by classical writers, and passages -from them have been cited by Mr. Franks and others. Polybius[1399] -speaks of the innumerable trumpeters in the army of the Celts, and -Diodorus Siculus[1400] says of the Gauls that they have barbaric -trumpets of a special nature which emit a hoarse sound well suited to -the din of battle. The Roman _lituus_ in use for cavalry seems to have -been of much the same shape as the _carnyx_, the end of which latter -was in some cases made to resemble a fanciful head of an animal. The -continuance of the same character of instrument into the Early Iron -Age, and the advanced art shown in producing such castings as the -trumpets from Dowris and elsewhere, go to prove that they must belong -to the close of the Bronze Period, if, indeed, some may not more -probably be placed in a period of transition from Bronze to Iron. - -[Illustration: Fig. 446.—Dowris.] - -Another form of instrument intended for producing sound, if not indeed -deserving to be classed as a musical instrument, is the bell, or -rattle, formed of a hollow egg-shaped or pear-shaped piece of bronze, -with a pebble or piece of metal inside by way of clapper. - -The only examples which I am able to adduce are those which formed part -of the Dowris hoard, one of which is represented in Fig. 446.[1401] -There are three such in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, and four -in the British Museum. With the latter is a smaller plain bell of the -same character and two unfinished castings. Sir W. Wilde observes that -in casting, the metal appears to have been poured into the mould by an -aperture at the side, through which the core of clay that contained the -metal clapper was broken up. The mould was in two halves, and the rings -and staples at the ends were cast together. In the perfect examples -at the British Museum, the sides of the holes by which the core was -extracted have been hammered together so as in some cases to be almost -closed. In one instance there is some appearance of the sides having -been brazed together. - -The sound emitted by these bells is dull and feeble. Like the modern -horse bells, a number of them may have been hung together, and not -improbably employed in a similar manner to attract the attention both -of the eye and ear. - - - - -CHAPTER XVII. - -PINS. - - -PINS for the purpose of fastening the dress or the hair seem to have -been in use from very early times. Made of bone,[1402] they have been -found associated with polished stone implements, and pins of the same -material are of extremely common occurrence with Roman remains, and -are not unknown at the present day. In the same manner, pins of bronze -or of brass have remained in use ever since their first introduction -during the Bronze Period, and it is, therefore, by no means easy, -and, indeed, often absolutely impossible, to assign a date with any -degree of confidence to such objects when found by themselves, and not -in association with other remains of which the antiquity can be more -readily determined. In the case of small or imperfect pins there is -considerable difficulty in distinguishing them from awls, such as have -already been described in Chapter VII. In other cases, it is often -difficult to say whether bronze pins, certainly of great antiquity, are -to be assigned to the Bronze Period properly so called, or the Late -Celtic or Early Iron Period. - -[Illustration: Fig. 447. Heathery Burn. ½] - -In describing the objects of this class, it will, perhaps, be best -to take first such examples as have been found in the exploration of -tumuli or in direct association with bronze weapons or instruments. - - Among the numerous relics found in the Heathery Burn Cave, Durham, - were a large number of bronze pins, of which one,[1403] 3⅛ inches - long, is shown in Fig. 447. Canon Greenwell has eleven others from - 3 inches to 5⅝ inches long, with flat heads, all from this cave, as - well as one which has had its end hammered flat, and then turned over - into a loop, so as to form the head. A socketed knife and many other - objects from this cave have been described in previous pages. - - Four imperfect bronze pins, without heads, the longest 3⅞ inches long, - were found in the hoard at Marden,[1404] Kent, with a sickle, dagger, - and other objects. - -[Illustration: Fig. 448. Brigmilston. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 449. Everley. ½] - - What is termed part of a bronze pin, some chipped flints, and long - ribbed beads of pottery, were found in the barrow called Matlow - Hill,[1405] Cambridgeshire. Another, also fragmentary, was found - with a flake of calcined flint, four jet beads, and burnt bones in a - barrow on Wykeham Moor,[1406] Yorkshire, by Canon Greenwell. Others - are mentioned by Bateman;[1407] but in all these cases, as Canon - Greenwell[1408] has pointed out, the presumed pins may have been awls - or prickers. The little pin found with a lance-head, a small urn, - and some gold ornaments at Upton Lovel,[1409] Wilts, may have been - of the same character, as also other pins mentioned by Sir R. Colt - Hoare.[1410] A “fine brass pin” is described as having been found with - glass, jet, and amber beads, together with burnt bones, in a barrow - near Wilsford.[1411] A very fine one in a barrow at Lake,[1412] which, - from the engraving, was probably an awl. The long pin with a handle - found with a bronze celt and lance-head, or dagger, in a barrow at - Abury,[1413] may also have been a tool of that kind. The bronze pins - recorded to have been found in a barrow at Bulford,[1414] Wilts, - likewise seem to come under this category. - - In a barrow at Brigmilston[1415] an interment of burnt bones was - accompanied by a pin of twisted bronze, 6 inches long, in the form of - a crutch, the head perforated (Fig. 448), a small dagger of bronze, - and two whetstones. - - A smooth pin of the same character and nearly the same size, but - broken, was found in a barrow at Normanton,[1416] in company with - burnt bones, two bronze daggers, a whetstone, and a pipe of bone. - - The curious pin, with two rings at the head, in each of which is - another ring (Fig. 449), was found by Sir R. Colt Hoare in a barrow - near Everley. The interment seems to have been in the hollowed trunk - of a tree, but the bones were burnt. With them was a dagger with three - rivets, and this instrument, which is described as having been in a - sheath of wood lined with cloth. Its purpose is difficult to determine. - -[Illustration: Fig. 450.—Bryn Crûg. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 451.—Taunton. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 452.—Chilton Bustle. 1/1] - - Another pin (4½ inches), with a bi-lobed head and three perforations, - was found with a two-looped palstave and a knife with an interment at - Bryn Crûg,[1417] near Carnarvon. It is shown in full size in Fig. 450. - - Pins with large rings for their heads have occasionally been found. - One such from Taunton,[1418] 7¾ inches, is shown in Fig. 451. It was - found with palstaves, a socketed celt, rings, and other objects. The - part forming the pin is bent, it would appear intentionally, but for - what purpose it is difficult to guess. - -[Illustration: Fig. 454. River Wandle.] - - Another with a straight pin was found at Chilton Bustle,[1419] - Somersetshire. The annular part is divided in the middle, and is flat - and thin. It is shown full size in Fig. 452. - - Another object of a similar character, but with the ring larger (being - oval and 4½ inches by 3 inches) and with the pin part shorter, was - found in a barrow between Lewes and Brighton,[1420] with a long pin, - to be subsequently mentioned, and a pair of looped bronze bracelets, - like Fig. 482. These are now in the museum at Alnwick Castle. Another - (6 inches, with ring 2 inches in diameter), probably from a Wiltshire - barrow,[1421] is in the collection at Stourhead. - - A pin of the same character from the Lake-dwellings of Savoy has been - figured by Rabut.[1422] - - Another form has a smaller ring at the top, and the pin beneath is - usually curved. Fig. 453, from Wilde,[1423] shows an example of this - kind. One of the two pins reported to have been found with bronze - bridles and buckles of “Late Celtic” character, as well as with a - bronze lance-head and socketed celt, at Hagbourn Hill,[1424] Berks, - was of this type. The other had a flat head. - - I have a pin of the same kind (4¼ inches) found at Holt,[1425] - Worcestershire. It has, however, a small cross, formed of five knobs, - attached to the front of the ring. It was found in the bed of the - Severn, and was presented to me by Mr. G. Edwards, C.E. The pins of - this character seem to belong to quite the close of the Bronze Period, - if not indeed to the “Late Celtic.” - -[Illustration: Fig. 453. 1/1 Ireland.] - - A much larger form of pin appears, from its style of ornamentation, to - belong more truly to the Bronze Period. That shown in Fig. 454 was, - indeed, found with a bronze sword, spear-head, and palstave, in the - Thames at the mouth of the river Wandle,[1426] Surrey, and is now in - the British Museum. It is 7¾ inches in length, and the bulging portion - in the centre is pierced probably for some means of attachment. The - point, Mr. Franks thinks, was purposely curved. He regards the pin as - having been intended to adorn the hair or fasten the dress. - - Another pin, of much the same fashion, 12½ inches long, also has the - point curved. The bulging portion is in this instance nearer the - head, which, moreover, has a piece of amber set in it, and there is a - small loop on the side of the pin, as in Fig. 457, instead of a hole - through the bulging part. This specimen was found in a mine near the - river Fowey,[1427] at a depth of ten fathoms from the surface, when a - new work was begun for searching after tin ore. - - The long pin already mentioned as found in a barrow near Lewes[1428] - has an expanded head with a boss upon it, and about 4 inches below, - an ornamented lozenge-shaped plate, beneath which is a small loop for - attachment. - - Large pins of the same character have been found in the Lake-dwellings - of France, Switzerland, and Italy. - -[Illustration: Fig. 455. Scratchbury. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 456. Camerton. ⅔] - - A large bronze pin, 13½ inches long, found on Salisbury Plain,[1429] - is described as having a flattened head, ornamented on one side with a - pattern. This which is now in the British Museum is, however, of the - late Celtic Period. - -It is by no means impossible that these larger and heavier pins may at -times have served as piercing-tools and even as weapons. The stiletto -survives as a ladies’ piercing-tool, but no one at the present day -would “his quietus make with a bare bodkin;” though there was probably -a time when both stiletto and bodkin served a double purpose, and were -used, as occasion might require, either as weapons or as tools. - - Smaller pins, ornamented at the blunt end, have not unfrequently been - found. - - A fragment of one discovered by Sir R. Colt Hoare in a barrow at - Scratchbury, is engraved in his unpublished plate, and has also - been figured by Dr. Thurnam, F.S.A.,[1430] in his memoir so often - quoted. It is here reproduced as Fig. 455. Another from a barrow at - Camerton,[1431] Somerset, has a hollow spheroidal head, with a double - perforation. The head and upper part of the stem are decorated with - parallel rings and oblique hatching, as may be seen in Fig. 456. - In character this pin much resembles some of those from the Swiss - Lake-dwellings. - - A very similar pin was obtained from a barrow near Firle,[1432] - Sussex, by Dr. Mantell. - - A fine pin, nearly 12 inches long, with a head of this shape, was - found near Enniskillen. The upper part of the pin is ornamented, - with groups of five small beadings round it, and between these are - spiral ribs, forming many threaded screws alternately right- and - left-handed.[1433] - - A long pin from Galway,[1434] of which the lower part is twisted into - a spiral, has a head with a notch in it, much like that of a modern - screw. - -[Illustration: Fig. 457. Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 458. Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 459. Cambridge. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 460. Ireland. ⅓] - -[Illustration: Fig. 461. North of Ireland. ½] - -The pins with spherical heads, ornamented by circular holes, with -concentric circles around them, so common in the Swiss Lake-dwellings, -are as yet unknown in Britain. I have, nevertheless, a portion of what -appears to be the large spherical head of a pin, which formed part of -the hoard found at Dreuil, near Amiens. Instead of holes, however, it -has bosses at intervals, with concentric circles round them. In the -spaces between are bands of parallel dotted lines.[1435] Some of the -Swiss pins have knobs of tin, or some other metal than bronze, and even -red stones inlaid in the perforations, so that not improbably those -which now show merely holes in the metal may have been inlaid with horn -or some perishable material. - -Pins with flat heads, sometimes of large size, are of not unfrequent -occurrence, and appear to belong to the Bronze Age. - - An Irish example with a small loop at the side is shown in Fig. 457, - from a specimen in my own collection. It has apparently at some time - been longer. Some German pins[1436] are provided with side loops in - the same manner. - - [Illustration: Fig. 462. Keelogue Ford. ½] - - [Illustration: Fig. 463. Ireland. ½] - - A large pin, 8⅛ inches, with the upper part beaded, and with a small - side loop, was in the hoard found near Amiens, and is preserved in the - museum of that town. With it were socketed celts, a sickle, &c. - -A pin of the same general form, but without any loop and with a more -ornamental head, also from Ireland, is shown in Fig. 458, and an -English example, found near Cambridge, in Fig. 459. - -One with a plain flat head, and 11¾ inches long, is figured by Wilde -(Fig. 446). - -Similar pins with flat heads have been found in the Lake-dwellings of -Savoy and Switzerland. - -The large flat heads are often highly ornamented. - -The pin from Ireland, of which the head is shown in Fig. 460,[1437] -one-third of the actual size, is 13½ inches long. This cut and Figs. -453, 462, 463, and 465, are kindly lent by the Royal Irish Academy. - -The ornamental expanded heads, which usually have a conical projection -in the centre, are more frequently turned over so as to be in the same -plane as the pins and be visible when stuck into a garment. Fig. 461 is -from a specimen of my own found in the North of Ireland. - -Fig. 462, from Wilde,[1438] shows a small pin of the same kind, found -at Keelogue Ford. - -Occasionally the head seems disproportionately large to the pin. - -That of which the highly ornamented head is shown in Fig. 463,[1439] is -only 5½ inches long, while the head itself is 2¼ inches in diameter. - -A grand pin of this kind from Ireland, with the head 4⅝ inches in -diameter, and the pin 10¾ inches long, is in the British Museum. The -face of the disc has five concentric circles upon it, with triangles, -squares, and ring ornaments between them. - -A Scottish specimen of the same character as Fig. 462 (9 inches), found -at Tarves, Aberdeenshire, together with bronze swords, is in the same -collection. The head is 1⅜ inches in diameter. Another of the same type -from Ireland[1440] is said to have had the cone originally gilt. - -The head of another, which was found with a number of bronze swords at -Edinburgh,[1441] is shown in Fig. 464. This discovery seems to prove -that the pins of this type belong to quite the latter part of the -Bronze Period. - -Pins with flat heads turned over so as to be parallel with their stems -are of common occurrence in Denmark.[1442] They are usually ornamented -with concentric ribs, and the heads are sometimes plated with gold. The -stems are also often decorated. - -[Illustration: Fig. 464.—Edinburgh. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 465.—Ireland. ½] - - Another form of pin has a cup-shaped head, not unlike the termination - of the large gold clasps, like drawer-handles, so frequently found in - Ireland. One of these is shown in Fig. 465, borrowed from Wilde.[1443] - - An example of this kind was found in the Heathery Burn Cave. Another - pin of this type, 10⅛ inches long, with the cup-shaped head ⅞ inch in - diameter and ½ inch deep, with a small cone projecting in the bottom - of the cup, was found with a bronze sword and two spear-heads in peat - near the Point of Sleat,[1444] Skye. - -Sir W. Wilde has given figures of numerous other types of pins, but -they nearly all belong to a later period than that of which I am -treating. That from a brooch at Bowermadden, Caithness, engraved in -the _Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_,[1445] is -also of later date. Altogether the subject of pins belonging to the -Bronze Age in the British Islands is one of which, in the present -state of our knowledge, it is difficult to treat satisfactorily, so -few of the more highly developed types having been found in actual -association with other bronze relics. In England especially the rarity -of bronze pins, as compared, for instance, with their abundance in -the Lake-dwellings of Southern Europe, is very striking. As will -subsequently be seen, there is nearly as great a scarcity of bracelets -and of some other ornaments. It may be that for personal decorations -the jet and amber, which during our Bronze Age were so much in fashion -for ornaments, suited the native taste better than decorations -manufactured from the same metal as that which served for tools and -weapons; and that when metal was used gold had the preference. At the -same time, for useful articles, such as some kinds of pins, bronze may -well have served, and it is to be observed that no pins decorated with -gold have as yet been found with bronze weapons in Britain, though they -have occurred in other countries. - - - - -CHAPTER XVIII. - -TORQUES, BRACELETS, RINGS, EAR-RINGS, AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS. - - -ALTHOUGH some of the pins described in the last chapter were destined -for ornament rather than for use, they cannot as a class be regarded -as purely ornamental. The collars and armlets, to which the present -chapter is to be devoted, must, I think, be considered as essentially -ornaments, though possibly in some cases affording protection to the -neck and arms. The modern epaulette was originally intended for the -protection of the shoulder, though now, as a rule, little better than -an ornament. - -The torque, or torc, takes its name from the Latin _torques_, which -again is derived _à torquendo_. This word _torques_ was applied to a -twisted collar of gold or other metal worn around the neck. Among the -ancient Gauls gold torques appear to have been abundant, and to have -formed an important part of the spoils acquired from them by their -Roman conquerors. About 223 B.C.,[1446] when Flaminius Nepos gained his -victory over the Gauls on the Addua, it is related that instead of the -Gauls dedicating, as they had intended, a torque made from the spoils -of the Roman soldiers to their god of war, Flaminius erected to Jupiter -a golden trophy made from the Gaulish _torques_. The name of the -Torquati, a family of the Manlia Gens, was derived from their ancestor, -T. Manlius,[1447] having in B.C. 361 slain a gigantic Gaul in single -combat, whose torque he took from the dead body after cutting off the -head, and placed it around his own neck. - -On some of the denarii of the Manlia family[1448] the torque forms a -circle round the head of Rome on the obverse. Two interesting papers -“On the Torc of the Celts,” by Dr. Samuel Birch, will be found in the -_Archæological Journal_.[1449] - -Although these gold torques in many instances undoubtedly belong to -the Bronze Period, they are sufficiently well known to antiquaries to -render it needless for me here to enter into any minute description -of them. The commonest form presents a cruciform section, so that -the twist is that of a four-threaded screw, and at either end there -is a plain, nearly cylindrical bar, turned back so as to form a kind -of hook. I have a fine example of this kind of torque, found with a -bronze anvil (Fig. 217) and other bronze instruments and weapons at -Fresné la Mère, Calvados. A similar but smaller gold torque was found -near Boyton, Suffolk,[1450] which is said to have had the extremities -secured together by two small penannular rings of gold, embracing the -two terminal hooks. - -[Illustration: Fig. 466.—Wedmore. ½] - -One 42 inches long was found on Cader Idris;[1451] others in -Glamorganshire;[1452] at Pattingham, Staffordshire;[1453] and in -several other parts of Britain. Some fine examples of these funicular -torques of gold, as well as of other varieties of the same kind of -ornament, are in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy at Dublin.[1454] - -The torques formed of bronze are, as a rule, thicker and bulkier in -their proportions than those of gold, and the ends are usually left -straight or but slightly hooked over so as to interlock. They are never -provided with the projecting cylindrical ends already mentioned. - -[Illustration: Fig. 467.—Wedmore. ½] - -The form most frequently discovered in the British Islands is that -known as funicular, one of which is shown in Fig. 466, copied from the -_Archæological Association Journal_.[1455] - - The original was found with two others at Wedmore, Somersetshire. One - of these is of the same type, but of smaller size, and not quite so - closely twisted, as shown in Fig. 467; and the other is made of a flat - ribbon of metal, ⅜ inch broad, twisted, as shown in Fig. 469, which is - copied from the same plate as Figs. 466 and 467. - - From another account of these torques,[1456] it appears that they were - found near Heath House, in the parish of Wedmore, and that with them - were two celts and a few amber beads strung on a wire. This latter, - to me, sounds doubtful, as the wire is probably a later addition. The - weight of the largest is said to be ½ pound, of the second 2 ounces, - and of the smallest 1½ ounce. - - Another torque of the character of Fig. 466, about 9 inches in - diameter, was found with a bracelet, Fig. 481, and a two-looped - palstave, Fig. 87, at West Buckland, Somersetshire,[1457] and is in - the collection of Mr. W. A. Sanford. It is shown on the scale of - one-third in Fig. 468. - - A portion of another torque, but of slender make, was found at Pen - Pits,[1458] in the same county; and another, somewhat imperfect, near - Edington Burtle.[1459] With the latter was a portion of a ribbon - torque like Fig. 469, two bracelets, some rings, and four palstaves. - - Two very fine torques, like Fig. 468, 8¾ inches in diameter, were also - found in Somersetshire on the Quantock Hills,[1460] in 1794. Within - each of them is said to have been placed a looped palstave, like Fig. - 77. The weight of one of the torques is reported to have been nearly 2 - pounds. - -[Illustration: Fig. 468.—West Buckland. ⅓] - - In the collection of the Rev. E. Duke, of Lake House, near Salisbury, - are two fine torques of this kind, one large and heavy, and the other - smaller and more slender, which were found near Amesbury. With them - were several spiral rings closely resembling Fig. 489. - - Two others found with armillæ in Dorsetshire[1461] are now in the - British Museum. The larger of these is closely twisted, and about 7½ - inches in diameter. The smaller is thicker, and shows a coarser twist, - and is about 6⅜ inches in diameter. The armillæ are penannular and of - rhomboidal section. - - Two small torques, some bronze rings or bracelets, and a palstave - are recorded to have been dug up in Woolmer Forest, Hants.[1462] Two - spiral rings were found with them. - - In the collection of Mr. Durden, at Blandford, are several specimens - found at Spetisbury, Dorset.[1463] - - I have a thin torque about 6¼ inches in diameter, but unfortunately - broken, found in Burwell Fen, Cambridgeshire. - -[Illustration: Fig. 469.—Wedmore. ½] - - In some instances the plain ends of the torque are left without hooks. - Such is the case with the fine collar found, with four looped armlets - and a palstave without loop, at Hollingbury Hill,[1464] near Brighton, - which is now in the British Museum. On each extremity was a spiral - ring of bronze, considerably larger than the rod forming the torque, - and a third ring is shown in the published drawing. The palstave, - which is broken in the middle, apparently on purpose, lay within the - circle of the torque, which also was broken across the middle. At - regular intervals round it lay the four bracelets, which resemble Fig. - 482, and vary somewhat in weight. - - The third of the torques already mentioned as found at Wedmore is - shown in Fig. 469. - - It is of a type which occurs more frequently in gold than in bronze, - and in the former metal has often been found in Scotland. Several - such were discovered under a large stone at Urquhart, Elginshire. - Others have been found at Culter, Lanarkshire;[1465] Belhelvie, - Aberdeenshire; Little Lochbroom, Ross-shire; Rannoch, Perthshire; and - elsewhere. Some of these are in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. - - There are three or four such in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. - - A gold torque of this class found at Clonmacnoise,[1466] King’s - County, has oval balls at each end instead of hooks. - -So far as at present known, the funicular torques of bronze are more -abundant in the southern and western counties than in the other parts -of England. They appear to be unknown both in Scotland and Ireland, -though torques of Late Celtic patterns occur in those countries. - -[Illustration: Fig. 470.—Yarnton. ½] - -The inference is that, although socketed celts are rarely if ever found -with them, these twisted neck-rings belong to the close of the Bronze -Period, and were introduced into Britain from the Continent. The form -is, however, rare in the North of France, and the nearest analogues to -the English torques with which we are acquainted are to be seen among -those from Northern Germany and Denmark. - -The Danish form, with broad expanding ends terminating in spirals, -and the derivatives from it in which the spirals are represented by -solid cast plates with volutes upon them, are nevertheless unknown in -Britain, as is also that with the twist alternately to the right and to -the left. - -Another form of bronze torque found in Britain is made from a -plain piece of wire, hammered out at each end into a broad, nearly -quadrangular, plate. - - That shown in Fig. 470 lay near the head of a contracted skeleton at - Yarnton, four miles from Oxford, at a spot which seems to have been a - prehistoric cemetery. I obtained it through the kindness of Professor - Rolleston when visiting the place. The ends are ornamented by hammer - marking. In a line with the wire forming the torque is a slightly - raised flat band perpendicularly fluted; the expanding parts above and - below are fluted horizontally. A herald would engrave “azure, a fesse - gules” in the same manner, but with the lines much closer together. - Two torques of the same character, found at Lumphanan, Aberdeenshire, - are in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. - - The form probably belongs to the close of the Bronze Period, if not - indeed to the Late Celtic or Early Iron Age. - -[Illustration: Fig. 471.—Montgomeryshire. ⅔] - - A torque about 5 inches in diameter, described as of copper, made - of a simple wire, with the ends turned back so as to form hooks, - and on each a lenticular button of metal, was found near Winslow, - Bucks,[1467] and may also be Late Celtic. - - Another form of torque is made from a stout wire expanding into small - flat discs at the end, a type which is also common among bracelets - both in bronze and gold. A torque of this kind, together with a - bracelet, is shown in Fig. 471, kindly lent by the Council of the - Society of Antiquaries. - - These objects were found with seven others in the parish of - Llanrhaiadaryn-Mochnant, Montgomeryshire.[1468] One of them is said - to have had pendants upon it. Several of them were too small to have - served as torques for the neck, and were most probably bracelets or - anklets. To these penannular ornaments I shall have to refer further - on. - - The other varieties of torques found in Britain seem decidedly to - belong to the Late Celtic rather than to the Bronze Period, so that - a brief notice of them will suffice. They are frequently made in two - halves, hinged or dowelled together, and are often decorated with a - series of ornamental beads. - - A collar found in Lochar Moss, Dumfriesshire, is now in the British - Museum.[1469] About one-third of it is formed by a solid piece of - bronze of flat section, having the face ornamented with a peculiar - wavy pattern and the outer rim with cabled lines. The rest consists of - fluted melon-like beads with pulley-shaped collars between them. They - appear to have been strung on an iron wire. - - A portion of another collar found at Perdeswell,[1470] Claines, near - Worcester, has the iron wire still preserved. The ornamental beads are - flatter, with leaf-shaped projections upon them, and between them are - smaller pulley-like beads. - - Another, formed in much the same fashion as that from Lochar Moss, was - found at Mow-road, Rochdale, Lancashire.[1471] This was in halves, - dowelled together with iron pins. - - Another, entirely of bronze, is made in two pieces, one part - resembling a row of beads, the other engraved like a closely plaited - cord, and was found at Embsay, near Skipton, Yorkshire.[1472] - - A torque, weighing no less than 3 lbs. 10 ozs. avoirdupois, was found - in the parish of Wraxall, Somerset.[1473] This also is in halves, - with pins to form the joint. It is described as appearing to have - been adorned with precious stones. Possibly, like some other objects - of Late Celtic manufacture, it may have been inlaid with enamel of - different colours. - -Bracelets of the same type as the torque and bracelet shown in Fig. 471 -have not unfrequently been found in Britain, though, perhaps, they are -less common in bronze than in the more precious metal, gold. - - They are sometimes slightly hollowed at the expanding ends. One found - with the hoard at Marden, Kent,[1474] is of this kind. Another plain - penannular bracelet tapers off at the ends instead of expanding. This - latter is too small for an adult person. - - One found, with various other bronze relics, at Ty Mawr, on Holyhead - Mountain,[1475] expands at one end and tapers at the other. As is - often the case, the inner side of the ring is flatter than the outer. - - One, 2⅜ inches by 2 inches inside, expanding at each end, was in the - Heathery Burn Cave hoard. Some others were also found there. - - In some instances the section of the metal, instead of being rounded, - is nearly square. Two such, tapering towards the ends, were found in - Dorsetshire,[1476] with the torques already mentioned, and are now in - the British Museum. - - Three plain penannular bracelets were in the hoard of palstaves and - socketed celts found at Wallington, Northumberland. - - Several have been found in Scotland. Two such bracelets, the - one slender and the other thick, were found at Achtertyre, - Morayshire,[1477] in company with a socketed celt, a spear-head, Fig. - 383, another spear-head, and some fragments of other bracelets and of - tin. One of these is shown full-size in Fig. 472. - -[Illustration: Fig. 472.—Achtertyre. 1/1] - - Another, 2½ inches in greatest diameter, slightly thickened at the - extremities, was found in a peat moss at Conage, Banffshire.[1478] - - Other penannular armlets, one of which is shown as Fig. 473, were - found with socketed celts at Redhill, Premnay, Aberdeenshire,[1479] - and are now in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh; as is another - found with burnt bones near Preston Tower, East Lothian. - -[Illustration: Fig. 473.—Redhill. 1/1] - - This very simple penannular form of bracelet is found all over the - world, and is indeed the form of necessity adopted wherever it became - the fashion to wear thick metal wire round the arm. It was common - among the ancient Assyrians, and several bronze bracelets of this - form from Tel Sifr, in South Babylonia, are in the British Museum. - The hammered copper bracelets of North America[1480] are usually - penannular. - - Two very massive penannular armlets, formed of rounded bronze fully ½ - inch in diameter, and weighing about 12 ozs. each, were found with an - agate bead and a spindle-whorl in a tumulus near Peninnis Head, in the - Scilly Isles.[1481] One of these is shown in Fig. 474. - - An imperfect armlet of thick bronze wire was found in a barrow at - Wetton,[1482] by the late Mr. Bateman. - - Four plain armillæ of bronze found with the spiral ring, Fig. 489, and - with a palstave, in Woolmer Forest, Hants, are also in the Bateman - Collection.[1483] As already mentioned, two small torques and a celt - are said to have been found with them.[1484] - -[Illustration: Fig. 474.—Scilly. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 475.—Liss. ½] - - Ornamented bracelets, such as have been found in abundance in the - Swiss Lake-dwellings, and such as are common in most continental - countries, are scarce in Britain. - - In the British Museum are two bracelets, slightly oval in section, - and engraved with parallel lines, chevrons, &c., as will be seen by - Fig. 475. They were found at Liss, Hampshire. Though the two ends are - brought more closely together than usual in continental examples, the - general character of these bracelets is much like that of some French - and German specimens. The _patina_ upon them closely resembles that on - the celt Fig. 17, also found at Liss; so they were probably deposited - together. - - A curious penannular armlet with flat broad ends, and ornamented with - punctured markings, was found with another armlet of smaller diameter, - but plain, more massive, and broader, together with the remains of - a skeleton, at Stoke Prior,[1485] Worcestershire. It is now in the - British Museum, and is represented in Fig. 476. It may belong to a - later period than that of which I am treating, and is possibly Saxon. - -[Illustration: Fig. 476.—Stoke Prior. ½] - - Fig. 477, kindly lent by the Council of the Society of Antiquaries - of Scotland, shows another form of armlet, made from a bar of nearly - semicircular section, bent into a circular form. The original, - together with another of the same kind, were found near Stobo - Castle,[1486] Peeblesshire, beneath a flat stone, and lying on a large - boulder, under which was a collection of small stones, burnt and with - apparently calcined bones among them. - -[Illustration: Fig. 477.—Stobo Castle. 1/1] - - Another armlet (3 inches) of the same type was found with an urn - containing burnt bones in a cairn in the parish of Lanark.[1487] A - bronze spear-head is stated to have been found with it. - - One of the bracelets from the find at Camenz,[1488] in Saxony, is of - nearly the same type. - - Two circular armlets, one with the ends slightly apart, were found in - Dorsetshire, one in the parish of Milton.[1489] I have an imperfect - armlet of this kind, found with a palstave, at Winterhay Green, - Ilminster, Somerset. - - A penannular armlet of bronze, with compressed oval knobs at the - extremities, was found by Mr. F. C. Lukis, with a jet armlet, in the - cromlech of _La Roche qui sonne_,[1490] in Guernsey, and is shown - in Fig. 478. The scale has been said to be one-third, though from - information kindly furnished to me by the Rev. W. C. Lukis, F.S.A., it - appears to be one-half. - - A somewhat different and more elegantly ornamented armlet from - Cornwall[1491] is shown in Fig. 479. - -[Illustration: Fig. 478.—Guernsey. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 479.—Cornwall. ½] - - A bronze armilla, made from a flat ribbon of metal, ½ inch broad, - and ornamented outside with a neatly engraved lozengy pattern, was - found with an interment in a barrow at Castern,[1492] near Wetton, - Staffordshire. - - Another, about 1½ inch wide, ornamented with four parallel bands of - vertical lines, with chevrons at the end, was found in a barrow at - Normanton,[1493] Wilts, encircling the arm of a skeleton, and is shown - in Fig. 480. In this example the ends overlap. - -[Illustration: Fig. 480.—Normanton. ⅔] - - Another, with a series of small longitudinal beads or mouldings upon - it, was found near Lake, Wilts, and is in the collection of the Rev. - E. Duke. Some plain penannular bracelets from that district are in the - same collection. - - An armlet of nearly the same character, but narrower, was found in - Thor’s Cave,[1494] near Wetton, Derbyshire. Remains of Late Celtic and - of Roman date were found in the same cave. - - A fluted bracelet was found with rings and other objects at Edington - Burtle, Somersetshire.[1495] - - A bracelet of bronze, of which some of the fragments are represented - in Fig. 481, was found with a bronze torque and a two-looped palstave - at West Buckland,[1496] Somersetshire. It is flat on the inside, - so that the ornaments appear to have been cast in a mould, though - subsequently the more delicate work was added by means of punches or - gravers. - -[Illustration: Fig. 481.—West Buckland. ½] - - Another form of bracelet, probably of earlier date than some of - those represented in the previous figures, is of the type shown in - Fig. 482. It consists of a long bar of bronze, either circular or - subquadrangular in section, doubled over so as to leave a broad loop - in the middle, and then curved round so as to form the bracelet, the - two ends of the bar being bent over to form a hook, which engages - in the central loop. That shown in the figure was formerly in the - collection of the late Sir Walter Trevelyan, and is now in the - British Museum. As will be seen, the edges are in some parts minutely - serrated. The original was discovered with two others, and a ring of - the same metal, in a moss at Ham Cross, near Crawley, Sussex. - -[Illustration: Fig. 482.—Ham Cross. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 483.—Heathery Burn. ½] - - Four others, forming two pairs, neatly placed round a torque, were - found at Hollingbury Hill,[1497] near Brighton, as already described. - They are now in the British Museum. I have seen two others of the same - kind which were found at Pyecombe, Sussex. They are in the collection - of Mrs. Dickinson, of Hurstpierpoint. Another was found in a barrow - near Brighton,[1498] with the long pin already mentioned, and is - now at Alnwick Castle. This was slightly ornamented with a kind of - herring-bone pattern. - - Bracelets constructed on the same principle are sometimes formed of - much thinner wire. One from the Heathery Burn Cave,[1499] already so - often mentioned, is shown in Fig. 483. - - Another of the same size and character, but made of even thinner wire, - was found with a bronze razor, a button, and other antiquities, in the - bed of a stream near Llangwyllog Church,[1500] Anglesea. These objects - are now in the British Museum. The type is not confined to Britain, - for a bracelet clasping in the same manner was found in the Lac du - Bourget.[1501] - - Penannular bracelets, like Fig. 473, with the ends slightly expanding, - have been not unfrequently found in Ireland. One engraved by - Wilde[1502] is described as of pure red copper. - - In many there are large cup-shaped ends at about right angles to each - other. One from Co. Cavan is shown in Fig. 484. I have another of the - same type, but much smaller and lighter, from Ballymoney, Co. Antrim. - -[Illustration: Fig. 484.—Co. Cavan. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 485.—Cowlam. 1/1] - - They much resemble the manillas or ring-money in use on the West - Coast of Africa, but are more cup-shaped at the ends. It appears - possible that, like some large Irish rings which will subsequently be - described, they are not actually bracelets. The other armillæ engraved - by Wilde appear to be of later date than the Bronze Period. The same - may be said of the elegant bracelet shown full size in Fig. 485, which - is certainly Late Celtic. It was found by Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., - on the right arm of a female skeleton in a barrow at Cowlam,[1503] - Yorkshire, and is similar to some found at Arras,[1504] in the same - county. - - Another somewhat plainer bracelet, with a short dowel at one end, - fitting into a socket at the other, so as to form an almost invisible - joint, was found with a fibula, Fig. 498, on the skeleton of an aged - woman in another of the Cowlam[1505] barrows, and is shown in Fig. 486. - - Another bronze armlet of the same period was found in a barrow in - the parish of Crosby Garrett,[1506] Westmoreland. It encircled the - right arm of a skeleton, and is penannular, “oval in section, and - unornamented, except in having a series of notches along both edges.” - - Many bracelets of Late Celtic date have been found at various times - in Scotland. Some of these are of very ornate design, and extremely - massive; while on others a _repoussé_ pattern has been worked upon - a plate of thin bronze. Such bracelets hardly come within the scope - of the present work, but a few references to engravings of them are - subjoined:— - - Aboyne, Aberdeenshire (_Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 74; Wilson’s - “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. ii. pp. 136, 139). - - Alvah, Banffshire (_Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 11, pl. iii. - 1). - - Muthill, Perthshire, now in the British Museum (_Arch._, vol. xxviii. - p. 435). - - Plunton Castle, Kirkcudbright (_Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 194; - _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 236). - - Strathdon, Aberdeenshire (_Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 13, pl. - iii. 2). - -[Illustration: Fig. 486.—Cowlam. 1/1] - -Among hoards of bronze antiquities belonging to the latter part of the -Bronze Period, rings of various sizes are of not unfrequent occurrence. -They are usually plain and of circular section, as if formed of a -piece of cylindrical wire, though actually cast solid, and do not -for the most part seem to require any illustrations. Some also are -lozenge-shaped in section. - - In the hoard found at Marden,[1507] Kent, there were six perfect - bronze rings, varying in diameter from 1⅛ to 1⅜ inch. In the Heathery - Burn Cave were numerous rings of circular section, and varying in - thickness from ½ inch to 1½ inch in diameter. Many of these are now in - the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. One, 2½ inches in diameter, - was in the hoard found at Westow,[1508] Yorkshire, and may have been - an armlet. Several stout rings, about 1 inch in diameter, “probably - cast in moulds,” were found with various other antiquities in bronze - at Ty Mawr,[1509] Holyhead, and a number of rings of various sizes, - from ⅜ inch to 1½ inch in diameter, were found in the deposit at - Llangwyllog,[1510] Anglesea. There were also three small rings in the - great hoard found at Pant-y-maen,[1511] Glancych. - - Several rings, some of lozenge-shaped section and of delicate - workmanship, were found in the hoard at Taunton,[1512] with the pin - and other objects already mentioned. - - Such rings may have served various purposes, but were probably used - as means of connection between different straps or accoutrements. - Canon Greenwell has called my attention to two separate instances - of two rings being found together, in company with a bronze sword, - in one case near Medomsley, Durham, and in the other near Rothbury, - Northumberland. - -[Illustration: Fig. 487.—Ireland. ½] - - The rings found with remains of chariots at Hamden Hill,[1513] near - Montacute, Somersetshire, appear to be of Late Celtic date, and to be - hollow. A hollow ring, however, 1⅜ inch in diameter, and made from - a strip of bronze, fashioned into a tube and left open on the inner - side, was found with a socketed celt, a gouge, and other objects of - bronze, at Melbourn,[1514] Cambridgeshire. Many of those from the - cemetery at Hallstatt are of this kind, wrought from a thin plate of - metal. Some hollow rings from Ireland will subsequently be mentioned. - - Near Trillick,[1515] Co. Tyrone, a pin passing transversely through - the body of two rings (see Fig. 496) was found, and with it two large - rings about 3½ inches in diameter, and four smaller, about 2 inches. - These latter appear to be hollow, with probably a clay core inside. - With these objects a socketed celt and a bronze hammer were found. - - Nearly six hundred bronze rings are in the Museum of the Royal Irish - Academy. - - Some of the Irish rings are cast in pairs, like a figure of 8.[1516] - Others of large size have smaller rings cast upon them. That shown in - Fig. 487, borrowed from Wilde,[1517] is 4¼ inches in diameter, with - rings of 1½ inches diameter upon it. Sir W. Wilde was inclined to - regard it as a bangle with two rings by which to suspend it, but this - appears to me very doubtful. I have an almost identical example of the - form from Ballymoney, Co. Antrim. - - A gold ring, 4¼ inches in diameter, with a single small ring playing - upon it, from the great Clare find, is figured by Wilde.[1518] He - states that “similar articles are occasionally observed sculptured - upon the breasts of the statues of ancient Roman generals, the small - ring being attached to the dress.” - -Some few bronze ornaments, which have been thought to be finger rings, -have from time to time been found associated with other objects of the -same metal, such as armlets, torques, &c. - - One found with the armlets and palstaves in Woolmer Forest,[1519] - Hants, as already mentioned, is shown in Fig. 488. It has been formed - from a small quadrangular bar of metal, cylindrical at the ends, - twisted after the manner of an ordinary torque, and subsequently - coiled into a spiral ring. Mr. Bateman[1520] describes it as a finger - ring. With it was also another twisted bronze ring of the same kind, - but of only one coil. It appears doubtful whether these rings were - not more of the nature of ornamental beads. It will be remembered - that three spiral rings of the same kind, but plain and of about four - coils each, were found on the extremities of the torque discovered - at Hollingbury Hill,[1521] Sussex. They were considerably too large - to fit on the torque, and were regarded as intended in some way to - fasten the garment. Some rings of this kind were found with torques - near Amesbury, as already mentioned. A ring of a single coil, but made - from a twisted bar like that in the figure, was in the hoard found at - Camenz,[1522] Saxony, in which also were fragments of torques. - -[Illustration: Fig. 488.—Woolmer Forest. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 489.—Dumbarton.] - - I have three small twisted penannular rings of gold which were found - with a small torque of the same metal near Carcassonne, Aude. They - are of different sizes and weights, but are all too small for the - finger or for ear-rings. One of them is indeed too small to pass over - the recurved end of the torque, but the ends may possibly have been - pinched together since it was found. I am not aware that any of the - rings were ever actually upon the torque, though I have reason to - believe they were found with it. - - Mr. Franks has recently presented to the British Museum a gold torque - from Lincolnshire, which has three banded rings of gold, strung like - beads upon it. - - Some small penannular rings found on a gold torque at Boyton have - already been mentioned. - - The penannular rings so often found in Ireland, and commonly called - ring money, may after all be of the nature of beads. - - The large hollow penannular ornaments made of thin gold, and nearly - triangular in section, seem also to be of the nature of beads or - possibly clasps. Straps passed through the narrow notch would require - some trouble to take out; but still such beads could be dislodged from - their string without its ends being unfastened. The ornament shown in - Fig. 489 was found near Dumbarton.[1523] - - Others, similar, have been found in Anglesea, Heathery Burn Cave, near - Alnwick,[1524] and in other places. They occur also in Ireland.[1525] - They have frequently been found associated with armlets. Some Egyptian - rings of carnelian, ivory, and other materials have similar notches - through them. They have, however, been regarded as ear-rings. - - Bronze finger rings seem to have been in occasional use. - - In a perished urn with burnt bones, found with several others, - one containing a barbed flint arrow-head, in the cemetery at - Stanlake,[1526] Oxfordshire, there was a spiral bronze finger ring - of the plainest form, the only fragment of metal brought to light - during nearly a month’s excavations by Mr. Akerman and Mr. Stone. - What may have been a finger ring was also found in the Heathery Burn - Cave,[1527] Durham. It is formed of stout wire, the ends expanding, - and slightly overlapping each other, and is ⅞ inch in diameter. - - In the hoard of bronze antiquities found near Edington Burtle,[1528] - Somersetshire, were several small rings; but with one exception - they are hardly such as could have served for finger rings. This - exceptional ring is penannular, and fluted externally like the - bracelet found with it in the same hoard. The form is not unlike that - of the gold ring engraved by Wilde[1529] as his Fig. 609. - -Another form of ornament, the ear-ring, appears to have been known -in Britain during the Bronze Period. In two of the barrows on the -Yorkshire Wolds, explored by Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., female skeletons -were found accompanied by such ornaments. - - In a barrow at Cowlam,[1530] “touching the temporal bones, which were - stained green by the contact, were two ear-rings of bronze. They - have been made by beating the one end of a piece of bronze flat, - and forming the other end into a pin-shaped termination. This pin - had been passed through the lobe of the ear and then bent round, - the other and flat end being bent over it.” Thus the ear-ring must - have been “permanently fixed in the ear.” One of these rings is, - by Canon Greenwell’s kindness, shown as Fig. 490, as is one from - Goodmanham,[1531] in Fig. 491. - -[Illustration: Fig. 490.—Cowlam. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 491.—Goodmanham. 1/1] - - In the latter case there was a bronze awl, or drill, behind the head; - the ear-ring here figured was at the right ear, and its fellow, in - a more broken condition, lay under the left shoulder. The better - preserved of the two is somewhat imperfect, and may, I think, have - formed a perfect circle when whole. - -[Illustration: Fig. 492.—Orton. 1/1] - -Mr. Bateman records finding in a barrow called Stakor Hill,[1532] near -Burton, a female skeleton, “the mastoid bones of which were dyed green -from contact with two small pieces of thin bronze bent in the middle -just sufficiently to clasp the edge or lobe of the ear.” With the -skeleton was a flint “javelin head,” and Mr. Bateman considered the -interment to be the oldest he had met with in which metal was present. - -By way of illustration, a much longer form of trough-shaped ear-ring -may be adduced, though the metal in this instance is gold and not -bronze. That shown in Fig. 492 was found with another in a stone cist -at Orton, Morayshire.[1533] - -It seems possible that a lunette or diadem of gold was buried with -these ear-rings. - -A pair of circular embossed plates, with a beaded ring on each and a -smaller disc above, were found in a tumulus near Lake, Wilts, and have -been regarded as ear-rings. They are in the collection of the Rev. E. -Duke. - -In the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy[1534] is another gold ornament -of the same form as Fig. 492. It is, however, smaller, and the lower -part is at present flat. Gold penannular rings of torque-like patterns, -pointed at each end, and which may have been ear-rings, and not -bead-like ornaments, are not uncommon in Ireland and Britain.[1535] -Rings of nearly the same kind are still in use in Northern Africa. -Plain double-pointed penannular ear-rings in bronze are also found, but -I am uncertain as to the period to which they should be assigned. Some -appear to be of Saxon date.[1536] - -I have a pair of ear-rings of circular form from Hallstatt, about 2 -inches in diameter, of hollow bronze, made from a thin plate, and -with one end pointed which fits into a socket at the other end. Other -ear-rings of bronze,[1537] from the same cemetery, have a small ring -encircling them, to which, in one instance, three small spherical bells -are attached. - -In the Laibach Museum are some bronze ear-rings of the Early Iron Age, -much like those from Goodmanham, but broader. - -Ear-rings of the Bronze Period appear to be almost unknown in France. I -have, however, specimens found with a hoard of bronze socketed celts, -fragments of swords, spear-heads, bracelets, and a variety of other -objects at Dreuil, near Amiens, about 1872. - -They are two in number, in form like Fig. 490, but rather shorter. One -of them is coiled up, and the other has the broad part nearly flat. -Each is ornamented with some parallel lines stamped in across the -broader part. Several small hollow and some solid rings, circular, -semicircular, and flattened in section, were in the same hoard. - -Some few objects of bead-like character have from time to time been -found in barrows and with other bronze objects. Dr. Thurnam[1538] -describes a tubular bronze bead, 1¼ inch long, found in a barrow -in Dorset, and now in Mr. Durden’s collection. He thinks the bead -mentioned by Sir R. Colt Hoare as found in a barrow near Fovant[1539] -may have been the spheroidal head of the bronze pin with which it was -found. Some beads of amber and jet were, however, discovered with it. - - A notched bead of tin, like a number of small beads strung together, - accompanied a little pin of copper or bronze, most probably an awl, - and some conical buttons of bone or ivory, in a barrow on Sutton - Verney Down,[1540] in which there had been deposited a burnt body. - Hoare says that “it is the only article of that metal we have ever - found in a barrow.” - - Small beads, or more probably drum-shaped buttons of gold, as - suggested by Dr. Thurnam,[1541] have also been found in the Wiltshire - barrows. - - Beads formed of joints of encrinites, with others formed of burnt - clay, as well as a necklace formed of the shells of dentalium, were - found in a barrow near Winterbourn Stoke.[1542] Glass beads of the - notched form have been found with burnt interments, and frequently - with bronze instruments in others of the Wiltshire barrows.[1543] - Other beads have spiral ornaments in white upon a blue ground. A blue - glass bead, with three yellow spirals on it, was found with the point - of a bronze blade in a cist with burnt bones in a barrow at Eddertoun, - Ross-shire.[1544] Such beads, known as Clachan Nathaireach,[1545] or - serpent stones, have been used as charms for diseased cattle and other - evils. - - Glass beads with the same spiral ornamentation have been found in the - cemetery at Hallstatt, and their presence in these graves certainly - affords an argument for assigning them to a comparatively late period, - or at all events to a time when commerce with the Continent was well - established. - - Among the objects found at Exning, Suffolk,[1546] are some “curious - bullæ” with clay cores, but they appear to belong to a later date. - -As will be seen from the list of personal ornaments described in -the preceding pages, their forms are but few and their number small -in the British Islands, as compared with those of analogous objects -found in some continental countries, as, for instance, Scandinavia -and Switzerland. The absence of several forms of torques has already -been mentioned; the Danish and North German lunette, or diadem-like -bandlets, are also never found in this country, though, perhaps, the -crescent-shaped gold plates or “minds” of the Irish antiquaries may -represent the same class of ornaments. Spirals formed by coiling -long tapering pieces of wire, such as are common in Scandinavia and -throughout Germany, are also unknown, and this circumstance affords an -argument against there having been any direct intercourse in very early -days between this country and Etruria, where such spiral ornaments -abounded. Besides this absence of spirals formed of solid metal, the -engraved spiral ornament which in some countries is characteristic -of the Bronze Period may be said to be absolutely unknown in Britain. -The nearest approach to it is the ring ornament formed of concentric -circles. - -The bracelets formed of cylindrical coils of wire are also unknown, -as well as those of hollowed bronze with discoidal ends, such as are -so common in the Swiss Lake-habitations. Decorated pendants, like -those which are found in Switzerland and the South of France, are -also wanting. Altogether the bronze ornaments of Britain are neither -abundant nor, as a rule, highly artistic; and it would appear that -here, at all events, the serviceable qualities of bronze were more -highly appreciated than its decorative lustre. - - - - -CHAPTER XIX. - -CLASPS, BUTTONS, BUCKLES, AND MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS. - - -THERE still remain to be noticed a number of objects in bronze, of -some of which the precise nature and use are now hardly susceptible of -being determined; and of others but so few examples are known that they -are best placed in a chapter which, like the present, is intended to -treat of miscellaneous articles. It has occasionally been observed of -antiquaries that when at a loss to explain the use or destination of -some object of bronze or brass, their usual refuge is in the suggestion -that it formed some portion of harness, or was what is termed a -horse-trapping. To judge from what may be seen on the dray-horses and -waggon-horses of the present day, future antiquaries, in examining -the relics of the nineteenth century, will have some justification in -assigning a vast number of forms of ornamental pendants and tongueless -buckles to this comprehensive class of trappings; while a number -of curious instruments of brass and other alloys, some of them not -unlike complicated dentists’ instruments, will probably be given up -in despair, though now in most cases susceptible of being recognised -by the adept as destined to extract cartridges or their cases from -breech-loading guns. If these puzzles await future antiquaries, those -of the present day must be pardoned for occasionally being at fault as -to the destination of some ancient instrument or ornament, and they may -even be forgiven for making suggestions as to probable uses of such -objects, provided they do not insist upon possibilities being regarded -as strong probabilities, much less as facts. - - In Fig. 493 is shown full-size a mysterious object, consisting of - a tube with a slight collar at each end, having on one side a long - narrow loop of solid metal subquadrangular in section, and on the - other an elongated oval opening, a part of the side of which has been - broken away. It was found with a number of socketed celts, knives, - and other articles in the hoard at Reach Fen, Cambridge, already - often mentioned. With it was also another smaller object of the - same kind, shown in Fig. 494. This, however, has the orifice in the - front, and not at the side opposite the loop, the section of which - in this case is circular. One end of the tube is plugged up with a - bronze rivet. The mouth of the oval opening is rough, and has no lip - to it, as in the other case; and within the tube there are remains of - wood. I have a broken specimen found at Malton, near Cambridge, of - the same character as Fig. 493, but with the loop round in section, - and both shorter and stouter. The end of the tube is cast with a flat - plate closing the aperture, except for a central hole about ⅛ inch in - diameter. I have another specimen much like Fig. 493, but the loop is - longer and flatter, and beneath it the tube has a long oval opening - with a lip around it, as well as a somewhat shorter opening on the - opposite side of the tube. The loop also has a deep groove on its - inner side extending its whole length. I am not sure where this object - was found, but there is little doubt of its being English. - -[Illustration: Fig. 493.—Reach Fen. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 494.—Reach Fen. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 495.—Broadward. 1/1] - - An object like Fig. 493 was found with socketed celts, gouges, and - hammers at Roseberry Topping,[1547] Yorkshire, in 1826. With them - was a flat quadrangular whetstone(?) and fragments of a flat plate - of bronze, the ends hollowed and with crescent-shaped openings or - lunettes in them, and with staples for attachment at the corners. - There are three rivet-holes on the convex side of the lunettes. - - Another object of the same kind was found with a socketed celt, a - hollow ring, gouge, &c., at Melbourne,[1548] Cambridge. There were two - of these looped tubes found with spear-heads, socketed celts, broken - swords, &c., near La Pierre du Villain,[1549] Longy, Alderney. - - In the great hoard of bronze spear-heads, &c., found at - Broadward,[1550] Shropshire, was a short object of this kind about - 1½ inch long, with the loop as large in diameter as the tube and - extending the whole length, so as to give it the form of the letter - D. The orifice of the loop is only ½ inch long. This specimen is shown - in Fig. 495. Another seems to have been found at the same time. - -[Illustration: Fig. 496.—Trillick. ½] - - A fragment of another was in the collection of the late Lord - Braybrooke. - - An example, like Fig. 493, but somewhat broken, was in the deposit of - Notre-Dame d’Or, now in the Poitiers Museum. - - Another (2¾ inches), almost identical with Fig. 493, was found in a - hoard with other objects near Amiens, and is now in the museum of that - town. - - Another of much the same kind was found at La Parnelle, Manche.[1551] - - I have an object from the Seine at Paris, which appears to belong - to the same class as the tubes lately described, though without any - loop. The tube is in this instance about 3 inches long, with small - flanges at each end; and through the middle of it is an oval opening - about 1 inch by ⅜ inch, with mouth-pieces standing out on each side of - the tube, making the whole length of the oval cross-tube thus formed - nearly 1¼ inch. Each mouth-piece has two parallel beads running round - it. I am at a loss to assign a purpose to it. - - Those with a loop seem to me possibly intended as clasps for leather - straps or belts, one end of which passed through the metal loop and - was sewn or fastened to the strap so as to form a loop of leather, - while a corresponding loop at the other end was inserted into the - oval mouth-piece, so that a pin passed down inside the tube would go - through it and secure it. This pin need not have been of metal, but of - some more perishable material. - - The objection to this view is that the side orifice in the tube is - not in all cases opposite to the loop, but in one instance at least - at right angles to it. A second suggestion is that they were loops in - some manner attached to wooden or leather scabbards of swords, which - could at any time be detached by withdrawing a pin that passed down - the tube. Whatever purpose they served, they do not appear to have - been permanently attached to any other article, as in no instance have - any rivet-holes been observed in them. - - Some of the hollow rings found in Ireland with transverse perforations - through them, appear also to have been made for attachment at will to - leather or cloth by means of a pin passing through the cross-holes, - which at once converted the rings into brooches or buckles of a - peculiar kind. - - This purpose has already been suggested by Mr. T. O’Gorman, in the - _Journal of the Royal Historical and Archæological Association of - Ireland_.[1552] He there describes a bronze pin with two thick - bronze rings upon it, which was found with two large rings of bronze, - four rings of about the same size as those on the pin, a large - socketed celt, and a bronze hammer, in what appears to have been a - sepulchre near Trillick, Co. Tyrone. These objects are now all in my - own collection, and, as will be seen in Fig. 496, there can be no - doubt of an efficient form of double buckle being presented by the - pin and rings. Whether it was used for fastening a cloak or tunic, - as suggested by Mr. O’Gorman, or for some other purpose, I need not - stay to examine. I think, however, that the discovery of the pin and - perforated rings in juxtaposition throws some light upon the character - of other rings with cross perforations, of which many have been - found in Ireland. One of these is shown in Fig. 497, borrowed from - Wilde.[1553] I have one of precisely the same character, 2⅜ inches - in diameter, with a cross perforation through the two projecting - mouth-pieces, slightly oval, and about the size to receive a common - pencil. Vallancey[1554] has figured others, in one of which there is - a cross-pin with a small ring at each end, somewhat like a horse’s - bit.[1555] - -[Illustration: Fig. 497. Ireland. ½] - - Others, with numerous small loops round the circumference, and with - central bosses secured by pins, or occasionally with cross arms within - them, appear to be of later date and to have had bands of chain-mail - attached. In some of the plain rings, however, there is a portion of a - strap of bronze left, which Sir W. Wilde regards as having served to - connect the ring-chains, of which he thinks that coats of mail were - made. Under any circumstances, these perforated rings seem to come - under the category of fastenings or clasps, to which the looped tubes - already described may also be referred. - - A perforated ring was in the hoard found at Llangwyllog,[1556] - Anglesea, already mentioned. - -Large rings, such as those described in the last chapter, may also have -served as connections for bands or straps. - -There is, indeed, numismatic evidence that among the Ancient Britons, -shortly after the time of Julius Cæsar, rings were employed as -connecting links between the different straps forming the harness of -war-horses. On a gold coin of Verica,[1557] engraved on the title-page -of Akerman’s “Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes,” and now in my -own collection, there is on the reverse a warrior on horseback. The -engraving of the die is exquisitely minute, and the warrior’s saddle is -shown to be secured by four girths, and by straps running from it round -the chest and the hind-quarters to keep it in position. On the shoulder -and the haunches there are rings to which these straps are joined, and -from each of these rings another strap runs down to pass below the -body of the horse. Each ring, therefore, has three straps secured to -it, one running forwards, another backwards, and the third downwards. -Rings with three loops for straps attached occur among Etruscan -Antiquities.[1558] - -[Illustration: Fig. 498.—Cowlam. 1/1] - -Of brooches proper, with a pin attached by a spring or hinge, and -secured by a hasp or catch, none are, I think, known in Britain which -can with safety be assigned to an earlier period than the Late Celtic. - - That shown in Fig. 498 was found by Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., in a - barrow in the parish of Cowlam,[1559] Yorkshire, together with an - armlet (Fig. 486) and a necklace of glass beads, on the body of an - aged woman. The pin was of iron, which had replaced the original - of bronze. I have a somewhat similar brooch from Redmore, near St. - Austell, Cornwall, as well as one of longer form and with a larger - disc, which was found in a barrow near Bridlington, together with two - remarkable buckles formed of penannular rings. These were described by - the late Mr. Thomas Wright[1560] (who has figured them) as undoubtedly - Roman, but their character is decidedly “Late Celtic.” Other brooches - of the same character as the figure, found in the Thames, London, and - near Avebury, Wilts, are in the British Museum. - -[Illustration: Fig. 499. Reach Fen. 1/1] - -Another article in use for fastening or attaching parts of the dress -is the button, which claims a high antiquity. I have elsewhere[1561] -described some made of stone and jet, in which a V-shaped perforation -in the body of the button afforded the means of fastening it to the -dress. In the bronze buttons a legitimate loop or shank is found, which -is cast in one piece with the button itself. - - In Fig. 499 are shown three full-size views of one of two bronze - buttons from the Reach Fen hoard in my own collection. There is a - sharpness and smoothness about their faces which suggests their having - been finished by some process of turning or rotary grinding. The - centre and raised bands, though similar, are not identical in the two, - or it might have been thought that they were cast in a metal mould. - Four others were found at the same time. - - A button of almost the same size and pattern was found with a razor - and other objects at Llangwyllog, Anglesea.[1562] One of the same - character, but of larger size (1¾ inch), was found with a gouge, - socketed celts, &c., at Kensington.[1563] It has a central boss and - two raised ridges. Both these buttons are now in the British Museum. - - In the Heathery Burn Cave, Durham, was a small button, ¾ inch in - diameter, with one loop at the back; and another larger (1½ inch), - with five loops at the back, one in the centre, and the four others - at equal distances around it forming four sides of an octagon. This - larger button has a series of concentric rings or grooves on the face; - the small one has a central pointed boss with one groove around it. - - Some curious buttons, like half barrels in shape, were found with - a hoard of bronze objects at St. Genouph (Indre et Loire), and are - preserved in the Museum at Tours. Numerous buttons of circular form - have been found in other parts of France. - - Buttons of various sizes and shapes have also been found in abundance - in the Swiss Lake-dwellings. - - A clay mould, apparently for buttons of this kind, is in the Museo - Civico at Modena. - -[Illustration: Fig. 500.—Edinburgh. 1/1] - - In the cemetery at Hallstatt immense numbers of small button-like - objects have been found, some of the warriors’ coats having been - completely studded with them. Some of these are not more than ⅜ inch - in diameter, nearly hemispherical, and with a small bar cast across - them inside. - - A peculiar annular button with two loops at the back, found with - bronze swords (see Fig. 353) and a flat-headed pin (Fig. 464) at - Edinburgh,[1564] is represented in Fig. 500. The original is now in - the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. It has been thought to be the - mounting of a belt. - - Bronze discs of larger size than any ordinary buttons or clasps are - occasionally found. One such, 31/5 inches in diameter, with three - concentric circles engraved on one of its faces, was discovered at - Castell y Bere, Merionethshire.[1565] Another was found at Wolsonbury - Hill,[1566] Sussex. A third, about 5 inches in diameter, with raised - concentric rings upon it, is in the Scarborough Museum. One found at - Inis Kaltra,[1567] Lough Derg, between Clare and Galway, has been - figured. It has a hollow conical projection like the umbo of a shield, - surrounded by five concentric raised rings, the interval between the - second and third being about double that between any other pair. The - inner side has grooves corresponding with the external ridges, and - across the inside of the hollow umbo is a small bar of metal. The - diameter of this ornament is 4¾ inches. It is now in the British - Museum. In many respects such discs resemble the so-called _tutuli_ - of the Scandinavian antiquaries, though the long-pointed form has not - been found in the British Islands. - -[Illustration: Fig. 501.—Heathery Burn Cave. ⅓] - - An irregularly rounded flat plate of bronze, about 5 inches by 5½, and - 1⅛ inch, thick, apparently hammered out, was found with leaf-shaped - spear-heads and a sword at Worth,[1568] Devon. I have a round flat - plate, about 6½ inches in diameter and ⅛ inch thick, found near - Clough, Co. Antrim, which bears deep hammer marks in sets of parallel - grooves on both faces. Perhaps such plates were destined to be still - further drawn out into sheets for the manufacture of caldrons or other - vessels. - - In the Heathery Burn Cave, already so often mentioned, were about ten - convex plates, with a raised rim round their edge, a small hole in the - middle, and four loops cast on at the back. One of these is shown in - Fig. 501.[1569] With them were found about the same number of broad - hoops, of which an example is given in Fig. 502. - -[Illustration: Fig. 502.—Heathery Burn Cave. ⅓] - - These are dexterously cast in one piece, with a groove inside - corresponding with the raised central ridge on the outside. Their - diameter is only about 4⅜ inches, while that of the discs is about - 5-3/10 inches. It is difficult to see any connection between the two - forms, though from the correspondence in their numbers a connection at - first sight seems probable. The hoops have been spoken of as armlets, - but I can hardly regard them as such. Most of the specimens are in the - collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., though thanks to his kindness I - have an example of each; and two hoops and a disc are in the British - Museum. Canon Greenwell has two other discs of a somewhat similar - character, found with spear-heads and socketed celts near Newark. They - are 5¼ inches in diameter, with a raised rib round the margin and a - central hole. The surface, instead of being regularly convex, rises - more rapidly towards the centre, so as to make a kind of cone with - hollowed sides. There are no loops nor any means of attachment on the - interior. It may be that a shank was riveted through the central hole, - as was the case with some analogous conical objects from Hallstatt. - - Without expressing any definite opinion on the subject, I may call - attention to a certain analogy that exists between these hoops and - discs, and the hoops and axle ends of Gaulish chariots of the Early - Iron Age. The naves of the wheels of the chariot found in the tomb of - la Gorge Meillet[1570] (Marne) had bronze hoops on either side of the - naves, and an ornamented plate at each end of the axle. The hoops, - however, are made of plates riveted together, and were not cast in one - piece, and the centre of the plates is open, though crossed by an iron - pin. - - Fragments of what may have been discs of the same kind, with a hole in - the centre and four small bosses at intervals around it, were found - in the hoard at Stanhope,[1571] Durham, which comprised spear-heads, - celts, &c., much like those in the Heathery Burn Cave. - - Similar large discs with concentric circles upon them, and having - loops at the back, have been found in various parts of France, - Switzerland, and Italy.[1572] - -[Illustration: Fig. 503.—Harty. ½] - - Another and smaller disc with a central hole, having a short collar - round it, is shown in Fig. 503. This is only the rough casting; and - at one time I thought it was merely a waste piece or jet from the - foundry, as it was discovered with moulds, celts, &c., in the Isle - of Harty hoard. Another disc of the same kind was, however, found - with the hoard of bronze at Yattendon,[1573] Berks, which shows so - much finish all over that it would seem to have been adapted for - some special purpose, and not to have been merely a piece of waste - metal. Another disc of the same kind was found in the hoard at Haynes - Hill,[1574] Kent, and was regarded as part of an utensil. Mr. Franks - informs me that an example with a rather longer tube has been found - in Brittany. In the Yattendon hoard were also some fragments of thin - bronze plate very highly planished on one face, and a hollowed conical - piece of bronze, not unlike an extinguisher; but the purpose for which - either of these was intended is a mystery. - - Returning to bronze objects which appear to be in some manner - connected with straps, I may cite some loops or slides of which - an example is given in Fig. 504. The original is not in this case - English, having formed part of the hoard found at Dreuil, near Amiens. - But a specimen of the same size and shape, though rather more convex - on the faces, is in Lord Braybrooke’s collection at Audley End, and - was, I believe, found with other bronze objects, including a hollow - ring, in Essex. At first sight such objects might appear to be - intended for mouth-pieces of scabbards, but on trial I find that the - opening is not wide enough to allow of the passage of a sword blade, - much less to admit of a thickness of leather or wood in addition. - They seem more probably to be slides, such as might have served for - receiving the two ends of a leather belt. - - In the Dreuil hoard was also a flat kind of ferrule, about 2¼ inches - wide and closed at the end, which may have served as a sort of tag or - end to a broad strap. There were also socketed celts and knives. - -[Illustration: Fig. 504.—Dreuil, Amiens. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 505.—Abergele. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 506.—Abergele. 1/1] - -[Illustration: Fig. 507.—Abergele. ½] - - In the same hoard was a loop fluted on one face, like Fig. 505, but - with four divisions instead of three, and 2½ inches wide. The loops - shown in Figs. 505 and 506 formed part of a large hoard found near - Abergele,[1575] Denbighshire, and described in the _Archæologia_, - whence my cuts are copied. There were present in the hoard forty-two - loops or slides of this kind, though of various widths, as well as - eighteen buttons, a reel-shaped object like Fig. 377, and numerous - rings, some of them almost like buckles in shape. There were also - several double rings fitting the one within the other, the inner - about 1¼ inch in diameter and the outer about 2⅛ inches. They are - cast hollow, and on the inner ring is a loop which fits into a hole - in the outer ring. In the same hoard was the remarkable object shown - half-size in Fig. 507. It consists of three pairs of irregular oval - plates with loops, through which is passed a bar of bronze. Mr. - Franks, who has described the hoard, says that “the loops show marks - of wear, and the whole was probably a jingling ornament to be attached - to horse-harness. Objects of the same nature have been found with - bridle-bits, and are engraved in Madsen, _Afbildninger_,[1576] and in - Worsaae’s _Nordiske Oldsager_, Fig. 266.” - - These examples, however, do not present such close analogies with - the Welsh specimen as do some interlinked rings with flat pendants - found at Plonéour,[1577] Brittany, with looped palstaves and a flat - quadrangular knife. Some other analogous objects are mentioned by - M. Chantre,[1578] who has also described several _sistrum_-like - instruments, to which M. de Mortillet[1579] is inclined to assign an - Eastern origin. - - Reverting to the Abergele hoard, I may add that Mr. Franks regards it - as belonging to the close of the Bronze Period, and conjectures that - most of the objects which it comprised formed part of the trappings of - a horse. - - Bronze bridle-bits, such as have been found in various parts of the - Continent,[1580] have very rarely been found in Britain, though - occasionally discovered in Ireland. In the British Isles they appear - for the most part, if not in all cases, to belong to the Late Celtic - Period. - -[Illustration: Fig. 508.—Dreuil. 1/1] - - Another form of bronze objects of uncertain use is shown in Fig. 508, - which is taken from a French and not an English original. This formed - part of the Dreuil hoard; and as in so many respects the articles - comprised in this deposit present analogies with those found in - England, it appeared worth while to call attention to this particular - object. It is a kind of semicircular flap, with a hole running through - the beaded cylinder at top. What was its purpose I cannot say, though - I have a thin gold plate of the same form, but decorated with ring - ornaments, that was found at Hallstatt. It may be merely a pendant. - - Among other miscellaneous objects of bronze may be mentioned an - article of twisted bronze already cited at p. 51. It has a flat tang - for insertion into a handle, in which are four rivet-holes. Beyond - the handle project two twisted horns, which seem to have nearly or - quite met, so as to form a somewhat heart-shaped ring. In the centre - opposite the tang is a long slot with a chain of three circular rings - attached. The whole covers a space of about 6½ inches in length by - 4½ inches in breadth. With Sir E. Colt Hoare, “I leave to my learned - brother antiquaries to ascertain” what was the ancient use of this - singular article, which was found in a barrow at Wilsford,[1581] with - a stone hammer, a flanged bronze celt, and other objects in company - with an unburnt body. - - Portions of three sickle-like objects, with a kind of square tang, - through which is a large hole, were found with a palstave and a flat - celt and many other bronze antiquities, near Battlefield, Salop.[1582] - These measure about 7 inches by 7¼ inches, and their purpose is as - much veiled in mystery as that of the Wilsford relic, with which they - present a slight analogy. - - The flat annular and horseshoe-shaped plates—the one 13 inches in - diameter, and the other 2 feet 1 inch long—found with an oblong - cup-shaped boss on the hill of Benibhreæ,[1583] in Lochaber, appear - to me to be probably Late Celtic. - - Some of the curious spoon-like articles[1584] of bronze occasionally - found in all parts of the United Kingdom may also belong to the Late - Celtic Period, and most of them probably to quite the close of that - period, if not to a later date. - - The remarkable bronze rod, about 18 inches long, with small figures - of birds and pendent rings upon it, found near Ballymoney,[1585] - County Antrim, is probably of later date than the Bronze Period: as - are also the curious figures of boars and other animals found near - Hounslow.[1586] - -In concluding this chapter, it may be observed that although I have -attempted to give in it some notice of various forms of bronze relics -of many of which the use is uncertain, yet that I do not pretend that -the list here given comprises all such objects as have been discovered -in Britain. In several hoards of bronze there have been found portions -of thin plates and fragments of objects the purpose of which is -unknown; and I have thought it best not to encumber my pages with -notices of mere fragments about which even less is known than about -the mysterious articles to the description of which, perhaps, too much -space has already been allotted. - - - - -CHAPTER XX. - -VESSELS, CALDRONS, ETC. - - -OF the various forms of fictile vessels which were in use at the same -period as daggers and other weapons formed of bronze, it is not the -place here to speak. Much has already been written on the subject, -not only in various memoirs which have appeared in the proceedings -of our different Antiquarian and Archæological Societies, but also -in several standard archæological works. For the pottery found in -the tumuli of this country I would more particularly refer to Canon -Greenwell’s “British Barrows,” and to Dr. Thurnam’s “Paper on the -Barrows of Wiltshire,” published in the _Archæologia_.[1587] Both these -authors agree that none of the pottery from the barrows has been made -upon the wheel. The greater part of the fictile ware with which we are -acquainted was used for sepulchral purposes, and there appears good -reason for supposing that much of it was manufactured expressly for -the dead, and not for the living. Still there are a certain number of -examples known of what has been termed culinary pottery, some of which -have been found in barrows, and some in the remains of dwellings of -the Bronze Period. This pottery, unlike the sepulchral, is devoid of -ornament, and is well burnt, “plain, strong, and useful,” but it is -also made by hand. Some of the pottery from the Swiss Lake-dwellings -is, however, ornamented in various ways, but the potter’s wheel does -not seem to have been in use.[1588] And yet, in more than one instance, -there have been found in barrows in the South of England weapons of -bronze, accompanied by vessels of amber and of shale, which have all -the appearance of having been turned in a lathe. Of some of these -vessels I have given figures in my “Ancient Stone Implements,”[1589] -and also stated the particulars of the discoveries. I have also -mentioned the discovery of a gold cup in a barrow at Rillaton, -Cornwall, which was accompanied by what appears to have been a bronze -dagger.[1590] As this vessel is of metal, I have here reproduced the -cut as Fig. 509. It seems to me probable that the same kind of vessel -which was made in the nobler metal may also prove to have been made in -bronze, although as yet no examples have been discovered. The hanging -cups of bronze of which many have been found in Scandinavia, and at -least one example in Switzerland, are at present not known to have been -discovered within the British Isles. - -[Illustration: Bottom of cup. - -Fig. 509.—Golden Cup. Rillaton. Height, 3¼ inches.] - -It was probably not until nearly the close of the Bronze Period that -the art was discovered of hammering out bronze into sufficiently large -and thin laminæ for the manufacture of cups and vessels. It would be -impossible to cast the metal so thin as even that employed for shields, -and before ingots or flat plates, like those already mentioned at -page 402, could be thus drawn out, an acquaintance with some process -of annealing must have been gained. It is a remarkable fact that the -same process which has the effect of hardening steel has exactly the -contrary effect on copper, and to some extent on bronze. Steel when -heated to redness and then dipped in cold water becomes so intensely -hard, that tools treated in this manner have to be somewhat tempered, -or softened by heat, before they can safely be used; while to soften -copper the usual method adopted is to make it red-hot and dip it in -cold water. In whatever way the metal was drawn out, some of the large -vessels of the transitional period between Bronze and Iron, such as -those from Hallstatt, are wonderful examples of skill in working bronze. - -Almost the only bronze vessel found in a barrow in England had an -iron handle to it, showing that it could not belong to the Bronze -Age properly so called. It is, indeed, somewhat doubtful whether -it accompanied an interment. In the centre of a low mound near -Wetton,[1591] Staffordshire, about a foot below the surface, Mr. -Bateman found “two very curious vessels,” one about four inches high, -and of rather globular form, carved in sandstone, and at the distance -of a foot from it the other, “a bronze pan or kettle four inches high -and six inches in diameter, with a slender iron bow like a bucket -handle. It has been first cast and then hammered, and is very slightly -marked with horizontal ridges.” It was inverted, and above it were -traces of decayed wood. There appear to have been some remains of burnt -bones near the surface of the ground. This bronze vessel is somewhat -like the lower part of an ordinary flower-pot in form. In Mr. Bateman’s -Catalogue[1592] there is a note to the effect that this object is -“probably Romano-British,” but I have thought it best to cite it. - -Several caldrons made of thin bronze plates riveted together have been -found in Scotland, in some instances in company with bronze weapons. - - In Duddingston Loch,[1593] near Edinburgh, together with swords and - spear-heads, were some bronze rings and staples similar in character - to those attached to the rim of a large bronze caldron found at - Farney,[1594] Ulster, but there is no record of any caldrons. Others - of these rings are in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh, two of - which were found with the large caldron here figured (Fig. 510) in the - Moss of Kincardine,[1595] near Stirling, in the year 1768. In this - case no weapons appear to have been found. At the side is a broad band - embossed with circles. This vessel is of large size, being 16 inches - high, 16 inches across the mouth, and 25 inches in extreme diameter. - - An imperfect caldron, with handles of the same kind, was found at - Kilkerran, Ayrshire, with socketed celts and fragments of swords. - -[Illustration: Fig. 510.—Kincardine Moss.] - - Others of these caldrons, but little differing in form from those - found with bronze relics, have been accompanied by various tools - formed of iron, as, for instance, those found at Cockburnspath, - Berwickshire; and in Carlinwark Loch, Kelton, Kirkcudbright. There - can, indeed, be little doubt that such vessels, if belonging to - the Bronze Age, are to be assigned to the close rather than to the - beginning or even middle of that period. - -Several such caldrons have been discovered in Ireland. - - That shown in Fig. 511 is about 21 inches in diameter and 12 inches - high.[1596] It is composed of a number of pieces of thin bronze, each - averaging 3¼ inches broad and decreasing in length near the bottom. - “These plates bear the marks of hammering, and are joined at the seams - with rivets averaging about half an inch asunder. These rivets have - sharp conical heads externally, and some were evidently ornamental, as - they exist in places where there are no joinings, and in the circular - bottom portion they are large and plain. The upper margin of this - vessel is 2½ inches broad,” and corrugated. “Its outside edge next - the solid hoop has a double line of perforations in it.” It was in - a vessel of this kind that part of the great Dowris hoard of bronze - antiquities was deposited. - - The metal is said by Mr. McAdam, in a paper on “Brazen Caldrons,” - published in the _Ulster Journal of Archæology_,[1597] to be thinner - than anything of the kind used in our modern cooking vessels, while - the surfaces are almost as even and level as that of modern sheet - brass. - - Another caldron from Dowris, more nearly hemispherical, also with two - rings, is in the collection of the Earl of Rosse. A specimen from - Farney has been already mentioned. It resembles Fig. 511. - - In the collection of Mr. T. W. U. Robinson, F.S.A., is a remarkably - fine and perfect caldron, closely resembling Fig. 511, found in the - parish of Ballyscullion, Co. Antrim, in June, 1880. The following are - its dimensions:— - - Diameter at top 18 inches. - Width of rim 2⅜ ” - Extreme diameter 24 ” - Height 16 ” - Outside diameter of rings 4¼ ” - - The rings are about ⅝ inch wide and of this section ┣╋. - -[Illustration: Fig. 511.—Ireland.] - -Although no such vessels have been found in barrows in England, they -are not entirely unknown in this country. - - A very fine caldron of this character, about 21 inches in extreme - diameter and about 16 inches in height, was dredged up in the Thames - near Battersea, and is now in the British Museum. It is formed of two - tiers of plates above the concave bottom, and has had two rings at the - mouth, one of which, about 5 inches in diameter, remains. The rings - are of this section ┣╋, which combines great strength with economy of - metal. - - The expanding rim of the mouth is supported on four small brackets, - pierced so as to leave a saltire ornament in each. The rivet-heads are - about ¼ inch in diameter. From these brackets two strips of thin brass - run down about 3 inches, each ornamented with a fern-leaf pattern. - - The bottom of another caldron, from Walthamstow, of about the same - size, is also in the same collection. The metal is remarkably thin. - - The two rings of such a caldron, 5¼ inches, of this section ┣━, found - near Ipswich, are in the British Museum. The semi-cylindrical beaded - brackets through which they pass and a part of the rim are still - attached. Another ring was found with a hoard at Meldreth, Cambs. - - In some vessels very large sheets of bronze have been used. That - shown in Fig. 512, also from Wilde,[1598] is 18½ inches deep, but was - formed of three plates only, one for the circular bottom and two for - the remainder of the vessel. At the neck is a stout bronze ring, over - which the plates are turned. “It originally stood on six feet, each - forming an inverted cup.” It has suffered much from wear, and has been - carefully patched in several places. The metal is very tough and of a - rich golden colour. It is composed of— - - Copper 88·71 - Tin 9·46 - Lead 1·66 - Iron Trace - ————— - 99·83 - - Among three bronze vessels from the Dowris find now in the British - Museum is one of the form of Fig. 512, 16 inches high. - -[Illustration: Fig. 512.—Ireland.] - - The form is almost identical with some of the bronze urns from the - cemetery at Hallstatt, of which several appear to be of Etruscan - fabric. - - Another vessel of the same character was found in a tumulus in - Brittany,[1599] and contained burnt bones. - - In the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., is a vessel of hammered - bronze of the same character as the figure, but of rather broader - proportions, being nearly 17½ inches high and about 16 inches in - diameter; at the shoulder the neck contracts to 13 inches. It has - the usual two massive handles; and at the bottom is a flat ring with - arms across it like a four-spoked wheel, rather more than 9 inches - in diameter. The arms are ribbed longitudinally, and the ring has - concentric ribs upon it, except at the junction with the arms, where - there are cross-ribs. There are five rivets in it, one in the centre - and four in the ring opposite each end of the arms. This vessel, which - has been patched in more than one place, was found with numerous other - bronze objects in the Heathery Burn Cave, already so often mentioned. - - A remarkably fine specimen of a vase of this character, found in - Capecastle Bog, near Armoy, Co. Antrim, is in the collection of Mr. - T. W. U. Robinson, F.S.A. It formerly belonged to Mr. William Gray, - of Belfast, who kindly allowed me to engrave it as Fig. 513. Its - dimensions are as follows— - - Height 17½ inches. - Diameter of mouth 13 ” - Diameter at shoulder 15½ ” - Diameter at bottom 7¼ ” - - The weight is 5 lbs. 9 ozs. The plates of which it is formed are - carefully riveted together, and are of large size. Some holes which - have apparently been worn by use have been carefully patched. All - the upper part of the vessel above the shoulder is decorated by small - raised bosses produced by means of a punch applied on the inside of - the vessel, and below the shoulder is a series of triangles embossed - in a similar manner forming a kind of vandyke collar round the vessel. - This character of ornamentation is very characteristic of the Bronze - Period, and though not uncommon on urns formed of burnt clay, has not, - I think, been before observed on those made of bronze. - -[Illustration: Fig. 513.—Capecastle Bog.] - - The bottom of the vessel is secured by a ring and cross piece of - bronze forming a kind of four-spoked wheel, as shown in the lower - figure. The rings for suspension are solid, and hang towards the - inside of the vessel. - - As will be seen, there is much analogy between this Irish vessel and - that from the Heathery Burn Cave last described. The latter, however, - is without ornament. - -These conical vessels are probably earlier in date than the spheroidal -caldrons. - -Whether either were actually manufactured in Britain and Ireland is -an interesting question. There can, I think, be little doubt that -the conical form originated among the Etruscans, whose commerce -certainly extended to the northern side of the Alps.[1600] One of -the upright vases found at Hallstatt[1601] has animal figures upon -it almost undoubtedly of Etruscan work, though showing some signs of -Eastern influence in their style, and bronze helmets bearing Etruscan -inscriptions have been found in Styria. On the other hand, M. Alexandre -Bertrand and some other antiquaries are inclined to believe in a -more direct commerce with the East along the valley of the Danube or -Dnieper. The finding of vessels of the same form in Brittany, England, -and Ireland seems to point to a more western course of trade, always -assuming that these objects were imported. That some of them may have -come from abroad appears in the highest degree probable. Not impossibly -the _æs importatum_ of Cæsar may refer to a continuance of such a -trade. But whether there were no bronze-smiths in the British Isles -capable of imitating such products of skill is doubtful. The bronze -shields which are of essentially indigenous character exhibit an amount -of dexterity in producing thin plates of bronze quite sufficient for -the manufacture of such vessels. Moreover, the handles of these British -and Irish vessels are formed by rings, while those of the vessels from -southern countries are loops like the handles of pails or buckets. The -spheroidal caldrons are also of a form and character which appears to -be unknown on the Continent, and are therefore, in all probability, of -indigenous manufacture. - -The careful manner in which some of the vessels are mended affords an -argument that such utensils were rare and valuable; but it also shows -that the native workmen understood how to make thin plates—unless -these were portions of other vessels—and at all events how to rivet -plates together. - - - - -CHAPTER XXI. - -METAL, MOULDS, AND THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURE. - - -HAVING now passed in review the various forms of weapons, tools, -ornaments, and vessels belonging to the Bronze Period of this country, -it will be well to consider the nature of the metal of which they -are formed, and the various processes by which they were produced -and finished ready for use. Some of these processes, as for instance -the hammering out of the cutting-edges of tools and weapons, and the -production of ornamental designs by means of the hammer and punch, have -already been mentioned, and need be but cursorily noticed. The main -process, indeed, of which this chapter will treat is that of casting. - -Bronze, as already stated, is an alloy of copper and tin, and -therefore distinct from brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc. -Many varieties of bronze—or, as it is now more commonly called, -gun-metal—are in use at the present day; and one remarkable feature -in bronze is that the admixture with copper of the much softer metal -tin, in varying proportions, produces an alloy in most if not all cases -harder than the original copper; and when the tin is much in excess, as -in the metal used for the specula of telescopes, so much harder that, -_à priori_, such a result of the mixture of two soft metals would have -been thought impossible. The following table compiled from a paper in -_Design and Work_, reprinted in Martineau and Smith’s _Hardware Trade -Journal_,[1602] gives some of the alloys now in most common use and the -purposes to which they are applied:— - - Per cent. - Tin. Copper. of Copper. - - 11 108 = 90·76 {A common metal for cannon and machine - {brasses, used also for bronze statues. - - 11 99 = 90· } - 11 96 = 89·72 }Gun-metal proper, used for cannon. - - 11 84 = 88·44 {Used for bearings of machinery, - {frequently called gun-metal. - - 11 72 = 86·75 Rather harder. - - 11 60 = 84·50 Harder, not malleable. - - 11 44 = 80·00 Used for cymbals and Chinese gongs. - - 11 48 = 81·35 Very hard, used for culinary vessels. - - 11 36 } {76·69 }Bell-metal - 12 36 } or {75·00 } - - 11 24 = 68·57 Yellowish, very hard, sonorous. - - 11 4 = 26·66 {Very white, sometimes used for specula - {with with some other slight admixture.19746 - - -Lord Rosse, however, in casting specula, preferred using copper and tin -in their atomic proportions, or 68·21 per cent. of copper and 31·79 of -tin. - -The addition of tin, while increasing the hardness of copper, also -renders it more fusible. In small proportions it but little affects -the colour of the copper,[1603] and it is difficult to recognise its -presence from the physical characters of the copper, except from that -of increased hardness. What appear, therefore, to be copper instruments -may, and indeed often do, contain an appreciable admixture of tin, -which, however, can only be recognised by analysis. - -Besides the superiority of one alloy over another, it appears probable -that the method of treatment of the metal may somewhat affect its -properties. M. Tresca[1604] found that a gun-metal cast by Messieurs -Laveissière, consisting of— - - Copper 89·47 - Tin 9·78 - Zinc 0·66 - Lead 0·09 - -was superior in all respects to either the common gun-metal A or the -phosphor-bronze B cast at Bourges, the constituents of which were as -follows:— - - A B - Copper 89·87 90·60 - Tin 9·45 8.82 - Zinc 0·31 0·27 - Lead 0·37 0·31 - —————— —————— - 100·00 100·00 - -The results of both ancient and modern experience as to the proportions -in which copper and tin should be mixed, in order to produce a tough -and hard though not brittle metal, appear to be nearly the same; -and nine parts of copper to one part of tin may be regarded as the -constituents of the most serviceable bronze or gun-metal. - -In the following table I have given the results of some of the more -recent analyses of bronze antiquities found in the United Kingdom, -and have omitted the early analyses of Dr. Pearson[1605] in 1796 as -being only approximative. I have arranged them so far as practicable -in accordance with the different forms of the objects analyzed; and -one feature which is thus brought out tends strongly to confirm the -conclusion which has been arrived at from other premises, that certain -forms of bronze weapons and other instruments and utensils are of later -date than others. - -It will be seen, for instance, that in the flat and flanged celts, the -palstaves, and even spear-heads, lead, if present at all, exists in but -very minute quantity; whereas in the socketed celts and swords, which -are probably later forms, and especially in those from Ireland, this -metal occurs in several cases in considerable proportions. - -This prevalence of lead is very remarkable in some of the small -socketed celts found in very large numbers in Brittany, which from -their diminutive size have been regarded as “votive” rather than as -destined for actual use. In some of these Professor Pelligot[1606] -found as much as 28·50 and even 32·50 per cent. of lead, with only 1½ -per cent. or a small trace of tin. In others, with a large per-centage -of tin, there was from 8 to 16 per cent. of lead. Some of the bronze -ornaments of the Early Iron Period also contain a considerable -proportion of this metal, which, in the early Roman _as_[1607] and -its parts, is found to the extent of from 20 to 30 per cent. Although -some such proportion as 9 to 1 appears to have been aimed at, there is -great variation in the proportions of the principal ingredients even in -cutting tools of the same general character, the tin being sometimes -upwards of 18 per cent. and sometimes less than 5 per cent. of the -whole. - -This variation was no doubt partly due to occasional scarcity of tin; -but, as Dr. W. K. Sullivan has pointed out,[1608] there are two other -causes for it: first, the separation of the constituent metals in the -fused mass, and the accumulation of the tin in the lower portion of -the castings; and, second, the throwing off of the tin by oxidation -when the alloys were re-melted. M. Dusaussoy[1609] found that an alloy -containing 90·4 per cent. of copper and 9·6 per cent. of tin lost so -much of the latter metal by six fusions that it ultimately consisted of -95 per cent. of copper and only 5 per cent. of tin. - -With regard to the early sources of the copper and tin used in this -country, and in general through Western Europe, it will not be in my -power to add much to what has already been published on this subject. - -It seems probable that gold, which commonly occurs native and -brilliant, was the first metal that attracted the attention of mankind. -The next metal to be discovered would, in all probability, be copper, -which also occurs native, and has many points of resemblance with gold. - -The use of this metal, as I have observed in the Introductory Chapter, -no doubt originated in some part of the world where, as on the shore -of Lake Superior, it occurs in a pure metallic state. When once it was -discovered that copper was fusible by heat, the production of the metal -from some of the more metallic-looking ores, such as copper pyrites, -would follow; and in due time, either from association with the -metal, or from their colour and weight, some of the other ores, both -sulphuretted and non-sulphuretted, would become known.[1610] - -When once the production of copper in this manner was effected, it is -probable that the ores of other metals, such as tin, would also become -known, and that tin ores would either be treated conjointly with the -ores of copper, as suggested by Dr. Wibel, so as at once to produce -bronze; or added to crude copper, as suggested by Professor Sullivan; -or again, be smelted by themselves so as to produce metallic tin. At -what date it was generally known that “brass is molten out of the -stone”[1611] is, however, a question difficult to answer. - -Native copper and many of its ores occur in Hungary, Norway, Sweden, -Saxony, and Cornwall; but copper pyrites is far more generally -distributed, and is found in most countries of the world. So far, -therefore, as the existence of this metal is concerned, there was no -necessity for the Britons in Cæsar’s time to make use of imported -bronze, especially as tin was found in abundance in Cornwall, and -long before Cæsar’s time was exported in considerable quantities to -the Continent. And yet his account may to some extent be true, as a -socketed celt of what is almost undoubtedly Breton manufacture has been -found near Weymouth,[1612] and several instruments of recognised French -types have been found in our southern counties. Bronze vessels also may -have been imported. - -Copper and its ores are abundant in Ireland, especially copper pyrites -and gray copper. - -Although tin was formerly found in abundance in some parts of Spain, -and also in less quantity in Brittany,[1613] there can be but little -doubt that the Cassiterides, with which either directly or indirectly -the Phœnicians traded for tin,[1614] are rightly identified with -Britain. But, with due deference to Professor Nilsson and other -antiquaries, I must confess that the traces of Phœnician influence in -this country are to my mind at present imperceptible; and it may well -be that their system of commerce or barter was such as intentionally -left the barbarian tribes with whom they traded in much the same stage -of civilisation as that in which they found them, always assuming that -they dealt directly with Britain and not through the intervention of -Gaulish merchants. - -The argument, however, that the Phœnician bronze would have been -lead-bronze, because the Phœnicians derived their civilisation and -arts from Egypt, and had continual intercourse with that country, -where lead-bronze was early known, appears to me wanting in cogency. -For though the Egyptians may have used lead-bronzes for statues and -ornaments, the Egyptian dagger[1615] analyzed by Vauquelin gave copper -85, tin 14, and iron 1 per cent., and showed no trace of lead. Of one -point we may be fairly certain, that the discovery of bronze did not -originate in the British Isles, but that the knowledge of that useful -metal was communicated from abroad, and probably from the neighbouring -country, France. When and in what manner that and the other countries -of Western and Central Europe derived their knowledge of bronze it is -not my intention here to discuss. I will only say that the tendency of -the evidence at present gathered is to place the original source of -bronze, like that of the Aryan family, in an Asiatic rather than an -European centre. - -The presence in greater or less proportions of other metals than copper -and tin in bronze antiquities may eventually lead to the recognition of -the sources from which in each country the principal supplies of metal -were obtained. Professor Sullivan, in the book already cited, arrives -at the following among other conclusions from the chemical facts at his -command:— - -1. The northern nations in ancient times used only true bronzes—those -formed of copper and tin—of greater or lesser purity according to the -kind of ores used. - -2. Many of these bronzes contain small quantities of lead, zinc, -nickel, cobalt, iron, and silver, derived from the copper from which -the bronze was made. - -3. Though some bronzes may have been produced directly by melting a -mixture of copper and tin ores, the usual mode of making them was by -treating fused crude copper with tin-stone.[1616] In later times bronze -was made by mixing the two metals together. - -4. The copper of the ancient bronzes seems to have been smelted in many -different localities. - -Some analyses of bronze antiquities found in other countries are given -in the works indicated below,[1617] in addition to those mentioned on -page 418. - - -Key to Line Item and Location - - Line A. Flat celt, Ireland - Line B. Flanged celt - Line C. Palstave (Mean) - Line D. ” Fife - Line E. Socketed celt, Yorkshire - Line F. Socketed celt, Ireland - Line G. ” ” (Mean) - Line H. ” ” Wicklow - Line I. ” ” Cavan - Line J. ” ” Dowris - Line K. Dagger, Newton, near Cambridge - Line L. Dagger, Ireland (?) - Line M. ” “ - Line N. Sword, England (Mean), Chertsey, Br. - Line O. Sword, Scotland - Line P. ” Ireland (Mean) - Line Q. ” “ - Line R. ” ” (Mean) - Line S. ” “ - Line T. ” “ - Line U. Spear-head, Ireland - Line V. ” “ - Line W. ” “ - Line X. Halberd, Ireland - Line Y. Shield, Coveney Fen - Line Z. ” “ - Line AA. Trumpet, Dowris - Line BB. Caldron, Scotland - Line CC. ” “ - Line DD. ” Ireland - - - ┌————┬—————┬—————┬————┬—————┬—————┬—————┬—————┬—————┬—————┬——————┬———┐ - │ │ C │ T │ L │ I │ N │ C │ S │ Z │ S │ T │ A │ - │ │ o │ i │ e │ r │ i │ o │ i │ i │ u │ o │ n │ - │ │ p │ n │ a │ o │ c │ b │ l │ n │ l │ t │ a │ - │ │ p │ . │ d │ n │ k │ a │ v │ c │ p │ a │ l │ - │ │ e │ │ . │ . │ e │ l │ e │ . │ h │ l │ y │ - │ │ r │ │ │ │ l │ t │ r │ │ u │ . │ s │ - │ │ . │ │ │ │ . │ . │ . │ │ r │ │ t │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ . │ │ . │ - ├————┼—————┼—————┼————┼—————┼—————┼—————┼—————┼—————┼—————┼——————┼———┤ - │ A. │86·98│12·57│ │ │ │ │ 0·37│ │ │ 99·92│ B │ - │ B. │90·18│ 9·82│ │Trace│ │ │ │ │ │100·00│ A │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ C. │89·33│ 9·20│ │ 0·34│ │ │ │ │ 0·24│ 99·11│ A │ - │ D. │81·19│18·31│0·75│ │ │ │ │ │ │100·25│ D │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ E. │81·15│12·30│2·63│ Tr. │ 0·13│ │ 0·07│ │ [*]│96·28 │ A │ - │ F. │90·69│ 7·44│1·28│ Tr. │ Tr. │ Tr. │ │ │ │ 99·41│ A │ - │ │ │ │ │ \——v——/ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ G. │83·65│11·02│3·20│ 0·58│ 0·34 │ │ │ │ 98·79│ A │ - │ H. │88·30│10·92│0·10│ Tr. │ │ │ │ │ Tr. │ 99·32│ B │ - │ I. │95·64│ 4·56│0·25│ │ │ │ 0·02│ │ │100·47│ B │ - │ J. │85·23│13·11│1·14│ │ │ │ │ │ 0·15│ 99·63│ F │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ K. │85·33│14·20│0·29│ Tr. │ 0·27│ │ 0·04│ │ [**]│100·13│ A │ - │ L. │99·72│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 0·28│100·00│ A │ - │ M. │87·97│11·35│0·28│ │ │ │ │ Tr. │ Tr. │ 99·60│ B │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ N. │89·69│ 9·59│ │ 0·33│ │ │ │ │ Tr. │ 99·61│ A │ - │ O. │88·51│ 9·30│2·30│ │ │ │ │ │ │100·11│ D │ - │ P. │91·79│ 8·17│ │ Tr. │ │ │ │ │ Tr. │ 99·96│ A │ - │ Q. │87·07│ 8·52│3·37│ │ │ │ │ │ Tr. │ 99·96│ B │ - │ R. │85·63│10·03│2·93│ 0·44│ │ │ │ │ │ 99·03│ A │ - │ S. │88·63│ 8·54│2·83│ │ │ │ │ │ │100·00│ E │ - │ T. │83·50│ 5·15│8·35│ 3·00│ │ │ │ │ │100·00│ E │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ U. │86·28│12·74│0·07│ 0·31│ │ 0·09│ │ │ │ 99·49│ B │ - │ V. │84·64│14·01│ │ Tr. │ │ │ │ │ Tr. │ 98·65│ B │ - │ W. │88·42│11·29│ │ Tr. │ 0·29│ 0·29│ │ │ │100·29│ G │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ X. │95·85│ 2·78│0·12│ 1·32│ │ │ │ │ │100·07│ B │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ Y. │87·50│11·62│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 99·12│ C │ - │ Z. │87·55│11·72│ │ │ 0·40│ │ │ │ │ 99·67│ C │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │AA. │79·34│10·87│9·11│ │ │ │ │ │ │ 99·32│ F │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │BB. │92·89│ 5·15│1·78│ │ │ │ │ │ │ 99·82│ D │ - │CC. │84·08│ 7·19│8·53│ 0·03│ │ │ │ │ │ 99·83│ D │ - │DD. │88·71│ 9·46│1·66│ │ │ │ │ │ │ 99·83│ B │ - └————┴—————┴—————┴————┴—————┴—————┴—————┴—————┴—————┴—————┴——————┴———┘ - - - - - A, Mr. J. A. Phillips, see _Quart. Journ. Chem. Soc._, vol. iv. - p. 276. - B, J. W. Mallet, _Trans. R. I. Ac._, vol. xxii. p. 324. - C, T. H. Henry, F.R.S., _Pub. Camb. Ant. Soc._, No. xiv. p. 13. - D, Dr. George Wilson, Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 374. - E, Prof. Davy, ” ” ” “ - F, Dr. Donovan, ” ” ” “ - G, De Fellenberg. ” ” ” “ - -* In this case oxygen to the extent of 3·83 was present. The bronze -had become so friable as to be easily pulverised in a mortar. Mr. J. -Arthur Phillips writes about it as follows:—“When a freshly-broken -fragment of it is examined under a low magnifying power, it is seen -to consist of a metallic net-work enclosing distinct and perfectly -formed crystals of cuprite, surrounded by a greyish white substance -which is chiefly bioxide of tin. In this alloy the nickel, silver, and -iron are evidently accidental impurities, but the lead is no doubt an -intentional ingredient.” The specific gravity after pulverization is -about 7·26 only. - -** Specific gravity 8·59. - -I have here given most of the trustworthy analyses already published, -and have only added two new analyses kindly made for me by Mr. J. A. -Phillips, F.G.S., of a socketed celt from Yorkshire and of a small -dagger from Newton, near Cambridge. - -Those who wish for detailed information as to the composition of -the bronze antiquities found in other countries are referred to De -Fellenberg’s essays and to Von Bibra’s comprehensive work.[1618] - -The copper which was used by the bronze-founders of old times appears -to have been smelted from the ore and run into a shallow concave mould -open at top, in which the metal assumed the form of a circular cake, -convex below and flat above; but before becoming sufficiently cold -to be quite set into tough metal, these cakes seem as a rule to have -been disturbed and broken up into numerous pieces, better adapted -for re-melting than the whole cakes would have been. This method of -breaking up the solid cakes while hot saved also an infinity of labour; -as to cut such masses into small pieces when cold would, even with -modern appliances, be a difficult task; and with only bronze and stone -tools at command would have been nearly impossible. Many of the cakes -are, however, interspersed with cavities formed in the metal, and in -some cases there seems reason to think that this may have been produced -intentionally, so as to render the breaking of the cakes even when cold -more readily practicable. - -Many of the blocks of metal cast in rough moulds, and known by Italian -antiquaries as _æs signatum_, have a similar broken appearance at the -ends. Professor Chierici[1619] has suggested that the moulds in which -they were cast were of considerable length, and that from time to time -clay and sand were thrown in so as to break the continuity of the -metal, which indeed was poured in at intervals, after the insertion of -the sand or clay, to form the break in the mould. - -Some pieces of metal which have been regarded as ingots, and which not -improbably are really such, have the form of a double-ended axe with a -very small shaft hole. They have been discovered with several of the -bronze-founders’ hoards in France. Dr. V. Gross, of Neuveville, has a -fine example of this kind found at Locras, in the Lac de Bienne.[1620] -It is about 16½ inches long and 4¾ inches wide at the ends, the hole -through the centre being about ¼ inch in diameter, and the weight of -the ingot, which is of pure copper, is about 6½ lbs. - -Rough lumps of metal have frequently been found with deposits of -bronze implements in Britain, these latter being sometimes in a -worn-out or broken condition, and apparently brought together as old -metal for re-casting. In other deposits the instruments seem new and -ready for use, or again they are in an unfinished condition. All the -circumstances of these discoveries, however, go to prove that they are -in fact the stock-in-trade of the ancient bronze-founders. The jets -or waste pieces from the castings, of which I shall subsequently have -to speak, are often found mixed with the rude lumps. These lumps have -usually the appearance of pure copper, and in many cases have proved to -be so on analysis. - -Some copper cakes appear, however, to belong to Roman times. They -differ in shape from those already described, in being of nearly even -thickness, but with the edge inclined as if they had been cast in a -small frying-pan. They are from 10 to 13 inches in diameter and about -2 inches thick; and on more than one found in Anglesea[1621] there are -inscriptions in Roman characters. They weigh from 30 to 50 lbs. - - Turning now to the instances of lumps of rough metal being found with - bronze weapons and tools, the following may be cited, though other - instances are given in the tables at page 462:— - - Lanant, Cornwall,[1622] heavy lumps of fine copper, found with broken - socketed celts, &c. - - Kenidjack Cliff, Cornwall,[1623] with palstaves and socketed celts. - - St. Hilary, Cornwall,[1624] lumps weighing 14 or 15 lbs. each, said to - have been found with spear-heads. - - Near Worthing, Sussex, several lumps of metal, with palstaves and - socketed celts. - - Beachey Head,[1625] three lumps of raw copper, apparently very pure, - with palstaves, socketed celts, &c. - - Wick Park, Stogursey, Somerset,[1626] with palstaves, socketed celts, - broken swords, spears, &c. - - Kingston Hill, Surrey,[1627] with socketed celts, fragments of swords, - and spear-head. - - Beddington, Surrey,[1628] with mould, socketed celts, gouge, - spear-heads, &c. - - Wickham Park, Croydon, Surrey,[1629] with palstave, gouge, hammer, &c. - - Danesbury, near Welwyn, Herts,[1630] lumps of metal with damaged - socketed celts. - - Cumberlow, Herts,[1631] with palstaves, socketed celts, fragments of - swords, &c. - - Westwick Row, Hemel Hempsted,[1632] several lumps, with socketed celts. - - Romford, Essex,[1633] lumps of metal in waste pieces and imperfect - castings, untrimmed socketed celts, &c. - - Fifield, Essex,[1634] upwards of 50 lbs. of metal, with socketed celts. - - High Roding, Essex,[1635] with socketed celts, &c. - - Kensington,[1636] with socketed celt, gouge, &c. - - Sittingbourne, Kent,[1637] with socketed celts, gouges, &c. - - Meldreth, Cambs,[1638] with socketed celts, chisel, ring of caldron, - &c. - - Carlton Rode, Norfolk,[1639] lumps of metal, with socketed celts, - gouges, &c. - - Helsdon Hall, Norwich,[1640] pieces of copper, socketed celts, &c. - - Earsley Common, York,[1641] several lumps of metal, with nearly a - hundred socketed celts. - - Martlesham, Suffolk,[1642] a large quantity of metal, including some - lumps weighing 5 or 6 lbs., with socketed celts, gouge, &c. - - West Halton, Lincolnshire,[1643] with socketed celts and broken sword. - - Roseberry Topping, Yorkshire,[1644] with socketed celts, gouges, - hammer, &c. - - In the Heathery Burn Cave, Durham, and in the Guilsfield find, there - was in each case at least one lump of metal. - - Besides the cakes of copper, bars of that metal appear to have been - hammered into an oblong form, and then cut into lengths of from 4 to - 5 inches, weighing each about ¼ lb., and in that state to have served - as the raw material for the bronze-founders. Thirteen of these short - bars were found at Therfield, near Royston, Herts,[1645] and Dr. Percy - found on analysis that they contained about 98½ per cent. of copper - with a small alloy of tin or antimony, probably the latter. Some - fifteen or sixteen “pieces of long triangular brass” are described - as having been found with about the same number of celts at Hinton, - near Christchurch, Hants.[1646] These bars “seemed to be pieces of the - metal out of which the celts were cast.” - - In Scotland some “lumps of brass” were found with the swords, spears, - &c., in Duddingston Loch.[1647] Probably other lumps of metal have - been found in that country, but they seem to be scarcer in Scotland - and Ireland than in England. - -Although, as already observed, Spain may have been the principal -Western source of tin in early times, and possibly Malacca[1648] in -the East, the trade with Britain for that metal must have commenced -at a very remote epoch. We might expect, therefore, that fragments of -tin would be frequently found in the old bronze-founders’ hoards. But -though lumps of copper have so often been discovered in them, tin is -at present conspicuous by its absence. The only instance to which I am -able to refer is the discovery at Achtertyre,[1649] Morayshire, of four -“broken bits of tin,” in company with socketed celts, spear-heads, and -bracelets. These pieces seem to be fragments of a single bar which was -about 6 inches in length, of oval section, and somewhat curved, and in -weight about 3 ounces. Though spoken of as tin, the metal is in fact a -soft solder composed, according to Dr. Stevenson Macadam, of— - - Tin 78·66 - Lead 21·34 - —————— - 100·00 - -This, he points out, is a more fusible alloy than the ordinary -plumbers’ solder, which consists of 1 of tin to 2 of lead, and fuses -at 441 degrees Fahr., as it contains nearly 4 of tin to 1 of lead, -and would fuse at 365 degrees. Whether this bar was intended for -use as solder, or represents a base tin exported to Scotland from -the tin-producing districts, is an interesting question. Professor -Daniel Wilson[1650] has called attention to the fact that in all the -bronze instruments found in Scotland which have been submitted to -analysis lead is uniformly present, though in varying proportions. -Soldering[1651] is considered to have been entirely unknown in the -Bronze Age, and even during the earlier times of the Iron Age; but the -art of burning bronze on to bronze was certainly known, and instances -of its having been practised are given in preceding pages. - -Some fragments of pure metallic tin have from time to time been found -on the Continent. A small hammered bar found at the Lake-dwelling of -Estavayer,[1652] and analyzed by M. de Fellenberg, was free from lead, -zinc, iron, and copper. - -Besides being found in Cornwall, tin occurs in France,[1653] Saxony, -Silesia, Bohemia, Sweden, Spain, and Portugal. It also occurs in -Etruria,[1654] and is said to be found in Chorassan.[1655] - -This metal is said by Dionysius[1656] to have been struck into coins -at Syracuse, but none such are at present known. Among the Ancient -Britons,[1657] however, tin coins cast for the most part in wooden -moulds were in circulation, not in the tin-producing districts, but -in Kent and the neighbouring parts of England. Their date is probably -within a century of our era, either before or after Christ. - -[Illustration: Fig. 514.—Falmouth. 1/12] - -A large ingot of tin, in shape like the letter H, was -dredged up in Falmouth harbour.[1658] It is 2 feet 11 inches long and -about 11 inches wide, and 3 inches thick, and, though a small piece has -been cut off at one end, it still weighs 158 lbs. It is shown in Fig. -514. The late Sir Henry James, F.R.S.,[1659] has pointed out that the -form in which the ingot is cast adapts it for being laid in the keel of -a boat, and for being slung on a horse’s side, two of them thus forming -a proper load for a pack-horse. He has also suggested that this was the -form of ingot in which the tin produced in Cornwall was transported to -Gaul, and thence carried overland, as described by Diodorus Siculus, -to the mouths of the Rhone. Curiously enough this author speaks of the -blocks being in the form of astragali, with which this ingot fairly -coincides. Other ingots[1660] of tin of different form have also been -found in Cornwall, but there appears to me hardly sufficient evidence -to determine their approximate date, and I therefore content myself -with mentioning them. A lump cast in a basin-shaped mould, with two -holes in the flat face converging so as to form a V-shaped receptacle -for a cord, is in the Blackmore Museum at Salisbury. - -What appear to be ingots of copper rather than votive or mortuary -tablets have been found in Sardinia,[1661] and in their form present a -close analogy with this ingot of tin, though they are of much smaller -dimensions. Both the sides and ends curve inwards, the notch at the -ends of some being semicircular. They are counter-marked with a kind of -double T. - -As to the method of melting the metal but little is known. It seems -probable, however, that the crucibles employed must have been vessels -of burnt clay provided with handles for moving them; while for pouring -out the metal small ladles of earthenware may have been used. At -Robenhausen,[1662] on Lake Pfäffikon, Switzerland, small crucibles of -a ladle-like form have been found, in some cases with lumps of bronze -still in them. Crucibles without handles have been discovered at -Unter-Uhldingen,[1663] in the Ueberlinger See. - -The methods of casting were various. Objects were cast— - - 1. In a single mould formed of loam, sand, stone, or metal, the upper - surface of the casting exhibiting the flat surface of the molten - metal, which was left open to the air. In the case of loam or sand - castings a pattern or model would be used, which might be an object - already in use, or made of the desired form in wood or other soft - substance. - - 2. In double moulds of similar materials. The castings produced in - this manner when in unfinished condition show the joints of the - moulds. When sand was employed a frame or flask of some kind must have - been used to retain the material in place when the upper half of the - mould was lifted off the pattern. The loam moulds were probably burnt - hard before being used. In many cases cores for producing hollows in - the casting were employed in conjunction with these moulds. - - 3. In what may be termed solid moulds. For this process the model was - made of wax, wood, or some combustible material which was encased in - a mass of loam, possibly mixed with cow-dung or vegetable matter, - which on exposure to heat left the loam or clay in a porous condition. - This exposure to fire also burnt out the wax or wood model and left a - cavity for the reception of the metal, which was probably poured in - while the mould was still hot. - -Sir John Lubbock[1664] regards this as the commonest mode of casting -during the Bronze Age, but so far as this country is concerned it -appears to me to have been very seldom, if ever, in use. Except in -highly complicated castings, such as ring within ring, no advantage -would be gained by adopting the process, as the same result could -usually be obtained by the use of a mould in two halves, while the -pattern would then be preserved. In comparing a number of objects -together, though, like the six hundred and eighty-eight specimens of -celts in the Dublin Museum, no two may appear to have been cast in -the same mould, it does not follow that this was actually the case, -for allowance must be made for hammering, polishing, and ornamenting, -which were subsequent processes, and also for wear at the edge. Even -in castings from the same metal mould there will be considerable -variations, from differences in the amount of coating used to prevent -the hot metal from adhering to mould, and the length stopped off by the -core. But of this I shall shortly speak. - -The moulds formed of burnt clay have but rarely lasted to our times, -though some have been found on the continent of Europe. - -One for a perforated axe found among the remains of Lake-dwellings -near Laibach, in Carniola, is in the museum of that town. Others will -subsequently be mentioned. - -The single moulds found within the United Kingdom are all of stone, and -are adapted for the production of flat celts, rings, knives, and small -chisels. In some cases it is hard to say whether a mould was intended -to be used alone or in conjunction with another of the same kind, so as -in fact to be only the half of a mould. - -The single mould, which I have engraved as Fig. 515, was found near -Ballymena, Co. Antrim, and, as will be seen, is for a flat celt of -the ordinary form. The material is a micaceous sandstone, which a -recent possessor of the mould has thought so well adapted for use as -a whetstone, that the mould is in places scored with the marks where -apparently a cobbler’s awl has been sharpened. A celt cast in such a -mould would be flatter on one face than the other, and be blunt at the -ends, though much thinner there than in the middle. Before being used -it would be submitted to a hammering process, which would render the -two faces nearly symmetrical, and at the same time condense the metal -and render it harder and fitter for cutting purposes, especially at the -edge which was drawn out. In an Irish specimen in my collection there -is in one face a deep conical depression, apparently caused by the -contraction of the metal in cooling. It was probably necessary to add -a little molten metal to the casting while cooling in order to avoid -such defects. The sides as well as the faces of these plain celts have -usually been wrought with the hammer, and it seems probable that some -even of the flanged celts were originally plain castings in an open -mould. - -[Illustration: Fig. 515.—Ballymena. ½] - -Moulds of the same kind have been found, though rarely, in England. In -a field near Cambo,[1665] near Wallington, Northumberland, was found -a block of sandstone, having on one face two moulds for flat celts of -different sizes, and on the other face another such mould, and also one -for a flat ring. It is now in the British Museum. - -Stone blocks with moulds cut in them have been found in Scotland. - - One with a mould for a large celt in the centre, and near it in one - corner of the slab a mould for a very small celt, was found in a cairn - near Kintore, Aberdeenshire.[1666] - - Another large block, forming the end of a cist, near Kilmartin, - Argyleshire,[1667] has nine depressions in it in the form of flat - celts, which may have been used as moulds. They are barely an - eighth of an inch in depth, and on this account have been thought - to be pictorial representations rather than moulds. With a metal so - imperfectly fluid as melted bronze, castings could be made thicker - than the depth of the moulds, and it is by no means impossible that - this stone and another forming part of the same cist may have been - intended for the production of castings. The second slab of stone may - have served for casting pins. - - The stone moulds from Trochrig, near Girvan, Ayrshire,[1668] and - Alford, Aberdeenshire,[1669] with depressions of various forms upon - them, not improbably belong to a later period than that of which I am - treating. - - A mould for casting rings, 2½ inches in diameter, found at Kilmailie, - Invernessshire, is in the Museum at Edinburgh. - - One for two flat celts on the one face, and for a larger celt and - perhaps a knife on the other, is in the Antiquarian Museum at - Edinburgh.[1670] - -These moulds are more abundant in Ireland. - - One in the Belfast Museum,[1671] polyhedral in shape, has moulds upon - four of its faces for flat celts of different sizes. In the Bateman - Collection is a slab of schistose stone (7 inches by 6 inches) with - three such moulds upon it. It was found near Carrickfergus, Co. - Antrim.[1672] - - On a slab in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy[1673] there are - moulds for two flat celts, and also for one with a stop-ridge and a - loop. It would appear as if the founder must have possessed a second - half of this latter mould. - - Two moulds formed of stone, and apparently intended for flat or - slightly flanged celts, have been found at Bodio in the Lago di - Varese.[1674] - -Moulds for palstaves and socketed celts have been found both of stone -and of bronze, but it will be well to reserve the latter until all the -forms of moulds made of stone have been considered. Such celt moulds -have always been made in halves. - - In Fig. 516 is shown the half of a mould for palstaves, which is now - in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. The other half is with it. - They are formed of sandstone. It is uncertain in what part of Ireland - they were found. - - Another mould, formed of mica schist, and now in the British Museum, - was found in the river Bann, and was intended for short palstaves - about 3½ inches long. - -[Illustration: Fig. 516.—Ireland. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 517.—Ireland. 1/1] - - The half of a mould for casting palstaves of a somewhat broader form - was found near Lough Corrib, Galway,[1675] and is in the Antiquarian - Museum at Edinburgh. Another has been engraved by Dunoyer,[1676] who - has also figured a mould for a looped palstave, from the Museum of the - University of Dublin. A stone mould from Ireland, for palstaves with - double loops, is in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. As the halves - of these stone moulds are rarely made so as to be dowelled together, - they are almost always of exactly the same size externally, so as to - be readily adjustable into their proper position when tied together - for the reception of the metal. - - The half of a mould for a small palstave, with transverse edge, is - shown full size in Fig. 517. The original is of green schist, and - is in the Royal Academy Museum at Dublin. It is remarkable that a - mould for so rare a form should have been found. A stone mould for - transverse palstaves of the same kind has, however, lately been - discovered in the Lac de Bienne[1677] by Dr. V. Gross. - - On the Continent stone moulds for ordinary palstaves have been found - in some numbers, especially in the Lake habitations. In the museum - at Geneva are several from the Station of Eaux Vives. The wings as - originally cast were vertical to the blades, so that they might be - withdrawn from the mould, and they were subsequently hammered over to - form the side pockets, as in Fig. 85. - - Moulds for looped palstaves have been found in the Lac du Bourget, - Savoy.[1678] One of them is in my own collection. A broken mould for a - palstave was found at Billy (Loir et Cher).[1679] - - Others have been found in Hungary.[1680] - - A few stone moulds for casting socketed celts have been found in - England. The half of one, apparently for celts without loops, was - found near Milton, Dorsetshire,[1681] and is now in the Dorchester - Museum. It has several holes on the face of the slab, as if for the - reception of dowels, on which the other half of the mould would fit. - - In another instance a set of moulds has been formed of three slabs of - stone, and would produce two varieties of socketed celts, one half - of the mould of each being engraved on the two faces of the central - slab. It is only this central piece which has been preserved. It was, - I believe, found at Bulford Water, near Salisbury, and not at Chidbury - Hill, near Everley, as stated in the “Barrow Diggers.”[1682] On one - face is the mould for a single-looped socketed celt about 4½ inches - long, of oblong section, with three vertical ribs on the face; on the - other is that for a double-looped celt of the same character, but - about 5¼ inches long, also with three vertical ribs. This mould is - formed of some variety of greenstone, and is now in the collection of - the Rev. E. Duke, of Lake House, near Salisbury. - - Stone moulds for socketed celts, with vertical ribs upon them, have - been found in the Lacustrine Station of Eaux Vives, near Geneva. There - are often moulds on each face of the stones. - - Others in sandstone for socketed celts have been found in - Hungary.[1683] - - Several moulds for such instruments have been discovered in - Sweden.[1684] One with diagonal air-passages, like those in Fig. 521, - is in the Copenhagen Museum. - - Stone moulds for socketed celts have also been found in Scotland. Two - pair from the parish of Rosskeen, Ross-shire,[1685] have been figured - by Professor Daniel Wilson. They are for looped celts rather wide and - straight at the edge, about 5 inches long and of hexagonal section. - The castings from the one are plain upon the faces; in those from the - other there are three annulets connected by raised ribs, much the same - as on one face of the celt from Wigtonshire (Fig. 166). These moulds - had the two halves dowelled together when in use. On one there appears - to be a second mould for a small flat bar. - - In Ireland stone moulds for socketed celts are rare, and they appear - to have been for the most part cast in sand or loam. There is, - however, in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy,[1686] the half of - a mould of this kind made of mica slate, and much worn by age and - exposure, apparently intended for a ribbed socketed celt. It has - dowel-holes on the face of the slab. - - The mould, or more properly half of a mould, for a tanged knife, - with a central rib along the blade, is shown in Fig. 518. It is of - close-grained sandstone, and was found near Ballymoney, Co. Antrim. - The surface on which the knife has been engraved is ground very - smooth, as if to fit another half mould. In this other half there was - probably little more than grooves for the central rib and tang, as the - mould at the edge of the knife would produce a casting fully 1/16 inch - thick, which would require a good deal of hammering out. - -[Illustration: Fig. 518.—Ballymoney. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 519.—Broughshane. ½] - - Fig. 519 shows the half of a mould for a dagger blade of elegant form. - It is of mica slate, and was found near Broughshane, Co. Antrim. It - is about 1 inch in thickness; and on the other face are moulds for a - small flat chisel with side stops, in total length about 2⅝ inches, - for a flat triangular celt-like tool about 1½ inch long, and an - unfinished mould for a segment of a flat ring. - - Stone moulds for daggers have been found in the Italian - _terramare_.[1687] - -[Illustration: Fig. 520.—Knighton. ¼] - -[Illustration: Fig. 521.—Knighton. ¼] - - In Figs. 520 and 521 I have reproduced on the scale of one-fourth the - engravings of two stone moulds which were found near Knighton, but - in the parish of Hennock, near Chudleigh, Devon, and are published - in the _Archæological Journal_.[1688] They are of a light greenish - micaceous schist, such as occurs in Cornwall. The large one is 24½ - inches in length by 3 inches in its greatest width, the smaller is - 21½ inches long and also 3 inches wide. When found the two halves of - each mould were in apposition; the longer mould placed vertically, the - shorter horizontally. As will be seen, they are for the production of - rapier-shaped blades. In the smaller is a series of small channels, to - allow of the escape of air during the process of casting. - -[Illustration: Fig. 522.—Maghera. ½] - - On the larger, by the side of the main mould, is a second, which would - produce a slightly tapering casting, ribbed longitudinally on one - face and flat on the other. It is difficult to judge of the purpose - for which it was intended, but it may possibly have been at once an - ornament and a support for the scabbard of the blade. - - Some fluted pieces of bronze, such as would be produced from a mould - of this kind, are in the museum at Tours, found in a hoard at St. - Genouph. - - A mould for a short leaf-shaped sword has been found in Ireland.[1689] - -A stone mould, formed of green micaceous schist, and found at Maghera, -Co. Derry, is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., and is -shown in Fig. 522. As will be seen, it is for a spear-head of the -ordinary Irish type, with loops on the socket. These, however, were -probably flattened down during the finishing process. The outside of -the mould has been neatly rounded, and has shallow grooves in it to -assist in keeping the string in place with which the two halves of the -mould were bound together when ready for use. - - In the same collection is the half of a mould for spear-heads, from - Armoy, Co. Antrim. It is much like the figure, but 7⅞ inches long. - - I have the half of a mould for a nearly similar spear-head, made of - light brown stone, with the sides left square, and not rounded. This - is also from the North of Ireland. It is difficult to understand the - manner in which the cores for forming the sockets of the spear-heads - were supported in the moulds. Possibly small pins of bronze were - attached to the clay core, which kept it in position, but which - during the casting process got burnt into the molten metal. I have, - however, found no actual traces of such a contrivance. On examining - broken spear-heads it will sometimes be found that the socket core - inside the blade, instead of being simply conical, has lateral - projections running into the thicker part of the blade. - - A mould for spear-heads of the same kind as Fig. 521, found near - Claran Bridge,[1690] in the barony of Dunkellen, Co. Galway, has at - the base two pin-holes about 1 inch long and ¼ inch in diameter. - Their axes are parallel to that of the socket. These may possibly be - connected with the steadying of the core. - - A stone mould found at the edge of Lough Ramer, Co. Cavan,[1691] and - now in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, is quadrangular in - section, with moulds for very small lance-heads on three of its faces. - On the fourth there are marks of a worn-out mould. The corresponding - halves have not been found. Such instances of several half-moulds on a - single block of stone are not unfrequent. - -[Illustration: Fig. 523.—Lough Gur. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 524.—Campbelton. ½] - -A moiety of a stone mould for casting spear-heads of various sizes, and -also pointed objects, “possibly,” though not probably, “arrow-heads,” -was found at Lough Gur,[1692] Co. Limerick, and is now in the British -Museum. It is a four-sided prism, 6½ inches long and 2½ inches broad -at one end of each face, and 1¾ inch at the other. A second similar -prism would, it has been observed, give four perfect moulds for casting -spear-heads slightly varying in form, but in each case provided with -side loops. These loops are as usual semicircular in form on the mould, -and were no doubt destined to be flattened in the usual manner by a -subsequent process of hammering. There is one special feature in this -mould, viz. that at the base of the blade there is a transverse notch -in the stone, evidently destined to receive a small pin, which would -serve to keep the clay core for the socket in its proper position. -There is a similar transverse notch in one of the smaller moulds for -the pointed objects. This mould is shown in Fig. 523. - - There is a similar notch in a mould for leaf-shaped spear-heads - without loops in the Preusker Collection at Dresden. It would seem - as if the pin which formed the hole for the rivet was also of use to - support the core. Another such mould is in the museum at Modena. - - There are similar notches in a stone mould for spear-heads, in one - of burnt clay for socketed knives, found at Mœrigen, in the Lake of - Bienne, and in one found in the Lake of Varese.[1693] - - A small Irish mould for casting broad leaf-shaped lance-heads without - loops is in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. - -A mould of much the same character as the Irish examples was found -near Campbelton,[1694] in Kintyre, Argyleshire. It is formed of dark -serpentine, and one of its halves is shown in Fig. 524. On the same -spot were found two polished stone celts and another stone mould for -spear-heads, in two portions, also of serpentine, shown in Figs. 525 -and 526, both sides being cut for moulds, one for a looped spear-head -and the other for one without loops. - -[Illustration: Fig. 525.—Campbelton. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 526.—Campbelton. ½] - -Dr. Arthur Mitchell, who has described this find, says that in this -second mould the two halves are not alike, as in the one first -described. In this case one-half has the shape of the spear-head deeply -cut into the stone, so as to include the whole thickness of the edge of -the spear, and the other side has simply the midrib alone cut on it, -and the rest of that side of the mould is gently bevelled towards the -edges, the result of which simple plan is that when the two sides are -laid together a perfect mould is made, the two sides of the casting -being almost exactly alike, less labour being thus required than in -forming an outline exactly alike on both sides of the stone mould, and -the result being equally satisfactory. - - An English, or rather Welsh, quadrangular mould, much like that from - Lough Gur, was found between Bodwrdin[1695] and Tre Ddafydd, Anglesea. - It is formed of hone-stone 9¼ inches long, with the sides tapering - from 2 inches to 1½ inch. It is adapted for casting looped spear-heads - of two sizes, and what has been regarded as a double-looped celt. The - fourth side has a conical groove, and may be the complement of another - more defined mould, as is the case with Fig. 525B. It has been thought - to have been for a spike-like javelin. What has been regarded as the - mould for double-looped celts seems also to be the shallow half of a - mould for spear-heads. In the museum at Clermont Ferrand[1696] there - is an analogous stone mould for palstaves of three types and a point - or ferrule. - - Of other stone moulds, I may mention one for casting buckles of a - kind like those from Polden Hill, which was found at Camelford, - Cornwall.[1697] This is not improbably of Late Celtic date. - - I have a flat oval slab of compact grit, about 2 inches thick, having - on one face a mould for a thin oval plate of metal about 5 inches by - 4½ inches, and on the other a mould for a rather thicker oval plate, - about 6 inches by 4½ inches. It was found near Nantlle, Carnarvon, and - was given me by Mr. R. D. Darbishire, F.S.A. I am uncertain as to the - period to which it ought to be assigned. - - Of foreign moulds of stone besides those already cited, I may mention - some for double-ended hatchets and for flat celts which have been - found in the Island of Sardinia.[1698] - - A number of moulds formed of stone, principally mica-schist, were - found by Dr. Schliemann[1699] during his excavations on the presumed - site of Troy. They were for casting flat celts, tanged spear-heads or - daggers, and various other forms. Several of the blocks had moulds - on both sides and ends, and served for casting as many as a dozen - different objects. - -The moulds made of bronze which have been found in this country are -for palstaves, socketed celts, and gouges only. They appear to be more -abundant in England than in any of the neighbouring parts of Europe. At -one time the whole school of English antiquaries regarded the moulds -for socketed celts as cases or sheaths specially prepared to hold such -instruments.[1700] To Vallancey, I think, belongs the credit of being -the first to recognise their true character. In writing about the half -of a bronze mould for palstaves found in Ireland, he observes,[1701] -“Dr. Borlase and Mr. Lort had seen brass cases of these instruments, -which fitted them as exactly as if they had been the molds in which the -instruments were cast. I cannot conceive why these gentlemen hesitate -to call them molds, as a certain proof that they were manufactured -in Ireland, where the Romans came not, either as friends or foes, -the molds are found in our bogs; they are of brass also, mixed with -a greater quantity of iron, or in some manner tempered much harder -than the instruments.” I am not sure that the latter remark as to the -comparative hardness of the moulds holds good in all cases, otherwise -the correctness of the opinion expressed by Vallancey, now about a -hundred years ago, is undeniable. - -[Illustration: Fig. 527.—Hotham Carr. ½] - -In Fig. 527 are given three views of one half of a complete mould for -palstaves, which was found with a hoard of bronze objects, including -seven palstaves without loops, at Hotham Carr, in Yorkshire, E.R. It is -in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. Among the palstaves which -were found with it only one was in an undamaged condition. - -[Illustration: Fig. 528—Wiltshire. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 529—Wiltshire. ½] - -As will be seen from the figure, there are projections or dowels on the -face of this half of the mould which fit into corresponding depressions -in the counterpart, so as to steady the two halves when brought -together and keep them in proper position. At the top is a cup-shaped -cavity for the reception of the metal. Any portion of the casting which -occupied this part of the mould was broken off from the palstave when -it was cool, and was kept for re-melting. Such waste pieces, or jets, -from the moulds are of common occurrence in the old founders’ hoards, -and some will be subsequently noticed. - - Another mould for simple palstaves was found in Danesfield, near - Bangor,[1702] in 1800. It is for a blade rather wider at the edge and - narrower in the shank than that produced by the Yorkshire mould. With - it was found another mould for a looped palstave of about the same - size. One half of each pair of moulds is in the British Museum, and - the other half in Lord Braybrooke’s collection at Audley End. The half - of a bronze mould for a simple palstave, with a shield-shaped ornament - below the stop-ridge, was found in Ireland.[1703] One of the same kind - was lately in the collection of Mr. Stevenson of Lisburn. - - In the British Museum is another mould for looped palstaves, which is - shown in Figs. 528 and 529, for the use of which I am indebted to the - Council of the Society of Antiquaries.[1704] The original was found - in Wiltshire. It is remarkable as bearing on each of its halves bands - evidently cast from actual twine which has been upon the model; but - the bands on the two halves do not coincide, being on the one placed - higher than on the other. The sides are also joggled together in a - singular manner. As to the bands of cording, it may be that the model - of the first half of the mould was formed of clay, which when dry, - in order to prevent its being broken, was tied on to the palstave on - which it had been shaped, and was thus moulded in clay or loam; and - that afterwards, when the second half of the mould had to be cast by - a similar process, the model for it was tied on to the half-mould - already formed, the binding being in contact with the side of the band - already in relief upon the back and sides of the half-mould. - - Several palstave moulds formed of bronze have been found in different - countries in Europe. - - The half of one, found in the Saône, for looped palstaves, is in the - museum at Lyons.[1705] - -[Illustration: Fig. 530—Harty. ½] - - General A. Pitt Rivers, F.R.S., has one from the neighbourhood of - Macon.[1706] - - M. Charles Seidler, of Nantes, has another. - - Another from the hoard of Notre-Dame d’Or, Vienne, is in the museum at - Poitiers. - - M. Forel has another found in the Lake-dwellings at Morges.[1707] - - A palstave mould of bronze, found near Medingen, is in the museum at - Hanover.[1708] The half of one found at Polsen, near Merseburg,[1709] - is in that of Berlin. - - Another bronze mould from the neighbourhood of Grünberg,[1710] is in - the museum at Darmstadt. - - There are several bronze moulds of this character in the Museum of - Northern Antiquities at Copenhagen. - -In Figs. 530 and 531 are engraved the halves of two moulds for casting -socketed celts of different sizes and patterns, which were found with -a number of other relics in the Isle of Harty, Sheppey, and are now in -my own collection. I have already given an account of this discovery -elsewhere;[1711] but as it throws so much light upon the whole process -of casting as practised towards the close of the Bronze Period, it will -be desirable to give a somewhat detailed account of the entire find and -its teachings in this place. - -The hoard, which may very fairly be described as the stock-in-trade of -an ancient bronze-founder, consisted of the following articles— - -Both halves of the mould, Fig. 530. - -5 celts cast in this mould and a fragment. - -Both halves of the mould, Fig. 531. - -1 celt cast in it. - -One-half of a smaller mould with a portion of a lead lining adhering to -it, as kindly determined for me by Dr. J. Percy, F.R.S. - -[Illustration: Fig. 531.—Harty. ½] - -3 celts, more or less worn out, apparently cast in it. - -2 large celts from different moulds. - -2 small socketed celts from other and different moulds. - -Both halves of a gouge mould, Fig. 532. - -2 gouges, both from one mould, but it is doubtful whether they are from -this. See Fig. 205. - -2 pointed tools, Fig. 220. - -1 double-edged knife, Fig. 253. - -1 single-edged knife, Fig. 260. - -1 perforated disc, Fig. 503. - -1 ferrule, Fig. 377. - -1 part of a curved bracelet-like object of doubtful use, with small -hole near the end. - -1 hammer or anvil, Fig. 211. - -1 small hammer, Fig. 212. - -2 pieces of rough copper. - -1 whetstone, Fig. 540. - -Of the largest mould itself, Fig. 530, not much need be said. The -dowels on the face of one of the halves have been much injured by -oxidation, so that the two parts of the mould do not now fit so well -together as they did originally. On the outside of each valve are two -projecting pins intended to hold the cord in position, by which the -two parts of the mould were held together when in use. As will be -seen, the mould itself is somewhat bell-mouthed. Of the ornamental -“flanches” on the celt, I have already given the history at page 108. -The instruments cast from this mould, and present in the hoard, are -five in number, four in fairly perfect condition, and one broken in two -in the middle. Though cast in the same mould, no two are absolutely -alike. Not only do they vary in width at their edges—the natural -result of one having been more freely hammered out than another—but -in the upper part, to which very little has been done in the way of -hammering or grinding since the celt left the mould, there are striking -differences. As will be seen, the mould is calculated to produce three -parallel mouldings round the mouth of each celt; but in one of the -castings only two of these mouldings are present; in another there are -three, and there is metal enough beyond to represent half the width -of another moulding. In two others the length is equivalent to nearly -another moulding, so that the celts appear to have four mouldings round -their mouths; and in the fifth celt there is a collar of plain metal -extending ⅜ inch beyond the three bands (see Fig. 113.) On comparing -this instrument with that first described, the difference in the -length above the loop is upwards of ½ inch. This difference can only -be accounted for by a difference in the arrangement of the mould and -core at the time of casting. On comparing the interior of one celt with -that of another, it is evident that the core was not produced in any -mould or core-box, as the small projecting ribs of metal left as usual -to help in steadying the haft vary in number and position. In the case -of the celt broken in two in the middle, the core has been placed so -much out of the centre that there is a large hole in the casting where -there was not room for the metal to run. The system adopted appears, -therefore, to have been much as follows. - -First, the mould was tied together in proper position, and loam or clay -was rammed into it so as tightly to fill the upper part. The mould -was, secondly, taken apart—and the clay removed and probably left -to become nearly dry. Thirdly, the lower part of the clay was then -trimmed to form the core, a shoulder being left which would form the -mould for the top of the celt. The upper part of the clay would be left -untouched, beyond having two channels cut in it to allow of the passage -of the melted metal. Fourthly, the mould would be tied together again -with the prepared core inside, the untrimmed part of which would form -a guide for its due position in the mould. Fifthly, the mould would -then be placed vertically, probably by being stuck into sand, and the -melted metal would be poured down the channels. When cool the runners -thus formed would be broken off, and the fractured surfaces would be -hammered or ground. The knife found with the hoard was probably used -for cutting the channels and trimming the core. If such a process as -that which I have described were in use, it is evident that the chances -would be much against the shoulders of the clay core being always -cut at exactly the same place, and we have at once a reason for the -variation here observed. - -There is another cause for slight variations in the sharpness of the -mouldings and the other details of the castings. In order to prevent -the molten bronze from adhering to the bronze mould, the latter must -have been smeared over with something by way of protection, so as -to form a thin film between the metal of the mould and that of the -casting. Modern founders, when casting pewter in brass, or even iron, -moulds,[1712] “anoint” the latter with red ochre and white of egg, or -smoke the inside of the mould; and our plumbers prevent solder from -amalgamating with lead by using lamp-black and size, or even by rubbing -it with a dock-leaf. No doubt the ancient founders had some equally -simple method, such as brushing the mould over with a very thin coat -of marl. Turning now to the second mould, Fig. 531, it will be seen -that just below the mouldings there is accidentally present a sharply -defined small recess; the impression, however, of this recess on the -celt cast in this mould is not nearly so sharp, probably in consequence -of the mould having been smeared as lately suggested. It will also be -noticed that though there is a double band of mouldings in the mould, -there is but one and a fraction on the celt itself, which is shown in -Fig. 114. - -The outside of this mould is provided with three knobs to keep the -binding cord from slipping off. The other and smallest half-mould has -a single projection in the middle, like an imperfectly formed loop. -The three celts which were apparently cast in this mould show great -uniformity at their upper ends, and to the reason for this I think the -lead adhering to the mould furnishes a clue. It is evident that if, in -preparing the cores, instead of beginning by having the mould empty -and ramming clay into it, which was subsequently to be trimmed, the -founder placed a celt in the mould, its socket would act as a core-box -or mould for a clay core which would require no further trimming so far -as the part of forming the socket was concerned. On opening out the -mould this core could be withdrawn from the socket of the model celt, -and when dry would be ready for use. Perhaps in the celts with long and -not highly tapering sockets there would be a difficulty in getting out -the clay unbroken, and the process would not be found to answer; but in -the case of the small celts there would probably be less difficulty. -In this mould I think we have the remains of a celt formed of lead, -an instrument which would be utterly useless as a cutting tool, but -which might well have been made and kept as a core-box. The very fact -of its being made of another metal would prevent its being confounded -with the other castings and being bartered away; while in the first -instance a casting in lead might have been made on a wooden core, which -could probably be trimmed to the exact shape required more readily than -one of clay. I have elsewhere[1713] called attention to the fact that -wooden moulds were in use among the Ancient Britons for the casting of -coins formed of tin. Several socketed celts made of lead have from time -to time been found, though not in association with bronze-founders’ -hoards, and have been a great puzzle to antiquaries. One found at -Alnwick,[1714] near Sleaford, Lincolnshire, was thought to have come -from a barrow. One found with bronze celts in the Morbihan, is in the -collection of the Rev. Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., but it is doubtful -whether it was used as a core-box. The use which I have suggested -for them is at all events one that is possible, but we must wait for -further discoveries before accepting it as the only cause for their -existence. - -A mould for sword hilts found in Italy,[1715] and now in the museum at -Munich, is formed by three pieces of bronze, even the core by which the -cavity in them was produced being formed of that metal. - -But that the cores were frequently if not always made of clay, and not, -as has been sometimes supposed, of metal, is proved by the numbers of -socketed celts which from time to time have been found with the cores -still in them, though this, it is true, has been the case in France -rather than in England. In the great hoard of socketed celts found near -Plénée Jugon, in Brittany, the majority were as they had come from the -mould, with the clay cores still in them, burnt as hard as brick by the -heat of the metal. I have already mentioned this fact in describing -the tool from the Harty hoard, which appears to have been used for -extracting the cores. I have also described the anvil, if such it be, -and the hammer, Figs. 211 and 212, by means of which, probably, the -edges of the celts were drawn out and hardened. I will now add that the -celt, Fig. 114, is too long and too broad at the edge for that part of -it to enter into the mould in which it was cast. This shows how much -its edge was drawn out by hammering. The final sharpening was no doubt -effected by the whetstone, Fig. 540. - -[Illustration: Fig. 532.—Harty. ½] - -The other mould from this hoard is almost unique of its kind. Two views -of each of its halves are given in Fig. 532. Originally there was a -loop on the back of each half, but from one this has in old times been -broken off. The arrangement for carrying the core is different from -what it seems to have been in the other moulds. There is in the upper -part of the mould when put together a transverse hole, which would -produce what may be termed trunnions on the clay core, and assist -materially in holding it in proper position during the process of -casting. From the upper surfaces of the gouges found with the mould, -it appears that there were two channels cut for the runners of metal, -one at the middle of each half of the mould, so as to alternate with -the joint of the mould through which the air could escape during the -casting process. - -What appears to be part of a mould for gouges was found in the hoard of -Notre-Dame d’Or, and is now in the museum at Poitiers. - -I must now return to the other examples of moulds for socketed celts -which have been found in this country. - - One, with external loops on each half, like that on Fig. 532B, was - found with looped palstaves, socketed celts, and broken dagger or - sword blades, at Wilmington,[1716] Sussex, and is now in the museum - at Lewes. All these objects, as is the case in many other hoards, had - been deposited in a vessel of coarse pottery. - - Another mould, found with eleven celts and fragments of weapons at - Eaton,[1717] near Norwich, has smaller and broader loops near the - top. On each side of the face of one half, a little distance from the - actual mould, and roughly following its contour, is a shallow groove, - into which fits a corresponding ridge on the counterpart. The outer - face of each half is ornamented with two slightly curved vertical - ribs, one on each side of the loop, and joined at the base by a - transverse rib. It is for casting celts about 4¼ inches long, and of - the ordinary form. - - Another mould, for celts with an octagonal neck, was found on the - Quantock Hills,[1718] Somersetshire (and not in Yorkshire), and is - now in the British Museum. The halves are adjusted to each other by a - rib and groove, as on that last mentioned, and the back is ornamented - with a peculiar raised figure with three vertical lines and a straight - transverse line at the top, and two lines at the bottom running up - to the central vertical line so as to form on each side of it an - angle of about 120°. At the junction there is a ring ornament, and - two others near the angles formed with the side lines. This mould has - a transverse hole at the top like that in the gouge-mould already - mentioned. - - Another mould, also in the British Museum,[1719] is for celts with - three vertical ribs on the face. This likewise has a transverse and - nearly square hole at the top, and also recesses in each half-mould, - so as to give four points of support to the core between which the - channels for the runners might be cut. On the outside, near the top, - is a loop, and near the bottom two projecting pins to retain the - string. This appears to be the mould from Yorkshire belonging to Mr. - Warburton, figured by Stukeley.[1720] - - The half of another mould for celts, of nearly the same character, was - found in the Heathery Burn Cave,[1721] already so often mentioned, - and is shown in Fig. 533, for the use of which I am indebted to the - Council of the Society of Antiquaries. - - Another mould was found in the fen at Washingborough,[1722] near - Lincoln. Another, from Cleveland,[1723] found with chisels, gouges, - &c., is in the Bateman Collection. - - A part of another was found in a hoard at Beddington, Surrey,[1724] - and a fragment of another at Wickham Park, Croydon. This latter is - now in the British Museum. - - A bronze mould for socketed celts, found at Eikrath, was in the - collection of the late Dr. Hugo Gärthe, of Cologne. Upon the outside - there are six ribs with ring ornaments at the ends, diverging from a - loop in the centre. - - A bronze mould for socketed celts, ornamented with V-shaped lines, and - found at Gnadenfeld,[1725] in Upper Silesia, is in the Berlin Museum. - - Another bronze mould with an external loop, also for socketed celts, - was found in Gotland,[1726] and is in the Stockholm Museum. - -[Illustration: Fig. 533.—Heathery Burn. ½] - - A magnificent mould for socketed celts was found in the Cotentin[1727] - in 1827. It has broad loops outside either half, with three processes - from it running up and down the mould. - - A bronze mould for spear-heads was exhibited in Paris in 1878. A part - of another was in the Larnaud hoard, and is now in the museum at St. - Germain. - - There were some fragments of bronze moulds in the great Bologna hoard. - -The process of casting bronze instruments in loam, clay, or sand must -have been much the same as that in use at the present day; but it was -very rarely that the mould consisted of more or less than two pieces. -On a great many bronze instruments the joint of the mould is still -visible; and in some of the large hoards, such as those which have been -found in the North of France, we see the castings just as they came -from the moulds, except that the runners have been broken off. For -socketed celts there were usually two runners of metal; for palstaves -sometimes two, and sometimes only one nearly the full width of the -upper part. It is not uncommon to find castings which show that the two -halves of the mould or the flasks have slipped sideways, so that they -were not in proper position when the casting was made. - -I have a palstave from a large hoard found near Tours, in which the -lateral displacement of the mould is as much as a quarter of an inch, -so that there is what geologists might term a “fault” in the casting. -The metal which has been in contact with what was the face of the mould -is smooth, and appears to have been cast against clay. A considerable -variety of patterns was in use by the founder to whom this hoard -belonged, and they appear to have been of metal and not of wood, -some of the palstaves having been apparently cast from tools already -shortened by wear. - -That castings were occasionally made even from tools already mounted in -their handles is proved by the Swiss hatchet, Fig. 185. - -Some portions of moulds formed of burnt clay were found with broken -palstaves, socketed celts, gouges, knives, spear-heads, daggers, -swords, lumps of metal, runners, &c., at Questembert, Brittany, and are -in the museum at Vannes. - -Part of a mould for spear-heads formed of burnt clay was found in the -Lac du Bourget;[1728] but the most interesting discoveries are those -which have been made by Dr. V. Gross at the station of Mœrigen,[1729] -on the Lake of Bienne. He there found a considerable amount of the -plant of an ancient bronze-founder, all of whose moulds, however, -were either in stone or burnt clay, and not formed of metal. The -stone moulds appear to have been principally used for the plainer -articles, such as knives, sickles, pins, &c., while for articles with -irregular surfaces, or requiring cores, clay was preferred. Of clay -moulds Dr. Gross recognises two types: one formed in a single piece, -which could serve but once, and which was broken in extracting the -casting; and the other, which was composed of two or more pieces, and -which could be used over and over again. Of the first kind there were -two examples—one for a socketed chisel and the other for a socketed -knife. The form of the mould for a chisel is nearly cylindrical, with a -funnel-shaped opening at one end, at the bottom of which are two holes -leading into the interior of the mould. The clay between these two -holes forms part of a conical core. Such a mould would give the idea of -its having been formed on a model of wax on the system known as that of -_cire perdue_; but this appears not to have been really the case, for -on examination the mould itself appears to have been originally formed -of two halves, or valves, formed of fine clay, which had been well -burnt, and these when put together had been surrounded by an external -envelope of coarse clay, which held them and the core they enclosed in -their proper position. The core itself seems to have been T-shaped, -the ends of the transverse line being triangular and fitting into -corresponding recesses in the valves of the mould. - -The best-preserved mould of the second kind was one for a socketed -hammer, which was also provided with a core of the same kind. It seems -to me, however, that the distinction drawn by Dr. Gross between the two -classes of moulds does not really exist, as by enveloping such a mould -as that for the hammer in a mass of clay it would be transferred from -the second class to the first. - -Clay moulds for socketed-celts have been found in Hungary.[1730] - -In some Scandinavian examples[1731] of what appear to have been -ceremonial axes there is merely a thin coating of bronze cast over a -clay core, but no such specimens have as yet been found in Britain. -That bronze so thin could have been cast shows wonderful skill in the -founder. - -[Illustration: Fig. 534.—Stogursey. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 535.—Stogursey. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 536.—Stogursey. ½] - -The heads and runners, jets or waste pieces, from the castings -were reserved for being re-melted, and are frequently found in the -bronze-founders’ hoards. They are of course of various sizes, but are -usually conical masses, showing the shape of the cup or funnel into -which the metal was poured, and having one, two, or more processes from -them showing the course of the metal into the mould. - - Figs. 534, 535 and 536, all from the same hoard, found at - Stogursey,[1732] Somersetshire, will give a fair idea of the general - character of these waste pieces, or jets. They are shown with their - flat face downwards, or in the reverse position to what they occupied - when in the molten state, and exhibit one, two, and four runners from - them respectively. No less than fifteen of these objects were found - with this deposit—six with one runner, three with two, and six with - four. - - Jets of metal, for the most part with two runners, were found with - the Westow hoard,[1733] Yorkshire, those of Marden,[1734] Kent; of - Kensington;[1735] and of Hounslow. Those from the two latter deposits - are in the British Museum. - - Another waste piece, 1¾ inch long, with two runners, was found in the - Heathery Burn Cave,[1736] and is shown in Fig. 537. - - A very symmetrical jet, circular, with four irregularly conical - runners proceeding from it, was in the hoard found at Lanant,[1737] - Cornwall, and is now in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries. - - Another oval head (2 inches long), with four runners from it, has much - the appearance of a sword pommel. It was found with socketed celts on - Kenidjack Cliff,[1738] Cornwall. - -[Illustration: Fig. 537. Heathery Burn.] - - A perforated disc, with a collar round the central hole (Fig. 503), - which at one time[1739] I regarded as a waste piece from a casting, - I have now reason to think was prepared for some special purpose, as - at least one object of this class has been found with the runners - removed, and in a finished condition. See page 403. - - The conical lump of metal found with the hoard at Marden,[1740] Kent, - and described as “a very rare species of fibula,” may be the head of - metal from a casting. - - Some conical funnels of burnt clay, found in the Lake-dwellings near - Laibach, have been regarded as having served to receive the metal in - the casting process. - - Runners of the same character as those already described have been - found in different countries, including Denmark[1741] and Sweden.[1742] - -We must now briefly consider the processes to which the castings were -subjected before being finally brought into use. Where the objects had -sockets cast over clay cores, those cores had to be removed, probably -by means of pointed tools, such as that already described under Fig. -220. Where they were solid they seem in most cases to have undergone a -considerable amount of hammering, which both rendered the metal more -compact, and to a certain extent removed the asperities resulting from -the joints in the mould. With edged tools and weapons, whether socketed -or not, the edges especially were drawn down by means of the hammer. - -These hammers, as has already been shown, were occasionally themselves -of bronze, and so also were some of the anvils. It is, however, -probable that in most cases both hammers and anvils were stones, either -natural pebbles and flat slabs, or occasionally wrought into special -shapes. In South Africa at the present day the iron assegais are -wrought with hammers and anvils of stone. Judging from the unfinished -condition of the tools and weapons in some of the old bronze-founders’ -hoards, and from large deposits of socketed celts having been found -with the clay cores still in them, it seems not improbable that the -founders often bartered away their castings nearly in the state in -which they came from the moulds, with only the runners broken off, and -that those who acquired them finished their manufacture themselves. -Possibly a hammering process upon the surface of the socketed -spear-heads and celts would so loosen the cores that they would fall -out or could be extracted with merely a pointed stick. - -[Illustration: Fig. 538.—Kirby Moorside. ½] - -[Illustration: Fig. 539.—Hove. ½] - -After the hammering, the surface of most weapons and of some tools -was further polished, probably by friction with sand, or with a -rubbing-stone of grit. I have elsewhere described some of the stone -rubbers which appear to have been in use in conjunction with sand, for -the purpose of grinding and polishing the faces of different forms of -perforated stone axes, which in Britain at all events belonged to the -period when bronze was known. It is, therefore, probable that similar -rubbers were employed for grinding and polishing the faces of bronze -weapons; and the rubber shown in Fig. 538 appears to have been destined -for this purpose. It was found with several socketed celts at Keldholm, -near Kirby Moorside, North Riding of Yorkshire, and is now in Canon -Greenwell’s collection. The material seems to be trap. - -No doubt many other such rubbing-stones must exist, and it is possible -that some of those which I have regarded as used for the grinding and -polishing of weapons of stone may have served for those of bronze. -Whetstones of various kinds have from time to time been discovered -in company with bronze instruments. Near Little Wenlock,[1743] -Shropshire, some spear-heads, a socketed celt, and part of a dagger -were found in 1835, and with them are recorded to have been three or -four small whetstones. In the Dowris hoard[1744] also some rubbers of -stone with convex, concave, and flat surfaces were present. In my -“Ancient Stone Implements”[1745] I have given an account of a number -of whetstones found at various places in company with bronze relics, -not unfrequently with interments in barrows, and I need not here repeat -the details. I reproduce, however, in Fig. 539 a whetstone found in a -barrow at Hove, near Brighton,[1746] with the remains of a skeleton, a -stone axe-head, an amber cup, and a small bronze dagger. - -Another whetstone, shown in Fig. 540, was found with the hoard in the -Isle of Harty, and no doubt was employed by the ancient bronze-founder -for finishing off the edges of the socketed celts and gouges in which -he dealt. It is made from a sort of ragstone. - -[Illustration: Fig. 540. Harty. ½] - -The decoration of the surfaces of bronze implements by sunk, and in -some cases by raised lines appears to have been effected, not as a -rule by any method of engraving, but by means of punches, as already -described in Chapter III. I have in that chapter accidentally omitted -to mention two decorated bronze celts which have been figured and -described by Mr. Llewellynn Jewitt, F.S.A.[1747] They were both found -at a place called Highlow, in the High Peak of Derbyshire, about -two miles from Hathersage, and are in the possession of the Duke of -Devonshire. There seems some reason to believe[1748] that the celts -were found in a barrow accompanied by burnt bones and pottery. One -of them (6¾ inches) is flat and ornamented with lines of slightly -impressed chevrons running along it. The other (6¼ inches) is flanged -and ornamented with a similar herring-bone pattern, which in this -instance ends in a row of triangles near the edge of the celt. In some -few cases the patterns may have been engraved, and I find on trial -that there is no difficulty in engraving such parallel lines as are -frequently seen on dagger blades by means of a flake of flint. Such an -instrument suffers but little by wear, and by means of a ruler, either -straight or curved, there is no difficulty in engraving lines of the -required character in the bronze, though the lines are hardly so smooth -as if made with a chisel-edged punch. - -Notches which would assist in the breaking off of superfluous pieces -of metal, such as the runners in the moulds, can readily be made with -flint flakes used as saws. - -For smoothing the surface of bronze instruments flint scraping-tools -are not so efficient, as they are liable to “chatter” and to leave an -uneven and scratched surface, much inferior to one produced by friction -with a gritty rubber. - -There remains little more to be said with regard to the manufacture -of the ancient bronze tools and weapons. It may, however, be observed -that the processes of hammering-out and sharpening the edges were -employed not only by those who first made the instruments, but also by -the subsequent possessors. Many tools, such for instance as palstaves, -like Fig. 65, were no doubt originally much longer in the blade than -they are at present, and have in the course of use either been broken -and again drawn down and sharpened, or have been actually worn away and -“stumped up” by constant repetition of these processes. The recurved -ends of the lunate cutting edges of many such instruments are also due -to repeated hammering-out. In some instances the broken part of one -instrument has been converted into another form—as, for example, a -fragment of a broken sword into a knife or dagger, or a palstave that -has lost its cutting end, into a hammer. - - - - -CHAPTER XXII. - -CHRONOLOGY AND ORIGIN OF BRONZE. - - -HAVING now passed in review the various forms of instruments, arms, and -ornaments belonging to the Bronze Period of Great Britain, it will be -well to attempt some chronological arrangement of the different types, -and to examine the means at our command for fixing the approximate -date and duration of the Period as well as the sources from which the -knowledge of bronze in this country was derived. - -The sequence and extent of variation in the types of an instrument or -weapon destined to serve some given purpose are of course important -factors in any theoretical calculation of the length of time such an -instrument was in use. For if the type has remained one and the same -during the whole period of the use of the instrument, it affords no -evidence as to the length of its duration; whereas, if it has varied, -and the sequence of its variations can be traced, their nature and -extent may afford some means of judging of the length of time probably -necessary for the development of the succession of forms. Or where -an instrument has been so well adapted for its particular ends that -no material modification in its form was likely to take place in -it, so long as its use was limited to its original purpose, yet the -springing from it of what may be termed collateral types of instruments -specialized for other though analogous purposes may also be indicative -of the original form having remained in use during a lengthened period -of time. - -The extremely numerous variations which may be observed in socketed -celts afford conclusive evidence of that instrument having been -employed in this country during a long series of years; and the -collateral varieties, such as socketed chisels and gouges, as well -as the more distantly related socketed hammers, give corroborative -testimony to the same effect. - -Improvements in the method of working metals will often react on the -forms of tools and weapons, but here again the chronological element -exists, as old processes and old forms are slow to die, especially -among a people of no very high material civilisation. The discovery, -for instance, of the art of producing hollow sockets in bronze castings -by the use of cores of loam or clay, though it materially modified the -form of many instruments, did not cause the entire extinction of the -older forms without sockets, the use of which in some cases went on -side by side with that of the instruments of more novel invention; and -this fact tends to prove that bronze must have long been in use for -tools with tangs instead of sockets, before the process of coring was -known. Indeed, as I have elsewhere[1749] pointed out, the Bronze Period -of Britain is susceptible of division into an earlier and later stage, -the former mainly characterized by instruments which were let into -their hafts or handles, and the latter by those which received their -handles in sockets. As will subsequently be seen, it may be divided -even into three more or less distinct stages. - -A division into two stages has been suggested for the Scandinavian -Bronze Age. M. Gabriel de Mortillet has in like manner divided the -Bronze Period of France and Switzerland into an earlier and later -stage—the one distinguished by flanged celts, which came into use at -the close of the Stone Period (his Epoque _robenhausienne_), and the -other by palstaves and socketed celts, which he regards as belonging -to the close of the Bronze Period. To these two stages he has applied -the terms _morgien_ and _larnaudien_, derived from the Lake-dwelling -of Morges, in the Lake of Geneva, and from the large founder’s hoard -discovered at Larnaud (Jura). Curiously enough he regards the flat -celts as being even more recent in date than the socketed, forgetful -that the form with flanges at the sides can hardly by any possibility -have been an original type, as such flanges must either have been -produced by hammering the sides of flat celts, or must have been cast -in a mould consisting of two halves, which certainly cannot have been -so early a form of mould as a simple recess in stone, sand, or clay, -adapted for casting a nearly flat plate of metal like a wedge-shaped -celt. - -Such flat celts, as has already been mentioned, have been found with -interments in barrows associated with what were apparently lance-heads -of flint, and maces and battle-axes of stone; and their nearest allies, -those with but slight flanges—the result of hammering the sides—have -also been found under similar circumstances. - -The knife-daggers, as described in Chapter X., and the awls or -prickers, are the only other bronze instruments which in this country -can challenge a similar antiquity; and none of these, as a rule, are -found in those deposits of bronze objects to which the name of “hoards” -has been given. - -As M. Gabriel de Mortillet and others have pointed out, these hoards -are of more than one character. In certain cases they seem to have been -the treasured property of some individual who would appear to have -buried his valued tools or weapons during troublous times, and never -to have been able to disinter them. In other cases the hoards were -probably the property of a trader, as they consist of objects ready for -use and in considerable numbers; and in others, again, they appear to -have been the stock-in-trade of some bronze-founder of ancient times, -as they comprise worn out and broken tools and weapons, lumps of rough -metal, and even the moulds in which the accumulation of bronze was -destined to be recast. - -Mr. Worsaae has suggested that some of these hoards may be of a votive -character and have been deposited in the ground as precious offerings -to the gods. I am not, however, aware of any of our British hoards -being of such a character that they can safely be regarded as votive. - -As to the other three kinds of hoards, the small group from -Wallingford[1750] (No. 60 in the following table), consisting of a -socketed celt, gouge, and knife, and a tanged chisel and razor, may be -taken as a good instance of a private deposit. That of Stibbard[1751] -(No. 8), consisting of seventy palstaves and ten spear-heads, some of -them rough from the mould, would appear to have belonged to a merchant; -and the Harty hoard (No. 105), described in the last chapter, affords a -typical example of the stock-in-trade of a bronze-founder. - -In some other cases, deposits, especially when consisting exclusively -of ornaments, may possibly be of a sepulchral character. - -The value of the evidence afforded by hoards, especially by those -of the first and second kinds lately mentioned, is great and -unquestionable in determining the synchronism of various forms of -instruments—as, for instance, of plain and looped palstaves with -socketed celts. In the case of the bronze-founders’ hoards of old -metal, it is of course possible that the fragments contained may belong -to various periods. Nevertheless the objects, as a rule, appear to be -such as were in use at the time, and which, being worn out or broken, -were collected by the bronze-founder for the purpose of re-melting. In -order to make them at once more portable and more ready for placing in -the crucible, he generally broke the larger and longer articles into -fragments, broken spear-heads, swords, &c., being frequently present -in the hoards, as well as the jets or waste pieces of metal broken off -from castings. In some instances fragments of various instruments have -been inserted in the sockets of others, so as to diminish the space -occupied by the whole. - -As will subsequently be seen, by far the greater number of the -undoubted bronze-founders’ hoards belong to a time when socketed -celts were already in use, and therefore to the close rather than the -beginning of our Bronze Period. - -M. Ernest Chantre has divided the principal hoards of the Bronze Age -discovered in France into three principal categories, to which he has -applied the terms “_Trésors_,” “_Fonderies_,” and “_Stations_.” The -first, as a rule, comprise articles which have never been in use, -and are, in fact, of the same character as the hoards which I have -classed under the head of “Personal” or “Merchants.” The principal -_trésors_, those of Réallon, Ribiers, Beaurières, Manson, Frouard, -are characterized by the presence of socketed instruments; and in two -instances—those of La Ferté-Hauterive, and Vaudrevanges, Rhenish -Prussia—either an ingot or a mould of metal was present. I should, -therefore, have classed these two among the “_fonderies_.” - -M. Chantre has, however, in the main, restricted this term to hoards -consisting principally of broken objects, and of these _fonderies_ -he has examined some fifty in France. In the southern part of that -country these hoards are by no means so constantly characterized by -the presence of socketed celts and other socketed instruments as in -Britain. In the north of France, however, the socketed forms are more -frequent in the hoards. - -The _stations_ are considered to represent habitations of the Bronze -Age of the same character as the Lake-dwellings, but fixed on _terra -firma_ instead of on piles or artificial islands. Some of the hoards -placed under this head appear from the presence of moulds and lumps of -metal to be those of founders. - -Hoards of broken objects of bronze have been found in other parts -of Europe, but it seems needless to do more than mention the fact. -I may, however, refer to the hoards of Camenz and Grossenhain, in -Saxony,[1752] of which I gave an account to the Society of Antiquaries -some fifteen years ago. - -In the following lists I have divided the principal hoards discovered -in the United Kingdom into two main categories, the one, in which -socketed celts, gouges, or other tools were absent; the other, -in which they were present in greater or less abundance. This is -perhaps the simplest method of arriving at what may be regarded as a -fairly trustworthy chronological division. Some of the results of an -examination of the lists will subsequently be discussed. In the first -list I have given the precedence to those hoards in which flat or -flanged celts were present. Second, I have placed those in which there -were palstaves. Third, those in which ornaments were found; and last, -those mainly characterized by swords and spear-heads, or spear-heads -and ferrules, but in which both palstaves and socketed celts were -absent. - -In the second list I have placed at the head the hoards in which -socketed celts, sometimes accompanied by palstaves, were found -associated with swords or spears, while mere tools, such as gouges and -hammers, were absent. Next come a few cases in which socketed celts -occurred either in company with ornaments or alone. Then follow the -hoards in which chisels, gouges, or hammers were found, but no lumps of -metal were present. After these are placed the bronze-founders’ hoards, -in which lumps of metal and the jets or waste pieces from castings were -found, including one or two Scotch and Irish hoards; and, finally, -those in which moulds were present. - -In each case I have attempted to distinguish whether a hoard was -personal or belonged to a merchant or founder, by adding the letters -P, M, or F. Where two of these letters occur, the hoard seems to come -under either category. It is possible that some of those characterized -by a P may be sepulchral. - -Appended to the tabulated lists is a more detailed account, mentioning -some of the principal features in each case, and giving references to -the works in which the discoveries are recorded. Of course this is to a -great extent a repetition of what has been recorded in previous pages. -It must be observed that the numbers given in the lists do not always -refer to entire objects but frequently to fragments only. Where the -numbers are unknown the presence of the objects is shown by an _x_. - - ─—────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── - LIST I. - │FLANGED CTS. - │ │PALSTAVES - │ │ │SOCK. CELTS - │ │ │ │CHISELS - │ │ │ │ │GOUGES - │ │ │ │ │ │AWLS - │ │ │ │ │ │ │HAMMERS - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │SICKLES - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │KNIVES - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - ────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤ - 1.Arreton Down P.M. │ 4│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 2.Plymstock P.M. │ 16│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 3.Battlefield M. │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 4.Postlingford Hall M. │ 19│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 5.Rhosnesney M.F. │ 3│ 6│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 6.Broxton P. │ — │ 2│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 7.Sherford M. │ — │ 6│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 8.Stibbard M. │ — │ 70│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 9.Quantock Hills P. │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 10.Hollingbury Hill P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 11.Edington Burtle P.M. │ — │ 4│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ - 12.Woolmer Forest P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 13.West Buckland P. │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 14.Blackmoor M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 15.Fulbourn Common P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 16.Pant-y-maen M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 17.Wicken Fen F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 18.Corsbie Moss P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 19.Weymouth P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 20.Whittingham P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 21.Worth P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 22.Stoke Ferry M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 23.Brechin M.P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 24.Duddingston Loch M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 25.Point of Sleat P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 26.River Wandle P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 27.Tarves P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 28.Maentwrog P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 29.Bloody Pool M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 30.Broadward M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - │ FC│ P│ SC│ Ch│ G│ A│ H│ S│ K│ - - ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── - - │RAZORS - │ │HALBERDS - │ │ │DAGGERS - │ │ │ │RAPIERS - │ │ │ │ │SWORDS - │ │ │ │ │ SCABBARDS - │ │ │ │ │ │ │TANGED SP. - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │SPEAR-HEADS - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │FERRULES - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - ───────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤ - 1.Arreton Down P.M. │ — │ 1│ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 9│ — │ 1│ - 2.Plymstock P.M. │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ - 3.Battlefield M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 4.Postlingford Hall M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 5.Rhosnesney M.F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 6.Broxton P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ - 7.Sherford M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ - 8.Stibbard M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 10│ — │ - 9.Quantock Hills P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 10.Hollingbury Hill P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 11.Edington Burtle P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 12.Woolmer Forest P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - - - │TRUMPETS - │ │PINS - │ │ │TORQUES - │ │ │ │BRACELETS - │ │ │ │ │BUTTONS - │ │ │ │ │ │CLASPS - │ │ │ │ │ │ │RINGS - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │CALDRONS - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - ────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤ - 1.Arreton Down P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 2.Plymstock P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 3.Battlefield M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 4.Postlingford Hall M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 5.Rhosnesney M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 6.Broxton P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 7.Sherford M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 8.Stibbard M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 9.Quantock Hills P. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 10.Hollingbury Hill P. │ — │ — │ 1│ 4│ — │ — │ 3│ — │ - 11.Edington Burtle P.M. │ — │ — │ 1│ 3│ — │ — │ 6│ — │ - 12.Woolmer Forest P. │ — │ — │ 2│ 4│ — │ — │ 2│ — │ - 13.West Buckland P. │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 14.Blackmoor M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ - 15.Fulbourn Common P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 16.Pant-y-maen M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ - 17.Wicken Fen F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 18.Corsbie Moss P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 19.Weymouth P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 20.Whittingham P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 21.Worth P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 22.Stoke Ferry M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 23.Brechin M.P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 24.Duddingston Loch M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ - 25.Point of Sleat P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 26.River Wandle P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 27.Tarves P. │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 28.Maentwrog P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 29.Bloody Pool M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 30.Broadward M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ - │ Tr│ P│ T│ Br│ Bu│ Cl│ R│ C│ - - │MISCELLAN. - │ │MOULDS - │ │ │JETS - │ │ │ │METAL - │ │ │ │ │ - ────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┤ - 1.Arreton Down P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 2.Plymstock P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 3.Battlefield M. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ - 4.Postlingford Hall M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 5.Rhosnesney M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 6.Broxton P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 7.Sherford M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 8.Stibbard M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 9.Quantock Hills P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 10.Hollingbury Hill P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 11.Edington Burtle P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 12.Woolmer Forest P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 13.West Buckland P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 14.Blackmoor M.F. │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ - 15.Fulbourn Common P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 16.Pant-y-maen M.F. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ - 17.Wicken Fen F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 18.Corsbie Moss P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 19.Weymouth P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 20.Whittingham P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 21.Worth P. │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ - 22.Stoke Ferry M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 23.Brechin M.P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 24.Duddingston Loch M. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ - 25.Point of Sleat P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 26.River Wandle P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 27.Tarves P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 28.Maentwrog P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 29.Bloody Pool M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 30.Broadward M. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ - │ Mi│ Mo│ J│ M│ - -LIST II. - - - │FLANGED CTS. - │ │PALSTAVES - │ │ │SOCK. CELTS - │ │ │ │CHISELS - │ │ │ │ │GOUGES - │ │ │ │ │ │AWLS - │ │ │ │ │ │ │HAMMERS - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │SICKLES - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │KNIVES - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - ────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤ - 31. Mawgan P.M. │ — │ 1│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 32. Wallington M. │ — │ 8│ 7│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 33. Nottingham M.F. │ — │ 1│ 16│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ - 34. Nettleham M. │ — │ 4│ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 35. Haxey ? │ — │ 1│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 36. Ambleside P.M. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 37. Bilton M.F. │ — │ — │ 6│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 38. Alnwick Castle M.? │ — │ — │ 41│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 39. Flixborough M.F. │ — │ — │ 7│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 40. Shenstone P.M. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 41. Wrekin Tenement F.M. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 42. Llandysilio P.M. │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ - 43. Dunbar P. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 44. Little Wenlock M.F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 45. Winmarleigh P.? │ — │ — │ 5│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 46. Newark M. │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 47. Hagbourn Hill M.P. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 48. Ty Mawr P. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 49. Wedmore P. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 50. Wymington M. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 51. Reepham M. │ — │ — │ 31│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 52. Yattendon F. │ 1│ 3│ 2│ 3│ 6│ — │ — │ — │ 5│ - 53. Taunton M.? │ — │ 12│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 2│ — │ - 54. Beacon Hill P.? │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 55. Ebnall M.? │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 56. Exning M.? │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ - 57. Melbourn P.? │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ - 58. Stanhope F.? │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ - 59. Thorndon P. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 1│ 1│ 1│ — │ 1│ - 60. Wallingford P. │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ - 61. Whittlesea P.M. │ — │ — │ 4│ 2│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ - 62. Barrington P. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 63. Porkington P. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 64. Trillick P. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ - 65. Bo Island P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ - 66. Llangwyllog P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 67. Meldreth F. │ — │ 2│ 25│ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ - 68. Hounslow F. │ 1│_x_│_x_│ — │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ - 69. Hundred of Hoo F. │ — │ 4│ 16│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ - 70. Guilsfield F. │ — │_x_│_x_│ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 71. Stogursey F. │ — │ 2│_x_│ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 2│ - 72. Chrishall F.M. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ - 73. Romford F. │ — │_x_│_x_│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 74. Cumberlow F. │ — │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 75. Beachy Head F. │ — │ 3│ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 76. Oxford F.? │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ - 77. Westow F. │ — │ 1│ 47│ 3│ 6│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ - 78. Carlton Rode F.M. │ — │_x_│_x_│_x_│ 4│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 79. Kenidjack Cliff F. │ — │ 1│ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 80. Helsdon Hall F. │ — │ 1│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 81. Worthing F. │ — │ 29│ 12│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 82. Reach Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ 11│ 2│ 3│ — │ 1│ — │ 5│ - 83. Haynes Hill F. │ — │ — │ 21│ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 84. Allhallows F. │ — │ — │ 9│ 1│ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ - 85. St. Hilary F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ - 86. Alderney F.M. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│_x_│ - 87. Kingston Hill F. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 88. Sittingbourne F. │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 89. Martlesham F. │ — │ — │ 17│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ - 90. Lanant F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 91. West Halton F. │ — │ — │ 17│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 92. Burwell Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 93. Marden F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ - 94. Kensington F. │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 2│ - 95. Roseberry Topping F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │_x_│ — │_x_│ — │ — │ - 96. Danesbury F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 97. Earsley Common F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 98. High Roding F.M. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 99. Panfield F.? │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 100. Westwick Row F. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 101. Achtertyre P. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 102. Dowris M.F. │ — │ — │ 31│ — │ 3│ — │_x_│ — │_x_│ - 103. Hotham Carr F.? │ — │ 7│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 104. Beddington F. │ — │ — │ 6│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 105. Harty F. │ — │ — │ 14│ — │ 2│ — │ 2│ — │ 2│ - 106. Heathery Burn F. │ — │ — │_x_│ 2│ 3│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 107. Wickham Park F. │ — │ 1│ 6│ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ - 108. Wilmington F. │ — │ 13│ 17│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ - 109. Cleveland F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 110. Eaton F. │ — │ — │ 11│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - │ FC│ P │ SC│ Ch│ G│ A│ H│ S│ K│ - - │RAZORS - │ │HALBERDS - │ │ │DAGGERS - │ │ │ │RAPIERS - │ │ │ │ │SWORDS - │ │ │ │ │ SCABBARDS - │ │ │ │ │ │ │TANGED SP. - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │SPEAR-HEADS - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │FERRULES - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - ────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤ - 31. Mawgan P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 32. Wallington M. │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 4│ 1│ - 33. Nottingham M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ — │ — │ 4│ 1│ - 34. Nettleham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ 1│ - 35. Haxey ? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 36. Ambleside P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 2│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ - 37. Bilton M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ 7│ — │ - 38. Alnwick Castle M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 20│ — │ — │ 16│ — │ - 39. Flixborough M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 2│ — │ - 40. Shenstone P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 72│ — │ — │_x_│ — │ - 41. Wrekin Tenement F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ — │ - 42. Llandysilio P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ - 43. Dunbar P. │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 44. Little Wenlock M.F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ - 45. Winmarleigh P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ - 46. Newark M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ — │ - 47. Hagbourn Hill M.P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ - 48. Ty Mawr P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ - 49. Wedmore P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 50. Wymington M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 51. Reepham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 52. Yattendon F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 4│ 1│ — │ 28│ — │ - 53. Taunton M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ - 54. Beacon Hill P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ - 55. Ebnall M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ - 56. Exning M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ - 57. Melbourn P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ - 58. Stanhope F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 5│ 1│ - 59. Thorndon P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ - 60. Wallingford P. │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 61. Whittlesea P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ - 62. Barrington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 63. Porkington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 64. Trillick P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 65. Bo Island P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 4│ — │ - 66. Llangwyllog P. │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 67. Meldreth F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 9│ — │ — │ 3│ — │ - 68. Hounslow F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ — │ - 69. Hundred of Hoo F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 2│ — │ - 70. Guilsfield F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ 16│ — │ 7│ 12│ - 71. Stogursey F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 1│ — │ 13│ — │ - 72. Chrishall F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ - 73. Romford F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ - 74. Cumberlow F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 75. Beachy Head F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 76. Oxford F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ - 77. Westow F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 78. Carlton Rode F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 79. Kenidjack Cliff F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 80. Helsdon Hall F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 81. Worthing F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 82. Reach Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ 1│ — │ 7│ — │ - 83. Haynes Hill F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │_x_│ 1│ — │ 8│ — │ - 84. Allhallows F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ - 85. St. Hilary F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ — │ - 86. Alderney F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ — │ - 87. Kingston Hill F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ - 88. Sittingbourne F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 89. Martlesham F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 90. Lanant F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 91. West Halton F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 92. Burwell Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ - 93. Marden F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 94. Kensington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 95. Roseberry Topping F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 96. Danesbury F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 97. Earsley Common F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 98. High Roding F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 99. Panfield F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 100. Westwick Row F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 101. Achtertyre P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ - 102. Dowris M.F. │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ 27│ — │ - 103. Hotham Carr F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 104. Beddington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 2│ 1│ - 105. Harty F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 106. Heathery Burn F. │ 3│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ — │ 8│ - 107. Wickham Park F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ - 108. Wilmington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 109. Cleveland F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 110. Eaton F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ - │ R│ H│ D│ R│ S│ Sc│ TS│ Sp│ F│ - - │TRUMPETS - │ │PINS - │ │ │TORQUES - │ │ │ │BRACELETS - │ │ │ │ │BUTTONS - │ │ │ │ │ │CLASPS - │ │ │ │ │ │ │RINGS - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │CALDRONS - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - ────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤ - 31. Mawgan P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 32. Wallington M. │ — │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 33. Nottingham M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 34. Nettleham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 35. Haxey ? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 36. Ambleside P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 37. Bilton M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 38. Alnwick Castle M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 39. Flixborough M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 40. Shenstone P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 41. Wrekin Tenement F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 42. Llandysilio P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 43. Dunbar P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 44. Little Wenlock M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 45. Winmarleigh P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 46. Newark M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 47. Hagbourn Hill M.P. │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 48. Ty Mawr P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ - 49. Wedmore P. │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 50. Wymington M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 51. Reepham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 52. Yattendon F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 53. Taunton M.? │ — │ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ - 54. Beacon Hill P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 55. Ebnall M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 56. Exning M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 57. Melbourn P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ — │ - 58. Stanhope F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 59. Thorndon P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 60. Wallingford P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 61. Whittlesea P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 62. Barrington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 63. Porkington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 64. Trillick P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 8│ — │ - 65. Bo Island P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 66. Llangwyllog P. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 2│ — │_x_│ — │ - 67. Meldreth F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ - 68. Hounslow F. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 69. Hundred of Hoo F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 70. Guilsfield F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 71. Stogursey F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 72. Chrishall F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 73. Romford F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 74. Cumberlow F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 75. Beachy Head F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 76. Oxford F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 77. Westow F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ - 78. Carlton Rode F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 79. Kenidjack Cliff F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 80. Helsdon Hall F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 81. Worthing F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 82. Reach Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ 2│_x_│ — │ - 83. Haynes Hill F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ - 84. Allhallows F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 85. St. Hilary F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 86. Alderney F.M. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 87. Kingston Hill F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 88. Sittingbourne F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ — │ - 89. Martlesham F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 90. Lanant F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 91. West Halton F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 92. Burwell Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ - 93. Marden F. │ — │ 4│ — │ 2│ — │ — │ 6│ — │ - 94. Kensington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ - 95. Roseberry Topping F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ - 96. Danesbury F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 97. Earsley Common F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 98. High Roding F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 99. Panfield F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 100. Westwick Row F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 101. Achtertyre P. │ — │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 102. Dowris M.F. │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ - 103. Hotham Carr F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 104. Beddington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 105. Harty F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 106. Heathery Burn F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 4│ 2│ — │_x_│ - 107. Wickham Park F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 108. Wilmington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 109. Cleveland F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 110. Eaton F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - │ Tr│ P│ T│ Br│ Bu│ Cl│ R│ C│ - - │MISCELLAN. - │ │MOULDS - │ │ │JETS - │ │ │ │METAL - │ │ │ │ │ - ────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┤ - 31. Mawgan P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 32. Wallington M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 33. Nottingham M.F. │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ - 34. Nettleham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 35. Haxey ? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 36. Ambleside P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 37. Bilton M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 38. Alnwick Castle M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 39. Flixborough M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 40. Shenstone P.M. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ - 41. Wrekin Tenement F.M. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ - 42. Llandysilio P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 43. Dunbar P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 44. Little Wenlock M.F. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ - 45. Winmarleigh P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 46. Newark M. │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ - 47. Hagbourn Hill M.P. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ - 48. Ty Mawr P. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ - 49. Wedmore P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 50. Wymington M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 51. Reepham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 52. Yattendon F. │ 5│ — │ — │ — │ - 53. Taunton M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 54. Beacon Hill P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 55. Ebnall M.? │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ - 56. Exning M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 57. Melbourn P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 58. Stanhope F.? │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ - 59. Thorndon P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 60. Wallingford P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 61. Whittlesea P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 62. Barrington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 63. Porkington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 64. Trillick P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 65. Bo Island P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ - 66. Llangwyllog P. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ - 67. Meldreth F. │ 1│ — │ — │ 15│ - 68. Hounslow F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ - 69. Hundred of Hoo F. │ 2│ — │ — │ 10│ - 70. Guilsfield F. │_x_│ — │ — │ 1│ - 71. Stogursey F. │ — │ — │ 15│_x_│ - 72. Chrishall F.M. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ - 73. Romford F. │ — │ — │_x_│_x_│ - 74. Cumberlow F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ - 75. Beachy Head F. │ — │ — │ — │ 3│ - 76. Oxford F.? │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ - 77. Westow F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ - 78. Carlton Rode F.M. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ - 79. Kenidjack Cliff F. │ — │ — │ 1│_x_│ - 80. Helsdon Hall F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ - 81. Worthing F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ - 82. Reach Fen F.M. │ 3│ — │ — │ 1│ - 83. Haynes Hill F. │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ - 84. Allhallows F. │ — │ — │ — │ 9│ - 85. St. Hilary F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ - 86. Alderney F.M. │ — │ — │_x_│_x_│ - 87. Kingston Hill F. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ - 88. Sittingbourne F. │ — │ — │ — │ 30│ - 89. Martlesham F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ - 90. Lanant F. │ — │ — │ 1│_x_│ - 91. West Halton F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ - 92. Burwell Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ - 93. Marden F. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ - 94. Kensington F. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ - 95. Roseberry Topping F. │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ - 96. Danesbury F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ - 97. Earsley Common F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ - 98. High Roding F.M. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ - 99. Panfield F.? │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ - 100. Westwick Row F. │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ - 101. Achtertyre P. │ — │ — │ — │ 4│ - 102. Dowris M.F. │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ - 103. Hotham Carr F.? │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ - 104. Beddington F. │ — │ 1│ — │ 3│ - 105. Harty F. │ 6│ 3½│ — │ 2│ - 106. Heathery Burn F. │_x_│ 1│ 1│ 1│ - 107. Wickham Park F. │ — │ 1│ 1│_x_│ - 108. Wilmington F. │ — │ 1│ — │_x_│ - 109. Cleveland F. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ - 110. Eaton F. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ - │ Mi│ Mo│ J│ M│ - - -LISTS OF HOARDS. - -LIST I. - - Locality. │ Remarks. │ Reference. - │ │ - 1. Arreton Down, │Flanged celts, some │_Arch._, vol. - Isle of Wight. │ ornamented, tanged │ xxxvi. p. 326. - │ spear-heads, ferrule│ - │ to one, halberd? │ - │ one socketed dagger.│ - │ │ - 2. Plymstock, Devon. │Flanged celts, │_Arch. Journ._, - │ straight chisel. │ vol. xxvi. p. 346; - │ │ _Trans. Devon. - │ │ Assoc._, vol. iv. - │ │ p. 304. - │ │ - 3. Battlefield, │Mostly melted. Flat │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, - Shrewsbury. │ celts, palstaves, │ 2nd S., vol. ii. - │ curved objects. │ p.251. - │ │ - 4. Postlingford Hall,│Flanged celts, some │_Arch._, vol. xxxi. - Clare, Suffolk. │ ornamented. │ p. 496; - │ │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, - │ │ vol. i. p. 83. - │ │ - 5. Rhosnesney, │Palstaves, all from │_Arch. Camb._, 4th S., - Wrexham, │ one mould; castings │ vol. vi. p. 72. - Denbigshire. │ for a dagger and │ - │ for flanged celts │ - │ of narrow form. │ - │ │ - 6. Broxton, Cheshire.│Tanged chisel; │_Penes_ Sir P. de M. G. - │ socketed spear-head.│ Egerton, F.R.S. - │ │ - 7. Sherford, Taunton,│One palstave, a │Pring, “British and - Somerset. │ defective casting. │ Roman Taunton,” - │ │ p. 76. - │ │ - 8. Stibbard, near │Castings for small │_Arch. Inst._, - Fakenham, │ palstaves and │ Norwich vol. p. xxvi. - Norfolk. │ spear-heads. │ - │ │ - 9. Quantock Hills, │Each palstave laid │_Arch._, vol. xiv. - Somerset. │ within a torque. │ p. 94. - │ │ - 10. Hollingbury Hill,│Palstave laid within a│_Arch. Journ._, vol. - Brighton, Sussex.│ torque, bracelets │ v. p. 323; _Arch._, - │ around. │ vol. xxix. p. 372, &c. - │ │ - 11. Edington Burtle, │One casting for a flat│_Som. Arch. and Nat. - Somerset. │ sickle; ribbed │ Hist. Proc._, vol. v. - │ bracelet and ring. │ (1854) pt. ii. p. 91. - │ │ - 12. Woolmer Forest, │There appears some │_Arch. Assoc. Journ._, - Hants. │ doubt about the │ vol. vi. p. 88; - │ small torques. │ Bateman’s Catal., p. - │ │ 22. - │ │ - 13. West Buckland, │Two-looped palstave. │_Arch. Journ._, vol. - Somerset. │ │ xxxvii. p. 107. - │ │ - 14. Blackmoor, Hants. │Fragments of swords │White’s “Selborne,” - │ and sheaths, large │ Bell’s ed., 1877, - │ and small │ vol. ii. p. 381. - │ spear-heads │ - │ │ - 15. Fulbourn Common, │Swords broken, │_Arch._, vol. xix. - Cambs. │ leaf-shaped │ p. 56. - │ spear-heads, │ - │ broad-ended │ - │ ferrules. │ - │ │ - 16. Pant-y-maen, │Swords and leaf-shaped│_Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., - Cardiganshire. │ spear-heads, broken │ vol. x. p. 221. - │ or damaged. │ - │ │ - 17. Wicken Fen, Cambs.│Nearly all │In British Museum. - │ fragmentary; │ - │ fragments perhaps of│ - │ two swords. │ - │ │ - 18. Corsbie Moss, │Sword perfect. │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, - Legerwood, │ │ vol. iii. p. 121. - Berwickshire. │ │ - │ │ - 19. Weymouth, Dorset. │Both sword and │_Penes Auct._ - │ spear-head nearly │ - │ perfect. │ - │ │ - 20. Thrunton Farm, │Spear-heads, │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, - Whittingham, │ leaf-shaped, and │ 2nd S., vol. v. - Northumberland.│ with lunate │ p. 429. - │ openings; all. │ - │ objects unbroken │ - │ │ - 21. Worth, Washfield, │Sword and leaf-shaped │_Arch. Journ._, vol. - Devon. │ spear-heads, │ xxiv. p. 120. - │ perfect. │ - │ │ - 22. Stoke Ferry, │Swords and │_Aenes Auct._; - Norfolk. │ leaf-shaped │ _Proc. Soc. Ant._, - │ spear-heads broken, │ 2nd S., vol. v. - │ halberd. │ p.425. - │ │ - 23. Brechin, │Swords, &c., │_Arch. Journ._, - Forfarshire. │ unbroken. │ vol. xiii. p. 203; - │ │ _Proc. Soc. Ant. - │ │ Scot._, vol. i. pp. - │ │ 181 and 224. - │ │ - 24. Duddingston Loch, │Swords, spear-heads, │_Proc. Soc. Ant.. - Edinburgh. │ &c., in fragments; │ Scot._, vol. i p. 132; - │ caldron. │ Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of - │ │ Scot.,” vol. i. - │ │ p. 348. - │ │ - 25. Point of Sleat, │Sword, spear-head, │_Proc. Soc. Ant. - Isle of Skye. │ and pin, perfect. │ Scot._, vol. iii. - │ │ p. 102. - │ │ - 26. River Wandle, │All objects nearly │_Arch. Journ._, - Surrey. │ perfect. │ vol. ix. p. 7. - │ │ - 27. Tarves, │Objects mostly │_Horæ ferales_, p. 161. - Aberdeenshire. │ perfect. │ p. 365. - │ │ - 28. Cwm Moch, │Objects unbroken; │_Arch._, vol. xvi. - Maentwrog, │ loops at base of │ - Merionethshire. │ blade of spear-head.│ - │ │ - 29. Bloody Pool, South│Spear-heads mostly │_Arch. Journ._, vol. - Brent, Devon. │ barbed; all objects │ xii. p.84; xviii. - │ broken. │ p. 160. - │ │ - 30. Broadward, │Spear-heads, │_Arch. Camb._, - Leintwardine, │ leaf-shaped, with │ 4th S., vol. iii. - Herefordshire. │ perforations in │ p. 345; iv. 202. - │ blade, and barbed. │ - - LIST II. - - │ │ - 31. Mawgan, Cornwall. │Rapier in high │_Arch._, vol. xvii., - │ preservation. │ p. 337. - │ │ - 32. Wallington, │ │In Sir C. Trevelyan’s - Northumberland. │ │ Collection. - │ │ - 33. Nottingham. │Fragments of swords, │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, - │ and possibly of │ 2nd S., vol. i. - │ scabbard-tip. │ p. 332. - │ │ - 34. Nettleham, │Socketed celts of │_Arch. Journ._, - Lincolnshire. │ peculiar types. │ vol. xviii.p. 159. - │ │ - 35. Haxey, │ │_Penes_ Canon - Lincolnshire. │ │ Greenwell, F.R.S. - │ │ - 36. Ambleside, │Swords described as │_Arch._, vol. v. p. 115. - Westmoreland. │ broad-swords, and │ - │ sharp-pointed │ - │ swords. │ - │ │ - 37. Bilton, Yorkshire.│Swords broken, one │_Arch. Assoc. Journ._, - │ spear-head │ vol. v. p. 349. - │ ornamented. │ - │ │ - 38. Alnwick Castle, │Found in 1726. │_Arch._, vol. v. p. 113. - Northumberland. │ │ - │ │ - 39. Flixborough, │Sword broken. Possibly│_Arch. Journ._, - Lincolnshire. │ palstaves. │ vol. xxix. p. 194. - │ │ - 40. Greensborough │Swords apparently │_Arch._, vol. xxi. - Farm, Shenstone, │ perfect. │ p. 548. - Staffordshire. │ │ - │ │ - 41. Wrekin Tenement, │One celt, a few │_Arch._, vol. xxvi. - Shrewsbury. │ swords, about 150 │ p. 464. - │ spear-heads and │ - │ fragments. │ - │ │ - 42. Llandysilio, │ See p. 119. │_Penes_ Canon Greenwell, - Denbighshir │ │ F.R.S. - │ │ - 43. Dunbar, │ Uninjured. │_Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, - Haddingtonshire. │ │ vol. x. p. 440. - │ │ - 44. Little Wenlock, │Spear-heads mostly │Hartshorne, “Salop. - Shropshire. │ broken, whetstones │ Ant.,”p. 96; _Arch. - │ with them. Possibly │ Journ._,vol. viii. - │ thesame hoard as │ p. 197. - │ No. 41. │ - │ │ - 45. Winmarleigh, │One spear-head, large,│_Arch. Journ._, - Garstang, │ and with lunate │ vol. xviii. p. 158. - Lancashire. │ openings; all found │ - │ in “a cist or box.” │ - │ │ - 46. Near Newark, │Two large discs in │_Penes_ Canon Greenwell, - Nottinghamshire. │ hoard. │ F.R.S. - │ │ - 47. Hagbourn Hill, │Bridle-bits and late │_Arch._, vol. xvi. - Berks. │ Celtic buckles, said│ p. 348. - │ to have been found; │ - │ coins also? │ - │ │ - 48. Ty Mawr, Holyhead.│Said to have been │_Arch._, vol. xxvi. - │ found ina box. │ p. 483. - │ │ - 49. Heath House, │Amber beads found at │_Arch. Journ._, - Wedmore, Somerset.│ same time; possibly │ vol. vi. p. 81. - │ palstaves and not │ - │ socketed celts. │ - │ │ - 50. Wymington, Beds. │About sixty celts │Specimens _penes Auct._ - │ found. │ - │ │ - 51. Reepham, Norfolk. │ Found about 1747. │_Arch._, vol. v. p. 114. - │ │ - 52. Yattendon, Berks. │Swords in fragments, │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, - │ tanged chisels and │ 2nd S., vol. vii. - │ knives, two socketed│ p. 480. - │ _flat_ celt knives, │ - │ much worn. │ - │ │ - 53. Taunton, Somerset.│Flat sickles, looped │_Arch. Journ._, - │ pin. │ vol. xxxvii. p. 94. - │ │ - 54. Beacon Hill, │Leaf-shaped │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, - Charnwood Forest, │ spear-heads. │ vol. iv. p. 323. - Leicestershire. │ │ - │ │ - 55. Ebnall, Oswestry, │Two punches? │_Arch. Journ._, - Salop. │ │ vol. xxii. p. 167. - │ │ - 56. Exning, Suffolk. │Mostly perfect? │_Arch. Journ._, - │ │ vol. x. p. 3; vol. - │ │ ix., p. 303. - │ │ - 57. Melbourn, Cambs. │Sword broken, a clasp.│_Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. - │ │ p. 294. - │ │ - 58. Stanhope, Durham. │Leaf-shaped spears, │_Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. - │ fragmentof sword, │ p. 13. - │ broken hammer, &c. │ - │ │ - 59. Thorndon, Suffolk.│All entire. │_Arch. Journ._, - │ Most of these are │ vol. x. p. 3. - │ figured on previous │ - │ pages. │ - │ │ - 60. Wallingford, │Entire; mostly here │_Penes Auct._ - Berks. │ figured. │ - │ │ - 61. Whittlesea, │Entire; one celt with │In Wisbech Museum. - Cambridgeshire. │ loop on face. │ - │ │ - 62. Barrington, Cambs.│Perfect. │_Penes Auct._ - │ │ - 63. Porkington, │Point broken off │_Arch. Journ._, vol. - Shropshire. │ sword. │ vii. p. 195. - │ │ - 64. Trillick, Tyrone. │Perfect; two rings │_Journ. Hist. and Arch. - │ with cross │ Assoc. of Irel._, - │ perforations for │ 3rd S., vol. i. - │ the pin. │ p. 164. - │ │ - 65. Bo Island, │Sword and hammer │_Penes Auct._ - Fermanagh. │ broken. │ - │ │ - 66. Llangwyllog, │Connected with the │_Arch. Journ._, - Anglesea. │ other hoards by the │ vol. xxii. p. 74. - │ razor and buttons. │ - │ │ - 67. Meldreth, Cambs. │Most of the objects │In British Museum. - │ broken; │ - │ socketedchisel, │ - │ flat lunate knife │ - │ with opening in │ - │ middle, caldron │ - │ ring. │ - │ │ - 68. Hounslow, │One _flat_ celt, swords│_Proc. Soc. Ant._, - Middlesex. │ in fragments. │ 2nd S., vol. iii. - │ │ p. 90; vol. v. p. 428. - │ │ - 69. Hundred of Hoo, │Most of the objects │_Arch. Cant._, vol. xi. - Kent. │ broken. See p. 95. │ p. 123. - │ │ - 70. Guilsfield, │Objects for the most │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, - Montgomeryshire. │ part broken, │ 2nd S., vol. ii. - │ spear-heads with │ p. 251; _Arch. Camb._, - │ lunate openings. │ 3rd S., vol. x. - │ │ p. 214; _Montg. - │ │ Coll._, vol. iii. - │ │ p. 437. - │ │ - 71. Wick Park, │Swords broken, │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, - Stogursey, │ numerous fragments │ 2nd S., vol. v. - Somerset. │ of other forms. │ p. 427. - │ │ - 72. Chrishall, Essex. │Portion of socketed │Neville’s “Sep. Exp.,” - │ knife. │ p. 3. - │ │ - 73. Romford, Essex. │Swords broken, │_Arch. Journ._, - │ socketed chisel, │ vol. ix. p. 302. - │ celts not trimmed. │ - │ │ - 74. Cumberlow, │Swords in fragments. │_Journ. Anth. Inst._, - Baldock, Herts. │ │ vol. vi. p. 195. - │ │ - 75. Beachy Head, │Fragment of sword, │_Arch._, vol. xvi. - Eastbourne, │ four gold bracelets.│ p. 363. - Sussex. │ │ - │ │ - 76. Burgesses’ Meadow,│An ingot 9¾ inches │In Ashmolean Museum. - Oxford. │ long. │ - │ │ - 77. Westow, Yorkshire.│Seventeen fragments │_Arch. Journ._, vol. - │ included among the │ vi. p. 381; _Arch. - │ celts; one chisel │ Assoc. Journ._, - │ socketed, two │ vol. iii. p. 58. - │ tanged. │ - │ │ - 78. Carlton Rode, │One tanged gouge, │Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” - Norfolk. │ tanged and socketed │ vol. i. 105; _Arch. - │ chisels. │ Journ._, vol. ii. - │ │ 80; _Arch. Assoc. - │ │ Journ._, vol. i. - │ │ p. 51; _Arch._, vol. - │ │ xxxi. p. 494. - │ │ - 79. Kenidjack Cliff, │Large oval jet. │_Journ. Roy. Inst. of - Cornwall. │ │ Corn._, No. xxi. - │ │ - 80. Helsdon Hall, │Found before 1759. │_Arch._, vol. v. p. 116. - Norfolk. │ │ - │ │ - 81. Worthing, Sussex. │Found in an earthern │Specimens _penes Auct._ - │ vessel. │ - │ │ - 82. Reach Fen, Cambs. │Fragments of swords │_Arch. Assoc. Journ._, - │ and many broken │ vol. xxxvi., p. 56. - │ objects. │ - │ │ - 83. Haynes Hill, │Objects nearly all │_Arch. Journ._, - Saltwood, Kent. │ broken. │ vol. xxx. p. 279; - │ │ _Journ. Anth. Inst._, - │ │ vol. iii. p. 230. - │ │ - 84. Allhallows, Hoo, │Objects mostly broken,│_Arch. Cant._, vol. xi. - Kent. │ flat knife. See │ p. 124. - │ p. 214. │ - │ │ - 85. St. Hilary, │Swords in fragments; │_Arch._, vol. xv. - Cornwall. │ weight altogether │ p. 120. - │ about 80 lbs. │ - │ │ - 86. Longy Common, │Socketed sickle, │_Arch. Assoc. Journ._, - Alderney. │ objects mostly │ vol. iii. p. 9. - │ broken. │ - │ │ - 87. Kingston Hill, │Objects all │_Arch. Journ._, - Coombe, Surrey. │ fragmentary. │ vol. xxvi. p. 288. - │ │ - 88. Sittingbourne, │In two urns; broken │Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” - Kent. │ sword and rings in │ vol. i. p. 101; _Arch. - │ one urn, celts, &c.,│ Journ._, vol. ii. - │ in the other. │ p. 81. - │ │ - 89. Martlesham, │Fragments of swords, │_Penes_ Capt. Brooke. - Suffolk. │ socketed knife. │ - │ │ - 90. Lanant, Cornwall. │Fragments of swords; │_Arch._, vol. xv. - │ pieces of │ p. 118. - │ │ - 91. West Halton, │Fragment of sword. │_Arch. Journ._, - Lincolnshire. │ │ vol. x. p. 69. - │ │ - 92. Burwell Fen, │The ring penannular │_Penes Auct._ - Cambs. │ and of triangular │ - │ section. │ - │ │ - 93. Marden, Kent. │Found in an earthen │_Arch. Assoc. Journ._, - │ vessel, mostly │ vol. xiv. p. 257. - │ broken. │ - │ │ - 94. Kensington, │Knives broken. │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, - Middlesex. │ │ 2nd S., vol. iii. - │ │ p. 232. - │ │ - 95. Roseberry Topping,│Mostly broken. │_Arch. Æliana_, - Yorkshire. │ │ vol. ii. p. 213; - │ │ _Arch. Scotica_, - │ │ vol. v. p. 55. - │ │ - 96. Danesbury, Welwyn,│Mostly imperfect. │_Arch. Journ._, - Herts. │ │ vol. x. p. 248. - │ │ - 97. Earsley Common, │Nearly 100 celts found│_Arch._, vol. v. p. 114. - Yorkshire. │ in 1735. │ - │ │ - 98. High Roding, │Some figured in │In British Museum. - Essex. │ previous pages. │ - │ │ - 99. Panfield, Essex. │Possibly other forms │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, - │ found at same time. │ 2nd S., vol. v. - │ │ p. 428. - │ │ - 100. Westwick Row, │One celt broken. │_Penes Auct._ - Hemel Hempsted, │ │ - Herts. │ │ - │ │ - 101. Achtertyre, │With tin. See p. 425. │_Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, - Morayshire. │ │ vol. ix. p. 435. - │ │ - 102. Dowris, │With caldrons, │Wilde, “Catal. Mus. - Parsonstown, │ trumpets, bells, &c.│ R. I. A.,” pp. 360, - King’s County. │ See p. 361. │ 613, 626; _Proc. R. I. - │ │ Ac._, vol. iv. - │ │ pp. 237, 423. - │ │ - 103. Hotham Carr, │Palstaves almost all │_Penes_ Canon Greenwell, - Yorkshire. │ damaged. │ F.R.S. - │ │ - 104. Beddington, │Many fragments, mould │_Surrey Arch. Soc. - Surrey. │ broken. │ Coll._, vol. vi.; - │ │ Anderson’s “Croydon,” - │ │ p. 10. - │ │ - 105. Isle of Harty, │See p. 441. │_Penes Auct._ - Kent. │ │ - │ │ - 106. Heathery Burn │Socketed knife, large │_Arch. Journ._, - Cave, Durham. │ collars and discs. │ vol. xix. p. 358; - │ See p. 119, &c. │ _Proc. Soc. Ant._, - │ │ 2nd S., vol. ii. - │ │ p. 127. - │ │ - 107. Wickham Park, │Mould broken, other │Anderson’s “Croydon,” p. - Croydon, Surrey.│ objects mostly │ 10; British Museum. - │ fragmentary; list │ - │ partly compiled from│ - │ Anderson, and partly│ - │ from originals. │ - │ │ - 108. Wilmington, │In an urn, mostly │_Suss. Arch. Coll._, - Sussex. │ broken or worn. │ vol. xiv. p. 171; - │ │ _Arch. Journ._, vol. - │ │ xx. p. 192; _Proc. - │ │ Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., - │ │ vol. v. p. 423. - │ │ - 109. Cleveland, │Said to be in the │_Arch. Journ._, - Yorkshire. │ Bateman Collection. │ vol. xviii. p. 166. - │ Possibly the same │ - │ hoard as No. 95. │ - │ │ - 110. Eaton, Norfolk. │Spear-heads apparently│_Arch._, vol. xxii. - │ broken. │ p. 424; _Arch. - │ │ Journ._, vol. vi. - │ │ p. 387; _Arch. Inst._, - │ │ Norwich vol. p. xxvi. - -Turning now to the lists, the following observations may be made, -though they must be accepted as liable to revision under the light of -future discoveries:— - -1. That flat celts and knife-daggers, such as have been frequently -found in barrows, rarely occur in hoards, only two instances being -recorded of the occurrence of flat celts. - -2. That flanged celts and palstaves are occasionally found together, -while the latter are frequently associated with socketed celts. - -3. That socketed weapons are of rare occurrence in association with -flanged celts, though a socketed dagger and a ferrule for a tanged -spear-head or dagger were present in the Arreton Down hoard. - -4. That such tanged spear-heads or daggers are never found in company -with socketed celts. - -5. That torques are more frequently associated with palstaves than with -socketed celts, and are mainly confined to our western counties. - -6. That there are several instances of swords and scabbards, and -spear-heads and ferrules being found together without either palstaves -or socketed celts being with them. - -7. That swords, or their fragments, are not found with flanged celts. - -8. That socketed celts are often found with swords and spear-heads, or -with the latter alone. - -9. That socketed celts are often accompanied by gouges, and somewhat -less frequently by hammers and chisels, though even where such tools -occur, spear-heads are generally present. - -10. That caldrons, or the rings belonging to them, have been discovered -with socketed celts, both in England and Ireland. - -11. That where metal moulds are found in hoards they are usually those -for socketed celts. - -12. That where lumps of copper or rough metal occur in hoards, socketed -celts are, as a rule, found with them. - - * * * * * - -The general inferences are much the same as have already been indicated -in former chapters, viz., that two of the earliest forms of bronze -weapons discovered in the British Isles are the flat and the slightly -flanged celts, and the thin knife-daggers. That these are succeeded by -the more distinctly flanged celts, and the tanged spear-heads, with -which probably some of the thick dagger-blades found in barrows are -contemporary. That subsequently the celts with a stop-ridge and the -palstave form came in and remained in use to the close of the Bronze -Period, though to a great extent supplanted by the socketed celt which, -as has already been shown, was probably evolved from one of the forms -of the palstave; and it may here be remarked that flanged celts with -a stop-ridge seem rarely, if ever, to occur in the hoards. That the -socketed chisels, gouges, hammers, and knives are contemporary with -the socketed celts, as are also socketed spear-heads and swords. That -hoards in which palstaves only, and not socketed celts, are present -rarely belonged to ancient bronze-founders; but that the deposits which -these artificers have left behind them almost all denote a period when -the art of coring, and thereby producing socketed tools and weapons, -was already well known. - -From this latter circumstance, and the comparative abundance of -bronze-founders’ hoards, it may reasonably be inferred that in this -country they belong for the most part to the close of the Bronze -Period. To how recent a date bronze remained in use for cutting -purposes is a question difficult of accurate solution. There are, -indeed, two instances in which socketed celts are reported to have been -discovered in company with ancient British coins, but in neither case -is the evidence altogether satisfactory. Two uninscribed silver coins, -of the type of my Plate F, No. 2[1753], are stated to have been found -with a human skeleton and a bronze celt at Cann, near Shaftesbury, in -1849; but I believe that this statement would, if it were now capable -of being sifted, resolve itself into the fact of the two coins, the -celt, and some bones having been found near together by the same -workman, without their being actually in association together. The -type of the coins, though probably among the earliest in the British -silver series, is one which was derived from gold coins struck some -considerable time after the introduction of a gold coinage into this -country, and probably belongs to the first century B.C. If such coins -were in contemporary use with socketed celts, it is strange that none -of the gold coins of earlier date have ever been found associated with -bronze instruments. - -It is true that in the account given in the Archæologia[1754] of the -antiquities discovered on Hagbourn Hill, Berks., it is stated that at -the bottom of a pit about four feet from the surface of the ground -was a further circular excavation, in which, together with bronze -bridle-bits and buckles of Late Celtic patterns, were socketed celts, -and a spear-head of bronze, and, in addition, some coins. These, -however, were not seen by the writer of the account, but he was -informed “that one of them was silver and the other gold, the latter -of which was rather large and flat, and perhaps one of the lower -empire.” Looking at the Late Celtic character of some of the objects -it seems possible that Ancient British coins might have been found -with them; but, on the other hand, it is evident that the particulars -given of the find were all derived from the workmen who dug up the -objects, and not from personal observation; and it is possible that -not only were the coins described not actually found with the bronze -celts and spear-heads, but that these latter were not discovered in -actual association with the Late Celtic bridle-bits. I have, however, -provisionally accepted the account of their being found together, -relying to some extent on the Abergele[1755] hoard, in which some -buckles allied in form to those from Hagbourn Hill were present, -associated with slides such as have been elsewhere found with socketed -celts. - -Whatever may be the real state of the case in these discoveries, there -is every probability of a transition having gradually taken place in -this country, from the employment of bronze for cutting tools and -weapons of offence to the use of iron or steel for such instruments; in -other words, from a Bronze Age to an Iron Age, such as that to which -the term “Late Celtic” has been applied. - -That this transition must have been effected, at all events in the -South of Britain, prior to the Roman invasion, is shown, as has already -been pointed out, by the circumstance that the Early Iron swords found -in France belong in all probability to a period not later than the -fourth or fifth century B.C., while the southern parts of Britain had, -long before Cæsar’s time, been peopled by Belgic immigrants, who either -brought the knowledge of iron with them or must have received it after -their arrival from their kinsmen on the continent, with whom they -were in constant intercourse. In the more northern parts of Britain -and in Scotland an acquaintance with iron was probably first made at -a somewhat more recent period; but in the Late Celtic interments in -Yorkshire no coins are present, and the iron and other objects found -exhibit no traces of Roman influence. Moreover, the Roman historians, -who have recorded many of the manners and customs of the northern -Britons, do not in any way hint at their weapons being formed of bronze. - -In Ireland, perhaps, which was less accessible from the continent than -Britain, the introduction of iron may have taken place considerably -after the time when it was known in the sister country; but there -appears to have been a sufficient intercourse between Scotland and the -north of Ireland at an early period for the knowledge of so useful a -metal, when once gained, to have been quickly communicated from one -country to the other. - -On the whole I think we may fairly conclude that in the southern parts -of Britain iron must have been in use not later than the fourth or -fifth century B.C., and that by the second or third century B.C. the -employment of bronze for cutting instruments had there practically -ceased. These dates are of course approximate only, but will at all -events serve to give some idea of the latest date to which bronze -weapons and tools found in England may with some degree of safety be -assigned. - -As to the time at which such weapons and tools were here first in -use, we have even less means of judging than we have as to when they -fell into desuetude. It is, however, evident that the Bronze Period -of the British Isles must have extended over a long period of years, -probably embracing many centuries. The numerous bronze-founders’ -hoards, containing fragments of tools and weapons of so many various -forms, testify to the art of bronze-founding having been practised -for a lengthened period; and yet in all of these the socketed celt -occurs, or some other socketed instruments, which we know to have been -contemporary with it, are present. It is true that the socketed celt -was not originally developed in this country, but was introduced from -abroad; and, as has already been pointed out, was derived from a form -of palstave which is of rare occurrence in Britain. Yet the length of -time requisite for the modification of the flat form of celt to that -with flanges, of this latter again to that with the flanges produced -into wings, and finally the transition into the palstave with the wings -hammered over so as to form sockets on each side of the blade, must -itself have been of very great duration.[1756] The development of the -forms of palstave common to Britain and the opposite shores of the -Continent must also have demanded a long lapse of years, and most of -the stages in its evolution can be traced in this country. We have the -flat celt, the flanged celt, and the flanged celt with a stop-ridge; -and we can trace the modification of form from one stage to another -until the characteristic palstave is reached, in which the stop-ridge -is as it were formed in the actual body of the blade. And it is to -be observed that this form of palstave had already been developed at -the time represented by the earliest of the ordinary bronze-founders’ -hoards, in which, moreover, the flanged celts, either with or without a -stop-ridge, are hardly ever present. - -The Bronze Age of Britain may, therefore, be regarded as an aggregate -of three stages: the first, that characterized by the flat or slightly -flanged celts, and the knife-daggers frequently found in barrows -associated with instruments and weapons formed of stone; the second, -that characterized by the more heavy dagger-blades and the flanged -celts and tanged spear-heads or daggers, such as those from Arreton -Down; and the third, by palstaves and socketed celts and the many forms -of tools and weapons, of which fragments are so constantly present in -the hoards of the ancient bronze-founders. It is in this third stage -that the bronze sword and the true socketed spear-head first make their -advent. The number of these hoards, and the varieties in the forms of -these swords and spear-heads, as well as in the socketed celts and -other tools, would, I think, justify us in assigning a minimum duration -of some four or five centuries to this last stage. The other two stages -together must probably have extended over at least an equal lapse of -time; so that for the total duration of the Bronze Period in Britain we -cannot greatly err in attributing eight or ten centuries. This would -place the beginning of the Period some 1,200 or 1,400 years B.C.—a -date which in many respects would seem to fit in with what we know as -to the use of bronze in the southern parts of Europe.[1757] - -Although I have thus attempted to assign a definite chronology to our -Bronze Age, I do so with all reserve, as any such attempt is founded -upon what are at best imperfect data, and each of the stages I have -mentioned may have been of far longer duration than I have suggested, -though it is not likely that any of them should have been materially -shorter. - -There is, it must be acknowledged, the difficulty which I have -already mentioned, as to the absence of nearly all traces of the -later stages of the Bronze Period in the graves and barrows that have -been examined in Britain.[1758] The reason of this absence has still -to be discovered; but it may perhaps have been the case that during -this time the method or fashion of interring the dead underwent some -change, and the practice of placing weapons and ornaments with the -bodies of departed friends and relatives fell into disuse. Among the -bronze-using occupants of the Yorkshire Wolds, whose burial-places -have been explored by Canon Greenwell, the interments by inhumation -were much in excess over those which took place after cremation, -but in other parts of England the proportions are reversed. Out of -fourteen instances[1759] in which bronze articles were associated with -an interment, it was only in two that the body had been burnt; or -taking the whole number of burials, viz. 301 by inhumation and 78 after -cremation, bronze articles were found with 4 per cent. of the burials -of the former kind and only 2½ per cent. with those of the latter. This -seems to point to a tendency towards departing from the old custom of -burying weapons with the dead for use in a future life. And, indeed, if -the custom of burning the dead became general, the inducement to place -such objects among mere dust and ashes would be but small. An urn or -a small recess in the ground would suffice to contain the mightiest -warrior, and his weapons would be out of place beside the little -calcined heap which was left by the purifying fire. Even the practice -of raising mounds or barrows over the interments may have ceased, and -“when the funeral pyre was out and the last valediction over, men took -a lasting adieu of their interred friends.” - -It has been suggested that the absence of the later bronze forms with -interments is due to a superstitious reverence for the older forms, -so that the habit of burying the flat wedge-shaped axe[1760] and the -dagger with the dead continued down to the later Age of Bronze; but I -cannot accept this view. - -In Scandinavia[1761] interments with which bronze swords and other -weapons are associated, have frequently been discovered; and in some -instances in which coffins, hollowed out in trunks of trees, have -been used, even the clothing has been preserved. In this country -also coffins of the same kind have occasionally been discovered, but -the bronze objects which have been placed in them are of the same -character as those which are found in the barrows of the district, -and never comprise socketed weapons or swords. Stone weapons are also -occasionally present. Remains of clothing made of skins and of woven -woollen fabric have also been found. The best-known instance of the -discovery of the latter was in a barrow at Scale House,[1762] near -Rylston, Yorkshire, examined by Canon Greenwell, who has recorded other -instances of these tree-burials. Neither bronze nor stone were in this -instance present. - -It is not, however, my intention to dilate upon the burial customs of -our Bronze Age, as they have already been so fully discussed by Canon -Greenwell, Dr. Thurnam, Sir John Lubbock, and others. - -It will now be desirable to say something as to the sources from which -the use of bronze in this country was derived, though on this subject -also much has already been written. - -The four principal views held by different authors have thus been -summarized by Colonel A. Lane Fox, now General Pitt Rivers:—[1763] - -1. That bronze was spread from a common centre by an intruding and -conquering race, or by the migration of tribes. - -2. That the inhabitants of each separate region in which bronze is -known to have been used discovered the art independently, and made -their own implements of it. - -3. That the art was discovered and the implements fabricated on one -spot, and the implements disseminated from that place by means of -commerce. - -4. That the art of making bronze was diffused from a common centre, but -that the implements were constructed in the countries in which they -were found. - -For a full discussion of these hypotheses I must refer the reader to -General Pitt Rivers’ Paper, but I shall here make use of some of the -information which he has collected, premising that in my opinion there -is a certain amount of truth embodied in each of these opinions. - -The first view, of an intruding and conquering race having introduced -the use of bronze into their country, has been held by most of the -Scandinavian antiquaries, and Professor Boyd Dawkins seems to regard -a Celtic invasion and conquest of the Iberic peoples in Britain as -having been the means by which the knowledge of bronze was extended -from Gaul to these islands. The osteological evidence in favour of the -bronze-using Britons having as a rule been of a different race from the -stone-using people of our Neolithic times is strongly corroborative -of such a view; as is also the change which is to be noted in the -burial customs of the two periods. Such an immigration or conquest -must, however, have taken place at a very early period if we accept -Sir John Lubbock’s[1764] view, that between B.C. 1500 and B.C. 1200 -the Phœnicians were already acquainted with the mineral fields of -Britain, a period at which it must not be forgotten the use of bronze -had long been known in Egypt. Although it is true that at present we -have no satisfactory proof of any Phœnician influence on the people of -our Bronze Age, yet if at so early a period there was an export of tin -from this country, the search for that metal and the means employed for -its production would almost of necessity tend to an acquaintance with -copper also, even supposing, what is improbable, that those who traded -for tin in order to manufacture bronze with it kept the knowledge of -this latter alloy from those with whom they had commercial relations, -or that the natives of Britain were not already acquainted with more -metals than tin when the trade first began. But to this subject I shall -recur. It may be observed by the way that the date assigned for this -Phœnician intercourse corresponds in a remarkable manner with the date -assigned for the earliest instances of the use of bronze in Britain, -which was suggested on other grounds. - -The second view of the independent discovery of bronze in different -regions has little or nothing to support it so far as the different -countries of Europe are concerned, though there is a possibility that -the discovery of copper and of the method of alloying it with tin, so -as to produce bronze, may have been made independently in America. But -it may even there be the case that the knowledge of bronze was imported -from Asia.[1765] In Europe, however, when once the use of the metal was -known, there were certain types of weapons and implements developed -in different countries which in a certain sense may be regarded as -instances of independent discoveries. - -The third view, that the art was discovered at some single spot at -which subsequently implements were manufactured and disseminated by -commerce must, at least to a limited extent, be true. Wherever the -discovery of bronze may have been made, there is ample evidence of its -use having spread over the greater part of Europe if not of Asia; and -at first the spread of bronze weapons and tools was in all probability -by commerce. Even subsequently there were local centres, such as -Etruria, from which the manufactured products were exported into -neighbouring countries, as well as to those lying to the north of the -Alps. Some even of the bronze vases found in Ireland, though themselves -not of Etruscan manufacture, bear marks of Etruscan influences in their -form and character. In each country in Europe there may have been one -or more localities in which the manufacture of bronze objects was -principally carried on, though it may now be impossible to identify -the spots. Such large hoards of unfinished castings as those of Plénée -Jugon, and other places in Brittany, prove that district, for instance, -to have been at one time a kind of manufacturing centre. Indeed, a -socketed celt of Breton type, unused, and still retaining the burnt -clay core, has been found on our southern coast. - -The process of casting, as practised by the ancient bronze-founders, -was, moreover, one requiring a great amount of skill; and though there -appear to have been wandering founders, who, like the bell-founders -of mediæval times, could practise their art at any spot where their -services were required, yet there were probably fixed foundries also, -where the process of manufacture could be more economically carried -on, and where successive generations passed through some sort of -apprenticeship to learn the art and mystery of the trade. - -The fourth opinion, that the use of bronze spread from some single -centre, though implements were manufactured in greater or less -abundance in each country where the use of bronze prevailed, is one -that must commend itself to all archæologists. It does not, of course, -follow that in any given district the bronze tools and weapons were -all of home manufacture, and none of them imported. There is, on the -contrary, evidence to be found in most countries that some, at least, -of the bronze instruments found there are of foreign manufacture, and -introduced either by commerce or by the foreign travel of individuals. - -Where the original centre was placed, from which the European use -of bronze was propagated, is an enigma still under discussion, and -one which will not readily be solved. Appearances at present seem to -point to its having been situate in Western Asia;[1766] but the whole -question of the origin and development of the Bronze civilisation has -been so recently discussed by my friend Professor Boyd Dawkins, in his -“Early Man in Britain,” that it appears needless here to repeat the -opinions of which he has given so good an abstract. Suffice it to say, -that it has been proposed to regard the bronze antiquities of Europe as -belonging generally to three provinces,[1767] the boundaries of which, -however, cannot be very accurately defined. These provinces are—the -Uralian, comprising Russia, Siberia, and Finland; the Danubian, which -consists of the Hungarian, Scandinavian, and Britannic sub-divisions -or regions; and the Mediterranean, composed of the Italo-Greek and -Franco-Swiss sub-divisions. - -I must confess that I do not attach such high importance to this -classification as at first sight it would seem to merit; for on a close -examination it appears to me to involve several serious incongruities. -Take, for instance, the Danubian province, and it will be found -that the differences in type of bronze instruments belonging to the -Hungarian region, when compared with those of the British, are on the -whole greater than the difference presented when they are compared with -the types of the Italian region, which, however, is made to belong to -another province. There is, moreover, a difficulty in synchronizing the -antiquities belonging to different provinces or regions, so as to be -sure that any comparisons between them are of real value. Taking, for -example, the Uralian province, it will at once be seen that though in -Finland some Scandinavian types occur, such as swords and palstaves, -yet the great majority of the bronze antiquities belonging to it, so -far as at present known, consist of socketed celts, often with two -loops; of daggers, with their hafts cast in one piece with the blade; -and of perforated axes, sometimes with the representations of the heads -of animals; in fact, of objects which evidently belong to a very late -stage in the evolution of bronze, and which, as Mr. Worsaae has pointed -out, not improbably show traces of Chinese influence. Such objects can -hardly be satisfactorily compared with those of a province in which -the whole development of bronze instruments, from the flat celt and -small knife, to the socketed celt and the skilfully cast spear-head and -sword, can be traced. - -All things considered, I think it will be better and safer to content -ourselves for the present with less extensive provinces; and, so far -as these are concerned, the sub-divisions already enumerated may be -accepted, and are quite sufficiently large, if, indeed, they are not -too extensive. In the Britannic province, a part of France is included -by M. Chantre, and there are certainly close analogies between many of -the types of the south of England and those of the north and north-west -of France. For the purpose of the present work, though accepting -M. Chantre’s boundary in the main, I shall, however, restrict the -Britannic province to the British Isles. - -On a general examination of our British types it is satisfactory to -see how complete a series of links in the chain of development of the -bronze industry is here to be found, though many of them bear undoubted -marks of foreign influence, and prove that though some of the types -were of native growth, yet that others were originally imported. On -general grounds, I have assigned an antiquity of 1,200 or 1,400 years -B.C. to the introduction of the use of bronze into this country, but it -is a question whether this antiquity will meet all the necessities of -the case; for we can hardly imagine the Phœnicians, or those who traded -with them, landing in Britain and spontaneously discovering tin. On the -contrary, it must have been from a knowledge that the inhabitants of -Britain were already producers of this valuable metal that the commerce -with them originated; and the probable reason that tin was sought for -by the native Britons was in order to mix it with copper, a metal which -occurs native in the same district as the tin. If, therefore, the -Phœnician intercourse, direct or indirect, commenced about 1500 B.C., -the knowledge of the use of tin, and probably also of copper, dates -back in Britain to a still earlier epoch. - -A comparison of the various British types of tools and weapons with -those of Continental countries has been frequently instituted in the -preceding pages, but it will be well here to recapitulate some of the -principal facts. We have in Britain the flat form of celt in some -abundance, though none of the specimens exhibit traces of being direct -imitations of hatchets formed of stone, as would probably have been -the case in any country where the use of metal for such instruments -originated. And yet many of our British flat celts exhibit a certain -degree of originality, inasmuch as they are decorated with hammer- -or punch-marks in a manner peculiar to this country, and others in a -fashion but rarely seen abroad. We can trace the development of the -flanged celt from the flat variety, through specimens with almost -imperceptible flanges, the result merely of hammering the sides, to -those with the flanges produced in the casting. At the same time, the -flanges are never so fully developed as in some of the French examples. - -The development of a stop-ridge between the flanges, which eventually -culminated in the ordinary palstave form, can probably be better -observed in the British series than in that of any other country. At -the same time, the origin of the other form of palstave—that without -a definite stop-ridge, and with semicircular wings bent over so as to -form a kind of side-pocket—can best be traced on the Continent, and -especially in the south of France. It was from this form of palstave -that the socketed celt was developed, and although this development -seems to have taken place abroad, possibly in Western Germany, the form -was introduced into Britain at an early period of its existence, as is -proved by the semicircular projections and curved “flanches” so common -on the faces of the socketed celts of this country. - -Our knife-daggers may originally have been of foreign introduction, -but evidently belong to a time when metal was scarce, and like the -flat and slightly-flanged celts have often been found associated with -stone implements. The dagger-blades of stouter make, which seem to -have succeeded them, show analogies with French, Italian, and German -examples; but similar blades, with a tang such as those from the -Arreton Down hoard, seem to be almost peculiar to Britain. The fact, -however, that the socketed blade found with them has its analogues both -in Switzerland and Egypt suggests the probability of the tanged form -being also of foreign, and possibly Mediterranean origin; indeed, a -specimen is reported to have been found in Italy. - -Our halberd blades with the three rivets are nearly allied to those of -northern Germany; and the type appears never to be found in France, -though I have met with a solitary example in Southern Spain, and the -form is not unknown in Italy, there being one from the province of -Mantua in the British Museum. Socketed chisels, hammers, and gouges -were probably derived from a foreign source; but tanged chisels, though -not absolutely wanting in the North of France, are more abundant in -the British Isles than elsewhere. Long narrow chisels with tangs were, -however, present in the great Bologna hoard. - -Bronze socketed sickles are almost peculiar to the British Isles, -though they have occasionally been found in the North of France. -The flat form, from which they must have been developed, is of rare -occurrence, though not unknown in Britain. Its origin is to be sought -in the South of Europe, though the British examples more closely -resemble German and Danish forms than those of any other country. -Tanged single-edged knives are almost unknown in our islands, though -so abundant in the Swiss Lake-dwellings and in the South of France. -Double-edged knives with a socket are, however, almost peculiar to -Britain and Ireland, though they are found in small numbers in the -North of France. The tanged razor may also be regarded as one of -our specialities, though not unknown in Italy. Most of the foreign -varieties have a ring for suspension at the end of the tang, a -peculiarity almost unknown in Britain. - -Bronze swords, no doubt, originated on the Continent; and as such long -thin blades required great skill in casting, it seems probable that -their manufacture was to some extent localized at particular spots, -and that they formed an important article of commerce. The same type -has been discovered in countries wide apart, and many of those found -in Scandinavia are now regarded as being of foreign origin. Still -there are some British types which are rarely or never found abroad, -and the discovery of moulds proves conclusively that both leaf-shaped -and rapier-shaped blades were cast in these islands. The latter kind -of blades are, indeed, almost exclusively confined to Britain and the -north of France. Bronze scabbard-ends, as distinct from mere chapes, -seem also to be confined to the same tract of country. - -When we turn to the spear-heads of these islands we find that though -the leaf-shaped form prevails over the greater part of Europe, yet that -those with loops at the side of the socket and with loops at the base -of the blade are common in the British Isles, while they are extremely -rare in France, and almost unknown elsewhere. The same may be said of -the type with the small eyelet-holes in the blade, and of those with -barbs. Those with crescent-shaped openings in the blades are also -almost unknown elsewhere, though one example has been found in Russia. -Our bronze shields with numerous concentric rings are also specially -British. - -Among ornaments formed of bronze, there are few, if any, that we can -claim as our own. Our torques seem more nearly connected with those of -the Rhine district than of any other part of Europe. Our bracelets, -which are not common, hardly present any special peculiarities, and -brooches we have none. - -Our spheroidal caldrons seem to be of native type, but with them are -vases which almost undoubtedly show an Etruscan influence in their -origin. - -We have here then, I think, sufficient proof that Britain, though not -unaffected by foreign influences, and in fact deriving many of the -types of its tools and weapons from foreign sources, was, nevertheless, -a local centre in which the Bronze civilisation received a special -and high development; and where, had extraneous influences been -entirely absent after the time when the knowledge of Bronze was first -introduced, the evolution of forms would probably have differed in -but few particulars from that which is now exhibited by the prevailing -types found in this country. - -If we compare these British types with those of the other regions which -together make up the so-called Danubian province, we shall at once be -struck, not by the analogies presented, but by the marked difference in -the general _facies_. - -Taking Scandinavia to begin with, and Mr. Worsaae’s types as giving -the characteristics of that region, what do we find? The perforated -axe-hammers and axes of bronze are here entirely wanting; the tanged -swords and the majority of those with decorated hilts are also -unknown. There is hardly a type of dagger common to this country -and Scandinavia. The saws, knives, and razors are of quite another -character, but there is a resemblance in the sickles to a rare British -type. The flat and flanged celts of the two regions are of nearly the -same kind, and in one rare instance there is a similar decoration on a -reputedly Danish and on an Irish celt. The palstaves, however, are of -an entirely different character, with the exception of the form with -semicircular wings, which is not essentially British. The socketed -celts are nearly all unlike those of this country; and though the -leaf-shaped spear-heads present close analogies, the looped and eyed -kinds are absent. The shields are of a different character from ours. -The _tutuli_ and diadems are here unknown. There is but one form of -torque common to this country and Denmark. Brooches, combs, and small -hanging vases are never met with in Britain; and the spiral, whether -formed of wire or engraved as an ornament, is conspicuous by its -absence. - -If we take the Hungarian region, we are driven to much the same -conclusions. The perforated axes and pick-axes, principally formed of -copper, the semicircular sickles, the spiral ornaments, the swords -with engraved hilts of bronze, and several forms of minor importance -are absent in Britain, while the socketed celts and the majority of -the palstaves are of markedly different types, though that with the -semicircular wings hammered over is of common occurrence in Hungary. - -In Northern Germany the types of bronze may be regarded as intermediate -between those of Hungary and Scandinavia, though in some few respects -presenting closer analogies with those of Britain, with which, as will -subsequently be seen, there may have been some commercial intercourse. -The connection between British and German types is, however, but small, -and on the whole I think that the evidence here brought forward is -sufficient to prove that the British Isles can hardly be properly -classified as forming part of any Danubian province of bronze. - -The connection between France and Britain during the Bronze Period -cannot be denied, and in many respects there is an identity of -character between the bronze antiquities of the North of France and -those of the South of England. The North of France cannot, however, -at any time since the first discovery of bronze, have been absolutely -shut out from all communication with the South and East. The East must -always have been affected by the habits of those who occupied what is -now Western Germany; and the South can hardly have been exempt from the -influence of Italy, if not, indeed, of other Mediterranean countries. I -am inclined to think that these external influences acted also on the -bronze industry of Britain, not so much directly as indirectly, and -that some of the types in this country may be traced to an Italian or -German origin as readily as to a French. - -It is, I think, a fact that as close a resemblance in type, so far as -regards our earliest bronze instruments, may be found among Italian -examples as among French. Many of the slightly flanged celts of Italy -can hardly be distinguished from those of Britain, except by the faces -of the latter being more frequently decorated; and there is also a -great similarity between the dagger-blades of the two countries. In -the later forms, such as palstaves and socketed celts, the difference -between British and Italian examples is sufficiently striking. May -it not be the case that at the time when first the commerce between -Britain and the Mediterranean countries originated, always assuming -that such a commerce took place, the flanged celt was the most advanced -type of hatchet known by those who came hither to trade, and the -palstave and socketed form were subsequently developed? At a later -period it was the German influence that was felt in Britain, rather -than the Italian, for our socketed celts appear, as already stated, -to have had the cradle of their family in Western Germany; and the -few flat sickles that have been found in Britain, as well as the more -numerous torques, show a closer connection in type with those of -Germany than with those of France or any other country. Whether this -introduction of what appear to be North German types can in any way -be attributed to commercial relations between the two countries, and -especially to a trade in amber, is worth consideration. The abundance -of amber ornaments in some of the graves of our Bronze Period shows how -much that substance was in use. At the same time, the eastern shores -of England might have furnished it in sufficient quantity to supply the -demand, without having recourse to foreign sources. I have known amber -thrown up on the beach so far south as Deal. - -A curious feature in the comparison of the later bronze antiquities of -Britain and those of France, is the marked absence of many of the forms -which abound in the remains of the Lake-dwellings of Savoy, as well -as in those of Switzerland. A glance through “Rabut’s Album”[1768] or -“Keller’s Lake-dwellings,” will at once show how few of the specimens -there figured could pass as having been discovered in the British -Isles. The large proportion of ornaments to tools and weapons is also -striking. There is, indeed, as M. Chantre has pointed out, a closer -connection between the bronze antiquities of the South of France and -those of Switzerland and Northern Italy, than with those of Northern -France. - -Even the character of the ornaments is in many cases essentially -different. The hollowed form of bronze bracelet, made from a thin plate -bent in such a manner as to show a semicircular section, is entirely -wanting in Britain, and is very rarely found in the North of France. - -Enough has, however, now been said in favour of regarding Britain -as one of those centres into which a knowledge of the use of bronze -was introduced at a comparatively early date, and where a special -development of the bronze industry arose, extending over a lengthened -period, and modified from time to time by foreign influences. On the -transition from bronze to iron, it is not necessary here further to -enlarge. I have, in treating of the different forms of tools and -weapons, pointed out those which I considered to belong to the close of -the Bronze Period; and it is probable that these forms for some time -continued in use, side by side with those made of the more serviceable -metal, iron, which ultimately drove bronze from the field, except for -ornamental purposes or for those uses for which a fusible metal was -best adapted. It seems probable that, as was the case in Mediterranean -countries, some of the socketed weapons, such as spear-heads, which -were more easily cast than forged, may for some time have been made -of bronze in preference to iron; but at present our knowledge of any -transitional period is slight, and this question would be best treated -of in a work on the Late Celtic or Early Iron Period of Britain. - -Among the ornaments in use in this country during the Bronze Period, -are some, the history of which, if it could be traced, might throw -light upon the foreign intercourse of that time, for glass and ivory -were probably not of native production.[1769] Glass beads have -occasionally been found in barrows of the Bronze Age, nearly always -in our southern counties, and with burnt interments. They are usually -small tubes of opaque glass of a light blue or green colour, with -the outer surface divided into rounded segments, so as to give the -appearance of a number of spheroidal beads side by side. I am not aware -of any having been discovered with interments of the Bronze Age on the -Continent, but it seems probable that such beads have been found, and -they may eventually assist in marking out the lines of ancient commerce -with this country. A few larger beads, with spiral serpent-like -ornaments upon them, have likewise been found; but these, also, I am -unable to compare with any Continental examples. The finding of glass, -however, in tombs belonging to the early portion of our Bronze Age is -suggestive of some method of intercourse, direct or indirect, with -Mediterranean countries. The small quoit-like pendants, formed of a -greenish vitrified material, which have been found in Sussex[1770] -with burnt interments of the Bronze Age, closely resemble Egyptian -porcelain, and their presence in this country corroborates this -suggestion. - -The discovery of beads made in sets like those of glass, of a bracelet, -buttons, pins, and hooks, all, in Dr. Thurnam’s opinion, formed of -ivory, gives indications in the same direction; for though billiard -balls have been manufactured from Scottish mammoth ivory of the -Pleistocene Period, the fossil tusks found in Britain are, as a rule, -too much decomposed to be any longer of service, and in this respect -differ materially from the fossil mammoth tusks of Siberia, which still -furnish so much of our table cutlery with handles. - -For the jet and amber ornaments of the Bronze Period we have not, of -necessity, to go so far afield as for glass. Abundance of jet is to be -obtained in our own country, and the usual type of jet necklace,[1771] -with a series of flat plates, seems to be essentially British. Some of -the amber plates found at Hallstatt are, however, of the same form, -and perforated in the same manner, so that possibly these jet necklaces -may have been made in imitation of foreign prototypes in amber. How -far the amber ornaments of the Bronze Period in Britain were of native -production we have no good means of judging; but the circumstance just -mentioned is suggestive of Hallstatt and Britain having been supplied -from a common source, which may have been on the shores of the Baltic. -On the other hand, our amber ornaments differ, as a rule, from those of -Scandinavia, and, as already remarked, our eastern coast would furnish -an ample supply of the raw material without seeking it abroad. It must, -however, be remembered that some of the forms of our bronze instruments -show traces of German influence, and that in Strabo’s time both amber -and ivory were among the articles exported from Celtic Gaul to Britain. -The remarkable amber cup from the Hove barrow, near Brighton, I have -described elsewhere.[1772] - -It remains for me to say a few words as to the general condition -of the inhabitants of Britain during the Bronze Age; but on this -subject, apart from the light thrown upon it by the tools, weapons, -and ornaments which I have been describing, and by the contents of -the graves of the period, we have in this country but little to guide -us. Such a complete insight into the material civilisation of the -period as that afforded by the Lake-dwellings of Switzerland, Savoy, -and Northern Italy is nowhere vouchsafed to us in Britain. The Irish -crannoges, which, in many respects, present close analogies with the -pile-buildings, have remained in use until mediæval times, and in no -instance has the destruction of a settlement by fire contributed to -preserve for the instruction of future ages the household goods of the -population. The nearest approach to a Lake-dwelling in England is that -examined in Barton Mere,[1773] Suffolk, where, however, the results -were comparatively meagre. A single spear-head was found, apparently -of the type of Fig. 406, and the remains of various animals used for -food, including the urus and the hare, which latter in Cæsar’s time the -Britons did not eat. - -The information to be gained from the burial customs and the contents -of the graves has already been gathered by the late Dr. Thurnam and -by Canon Greenwell, as well as by other antiquaries, and I cannot do -better than refer to the forty-third volume of the “Archæologia,” and -to “British Barrows.”[1774] I may, however, shortly depict some of -the principal features of the external conditions of the bronze-using -population of these islands, taken as a whole, for no doubt the customs -and condition of the people were by no means uniform throughout the -whole extent of the country at any given moment of time. - -As to their dwellings, we seem to have no positive information, but -they probably were of much the same character as those of the Swiss -Lake population, except that for the most part they were placed upon -the dry land, and not on platforms above the water. Their clothing was -sometimes of skins, sometimes of woollen cloth, and probably of linen -also, as they were acquainted with the arts of spinning and weaving. -Of domesticated animals they possessed the dog, ox, sheep, goat, pig, -and finally the horse. They hunted the red deer, the roe, the wild -boar, the hare, and possibly some other animals. For the chase and for -warfare their arrows were tipped with flint, and not with bronze: and -some other stone instruments, such as scrapers, remained in use until -the end of the period. At the beginning, as has already often been -stated, the axe, the knife-dagger, and the awl were the only articles -of bronze in use. For obtaining fire, a nodule of pyrites and a flake -of flint sufficed. Some cereals were cultivated, as is shown by the -bronze sickles. Pottery they had of various forms, some apparently -made expressly for sepulchral purposes; but they were unacquainted -with the potter’s wheel. Some vessels of amber and shale, turned in -the lathe, may have been imported from abroad. Ornaments were worn in -less profusion than in Switzerland; but the torque for the neck, the -bracelet, the ear-ring, the pin for the dress and for the hair, were -all in use, though brooches were unknown. Necklaces, or gorgets, formed -of amber, jet, and bone beads were not uncommon; and the ornaments -of glass and ivory, such as those lately mentioned, were probably -obtained by foreign commerce. Gold, also, was often used for decorating -the person, though coins, and apparently even the metal silver, were -unknown. They appear to have been accomplished workers and carvers of -wood and horn, and there were among them artificers who inlaid wood and -amber with minute gold pins almost or quite as skilfully as the French -workmen of the last century, who wrought on tortoise-shell. In casting -and hammering out bronze they attained consummate skill, and their -spear-heads and wrought shields could not be surpassed at the present -day. The general equipment of the warrior in the shape of swords, -daggers, halberds, spears, &c., and the tools of the workman, such -as hatchets, chisels, gouges, hammers, &c., have, however, all been -dealt with at large in previous pages. They contrast with the arms and -instruments of the preceding Neolithic Age more by their greater degree -of perfection than by their absolute number and variety. The material -progress from one stage of civilisation to the other was no doubt -great, but the interval between the two does not approach that which -exists between Palæolithic man of the old River-drifts and Neolithic -man of the present configuration of the surface of Western Europe. - -So far as the general interest attaching to the Bronze Period is -concerned, it may readily be conceded that it falls short of that with -which either of the two stages of the Stone Period which preceded it -must be regarded. The existence of numerous tribes of men who are, or -were until lately, in the same stage of culture as the occupants of -Europe during the Neolithic Age, affords various points of comparison -between ancient and modern savages which are of the highest interest, -while there exists at the present day not a single community in which -the phases of the Bronze culture can be observed. The Palæolithic Age -has, moreover, a charm of mysterious eld attaching to it as connected -with the antiquity of the human race which is peculiarly its own. - -The Bronze Age, nevertheless, from its close propinquity to the period -of written history, is of the highest importance to those who would -trace back the course of human progress to its earliest phases; and -though in this country many of the minute details of the picture -cannot be filled in, yet, taken as a whole, the broad lines of the -development of this stage of civilisation may be as well traced in -Britain as in any other country. It has been a pleasure to me to gather -the information on which this work is based; and I close these pages -with the consolatory thought that, dry as may be their contents, they -may prove of some value as a hoard of collected facts for other seekers -after truth. - - -FINIS. - - - - -GENERAL INDEX. - - - A - - Achilles, shield of, 12; - spear of, 18, 242 - - Addua, Gauls defeated on the, 374 - - _Æs importatum_, 414, 419; - _signatum_, 422 - - Æschylus quoted, 11 - - Æsculapius, temple of, 18 - - Æstii, the, iron scarce among, 19 - - Æthiopians, bronze rare among, 17 - - African axe of iron, 149; - ironworkers, 181; - swords, 306; - trumpet, 359 - - Agamemnon, breast-plate of, 12 - - Agatharchides quoted, 8 - - Akerman, J. Y., F.S.A., cited, 391, 399 - - Alban necropolis, 341 - - Alcinous, walls of palace of, bronze-plated, 11 - - Algonquins, fusing of copper among the, 3 - - Alloys, various, of copper and tin, 22, 178, 265, 352, 415, 476 - - Amber, beads, 135, 189, 244, 366, 394, 487; - buttons or studs, 217; - cup with interment, 243, 486; - hilts or pommels, 228, 229; - ornaments, 373, 483, 485, 487; - trade in, 483, 486 - - American tomahawks, 162 - - Amulets, celts used as, 134 - - Analysis of metal of caldron, 412; - celts, 417, 421; - Indian celts, 40; - chisels, Mexican and Peruvian, 166; - shield, 346; - solder, 425; - trumpets, 360, 363; - various bronzes, 415 to 422 - - Anderson, Mr. Joseph, quoted, 239, 290 - - Anvils, 180 to 183, 375, 451 - - Ariantes, Scythian king, 318 - - Armillæ and Armlets. _See_ Bracelets - - Arreton Down type of spear-head, 257, 480 - - Arrow-heads, 216, 318, 323; - flint, 39, 42, 167, 190, 223, 226, 236, 318, 391, 487 - - Arundelian marbles, 14 - - Aryan name for copper, 10 - - Asiatic origin of bronze, 2, 276, 420, 477 - - Assyrians, early use of iron among, 9; - wore penannular bracelets, 383 - - Asteropæus, breast-plate of, 13 - - Ausonius quoted, 29 - - Awls, 188 to 191; - double-pointed, 190; - tanged, 189, 190; - handled, 191; - with interments, 189, 190, 191, 225, 241, 319, 392, 457 - - Axes, 14, 41, 147 to 156, 161, 162; - African modern iron, 149; - ceremonial, 450; - Egyptian, 147; - Hungarian, 147, 161, 482; - clay mould for, 428; - of copper, 265; - perforated, 161, 478, 482; - stone, 190, 226 - - Axe-hammers, of stone, 217, 224, 225, 243 - - Axe-shaped socketed celts, 142 - - Aymara Indians, 148 - - Aymard, M., collection, 215 - - Aztec chisel, 166 - - - B - - Banks, Sir J., quoted, 34, 155 - - Banks, Rev. S., collection, 78, 133 - - Barnwell, Rev. E. L., quoted, 55, 77 - - Barthélemy, Abbé, quoted, 20 - - Bateman collection, _see_ Museums, Sheffield; - Mr., quoted, 42, 44, 151, 190, 225, 227, 228, 383, 390, 392, 393, - 402, 409 - - Battle-axe of Menelaus, 14. _See_ Axes - - Bayonet-like blades, 255, 256 - - Beads, 393; - agate, 383; - amber, 135, 189, 244, 366, 487; - bone, 487; - bronze, 381, 393; - dentalium shells, 394; - fluted, 381; - glass, 134, 366, 394, 485; - gold, 391, 394; - ivory, 485; - jet, 118, 158, 366, 394, 487; - joints of encrinite, 394; - penannular, 285, 391; - pottery, 366; - pulley-shaped, 381; - tin, 394; - with leaf-shaped projections, 381; - with spiral ornaments, 394, 485 - - Beck, Rev. James, F.S.A., collection, 60, 84, 87 - - Beck, Dr. L., quoted, 15 - - Beger quoted, 28, 29 - - Bell or rattle of bronze, 364 - - Bell collection in the Ant. Mus., Edinburgh, 105 - - Bell-metal, 416 - - Bells to ear-rings, 393 - - =ⲂⲈⲚⲒⲠⲈ=, its meaning, 7 - - Bertrand, M. Alexandre, quoted, 300, 413 - - Birch, Dr. S., F.S.A., quoted, 9, 147, 374 - - Birds on rod, 406 - - Blackett, Sir Edward, collection, 351 - - Blackmore Museum. _See_ Museums, Salisbury - - Blades, bayonet-like, 255, 256; - curved, 264; - difficulty of determining character of, 258, 260; - lance-shaped, perforated, 213; - of dissimilar character, in the same interment, 241; - tanged, 211, 244 - - Blaeuw’s Atlas, 362 - - Bloxam, Mr. M. H., F.S.A., collection, 75, 179 - - Boars found at Hounslow, 406 - - Bodkin obsolete as weapon, 369 - - Bone, instruments of, 189, 285, 366; - of Horus, 8; - of Typhon, 6, 8; - plates for sword-hilt, 296; - pommels for dagger-hilts, 228; - rings, 51 - - Borlase, Dr., quoted, 30, 32, 439 - - Bourgeois, the Abbé, 160 - - Bouterolle. _See_ Chapes - - Boynton, Mr. T., collection, 327 - - Bracelets, 381-388, 90, 96, 135, 136, 155, 198, 333, 377; - American, 383; - Assyrian, 383; - beaded, 385; - circular, 384; - gold, 94, 180, 209, 283, 285; - jet, 385; - Late Celtic, 385 to 388; - looped, 76, 368, 378, 384, 386, 387; - penannular, 381, 382; - Scottish, 388, 400; - with interments, 135, 385, 387 - - Bracer of chlorite slate, 223 - - Brackenridge, Rev. G. W., collection, 67 - - Brackstone, Mr., collection, 93, 131, 132 - - Braybrooke, Lord, collection, 211, 398, 403, 440 - - Brent, Mr. John, F.S.A., 88, 114 - - Bridle-bits, 144, 322, 368, 404, 405, 470 - - Bristles, possible early use of, 191 - - Britain, condition of its inhabitants in the Bronze Age, 486 - - Britannic province of bronze antiquities, 478 - - British types of instruments mostly indigenous, 24, 481 - - Britons, ancient, merely cut off the ears of corn, 202; - used iron before the Roman invasion, 19, 276, 354, 471, 472; - used no helmets in time of Severus, 355 - - Brixen, ancient inhabitants of, came from Etruria, 355 - - “Broad arrow” ornament on ring, 158 - - Bronze, analysis of, 22, 178, 265, 415 to 422; - Asiatic origin of, 2, 276, 420, 477; - bronze burning on to, 280, 293, 425; - cakes of, 423; - early value of, 17, 177, 204; - brittle when heated, 185, 409; - hardening of, 11, 12, 178, 415; - lumps of, _see_ Metal; - moulding of, 427 to 470; - survival of use of, 18, 22 - - Bronze-founders’ hoards, 24, 55, 94, 110, 113, 185, 361, 422, 423, 440 - (_see_ Hoards); - classification of, 457, 459; - lists of principal, 460 to 468 - - Bronze Period, antiquities of, divided into provinces, 477; - chronology of, 455, 456, 472, 473; - condition of the inhabitants of Britain during the, 487; - succession of, to Stone Period, 9, 40; - succession of iron to, 16, 33, 274, 299, 300, 471 - - Brooches, 135; - Late Celtic, 400; - penannular, 304 - - Brooke, Capt., collection, 113, 206 - - Buckles, Late Celtic, 144, 368, 470; - penannular, 400 - - Bucklers, 303; - date of, 353; - not found with interments, 354; - Spanish, 354 - - “Bullæ,” 394 - - Burnishers, 22 - - Buttons, 400, 401; - annular, 290; - bone or ivory, 394; - gold, 394; - jet, 41, 225, 236; - polished shale, 230; - sandstone, 41 - - - C - - Cable-pattern, 48, 54, 140 - - Cæsar, Julius, quoted, 19, 354, 414; - time of, 19, 276, 354, 399, 419, 486 - - Caldrons, 409 to 413; - spheroidal, 481 - - Camden’s “Britannia” quoted, 31, 361 - - Canoe, rapier-blade found in, 250 - - Caprington horn, the, 362 - - Carelli quoted, 283 - - Carians armed with bronze, 8 - - _Carnyx_ on British coins, 363 - - Carter, Mr. James, collection, 80 - - Cassiterides identified with Britain, 419 - - Casting from hafted celt, 154; - from worn instruments, 117, 121, 442, 449 - - Castings, defective, 81, 114, 428, 448; - unfinished, 84, 90, 115, 175, 328 - - Catti, the, used iron, 19 - - Caylus, Count de, quoted, 20, 104 - - Cazalis de Fondouce, M., 223 - - “Celestial iron,” 7 - - Celts, as amulets, 134; - analysis of, 40, 417, 421; - casting, method of, 111, 443; - casting from ready mounted, 154; - casting from worn specimens, 117, 121, 442, 449; - classification of, 38; - conjectures as to, 31 to 37; - copper, 2, 39, 40, 43, 61, 145; - decoration of, 44 to 49, 52 to 54, 60 to 63, 102; - derivation of name, 27 to 29; - flint, 189, 190; - gold (?), 135; - gradation of types of, 35, 70, 76, 77, 95, 99, 108, 153, 456, 469, - 479; - hafting of, 70, 146 to 164; - moulds for, 136, 143, 428, 429, 430, 442 to 450; - “recipient” and “received,” 32, 107, 456; - restored at edge by hammering, 83, 112, 446, 454; - shortened by wear, 83, 87, 112; - stone, 40, 150; - superstitious reverence for, 39; - supposed identity with German _framea_, 151; - tanged, included under chisels, 38; - tinned appearance of, 55, 56; - votive, 69, 135, 417; - with interments, 41, 42, 44, 47, 51, 134, 145, 150, 352 - - Celts, countries where found.— - Austria, 69, 131, 144, 157; - Belgium, 116; - Cambodia, 142; - China, 142; - Cyprus, 40; - Denmark, 40, 52, 54, 60, 69, 95, 134, 159, 163; - Egypt, 142, 147; - Etruria, 39, 132, 156; - France, 43, 52, 54, 55, 77, 109, 110, 115, 119, 121, 122, 129, 131, - 142, 144, 152; - Gaul, 115, 116; - Brittany, 117, 124, 419, 445, 477; - Savoy Lake-dwellings, 131; - Germany, 43, 52, 77, 109, 112, 116, 133, 142, 144; - Greece, 69, 160; - Holland, 77, 109, 133, 152; - Hungary, 40, 43, 110; - India, 2, 40; - Italy, 104, 132, 142, 143, 155, 157, 160; - Java, 142; - Jutland, 30; - Mexico, 43; - Portugal, 143; - Russia, 143; - Siberia, 131, 143; - Spain, 43; - Sweden, 52, 129, 143 - - Celts, flat.— - English, 39 to 48; - Scottish, 55 to 59; - Irish, 39, 45, 61 to 65; - copper, 39, 40, 43, 61; - decorated, 44, 49, 58, 59, 62 to 65, 69, 453; - double-ended, 69; - doubly tapering, 44, 49, 69; - earliest in date, 39, 107, 149, 469; - iron, 157; - largest found in Britain, 57; - moulds for, 430, 428, 438; - perforated, 160 - - Celts, flanged.— - English, 48 to 55; - Scottish, 59 to 61; - Irish, 66 to 68; - castings for, 55; - decorated, 48, 53, 54, 58 to 61, 66 to 69; - doubly tapering, 68, 69; - perforated, 59; - roughening blade of, 67; - with “flanches” on face, 60; - with stop-ridge, 68, 69, 73, 74, 479 - - Celts, socketed.— - English, 107-135, 87, 93, 94, 95; - Scottish, 135 to 137, 143; - Irish, 137 to 142; - apparently of German origin, 483; - axe-shaped, 142; - castings for, 86; - clay cores left in, 115, 116, 186, 445; - of copper, 145; - “flanches” on, 60, 107 to 111, 131, 480; - of iron, 116, 144, 157, 159, 163; - of lead, 445; - method of casting, 442; - moulds for, of bronze, 438 to 445; - moulds for, of burnt clay, 450; - moulds for, of stone, 432; - origin of, 107, 483; - rarely or never found with interments in Britain, 134; - with loop on face, 130; - with two loops, 142, 143; - without loops, 133, 142, 144; - with ribs inside socket, 109, 110, 111; - with ribs on face, 117, 127, 136, 137, 140 - - Celts, winged.— - English, 71 to 77; - Scottish, 97; - Irish, 99 to 102 - - Celts, trumpeters in army of, 363 - - Celtiberian method of preparing iron, 275 - - “_Celtis_,” Roman pronunciation of, 29 - - Census, method of taking, 318 - - Centres of manufacture, independent, 106, 143, 475 - - “Ceraunius,” 40 - - Cereals cultivated during the Stone Period, 194; - cultivated during the Bronze Period, 487. - _See_ Sickles - - Cesnola, General di, 40 - - _Cetra_ in use in Spain and Mauretania, 354 - - Chabas, M., quoted, 6, 7 - - Chalybes, the, 17 - - Chantre, M. Ernest, quoted, 43, 55, 88, 109, 176, 183, 184, 202, 297, - 358, 405, 478, 484; - his classification of hoards, 458 - - Chapes, 285, 305 to 307; - wooden, 302 - - Chariots of Early Iron Age, 389, 403 - - Chierici, Professor, quoted, 422 - - Chilian celt of copper, 145 - - China, steel imported to Rome from, 19 - - Chinese antiquarian work, 263; - halberd, 262; - influence, 478; - spear-heads, 329 - - Chisels, 165 to 173, 113, 148; - Aztec, 166; - celts used as, 38, 133, 146; - Egyptian, 8, 166; - flint, 165; - narrow, 259; - mould for, 449; - socketed, 171, 172; - from Swiss Lake-dwellings, 166; - tanged, 167 to 171, 315 - - Christy collection, 142 - - Chronos, sickle of, 15 - - Cicero’s facetious inquiry, 275 - - Cimbrians used iron, 19 - - “Cire perdue” method of casting, 427, 449 - - “Clachan nathaireach,” 394 - - Clasps, 396; - or slides, 308; - found with celts, 144; - gold, 139 - - Clerk, Baron, collection, 98, 214, 218 - - _Clipeus_ longer than _cetra_, 354 - - Coins, British, 118, 134, 181, 354, 363, 399, 470; - of Cunobeline, 181, 354; - of Dubnovellaunus, 181; - of Eppillus, 363; - of Hadrian, 117; - of gold and silver, 322; - Italian, 283; - Roman, 115, 117, 363; - Spanish, 354; - Syracusan, 426; - of Tasciovanus, 354, 363; - of Verica, 354, 399; - unknown in Bronze Age, 487 - - Collars, with beads strung on iron wire, 381. - _See_ Torques - - “Commander’s staff,” 262 - - Commerce between Britain and the Mediterranean countries, 483, 485; - of the Etruscans, 413, 476; - of the Phœnicians, 419, 475, 479; - with the East, 413 - - Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, Buda-Pest, 180; - Stockholm, 288 - - Continental influence on British forms, 106, 143, 297, 379, 472, - 479 to 486 - - Cooke collection, 128 - - Cooke, Mr. B., quoted, 33 - - Copper Age, in America, 2; - in Europe, 2; - in modern times, 4 - - Copper, bars of, 424; - blades, 265; - cakes, 422; - cakes with Roman inscriptions, 423; - celts, Chilian, 145; - celts, Etruscan, 39; - celts, Indian, 2; - celts, Irish, 61; - early sources of, 8, 14, 418; - halberds, Irish, 265; - ingots, 426; - knives, Esquimaux, 211; - lumps of (_see_ Metal); - native, 3, 418, 419; - perforated axe, 265; - punches, or sets, modern, 265; - pyrites, 419; - saw from Santorin, 184; - smelting of, 422 - - Cord, traces of, on celt, 160; - traces of, on dagger, 226 - - Cores of clay for bells, 384; - extraction of, 186, 451; - method of casting with, 443; - remaining in celts, 115, 116, 186, 445; - wooden and bronze, 445 - - Cornwall, native copper in, 419; - native tin in, 419 - - Cotton, Charles, Esq., 133 - - Crannoges, Irish, 220, 486 - - Crawfurd, Mr. J., quoted, 9 - - Crofton Croker collection, 131 - - Cross-guards of daggers or knives, 309 - - Crotals or rattles, 361 - - Crowbar, 161 - - Crucibles, probably of clay, 427 - - Cumæ, Battle of, 355 - - Cuming, Mr. Syer, quoted, 37, 306, 340 - - Cunliffe, Sir R. A., collection, 55 - - Cunnington, Mr., F.S.A., quoted, 189, 242 - - Cunobeline, hammer on coins of, 181; - shields on coins of, 354 - - Cups, amber, 243, 486; - gold, 407; - hanging, 408; - with interments, 189, 190, 226, 239, 243 - - Curved cutting tools, 180 - - - D - - Dactyli, invention of metals ascribed to, 15 - - Daggers, 222 to 247, 254, 256 to 260; - Danish, 254; - Egyptian, 254, 420; - French, 223, 234, 238, 243, 254; - German, 246; - Hungarian, 236; - Irish, 234, 239, 244, 254; - Italian, 236, 241, 287; - methods of hafting, 227 to 236; - moulds for, Italian, 434; - ornamented on blade, 234, 241, 246; - Peruvian mode of holding, 246; - Scandinavian, 234, 236, 252; - socketed, 260, 480; - tanged, 222, 223, 224, 254, 258, 259, 260; - tanged, peculiar to Britain, 480; - with stone axes in interments, 161, 224, 225 - - Daïmachus quoted, 17 - - Dalmatian hammer, 183; - chisels, 172 - - Danubian province of bronze antiquities, 478, 482 - - Darbishire, Mr. R. D., F.S.A., 438 - - Davy, Mr. H. A., 87 - - Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, F.R.S., 475, 477 - - Day, Mr. R., F.S.A., collection, 61, 62, 65, 102, 105, 138, 139, 140, - 141, 171, 172, 176, 212, 246, 59, 293, 315, 325, 358 - - Delas, inventor of bronze, according to Theophrastus, 15 - - De Bonstetten, 104 - - De Champlain quoted, 3 - - De Fellenberg referred to, 422, 425 - - Defoe quoted, 362 - - Dentalium necklace, 394 - - Desor, Prof., collection, 86, 180 - - Diadems, 184; - Danish and German, 394; - gold, 42, 393 - - Dickinson, Mrs., collection, 80, 84, 386 - - Diodorus Siculus quoted, 202, 275, 363, 426 - - Dionysius said to have struck coins of tin, 426 - - Discs with concentric circles, 401; - perforated, 403 - - _Dolabra_, Roman, 36 - - Dolmen, French, 293 - - Donovan’s analysis of trumpet, 360 - - Douce and Meyrick collection, 109 - - Douglas, “Nænia Brit.,” quoted, 34, 233 - - Dow, Rev. John, quoted, 35 - - “Dowris Find,” golden lustre on articles from, 360 - - Drills. _See_ Awls - - “Druidical pruning-hook,” 32, 200 - - Druid’s altar, supposed, 114 - - Dryden, Sir Henry, collection, 74 - - Dubnovellaunus, hammer on coin of, 181 - - Duke, Rev. E., collection, 166, 377, 385, 393, 432 - - Dunoyer, Mr. G. V., quoted, 35, 132, 155, 160, 431 - - Durden, Mr., collection, 134, 250, 378, 393 - - Dusaussoy, Mr., analysis by, 418 - - Dyer, Mr. Thiselton, F.R.S., 313 - - - E - - Early Iron Age of Denmark, 159; - hoard at Vimose, 195; - interment, belonging to, 25; - trumpets of, 357, 363. - _See_ also Hallstatt and Late Celtic Period. - - Ear-rings, 391; - gold, 393 - - Edwards, Mr. G., C.E., 368 - - Egerton, Sir P. de M. G., F.R.S., collection, 91, 169, 331, 464 - - Egypt, bronze as circulating medium in, 8; - early rarity of iron and steel in, 6; - early use of bronze in, 475; - lead bronze used in, 419 - - Egyptian arrow-heads, leaf-shaped, 318; - axes, 142, 147; - celts with ears, 147; - chisels, 166; - daggers, 234, 254; - daggers, analysis of, 420; - daggers, socketed, 261, 480; - hatchet still hafted, 148; - hoe-like instrument, 142; - method of fixing adze blades, 159; - rings, penannular, 391; - swords, 298; - tongs, 185 - - Elissa, bronze sickle of, 18, 194 - - Enamel on bronze articles, 135; - red, on shields, 343 - - Encrinite beads, 394 - - Engelhardt, Mr. Conrad, quoted, 159, 164, 195 - - Enniskillen, Earl of, F.R.S., 61, 180, 282 - - Ennius, iron used in Italy before the days of, 18 - - Epaulettes, originally intended for protection of shoulder, 374 - - Esquimaux, handles of instruments, 195; - knives of copper, 211 - - Etruscan, celts, 132; - commerce, 413, 476; - gold necklaces, 39; - helmets, 355; - influence on form of Irish vases, 412, 476, 481; - rings with loops, 400; - tomb, copper celt in, 39; - urns at Hallstatt, 412 - - Euripides quoted, 16 - - - F - - Fabrics, woven, 474 - - Fabricius, J. A., quoted, 151 - - Falmouth, Earl of, golden(?) celt belonging to, 135 - - Faussett collection, 129 - - Fenton, Mr., 223 - - Fenton, Mr. S., 306 - - Ferris, Dr., 348 - - Ferrules, 338 to 341, 256, 257, 309, 315, 317, 333; - African celt-like, 340; - Danish, 309, 340; - flat, 404; - gold, 309, 313; - Irish, 340; - iron, 341 - - “Ferrum” used for sword in Cæsar’s time, 276 - - Fibula of silver, 155; - with interment, 387, 400 - - Fiji, conch-shell trumpets from, 359 - - Files, bronze, 7, 181, 184, 185; - iron, 184 - - Finds of bronze. _See_ Hoards of Bronze - - Finger-rings, 198, 391 - - Fisher, Mr. Marshall, collection, 53, 78, 79, 91, 121, 248, 254, 272, - 282, 286, 322, 328 - - Fish-hooks, 192 - - Fitch, Mr. R., F.S.A., collection, 52, 114, 120, 282 - - Flaminius Nepos, 374 - - “Flanches” on celts, 60, 107 to 111, 131, 480 - - Flint, arrow-heads, 42, 167, 223, 226, 236, 238, 318, 391; - Etruscan, 39; - celts, 189, 190; - chipped, 243, 366; - chisels, 165; - flakes, 167, 366; - flakes used as saws, 454; - implements, 189, 224, 225; - implements, French, 223; - implements, Irish, 271; - knives, 41, 225, 240; - scraper, 225; - similarity between Irish and Portuguese forms, 271; - spear-heads, 190, 225; - “strike-a-lights,” 22, 225 - - Flower, Mr. J. W., F.G.S., 122, 242, 270 - - Forbes, Mr. David, F.R.S., 148, 165 - - Forel, M., collection, 210, 441 - - Franks, Mr. A. W., F.R.S., quoted, 37, 49, 51, 135, 199, 257, 299, - 302, 330, 353, 363, 404, 405, &c. - - Frederick, Sir Charles, 257, 260 - - - G - - Gage, Mr., F.S.A., 343 - - Garrucci, Padre, 341 - - Gärthe, Dr. Hugo, collection, 448 - - Gastaldi, Prof., 202 - - Gauls, gold torques among the, 374; - Isumbrian, had iron swords, 19; - of North of France had iron mines, 9 - - Gaulish reaping machine, 194; - torques used for trophy, 374; - trumpets, 363 - - Genthe, Rector, quoted, 21 - - Geoffroy’s experiments, 12 - - Gesenius, suggestion of, 5 - - Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., quoted, 11, 16 - - Glass beads, 134, 135, 366, 394, 485, 487 - - Gold, bracelets, 180, 209, 283, 285; - buttons, 394; - clasps, 139, 391; - Cornish celt, doubtful, 135; - diadems, 42, 393; - ferrules, 309, 313; - fillet, 239; - mines, Egyptian, 8; - necklaces, 39; - on dagger hilts, 51, 228, 232; - ornaments, 51, 304, 391, 393; - Merovingian, 117; - pins for inlaying, 51, 228, 232; - plates, 51, 232, 244; - plates, crescent-shaped, 394; - probably the first metal used, 418; - rings, 389, 390, 393; - torques, 90, 180, 209, 374, 375, 376, 379, 390; - trophy of Gaulish torques, 374 - - Gongora y Martinez, Don M., 238 - - Goodwin, Mr., 347 - - Gordon, Sir R., 218, 289, 340, 362 - - Gouges, 173 to 177, 319, 320, 336; - French, 176 - - Gozzadini, Count, quoted, 37 - - Gray, Mr. W., collection, 352, 412 - - Greece, early use of iron in, 14 - - Greek axe, 161; - fret on Chilian celts, 145; - language, testimony of, 10; - sword, 298; - vases, representations on, 340 - - Greenwell, Rev. Canon, F.R.S., collection, _passim_; - quoted, 37, 41, 151, 224, 227, 387, 389, 400, 407, &c. - - Grimm quoted by M. Müller, 10 - - Grose quoted, 363 - - Gross, Dr. Victor, collection, 114, 176, 183, 195, 422, 431, 449 - - Gudea, King of Assyria, 9 - - Gun-metal, 415 - - - H - - Hafting. _See_ Handles and Hilts - - Halberds, 261 to 270; - Chinese, 263; - Irish, 263, 266, 268; - iron, 263; - Italian, 480; - mode of attachment to shaft, 262; - rare in Britain, 270; - Russian, 263; - Scandinavian, 262; - Scottish, 269; - Spanish, 271 - - Hallstatt, 23, 25, 69, 144, 181, 184, 229, 288, 293, 308, 342, 355, - 389, 393, 394, 401, 405, 409, 412 - - Hammers, 177 to 181; - bronze, 81, 94, 319, 442, 451; - in Bologna hoard, 180; - casting for, 361; - clay mould for, 450; - formed of part of palstave, 180; - Hungarian, 180; - Lake-dwellings, 181; - looped, 180; - stone, 165; - stone with interment, 51, 232, 353, 405 - - Handles to celts, 146 to 164; - to celts, club-like, 149; - to celts, elbowed, 146; - to celts, original, 150; - to iron celt, 144, 157; - to Italian celt, 155; - to knife, of amber, 228; - to stone celts, of stags-horn, 150; - to vessels, variety of, 414 - - Hare, remains of, at Barton Mere, 486 - - Harford, Mr. E. J., F.S.A., quoted, 34 - - Harland, Mr. H. S., 118, 226 - - “_Hasta Pura_,” 218 - - Hatchets, iron, 148 - - Hearne, quoted, 31 - - Hector, gold-ringed spear-head of, 313 - - Helmets, bronze, 355; - Late Celtic, 356 - - Herodian quoted, 355 - - Herodotus quoted, 17 - - Hesiod quoted, 16, 17 - - Hiero, Tyrant of Syracuse, 355 - - Hieroglyphic inscriptions on axes, 147 - - Hildebrand, Dr. Hans, quoted, 21 - - Hilts of daggers, 229 to 236; - of rapiers, 252 to 256; - of swords, 286 to 300; - proportional to blades, 277; - made of amber, 228; - made of ivory, inlaid with amber, 299; - made of ox-horn, 252; - inlaid, of dagger, 352 - - Hoards of Bronze— - Abergele, 144, 308, 404, 405, 471 - Achtertyre, 136, 315, 382, 425, 468 - Allhallows, Hoo, 214, 230, 467 - Alnwick, 43, 113, 285, 321, 391, 465 - Ambleside, 285, 465 - Amiens, 52, 157, 176, 201, 206, 249, 371, 398 - Arreton Down, 49, 243, 244, 257, 258, 260, 464, 473, 480 - Barrington, 78, 118, 466 - Battlefield, 43, 86, 405, 464 - Beachy Head, 94, 283, 423, 467 - Beacon Hill, 43, 174, 321, 466 - Beddington, 110, 174, 320, 340, 423, 447, 468 - Bernay, 77, 78, 79 - Bilton, 113, 129, 282, 314, 320, 465 - Blackmoor, 464 - Bloody Pool, 338, 339, 465 - Bo Island, 180, 292, 466 - Bologna, 104, 143, 172, 173, 176, 180, 183, 184, 185, 210, 217, 288, - 341, 448, 480 - Brechin, 290, 465 - Broadward, 168, 285, 319, 320, 336, 338, 397, 465 - Broxton, 91, 169, 331, 464 - Burgesses’ Meadow, Oxford, 81, 169, 179, 467 - Burwell Fen, 467 - Camenz, 202, 384, 390, 459 - Carlton Rode, 78, 94, 113, 119, 121, 122, 133, 167, 171, 173, 175, - 178, 424, 467 - Chrishall, 117, 283, 465 - Clare, Postlingford Hall, 48, 464 - Cleveland, 447, 468 - Corsbie Moss, 290, 464 - Cumberlow, 94, 110, 134, 424, 467 - Danesbury, 423, 468 - Dowris, 176, 179, 211, 220, 293, 335, 360, 361, 410, 411, 412, 452, - 468 - Dreuil, 109, 110, 129, 144, 176, 208, 283, 370, 393, 403, 404, 405 - Duddingston Loch, 289, 315, 335, 409, 424, 465 - Dunbar, 220, 465 - Earsley Common, 113, 134, 424, 468 - Eaton, 447, 468 - Ebnall, 167, 174, 187, 466 - Edington Burtle, 197, 249, 320, 325, 330, 377, 385, 391, 464 - Exning, 174, 394, 466 - Flixborough, 465 - Fresné la Mère, 180, 183, 189, 209, 375 - Fulbourn, 279, 282, 320, 340, 464 - Glancych, 285, 304, 315, 340, 389, 464 - Greensborough Farm, Shenstone, 285, 465 - Guilsfield, 87, 114, 174, 285, 302, 315, 336, 339, 424, 467 - Hagbourn Hill, 144, 322, 368, 466, 470, 471 - Harty, Isle of, 110, 111, 174, 177, 181, 186, 211, 214, 308, 403, - 441, 442, 453, 457, 468 - Haxey, 89, 129, 465 - Haynes’ Hill, 297, 305, 320, 403, 467 - Heathery Burn Cave, 110, 118, 166, 172, 175, 185, 206, 211, 219, - 285, 314, 365, 372, 381, 386, 388, 391, 401, 402, 412, 424, - 447, 451, 468 - Helsdon Hall, 424, 467 - High Roding, 109, 116, 424, 468 - Hollingbury Hill, 76, 115, 378, 386, 390, 464 - Hotham Carr, 84, 92, 440, 468 - Hounslow, 128, 175, 210, 451, 466 - Hundred of Hoo, 95, 466 - Kenidjack Cliff, 95, 119, 423, 451, 467 - Kensington, 158, 174, 401, 424, 450, 467 - Kingston Hill, 126, 423, 467 - Lamballe, 116 - Lanant, 206, 285, 340, 423, 451, 467 - Larnaud, Fonderie de, 68, 131, 167, 176, 184, 192, 448, 456 - Little Wenlock, 113, 234, 314, 336, 452, 465 - Llandysilio, 93, 119, 206, 465 - Llangwyllog, 81, 192, 219, 387, 389, 400, 466 - Longy Common, 321, 467 - Maentwrog, 248, 328, 465 - Marden, 198, 208, 211, 308, 366, 381, 388, 450, 451, 467 - Martlesham, 113, 119, 120, 129, 174, 206, 424, 467 - Mawgan, 116, 184, 250, 465 - Melbourn, 174, 389, 397, 466 - Meldreth, 172, 201, 411, 424, 466 - Moussaye, 115, 116, 445, 477 - Nettleham, 86, 92, 131, 314, 330, 395, 465 - Newark, 118, 316, 402, 466 - Nottingham, 93, 118, 317, 322, 339, 465 - Panfield, 468 - Pant-y-maen. _See_ Glancych - Pierre du Villain, 214, 279, 397 - Plénée-Jugon. _See_ Moussaye - Plymstock, 50, 165, 241, 259, 464 - Point of Sleat, 289, 315, 372, 465 - Porkington, 168, 174, 466 - Quantock Hills, 77, 377, 447, 464 - Reach Fen, 79, 112, 118, 122, 133, 167, 174, 187, 205, 210, 211, - 213, 216, 229, 283, 305, 314, 315, 317, 319, 396, 400, 467 - Reepham, 466 - Rhosnesney, 55, 90, 226, 464 - Romford, 86, 172, 424, 467 - Roseberry Topping, 129, 172, 174, 178, 397, 424, 468 - St. Hilary, 285, 423, 467 - Shenstone, 285, 465 - Sittingbourne, 113, 174, 424, 467 - Stanhope, 118, 129, 174, 179, 315, 403, 466 - Stibbard, 84, 328, 457, 464 - Stoke Ferry, 270, 282, 305, 314, 465 - Tarves, 290, 372, 465 - Taunton, 116, 178, 198, 218, 367, 389, 466 - Thorndon, 174, 177, 189, 205, 319, 466 - Thrunton Farm, Whittingham, 280, 288, 314, 335, 464 - Tours, 448 - Trillick, 180, 389, 399, 466 - Ty-Mawr, 129, 168, 315, 381, 389, 466 - Vimose, 159, 195 - Wallingford, 87, 128, 167, 206, 219, 321, 457, 466 - Wallington, 89, 333, 382, 465 - Wandle River, 282, 316, 368, 465 - Wedmore, 376, 378, 466 - West Buckland, 96, 377, 386, 464 - ” Halton, 113, 118, 120, 424, 467 - Westow, 85, 118, 130, 168, 172, 174, 388, 450, 467 - Westwick Row, 112, 424, 468 - Weymouth, 279, 313, 419, 464 - Whittlesea, 131, 175, 179, 466 - Wick Park, 120, 304, 423, 450, 467 - Wicken Fen, 76, 199, 205, 287, 464 - Wickham Park, 95, 340, 423, 448, 468 - Wilmington, 87, 447, 468 - Winmarleigh, 118, 314, 335, 466 - Woolmer Forest, 378, 383, 390, 464 - Worth, 254, 313, 402, 464 - Worthing, 87, 423, 467 - Wrekin Tenement, 285, 338, 465 - Wymington, 113, 466 - Yattendon, 169, 403, 466 - - Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, quoted, 34, 44, 51, 134, 163, 190, 232, 241, - 242, 352, 369, 405, and _passim_ - - Hodgson, Rev. John, quoted, 35 - - Holmes, Mr. J., collection, 201, 328 - - Homer, bronze or copper? mentioned by, 11; - mentions tin, 12; - other metals, 13 - - Homeric Age, 16, 18, 161, 242, 313, 340 - - Hones. _See_ Whetstones - - Hood, Sir A. A., Bart., collection, 119 - - Hoops, 402 - - Horns, curved, found in Denmark, 363 - - Horn, the Caprington, 362 - - Horn, used, 225, 226, 227, 252, 487 - - Horse-trappings, 396 - - Hostmann, Dr., quoted, 21 - - Hugo, Rev. T., F.S.A., quoted, 36 - - Hugo collection, 65, 104, 105, 284 - - Hungary, native copper in, 419 - - Hungarian province of bronze antiquities, 482 - - Hutchins, Mr., quoted, 94 - - - I - - Imitation rivets, 235, 257, 260, 344 - - Inlaying of metals, 13, 296, 297; - wood and amber, 51, 228, 232, 368, 487 - - Instruments, broken, converted into another form, 180, 211, 361, 454; - tanged, of earlier date than socketed, 456 - - Intercourse between Britain and the Continent, 106, 143, 162, 379, - 413, 483; - Ireland and Spain, 271 - - Interments, 41, 42, 237, 238, 239; - burnt, 51, 96, 189, 190, 224, 226, 233, 241, 242, 243, 366, 384, - 394, 474, 485; - contracted, 44, 51, 134, 190, 223, 244, 380; - comparison of size of men of the Stone and Bronze Periods, 277; - in a hide, with fern leaves, 225; - in wooden cist, 241; - Late Celtic, 23, 391; - with beads, 135, 366, 394; - with bracelets, 135, 385, 387; - with awls, 189, 190, 191, 225, 241, 319, 392, 457; - with axes, 190, 226; - with celts, 41, 42, 44, 47, 51, 134, 145, 150, 352; - with stone hatchets, 204; - with stone hammers, 51, 232, 353, 405; - with knife daggers, 41, 161, 204, 225, 226, 256, 367, 480; - with marine shells, 189, 394; - tree-burials, 190, 226, 228, 241, 243, 301, 367, 474; - urn-burials, 42, 190, 191, 217, 226, 234, 384, 391; - at Hallstatt, 412; - various modes of, 473 - - Ionians armed with bronze, 8 - - Ireland, use of iron probably later than in Britain, 471; - never occupied by the Romans, 276 - - Iron, ancient, preservation of, 25; - approximate date of introduction into Britain, 472; - “Celestial,” 7; - celts, 116, 144, 157, 159, 163; - Celtiberian method of tempering, 275; - collars and belts, 355; - currency, 17; - date of discovery of, from the Arundelian marbles, 14; - effects of long burying, 275; - files, 184; - forms copied from bronze, 23, 95, 144, 299; - hatchet from Bolivia, 148; - meteoric origin of, 7; - mines in France, 19; - probably unknown till after the separation of Aryan nations, 10; - pyrites in urn, 243, with interment, 225; - for obtaining fire, 487; - religious avoidance of, in Egypt, 6; - self-fused mass of, 15; - succession of, to bronze, 4, 6, 16, 22, 23; - spear-heads, 342; - swords, 19, 274, 275, 276, 280, 287, 297, 299, 300, 343, 354; - used in Britain before Roman invasion, 19, 276, 354, 471, 472; - used by the Catti, 19; - used by the Gauls, 19; - used in ancient Greece, 14, 15; - used in Italy, 19 - - Italian, coins with type of sword, 283; - origin suggested for Northern bronze antiquities, 21 - - Ivory, bracelets, 485; - buttons, 394, 485; - dagger handles, 233; - exported from Gaul to Britain, 486; - hilts to iron swords, 229; - hooks, 485; - nippers, 233; - pieces of, with bronze rivets, 241; - pins, 51, 233, 241, 485; - rings, Egyptian, 391; - tweezers, 241; - war trumpets, African, 359 - - - J - - James, Sir Henry, F.R.S., quoted, 426 - - Japanese sabres, 275 - - Java, socketed celt from, 142 - - “Javelin with loop,” 256 - - Jeffrey, Mr., F.S.A.Scot., 351 - - Jerome, St., quoted, 27, 28 - - Jet, beads, 118, 158, 189, 336, 394; - Buttons, 225, 236; - discs, 190; - loops, 308; - necklaces, 189, 190, 487; - ornaments, 485; - pendant, 190; - used for decorations, 373 - - Jets and runners, 450 - - Jewitt, Mr. Llewellynn, F.S.A., quoted, 44, 453 - - Job, book of, quoted, 5; - translation of, by St. Jerome, 27 - - Jones, Hon. Col. C. C., quoted, 3 - - Jutland, flat celts in, 30 - - - K - - Keller, Dr. F., quoted, 150, 195 - - Kendrick, James, M.D., 46, 158 - - Kirwan, Rev. R., 134, 224 - - Klemm, Dr., cited, 153 - - Knife-daggers, antiquity of, 222, 457; - associated with stone implements (_see_ Stone and Bronze together); - attached to haft by perishable rivets, 226; - ornamented, 212, 237; - perforated, 225; - Scottish, 238; - short and broad, 240; - Spanish, 238; - with handle of yew, 207; - with haft of ox-horn, 225; - with interments, 41, 161, 204, 205, 226, 256, 367, 480 - - Knives, 204 to 216; - flint, 41; - flint with interment, 225, 240 - - Knives, socketed, curved, 204, 205, 209; - double-edged, 205 to 208, 167, 216, 480; - Irish, 207; - looped, 210, 215; - moulds for, 449; - with fluted blade, 205 - - Knives, tanged, 211 to 216; - curved, 209, 214, 215; - Danish and German, 215; - made from broken swords, 211; - moulds for, 433; - perforated, 213, 215; - single-edged, 214, 215, 480; - tang ending in head of animal, 213; - tangs flat, 211, 212; - with rings on blade, 215 - - Koudourmapouk, King of the Soumirs and Accads, 9 - - - L - - Laconia, steel of, 17 - - Lake-dwellers probably cut straw, 202 - - Lake-dwellings of Savoy, 95, 131, 191, 371; - of Switzerland, 13, 95, 114, 370; - insight into early civilisation given by, 486 - - Lake Superior, native copper found near, 3, 418 - - Lance-head, 368 - - Lane Fox, Gen. A. _See_ Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A. - - Late Celtic Period.—Arrow-heads, 318; - bridle-bits, 144, 368, 405, 470; - bracelets, 135, 387, 388; - brooches, 400; - buckles, 144, 368, 470; - celts, 137, 144, 157, 163; - chariots, 389, 403; - ear-rings, 393; - ferrules, Irish, 340; - helmet, 356; - interments, 23, 25, 135, 471; - pins, 144, 369; - remains, 135, 144, 385; - sheaths, 302, 308; - shield, 353; - spear-heads, 144, 342; - swords, 229, 275, 299, 343; - torques, 381; - trumpets, 362; - vessel with iron handle, 409 - - Lauth, Prof., quoted, 7 - - Laveissière, Messrs., gun-metal, 416 - - Lawrence, Mr. W. L., F.S.A., 45 - - Layton, Mr. T., F.S.A., collection, 52, 126, 284, 302 - - Lead, absent in early bronze, 417; - at butt-end of palstave, 97; - socketed celts, made of, 445; - in small socketed celts, from Brittany, 417; - in articles from Dowris, 360; - spoken of by Job, 5 - - Lead bronze used in Egypt, 419 - - Leather sheath for flint dagger, 309; - for bronze knives, 309; - for Scandinavian dagger, 252; - thongs for securing hatchet, 148 - - Leland quoted, 30 - - Lepsius quoted, 7 - - Lichas the Lacedemonian, 18 - - Lichfield, Mr., collection, 94, 127 - - Lindenschmit, Dr. Ludwig, quoted, 21, 81, 202 - - Lisch, Dr. F., quoted, 151, 262 - - Livy quoted, 354 - - Local peculiarities of bronze antiquities, 24, 477 - - Londesborough, Lord, collection, 345 - - “Long Barrow” period, skeletons of, 277 - - Loops or slides, 403; - of jet, 404 - - Lort, Rev. Mr., F.S.A., quoted, 31, 33, 439 - - Lovelace, Earl of, 245, 316 - - Lubbock, Sir John, F.R.S., quoted, 20, 37, 149, 157, 274, 276, 427, - 475 - - Lucretius quoted, 16 - - Lukis, Rev. W. C, F.S.A., 181, 385 - - “Lurer,” or curved horns found in Denmark, 363 - - Lusitanians, bronze spears among the, 17 - - Lycurgus, iron currency in time of, 17 - - Lydia, steel of, 17 - - - M - - Macadam, Dr. Stevenson, quoted, 56, 362, 410, 425 - - McCulloch, Mr. W. T., quoted, 349 - - Maces, 271, 272; - perforated stone, 51 - - Macrobius quoted, 275 - - Madsen quoted, 52, 54, 288, 404 - - Magnentius, bronze swords attributed to time of, 25 - - Malacca the principal Eastern source of tin, 424 - - “Malga,” Australian wooden weapon, 263 - - Manetho quoted by Plutarch, 8 - - Manillas, or African ring money, 387 - - Manlia Gens, denarii of, 374 - - Mariette, M., quoted, 6 - - Marine shells with interments, 189, 394 - - Martineau and Smith quoted, 415 - - Masons of Peru still use stone pebbles as mallets, 165 - - Massagetæ a bronze-using people, 17 - - Mayer collection. _See_ Museums, Liverpool - - Medea, bronze sickle of, 18, 194 - - Medhurst, Mr., collection, 127 - - Medicinal use of iron in ancient Egypt, 6; - “virtue in brass,” 31 - - Mediterranean province of bronze antiquities, 478 - - Memnon, sword of, 18 - - Menelaus, battle-axe of, 14 - - Meriones, arrow of, 18 - - Merovingian gold ornaments, 117 - - Metals, 415 to 426; - admixture of other than copper and tin in bronze, 346, 360, 417, - 420; - early use of, 1 to 20, 418, 420; - lumps of, 81, 87, 94, 113, 119, 120, 283, 423, 425, 442, 449, 459, - 469 - - Meteoric origin of first-known iron, 7, 15 - - Mexican, bronze, 4; - name for copper transferred to iron, 10 - - Meyrick collection, 109, 205, 271, 351, 356; - Sir Samuel, quoted, 155 - - Milles, Rev. Dr., collection, 48 - - “Minds,” Irish, 42, 394 - - Mines, Egyptian gold, 8 - - Minerva, Temple of, at Phaselis, 18 - - “Missile hatchets,” 162 - - Mitchell, Dr. Arthur, F.S.A. Scot., 437 - - Molyneux, Sir T., quoted, 358 - - Money, suggestion that celts served as, 37 - - Montelius, Dr. O., quoted, 109, 262, 288, 298 - - Montezuma II., axe of, 148 - - Morlot, M., quoted, 26 - - “Morning Star,” or flail, 271 - - Mortillet, M. Gabriel de, 405, 456, 457 - - Mortimer, Messrs., collection, 43, 113, 190, 227, 230 - - Mortise and tenon, 171 - - Moseley, H. N., F.R.S., 263 - - Moulds, 427 to 450; - bronze, 84, 174, 438 to 448; - clay, 427, 428, 448, 449; - clay, for buttons, 401; - stone, 143, 158, 180, 250, 428 to 438; - notches on, 436; - wooden, for British coins of tin, 445 - - Movers, Prof., quoted, 5 - - Müller, Prof. Max, quoted, 10 - - Müller, Dr. Sophus, quoted, 21 - - Museums— - Abbeville, 335 - Agram, 177 - Alnwick Castle, 46, 116, 285, 287, 368, 386 - Amiens, 119, 183, 201, 206, 208, 371, 398 - Assen, 109 - Belfast, 430 - Berlin, 39, 173, 184, 234, 262, 263, 298, 299, 441, 448 - Boulaq, 261 - Boulogne, 238, 250 - Bourges, 307 - Bristol, 217 - Brunswick, 288 - Buda-Pest, 142, 327 - Caen, 86 - Cambridge Ant. Soc., 174, 199, 205, 259, 270, 271, 272, 279, 340, - 346 - Carcassonne, 328 - Chambéry, 131, 184 - Chateaudun, 122 - Clermont-Ferrand, 119, 176, 341, 438 - Copenhagen, of Northern Antiquities, 172, 259, 288, 353, 432, 441 - Cracow, Academy of Sciences, 181 - Darmstadt, 91, 441 - Devizes, _see_ Stourhead - Dorchester, 432 - Dover, 113 - Dresden, Preusker collection, 437 - Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, _passim_; - Trinity College, 220, 431 - Edinburgh, Ant., _passim_; - Advoc. Library, 289 - Elgin, 333 - Evreux, 77 - Exeter, 51 - Florence, 156 - Geneva, 210 - Göttingen, 77 - Gratz, Johanneum, 288 - Hanover, 184, 308, 441 - Kiel, 262 - Laibach, 246, 393, 428 - Lausanne, 260 - Leipsig, Deutsche Gesellschaft, 221 - Le Puy, 293 - Lewes, 87, 447 - Leyden, 89, 133, 173, 176, 221 - Linz, 153 - Liverpool, Mayer collection, 52, 81, 82, 83, 88, 129, 168, 319, 351 - London, British Museum, _passim_; - Soc. Ant., 49, 90, 125, 348, and _passim_ - Lyons, 131, 301, 441 - Madrid, 97 - Malmoe, 262 - Metz, 131 - Modena, Museo Civico, 401, 437 - Munich, 445 - Namur, 109 - Nantes, 121, 124, 230, 250, 252, 281, 339 - Narbonne, 43, 121, 122, 172, 254, 341 - Newcastle-on-Tyne, 78, 116, 125, 285, 351 - Norwich, 78, 80, 134, 173, 175, 178, 199, 281, 318 - Oxford, 287; Ashmolean, 81, 169, 189, 216, 225 - Paris, d’Artillerie, 301; - Hôtel Cluny, 176; - Louvre, 185 - Plymouth, Athenæum, 228 - Poitiers, 119, 176, 214, 221, 398, 441, 447 - Prague, 308 - Rennes, 287 - Rouen, 86, 280 - St. Germain, 171, 248, 293, 328, 448 - St. Omer, 131 - Salisbury, Blackmore, 80, 81, 91, 110, 114, 120, 132, 175, 236, 237, - 248, 426 - Salzburg, 152, 355 - Scarborough, 211, 401 - Schwerin, 262 - Sheffield, Bateman collection, 42, 44, 113, 122, 150, 168, 172, 190, - 205, 225, 279, 280, 307, 321, 327, 390, 392, 393, 409, 430, - 447 - Sigmaringen, 173, 176 - Soissons, 80 - Stockholm, 122, 143, 353, 448 - Stourhead, 219, 322, 368, and _passim_ - Stuttgart, Cabinet of Coins, 142 - Taunton, 119, 198, 249, 320, 325, 328, 330 - Toulouse, 41, 97, 119, 122, 131 - Tours, 86, 172, 207, 254, 401, 435 - Trent, 107 - Turin, Royal Armoury, 288 - Vannes, 215, 449 - Vienna, Ambras, 148; - Antiken Cabinet, 86, 131, 299, 355 - Warrington, 123, 335 - Wisbech, 131, 175, 179 - Wurzburg, 308 - Zurich, 166 - - “Museum Moscardi,” quoted, 31 - - - N - - Nail for fastening scabbard end, 305 - - Native copper, 3, 418, 419 - - Neb, projecting, on celts, 104, 160 - - Necklaces, amber, 244, 487; - bone, 487; - of dentalium shells, 394; - of glass beads, 135; - jet, 189, 190, 487 - - Necropolis, Alban, 341 - - Needle of bronze, 192; - wood, 226 - - Neolithic Period, gouges developed in, 165 - - Neville, Mr. F., quoted, 358 - - Nickel present in bronze of shield, 346 - - Nilsson, Prof., 419 - - Nitzsch quoted, 14 - - Noricum, iron swords of, 19 - - Norris, Mr., collection, 96 - - Northumberland, Duke of, collection, 46, 116 - - Norway, native copper in, 419 - - Noulet, Dr., 142 - - - O - - Objects of uncertain use, 306, 308, 396, 397, 405 - - Obsidian instruments from Santorin, 184 - - Odyssey, description of hardening axe in, 14; - testimony of, as to axe-heads, 161 - - O’Gorman, Mr. T., quoted, 398 - - Oppert, M., referred to, 9 - - Orestes, bones of, 18 - - Origin of term celt, 27; - of term palstave, 71, 72; - continental, of British bronze forms, 108, 115, 143, 297, 379 - - Ormerod, Mr. G. W., F.G.S., collection, 82 - - Ornaments, 374 to 395, 481, 483 to 486; - bronze, rare in Britain, 395, 481, 487; - gold, 51, 304, 391, 393, 487; - for horse-trappings, 404; - silver, 2 - - Ornamentation on bronze, preserved by patina, 46; - cable pattern, 54, 60, 140; - chevron patterns, 90, 145, 160, 180, 320, 321, 330, 338; - by enamel, 135, 338; - fern-leaf pattern, 61, 102; - Greek fret, 145; - by inlaying of metals, 13, 296, 297; - by hatched lozenges, 53, 66, 218; - by punching, 67, 187, 319, 453; - by matted patterns, 53, 74; - resembling Roman numerals, 203; - rings, 296; - rings concentric, on shields, 347 to 353; - ring and pellet, 124 _et seqq._; - shield-shaped, 128; - on back of Swiss Lake knives, 203 - - Osteological observations, 278, 475 - - Overlapping of Stone and Bronze Periods, 1, 24 - - Owen, Prof., F.R.S., cited, 296 - - - P - - Paalstab, the term, 71, 72 - - Palafitta of Castione, 153 - - Palstaves, 70 to 106, 159, 169; - broken, with broken torques, 378; - castings for, 90, 448; - Danish, 95, 151, 163; - development of, from flat celts, 107, 472; - double-looped, 95 to 97, 104, 105; - edge renewed by hammering, 92, 454; - French, 81, 88, 91, 97, 160; - German, 80, 83, 91; - Icelandic, 71; - Irish, 81, 99 to 105, 160; - iron, 157, 159; - looped, 80, 98, 103; - moulds for, 431, 439, 440; - of two metals from Hallstatt, 95; - origin of term, 71; - roughening blade of, 77; - Scottish, 77 to 79, 99; - socketed celts evolved from, 108, 472; - Spanish, 90, 97, 161; - transitional forms between celts and, 76, 77, 95, 472; - with ridges on recesses for handle, 79; - with transverse edge, 85, 105, 159; - with socket formed by wings, 85; - worn by resharpening, 83, 87, 454 - - Paris Exhibition of 1878, 97, 448 - - Patina, preservation of ornament by, 46 - - Patrick, Mr. R. W. Cochran, F.S.A., 362 - - Patroclus, funeral games of, 15 - - Pausanias, quoted, 15, 18 - - Payne-Knight collection, 94 - - Pegge, Rev. Samuel, F.S.A., quoted, 33, 42, 226 - - Pelligot, Prof., analysis of Breton celts, 417 - - Pelta or buckler of Greeks and Macedonians, 354 - - Penguilly l’Haridon, M., quoted, 162 - - Pennant’s “Tour” quoted, 290 - - Pentateuch, mention of metals in, 5 - - Percy, Dr. J., F.R.S., quoted, 11, 40, 420, 424, 442 - - Perthes, Boucher de, collection, 335 - - Peru, bronze in, 4; - use of stone mallets in, 165 - - Peruvian mode of holding dagger, 246 - - Pest, Congress of Prehistoric Archæology at, 180 - - Petrie collection, 140 - - Phillips, Mr. J. A., F.G.S., 422, 426 - - Philology, testimony of, 9, 110 - - Philoxenus quoted, 168 - - Phœnician trade with Britain, 419, 475, 479 - - Pins, 365 to 373; - 134, 135, 191, 282, 290, 322; - associated with swords, 290, 372; - bone, with Roman remains, 365; - curved, 368; - Danish, gold-plated, 372; - French, 370; - German, 371; - gold, for inlaying, 51, 228, 232; - Irish, 369, 371, 372; - Late Celtic, 368, 369; - looped, 368, 369; - Scottish, 372; - spiral, 370; - Swiss, 370; - twisted, 191, 366; - with amber inlaid, 368; - with annular heads, 367; - with flat heads, 290, 365, 371; - with perforated heads, 96 - - Pindar quoted, 17 - - Pipe of bone, 366 - - Pisander, axe of, 18 - - Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A., F.R.S., 37, 84, 205, 313, 328, 441, 475 - - Plates, conical, with central hole, 316; - convex, 351; - with rims, 402; - flat, 402; - gold, articles made of, 244; - gold, lozenge-shaped, 51, 232; - horse-shoe shaped, 405; - with lunate openings, 397 - - Pliny quoted, 18, 19, 194, 355 - - Plot, Dr., quoted, 31, 42, 133 - - Plutarch quoted, 19 - - Pollux, Julius, mentions currier’s chisel, 168 - - Polybius quoted, 275, 363 - - Pommels, of dagger hilts, 229; - to iron sword, 229; - object like, with links of chain, 296; - cast on core of clay, 290; - to Scottish swords, 290 - - Porsena, articles of peace tendered by, 18 - - Poseidon, trident of, 15 - - Poste, Mr. Beale, quoted, 308 - - Pottery, from barrows, 407; - of Bronze Age, 407, 487; - from Swiss Lake-dwellings, 13 - - Pownall, Governor, F.S.A., quoted, 293 - - Preservation of iron, 25 - - Prickers of bronze for extracting clay cores, 186. - _See_ Awls - - Prigg, Mr. H., quoted, 187; - collection, 127 - - Proportion between size of tool and handle, 277 - - Proximity of objects no proof of identity of date, 25, 117, 273, 470 - - Psammetichus, brazen helmet of, 8 - - Punches, used in ornamenting, 67, 68, 187, 188, 453; - serrated, 319, 320 - - Punic War, Second, 19, 275 - - Pyramid, Great, iron wedge found in, 7 - - Pyrites, iron, 225, 243, 487; - copper, 419 - - - Q - - Queen Aah-Hotep, axe found in tomb of, 148 - - Queen’s Drive, Edinburgh, swords found at, 289 - - “Quincussis,” 283 - - - R - - Rabat, M., collection, 180, 368 - - Rameses III., tomb of, 7 - - Ramsauer, Herr, 157 - - Ramses, the name on Egyptian axe, 147 - - Rapier-shaped blades, 245 to 254, 328, 333; - broken, regarded as a steel, 250; - rare in hoards, 256; - with hilt of ox-horn, 252 - - Rattles, crotals, or bells, 361, 364 - - Ravalière, Lévesque de la, quoted, 20 - - Ravensworth, Lord, collection, 288, 335 - - Razors, 217 to 221, 480; - continental forms, 221; - crescent-shaped, 221; - from Lake-dwellings, 215; - Irish, 218, 318; - perforated, 218 to 221; - tanged, 217 to 219; - tanged, peculiar to Britain, 480 - - Read, Mr. C., 231 - - Reaping-hooks, of flint, 194 (_see_ Sickles); - Saturn’s, 17 - - Reaping-machine, Gaulish, 194 - - “Recipient” and “received,” the terms as applied to celts, 107 - - Religious rites, use of bronze in, 18 - - Repoussé work on Late Celtic bracelets, 388 - - Reproduction in bronze of stone forms, 40 - - Reverence, superstitious, for celts, 39 - - Rhœcus and Theodorus, the Samians, 15 - - Rhind, Mr. A. Henry, 274, 275 - - Richardson, Dr. Richard, quoted, 155 - - Rickman, Mr., quoted, 35 - - Rings, 388 to 391; 82, 135, 158, 290; - bone, 51, 232; - of caldron, 411; - concentric, on shields, 347 to 353; - connecting straps of harness, 399; - dentated, for maces, 271; - Egyptian, 391; - Etruscan, 400; - gold, 389, 390, 391; - hollow, with transverse perforations, 389, 398, 399; - interlinked, 405; - Irish, in pairs, 389; - on loop of celt, 118, 158; - penannular, 198, 390, 391; - and plates as ornaments for horse-trappings, 404; - and pellet ornament, 124 to 127; - spiral, 76, 390, 391; - stone mould for, 158; - twisted, 390 - - Ring-money, African, 387; - Irish, 391 - - Rivets, horn or wood, 227; - imitation of, 235, 257, 260, 344; - long, for barbed spear-heads, 338; - numerous, for trumpet, 362 - - Robinson, Mr. T. W. U., F.S.A., collection, 411, 412 - - Rod, with birds and rings, 406 - - Rolleston, Prof., F.R.S., quoted, 25, 277, 287, 380 - - Roman, coins, at Karn Bré, 32, 115; - commemorative of victories, 363; - priests, bronze knives of, 18; - pronunciation of _celtis_, 29; - remains, 116; - sword, long, 275 - - Roman numerals, ornaments resembling, 203 - - Rome, best steel imported to, from China, 19 - - Rosse, Earl of, collection, 361, 411; - his speculum metal, 416 - - Rossi, Prof. Stefano de, quoted, 37 - - Roughening of butt-end of celts, 67, 77, 160 - - Rowland quoted, 31, 32 - - Rubbing-stones for grinding and polishing, 361, 452 - - - S - - Sabine priests, bronze knives of, 18 - - Sabres, Japanese, 275 - - Sacken, Baron von, 157, 181, 246, 308 - - Sagartii, the, had bronze daggers, 17 - - Sagas, use of term Paalstab in, 72 - - Sanford, Mr. W. A., F.G.S., collection, 96, 377 - - Sanscrit term for iron, 10 - - “Sarcophagus with ashes” in cairn, 273 - - Savoy Lake-dwellings. _See_ Lake-dwellings - - Saws, 183, 184; - flint flakes used as, 454 - - Saxon cemeteries, preservation of iron in, 25 - - Saxony, native copper in, 419 - - Scabbards and scabbard-ends, 301 to 309, 336; - French, 301; - localities where found, 481; - Scottish, 304 - - Scandinavia never occupied by the Romans, 276 - - Scarabæus of bronze, 155 - - Schliemann, Dr., quoted, 40, 166, 224, 297, 438 - - Schreiber, quoted, 43, 52, 104 - - Scott, Lady John, collection, 60 - - Scythians, the, did not use bronze, 17; - method of taking census among, 318 - - “Seare” or Sickle, 200 - - Segested cited, 52 - - Seidler, Mr. Charles, collection, 441 - - Severus, Britons of the time of, 355 - - Sharp, Mr. S., F.S.A., collection, 43 - - Sharpeners, 7; - broken bronze rapier regarded as, 250 - - Shaw, Mr. S., collection, 234 - - Sheaths, bronze, 301; - bronze, for iron sword, 302; - leather, 252, 289; - wooden, with interment, 301, 302 - - Shields, 343 to 356; - on British coins, 354; - Italian, 353; - Late Celtic, 363; - Scottish, 349; - with Early Iron swords, 354; - with interment, 352 - - Shiffner, Sir H., Bart., collection, 53 - - Shipp, Mr., 233 - - Sickle of Chronos, 15; - of Elissa and Medea, 18, 194; - of Saturn, 17 - - Sickles, 194 to 203, 480, 487; - English, 197; - Scottish, 199; - Irish, 200; - French, 201; - German, 202; - Italian, 202; - Scandinavian, 195; - Swiss, 195, 202; - method of hafting, 196; - flat, with knobs on blade, 197, 480; - socketed, 195, 198 _et seqq._, 480 - - Sidonius quoted, 162 - - Sigimer, his followers provided with missile hatchets, 162 - - Silver, apparently unknown in the Bronze Age, 487; - ornaments at Gungeria, 2 - - Simpson, Rev. Sparrow, D.D., collection, 147 - - Sinai, copper from peninsula of, 8 - - Sinclair quoted, 200 - - Sinope, steel of, 17 - - Sistrum-like instruments, 405 - - Slafter, Rev. E. F., quoted, 3 - - Smith, Dr. Aquilla, 67 - - Smith, Mr. C. Roach, F.S.A., quoted, 274; - collection, 249, 280, 325, 330, 351 - - Smith, Mr. Ecroyd, 168 - - Smith, Dr. John Alexander, 56, 199, 221 - - Soldering unknown in the Bronze Age, 425 - - Solly, Mr. S., F.S.A., 233 - - Sophocles quoted, 194 - - Spain, tin in, 419, 424 - - Spear-heads, 310 to 338; - absent from barrows, 342; - African, 340; - Arreton Down type, 257, 260; - barbed, 337, 338, 481; - castings for, 84; - Celtic, in the Alban Necropolis, 341; - Chinese, 330; - “eyed,” 333; - ferruled, 257; - flint, 100, 225; - Greek, 313, 340; - inlaid with gold, 313; - Irish, 311, 320; - iron, 342; - leaf-shaped, 248, 254, 312 to 321, 341, 481; - looped on blade, 248, 327 to 331; - looped on socket, 321 to 326; - moulds for, 435 to 438; - perforated, 288, 330 to 337; - retaining portion of shaft, 312, 313, 316, 327; - tanged, 257, 258; - types peculiar to Britain, 341; - where found, 481 - - Speculum-metal, 178, 416 - - Spindle-whorl, 383 - - Spirals, their absence in Britain, 287, 394; - on beads, 394, 485 - - Spiral rings, 76, 390, 391 - - Spoon-like articles, 406 - - Squier and Davis quoted, 3 - - Stag’s-horns, 284; - horn handle to brass instrument, 163; - handle to celts, 150; - instruments in barrow, 226; - instruments like netting-meshes in barrow, 190 - - Stair, Earl of, collection, 137 - - “Stake,” possible origin of this name for a small anvil, 181 - - Stature of men interred in Yorkshire barrows, 278 - - Steel of three kinds produced by the Chalybes, 17; - helmet of Hercules, 17; - known in Homer’s day, 14; - Japanese method of preparing, 275; - reaping-hook of Saturn, 17; - of Sinope, 17 - - Stevenson, Mr., collection, 440 - - Stiletto and bodkin, served a double purpose, 369 - - Stone, Mr., 391 - - Stone, Mr. Edward, 111 - - Stone anvils, 181; - mallets, 165 - - Stone, forms reproduced in bronze, 40; - and bronze associated, 41, 42, 51, 161, 165, 189, 190, 223, 224, - 225, 226, 232, 236, 238, 243, 256, 366, 391, 405, 452, 453, - 456, 480, 487 - - Strabo quoted, 17, 19, 486 - - Strobel, Prof., quoted, 108, 202 - - Stukeley quoted, 31, 87, 107, 189 - - Succession of iron to bronze, 4, 6, 16, 22, 23 - - Sullivan, Prof. W. K., 417, 420 - - Superposition of articles of different date, 26 - - Superstitious reverence for beads, 394; - for celts, 39 - - Survival of celts as amulets, 134; - of “flanches” as ornaments, 60, 107, 108, 110, 111, 131 - - Sweden, native copper in, 419 - - Swiss Lake-dwellings. _See_ Geographical Index. - - Swords, 273 to 300; - British, 275, 278 to 287; - Celtiberian, 275; - Danish, 286, 296, 298, 309; - Egyptian, 298; - Finnish, 299; - French, 281, 287, 293, 297, 301; - Gaulish, 300; - German, 298, 299; - Greek, 297; - Hallstatt, 299; - Hungarian, 276; - Irish, 291, 293 to 296; - Italian, 274, 297; - from Mycenæ, 297; - Roman, 275; - Scandinavian, 274, 276, 287, 296, 298; - Scottish, 273, 289, 290, 291; - from site of Troy (presumed), 298; - Spanish, 275; - Swiss Lakes, 280, 287, 297 - - Swords, absent from interments, 273, 274, 277; - date of, 273, 274, 275, 276; - Early Iron, 274, 275, 276, 280, 287, 297, 299, 300, 343, 354; - found in a moss arranged in a circle, 288; - inlaid, 296, 297; - length of, 275; - methods of mending, 254, 293; - mode of grasping, 276; - on Italian bronze coin, 283; - types almost peculiar to Britain, 481; - with bronze sheaths, 301 - - Sword-hilts and hilt-plates added by casting, 287, 290; - Danish, 276; - Hungarian, 276; - ferrules on, 306; - gold on, 286, 296, 298; - of ivory inlaid with amber, 299; - longitudinal slots in, 278, &c.; - pommels to, of alabaster, 291; - pommels with curved horns, 288; - pommels of lead, 285; - with plates of bone, horn, or wood, 278, 286, 290, 293, 296; - spirals on, rare in Britain, 287 - - Sydenham, Mr., 237 - - - T - - Tacitus, quoted, 275, 354 - - Talbot de Malahide, Lord, collection, 104 - - Tamassus, mart for copper at, 14 - - Tasciovanus, coins of, 354, 363 - - Teeth of animals in barrows, 42, 189 - - Telamon, battle of, 275 - - Telchines, the, gold, silver, and copper discovered by, 15 - - Teutonic languages, name for copper in, 10 - - Thebes, paintings in sepulchres at, 7, 185 - - Theophrastus quoted, 15 - - Theseus, grave of, 18 - - Thoms, Mr., note on _Paalstabs_, 72. - - Thomsen, Councillor, 72 - - Thorlacius quoted, 151 - - Thurnam, Dr., F.S.A., quoted, 44, 134, 188, 189, 191, 216, 222, 225, - 230, 232, 236, 241, 242, 369, 393, 475, 485 - - Tin, bead of, 394; - coins of, 445; - early sources of, 418; - Egyptian, source unknown, 8; - exported from Britain, before Roman invasion, 419, 476; - found in Brittany, 419; - fragments of, 136, 315, 425; - in bronze, loss of, by fusion, 418; - in hoards of bronze, 425; - in ingots, 426; - Malacca, principal Eastern source of, 424; - mentioned by Homer, 12; - pure metallic, 425; - pure, used by early Greeks, 12; - Spain, principal Western source of, 424; - trade with Britain for, 424; - used for soldering, 363 - - Tinned, implements supposed to be, 55, 56, 57 - - Tischler, Dr. Otto, 24 - - Tongs, 185 - - Torquati, origin of their name, 374 - - Torques, 374 to 381; 76, 96, 198; - beaded, 381; - Danish, 379; - on denarii of the Manlia Gens, 374; - derivation of name, 374; - funicular, 375 to 377; - gold, 90, 180, 209, 375, 376; - gold, Gaulish, 374; - gold, Irish, with ball at each end, 379; - Late Celtic, 381; - ribbon, 90, 379; - rings on, 390, 391 - - Towneley, Mr. Charles, 48 - - Tree-burial. _See_ Interment. - - Tresca, M., 416 - - Trevelyan, Sir Charles, collection, 89, 333; - Sir Walter, 386 - - “Tribulum,” the, 202 - - Trojans, “bronze-speared,” 16 - - Troy, swords rare on the presumed site of, 298 - - Troyon, M., collection, 131 - - Trumpets, 357 to 364; - African, of elephants’ tusks, 359; - broken and repaired by burning, 360; - English, 363; - found at Dowris, 361; - from Fiji, of conch shells, 359; - Gaulish, 363; - Irish, 357, 361; - Late Celtic, 362; - metal of, 360, 363; - Scottish, 363; - with lateral opening, 358 - - “Tuagh-catha,” Irish war-axe, 263 - - Tubal-Cain, 5 - - Tubes, 265; - looped, 397 - - Tucker, Mr., F.S.A., 254 - - Tuscan cities, bronze ploughshare used in founding, 18 - - “Tutuli,” 402 - - Tweezers, 191, 192; - ivory, 241 - - - U - - Umbrian coins with the type of a sword, 283 - - Unfinished castings, 84, 90, 115, 175, 328 - - Uralian province of bronze antiquities, 477 - - Urn-burials, 42, 190, 191, 217, 226, 234, 384, 391; - at Hallstatt, 412 - - Urns, cinerary, 474; - cinerary, said to contain sword, 273; - of coarse earthenware, 87; - found at Chiusi, 156; - inverted, 234 - - Urus, remains of, at Barton Mere, 486 - - Utilization of broken instruments, 180, 361, 454 - - - V - - Vallancey quoted, 138, 176, 200, 201, 234, 263, 361, 399; - as to Irish moulds, 439 - - Variations in implements cast in the same mould, 111, 442, 444 - - Various centres of bronze-founding in Britain 143, 477 - - Vases of Etruscan origin, 413, 481 - - Vauquelin’s analysis of Egyptian dagger, 420 - - Verica, gold coins of, 354, 399 - - Vessels, amber, 407; - bronze, 361; - bronze, conical, 413; - bronze, ornamented, 413; - bronze, with iron handle, 409; - gold, 408; - sandstone, 409; - shale, 407 - - Virgil quoted, 12, 13, 16, 194 - - Von Bibra, referred to, 422 - - Von Estorff quoted, 315 - - Von Sacken quoted, 157, 181, 246, 308 - - Votive celts or hatchets, 69, 135, 417; - hoards, 457 - - Vulgate, different readings of, 28 - - - W - - Wakeman, Mr., collection, 303 - - Wakeman, Mr., quoted, 252 - - Wallace, Mr. J. R., collection, 43, 120 - - Warburton, Mr., 447 - - Ware, Mr. Samuel, F.S.A., quoted, 48 - - Warne, Mr. C, F.S.A., quoted, 234, 238, 243 - - Watson, Mr. C. Knight, Sec. S.A., quoted, 27 - - Way, Mr. Albert, F.S.A., quoted, 37, 50, 51, 166 - - “Welding,” the term, 293 - - Westendorp quoted, 152 - - Westwood, Prof., quoted, 81 - - Whetstones in hoards, 113, 397, 452; - with interments, 51, 225, 226, 242, 366; - in urns, 163, 217; - use of, 453 - - Whincopp, Mr., collection, 260 - - Whitaker, Dr., collection, 48; - quoted, 47 - - Whitaker, Mr. W., F.G.S., 248 - - Wibel, Dr., 419 - - Wickham, Mr. Humphrey, collection, 214, 230 - - Wilde, Sir W. R., 37, 39, 40, 61, 65, 67, 101, 155, 170, 184, 252, - 264, 293, 306, 311, 357, 360, 361, 364, 372, 389, 399, 410 - - Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, quoted, 5, 6, 185 - - Wilshe collection, 208 - - Wilson, Prof. Daniel, quoted, 58, 72, 99, 136, 137, 169, 176, 207, - 209, 214, 272, 273, 337, 348, 354, 425, 432 - - Wilson, Rev. George, 167. - - Wood preserved by salt, 152; - preserved by salts of copper, 160; - preserved by salts of iron, 157 - - Wooden hafts for celts, 144, 149, 150, 151, 155, 157; - handle of sickle, of yew, 195; - handle of knife, of yew, 207; - shafts for spears, of ash, 312, 313; - shafts for spears, of beech, 339; - shafts for spears, of bog-oak, 313; - sheath for dagger, 308; - sheath for dagger, apparently of willow, 233 - - Woodward Collection, 167 - - Worm, Dr. Olaf, quoted, 30 - - Worsaae, Councillor, quoted, 72, 163, 276, 298, 457, 478, 482 - - Wright, T., F.S.A., quoted, 9, 20, 37, 274, 400 - - - Y - - Yates, Mr. James, F.R.S., quoted, 36, 168 - - Young, Mr. A. Knight, collection, 296 - - - - -INDEX, - -GEOGRAPHICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL. - -_See also “Hoards” and “Museums” in General Index_. - - - ENGLAND. - - - BEDFORDSHIRE. - - Toddington, 321 - - Wymington, 113, 466 - - - BERKSHIRE. - - Ashdown, 322 - - Blewbury, 225 - - Cottle, 215 - - Fyfield, 322 - - Hagbourn Hill, 144, 322, 368, 466, 470, 471 - - Isis, near Little Wittenham, 343 - - Kennet and Avon Canal, 247 - - Newbury, 77, 81, 259, 308 - - Rowcroft, Yattendon, 242 - - Speen, 330, 333, 337 - - Sunningwell, 80 - - Sutton Courtney, 223 - - Thames, near Bray, 199 - - ” near Maidenhead, 245 - - Thatcham, 247 - - Theale, 247 - - Wallingford, 87, 128, 167, 206, 219, 321, 457, 466 - - Wantage, 79 - - Windsor, 84, 113, 199, 281, 314, 340 - - Yattendon, 169, 403, 466 - - - BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. - - Buckinghamshire, 81 - - Hawridge, 279 - - Lodge Hill, Waddesdon, 111 - - Thames, near Datchet, 330, 333 - - Winslow, 380 - - - CAMBRIDGESHIRE. - - Aldreth, 279 - - Barrington, 78, 118, 128, 466 - - Bottisham, 79, 83, 88, 112, 314 - - ” Lode, 92, 123, 175, 328 - - Burwell Fen, 74, 79, 82, 83, 113, 248, 258, 336, 378, 467 - - Cambridge, 94, 127, 179, 244, 281, 323, 371 - - Chatteris, 250 - - Coveney, Isle of Ely, 129, 248 - - ” Fen, 328, 346 - - Downham Fen, 199 - - Duxford, 43 - - Ely, 91, 254 - - ” Fens at, 53, 78, 121, 282, 286, 322 - - Fens, 43, 83, 90, 91, 93, 116, 122, 129, 245, 248, 317, 330 - - Fen Ditton, 123 - - Fordham, 254 - - Fulbourn, 279, 282, 320, 340, 464 - - Harston, 79 - - Isleham Fen, 327 - - Malton, 397 - - Manea, 270 - - March, 52 - - Matlow Hill, 366 - - Melbourn, 174, 389, 397, 466 - - Meldreth, 172, 201, 411, 424, 466 - - Mildenhall Fen, 78, 133 - - Newton, 111, 422 - - Quy Fen, 79, 316 - - Reach Fen, 79, 112, 118, 122, 133, 167, 174, 187, 205, 210, 211, 213, - 216, 229, 283, 305, 314, 315, 317, 319, 396, 400, 467 - - Shippey, Ely, 79 - - Soham Fen, 245 - - Stretham Fen, 199 - - Swaffham Fen, 78, 259 - - Waterbeach, 245, 248, 250 - - Whittlesea, 131, 175, 179, 466 - - Wicken Fen, 76, 199, 205, 287, 464 - - Wisbech, 131 - - - CHESHIRE. - - Broxton, 91, 169, 331, 464 - - Grappenhall, 43 - - Wilmslow, 228, 238 - - - CORNWALL. - - Cornwall, 96, 116, 119, 135, 385, 419, 425, 426 - - Angrowse Mullion, 243 - - Camelford, 438 - - Falmouth, 426 - - Fowey River, 369 - - Harlyn, 42 - - Karn Bré, 32, 115, 119 - - Kenidjack Cliff, 95, 119, 423, 451, 467 - - Lanant, 206, 285, 340, 423, 451, 467 - - Launceston, 119 - - Mawgan, 116, 184, 250, 465 - - Penvores, 95 - - Penzance, 81 - - Redmore, 400 - - Rillaton, 407 - - St. Austell, 95 - - St. Hilary, 285, 423, 467 - - St. Michael’s Mount, 31 - - - CUMBERLAND. - - Cumberland, 322 - - Aspatria, 86 - - Camp Graves, Bewcastle, 314 - - Irthington, 85 - - Keswick, 93 - - Longtown, 73 - - Naworth Castle, 334 - - Wigton, 73 - - - DERBYSHIRE. - - Derbyshire, 175 - - Bakewell, 316 - - Biggen Grange, 168 - - Blakelow, 42 - - Borther Low, 42 - - Brassington Moor, 88, 228 - - Brier Low, 226 - - Brough, 122 - - Carder Low, 225, 226 - - Dow Low, 237 - - Duffield, 325 - - End Low, 225 - - Haddon Field, 190 - - High Low, 453 - - Lark’s Low, 190 - - Matlock, 42, 259 - - Middleton, 226 - - Minning Low, 190, 225 - - Moot Low, 44, 224 - - Narrowdale Hill, 228 - - Parcelly Hay, 225 - - Parwich Moor, 42 - - Peak Forest, 122 - - Shuttlestone, 42, 150 - - Stakor Hill, 392 - - Standlow, 231 - - Thor’s Cave, Walton, 385 - - Throwley, 190 - - Waggon Low, 190 - - Wardlow, 314 - - - DEVONSHIRE. - - Devonshire, 95 - - Bloody Pool, 338, 339, 465 - - Broad Down, Farway, 134 - - Chagford, 82 - - Drewsteignton, 86 - - Hammeldon Down, 228 - - Hennock, 250 - - Honiton, 113 - - Kent’s Cavern, 206 - - Knighton, 434 - - Lovehayne, 81 - - Plymstock, 50, 165, 241, 259, 464 - - Sidmouth, 47 - - Talaton, 250 - - Teigngrace, 316 - - Torrington, 244 - - Upton Pyne, 224 - - Winkleigh, 250 - - Worth, 254, 313, 402, 464 - - - DORSETSHIRE. - - Dorsetshire, 52, 206, 226, 233, 238, 377, 381, 393 - - Badbury, 250 - - Bere Regis, 242 - - Bincombe Down, 226 - - Blandford, 127, 175 - - Came, 242 - - Cranbourne, 282 - - Gussage St. Michael, 279 - - King Barrow, Wareham, 114 - - Maiden Castle, 237 - - Milton, 380, 432 - - Portland, Isle of, 115, 121, 285, 318, 333 - - Preston Down, 46 - - Purbeck, 94 - - Roke Down, 233 - - Spetisbury, 378 - - Wareham, 115 - - Weymouth, 279, 313, 419, 464 - - Winfrith, 81 - - Woodlands, 279 - - - DURHAM. - - Broomyholme, 351 - - Chester-le-Street, 116 - - Heathery Burn Cave, 110, 118, 166, 172, 175, 185, 206, 211, 219, 285, - 314, 365, 372, 381, 386, 388, 391, 401, 402, 412, 424, 447, 451, - 468 - - Medomsley, 285, 389 - - Stanhope, 118, 129, 174, 179, 315, 403, 466 - - Wolsingham, 76 - - - ESSEX. - - Essex, 403 - - Baddow Hall Common, 43 - - Barking Marshes, 110 - - Chelmsford, 90 - - Chrishall, 117, 283, 467 - - Fifield, 424 - - Gray’s Thurrock, 144 - - High Roding, 109, 116, 424, 468 - - Lea, at Stratford-le-Bow, 258 - - ” River, 280 - - Mardyke, 254 - - Panfield, 468 - - Plaistow Marshes, 338 - - Romford, 86, 172, 424, 467 - - Stifford, 282 - - Thames, near Barking Creek, 284 - - Thames, near Erith, 122 - - Walthamstow, 317, 411 - - - GLOUCESTERSHIRE. - - Ablington, 241 - - Cirencester, 241 - - Kilcot Wood, Newent, 48 - - Meon Hill, 133 - - Nether Swell, 217 - - Severn, near Wainlodes Hill, 80 - - South Cerney, 81 - - Stanton, 73 - - Stroud, 272 - - Whittington, 45 - - - HAMPSHIRE. - - Arreton Down, Isle of Wight, 49, 243, 244, 257, 259, 260, 278, 464, - 473 - - Ashey Down, 226 - - Bere Hill, 234 - - Blackmoor, 404 - - Fovant, 393 - - Hinton, 424 - - Liss, 54, 383 - - New Forest, 115 - - Woolmer Forest, 378, 383, 390, 464 - - - HEREFORDSHIRE. - - Aston Ingham, 250 - - Broadward, 168, 285, 319, 320, 336, 338, 340, 397, 465 - - Bucknell, 74 - - Oldbury Hill, 90 - - Ross, 91 - - St. Margaret’s Park, Hereford, 340 - - Weston, 78 - - - HERTFORDSHIRE. - - Hertfordshire, 314 - - Cumberlow, 94, 110, 134, 424, 467 - - Danesbury, 423, 468 - - Lea River, St. Margaret’s, 315 - - Royston, 424 - - Westwick Row, 112, 424, 468 - - Wigginton, 213 - - - HUNTINGDONSHIRE. - - Hammerton, 90 - - Horsey, 330 - - Taxley Fen, 43 - - - KENT. - - Kent, 129, 426 - - Allhallows, Hoo, 214, 230, 467 - - Ashford, 81, 82 - - Blean, 88 - - Buckland, 88 - - Canterbury, 114, 168 - - Chartham, 322 - - Chatham Dockyard, 74 - - ” Hill, 83 - - Dover, 52 - - Harty, Isle of, 110, 111, 174, 177, 181, 186, 211, 214, 308, 403, 441, - 442, 453, 457, 468 - - Haynes Hill, 297, 305, 320, 403, 467 - - Hundred of Hoo, 95, 466 - - Marden, 198, 208, 211, 308, 366, 381, 388, 450, 451, 467 - - Medway, Chatham Reach, 281 - - Medway, Upper Reach, 280 - - Minster, 129 - - Sittingbourne, 113, 174, 424, 467 - - Thames at Greenwich, 284 - - Thames off Woolwich, 351 - - Wateringbury, 109 - - Wye Down, 52 - - - LANCASHIRE. - - Lancashire, 87 - - Acker’s Common, 86 - - Cuerdale, 118, 314 - - Gleaston Castle, 43 - - Kirkland Cave, 168 - - Lancaster Moor, 224 - - Mow Road, Rochdale, 381 - - Read, 47 - - Risdon, 46 - - Winmarleigh, 118, 314, 335, 466 - - Winwick, 82, 124, 158, 224 - - - LEICESTERSHIRE. - - Beacon Hill, 43, 174, 321, 466 - - Leicester, 231 - - - LINCOLNSHIRE. - - Lincolnshire, 284, 390 - - Alnwick, Sleaford, 445 - - Billinghay, 282 - - Boston, 34, 89 - - Broughton, 216 - - Burringham Common, 352 - - Elsham, 80 - - Fleet and Gedney, Sea-dike between, 285 - - Flixborough, 465 - - Haxey, 89, 129, 465 - - Horncastle, 54 - - Langton, 323 - - Lincoln, 325 - - Nettleham, 86, 92, 131, 314, 330, 339, 465 - - Newport, 177 - - North Owersby, 85 - - Scothorn, 175 - - Sleaford River, 86 - - South Kyme, 248 - - Washingborough, 279, 447 - - West Halton, 113, 118, 120, 424, 467 - - Witham River, 287, 341, 363 - - - MIDDLESEX. - - Edmonton Marsh, 205, 330 - - Hampton Court, 328 - - Hounslow, 110, 128, 175, 210, 406, 451, 466 - - Kensington, 158, 174, 401, 424, 450, 467 - - London, 95, 214, 272, 356 - - Pentonville, 328 - - Teddington, 243 - - Thames, at Chelsea, 303 - - ” between Hampton and Walton, 352 - - ” near Isleworth, 52, 302 - - ” at or near London, 84, 86, 125, 126, 158, 168, 198, 205, 211, - 224, 247, 249, 280, 287, 303, 307, 312, 314, 322, 325, 333, 339, - 345, 351, 400 - - ” at Teddington, 303 - - ” near Waterloo Bridge, 356 - - - MONMOUTHSHIRE. - - Castle Hill, Usk, 114 - - - NORFOLK. - - Norfolk, 52, 167 - - Attleborough, 77 - - Carlton Rode, 78, 94, 113, 119, 121, 122, 133, 167, 171, 173, 175, - 178, 424, 467 - - Caston, 121 - - Dereham, 199 - - Eaton, 447, 468 - - Frettenham, 120 - - ” Common, 131 - - Hanworth, 114 - - Helsdon Hall, 424, 467 - - Ingham, 319 - - Little Cressingham, 244 - - Methwold, 249 - - Ouse River, near Thetford, 250 - - Reepham, 466 - - Rougham, 73 - - Snettisham, 79 - - Stibbard, 84, 328, 457, 464 - - Stoke Ferry, 270, 282, 305, 314, 465 - - Sutton, St. Michael’s, 352 - - - NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. - - Northamptonshire, 90 - - Aston-le-Walls, 89 - - Aynhoe, 73 - - Brixworth, 285 - - - NORTHUMBERLAND. - - Northumberland, 46, 158 - - Alnwick, 43, 113, 285, 321, 391, 465 - - Blakehope, 335 - - Branton, 285 - - Cambo, 429 - - Cheswick, 241 - - Chollerford Bridge, 74 - - Corbridge, 248, 333, 351 - - Elford, 327 - - Ewart Park, 285 - - Ford, 244 - - Harwood, 352 - - Inghoe, 351 - - Linden, 76 - - Newbiggin, 43 - - Newcastle-on-Tyne, 351 - - Newham, 120 - - North Charlton, 237 - - ” Tyne, 78 - - Rothbury, 389 - - Tosson, 285 - - Tyne, near Newcastle, 281 - - Wallington, 89, 333, 382, 465 - - Wallsend, 43 - - Whittingham, 280, 288, 314, 335, 464 - - - NOTTINGHAM. - - Colwick, 77 - - Gotam, 190 - - Gringley, 321 - - Newark, 118, 316, 402, 466 - - Nottingham, 93, 118, 211, 317, 322, 339, 465 - - - OXFORDSHIRE. - - Oxfordshire, 95 - - Burgesses’ Meadow, Oxford, 81, 169, 179, 467 - - Cherwell River, 287 - - Culham, 75, 320 - - Dorchester, 75, 76, 78, 83, 86, 93, 109, 112 - - Dyke Hills, 343 - - Freeland, 79 - - Isis, near Dorchester, 303 - - Isis, near Eynsham Bridge, 345 - - Sandford, 248, 284 - - Stanlake, 391 - - Stanton Harcourt, 88 - - Yarnton, 380 - - - SHROPSHIRE. - - Shropshire, 270 - - Bagley, 352 - - Battlefield, 43, 86, 405, 464 - - Broadward (_see_ Herefordshire) - - Ebnall, 167, 174, 187, 466 - - Little Wenlock, 113, 234, 314, 336, 452, 465 - - Porkington, 168, 174, 466 - - Severn, near Buildwas, 282 - - Wrekin Tenement, 285, 338, 465 - - - SOMERSETSHIRE. - - Bath, 89, 114, 116 - - Camerton, 243, 369 - - Cheddar Valley, 96 - - Chilton Bustle, 368 - - Edington Burtle, 197, 249, 320, 325, 330, 377, 385, 391, 464 - - Hamden Hill, 389 - - Midsummer Norton, 279 - - Pen Pits, 377 - - Polden Hill, 353 - - Priddy, 217, 226 - - Quantock Hills, 77, 377, 447, 464 - - Sedgemoor, 119 - - Sherford, 90, 330, 464 - - Sparkford Hill, 167, 197 - - South Petherton, 96 - - Taunton, 116, 178, 198, 218, 367, 389, 466 - - Tiverton, 284 - - Wadsford, 328 - - Wedmore, 376, 378, 466 - - West Buckland, 96, 377, 386, 464 - - ” Cranmore, 242 - - Wick Park, Stogursey, 120, 304, 423, 450, 467 - - Winterhay Green, 90, 384 - - Wraxall, 381 - - - STAFFORDSHIRE. - - Staffordshire, 31 - - Alton Castle, 282 - - Brewood, 86 - - Bushbury, 86 - - Castern, near Wetton, 385 - - Ilam Moor, 190 - - ” St. Bertram’s Well, 42 - - Lady Low, 216, 224 - - Lett Low, 225, 226 - - Morridge, 86 - - Musdin, 240 - - Pattingham, 375 - - Shenstone, 285, 465 - - Stretton, 87 - - Thorncliff, 225 - - Wetton, 383,409 - - Yarlet, 321 - - - SUFFOLK. - - Suffolk, 48 - - Barrow, 54, 279 - - Barton Mere, 486 - - Boyton, 375, 391 - - Broomswell, Woodbridge, 90 - - Exning, 174, 394, 466 - - Fornham, 122 - - Hintlesham, 260 - - Honington, 91 - - Ipswich, 411 - - Lakenheath, 80, 125, 320, 322 - - ” Fen, 330 - - Lark River, Icklingham, 282 - - Lidgate, 271 - - Martlesham, 113, 119, 120, 129, 174, 206, 424, 467 - - Mildenhall, 46, 78, 127, 306 - - Postlingford Hall, 48, 464 - - Sutton, 84, 87 - - Thetford, 122, 321 - - Thorndon, 174, 177, 189, 205, 319, 466 - - Ubbeston, 93 - - Undley, 175 - - Wetheringsett, 274, 282 - - Woolpit, 281, 328 - - - SURREY. - - Battersea, 245 - - Beddington, 110, 174, 320, 340, 423, 447, 468 - - Cæsar’s Camp, Farnham, 113, 250 - - Canada Wharf, Rotherhithe, 86 - - Ditton, 128, 245, 316, 319, 328 - - Farley Heath, 69, 169, 322 - - Guildford, 120 - - Kingston, 124, 126, 321 - - ” Hill, 82, 423, 467 - - Thames at Battersea, 175, 278, 279, 281, 321, 327, 411 - - ” Kingston, 84, 86, 125, 211, 248, 250, 254, 284, 338 - - ” Lambeth, 330 - - ” Richmond, 246 - - ” Runnymede, 328 - - ” Vauxhall, 248, 279 - - ” Wandsworth, 130 - - ” mouth of Wandle, 282, 316, 368 - - Wandle River, 81, 465 - - Wickham Park, Croydon, 95, 340, 423, 448, 468 - - - SUSSEX. - - Alfriston, 114 - - Battle, 280, 363 - - Beachy Head, 94, 283, 423, 467 - - Billingshurst, 81 - - Bognor, 80, 81 - - Bracklesham, 244 - - Brighton, 80, 115 - - Chichester, 81 - - Clayton Hill, 80 - - Eastbourne, 316 - - Firle, 369 - - Ham Cross, 385 - - Hangleton Down, 87, 322 - - Highdown Camp, 205 - - Hollingbury Hill, 76, 115, 378, 386, 390, 464 - - Hove, 243, 453, 486 - - Ilford, 81 - - Lewes, 53, 316, 369 - - Lewes and Brighton, between, 368 - - Plumpton Plain, 52, 110 - - Pulborough, 87, 119 - - Pyecombe, 318, 386 - - Storrington, 190 - - Waldron, 91 - - Westburton, 84 - - Wilmington, 87, 447, 468 - - Wolsonbury Hill, 84, 401 - - Worthing, 87, 423, 467 - - - WARWICKSHIRE. - - New Bilton, 245 - - Rugby, 179 - - Wolvey, 75, 86 - - - WESTMORELAND. - - Ambleside, 285, 465 - - Brough, 53 - - Crosby Garrett, 387 - - Harbyrnrigge, 270 - - Helsington Peat Moss, 246 - - - WILTSHIRE. - - Wiltshire, 110, 219, 440 - - Ablington, 242 - - Abury, 366 - - Aldbourn, 241 - - Amesbury, 233, 377, 390 - - Avebury, 400 - - Barrows, 51, 190, 191, 227, 230, 241, 242, 260, 322, 394 - - Beckhampton, 190, 322 - - Brigmilston, 226, 230, 336 - - Bulford, 190, 366 - - ” Water, 143, 432 - - Bush Barrow, 44, 51, 232, 352 - - Cann, 118, 134, 470 - - Downton, 89, 91, 120 - - East Harnham, 83 - - ” Kennett, 226 - - Everley, 147, 163, 242, 366 - - Fisherton, 248 - - Fovant, 242, 393 - - Golden Barrow, 189, 224 - - Great Bedwin, 272 - - Homington, 237 - - Idmiston, 237 - - Jack’s Castle, Stourton, 226 - - King Barrow, 190, 241 - - Lake, 166, 189, 242, 366, 385, 393 - - Mere Down, 223 - - Normanton, 366, 385 - - Overton Hill, 51, 134 - - Ramsbury, 87 - - Robin Hood’s Ball, 216 - - Rockbourn Down, 118 - - Roundway, 223, 242 - - Salisbury Plain, 369 - - Scratchbury, 369 - - Stonehenge, 47 - - ” Barrow near, 189, 191, 226 - - Stourhead, 229 - - Sutton Verney, 394 - - Tun Hill, 114 - - Upton Lovel, 189, 366 - - Wilsford, 51, 226, 322, 366, 405 - - Winterbourn Stoke, 229, 241, 394 - - Winterslow, 216, 223 - - Woodyates Barrow, 236 - - Yatesbury, 226 - - - WORCESTERSHIRE. - - Astley, 81 - - Bevere Island, 42 - - Broadway Tower, 280 - - Castle Hill, 120 - - Holt, 129, 368 - - Ombersley, 88 - - Perdeswell, 381 - - Severn at Kempsey, 330 - - ” near Worcester, 337 - - Stoke Prior, 384 - - - YORKSHIRE. - - Yorkshire, 44, 118, 129, 132, 189, 211, 226, 318, 422, 447, 471 - - Arras, or Hessleskew, 23, 134, 387 - - Bilton, 113, 129, 282, 314, 320, 465 - - Bishop Wilton, 227, 228 - - Bolton Percy, 88 - - Bramham Moor, 31 - - Bridlington, 400 - - Brigmilston, 230 - - Brompton, 76 - - Broughton in Craven, 217 - - Butterwick, 41, 151, 189, 224 - - Cawthorn, 227 - - Cayton Carr, 125 - - Cleveland, 447, 468 - - Cowlam, 387, 391, 400 - - Cundall Manor, 86 - - Driffield, 223 - - Earsley Common, 113, 134, 424, 468 - - Ebberston, 280, 285, 307 - - Embsay, 381 - - Fimber, 190 - - Frodingham, 113 - - Garton, 228, 230 - - Gembling, 127 - - Givendale, 127 - - Goodmanham, 392 - - Gristhorpe, 228 - - Helperthorpe, 227 - - Hotham Carr, 84, 92, 440, 468 - - Hull, 118 - - Humber River, 338 - - Keldholm, 452 - - Knapton, 43 - - Langton Wold, 189 - - Leeds, 242 - - Lowthorpe, 327 - - Middleham, 335 - - Middleton, 118 - - Morley, 328 - - Pickering, 227, 228 - - Raisthorp, 43 - - Ravenshill Barrow, 190 - - Reeth, 76 - - Roseberry Topping, 129, 172, 174, 178, 397, 424, 468 - - Rudstone, 224, 225 - - Scale House, Barrow near, 474 - - Seamer Carr, 124, 213 - - Sherburn Carr, 43 - - ” Wold, 223 - - Stanwick, 314, 328 - - Tadcaster, 118, 158 - - Thixendale, 168 - - Three Tremblers, 240 - - Ulleskelf, 93, 132 - - Westow, 85, 118, 130, 168, 172, 174, 388, 450, 467 - - Wolds, 391, 473 - - Wykeham Moor, 366 - - - CHANNEL ISLANDS, &c - - - ALDERNEY. - - Alderney, 201 - - La Pierre du Villain, 214, 279, 397 - - Longy Common, 321, 467 - - - GUERNSEY. - - “La Roche qui sonne,” 385 - - - ISLE OF MAN. - - Broust in Andreas, 120 - - Castleton, 43 - - East Surby, 44 - - Kirk-bride, 120 - - Kirk-patrick, 120 - - Peel, 326 - - - SCILLY ISLES. - - Peninnis Head, 383 - - - WALES. - - North Wales, 78, 144 - - - ANGLESEA. - - Anglesea, 79, 391, 423 - - Bodwrdin and Tre Ddafydd, between, 438 - - Holyhead Mountain, 206 - - Llangwyllog, 81, 192, 219, 387, 389, 399, 400, 466 - - Llanidan, 82, 89 - - Llanvair Station, 86 - - Menai Bridge, 54, 86 - - Ty-Mawr, Holyhead, 129, 168, 315, 381, 389, 466 - - - BRECKNOCKSHIRE. - - Brecknockshire, 274 - - Hay, 77, 329 - - Keven Hirr Vynidd, 114 - - - CAERMARTHEN. - - Kidwelly, 95 - - - CAERNARVON. - - Bryn Crûg, 96, 223, 367 - - Danesfield, 90, 440 - - Glangwnny, 87 - - Moel Siabod, 351 - - Nantlle, 438 - - - CARDIGANSHIRE. - - Aberystwith, 351 - - Glancych or Pant-y-Maen, 285, 304, 315, 340, 389, 464 - - Pendinas Hill, 79 - - - DENBIGHSHIRE. - - Abergele, 144, 308, 404, 405, 471 - - Llandysilio, 93, 119, 206, 465 - - Rhosnesney, 55, 90, 226, 464 - - - GLAMORGANSHIRE. - - Glamorganshire, 282, 375 - - Corbridge, 86 - - Great Wood, St. Fagan’s, 119 - - Mynydd-y Glas, 119 - - New Forest, 205 - - Ogmore Down, 356 - - Pendoylan, 338 - - Pont Caradog, 43 - - Swansea, 43 - - - MERIONETHSHIRE. - - Merionethshire, 144 - - Barmouth, 285 - - Cader Idris, 375 - - Castell-y-Bere, 401 - - Cynwyd, 79 - - Dolgellau, 285 - - Harlech, 248, 345 - - Maentwrog, 248, 328, 465 - - Monach-ty-Gwyn, 77 - - Tomen-y-Mur, 226 - - Vronheulog, 93, 321 - - - MONTGOMERYSHIRE. - - Caersws, 81 - - Guilsfield, 87, 114, 174, 285, 302, 315, 336, 339, 424, 467 - - Llandrinio, 81 - - Llanfyllin, 78 - - Llanrhaiadar-yn-Mochnant, 380 - - Llan-y-Mynech Hill, 318 - - Trefeglwys, 322 - - - RADNORSHIRE. - - “Castle Tump, The,” Newchurch, 247 - - Llansanffraid, Cwm Deuddwr, 270 - - St. Harmon, 81 - - Woodhouse Farm, Knighton, 90 - - - SCOTLAND. - - Scotland, 97, 126, 166, 170, 238, 252, 289, 290, 291, 308, 424, 471 - - - ABERDEEN. - - Aberdeen, 289 - - Aboyne, 388 - - Alford, 430 - - Belhelvie, 378 - - Burreldale Moss, 97 - - Edengerach, 200 - - Forest of Birse, 136 - - Kintore, 57, 430 - - Lumphanan, 380 - - Memsie, 273 - - Methlick, 289 - - Redhill Premnay, 382 - - Strathdon, 388 - - Tarland, 57 - - Tarves, 290, 372, 465 - - Tullynessle, Lord Arthur’s Cairn, 97 - - Ythsie, 304 - - - ARGYLESHIRE. - - Argyleshire, 289 - - Barcaldine, 97 - - Callachally, Isle of Mull, 239 - - Campbelton, 207, 260, 437 - - Cleigh, 239 - - Irvine, 289 - - Kilmartin, 430 - - North Knapdale, 135 - - Southend, Cantire, 136 - - Strachur, 170 - - - AYRSHIRE. - - Ayrshire, 289 - - Caprington, 362 - - Coilsfield, 362 - - Kilkerran, 410 - - Lugtonridge, Beith, 348 - - Trochrig, 430 - - - BANFF. - - Alvah, 388 - - Colleonard, 56, 58 - - Conage, 382 - - Hill of Fortrie of Balnoon, 56 - - Longman, 59 - - - BERWICKSHIRE. - - Cockburnspath, 410 - - Corsbie Moss, 290, 464 - - Greenlees, 60 - - Windshiel, 98 - - - BUTE. - - Kingarth, 270 - - - CAITHNESS. - - Bowermadden, 372 - - Forse, 289 - - Kettleburn, Pict’s House near, 192 - - - DUMBARTON. - - Dumbarton, 391. - - Old Kirk-patrick, 324 - - - DUMFRIES. - - Applegarth, 60 - - Birrenswark, 97 - - Drumlanrig, 55 - - Fairholm, 247, 322 - - Lochar Moss, 381 - - - EAST LOTHIAN. - - Preston Tower, 382 - - - EDINBURGH. - - Edinburgh, 289 - - Cobbinshaw, 56 - - Duddingston Loch, 289, 315, 335, 409, 424, 465 - - Edinburgh, 190, 289, 372, 401 - - ” Arthur’s Seat, 136, 289 - - ” Bell’s Mills, 135, 136 - - ” Leith Citadel, 136 - - Gogar Burn, 304 - - Kinleith, 221 - - Lawhead, Farm of, 57 - - Ravelston, 56 - - - ELGIN. - - Sluie, 270 - - Urquhart, 378 - - - FIFESHIRE. - - Fifeshire, 289 - - Auchtermuchty, 247 - - Collessie, 239 - - Dams, 61 - - Dunino, 57 - - Falkland, 59, 269 - - Kilrie, 244 - - Pettycur, 99 - - St. Andrew’s, 218 - - - FORFARSHIRE. - - Forfarshire, 289 - - Brechin, 290, 465 - - Cauldhame, 304 - - Dean Water, 326 - - Denhead, 337 - - Forfar, 320 - - Leuchland, 289 - - Linlathen, 239 - - Loch of Forfar, 136 - - - HADDINGTONSHIRE. - - Bowerhouses, Dunbar, 220, 465 - - Corsbie Moss, 290 - - - INVERNESS-SHIRE. - - Ardgour House, 56 - - Benibhreæ, Hill of, 406 - - Craigton, 322 - - Kilmailie, 430 - - Skye, Isle of, 100, 209, 290 - - ” Point of Sleat, 289, 315, 372, 465 - - South Uist, Iochdar, 289 - - - KINCARDINE. - - Kincardine, 289 - - - KIRCUDBRIGHTSHIRE. - - Balmaclellan, 315 - - Carlinwark Loch, 410 - - Crossmichael, 239 - - Kilnotrie, 98 - - Plunton Castle, 388 - - - LANARKSHIRE. - - Lanarkshire, 271, 289 - - Aikbrae, 99 - - Biggar, 55 - - Kerswell, 97 - - Carmichael, 273 - - Crawford, 330 - - Culter, 55, 226, 378 - - Douglas, 326 - - Hangingshaw, 136 - - Lanark, 315, 384 - - Tintot-top, Clydesdale, 98 - - - MIDLOTHIAN. - - Ratho, 57 - - Vogrie, 57 - - - MORAYSHIRE. - - Achtertyre, 136, 315, 382, 425, 468 - - Orton, 393 - - Rosele, 332 - - Sluie, 56, 58 - - - NAIRN. - - Nairn, 58 - - - PEEBLES-SHIRE. - - Peeblesshire, 59 - - Peebles, 97, 289 - - Stobo Castle, 384 - - - PERTHSHIRE. - - Abernethy, 56 - - Ardoch, 247 - - Blair Drummond, 248 - - Drumlanrick, 239 - - Kilgraston, 207 - - Kincardine, 289 - - Muthill, 388 - - Perth, 60 - - Pitcaithly, 246 - - Rannoch, 379 - - Tay River, 175 - - ” near Errol, 199 - - - ROSS-SHIRE. - - Eddertoun, 394 - - Highfield, 336 - - Little Lochbroom, 379 - - Rosskeen, 137, 432 - - Wester Ord, 209 - - - ROXBURGHSHIRE. - - Roxburghshire, 336 - - Eildon, 57 - - Hawick, 331 - - Yetholm, 349 - - - STIRLINGSHIRE. - - Stirlingshire, 289, 336 - - Ballagan, 273 - - Bannockburn, 314 - - Graham’s Dyke, 289 - - Moss of Kincardine, 410 - - Stirling, 289 - - - SUTHERLAND. - - Balblair, 218 - - Inchnadamff, 57 - - Ledbeg, 200 - - Lieraboll, 218 - - Rogart, 218 - - - WIGTONSHIRE. - - Wigtonshire, 289, 331, 432 - - Balcarry, 98 - - Glen Kenns, 322 - - Glenluce, 167, 192, 224 - - Inch, 56 - - Kilfillan, 98 - - Leswalt, 56, 137 - - Moss of Cree, 56 - - Portpatrick, 135 - - Stranraer, 135, 270 - - - IRELAND. - - Ireland, 34, 39, 63, 90, 98 to 105, 128, 138, 140, 142, 170, 176, 179, - 192, 205, 208, 212, 234, 247, 250, 254, 263, 291, 293, 296, 303, - 314, 317, 318, 322, 324, 326, 328, 330, 331, 333, 336, 340, 368, - 371, 387, 389, 393, 398, 405, 406, 410, 430, 432, 440, 471, 476 - - North of Ireland, 105, 207, 316, 318, 323, 329, 371, 435 - - - ANTRIM. - - Antrim, 100, 139, 239, 333, 339 - - Armoy, 68, 99, 100, 435 - - Ballycastle, 213 - - Ballyclare, 212 - - Ballymena, 105, 325, 428 - - Ballymoney, 142, 387, 389, 406, 433 - - Ballyscullion, 411 - - Bann River, 431 - - Belaghey, 170 - - Belfast, 139, 141 - - Broughshane, 433 - - Capecastle Bog, Armoy, 412 - - Carrickfergus, 67, 358, 430 - - Clough, 328, 402 - - Connor, 63 - - Craighilly, 139 - - Craigs, 212 - - Glenarm, 256 - - Killyless, 219 - - Kilraughts, 361 - - Knockans, 331 - - Lisburn, 142, 440 - - Newtown Crommolin, 141 - - Toome Bar, Lough Neagh, 352 - - Tullygowan, Gracehill, 67 - - - ARMAGH. - - Armagh, 254, 362 - - Lurgan, 332 - - Mullylagan, 296 - - - CAVAN. - - Cavan, 266, 387 - - Cornaconway, 361 - - Diamond Hill, Killeshandra, 361 - - Killeshandra, 251 - - Lough Ramer, 436 - - Thornhill, Killina, 282 - - - CLARE. - - Clare, 389 - - Inis Kaltra, Lough Derg, 401 - - - CORK. - - Ballincollig, 104 - - Ballybawn, 61 - - Cork, 140, 359 - - ” and Mallow, between, 358 - - Crookstown, 361 - - Dunmanway, 358, 361 - - Inchigeela, 249 - - Kanturk, 171 - - - DERRY (see Londonderry). - - - DONEGAL. - - Letterkenny, 263 - - Raphoe, 256 - - - DOWN. - - Down, 139 - - Lurgan and Moira, between, 208 - - - DUBLIN. - - Dublin, 315, 317 - - Balbriggan, 142 - - Clontarf, 65 - - Dublin, 101, 315 - - Miltown, 103 - - - FERMANAGH. - - Ballinamallard, 61, 100 - - Belleek, 234 - - Bo Island, 180, 292, 466 - - Enniskillen, 324, 369 - - - GALWAY. - - Galway, 370 - - Athenry, 320, 345 - - Athleague, Bog of Aughrane, 207 - - Claran Bridge, Dunkellen, 436 - - Headford, 314 - - Keelogue Ford, 142, 306, 371 - - Lough Corrib, 431 - - - KILKENNY. - - Piltown, Iverk, 306 - - - KERRY. - - Aghadoe, 293 - - Chute Hall, Tralee, 358 - - Derrynane, 360 - - Killarney, 361 - - - KING’S COUNTY. - - King’s County, 61 - - Boyne River, near Edenderry, 155 - - Clonmacnoise, 379 - - Dowris, 176, 179, 211, 220, 293, 335, 360, 361, 410, 411, 412, 452, - 468 - - - LEITRIM. - - Ballinamore, 236 - - - LIMERICK. - - Limerick, 361 - - Ballynamona, 352 - - Lough Gur, 313, 436 - - - LONDONDERRY. - - Londonderry, 141, 176, 215, 251 - - Balteragh, 207 - - Garvagh, 200 - - Lissane, 252 - - Maghera, 330, 435 - - Magherafelt, 244 - - Newtown Limavady, 268, 291 - - Portglenone, 361 - - - LONGFORD. - - Longford, 81 - - Carlea, 141 - - Lanesborough, 101 - - - LOUTH. - - Greenmount, Castle Bellingham, 63 - - - MAYO. - - Ballina, 141 - - - MEATH. - - Meath, 140 - - Athboy, 140 - - Dunshaughlin, 141 - - ” Crannoge at, 236 - - Kells, 207 - - Trim, 67 - - - MONAGHAN. - - Monaghan, 220, 256 - - Farney, 409 - - Lisletrim Bog, 295 - - - SLIGO. - - Colloony, 246 - - Kilrea, 247 - - - TIPPERARY. - - Tipperary, 63, 253, 272 - - Burrisokane, 171 - - Clonmel, 323 - - Cloonmore, Templemore, 305 - - Cullen, 293, 296 - - Rathkennan Bog, 251 - - Roscrea, 266 - - - TYRONE. - - Arboe, 142 - - Ballygawley, 201, 268 - - Ballynascreen, 212 - - Dungannon, 358, - - Galbally, 252 - - Terman, 324 - - Trillick, 61, 102, 140, 141, 180, 389, 399, 466 - - - WESTMEATH. - - Westmeath, 88, 100, 259 - - Athlone, 201, 314 - - Mullingar, 176 - - - WEXFORD. - - Slieve Kileta Hill, 266 - - - FRANCE. - - Gaul, 300, 426 - - France, 41, 83, 94, 95, 114, 119, 142, 281, 287, 297, 301, 369, 401, - 403, 425, 480 - - France, North of, 19, 81, 116, 304, 379, 448, 480, 481, 483 - - France, North-west of, 81, 115 - - ” South of, 57, 85, 131, 153, 234, 479, 484 - - Brittany, 117, 124, 135, 181, 223, 403, 412, 417, 419, 477 - - Normandy, 43, 79, 91 - - - AIN. - - Cormoz, 300, 301 - - - AISNE. - - Aisne, 250 - - - ALLIER. - - Ferté Hauterive, La, 458 - - Gannat, 20 - - - AUDE. - - Carcassonne, 390 - - Cascastel, 122 - - - BOUCHES DU RHONE. - - Bounias, Cave of, 223 - - - CANTAL. - - Aliès, 287 - - Mons, St. Flour, 307 - - - CALVADOS. - - Escoville, 86 - - Fresné la Mère, 180, 183, 189, 209, 375 - - - COTE D’OR. - - Alise Ste. Reine, 293, 315, 341 - - Auxonne, 356 - - Cosne, 300 - - Magny Lambert, 300 - - - COTES DU NORD. - - Lamballe, 116 - - Moussaye, Plénée-Jugon, 115, 116, 445, 477 - - - DOUBS. - - Doubs, 43, 172 - - Besançon, 293 - - - DROME. - - Beaurières, 458 - - Marsanne, 307 - - - EURE. - - Bernay, 77, 78, 81 - - Evreux, 52 - - Gasny, 77 - - Les Andelys, 79 - - - EURE ET LOIRE. - - Lutz, 122 - - - FINISTERE. - - Finistère, 43 - - Carnoël, 243 - - Kerhué-Bras, 238 - - Plonéour, 215, 405 - - - GARD. - - Uzés, 301 - - - GIRONDE. - - Langoiran, 97 - - - HAUTES ALPES. - - Hautes Alpes, 176 - - Rame, 238 - - Réallon, 458 - - Ribiers, 131, 184, 458 - - - HAUTE ARIEGE. - - Haute Ariège, 97 - - - HAUTE LOIRE. - - Haute Loire, 131 - - Cheylounet, 254 - - Polignac, 293 - - St. Jullien, Chapteuil, 215 - - - HAUTES PYRENEES. - - Tarbes, 97 - - - HAUTE SAONE. - - Haute Saône, 52 - - Auxonne, 248 - - - ILLE ET VILAINE. - - Rennes, 287 - - - INDRE ET LOIRE. - - Chatellier d’Amboise, 172 - - St. Genouph, 207, 401, 435 - - Tours, 448 - - - ISERE. - - Isère, 131 - - Grenoble, 88 - - La Balme, 131 - - Vienne, 55, 180 - - - JURA. - - Jura, 43, 131, 172, 293 - - Barésia, 307 - - Fonderie de Larnaud, 68, 131, 167, 176, 184, 192, 448, 456 - - Orgelet, 129 - - - NORD. - - Lille, 78 - - - LOIRE INFERIEURE. - - Marais de Donges, 238 - - Nantes, 180, 215, 281 - - ” Loire at, 252, 339 - - Penhouët, 249 - - St. Nazaire-sur-Loire, 281 - - - LOIR ET CHER. - - Loir et Cher, 160 - - Billy, 432 - - Theil, 356 - - - LOT. - - Miers, 293 - - - MAINE ET LOIRE. - - Saumur, 123 - - - MANCHE, LA. - - Manche, La, 129, 215, 230 - - Cotentin, 448 - - La Parnelle, 398 - - - MARNE. - - La Gorge Meillet, 403 - - Lusancy, 109 - - - MEURTHE. - - Frouard, 458 - - - MORBIHAN. - - Morbihan, 445 - - L’Orient, 122 - - Questembert, 215, 449 - - Villeder, 86 - - - OISE. - - Beauvais, 171 - - Compiègne, 52, 304 - - Jonquières, 77 - - Mareuil-sur-Ourcq, 54 - - Noailles, 252 - - Pont-point, 131, 142, 176 - - St. Pierre-en-Châtre, 192 - - - PAS DE CALAIS. - - Chaussée Brunehault, 250 - - Hewelinghen, 238 - - - PUY DE DOME. - - Manson, 458 - - Royat, 41 - - - RHONE. - - Lyons, 52, 223 - - ” Rhone at, 287 - - ” Saône at, 441 - - - SAONE ET LOIRE. - - Chalon-sur-Saône, 180, 183 - - Macon, 441 - - - SAVOIE. - - Savoie, 95, 131, 172, 191, 305, 315, 341, 368, 484 - - Donsard, 210 - - Grésine, 230 - - Lac du Bourget, 129, 131, 180, 184, 387, 432, 449 - - - SEINE. - - Seine River, at Paris, 77, 157, 160, 176, 183, 201, 208, 221, 238, - 243, 249, 272, 283, 313, 327, 398 - - - SEINE ET OISE. - - Seine et Oise, 281 - - Angerville, 180 - - Argenteuil, 279 - - - SOMME. - - Somme, 250 - - Abbeville, 91, 92, 335 - - Albert, 279 - - Amiens, 52, 157, 176, 183, 201, 206, 208, 249, 371, 398 - - Caix, 304 - - Dreuil, 109, 110, 129, 144, 176, 208, 283, 370, 393, 403, 404, 405 - - Somme Valley, 180 - - - TARN. - - Briatexte, 180, 215 - - Lavène, 215 - - - VAUCLUSE. - - Avignon, 131 - - - VIENNE. - - Notre-Dame d’Or, 176, 214, 221, 398, 441, 447 - - - GERMAN EMPIRE. - - Germany, 19, 52, 94, 95, 114, 153, 272, 287, 293, 298, 299, 315, 355 - - ” North of, 80, 298, 315, 316, 379, 480 482, 483 - - ” South of, 85, 161 - - ” West of, 83, 479, 483 - - Hercinia, 31 - - Thuringia, 109 - - Baden, 85 - - Bohemia, 425 - - Brandenburg, 299 - - Hanover, 308 - - Hesse, 85 - - Mecklenburg, 112, 215, 363 - - Palatinate, 238 - - Pomerania, 116 - - Rhenish Hesse, 282 - - ” Prussia, 85, 95, 481 - - Saxony, 419, 425 - - Silesia, 425 - - Benfeld, 143 - - Bingen, 353 - - Blengow, 262 - - Bonn, 85 - - Camenz, 202, 384, 390, 459 - - Eikrath, 448 - - Erxleben, 288 - - Giessen, 91 - - Gnadenfeld, 448 - - Göttingen, 77 - - Grossenhain, 459 - - Grünberg, 441 - - Kempten, 173, 176 - - Lämmersdorf, 184 - - Landshut, 85 - - Magdeburg, 298 - - Medingen, 441 - - Neu-Ruppin, 262 - - Oberwald-behrungen, 308 - - Pfaffenburg, 144 - - Polsen, 441 - - Schlieben, 173 - - Stade, 184 - - Stettin, 288 - - Vaudrevanges, 458 - - Watsch, 145 - - Zaborowo, 133 - - - AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. - - Austria, 40, 85 - - Dalmatia, 172, 183 - - Hungary, 40, 43, 119, 147, 158, 161, 180, 236, 272, 276, 318, 327, - 419, 432, 450, 478, 482 - - Styria, 119, 355, 413 - - - Agram, 177 - - Aninger, 131 - - Brasy, 308 - - Brixen, 355 - - Gratz, 288 - - Hallein, 152, 153 - - Hallstatt, 23, 25, 69, 95, 144, 157, 181, 184, 229, 274, 288, 293, - 308, 342, 355, 389, 393, 394, 401, 403, 405, 409, 413, 485, 486 - - Korno, 308 - - Laibach, 246, 393, 428, 451 - - Macarsca, 172, 183 - - Mattrey, 355 - - Pressburg, 166 - - Przemysl, 180 - - Vienna, 246 - - - HOLLAND. - - Holland, 77 - - Deurne, 173, 176, 221 - - Düren, 133, 176 - - Emmen, 173 - - Groningen, 152 - - Masseyck, 82 - - Nymegen, 89 - - - BELGIUM. - - Bernissart, 215 - - Bevay, 116 - - Gédinne, 300 - - Maulin, 109 - - - SCANDINAVIA. - - Scandinavia, 147, 184, 191, 195, 234, 236, 252, 274, 287, 296, 298, - 408, 474, 478, 481, 482, 486 - - - NORWAY. - - Norway, 419 - - - DENMARK. - - Denmark, 30, 40, 52, 54, 60, 69, 95, 134, 159, 163, 270, 286, 296, - 298, 309, 315, 316, 340, 363, 372, 379, 451 - - Iceland, 71 - - Jutland, 30, 163 - - - Hvidegaard, 309 - - Kallundborg, 296 - - Kongshöi, 301 - - Lydshöi, 309 - - Nydam, 159 - - Söborg, 272 - - Store-Hedinge, 151, 163 - - Treenhöi, 302 - - Vimose, 159, 195 - - - SWEDEN. - - Sweden, 40, 52, 129, 298, 419, 425, 432, 451 - - Gotland, 448 - - Smaaland, 196 - - - Årup, 262 - - Hasslöf, 252 - - - SWITZERLAND. - - Lake-dwellings, 13, 86, 95, 150, 166, 167, 172, 180, 191, 208, 236, - 280, 287, 297, 305, 315, 369, 370, 383, 395, 401, 403, 407, 408, - 480, 484, 486, 487 - - Lake of Bienne, 180, 300, 431 - - ” ” Locras, 422 - - Lake of Bienne, Mœrigen, 13, 114, 153, 172, 176, 180, 184, 195, 238, - 437, 449 - - ” ” Oefeli, 237 - - ” ” Nidau, 221 - - ” Geneva, 130, 183 - - ” ” Eaux Vives, 180, 210, 215, 432 - - ” ” La Tinière, 26 - - ” ” Morges, 441, 456 - - ” Luissel, 288 - - ” Neuchâtel, Auvernier, 114, 131, 176, 180, 183 - - ” ” Concise, 288 - - ” Estavayer, 425 - - ” Pfäffikon, Robenhausen, on, 150, 427, 456 - - Echallens, 131 - - Raron, 154 - - Sion, Valais, 260 - - Unter-Uhldingen, in the Ueberlinger See, 317, 427 - - - ITALY. - - Italy, 41, 52, 86, 104, 155, 160, 234, 241, 259, 271, 272, 274, 280, - 287, 297, 315, 334, 341, 369, 403, 445, 480, 483, 484 - - Etruria, 39, 355, 394, 400, 412, 413, 425, 476, 481 - - Bologna, 104, 143, 172, 173, 176, 180, 183, 184, 185, 210, 217, 288, - 341, 448 - - Alban Necropolis, 341 - - - Castione, 153 - - Chiusi, 155, 480 - - Herculaneum, 32 - - Lake of Varese, 430, 437 - - Modena, 401 - - Sardinia, Island of, 426, 438 - - “Terramare,” 236, 434 - - - SPAIN. - - Spain, 19, 43, 90, 97, 161, 238, 271, 275, 279, 354, 419, 424, 425, - 480 - - Asturias, 97 - - Ciudad Real, 43, 271 - - Niebla, 184 - - Oviedo, 97 - - Sierra de Baza, 97 - - - PORTUGAL. - - Portugal, 425 - - Estremadura, 143 - - - GREECE. - - Greece, 10, 160, 161, 297, 315, 318 - - Archipelago, 40 - - ” Scyros, 18 - - ” Santorin, 184 - - ” Thermia, 40, 160 - - Dodona, 69 - - Mycenæ, 297 - - Salamis, 161 - - Thera, 297 - - - MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES. - - Mediterranean Countries, 478, 480, 483 - - - RUSSIAN EMPIRE. - - Russian Empire, 477 - - Finland, 299, 477 - - Siberia, 131, 143, 177, 477 - - - Inwa, the, 263 - - Jelabugy, 336 - - Kertch, 143 - - Kiew, 124 - - Viatka, 263 - - Yenissei, the, 263 - - - ASIA. - - Asia, 310, 476 - - Asia Minor, Hissarlik, the presumed site of Troy, 40, 166, 224, 310, - 438 - - Arabia, 318 - - ” Sarbout-el-Khadem, 8 - - ” Wady-Magarah, 8 - - ” Wady-Nash, 8 - - Assyria, 147, 355 - - Cambodia, 142 - - China, 19, 263, 329 - - ” Sanda Valley, Yunan, 142 - - Chorassan, 425 - - Cyprus, Island of, 40, 184, 310 - - ” Tamassus, 14 - - India, Gungeria, 2, 40 - - Southern Babylonia, Tel Sifr, 9, 40, 211, 383 - - - AFRICA. - - Africa, 149, 181, 306, 340, 359, 387, 393, 451 - - Egypt, 6, 7, 8, 147, 261, 298, 318, 391, 419, 475, 480 - - ” Great Kantara, 298 - - ” Karnak, 6 - - ” Thebes, 7, 185, 234 - - Mauretania, 354 - - - AMERICA, NORTH. - - America, North, 43, 383, 476 - - Mexico, 4, 43, 166 - - Wisconsin, 2 - - - AMERICA, SOUTH. - - Bolivia, 165 - - ” La Paz, 148, 165 - - Chili, Copiapo, 145 - - Ecuador, 148 - - Peru, 4, 148, 165 - - ” Lima, 166 - - - OCEANIA, &c. - - Australia, 263 - - Borneo, 340 - - Fiji, 359 - - Japan, 275 - - Java, 142 - - Madagascar, 340 - - Malacca, 424 - - New Caledonia, 263 - - South Sea Islands, 34 - - - - -Works by the same Author. - - - THE COINS OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS, Arranged and described by JOHN - EVANS, F.S.A., F.G.S., Hon. Sec. Num. Soc. of London, and engraved by - F. W. FAIRHOLT, F.S.A. Medium 8vo, 26 plates, price 21_s._ - -J. RUSSELL SMITH. LONDON, 1864. - - - THE ANCIENT STONE IMPLEMENTS, WEAPONS, AND ORNAMENTS OF GREAT BRITAIN. - By JOHN EVANS, F.R.S., F.S.A., Hon. Sec. of the Geol. and Num. Socs. - of London, &c., &c., &c. Medium 8vo, 476 woodcuts, 2 plates, price - 28_s._ - - LONGMANS & CO. 1872. - - - - - FOOTNOTES: - -[1] See _postea_, p. 40. - -[2] Butler, “Prehist. Wisconsin.” - -[3] “Preh. Copper Impl.,” Boston, 1879. - -[4] “Anc. Mon. of the Mississ. Valley,” p. 202. - -[5] “Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain,” Paris, 1613, pp. 246-7, cited -by Slafter, _op. cit._, p. 13. - -[6] For notices of American copper instruments see, in addition to the -works already quoted, Wilson, “Prehist. Man,” vol. i. p. 205, &c.; -Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 258, &c. See also an interesting article by -Dr. Emil Schmidt, in _Archiv. für Anth._, vol. xi. p. 65. - -[7] A Peruvian chisel analyzed by Vauquelin gave ·94 of copper and ·06 -of tin (Moore’s “Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 42). - -[8] Ezra, ch. viii. v. 27. - -[9] Exod., ch. xxvi. v. 37. - -[10] Numbers, ch. xxxi. v. 22. - -[11] Ch. xxviii. v. 1, 2. - -[12] Genesis, ch. iv. v. 22. - -[13] Smith’s “Dict. of the Bible,” _s. v._ - -[14] “Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. p. - -[15] “Phönicier,” ii. 3. - -[16] “Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. pp. 246, 247. See also “The Egyptians -in the Time of the Pharaohs,” p. 99. - -[17] “Etudes sur l’Antiquité Historique d’après les sources -Egyptiennes,” &c., 1872, p. 69. - -[18] “Catalogue de Boulaq,” pp. 247, 248; Chabas, p. 54. See also Emil -Soldi, “L’Art Egyptien,” 1879, p. 41. - -[19] Catal., No. 5410. - -[20] Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” page 14. - -[21] Day, _op. cit._, p. 32. - -[22] Wilkinson, _op. cit._, vol. iii. p. 247. - -[23] “Les Métaux dans les Inscrip. Egypt.,” 1877, p. 57. - -[24] “Zeitsch. f. Ægypt. Sprache,” &c., 1870, p. 114. - -[25] _Op. cit._, p. 67. Dr. Birch translates _ba en pe_ “heavenly wood” -or “stone” (_Arch._, vol. xxxviii. p. 377; _Hierog. Dict._). See also a -paper by the Rev. Basil Cooper in _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. ii. p. -386, and Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” p. 41. - -[26] Chabas, _op. cit._, p. 47. Lepsius, _op. cit._, p. 57. - -[27] “Photii Bibliotheca,” ed. 1653, col. 1343. - -[28] “Herod.,” lib. ii. c. 152. - -[29] _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. iv. p. 5. - -[30] Soldi, “L’Art Egypt.,” p. 25. - -[31] Χαλκεύειν δὲ καὶ τὸ σιδηρεύειν έλεγον, καὶ χαλκεάς, τοὺς τὸν -σίδηρον ἐργαζομένους (Julius Pollux, “Onomasticon,” lib. vii. cap. 24). - -[32] “Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., 1864, p. 229; -Tylor’s “Anahuac,” 1861, p. 140. - -[33] “Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., p. 231. - -[34] “Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age,” vol. iii. pp. 498, 499. - -[35] The reference is to Millin, “Minéralogie Homérique,” pp. 126, 132. - -[36] “Metallurgy—Fuel, Fireclays, Copper,” &c., p. 6. - -[37] Moore, “Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 57. - -[38] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. iv. p. 97; Æsch. Agamem., v. 612. -Professor Rolleston is inclined to refer the expression to the -“tempering” of bronze (_Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc._, 1878). - -[39] Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 238. - -[40] “Æn.,” viii. 450. - -[41] “Iliad,” xviii. 474. - -[42] xi. 24. - -[43] xi. 34. - -[44] xviii. 574. - -[45] “Il.,” xviii. 612. - -[46] xxiii. 561. For these and other instances see Prof. Phillips in -the _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 10. - -[47] Desor et Favre, “Bel Age du Bronze,” p. 16. - -[48] Holtzapffel, “Turning and Mechanical Manipulation,” vol. i. p. 271. - -[49] “Æneid,” vii. 743. - -[50] “Iliad,” iii. 363. - -[51] “Il.,” iii. 348, vii. 259. - -[52] M. Ch. Houssel in _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. iv. p. 98. - -[53] “Il.,” xi. 24. - -[54] _Arch. für Anthrop._, vol. viii. p. 295; Müller, “Fragm. Hist. -Græc.,” vol. i. p. 549. - -[55] “Il.,” xiii. 612. - -[56] “Odyss.,” i. v. 184. - -[57] Plin. “Hist. Nat.,” lib. vii. c. lvi. 6. - -[58] Lib. viii. c. 14, § 5. - -[59] _Op. cit._, lib. iii. c. 12, § 8. - -[60] Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 64. - -[61] Strabo, “Geog.,” lib. xiv. p. 935, ed. 1807. - -[62] Callimachus, “Hymn. in Del.,” l. 31. - -[63] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 5. - -[64] _Archiv für Anthrop._, 1880, vol. xii. p. 293. - -[65] “Iliad,” lib. xxiii. v. 826. - -[66] “Troad.,” 143. - -[67] “Æn.,” lib. vii. 743. - -[68] “Op. et D.,” i. 150. Τοῖς δ̓ ἧν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα χάλκεοι δέ τέ - οἶκοι - Χαλκῷ δ̓ ἐιργάζοντο, μέλας δ̓ ὀυκ ἔσχε - σίδηρος. - -[69] Lib. v. 1282, _et seqq._ - -[70] “Juv. Mundi,” 1869, p. 26. - -[71] “Scut. Hercul.,” v. 122-138. - -[72] “Theogon.,” v. 161. - -[73] “Op. et D.,” v. 741. - -[74] “Olymp.,” od. i. 123; “Nem.,” od. x. 113, &c. - -[75] Lib. i. c. 215. - -[76] Lib. iii. c. 23. - -[77] Lib. iv. c. 71. - -[78] Lib. vii. c. 85. - -[79] Lib. iii. p. 208, ed. 1707. - -[80] Bochart’s “Phaleg.,” p. 208, cited in _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. -52. - -[81] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 4. - -[82] “Lacon.,” lib. iii. cap. iii. - -[83] Herod., lib. i. c. 67. - -[84] Plutarch, “Thes.,” p. 17, _c._ Ed. 1624. - -[85] “Nat. Hist.,” lib. xxxiv. cap. 14. - -[86] See “_Zeitsch. für Eth._,” vol. ii, 1870, p. 131. - -[87] “Vit. Caii Marii,” 420, _b._ - -[88] “Bell. Gall.,” iii. 13; vii. 22. - -[89] Lib. v. 12. - -[90] _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. iv. p. 190. See also _Anthrop. Rev._, -vol. iv. p. 76. - -[91] _Trans. Eth. Soc._, vol. v. p. 105; “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 18. - -[92] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 73. - -[93] See Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 205. - -[94] Cochet, “Le Tombeau de Childéric,” i. p. 17. - -[95] “Sammlung zu Sigmaringen,” p. 153. - -[96] _Archiv. für Anthropol._, vol. viii. p. 161. - -[97] _Archiv._, vol. ix. p. 127. - -[98] _Op. cit._, p. 141. - -[99] _Op. cit._, p. 185. - -[100] _Arch. für Anthrop._, vol. ix. p. 181. - -[101] _A. f. A._, vol. x. p. 27. - -[102] _Arch. f. Anthrop._, vol. x. pp. 41, 63. - -[103] Mortillet, “Fonderie de Larnaud,” 32, 33. - -[104] _Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc._, 1878. - -[105] Cap. xix. v. 24. - -[106] P. 329, l. 23. NEQVE HIC ATRAMENTVM, VEL PAPYRVS, AVT MEMBRANA -VLLA ADHVC, SED MALLEOLO ET CELTE LITERATVS SILEX. This inscription is -said to have been found at Pola, in Istria. - -[107] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 396. - -[108] Rev. John Dow in _Archæol. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 199. See also -Pegge in the _Arch._, vol. ix. p. 88, and Whitaker’s “Hist. of -Manchester,” vol. i. p. 24. - -[109] Epig. xxxiii. l. 1. - -[110] Vol. iii. p. 418. - -[111] P. 354. - -[112] P. 265. - -[113] “Itin.,” vol. iii. p. 7. - -[114] “Britannia,” ed. 1637, p. 188. - -[115] “Thoresby’s Correspondence,” vol. ii. p. 211. - -[116] “Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” 1686, p. 403. - -[117] “Mus. Lud. Moscard.”, Padua, 1656, fol. 305, lib. iii. c. 174. - -[118] “Nat. Hist. of Staff.,” p. 403. - -[119] P. 86. - -[120] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 110. - -[121] “Ants. of Cornwall,” p. 263. - -[122] Count de Caylus has, however, engraved two which are said to have -been found at Herculaneum. He thought that they were chisels (_Rec. -d’Ant._, vol. ii. pl. xciii. fig. 2; xciv. fig. 1). - -[123] Arch., vol. v. p. 106. - -[124] Vol. ix. p. 84. - -[125] “Nænia Britannica” (1793), p. 153. - -[126] _Arch._, vol. xiv. p. 98. - -[127] “Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. 1812, p. 203. - -[128] _Arch._, vol. xix. p. 102. - -[129] _Archæol. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 199. - -[130] _Archæol. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 17. - -[131] _Arch._, vol. xxviii. p. 418. - -[132] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. pp. 1 and 327. - -[133] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, 1853, vol. ix. p. 63. - -[134] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 64. - -[135] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 148, _et seq._ - -[136] _Jour. Roy. Un. Service Inst._, vol. xiii., 1869. - -[137] P. 43, _et seqq._ 188. - -[138] _See Revue de la Numis. Belge_, 5th Ser., vol. vi. p. 290. - -[139] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 392. - -[140] “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” pp. 367, 395 (Etruscan Coll., Berlin, No. -3244). - -[141] “Horæ Ferales,” p. 136; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 169. - -[142] “Catal. M. R.I.A.,” p. 366. - -[143] “Troy and its Remains,” p. 330, &c. - -[144] “Cong. préh.,” Stockholm vol. i. p. 346. _Proc. As. Soc. Bengal_, -May, 1870. - -[145] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 437. - -[146] Kenner, “Arch. Funde,” 1867, p. 29. - -[147] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 178. - -[148] “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 292. - -[149] “Cong. préh.,” Buda Pest vol. i. p. 227. - -[150] _Bull. Soc. de Borda, Dax_, 1878, p. 57. - -[151] “Cong. préh.,” Copenhagen vol. p. 484. - -[152] Morlot, _Mém. Soc. Ant. du Nord_, 1866-71, p. 25. - -[153] “British Barrows,” p. 188. The cut is Fig. 38. - -[154] Figs. 369 and 370, p. 407. - -[155] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 34. “Catalogue,” p. 75. _Arch. Assoc. -Journ._, vol. vii. p. 217. - -[156] Vol. vii. p. 217, pl. xix. - -[157] Vol. xliii. p. 445. - -[158] “Vest. of the Ants. of Derb.,” p. 48. - -[159] P. 74, No. 11. - -[160] See “Catal.,” p. 32, No. 29. - -[161] _Arch._, vol. ix. p. 85. - -[162] Vol. xxii. p. 277. - -[163] “Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” tab. xxiii. p. 403. - -[164] Allies, p. 151, pl. iv. 11. - -[165] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 179. - -[166] _Op. cit._, vol. xviii. p. 158. - -[167] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 44. - -[168] _P. S. A._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251. - -[169] Vol. v. pl. vii. i. p. 106. - -[170] _Arch._, vol. ix. p. 378. - -[171] Pl. ii. 1, 2, 3. - -[172] “La Seine Inf.,” p. 552. - -[173] “Matériaux,” vol. iv. p. 525. - -[174] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 2, 3. - -[175] “Die ehernen Streitkeile” (1842), Taf. i. 1. - -[176] “First Rep. Arch. Comm. I. of Man,” pl. iv. 2. - -[177] “Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi. - -[178] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 444. - -[179] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 68. “Catal.,” p. 75, No. 18. - -[180] “Grave-mounds,” fig. 187. - -[181] Pl. iv. No. 4. - -[182] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. pp. 235, 250. - -[183] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 363. - -[184] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 159. - -[185] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 135, pl. viii. 14. - -[186] _Trans. Devon Assoc._, vol. v. p. 82. - -[187] 3rd edit., 4to, 1818, pl. ii. - -[188] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 1st S., vol. i. p. 83; _Arch._, vol. xxxi. p. -496; _Proc. Bury and West Suff. Arch. Inst._, vol. i. p. 26. - -[189] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 369. - -[190] Vol. xxxvi. p. 329. - -[191] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 113. - -[192] For the loan of these cuts I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, -F.R.S. - -[193] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 346. The scale of the cuts is there -erroneously stated to be ½. - -[194] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. -444. - -[195] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 209, pl. xxix. - -[196] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. ii. p. 90; _Cran. Brit._, xi. 7, where these -objects are figured. - -[197] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 268. - -[198] Chantre, “Album,” pl. iv. 2, 3. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. -352. - -[199] _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule._ _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. xiii. Pl. i. -fig. H. - -[200] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxi. 100. Lubbock’s “Preh. Times,” p. 28, -fig. 17. - -[201] Lisch, “Fred. Francisc.,” tab. xiii. 7. - -[202] Die ehernen Streitkeile, Taf. i. 5. - -[203] “Oldsag. fra Broholm,” pl. xxiii. 6. - -[204] “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 6. - -[205] Montelius, “La Suède préh.,” fig. 42. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. -p. 292. - -[206] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 428, pl. i. fig. 1. - -[207] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 167. Chichester vol. of _Arch. -Inst._, p. 62, whence this cut is taken. - -[208] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. viii. p. 207. - -[209] “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 2. - -[210] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 278, xviii. p. 167. - -[211] _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule._ - -[212] 4th S., vol. vi. p. 70. Cat. p. 1. - -[213] “Album,” pl. iii. 1. - -[214] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 20. - -[215] Ibid. - -[216] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 245. - -[217] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iv. p. 187, and ix. p. 431. - -[218] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iv. p. 380. - -[219] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 182. - -[220] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 430. - -[221] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iii. App. II. p. 32; _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. -p. 431. - -[222] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381. - -[223] Vol. ii. p. 6. - -[224] _Op. cit._, p. 7. - -[225] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 428. - -[226] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 6, 7. - -[227] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 105. - -[228] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iii. p. 245. - -[229] “Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381. - -[230] Engraved in _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. pl. vi. 4, p. 21. - -[231] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vi. p. 41. - -[232] “Itin. Septent.,” p. 116, pl. 1. No. 1. - -[233] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. p. 601. I am indebted to the -Council for the use of this cut. - -[234] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 5. - -[235] Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 7. See also “Ant. Tidsk.,” -1861-3, p. 24. - -[236] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. p. 602. - -[237] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xiii. p. 120. I am indebted to the -Council for the loan of this cut. - -[238] Wilde, p. 361. - -[239] Vol. xxvii. p. 308. - -[240] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 410. For the use of this cut I am -indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S. - -[241] See Wilde, Fig. 249, 266. - -[242] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 295. - -[243] See Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 389 _et seq._; “Vallancey,” -vol. iv. pl. x. 9. - -[244] Chantre, “Album,” pl. 1. 9, 10. - -[245] _Nord. Oldsager_, No. 176. - -[246] Carapanos, “Dodone,” pl. liv. 7. - -[247] Vol. vii. p. 74. - -[248] London, 1849, p. 25. - -[249] P. 59. - -[250] See Nilsson, “Skandinaviska Nordens Ur-Invånare,” p. 92. - -[251] “Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 382. - -[252] Baker’s “Hist. of North.,” p. 558. - -[253] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 258. - -[254] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 324. - -[255] _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule._ - -[256] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 21. - -[257] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. iv. 25. - -[258] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. viii. p. 209. - -[259] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. v. p. 13. - -[260] Meyrick’s “Cardigansh.” and “Ancient Arm.,” by Skelton, pl. -xlvii. 1. - -[261] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxxiii. p. 118. - -[262] _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule._ - -[263] “La Seine Inf.,” p. 272. - -[264] Lindenschmit, “Alt. uns. heidn. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft. i. Taf. iv. -43. - -[265] Vol. ii. p. 268, No. 11. - -[266] _Arch._, vol. x. pl. x. 2, p. 132. - -[267] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 8. - -[268] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. iv. 26. - -[269] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 38. - -[270] Allies, “Worc.,” p. 112, pl. iv. 4. - -[271] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. pl. x. No. 3, p. 163. - -[272] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xvii. p. 255. - -[273] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xxvii. p. 183. - -[274] _S. A. C._, vol. xxix. p. 134. - -[275] _Trans. Dev. Assoc._, vol. ii. p. 647. - -[276] “Montgom. Collections,” vol. iii. p. 435. - -[277] “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. iv. - -[278] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 82. - -[279] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. pl. xxv. p. 236; vol. xiv. p. 269. - -[280] 3rd Series, vol. xiii. p. 283. - -[281] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, N.S., vol. iv. p. 442. - -[282] “Itin. Cur.” Cent., ii. pl. xcvi. - -[283] _Arch. Inst._, Norwich vol. p. xxvi. - -[284] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 58; _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. -p. 381. - -[285] “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. iv. 48. - -[286] Von Braunmühl, “Alt. Deutschen Grabmäler” (1826), pl. i. 3; -Schreiber, “Die ehern. Streitkeile,” Taf. i. 13, Taf. ii. 14. - -[287] _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule._ - -[288] “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. iv. 49. - -[289] “La Vie Souterraine,” “Matériaux,” vol. iii. p. 100. - -[290] Keller, 6ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 30; 7ter Ber., Taf. ix. 30. - -[291] “Les Palafittes,” fig. 40. - -[292] _Bull. di Palet. Ital._, vol. i. p. 10, Tav. I. 9. - -[293] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 327. - -[294] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxix. p. 96. - -[295] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 346. - -[296] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 164. - -[297] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 158. - -[298] Plot’s “Nat. Hist. of Staffordsh.,” p. 403. - -[299] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 85. - -[300] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 63. - -[301] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 73. - -[302] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 412. - -[303] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 129. - -[304] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 248. - -[305] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 302. - -[306] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 159. - -[307] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251. - -[308] P. 112, fig. 37. - -[309] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, N.S., vol. iv. p. 442. - -[310] “It. Cur.” Cent., ii. pl. xcvi. - -[311] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xiv. p. 171; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xx. -p. 192. - -[312] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd -S., vol. x. p. 214; “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 437. - -[313] Vol. v. p. 113. - -[314] Ibid. - -[315] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. viii. p. 268. - -[316] _Arch._, vol. vii. p. 417. - -[317] Vol. ix. p. 84, pl. iii. 1. - -[318] “Album,” pl. ix. 4. - -[319] Allies, p. 108, pl. iv. 3. - -[320] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. xiii. p. 283. - -[321] Vol. xix. pl. viii. p. 102. - -[322] _Arch._, vol. xiv. p. 94. - -[323] Pring, “The Brit. and Rom. on the site of Taunton,” p. 76, pl. -iii. - -[324] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 381, fig. 273. - -[325] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. ii. p. 130. - -[326] 4th Ser., vol. vi. p. 20. - -[327] Ibid., p. 71. - -[328] “La Seine Inf.,” p. 14. - -[329] “A. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. iv. 44. - -[330] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ix. p. 366. - -[331] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160, whence this cut is reproduced. - -[332] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd. S., vol. i. p. 332. - -[333] _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. 99, and Private Plate. - -[334] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. viii. p. 209. - -[335] _Arch._, vol. xxxi. p. 494; _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 80; -_Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. 51; Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. -105; “Catal. Norwich Mus.,” No. 9. - -[336] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. vi. p. 195. - -[337] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 363, pl. lxviii. - -[338] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 117. See Borlase, “Ant. of Cornw.,” pl. xx. 6. - -[339] _Arch. Cant._, vol. xi. p. 123. - -[340] _Journ. Roy. Inst. of Cornw._, No. 21. - -[341] Oldsager, fig. 184. - -[342] “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. iv. - -[343] Von Sacken, “Das. Grab. v. Hallst.,” Taf. vii. - -[344] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 188. - -[345] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 186. - -[346] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 85. - -[347] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 96. - -[348] Borlase, “Næn. Corn.,” p. 188. - -[349] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 398. - -[350] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 387; vol. x. p. 247; vol. xxvii. p. -230. - -[351] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 107. For the use of this cut I am -indebted to the Council of the Royal Archæological Institute. - -[352] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 246. - -[353] “Matériaux,” vol. xiv. p. 192. - -[354] Vol. vi. p. 69, 369. - -[355] Gongora y Martinez, “Ant. preh. de Andal.,” p. 110. _Arch. -Journ._, xxvii. p. 237. - -[356] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. p. 230. - -[357] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 30; Wilson’s “Preh. Ann.,” -fig. 58. - -[358] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 21. - -[359] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 203. - -[360] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xi. p. 153. - -[361] Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 382, fig. 56; “Cat. -Ant. Mus. Ed.,” E. 48. - -[362] Vol. ii. pp. 8 and 9. - -[363] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 113, pl. viii. No. 2; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. -i. p. ccvi. - -[364] Gordon’s “Itin. Septent.,” p. 116, pl. 6. - -[365] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 21; Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of -Scot.,” vol. i. p. 383. - -[366] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 21. - -[367] “Itin. Septent.,” p. 116, pl. l. 4. - -[368] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 377; “Cat. Mus. Arch. Inst. Ed.,” p. -27; Wilson, “Preh. Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. p. 386. - -[369] “Catal.,” p. 521, fig. 394. - -[370] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 258. - -[371] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 262. - -[372] _Op. cit._, p. 373, fig. 259. - -[373] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 260. - -[374] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 379, fig. 270. - -[375] Vallancey, vol. iv. pl. x. 7. - -[376] Vol. iv. pl. x. 2. - -[377] P. 381, fig. 273. - -[378] P. 379, fig. 265. - -[379] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 377, fig. 263. - -[380] “Catal.,” p. 433, No. 641. - -[381] Vol. iv. pl. x. 1. - -[382] “Recueil d’Antiq. Suisses,” pl. ii. 6. See also _Arch. Journ._, -vol. vi. p. 377; vol. xxi. p. 100. - -[383] “Die eher. Streitkeile,” Taf. ii. 8. - -[384] “Recueil d’Ant.,” pl. xciv. 1. - -[385] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 382, fig. 274; _Arch. Journ._, vol. -ix. p. 194. - -[386] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 222. - -[387] “Catal.,” p. 521, fig. 393; _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. 91, pl. -No. 1. - -[388] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 156. - -[389] Vol. iv. pl. x. 6. - -[390] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 521, fig. 397. - -[391] “Matériaux,” vol. iii. p. 395. - -[392] “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft ii. Taf. ii. 5. - -[393] “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 293. - -[394] “Age du Br.,” ptie. i. p. 59. - -[395] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. vi. p. 195. - -[396] “Surrey Arch. Soc. Coll.,” vol. vi.; Anderson’s “Croydon Preh. -and Rom.,” p. 11, pl. ii. 1. - -[397] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 268, fig. 8. - -[398] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 408; “Cong. Préh.” -Stockholm vol., 1874, p. 444. - -[399] “Pfahlbauten, in M.,” 1865, p. 78. - -[400] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 69. - -[401] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. v. p. 349; Bateman, Catal. M. 60, p. -76. - -[402] Stukeley, “It. Cur.,” pl. xcvi. 2nd. - -[403] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 113. - -[404] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 114. - -[405] Hartshorne’s “Salopia Antiqua,” 1841, p. 96, No. 9. - -[406] Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 101. - -[407] Engraved in _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 343. - -[408] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. i. p. 67; 2nd S., vol. i. p. 83. - -[409] “The Barrow Diggers,” p. 74. - -[410] Gross, “Deux Stations, &c.,” pl. i. 15, 18. - -[411] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 214, No. 4; “Montg. Coll.,” -vol. iii. p. 437. - -[412] _Arch. Camb._, _ubi sup._ No. 3. - -[413] _Arch._, vol. iv. p. 24, pl. i. 6. - -[414] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 114, pl. viii. 9, 10; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. -i. p. ccvi. - -[415] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 268, fig. 7. - -[416] Ibid., fig. 12. - -[417] _Arch._, vol. xvii. p. 337. - -[418] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 75. - -[419] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 172. - -[420] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 75. - -[421] “Matériaux,” vol. i. p. 539. - -[422] Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft ii. Taf. ii. 4. - -[423] “Zeitsch. für Eth.,” vol. vii. Taf. ix. 2. - -[424] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 94. Pring, “Brit. and Rom. on -Site of Taunton,” pl. i. 1. - -[425] Neville’s “Sepulchra Exposita,” p. 3. - -[426] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 362, pl. liv.; _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. -6. - -[427] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 107, pl. vii. 5; see also vol. -iii. p. 58. - -[428] _Op. cit._, vol. viii. p. 332, pl. xxxvii. 1; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, -vol. ii. p. 304. - -[429] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 7. - -[430] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 185. - -[431] _Op. cit._, vol. xv. p. 235. - -[432] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 13, pl. ii. 8. - -[433] Evans’ “Anc. Brit. Coins,” p. 102. - -[434] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. pp. 69, 70. - -[435] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 332. - -[436] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132. - -[437] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. 59. - -[438] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ix. p. 118, fig. 7. - -[439] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 31. - -[440] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 6. - -[441] _Journ. Roy. Inst. Corn._, No. 206. - -[442] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 427, pl. i. 3. - -[443] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 69. - -[444] Allies, “Worc.,” p. 18, pl. i. 1. - -[445] “1st Rep. Arch. Comm. I. of M.,” pl. iv. 1. - -[446] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 11. - -[447] Bateman’s “Catalogue,” p. 74; Marriott’s “Ant. of Lyme” (1810), -p. 303. - -[448] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 157. - -[449] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. pl. xxiv. 7, p. 236; Arch. -Journ., vol. xv. p. 158. - -[450] Chantre, “Age du Bronze,” 2me partie, p. 284, fig. 81; _Mém. des -Ant. du Nord_, 1872-7, p. 115. - -[451] Chantre, “Age du Bronze,” 2me partie, p. 292, fig. 138. - -[452] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 106. - -[453] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. ii. p. 101; 2nd S., vol. i. p. 83. See -also _Arch._, vol. xxx. p. 491; and _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. i. p. 21. - -[454] Engraved also in “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 5. - -[455] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., v. p. 428. - -[456] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. 398. - -[457] This is possibly the specimen mentioned in _Proc. Soc. Ant._, -vol. iv. 303. - -[458] Vol. v. 109, pl. vii. 5. - -[459] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. v. p. 349; Bateman’s Catal., p. 76, -No. 60. - -[460] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iv. 55; _Arch. Æliana_, vol. ii. p. 213. - -[461] Allies, p. 149, pl. iv. 6. - -[462] “Album,” pl. x. 4. - -[463] _Op. cit._, pl. lv. 8. - -[464] _Mém. Soc. Ant. Norm._, 1827-8, pl. xvi. 4. - -[465] “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 293. - -[466] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 13, pl. ii. 7. - -[467] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. 255, pl. fig. 3. - -[468] Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1re ptie. p. 59; Desor, “Les Palafittes,” -fig. 39. - -[469] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 378, whence this cut is borrowed. - -[470] Perrin, “Et. préh. de la Sav.,” pl. x. 4, 5; “Exp. Arch. de la -Sav.,” 1878, pl. vi. 210; Chantre, “Album,” pl. lv. 3. - -[471] Chantre, “Album,” pl. x. 2. - -[472] _Op. cit._, pl. xl. bis. 3. - -[473] Gross, “Deux Stations,” pl. i. 17. - -[474] “Matériaux,” vol. xiv. pl. ix. 10. - -[475] “Matériaux,” vol. i. p. 463. - -[476] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160, whence this and fig. 157 are -borrowed. - -[477] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iv. 153; Arch. Inst., Norwich vol. p. -xxvi. - -[478] Vol. viii. p. 91. The length is erroneously stated to be about 4 -inches in a subsequent volume (vol. xviii. p. 164). - -[479] Vol. viii. 91. - -[480] “Nat. Hist. Staff.,” p. 404, pl. xxxiii. 7. - -[481] _Arch._, vol. v. pl. viii. 23, p. 118. - -[482] “Zeitsch. für Eth.,” vol. vii. Taf. viii. 4. - -[483] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. vi. p. 195. - -[484] _Arch._, vol. v. pl. viii. 7, p. 114. - -[485] Segested, “Oldsag. fra Broholm,” pl. xxiii. 8. - -[486] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. ii. p. 90. - -[487] _Arch._, vol. xliii. 443. - -[488] _Trans. Dev. Assoc._, vol. iv. p. 300, pl. ii. 1. - -[489] Evans, “Anc. British Coins,” p. 102. - -[490] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 156; Arch. Inst., York vol. -Catal., p. 27. - -[491] “Barrow Diggers,” 1839, p. 72. - -[492] For the use of these cuts I am indebted to the Society of -Antiquaries of Scotland. - -[493] “Ayr and Wigton Coll.,” vol. ii. p. 10. - -[494] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 196. - -[495] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 435. - -[496] “Preh. Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. pp. 351, 384. - -[497] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ii. p. 153. - -[498] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 209. - -[499] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iv. p. 396. - -[500] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. pl. xi. 5, p. 111. - -[501] “Preh. Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. p. 384, fig. 61. - -[502] “Collections,” vol. ii. p. 11. - -[503] Vol. iv. pl. ix. 3, 4, 6. - -[504] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 392, fig. 306. - -[505] P. 385, fig. 279. - -[506] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 385, fig. 280. This cut is -kindly lent by the Council. - -[507] Engraved in _Journ. Roy. Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4th -Ser. vol. v. p. 259. - -[508] Fig. 282. - -[509] Fig. 284. - -[510] P. 429. - -[511] P. 384, fig. 275. - -[512] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xi. p. 170. - -[513] P. 521, fig. 398. - -[514] Vol. iv. pl. ix. 7. - -[515] Report on “Expedit. to Western Yunan,” Calcutta, 1871, p. 414. - -[516] “Arch. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. de Toulouse,” vol. i. pl. vi. 6. - -[517] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 91. For the use of this cut I am -indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S. - -[518] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 13; _Arch. Journ._, vol. -xxxi. p. 262; _Mém. des Ant. du Nord_, 1872-7, p. 116, &c. - -[519] “Die ehern. Streitkeile,” Taf. ii. 12. - -[520] _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. vii. p. 45. - -[521] “Cong. préh.” Copenhagen vol. p. 352. - -[522] Vol. xvi. p. 348. - -[523] 3rd S., vol. i. p. 250. - -[524] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 518. - -[525] Von Sacken, “Grabf. v. Hallst.,” Taf. vii. - -[526] Deschmann und Hochstetter, “Präh. Ansied. u. Begr. stätt. in -Krain.,” 1879, Taf. xvi. - -[527] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxiii. p. 257, pl. viii. - -[528] See “Matériaux,” vol. v. p. 376. - -[529] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxiii. p. 293, pl. xv. - -[530] “Matériaux,” vol. v. p. 379, pl. xix. 7. - -[531] “Preh. Times,” p. 29. For other examples see Klemm, “Allgem. -Culturwiss.,” vol. i. p. 100. - -[532] “Lake Dwellings,” Eng. ed., p. 110, pl. x. 16. See also xi. 2, -and xxviii. 24; and Lindenschmit, “Hohenz. Samml.,” Taf. xxix. 4. - -[533] “British Barrows,” p. 188. - -[534] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 35. - -[535] Cited in Schreiber’s “Die ehernen Streitkeile,” Freiburg, 1842, -p. 4. - -[536] See Lisch, “Frederico-Francisceum,” p. 38. - -[537] “Antiquiteiten,” iii. Stück, p. 285. - -[538] “Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft,” pl. i. fig. 186, p. 105. - -[539] Strobel in _Bull. di Palet. Ital._, Anno i. (1875), p. 7, Tav. -i.; Anno 4to (1878), p. 46 Tav. ii. - -[540] Keller, “7ter Bericht,” Taf. xxiv. 17. - -[541] See Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. i., Heft. i. Taf. iv. 32. - -[542] _Arch._, vol. xix. p. 102, pl. viii. 6. - -[543] “Ancient Armour,” by Skelton, vol. i. pl. xlvii. - -[544] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 4. - -[545] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 367. - -[546] Leland’s Itin., Hearne’s ed., vol. i. p. 145. - -[547] P. 370, fig. 257. - -[548] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. pl. xxv. p. 236; _Arch. Journ._, -vol. xviii. p. 159. - -[549] _A. A. J._, vol. xiv. p. 269. - -[550] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 161. - -[551] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 362; _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 6; Klemm, -“Allg. Kult. gesch.,” p. 107. - -[552] “Nydam Mosefund,” 1859-1863. Copenhagen, 1865. - -[553] “Vimose Fundet” af C. Engelhardt, 1869, p. 29. - -[554] Westropp in _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 335. - -[555] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 4, fig. B. - -[556] _Revue Arch._, vol. xxix. p. 73, pl. iii. 2. - -[557] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 436. - -[558] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 100. - -[559] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 369. - -[560] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 69. - -[561] Lib. xix. v. 573. See also Lib. v. v. 235. - -[562] While speaking of French celts, I may refer to a short Paper -on the method in which they were hafted, written by the late M. -Penguilly-l’Haridon.—_Rev. Arch._, 2nd S. vol. iv. p. 329. - -[563] Ep. 20, lib. 4. See _Arch._, vol. xxx. p. 492. - -[564] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 182, pl. xxi. - -[565] “Prim. Ant. of Denmark,” p. 26. - -[566] “Vimose Mosefundet,” p. 28. - -[567] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 207. - -[568] See _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 346. I am indebted to Mr. A. W. -Franks, F.R.S. for the use of this cut. - -[569] “Troy and its Remains,” p. 332. - -[570] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 467. - -[571] “Anales del Museo de Mexico,” vol. i. p. 117. - -[572] _Somerset Arch. and Nat. Hist. Proc._, 1856-7, vol. vii. p. 27. - -[573] Chantre, “Album,” pl. xliii. - -[574] Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. ix. 34, 35. - -[575] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 167; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., -vol. iii. p. 66. - -[576] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 80; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. -59. - -[577] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 381, 408; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. -iii. p. 5. - -[578] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 253. - -[579] Bateman’s “Catalogue,” p. 74, No. 8; “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 8. - -[580] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 195. - -[581] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 480. - -[582] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 381, fig. 54. - -[583] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. p. 613. - -[584] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 520. - -[585] Pl. v. 43, 44. - -[586] Vol. viii. p. 91. - -[587] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 80; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. -pp. 57, 59; Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 105; _Arch._, vol. xxxi. -p. 494; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 40. - -[588] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 303. - -[589] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 382. See also _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, -vol. iii. p. 58, fig. 4. - -[590] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 12. - -[591] _Exp. Arch. de Savoie_, 1878, pl. xxi. No. 3; pl. vi. 215, 216; -Perrin, “Et. Préh. de la Sav.,” pl. x. 8. - -[592] Chantre, “Album,” pl. x. 7. - -[593] Ibid. No. 5. - -[594] Keller, 6ter Bericht, Taf. ix. 38; 7ter Ber., Taf. vii. 2, 3, 5, -&c.; Desor, “Les Palafittes,” fig. 46. - -[595] Desor and Favre, “Le Bel Age du Br.,” pl. i. 7. - -[596] “Cong. Préh.,” Copenhagen vol. p. 485. - -[597] Jannsen’s “Catal.,” No. 21. - -[598] Schreiber, “Die ehern. Streitkeile,” Taf. ii. 11. - -[599] “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft v. Taf. iii. - -[600] Taf. ii. 10. - -[601] “Freder. Francise.,” Tab. xxxiii. 5. - -[602] Lindenschmit, Taf. xlii. 7. - -[603] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 80; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. -51,59; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 42. - -[604] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 3; “Horæ. Fer.,” pl. v. 36. - -[605] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 381, 408; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. -iii. p. 58. - -[606] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 55, pl. vii. 5; _Arch. Æliana_, vol. -ii. p. 213, pl. iv. c. - -[607] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 3. - -[608] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 294. - -[609] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. p. 323. - -[610] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 167; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 35. - -[611] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 232. - -[612] Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 101; _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. -81. - -[613] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 13, pl. ii. 12. - -[614] “Surrey Arch. Soc. Coll.,” vol. vi. - -[615] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 195. - -[616] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 214; “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. -iii. p. 437. - -[617] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 39. - -[618] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 127. - -[619] “Preh. Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. p. 388. - -[620] Vol. iv. p. 335, pl. iii. 1, 2, 3, 4. - -[621] Pl. v. 37, 38, 41. - -[622] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 38. - -[623] Vol. iv. pl. ix. 5. - -[624] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 34; _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. xiii. pl. ii. -x. - -[625] Pl. x. 6, and xl. 5. See also _Mém. Soc. Ant. Norm._, 1828-9, pl. -xvi. 16. - -[626] “Deux Stations Lacustres,” pl. iv. 34. Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. -vii. 4; Desor and Favre, “Le Bel Age du Br.,” pl. i. 5. - -[627] “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” Heft. v. Taf. iii. 9, 10; “Hohenzoll. -Samml.,” pl. xlii. 7. - -[628] _Mém. Soc. Ant. du Nord_, 1872-7, p. 118. - -[629] Vol. xxvii. p. 142. - -[630] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 3; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. -iii. p. 66, where it is engraved full size; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 33. - -[631] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 94; Pring, “Brit. and Roman -Taunton,” pl. i. 2. - -[632] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 55, pl. vii. 4; _Arch. Æliana_, vol. -ii. p. 213, pl. iv. b. - -[633] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 13, pl. ii. 13. - -[634] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 129; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. v. -32. - -[635] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66. - -[636] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 65. - -[637] “Matériaux,” vol. xiv. pl. ix. 6. - -[638] Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie. p. 38. - -[639] “Matériaux,” vol. v. p. 452. - -[640] Parenteau, “Le fondeur du Jard. des Plantes;” “Matériaux,” vol. -v. p. 190, pl. viii. 10. - -[641] “Exp. Arch. de la Sav.,” 1878, pl. v.; Chantre, “Album,” pl. v. -1.; Perrin, “Et. Préh. sur la Sav.,” pl. x. 6, 7, xix. 17. - -[642] Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 9. - -[643] Desor et Favre, “Le Bel Age du Br.,” pl. i. 9; Gross, “Deux -Stations,” pl. iii. 22. - -[644] Desor, “Les Palafittes,” fig. 47. - -[645] “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. 13, 15. - -[646] Evans, “Anc. Brit. Coins,” pl. xii. 6. - -[647] “Grabfeld von Hallstatt,” pl. xix. 11, p. 89. - -[648] Wilde, “Catal. Stone Ant. in R. I. A. Mus.,” p. 81. - -[649] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 401. - -[650] “Age du Br.,” ptie. i. p. 39. - -[651] Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 8; Gross, “Deux Stations,” pl. -iii. 28. - -[652] “Catal. Mus. Soc. Ant.,” p. 16; _Arch._, vol. xvii. p. 337. - -[653] E. Chantre, “Album” pl. xxv. No. 5. - -[654] Chantre, “Album,” pl. xliii. - -[655] Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 11. - -[656] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 157, 158; “Cong. préh.,” Stockholm -vol., 1874, p. 494. - -[657] “Comptes Rend. de l’Ac. des Sc.,” 1871, vol. ii. p. 476. - -[658] “Catal.,” p. 597, No. 96. - -[659] E. Chantre, “Age du Bronze,” 1ère ptie. p. 87. - -[660] Von Sacken, “Das Grabf. v. Hallst,” pl. xix. 12. - -[661] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 127. - -[662] “Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. p. 224, fig. 375. - -[663] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxxvi., p. 59. - -[664] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66; _Arch. Journ._, vol. -xxii. p. 167. - -[665] Vol. xliii. p. 464. - -[666] Vol. i. p. 99, pl. xi. The cut is from the _Arch._, vol. xliii. -p. 466. - -[667] Pl. xxx. 3. - -[668] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 122, pl. iv. 5. - -[669] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 3. - -[670] “British Barrows,” _passim_. - -[671] _Op. cit._, p. 138. - -[672] “Stonehenge,” p. 45, pl. xxxii. - -[673] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 465, fig. 163. - -[674] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. i. p. 55. - -[675] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 85. - -[676] “Vest. Ant. of Derb.,” p. 41. - -[677] “Vest. Ant. of Derb.,” p. 82. - -[678] Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 60, pl. xxi. 3. - -[679] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 155. - -[680] _Lib. cit._, p. 106. - -[681] “Vest. Ant. of Derb.,” p. 104. - -[682] “Reliquary,” vol. ix. p. 67. - -[683] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 3. - -[684] Vol. i. p. 122, pl. xv. No. 3. - -[685] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 164, pl. xvii. - -[686] Wilde’s “Catal.,” p. 597. - -[687] Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. lxiii. - -[688] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 274, 276; Nilsson, “Nordens -Ur.-Invånare,” figs. 55, 57. - -[689] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 74. - -[690] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. p. 266; _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. -p. 218. - -[691] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 547. - -[692] “Ayr and Wigton Coll.,” vol. ii. p. 14. - -[693] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 403. - -[694] Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie. p. 87. - -[695] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 320. - -[696] Macrob. “Saturn.,” v. c. 19. - -[697] “Met.,” vii. 224. - -[698] “Æn.” lib. iv. 513. - -[699] “Nat. Hist.,” xviii. c. 30. - -[700] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxx. p. 192. - -[701] Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 1. - -[702] See Lubbock’s “Preh. Times,” p. 513. - -[703] “Vimose Fundet,” 1869, p. 26. - -[704] “Aarböger for Oldkynd.,” 1867, p. 250. - -[705] _Somerset Arch. and Nat. Hist. Proc._, 1854, vol. v. p. 91. - -[706] _Op. cit._, 1856-7, vol. vii. p. 27. - -[707] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 94. Pring, “Brit. and Roman -Taunton,” pl. i. 3. - -[708] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 258, pl. 13, No. 1. - -[709] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 85. - -[710] 2nd S., vol. v. p. 95. - -[711] _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. 191. - -[712] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 378. - -[713] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 376. - -[714] Vol. xvi. p. 206, cited by Wilson, “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 401. - -[715] “Catal.,” p. 527. - -[716] “Coll. de Reb. Hib.,” vol. iv. pl. x. 4, p. 60. - -[717] Fig. 406. Compare “Horæ Ferales,” pl. x. 19. - -[718] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 186. See also _Dublin Penny Journ._, -i. p. 108: “Horæ Ferales,” pl. x. 18. - -[719] Vol. iii. p. 9. - -[720] 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 333. - -[721] “Samml. zu Sigmar.,” Taf. xli.; “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft -xii. Taf. ii. - -[722] “Avanzi Prerom.,” 1863, Tav. ii. 6, 7. - -[723] “Nuovi Cenni,” 1862, Tav. iv. 17, 18. - -[724] “Samml. zu Sigmar.,” Taf. xli. - -[725] Stevens, “Flint Chips,” p. 157. - -[726] See Evans, “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 256. - -[727] Vol. vii. p. 302. - -[728] Vol. xxxiv. p. 301. - -[729] “Anc. Armour,” pl. xlvii. 11. - -[730] _Arch._, vol. xlii. p. 75, pl. viii. 22. - -[731] Vol. xv. p. 118, pl. ii.; “Catal. Mus. Soc. Ant.,” p. 16. - -[732] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 254. - -[733] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132; _Arch. Journ._, vol. -xix. p. 359. This cut is lent by the Society. - -[734] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. p. 303. - -[735] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 390. - -[736] _Op. cit._, p. 402. - -[737] “Catal.,” p. 465. - -[738] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 250: _Arch._, vol. xxxvi. p. 330: -“Horæ Ferales,” pl. x. 29. - -[739] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 258. - -[740] “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 400; _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. viii. -p. 310. The cut is here reproduced by permission of Messrs. Macmillan. - -[741] Vol. viii. p. 310. - -[742] Chantre, “Album,” pl. vi. 2. - -[743] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 229. - -[744] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 332. - -[745] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 258. - -[746] “Catal.,” p. 467, fig. 355. - -[747] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 269 (woodcut). - -[748] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 503, figs. 387, 388, 389. - -[749] “Preh. Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. p. 402. - -[750] _Arch. Cant._, vol. xi. p. 125, pl. c. 14. - -[751] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 9. - -[752] Parenteau, “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. viii. 16. - -[753] 3rd S., vol. vi. p. 138. - -[754] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 304, fig. 255. - -[755] “Matériaux,” vol. xiv. pl. ix. 4. - -[756] “Ann. du cercle Arch. de Mons,” 1857, pl. i. 6. - -[757] “Matériaux,” vol. xiv. p. 489. - -[758] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 160. - -[759] Lisch, “Freder. Francisc.,” tab. xvii. 10. - -[760] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 301. For the use of this -cut I am indebted to the Council of the Society. - -[761] “Freder. Francisc.,” tab. xviii. 14. - -[762] Vol. xliii. p. 450, pl. xxxii. 5. - -[763] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxii. fig. 4. - -[764] _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. 346. - -[765] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. pp. 67, 176, 238, pl. xxxii. 1. - -[766] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxii. fig. 8. - -[767] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 152. - -[768] Thoresby’s “Catal.,” in Whitaker’s ed. of “Ducat. Leod.,” p. 114. - -[769] “British Barrows,” p. 446. - -[770] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. x. p. 434. - -[771] Greenwell, “Brit. Barrows,” p. 446. - -[772] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 476. For the use of this -cut, as well as figs. 268, 271, 272, and 273, I am indebted to the -Society. - -[773] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. x. p. 431. - -[774] P. 116, pl. l. 8 (1726). - -[775] Vol. xxxvii. p. 95. See also Pring, “Brit. and Rom. Taunton,” pl. -i. 4. - -[776] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 74; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. -xii. p. 97; _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxii. 7. - -[777] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxii. 6. - -[778] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. x. p. 440; “Catal.,” p. 83, No. 182. - -[779] P. 549, fig. 433. - -[780] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 47. - -[781] Jannsen’s “Catal.,” No. 209. - -[782] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 84; vol. x. p. 441. I am -indebted to the Society for the use of this and the following cut. - -[783] See Keller, 5ter Bericht, Taf. xvi. - -[784] See Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère partie, p. 76. - -[785] _Mém. de la Soc. des Ant. de l’Ouest_, 1844, pl. ix. 10. - -[786] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 450, fig. 154, from which this cut is -copied; “Wilts. Arch. Mag.,” vol. iii. p. 186; “Cran. Brit.,” pl. 42, -xxxii. p. 3. - -[787] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 381, fig. 355. - -[788] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxii. 2, 3, p. 449. - -[789] Hoare’s “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. 44, pl. ii. - -[790] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 246. - -[791] Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1re partie, p. 91; Cazalis de Fondouce, -“Allées couv. de la Provence,” pl. iv. 1. - -[792] Vol. xiv. p. 491. - -[793] Vol. xxxiv. pl. xx. 8, p. 255. - -[794] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 295, pl. xxv. 9. - -[795] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 160. - -[796] _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. iv. p. 643. - -[797] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 51; _Arch. Journ._, vol. i. p. 247; -Bateman’s “Catal.,” p. 4. - -[798] “Ten Years’ Digg,” p. 163; “Catal.,” p. 19. - -[799] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 45. - -[800] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 99, pl. xi. - -[801] “British Barrows,” p. 265. - -[802] “Ayr and Wigton Coll.,” vol. ii. p. 12. - -[803] “Troy and its Remains,” p. 330. - -[804] “British Barrows,” p. 186. - -[805] “British Barrows,” p. 264, fig. 125; “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 284. - -[806] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 282; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. -p. 249. - -[807] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 217; Bateman’s “Catal.,” p. -15; “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 34. - -[808] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” pp. 61, 63, 66, 68, 90, 96; “Ten Years’ -Dig.,” pp. 21, 24, 34, 39, 57, 91, 113, 115, 119, 148, 160, 163; “Cran. -Brit.,” pl. 13, xxii. 2. - -[809] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 245; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. -42. - -[810] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 119. - -[811] _Op. cit._, pp. 57, 113. - -[812] Greenwell, “Brit. Barrows,” p. 360, n. - -[813] M.S. Minutes of Soc. Ants., 1784, p. 51, cited in Warne’s “Celtic -Tumuli of Dorset,” pt. iii. p. 7. - -[814] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 323. - -[815] _Arch. Inst._, Salisb. vol. p. 97. - -[816] Stukeley’s “Stonehenge,” p. 45, pl. xxxii. - -[817] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 16; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. -xiv. p. 241. - -[818] _Arch. Inst._, Salisb. vol. p. 110; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. -29. - -[819] Hoare’s “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 39, pl. i.; _Archæol._, vol. -xliii. p. 452. - -[820] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 209. - -[821] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 185. - -[822] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 148, 151. - -[823] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. x. p. 164. - -[824] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 21. - -[825] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. vi. p. 71. - -[826] _Archæol._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 4. - -[827] Ibid., fig. 3. - -[828] Ibid., fig. 5. - -[829] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” pp. 21, 115, 119. - -[830] _Archæol._, vol. ix. p. 94, pl. iii. - -[831] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 206. - -[832] _Op. cit._, p. 226. - -[833] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxiii. 6. - -[834] “British Barrows,” p. 207. This specimen has since been -presented, with the rest of the Greenwell Collection, to the British -Museum. - -[835] “Catal.,” p. 1; “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 39. - -[836] “Catal.,” p. 12; “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 98. - -[837] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 226. - -[838] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 441. - -[839] “Cran. Brit.,” 52, 4; “Reliquary,” vol. vi. p. 4. - -[840] Vol. xvi. pl. 25, fig. 5, p. 288. - -[841] _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. v. p. 555, pl. ii. - -[842] “Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 124, unpub. pl. xv. B; _Arch._, vol. -xliii. p. 503, fig. 196. - -[843] “Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 201, pl. xxv. 4; _Arch._, vol. xliii. -p. 458. - -[844] “Exp. Arch. de la Sav.,” 1878, pl. xii. 357. - -[845] “Mém. Soc. Ant. Norm.,” 1827-8, pl. xix. 4, 5. - -[846] _Arch. Cant._, vol. xi. p. 125, pl. c, 18. - -[847] “Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 185, pl. xxiii.; _Arch._, vol. xliii. -p. 458, pl. xxxiv. 2. - -[848] Bateman, “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 68. - -[849] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 462, pl. xxxiv. 3. - -[850] “Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvii. 2. - -[851] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxv. 1. - -[852] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 203, fig. 154. - -[853] Douglas, “Nenia,” p. 153, pl. xxxiii. fig. 3. - -[854] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 207. - -[855] _Op. cit._, p. 194. - -[856] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxiv. 1. - -[857] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 1st S., vol. i. p. 75. - -[858] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 98; vol. xv. p. 228. - -[859] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 100. - -[860] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 459. - -[861] “Celtic Tumuli of Dorset,” pl. ii. p. 17. - -[862] Hartshorne’s “Salop. Ant.,” p. 96, No. 7. - -[863] Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronze schwerter des K. Mus.,” Taf. -xvi. 31; Wilkinson’s “Ancient Egyptians,” vol. i. p. 320. Another -dagger with a hilt is figured at p. 23. - -[864] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 458, fig. 334; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. -vii. 14. - -[865] _Proc._, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 196. - -[866] Vallancey, “Coll.,” vol. iv. p. 61, pl. xi. 4; Gough’s “Camden,” -vol. iv. pl. xviii. 4; Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 467, fig. 354; -“Horæ Fer.,” pl. vii. 13. - -[867] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 161. - -[868] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 466, fig. 353. - -[869] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 463, fig. 346. - -[870] “Cong, préh.,” Stockholm vol., 1874, p. 521; Keller’s -“Lake-dwell.,” Eng. ed., pl. xli. 5. - -[871] Strobel, “Avanzi Preromani,” 1863, Tav. ii. 35; Gastaldi, “Nuovi -Cenni,” 1862, Tav. ii. 7. - -[872] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 239, pl. xxxiv. - -[873] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 455. - -[874] P. 74, pl. ii. fig. 3. - -[875] Gross, “Deux Stations,” pl. iv. 3. - -[876] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. p. 329; “Horæ Ferales,” p. 158, pl. -vii. 21; _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxiii. 1. - -[877] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 96; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 461, fig. 161. - -[878] _Arch._, vol. xxx. p. 332, pl. xvii. 8; “Celtic Tumuli of -Dorset,” pt. iii. p. 46 pl. x. d, e. - -[879] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 322. - -[880] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 288, pl. 25, fig. 6. - -[881] “Matériaux,” vol. xiii. p. 155. - -[882] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxxiii. p. 231. - -[883] Gross, “Deux Stations,” pl. iv. 4. - -[884] “Matériaux,” vol. xv. p. 289. - -[885] “Ant. Preh. de Andalusia,” pp. 97, 105. - -[886] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. x. pp. 84, 459. I am indebted to -the Council of the Society for the use of this and the following cut. - -[887] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. p. 449. - -[888] _Op. cit._, vol. xii. p. 439. - -[889] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 456. - -[890] _Op. cit._, vol. xii. p. 440. - -[891] Bateman’s “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 148; engraved in _Arch._, -vol. xliii. p. 461, fig. 162, from which my cut is copied. - -[892] “British Barrows,” p. 359; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 243. - -[893] Raine, “North Durham,” p. 235. - -[894] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 346; _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. -iv. p. 304. For the use of this cut I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, -F.R.S. - -[895] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 122, pl. xiv. - -[896] Ibid., pl. xv. - -[897] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 456. - -[898] _Wilts Arch. Mag._, vol. vi. p. 164. - -[899] Iliad, lib. xix. v. 387. - -[900] P. 185. - -[901] _Op. cit._, p. 242. - -[902] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxiv. fig. 4; xxxv. figs. 2, 4. - -[903] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 211, pl. xxviii. - -[904] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 248. - -[905] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 334. - -[906] _Ante_, p. 233. - -[907] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 322. - -[908] “Celtic Tum.” pt. i. p. 35, pl. x. E. and G. - -[909] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 453, fig. 157. - -[910] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 184; vol. xv. p. 90; _Suss. Arch. -Coll._, vol. ix. p. 120. - -[911] _Surrey Arch. Soc. Trans._, vol. i.; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. -p. 305. - -[912] _Arch._, vol. xxxvi. p. 328, pl. xxv. fig. 6; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. -vii. 18. - -[913] Borlase, “Nænia Corn.,” p. 236. - -[914] Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft xi. Taf. ii. 1. - -[915] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 456; _Arch._, vol. xliii. -p. 454, fig. 158. - -[916] _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. vii. p. 104. - -[917] _Journ. Royal Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 2nd S., vol. i. -p. 286, whence this cut has been kindly lent. - -[918] _Arch._, vol. xxxvi. p. 328, pl. xxv. 5, from which the cut is -copied. - -[919] Dixon’s “Geol. of Sussex,” p. 12; _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. -112; _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 260. - -[920] Fig. in _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 364. - -[921] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. 311. - -[922] _A. A. J._, vol. xiv. p. 329. - -[923] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 50. - -[924] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 268. - -[925] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 79; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. vii. 19. - -[926] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 370. - -[927] Von Sacken, “Die Funden an der Langen Wand bei Wiener Neustadt,” -1865, p. 6. - -[928] Wilde, “Catal.,” p. 465, fig. 347. - -[929] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 403, fig. 6. - -[930] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. vi. p. 19. - -[931] _Arch. 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Arch. de la Gaule._ - -[950] Wilde, “Catal.,” p. 448, fig. 326. - -[951] 4th Series, vol. ii. p. 197. - -[952] “Hallands Fornminnes-Förenings Aarskr.,” 1869, p. 89. - -[953] Wilde, “Catal.,” p. 458, fig. 333, from which the fig. in the -text is copied on a somewhat larger scale; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. vii. 15. - -[954] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 1. - -[955] “Matériaux,” vol. x. p. 370. - -[956] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 120. - -[957] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 191; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., -vol. iii. p. 406. - -[958] Vol. iii. p. 47. - -[959] Vol. xxxvi. pl. xxv. 2. - -[960] _Arch._, vol. xxxvi. p. 326. - -[961] _Arch._, vol. xxxvi. pl. xxv. 1; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. vi. 24. - -[962] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 322, pl. 26, No. 1. - -[963] “Cong. préh.,” Copenhagen vol., p. 483. - -[964] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 349. For the use of this cut I am -indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S. - -[965] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 349. - -[966] _Arch._, xxxvi. pl. xxv. 3; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. vi. 25. - -[967] Vol. xxxvi. p. 328, pl. xxv. 3. - -[968] Wilson’s “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 390; Catal. Mus. Arch. Inst., -Edinb., p. 23. - -[969] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pi. xix. 11. - -[970] Fig. 131. - -[971] Taf. vii. 1; xxxiii. 1; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. x. 2. - -[972] “Handb. der Germ. Alterth.,” p. 208. See also Preusker, “Blicke,” -Taf. iii. 44 f.; Klemm, “Allg. Culturwiss.” p. 112. - -[973] Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronze Schwerter des K. Mus.,” Taf. vi. -6. - -[974] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. x. 3; Von Ledebur, “Königl. Mus.,” p. 15. - -[975] “Matériaux,” vol. viii. pl. xvi. 14; vol. xiii. p. 232; Chantre, -“Age. du Br.,” 2me partie, p. 283; _Mém. des Ant. du Nord_, 1872-7, p. -116. - -[976] “Zeitsch. für Ethnol.,” vol. ix. 1877, Proc., p. 34, Taf. vi. 3. - -[977] Col. A. Lane Fox, “Prim. Warfare,” lect. 2. - -[978] “Coll. Hib.,” vol. iv. p. 62, pl. xi. 11. - -[979] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 449. - -[980] P. 449. - -[981] Conf. Wilde, _op. cit._, p. 489, figs. 356 and 357; and “Horæ -Fer.,” pl. x. 6. - -[982] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 187. - -[983] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 396. - -[984] _Ibid._, vol. vii. p. 423. I am indebted to the Council for the -use of this cut. - -[985] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 258. - -[986] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 414; vol. xviii. p. 161; _Proc. Soc. -Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 403. - -[987] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 193; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. x. 7. - -[988] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. vi. p. 20 (figured). - -[989] “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xi. 14. - -[990] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 181. - -[991] Skelton’s Meyrick, vol. i. pl. xlv. - -[992] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 111. - -[993] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 411. - -[994] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 302. - -[995] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. 249, vol. iii. p. 60. - -[996] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160. - -[997] “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” p. 493, fig. 361. I am indebted to the -Council for this cut. - -[998] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 12. - -[999] “Alt. u. h. Vorzeit,” vol. i. Heft viii. Taf. 2. - -[1000] “Freder. Francisc.,” Taf. xxv. 13, 14. - -[1001] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, _ubi sup._ - -[1002] Annalen for Nord. Oldkynd., 1851, Taf. v. 1. - -[1003] Conf. Greenwell, “British Barrows,” p. 49. - -[1004] _Op. cit._, p. 44. - -[1005] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 394. - -[1006] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iii. App. p. 67. - -[1007] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 60. - -[1008] _A. A. J._, vol. xv. p. 230. - -[1009] “On the True Assignation of the Bronze Weapons,” &c., _Trans. -Ethn. Soc._, N.S., vol. iv. p. 176. _The Celt, Roman and Saxon_, 2nd -Ed. p. 7, _et seqq._ - -[1010] “Catal. Lond. Ant.,” p. 80. - -[1011] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 72. - -[1012] “Preh. Times,” 4th Ed. p. 17; _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N.S., vol. v. -p. 105. - -[1013] See “Horæ Ferales,” pls. xiv., xv., and xviii. - -[1014] Lib. v. c. 33. - -[1015] Beckman, “History of Inventions,” vol. ii. p. 328. - -[1016] “Saturn.,” lib. ii. cap. 3. - -[1017] “Preh. Times,” p. 22. - -[1018] Worsaae’s “Prim. Ant. of Denmark,” p. 29. - -[1019] Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 32. - -[1020] _Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc._ - -[1021] 1st S., vol. ii. p. 215. - -[1022] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 263; vol. xv. 230, pl. 23, 5. - -[1023] _Somerset Arch. and N. H. Soc. Proc._, vol. xxii. p. 70, pl. iii. - -[1024] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 229, pl. 23, 3. - -[1025] _Op. cit._, vol. iii. p. 9. - -[1026] _Op. cit._, vol. xiv. p. 328, pl. xxiv. 5. - -[1027] _Arch._, vol. xix. p. 56, pl. iv. - -[1028] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. v. pl. ix. 1. - -[1029] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 60. - -[1030] See “Horæ Fer.,” pl. ix. 2, p. 161. - -[1031] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 50; _Arch. Journ._, vol. -xix. p. 91. - -[1032] Keller, 8ter Bericht, Taf. iii. 1. - -[1033] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 329; _op. cit._, vol. xxii. -p. 244. - -[1034] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 429. - -[1035] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxxiii. p. 231. - -[1036] _Arch._, vol. xix. p. 56, pl. iv.; Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Anc. -Armour,” pl. xlvii. 14. - -[1037] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 67; _Arch._, xliii. p. 480. - -[1038] _Bury and West Suff. Proc._, i. p. 24. - -[1039] “Reliquary,” vol. iii. p. 219. - -[1040] _Arch._, vol. xi. p. 431, pl. xix. 9. - -[1041] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 229, pl. xxiii. 2. - -[1042] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 406; _Arch. Journ._, -vol. xxvi. p. 191. - -[1043] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. ix. 5, p. 162. - -[1044] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 7. - -[1045] Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft iii. Taf. iii. 5. - -[1046] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 254; xv. p. 230, pl. xxiii. -No. 4. - -[1047] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. v. p. 349. - -[1048] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 363. - -[1049] Catal. of Gr. Coins in Brit. Mus., Italy, p. 28. - -[1050] “Numm. Vet. Ital. descript.,” pl. xli. - -[1051] Vol. iv. p. 147; vol. iii. p. 334. - -[1052] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 327; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. -i. p. 83, No. 14. - -[1053] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 44. - -[1054] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 91. - -[1055] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxiv. p. 301. - -[1056] _Anth. Inst. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 230. - -[1057] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 158 (24½ inches); _Arch. Assoc. -Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 243; _Arch._, vol. xxvi. p. 482 (said to have -had a bone or wooden hilt when found). - -[1058] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 90. - -[1059] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 356. - -[1060] Stukeley, “It. Cur.,” vol. i. p. 14. - -[1061] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 321. - -[1062] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 11, pl. iv. 3. - -[1063] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 118. - -[1064] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 353. - -[1065] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 113. - -[1066] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 115. - -[1067] _Arch._, vol. xxi. p. 548. - -[1068] _Arch._, vol. xxvi. p. 464. - -[1069] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 91. - -[1070] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 250; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd -S., vol. x. p. 214. - -[1071] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x, p. 221. - -[1072] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. iii. p. 204. - -[1073] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. ix. 9, p. 162. - -[1074] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. ii. p. 199. - -[1075] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. xxiv. pl. xxv. 3. - -[1076] Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. xiv. _bis_, 3; _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule_. - -[1077] Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. iii. 4; 3ter Bericht, Taf. iii. -35; Desor and Favre, “Le Bel Age du Br.,” pl. v. 10; Troyon, “Habit. -Lacust.,” pl. ix. 11. - -[1078] Keller, 7ter B., Taf. xxiv. 9. - -[1079] Von Sacken, “Grabf. v. Hallst.,” pl. v. 10. - -[1080] Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” Heft i. Taf. ii. 1. - -[1081] “Zeitsch. für Ethn.,” vol. vii. Taf. x. 2. - -[1082] “Bull. di Palet. Ital.,” anno ii., p. 26. - -[1083] “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B. iv., 40-42; Worsaae, “Nord. -Olds.,” figs. 135, 136. - -[1084] “Afbild,” vol. ii. pl. v. vi. - -[1085] P. 882. - -[1086] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 429; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. ix. -fig. 3, p. 161. - -[1087] “Treatise on Anc. Armour,” pl. lxi. 1. - -[1088] _Op. cit._, pl. lxi. 2, 3, 4. - -[1089] Wilson’s “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 352, fig. 52. - -[1090] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 210, pl. xx. 10, 11. - -[1091] Pl. li. 2, 3, p. 118. - -[1092] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 33. - -[1093] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iii. p. 102. - -[1094] Ayr and Wigton Coll., vol. ii. p. 14. - -[1095] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 252. - -[1096] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. pp. 181, 224: _Arch. Journ._, -vol. xiii. p. 203. - -[1097] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 121. - -[1098] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. ix. 4, p. 161. - -[1099] Vol. ii. p. 334, pl. xliv. - -[1100] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xiii. p. 321. - -[1101] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 439. - -[1102] _Op. cit._, p. 454. - -[1103] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ix. 7, p. 162. - -[1104] Vol. iii. p. 355, pl. xix. - -[1105] Vol. iv. pl. vii. 1, p. 50. - -[1106] De Bonstetten, “Essai sur les Dolm.,” 1865, pl. ii. 2; _Rev. -Arch._, N.S., vol. xiii. p. 183, pl. v. D. - -[1107] Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. xvi. 1. - -[1108] _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule._ - -[1109] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. iv. pl. xiii. 23. - -[1110] Von Sacken, Taf. v. 2. - -[1111] Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft iii. Taf. iii. 6. - -[1112] 3rd S., vol. i. p. 23; 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 72; “Reliquary,” vol. -x. p. 65. - -[1113] _Jour. Royal Hist. & Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4th S., vol. ii. -p. 257. I am indebted to the Council for the use of the cuts. - -[1114] _Op. cit._, 4th S., vol. i. p. 505. - -[1115] “Aarböger for Nord. Oldk.,” 1871, p. 15. - -[1116] _Arch._, vol. iii. p. 363. - -[1117] Ib., p. 364. - -[1118] Ib., p. 365. - -[1119] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 446, fig. 322, here by permission -reproduced. - -[1120] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxx. p. 282. - -[1121] “Age du Br.,” lère ptie. p. 105 _et seq._; Alb., pl. xv. _bis_, -2; De Ferry, “Macon préh.,” pl. xxxix. - -[1122] Keller, _passim_. - -[1123] See Gastaldi, “Iconografia,” 1869, Tav. viii.; Pellegrini, -“Sepolchreto Preromano,” 1878, Tav. iii., iv. Gozzadini, “Mors de -Cheval et l’Épée de Rorzano,” 1876. - -[1124] “Aarbög. f. Nord. Oldk.,” 1879, pl. i. - -[1125] “Mycenæ und Tiryns,” 1878, pp. 281, 303, &c. - -[1126] Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronze Schwerter des K. Mus. zu -Berlin,” 1878, p. 56. - -[1127] “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B, ii., iii., iv.; Worsaae, “Nord. -Olds.,” figs. 114 to 137. - -[1128] Lisch, “Freder. Francisc.,” Tab. xiv., xv. - -[1129] “Cong, préh.,” Stockholm vol. i. p. 506. - -[1130] “Cong, préh.,” Buda Pest vol., p. 238. - -[1131] “Cong, préh.,” Copenhagen vol., p. 449. - -[1132] See Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronze Schwerter des K. Mus. zu -Berlin,” 1878. - -[1133] Von Sacken, “Grabf. v. Hallst.,” Taf. v.; Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. -h. Vorz.,” vol. ii. Heft i. Taf. v. - -[1134] Vol. xlv. p. 251. - -[1135] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. xxvi. p. 321. - -[1136] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. viii. 7; Chantre, “Age du Br.,” lère ptie., -p. 108; Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. Heft i. Taf. 3. - -[1137] Chantre, _op. cit._, p. 135. - -[1138] Madsen, “Afb.,” vol. ii. pl. vii.; Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. -Vorz.,” vol. ii. Heft i. Taf. iii. 1. - -[1139] Madsen, _op. cit._, pl. v. - -[1140] “Horæ Ferales,” p. 159. See also _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxiv. p. -301, fig. 3. - -[1141] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 404. - -[1142] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd -S., vol. x. p. 214; “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 437. - -[1143] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 259, whence this cut is taken, by -permission of Mr. Franks. - -[1144] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, iii. p. 118; _Arch._, vol. xxvii. p. 298. - -[1145] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 201. See “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ix. -No. 10 to 14, and C. R. Smith, “Coll. Ant.,” vol. iii. p. 72. - -[1146] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 118. - -[1147] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 427. - -[1148] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. p. 181; _Arch. Journ._, vol. -xiii. p. 203; “Catal. Mus. Arch. Inst. Ed.,” p. 24. - -[1149] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 221, whence the figure is -copied. - -[1150] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxx. p. 280. - -[1151] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 461, fig. 336. - -[1152] “Exp. Arch. de la Sav.,” 1878, pl. xii. 354, 356. - -[1153] _Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland_ - -[1154] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 322. - -[1155] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 461. - -[1156] Fairholt’s “Costume in England,” p. 382. - -[1157] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 321, pl. 30, fig. 2. - -[1158] Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie. p. 136. _Rev. Arch._, N.S., -vol. xxxix. p. 306. - -[1159] _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule._ - -[1160] “Matériaux,” vol. xiii. p. 64. See also a paper by M. Alex. -Bertrand, in the Bull. Soc. Ant. de France, 1878, p. 56. “Matér.,” vol. -xv. p. 162. - -[1161] De Bonstetten, “Rec. d’Ant. Suisses,” Supp., pl. xxi. 1; Von -Sacken, “Grabf. v. Hallstatt,” Taf. vi. 11. - -[1162] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 518. - -[1163] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. xxxix. p. 305. - -[1164] “Das Grabfeld von Hallstatt,” p. 155, pl. xix. fig. 10. - -[1165] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 257, pl. xiii. 6; Wilson, -“Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 441, fig. 82. - -[1166] _Arch. Scot._, vol. i. p. 393. - -[1167] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 556, pl. xxxvii. 3. - -[1168] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 323, pl. xxvi. 5; _Proc. -Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 521. - -[1169] Arch. Inst., York vol. p. 33; _Arch._, vol. xiv. pl. xx. 6. - -[1170] “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B ii. 2; Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” -fig. 115; Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xi. 1. - -[1171] Boye, “Oplys. Fortegnelse over det K. M.,” p. 31. - -[1172] “Annalen for Oldk.,” 1848, p. 336; “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. -B. ii. 7; Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 119; Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. -p. 9. pl. iv. 8. - -[1173] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 495. - -[1174] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 120. - -[1175] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 29. - -[1176] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, 1868, N.S., vol. i. p. 36. - -[1177] Iliad, vi. v. 319; viii. v. 494. - -[1178] Dawkins, “Cave Hunting,” p. 143, fig. 34. - -[1179] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 231. - -[1180] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. v. p. 349. - -[1181] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 429, pl. iv. - -[1182] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 159. I am indebted to Mr. Franks -for the use of this block. - -[1183] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 235, pl. xxiv. 3. - -[1184] _Op. cit._, vol. viii. p. 332. - -[1185] _Op. cit._, vol. xv. p. 235, pl. xxiv. 4. - -[1186] Hartshorne’s “Salop. Ant.,” p. 96. - -[1187] Stukeley’s “It. Cur.,” pl. 96, vol. ii. - -[1188] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 351. - -[1189] Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Anc. Arm.,” pl. xlvii. 10. - -[1190] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. p. 279. - -[1191] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251; “Montgom. Coll.,” -vol. iii. p. 437. - -[1192] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 221. - -[1193] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 254. - -[1194] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 13, pl. i. - -[1195] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 110. - -[1196] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 102. - -[1197] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 417. - -[1198] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. iv. pl. xiii. 2-14. - -[1199] Keller, _passim_. - -[1200] Von Braunmühl, “Alt Deutschen Grabmäler;” Schreiber, “Die ehern. -Streitkeile,” Taf. ii. 19; Lisch, “Fred. Francisc.,” Taf. viii. - -[1201] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 190. - -[1202] “Heidnisch. Alterth.,” Taf. viii. fig. 1. - -[1203] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 435. The cut has been kindly lent by -the Society. - -[1204] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 364. - -[1205] _A. J._, vol. ix. p. 8. It is there erroneously stated to be 26 -inches long. - -[1206] _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. vii. p. 199; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd -S., vol. vii. p. 40. - -[1207] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 185, 186; “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” -pl. B 1, 16. - -[1208] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 28. - -[1209] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 332. - -[1210] Keller, 6ter Bericht, Taf. ix. 34. - -[1211] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 90. - -[1212] “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 433; vol. xi. p. 205. - -[1213] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. viii. p. 269. - -[1214] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 107. - -[1215] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 47. There is an article by Mr. Du -Noyer on the classification of bronze arrow-heads in vol. vii. p. 281. - -[1216] See “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 328. - -[1217] _Arch. Journ_., vol. xiii. pp. 20, 27; vol. xxii. p. 68; _Proc. -Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 187; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. -322. - -[1218] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 3; “Hor. Fer.,” pl. vi. 27. - -[1219] _Arch. Camb._, 4th. S., vol. iii. p. 351. - -[1220] Anderson’s “Croydon Preh. and Rom.,” p. 11, pl. iii. 4. - -[1221] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. v. p. 349. - -[1222] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 351. - -[1223] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxx. p. 282. - -[1224] _Arch._, vol. xix. p. 56, pl. iv. 5. - -[1225] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 361, pl. lxiv. 1. - -[1226] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. p. 244. - -[1227] _P. S. A._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 280. - -[1228] _P. S. A._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 83. - -[1229] _Arch._, vol. xxvii. p. 105. - -[1230] _P. S. A._, vol. iv. p. 323. - -[1231] Plot’s “Stafford.,” p. 404, pl. xxxiii. 8. - -[1232] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 113. - -[1233] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. viii. p. 210. - -[1234] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 9. - -[1235] Vol. x. p. 480, pl. xl. 5. - -[1236] _Sussex Arch. Coll._, vol. viii. p. 269. - -[1237] “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 432. and vol. xii. p. 25. - -[1238] Vol. ix. p. 94, pl. iii. - -[1239] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 348, pl. 1. - -[1240] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 334. - -[1241] Arch. Inst., Salisb. vol., p. 110. - -[1242] Wilde, “Catal. R. I. A.,” p. 496, fig. 363; “Hor. Fer.,” pl. vi. -15. - -[1243] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 447; “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 208. - -[1244] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xi. p. 168. - -[1245] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 282, and xviii. p. 167. - -[1246] Vol. ii. p. 187. - -[1247] Pl. vi. 17. - -[1248] “Coll. Hib.,” vol. iv. pl. xi. v. - -[1249] Pl. vi. 12, 13. - -[1250] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 280; “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 9. - -[1251] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 285. - -[1252] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 196. - -[1253] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” pp. 498, 501. - -[1254] Ibid., Figs. 385 and 386, p. 502. - -[1255] Pl. vi. 19. - -[1256] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 187. - -[1257] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 111, pl. xi. 4. - -[1258] Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. ii. Heft iv. Taf. i. 9. - -[1259] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 329, pl. xxiv. fig. 3. - -[1260] _Arch. Assoc. Jour._, vol. xvi. p. 322. - -[1261] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 365, pl. lxx. 3. - -[1262] Arch. Inst., Norwich vol., p. xxvi. Another from this hoard is -in the Brit. Mus., “Hor. Fer.,” pl. vi. 22. Mr. Franks thinks that -the mould was in four pieces besides the core, but on this point I am -rather doubtful. - -[1263] Vol. iv. pl. xi. 6. - -[1264] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 415. - -[1265] “Catal. Mus. Lond. Ant.,” p. 83, No. 370. - -[1266] Pring, “Brit. and Rom. Taunton,” pl. iii. - -[1267] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 20. - -[1268] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 366, p. 496; “Hor. Fer.,” pl. vi. -18. - -[1269] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160. - -[1270] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 322, pl. xxvi. 3. - -[1271] _Op. cit._, vol. xvii. p. 110, pl. xi. 3. - -[1272] “Durobrivæ,” p. lvi. 4. - -[1273] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. 354; Allies, “Worcester.,” p. 60. - -[1274] Ayr and Wigton Coll., vol. ii. p. 13. - -[1275] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 214. - -[1276] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 296. - -[1277] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 65. I am indebted to the -Council for the use of this block. - -[1278] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 413; “Hor. Fer.,” pl. vi. 21. - -[1279] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 363. - -[1280] Ibid., vol. xxv. p. 49. - -[1281] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. v. p. 89. - -[1282] Ibid., vol. xvi. p. 250. - -[1283] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 429. - -[1284] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 234; _Arch. Journ._, vol. -xviii. p. 158. - -[1285] Grose’s “Treat. on Anc. Armour,” 1786, pl. lxi. 5. - -[1286] Vallancey, “Coll. Hib.,” vol. iv. pl. xi. 7. - -[1287] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 16. - -[1288] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 217, fig. 8; _Proc. Soc. -Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251. - -[1289] Hartshorne’s “Salop. Ant.,” p. 96. - -[1290] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 352. - -[1291] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 154. - -[1292] _Mém. des Ant. du Nord_, 1872-7, p. 115. - -[1293] Wilson’s “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 391; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 23; -“Catal. Mus. Arch. Inst. Ed.,” p. 23. - -[1294] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 404, pl. iii. 11; _Arch. -Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 322, pl. xxvi. 4. - -[1295] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 187; vol. iii. p. 354; “Horæ Fer.,” -pl. vi. 26; Allies, “Worc.,” p. 30; “Arch. Inst.,” York vol., pl. v. 4. - -[1296] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 125. - -[1297] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 84; vol. xviii. p. 160. - -[1298] Ibid., vol. xiv. p. 357; vol. xviii. p. 161. - -[1299] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. iii. pp. 339, 347. - -[1300] _Arch._, vol. xxvi. p. 464. - -[1301] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160. I am indebted to Mr. Franks -for the use of this cut. - -[1302] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 250; vol. v. p. 422; -_Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 214; “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. -437. - -[1303] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 332. - -[1304] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 84. - -[1305] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 221. - -[1306] Ibid., 4th S., vol. iii. p. 353. - -[1307] Anderson’s “Croydon Preh. and Rom.,” p. 11, pl. iii. 5. - -[1308] P. 116, pl. l. 7. - -[1309] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 96. - -[1310] _Arch._, vol. xix. p. 56, pl. iv. 10, 11; Skelton’s “Meyrick’s -Anc. Arm.,” pl. xlvii. 12. - -[1311] _Arch._ _ubi sup._, “Millin, Peintures de Vases,” tome ii. p. 25. - -[1312] “Iliad.,” lib. x. 153; lib. xiii. 443. &c. - -[1313] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 235. - -[1314] “Preh. Cong.,” Norwich vol., p. 77. - -[1315] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 191; “Atlas for Nord. Old.,” pl. B -1, 22, 23. - -[1316] Vol. xi. p. 55. - -[1317] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 118. - -[1318] _Arch._, vol. v. pl. viii. 15. - -[1319] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. U. A.,” figs. 390, 391. - -[1320] _Op. cit._, p. 517. - -[1321] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. p. 211. - -[1322] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 25. - -[1323] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. iv. pl. xiii. - -[1324] Vol. xlv. p. 383. - -[1325] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. xiv.; _Arch._, vol. xxiii. p. 97; _Proc. Soc. -Ant._, vol. iv. p. 144; Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Anc. Arm.,” pl. xlvii. 7. - -[1326] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. xv.; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 330. - -[1327] Vol. xxvii. pl. xxii. p. 298; “The Barrow Diggers,” pl. ii. 1, -p. 73; Worsaae, “Prim. Ant. of Denm.,” Eng. ed., p. 32. I am indebted -to Messrs. James Parker & Co. for the use of this block. - -[1328] _Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4th S., vol. iv. p. 488. - -[1329] “Horæ Fer.,” p. 167, pl. xi. 1; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. -187. - -[1330] _Op. cit._, p. 167, pl. xi. 3; “Catal. of Ants., &c., of the -Soc. Ant.,” p. 17. - -[1331] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 77, whence the cut is copied; “Hor. -Fer.,” p. 167, pl. xi. 4. - -[1332] “Hor. Fer.,” p. 167; _Trans. Camb. Ant. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 12. - -[1333] Copied from _Publ. Camb. Ant. Soc._, vol. ii. Misc. pl. 3. - -[1334] “Catal. Mus. Soc. Ant.,” p. 16. - -[1335] See “Ayr. and Wigt. Coll.,” vol. i. p. 66, where I have -described this shield. - -[1336] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” 1st ed., p. 267; 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 397. - -[1337] “Minute Book of Soc. Ant.,” vol. xxiv. p. 147. - -[1338] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 165. See also _Tr. R. Hist. -and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4th S., vol. iv. p. 487. - -[1339] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. viii. p. 393. - -[1340] _Arch._, vol. xxiii. p. 92; “Anc. Arm.,” by Skelton, vol. i. pl. -xlvii. 4. - -[1341] _Arch._, vol. xxiii. p. 95. - -[1342] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 157. - -[1343] “Hor. Fer.,” pl. ix. 168; C. Roach Smith, “Catal. of Lond. -Ant.,” p. 80. - -[1344] C. Roach Smith, _ubi sup._ - -[1345] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 518; v. p. 363; _Gent. -Mag._, Dec, 1865, p. 771. - -[1346] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 200. - -[1347] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 395; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd -S., vol. iii. p. 200; _Proc. Roy. Irish Acad._, 1874, p. 277. - -[1348] _Arch. Assoc. Jour._, vol. xxxvi. p. 165. - -[1349] _Journ. Royal Hist._ and _Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4th S., vol. -ii. p. 118, and vol. iv. p. 487. See _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 480. - -[1350] Vol. x. p. 155. - -[1351] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 203. - -[1352] _Arch._, vol. xiv. p. 90. pl. xviii. - -[1353] See _Arch. Scot._, vol. v. p. 217. - -[1354] “Hor. Fer.,” p. 166. - -[1355] Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xvii.; “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” -pl. B, v.; Worsaae “Prim. Ant. of Den.,” Thoms’ Eng. ed., p. 31. - -[1356] “Cong, préh.,” Bologna vol., p. 294. - -[1357] Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorzeit,” vol. i. Heft xi. Taf. 1, 4, -and 5. - -[1358] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 398. - -[1359] _Num. Chron._, N.S., vol. xvii. pl. x. 7 and 8. - -[1360] See _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 187. - -[1361] “De Bell. Civ.,” i. 39, 48. - -[1362] “Agric.,” 36. - -[1363] See Smith’s “Dict. of Ant.,” _s. v._ Cetra. - -[1364] “Horæ Ferales,” p. 168, pl. xii. 1. - -[1365] Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. Vorzeit,” vol. i. Heft xi. Taf. 1. - -[1366] Von Sacken, “Grabf. zu Hallst.,” Taf. viii. 5, 6. - -[1367] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. i. p. 167. - -[1368] Lib. iii. c. 14. - -[1369] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 518. - -[1370] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 342; Waring’s “Ornaments -of Remote Ages,” pl. xci. 10. - -[1371] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 362. - -[1372] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 553, pl. xxxvi. - -[1373] “Album,” pl. xvi. _bis._ - -[1374] Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie., p. 146. - -[1375] P. 623 - -[1376] Fig. 360, p. 492. _et seqq._ - -[1377] “Discourse concerning Danish Mounds, &c.” - -[1378] _Phil. Trans._, vol. xxviii. p. 270. - -[1379] Vol. ii. pl. xx. 3, 4, 5; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. iv. pl. xiv.; -“Hor. Fer.,” pl. xiii. 1. - -[1380] 4th S., vol. iii. p. 422. - -[1381] P. 282. - -[1382] Wilde, fig. 529, p. 592, kindly lent by the Council of the R. I. -A. One of Mr. Day’s trumpets is also patched. - -[1383] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 96. There is an article on Irish -trumpets by Dr. Petrie in the _Dublin Penny Journal_, vol. ii. See also -_Proc. R. I. A._, vol. iv. pp. 237, 423. - -[1384] Von Bibra, “Die Br. u. Kupf.-leg.,” p. 140. - -[1385] Pl. xiii. 3, 4, 5, 6, 9. - -[1386] “Coll. Hib.,” vol. iv. pi. vii. 2. - -[1387] Vol. iv. pl. xiii. 2. - -[1388] _Trans. R. I. A._, vol. ii. - -[1389] Wilde’s “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 624 _et seqq._; _Jour. R. H. -and A. A. of Ireland_, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 422 _et seqq._ See also -_Ulster Journ. of Arch._, 1860, vol. viii. p. 99; and “Horæ Ferales,” -p. 172. - -[1390] Wilde, 630 _et seqq._ - -[1391] “Collections,” vol. i. p. 74; _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. -p. 565. - -[1392] Vol. vi. p. 50. - -[1393] “Tour through Britain,” vol. iv. p. 130. - -[1394] Vol. lxxxvi. 1796, pl. xi.; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. xiii. 2; _Arch. -Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 150. - -[1395] Evans, “Anc. British Coins,” pl. iii. No. 11, and pl. v. No. 10, -&c. - -[1396] “Anc. Armour,” pl. xiii.; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. iv. p. 231. - -[1397] Lisch, “Fred. Francisc.,” Tab. ix. 3. - -[1398] “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B, vii.; Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” -figs. 199-201. - -[1399] Lib. ii. c. 29. - -[1400] Lib. v. c. 30. See also Livy, lib. v. 37 and 39. - -[1401] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 612, fig. 523, whence this cut -is reproduced. See also _Proc. R. I. A._, vol. iv. pp. 237, 423. - -[1402] Greenwell, “British Barrows,” pp. 15, 31. - -[1403] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 130. I am indebted to the -Council of the Society for the use of this cut. - -[1404] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 259. - -[1405] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 227. - -[1406] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 247. - -[1407] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 34; “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 130. - -[1408] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 366. - -[1409] _Arch._, xv. p. 129. - -[1410] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. pp. 206-208. - -[1411] _Op. cit._, p. 207. - -[1412] _Op. cit._, p. 210. The references to the plate are somewhat -confused or confusing. - -[1413] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. ii. p. 90. - -[1414] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 319. - -[1415] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 194, pl. xxiii., here copied. See also -_Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 467. - -[1416] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 199, pl. xxiv. - -[1417] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 246. I am indebted to the Institute -for the use of this cut. - -[1418] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 94. Pring, “Brit. and Rom. -Taunton,” pl. ii. - -[1419] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 106. - -[1420] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 265. - -[1421] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 469. - -[1422] 2ème Mém., “Album,” pl. xi. 17. - -[1423] Fig. 452. - -[1424] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 348, pl. 1. - -[1425] Allies, “Worc.,” p. 149, pl. iv. 7. - -[1426] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 8. I am indebted to Mr. Franks for -the use of this cut. - -[1427] _Arch._, vol. xii. p. 414, pl. li. 8. - -[1428] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 260. - -[1429] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 469. - -[1430] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 468. I am indebted to the Council of the -Soc. Ant. for this and the next cut. - -[1431] _Proc. Som. Arch. Soc._, vol. viii. p. 45. - -[1432] Dr. Thurnam, _ubi sup._ (Horsfield, “Lewes,” vol. i. 48, pl. -iii. 12). - -[1433] _Journ. R. Hist. Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4 Sec. vol. v. p. 97. - -[1434] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 394, pl. xxxiv. 5. - -[1435] Like Keller, “Lake-dwellings,” pl. xxxiv. 2. - -[1436] Lisch, “Freder. Francisc.,” Tab. xxiv. 5, 6. - -[1437] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 447. - -[1438] _Op. cit._, p. 558, fig. 449; _Journ. Arch. Assoc. of Scot._, -2nd S., vol. i. p. 194. - -[1439] Wilde, fig. 448. - -[1440] _Journ. Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 194. - -[1441] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, N.S. vol. i. p. 322. For the loan of -this block I am indebted to the Council of the Society. - -[1442] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 239. - -[1443] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 558, fig. 450. - -[1444] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 102. - -[1445] Vol. ix. p. 247. - -[1446] Florus, lib. ii. c. 4. - -[1447] Aulus Gellius, lib. ix. c. 13. - -[1448] Cohen, “Méd. Cons.,” pl. xxvi. 5. - -[1449] Vol. ii. p. 368; vol. iii. p. 27. - -[1450] _Arch._, vol. xxvi. p. 471. - -[1451] _Arch._, vol. xxi. p. 557. - -[1452] _Op. cit._, vol. xxvi. p. 464. - -[1453] _Op. cit._, vol. xiv. p. 96. - -[1454] See Wilde’s “Catal.,” p. 70, _et seqq._; and “Vetusta. Monum.,” -vol. v. pl. xxix. - -[1455] Vol. xxi. pl. xii. 2. - -[1456] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 81. - -[1457] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 107, whence this cut is lent by -the Council. - -[1458] _Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vol. vii. p. 27. - -[1459] _Op. cit._, vol. v. 1854, p. 91. - -[1460] _Arch._, vol. xiv. p. 94, pl. xxiii. - -[1461] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. i. p. 234. - -[1462] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 88. - -[1463] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 232. - -[1464] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 323; _Arch._, vol xxix. 372; _Suss. -Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 267. - -[1465] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 211, pl. xxi. 2. - -[1466] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 74, fig. 603. - -[1467] _Arch._, vol. xi. p. 429, pl. xix. 3. - -[1468] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 467; “Montgom. Coll.,” -vol. iii. p. 419; vol. iv. p. 247. - -[1469] _Arch._, vol. xxxiv. p. 83, pl. xi.; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. ii. -p. 148; _Arch._, xxxii. p. 400. - -[1470] _Arch._, vol. xxx. p. 554. - -[1471] _Arch._, vol. xxv. p. 595; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 167. - -[1472] _Arch._, vol. xxxi. p. 517, pl. xxiii; _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. -p. 32. - -[1473] _Arch._, vol. xxx. p. 521. - -[1474] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 258, pl. xiii. 2, 3. - -[1475] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 367; vol. xxiv. p. 254. - -[1476] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. i. p. 234. - -[1477] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 435. - -[1478] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iv. p. 377. - -[1479] _P. S. A. S._, vol. i. p. 138. - -[1480] Schoolcraft, “Ethn. Res.,” vol. i. p. 92; Squier and Davis, -“Anc. Mon. Miss. Vall.,” p. 204. - -[1481] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 96; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. -v. pp. 406, 422; Borlase, “Nænia Corn.,” p. 162. - -[1482] “Ten Years’ Digg.,” p. 167. - -[1483] “Catal.,” p. 22; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. ii. p. 83. - -[1484] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 88. - -[1485] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 200. The Council of the Institute -have kindly lent this figure. - -[1486] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 277. - -[1487] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 111, pl. xii. 2; vol. x. p. -8. - -[1488] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 332. - -[1489] “Barrow Diggers,” p. 77, pl. v. 14, 15. - -[1490] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 344 (I am indebted to the -Council for the use of this cut); _Arch._, vol. xxxv. p. 247; “Anc. -Stone Imp.,” p. 417. - -[1491] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. pp. 406, 430. - -[1492] Bateman, “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 167. - -[1493] Hoare’s “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 160; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. -469, fig. 172. I am indebted to the Council of the Soc. Ant. for the -use of this cut. - -[1494] “Reliquary,” vol. vi. p. 211, pl. xx. 1; Dawkins, “Cave -Hunting,” p. 129. - -[1495] _Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vol. v. 1854, p. 91. - -[1496] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 107. I am indebted to the -Institute for the use of this cut. See Figs. 468 and 87. - -[1497] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 323. - -[1498] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. 148; _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. -ii. p. 260. - -[1499] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 131. For the use of this -cut I am indebted to the Council of the Society. - -[1500] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 74. - -[1501] Perrin, “Etude, préh. sur la Sav.,” pl. xviii. 6. - -[1502] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 570, fig. 479. - -[1503] “British Barrows,” p. 210. - -[1504] “Cran. Brit.,” pl. xii. B 4; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 474. - -[1505] Greenwell’s “British Barrows,” p. 209. - -[1506] _Op. cit._, p. 386. - -[1507] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 258. - -[1508] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 59. - -[1509] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 256; _Arch._, vol. xxvi. p. 483. - -[1510] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 74. - -[1511] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 224. - -[1512] Pring, “The Brit. and Rom. on the Site of Taunton,” p. 50. - -[1513] _Arch._, vol. xxi. p. 39. - -[1514] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 294. - -[1515] _Journ. Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 3rd S., vol. i. p. -164. - -[1516] “Vallancey,” vol. iv. pl. xiv. 8; Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” -p. 578, fig. 490. - -[1517] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 570, fig. 480. - -[1518] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 46, fig. 573. - -[1519] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. ii. p. 83. The cut is kindly lent by the -Council. - -[1520] “Catal.,” p. 22. - -[1521] _Sup._, p. 378; _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 323. - -[1522] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 332. - -[1523] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 24, whence this cut is -borrowed. - -[1524] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 295. - -[1525] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 36. - -[1526] _Arch._, vol. xxxvii. p. 368. - -[1527] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 426. - -[1528] _Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vol. v. 1854, p. 91. - -[1529] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 81. - -[1530] “British Barrows,” p. 223. - -[1531] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 324. For Fig. 491 I am indebted to the -Delegates of the Clarendon Press. - -[1532] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 80. - -[1533] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. viii. p. 30. - -[1534] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 40, fig. 570. - -[1535] _Op. cit._, p. 38. - -[1536] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 88. - -[1537] Von Sacken, “Grabf. v. Hallst.,” Taf. xvii. 4, 6. - -[1538] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 470. - -[1539] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 243. - -[1540] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 103. - -[1541] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 525. - -[1542] _Op. cit._, 114. A bead of burnt clay has also been found in a -Westmoreland barrow. “Brit. Barrows,” p. 55. - -[1543] See Thurnam, _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 495. - -[1544] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 313, pl. xxi. - -[1545] Ibid. - -[1546] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 3. - -[1547] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. ii. p. 213, pl. iv.; _Arch. Scot._, vol. -iv. p. 55, pl. vii. - -[1548] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 294. - -[1549] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 10. - -[1550] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 354. I am indebted to the -Council of the Cambrian Arch. Assoc. for the use of this cut. - -[1551] _Mém. Soc. Ant. Norm._, 1827-8, pl. xvii. - -[1552] 3rd S., vol. i. p. 164, whence the cut is borrowed. - -[1553] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 579, fig. 494. - -[1554] Vol. iv. pl. xiv. - -[1555] See Wilde’s “Catal.,” p. 576 _et seqq._ - -[1556] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 74; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. -xii. p. 97. - -[1557] Type of Evans, “Anc. Brit. Coins,” pl. ii. 9. - -[1558] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxxvi. p. 110. - -[1559] “British Barrows,” p. 209. - -[1560] “Essays on Arch. Sub.,” vol. i. p. 25. - -[1561] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 407. - -[1562] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 74; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. -xii. p. 97. - -[1563] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 232. - -[1564] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, N.S., vol. i., p. 322, whence this cut -is borrowed. - -[1565] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 179. - -[1566] Ibid. - -[1567] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 200. - -[1568] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 120. - -[1569] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 236. This and the -following cut are kindly lent me by the Council of the Society. - -[1570] Fourdrignier, “Double Sép. Gaul.,” 1878, pl. v. and vi. - -[1571] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 13, pl. ii. 14. - -[1572] See Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie., p. 156. - -[1573] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 485. - -[1574] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxx. p. 282, fig. 3; _Anthrop. Inst. -Journ._, vol. iii. p. 230. - -[1575] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 556, pl. xxxvii. figs. 8 and 11. - -[1576] Pl. xl. 16; _Samlede Fund_, pl. xvi. 12. - -[1577] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. vi. p. 137. - -[1578] “Age du Bronze,” 1ère ptie., p. 188. - -[1579] _Rev. Anthrop._, 1875, tome iv. p. 650. - -[1580] See Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1re ptie., p. 152. - -[1581] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 209. - -[1582] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 252. - -[1583] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 46. - -[1584] See _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. pp. 35 and 52; _Proc. Soc. Ant. -Scot._, vol. v. p. 111; C. R. Smith’s “Catal. London Ant.,” p. 82; -_Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. viii. p. 208; vol. x. p. 57; “Hor. Fer.,” -p. 184. - -[1585] _Trans. Kilkenny Arch. Soc._, vol. iii. p. 65. _Annaler for -Oldk._, 1836, p. 175. - -[1586] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 90. - -[1587] Vol. xliii. - -[1588] Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 223. - -[1589] P. 399 _et seqq._ - -[1590] Erroneously called a celt by Mr. Kirwan. See _Arch. Journ._, -vol. xxiv. p. 189, whence this cut is borrowed. - -[1591] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 173. - -[1592] P. 21. - -[1593] Wilson, “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. pp. 350, 408. - -[1594] Shirley’s “Dominion of Farney;” _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 96. - -[1595] Wilson, _op. cit._, vol. i. p. 409. I am indebted to Messrs. -Macmillan & Co. for the use of this cut. - -[1596] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 529, fig. 407. This cut has -been lent me by the Council of the Academy. - -[1597] Vol. v. p. 82. - -[1598] Catal. Mus. R. I. A., p. 531, fig. 409. - -[1599] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. xxvi. p. 326. - -[1600] A paper on “Etruscan Commerce with the North,” by Dr. Hermann -Genthe, will be found in the _Archiv. für Anthrop._, vol. vi. p. 237. - -[1601] Von Sacken, “Das Grabf. v. Hallst.,” Taf. xxi. 1. - -[1602] April 30, 1879. - -[1603] Percy’s “Metallurgy,” vol. i. p. 474 (ed. 1861). - -[1604] _Comptes Rendus de l’Ac. des Sc._, vol. lxxvi. (1873), p. 1232. - -[1605] _Phil. Trans._, 1796, vol. lxxxvi. p. 395. - -[1606] Chantre, “L’Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie., p. 62. - -[1607] J. A. Phillips, _Q. J. Chem. Soc._, vol. iv. p. 266. - -[1608] O’Curry’s “Mann. and Cust. of the Anc. Irish,” vol. i. p. ccccxx. - -[1609] O’Curry, _op. cit._, p. ccccxviii. - -[1610] For an interesting essay on the sources of bronze, see Prof. -Sullivan in the Introduction to O’Curry’s “Manners and Customs of -the Ancient Irish,” p. ccccvii. See also H. H. Howorth, F.S.A., on -the “Archæology of Bronze,” _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. vi. p. 72; -Sabatier, “Production de l’or, de l’argent, et du cuivre,” &c., 1850; -Von Bibra, “Die Bronzen und Kupferlegirungen,” 1869; De Fellenberg, -“Bull. de la Soc. des Sc. nat. de Berne,” 1860; Wocel, “Chemische -Analysen anb. Bronze legirungen,” in Sitz.-Ber. phil. hist. Classe. -Acad. der Wiss. Wien. Bd. xvi. 169; “Kelternes, Germanernes og -Slavernes Bronzer,” in _Antiq. Tidskrift._, 1852-54, p. 206; Morlot, -“Les Métaux dans l’Age du Bronze,” _Mém. Soc. Ant. du Nord_, 1866-71, -p. 23; Wibel, “Die Cultur der Bronze-Zeit Nord und Mittel Europas,” -1865; Von Cohausen’s Review of Wibel, _Archiv. für Anth._, vol. i. p. -320, vol. iii. p. 37; Lubbock, “Prehistoric Times,” p. 59 _et seqq._; -Zaborowski-Moindron, “L’Ancienneté de l’Homme,” 1874; Dr. C. F. Wiberg, -“Einfluss der Etrusker und Griechen auf die Bronze Cultur,” _Arch. für -Anth._, vol. iv. p. 11; Troyon, “Monuments de l’Ant. dans l’Europe -barbare,” 1868; De Rougemont, “L’Age du Bronze,” 1866; A. Bertrand, -“Arch. Celtique et Gauloise,” 1876; G. De Mortillet, “Origine du -Bronze,” _Revue d’Anthrop._, vol. iv. p. 650; Wilson, “Preh. Annals of -Scotland,” and “Prehistoric Man.” - -[1611] Job, chap. xxviii. v. 2. - -[1612] P. 115. - -[1613] _Comptes Rendus_, 1866, vol. lxii. pp. 223, 346. - -[1614] The doubts raised by the late Sir G. C. Lewis on this point have -been dealt with by Sir John Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 63 _et seqq._ - -[1615] Von Bibra, _op. cit._, p. 94. - -[1616] Dr. Percy, F.R.S., and other practical metallurgists have shown -that this view is untenable. See Lubbock, “Prehist. Times,” p. 621. - -[1617] _Annales for Oldk._, 1852, p. 249; _Jahrbüch. des Ver. v. -Alt.-freund im Rheinl._, vol. lix. p. 21; Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère -ptie., p. 62; Perrin, “Et. préh. sur la Savoie,” 1870, p. 19; Layard, -“Nineveh and Babylon,” p. 670. - -[1618] “Die Bronzen und Kupferlegirungen,” 8vo. Erlangen, 1869. - -[1619] _Bull. di Paletnol. Ital._, 1879, p. 159. - -[1620] Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie., p. 36; “Alb.,” pl. xxviii.; -“Matériaux,” vol. xi. pl. i. 1. _Proc. Soc. Ant._ 2nd Ser., vol. viii. -p. 250. - -[1621] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 59, vol. viii. p. 210; -Pennant’s “Tour,” vol. i. p. 63; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxix. 194; _Proc. -Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 286. - -[1622] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 118. - -[1623] _Journ. Roy. Inst. Cornw._, No. xxi. - -[1624] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 120 (Leland). - -[1625] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 363. - -[1626] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd Ser., vol. v. p. 427. - -[1627] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 288. - -[1628] _Surrey Arch. Coll._, vol. vi. - -[1629] Anderson’s “Croydon,” p. 10. - -[1630] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 248. - -[1631] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. vi. p. 195. - -[1632] _Penes me, Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 24. - -[1633] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 302. - -[1634] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 116. - -[1635] In the British Museum. - -[1636] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd Ser., vol. iii. p. 232. - -[1637] Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 101. - -[1638] In the British Museum. - -[1639] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 80. - -[1640] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 116. - -[1641] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 114. - -[1642] _Penes_ Capt. Brooke, Ufford Hall, Woodbridge. - -[1643] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 69. - -[1644] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. ii. p. 213. - -[1645] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 306; _Arch. Journ._, vol. -xviii. p. 86. - -[1646] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 115. - -[1647] Wilson, “P. A. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 348; _Proc. Soc. Ant. -Scot._, vol. i. p. 132. - -[1648] Crawfurd, _Trans. Eth. Soc._, vol. iii. p. 350. - -[1649] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 435. - -[1650] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 376. - -[1651] Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 44; Von Sacken, “Das Grabfeld von -Hallstatt,” p. 118. - -[1652] Keller, 3er Bericht, p. 93. - -[1653] “Manners and Customs of the Anc. Irish,” O’Curry and Sullivan, -p. ccccxix. - -[1654] “Cong. préh.,” Buda-Pest, vol. i. p. 242; _Engineer_, March 26, -1876. - -[1655] _Arch. für Anth._, vol. ix. p. 265. - -[1656] Jul. Pollux. “Onom.,” lib. ix. c. 6, p. 1055. - -[1657] Evans, “Coins of the Anc. Brit.,” p. 123. - -[1658] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 39; whence the cut is borrowed. - -[1659] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxviii. p. 196. See also _Arch. Journ._, -vol. xvi. p. 7, for an interesting paper on Ancient Metallurgy, by the -late Prof. J. Phillips. - -[1660] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 39. - -[1661] Spano, “Paleoetnol. Sarda,” p. 26. - -[1662] Keller, “Lake-dwellings,” Eng. ed., p. 54. - -[1663] _Op. cit._, p. 118. - -[1664] “Preh. Times,” p. 40. - -[1665] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. iv. p. 107; _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 2. - -[1666] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 33, vol. vi. p. 209. - -[1667] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 341; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd -S., vol. iv. p. 513. _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxxvi. p. 146. Only -seven depressions are there described. - -[1668] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. p. 45. - -[1669] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 383, and v. p. 109. - -[1670] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 34; Wilson, “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 343, pl. -v. - -[1671] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 335, pl. vi.; Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. -I. A.,” p. 392. - -[1672] “Catal.,” p. 78. - -[1673] Wilde’s “Catal.,” p. 91, fig. 72. - -[1674] Pegazzoni, “L’uomo preist. nella Prov. di Como,” 1878, pl. vi. -18-20. - -[1675] Wilson, “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 358, fig. 46. - -[1676] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 335. - -[1677] “Les dernières trouvailles du Lac de Bienne,” 1879, pl. i. 10; -“Matériaux,” 1880, pl. i. 10. - -[1678] _Exp. Arch. de la Sav._, 1878, pl. iv. 187; Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. -lii. - -[1679] “Matériaux,” vol. x. p. 112. - -[1680] “Matériaux,” vol. xii. p. 185. - -[1681] “The Barrow Diggers,” p. 75, pl. v. 10. It is so badly drawn -that it might be taken for a broken mould for a palstave. _Arch._, vol. -xxviii. p. 451. - -[1682] P. 78. - -[1683] Hampel, “Cat. de l’Exp. préhist.,” 1876, p. 134; “Ant. préh. de -la Hongrie;” “Matériaux,” vol. xii. p. 184. - -[1684] Wittlock, “Jord-fynd från Wärend’s förhist. Tid.,” 1874, p. 68. - -[1685] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 345, figs. 48 and 49. Fig. 61 -shows a casting from one of the moulds. - -[1686] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 91, fig. 73. - -[1687] Gastaldi, “Nuovi cenni,” 1862, Tav. iv. 22. - -[1688] Vol. ix. p. 185. - -[1689] _Mém. des Ant. du Nord_, 1872-77, p. 142. - -[1690] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 349, pl. xxxiv. 1, 2. - -[1691] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 93. - -[1692] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 170. The cut is kindly lent by the -Council of the Institute. - -[1693] Ranchet e Regazzoni, _Atti della Soc. Ital. de sc. nat._, vol. -xxi. - -[1694] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 48, pl. vi. I am indebted -to the Council for the use of these four blocks. - -[1695] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 257, vol. vi. p. 385; Lindenschmit, -“A. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. Heft. xii. Taf. i. 5. - -[1696] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 166. - -[1697] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. p. 148. - -[1698] Spano, “Paleoetnol. Sard.,” p. 27. - -[1699] “Troy and its Remains,” pp. 82, 110, 139, 173, 261, &c. - -[1700] See _Arch._, vol. v. p. 108 _et seqq._ - -[1701] “Collectanea,” vol. iv. p. 59. - -[1702] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 386, vol. xviii. p. 166; _Arch. -Camb._, 3rd S., vol. ii. p. 128. - -[1703] Vallancey, “Coll.,” vol. iv. p. 59, pl. x. 10. - -[1704] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 158. - -[1705] Chantre, “Album,” pl. i.; “Age du Br.,” 1ère. ptie., p. 26 - -[1706] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 433. - -[1707] Keller, 3er Bericht, p. 109, pl. vii. 43; Troyon, “Hab. Lac.,” -pl. x. 15. - -[1708] Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. Heft. xii. Taf. i. 3. - -[1709] Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronze-schwerter des K. Mus. zu -Berlin,” Taf. xiv. 9. - -[1710] Lindenschmit, _ubi sup._, Taf. i. 4. - -[1711] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 408; “Cong. préh.,” -Stockholm vol. i. p. 445. - -[1712] Holtzappfel, “Turning and Mech. Manip.,” vol. i. p. 321; _Arch. -Journ._, vol. iv. p. 337. - -[1713] “Anc. British Coins,” p. 124. - -[1714] _Proc. Geol. and Polyt. Soc. of Yorkshire_, 1866, p. 439. - -[1715] Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” Heft. i. Taf. ii. 10, 11, 12. - -[1716] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xiv. p. 171; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xx. -p. 192. - -[1717] _Arch._, vol. xxii. p. 424; _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 387; -“Arch. Inst.,” Norwich vol., p. xxvi. I have assumed that the mould -described in these passages is one and the same. - -[1718] _Arch._, vol. v. pl. vii.; _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 336, pl. -iii. 5, 6, 7, 8. - -[1719] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. pl. ii. 5, 6, 7, 8. - -[1720] “Itin. Cur.,” pl. xcvi, 2nd ed. - -[1721] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132; _Arch. Journ._, vol. -xix. p. 358. - -[1722] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 166. - -[1723] Ibid. - -[1724] “Surrey Arch. Soc. Coll.,” vol. vi. - -[1725] Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronzeschwerter des K. Mus.,” p. 76. - -[1726] Ulfsparre, “Svenska Fornsaker,” pl. viii. 93. - -[1727] _Mém. Soc. Ant. Norm._, 1827-8, pl. xviii. - -[1728] Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. liv. 5. - -[1729] Keller, 7ter Bericht, p. 16, Taf. xvii. - -[1730] “Matériaux,” vol. xii. p. 184. - -[1731] “Aarböger for Nord. Oldk.,” 1866, p. 124. - -[1732] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 409. - -[1733] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 382; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. -iii. pp. 10 and 58. - -[1734] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 258. - -[1735] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 232. - -[1736] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132. I am indebted to the -Council for the use of this cut; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 358. - -[1737] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 118, pl. ii. - -[1738] _Journ. Roy. Inst, of Cornwall_, No. xxi. fig. 4. - -[1739] “Petit Album,” pl. xxv. 6. - -[1740] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 260. - -[1741] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 213, 214. - -[1742] Montelius, “La Suède préh.,” fig. 40. - -[1743] Hartshorne’s “Salop. Ant.,” p. 95. - -[1744] _Proc. R. I. Acad._, vol. iv. p. 439. - -[1745] Chap. xi. p. 235 _et seqq._ - -[1746] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ix. p. 120, whence this cut is -borrowed; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 184, vol. xv. p. 90. - -[1747] “Reliquary,” vol. iv. p. 63. - -[1748] Pennington, “Barrows and Bone Caves of Derbyshire,” 1877, p. 51. - -[1749] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 412. - -[1750] Page 128. - -[1751] Page 84. - -[1752] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 328 - -[1753] Evans’s “Coins of the Anc. Britons,” p. 102. - -[1754] Vol. xvi. p. 348. - -[1755] _Supra_, p. 405; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 556. - -[1756] See also Col. A. Lane Fox’s “Primitive Warfare, Sect. III.,” in -_Journ. R. U. Service Inst._, vol. xiii. - -[1757] The Bronze Period of Switzerland has by some been calculated to -have begun not less than 3,000 years B.C.—Zaborowski Moindron, “L’Anc. -de l’homme,” 1874, p. 208. - -[1758] See Greenwell’s “British Barrows,” p. 44 _et seqq._ - -[1759] “British Barrows,” p. 19. - -[1760] Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” p. 348. - -[1761] See Worsaae in _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiii. p. 30. - -[1762] “British Barrows,” pp. 32, 375. See also _Reliquary_, vol. vi. -p. 1. - -[1763] “Primitive Warfare, Sect. III.;” _Journ. R. U. S. Inst._, vol. -xiii. - -[1764] “Preh. Times,” p. 73. - -[1765] Worsaae, in “Aarb. for Nord. Oldk.,” 1879, p. 327. - -[1766] See A. Bertrand in _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxvi. p. 363. - -[1767] See Chantre, “Age du Bronze,” 2ème ptie. p. 281. - -[1768] “Habitations Lacustres de la Savoie,” 1864, 1867, 1869. - -[1769] See Thurnam in _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 494. - -[1770] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 497. - -[1771] See “Ancient Stone Impts.,” p. 411. I may take this opportunity -of correcting the statement that the Assynt necklace is inlaid with -gold. It is merely engraved with various patterns, in which micaceous -grains of sand got lodged and were mistaken for gold. - -[1772] “Ancient Stone Impts.,” p. 402. - -[1773] Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” p. 352; _Quart. Journ. Suff. -Inst._, vol. i. p. 31. - -[1774] See also Rolleston’s App. to “British Barrows;” Lubbock’s -“Prehist. Times;” Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” &c., &c. - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ancient Bronze Implements, -Weapons, and Ornaments, of Gre, by John Evans - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ANCIENT BRONZE *** - -***** This file should be named 53092-0.txt or 53092-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/0/9/53092/ - -Produced by Giovanni Fini, Chris Curnow and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments, of Great Britain and Ireland. - -Author: John Evans - -Release Date: September 19, 2016 [EBook #53092] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ANCIENT BRONZE *** - - - - -Produced by Giovanni Fini, Chris Curnow and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div class="limit"> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="transnote p4"> -<p class="pc large">TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:</p> -<p class="ptn">—Obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected.</p> -<p class="ptn">—Huge tables at pages 460 to 463 have been rendered as illustration.</p> -<p class="ptn">—The transcriber of this project created the book cover -image using the front cover of the original book. The image -is placed in the public domain.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p class="pc4 mid">THE ANCIENT</p> -<p class="pc xlarge">BRONZE IMPLEMENTS,</p> -<p class="pc1 mid">WEAPONS, AND ORNAMENTS,</p> -<p class="pc1">OF</p> -<p class="pc1 mid">GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/cover.jpg" width="350" height="569" alt="" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p> -<p> </p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h1 class="p4">THE ANCIENT<br /> -<span class="large">BRONZE IMPLEMENTS,</span><br /> -WEAPONS, AND ORNAMENTS,<br /> -<span class="little">OF</span><br /> -<span class="mid">GREAT BRITAIN</span><br /> -<span class="little">AND</span><br /> -<span class="mid">IRELAND.</span></h1> - - -<p class="pc4">BY<br /> -<span class="lmid">JOHN EVANS, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.,</span><br /> -F.S.A., F.G.S., <span class="smcap">Pres. Num. Soc.</span>, &c.</p> - -<p class="pc4">LONDON:<br /> -<span class="lmid">LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.</span><br /> -1881.</p> - -<p class="pc1 reduct">(<i>All rights reserved.</i>)</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p> - -<p class="pc4 small">LONDON<br /> -PRINTED BY VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED<br /> -CITY ROAD.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">PREFACE.</h2> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/b1.jpg" width="150" height="59" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">The</span> work which is now presented to the public has unfortunately -been many years in progress, as owing to various occupations, both -private and public, the leisure at my command has been but -small, and it has been only from time to time, often at long -intervals, that I have been able to devote a few hours to its -advancement. During this slow progress the literature of the -subject, especially on the Continent, has increased in an unprecedentedly -rapid manner, and I have had great difficulty in at all -keeping pace with it.</p> - -<p>I have, however, done my best, both by reading and travel, to -keep myself acquainted with the discoveries that were being made -and the theories that were being broached with regard to bronze -antiquities, whether abroad or at home, and I hope that so far as -facts are concerned, and so far as relates to the present state of -information on the subject, I shall not be found materially -wanting.</p> - -<p>Of course in a work which treats more especially of the bronze -antiquities of the British Islands, I have not felt bound to enlarge -more than was necessary for the sake of comparison on the corresponding -antiquities of other countries. I have, however, in all -cases pointed out such analogies in form and character as seemed -to me of importance as possibly helping to throw light on the -source whence our British bronze civilisation was derived.</p> - -<p>It may by some be thought that a vast amount of useless -trouble has been bestowed in figuring and describing so many -varieties of what were after all in most cases the ordinary tools of -the artificer, or the common arms of the warrior or huntsman, which -differed from each other only in apparently unimportant particulars. -But as in biological studies minute anatomy often affords the -most trustworthy evidence as to the descent of any given organism<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span> -from some earlier form of life, so these minor details in the form -and character of ordinary implements, which to the cursory -observer appear devoid of meaning, may, to a skilful archæologist, -afford valuable clues by which the march of the bronze civilisation -over Europe may be traced to its original starting-place.</p> - -<p>I am far from saying that this has as yet been satisfactorily -accomplished, and to my mind it will only be by accumulating a -far larger mass of facts than we at present possess that comparative -archæology will be able to triumph over the difficulties with -which its path is still beset.</p> - -<p>Much is, however, being done, and I trust that so far as the -British Isles are concerned, the facts which I have here collected -and the figures which I have caused to be engraved will at all -events form a solid foundation on which others may be able to -build.</p> - -<p>So long ago as 1876 I was able to present to the foreign -archæologists assembled at Buda-Pest for the International Congress -of Prehistoric Archæology and Anthropology, a short abstract -of this work in the shape of my <i>Petit Album de l’âge du Bronze -de la Grande Bretagne</i>, which I have reason to believe has been -found of some service. At that time my friend the late Sir -William Wilde was still alive, and as the bronze antiquities of -Ireland appeared to be especially under his charge, I had not regarded -them as falling within the scope of my book. After his lamented -death there was, however, no possibility of interfering with his -labours, by my including the bronze antiquities of the sister country -with those of England, Wales, and Scotland in the present work, -and I accordingly enlarged my original plan.</p> - -<p>In carrying out my undertaking I have followed the same -method as in my work on the “Ancient Stone Implements, &c., of -Great Britain;” and it will be found that what I may term the -dictionary and index of bronze antiquities is printed in smaller -type than the more general descriptive and historical part of the -book. I have in fact offered those who take an ordinary interest -in archæological inquiry without wishing to be burdened with -minute details a broad hint as to what they may advantageously -skip. To the specialist and the local antiquary the portion -printed in smaller type will be found of use, if only as giving -references to other works in which the more detailed accounts of -local discoveries are given. These references, thanks to members -of my own family, have been carefully checked, and the accuracy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span> -of all the original figures for this work, engraved for me with -conscientious care by Mr. Swain, of Bouverie Street, may, I think, -be relied on.</p> - -<p>To the councils of several of our learned societies, and especially -to those of the Societies of Antiquaries of London and Edinburgh, -the Royal Irish Academy, the Royal Archæological Institute, and -the Royal Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland, I -am much indebted for the loan of woodcuts and for other assistance. -I have also to thank the trustees and curators of many -local museums, as well as the owners of various private collections, -for allowing me to figure specimens, and for valuable information -supplied.</p> - -<p>My warmest thanks are, however, due to Mr. Augustus W. -Franks, F.R.S., and Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., not only for assistance -in the matter of illustrations, but for most kindly undertaking -the task of reading my proofs. I must also thank Mr. -Joseph Anderson, the accomplished keeper of the Antiquarian -Museum at Edinburgh, and Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A., of Cork, for -having revised those portions of the work which relate to Scotland -and Ireland.</p> - -<p>The Index has been carefully compiled by my sister, Mrs. -Hubbard. As was the case with those of my “Ancient Stone Implements,” -and “Ancient British Coins,” it is divided into two parts; -the one referring generally to the subject matter of the book, and -the other purely topographical. The advantages of such a division -in a book of this character are obvious.</p> - -<p>In conclusion, I venture to prefer the request that any discoveries -of new types of instruments or of deposits of bronze -antiquities may be communicated to me.</p> - -<p class="pr2"><span class="smcap">John Evans.</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Nash Mills, Hemel Hempsted</span>,</p> -<p class="pi4"><i>March, 1881</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p> -<p> </p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CONTENTS.</h2> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/b2.jpg" width="150" height="47" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<table id="toc" summary="cont"> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER I.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">INTRODUCTORY.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="tdr1"><span class="small">PAGE</span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">The Succession of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages—A Copper Age in America—Scriptural -Notices of Bronze—Bronze preceded Iron in ancient Egypt—Bronze -in ancient Greece—The Metals mentioned by Homer—Iron in ancient Greece—Bronzes -among other ancient Nations—Use of Iron in Gaul and Italy—Disputes -as to the three Periods—The Succession of Iron to Bronze—The Preservation -of ancient Iron</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER II.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">CELTS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Origin of the word Celt—Views of early Antiquaries—Conjectures as to the Use of -Celts—Opinions of modern Writers</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER III.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">FLAT AND FLANGED CELTS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Flat Celts from Cyprus and Hissarlik—Discoveries of Flat Celts in Barrows—Those -ornamented on the Faces—Flanged Celts—Those from Arreton Down—And -from Barrows—Decorated Flanged Celts—Flat Celts found in Scotland—Decorated -Scottish Specimens—Flat Celts found in Ireland—Decorated Irish Specimens—Character -of their Decorations—Flat Celts with Lateral Stops</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER IV.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">WINGED CELTS AND PALSTAVES.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Origin of the term Palstave—Celts with a Stop-ridge—Varieties of Winged Celts—Transitional -Forms—Palstaves with Ornaments on Face—With Central Rib -on the Blade—Shortened by Wear—With a Transverse Edge—Looped Palstaves—With -Ribs on Blade—With Shield-like Ornaments—With Vertical -Ribs on Blade—With semicircular Side-wings hammered over—Iron Palstaves -imitated from Bronze—Palstaves with two Loops—Scottish Palstaves—Irish -Palstaves—Looped Irish Palstaves—Irish Palstaves with Transverse Edge—Comparison -with Continental Forms</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER V.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">SOCKETED CELTS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Terms, “the Recipient” and “the Received”—Evolution from Palstaves—With -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span>“Flanches,” or curved Lines, on the Faces—Plain, with a Beading round the -Mouth—Of a Gaulish type—With vertical Ribs on the Faces—With Ribs ending -in Pellets—With Ribs and Pellets on the Faces—With Ribs and Ring -Ornaments—Variously ornamented—Of octagonal Section—With the Loop on -one Face—Without Loops—Of diminutive Size—Found in Scotland—Found -in Ireland—Comparison with Foreign Forms—Mainly of Native Manufacture -in Britain—Those formed of Iron</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER VI.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">METHODS OF HAFTING CELTS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">The perforated Axes of Bronze—Celts in Club-like Handles—Their Hafts, as seen -in Barrows—Hafting after the manner of Axes—Socketed Celts used as -Hatchets—Hafted Celt found at Chiusi—Hafts, as seen at Hallstatt—Celts in -some instances mounted as Adzes—No perforated Axe-heads in Britain—Hafting -Celts as Chisels</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER VII.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">CHISELS, GOUGES, HAMMERS, AND OTHER TOOLS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Simple form of Chisel rare—Tanged Chisels—Chisels with Lugs at sides—Socketed -Chisels—Tanged Gouges—Socketed Gouges—Socketed Hammers—Irish Hammers—Method -of Hafting Hammers—French Anvils—Saws and Files almost -unknown in Britain—Tongs and Punches—The latter used in Ornamenting—Awls, -Drills, or Prickers frequently found in Barrows—Awls used -in Sewing—Tweezers—Needles—Fish-hooks</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER VIII.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">SICKLES.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Method of Hafting—Sickles with Projecting Knobs—With Sockets—Sickles found -in Scotland and Ireland—Found on the Continent</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER IX.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">KNIVES, RAZORS, ETC.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">The Socketed Form—Scottish and Irish Knives—Curved Knives—Knives with -broad Tangs—With Lanceolate Blades—Of peculiar Types—Double-edged -Razors—Scottish and Irish Razors—Continental Forms</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER X.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">DAGGERS AND THEIR HILTS.—RAPIER-SHAPED BLADES.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Tanged Knives or Daggers—Knife-Daggers with three Rivets—Method of Hafting -Daggers—Bone Pommels—Amber Hilt inlaid with Gold—Hilts with numerous -Rivets—Inlaid and Ivory Hilts—Hilts of Bronze—Knife-Daggers with five or -six Rivets—Knife-Daggers from Scotland—From Ireland—Daggers with -Ornamented Blades—With Mid-ribs—With Ogival Outline—Rapier-shaped -Blades—Rapiers with Notches at the Base—With Ribs on the Faces—Rapiers -with Ox-horn and Bronze Hilts—Bayonet-like Blades</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER XI.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">TANGED AND SOCKETED DAGGERS OR SPEAR-HEADS, HALBERDS, AND MACES.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Arreton Down type of Spear-heads—With Tangs and with Socket—Scandinavian -and German Halberds—The Chinese Form—Irish Halberds—Copper Blades -less brittle than Bronze—Broad Irish Form—Scottish Halberds—English and -Welsh Halberds—The Form known in Spain—Maces, probably Mediæval</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER XII.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi"><span class="small">[xi]</span></a></span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">LEAF-SHAPED SWORDS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Their Occurrence in British Barrows not authenticated—Occur with Interments in -Scandinavia—The Roman Sword—British Swords—Disputes as to their Age—Hilts -proportional to Blades—Swords with Central Slots in Hilt-plate—With -many Rivet-holes—With Central Rib on Blade—Representation of Sword on -Italian Coin—Those with Hilts of Bronze—Localities where found—Comparison -with Continental Types—Swords found in Scotland—In Ireland—In France—Swords -with Hilts of Bone—Decorated with Gold—Continental Types—Early -Iron Swords</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER XIII.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">SCABBARDS AND CHAPES.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Sheaths with Bronze Ends—Wooden Sheaths—Bronze Sheaths—Ends of Sword-Sheaths -or Scabbard Ends—Chapes from England and Ireland—Spiked -Chapes—Mouth-pieces for Sheaths—Ferrules on Sword-Hilts</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER XIV.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">SPEAR-HEADS, LANCE-HEADS, ETC.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Different Types—Leaf-shaped—With a Fillet along the Midrib—Ornamented on -the Sockets—With Loops at the Sides—From Ireland—Decorated on the -Blade—With Loops at the Base of the Blade—Of Cruciform Section near the -Point—With Openings in the Blade—With Flanges at the Side of the Openings—With -Lunate Openings in the Blade—Barbed at the Base—Ferrules for -Spear-shafts—African Spear Ferrules—Continental Types—Early Iron Spear-heads</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_310">310</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER XV.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">SHIELDS, BUCKLERS, AND HELMETS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Shields with numerous raised Bosses—With Concentric Ribs—With Concentric -Rings of Knobs—Shields found in Scotland—In England and Wales—Wooden -Bucklers—The Date of Circular Bucklers—Bronze Helmets—Their Date</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER XVI.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">TRUMPETS AND BELLS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Trumpets found in Ireland—Trumpets with Lateral Openings—The Dowris Hoard—Riveted -Trumpets—The Caprington Horn—Trumpets found in England—Bells -found in Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_357">357</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER XVII.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">PINS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Pins with Flat Heads—With Crutched Heads—With Annular Heads—Those of -large Size—With Spheroidal Heads—With Ornamental Expanded Heads—From -Scotland—From Denmark—Their Date difficult to determine</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_365">365</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER XVIII.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">TORQUES, BRACELETS, RINGS, EAR-RINGS, AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">The Gaulish Torque—Gold Torques—Funicular Torques—Ribbon Torques—Those -of the Late Celtic Period—Penannular Torques and Bracelets—Bracelets engraved -with Patterns—Beaded and Fluted—Looped, with Cup-shaped Ends—Late -Celtic Bracelets—Rings—Rings with others cast on them—Coiled Rings -found with Torques—Finger-rings—Ear-rings—Those of Gold—Beads of Tin—Of -Glass—Rarity of Personal Ornaments in Britain</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_374">374</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER XIX.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii"><span class="small">[xii]</span></a></span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">CLASPS, BUTTONS, BUCKLES, AND MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Difficulty in Determining the Use of some Objects—Looped Sockets and Tubes—Possibly -Clasps—Perforated Rings forming a kind of Brooch—Rings used in -Harness—Brooches—Late Celtic—Buttons—Circular Plates and Broad Hoops—Perforated -Discs—Slides for Straps—Jingling Ornaments—Objects of Uncertain -Use—Rod, with Figures of Birds upon it—Figures of Animals</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_396">396</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER XX.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">VESSELS, CALDRONS, ETC.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Fictile Vessels—Gold Cup—Bronze Vessels not found in Barrows—Caldrons found -in Scotland—In Ireland—Some of an Etruscan Form—The Skill exhibited in -their Manufacture</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_407">407</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER XXI.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">METAL, MOULDS, AND THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURE.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Composition of Bronze—Lead absent in early Bronze—Sources of Tin and Copper—Analyses -of Bronze Antiquities—Cakes of Copper and Lumps of Metal—Tin -discovered in Hoards of Bronze—Ingots of Tin—Methods of Casting—Moulds -of Stone for Celts, Palstaves, Daggers, Swords, and Spear-heads—Moulds of -Bronze for Palstaves and Celts—The Harty Hoard—Bronze Mould for Gouges—Moulds -found in other Countries—Moulds formed of Burnt Clay—Jets or -Runners—The Processes for Preparing Bronze Instruments for Use—Rubbers -and Whetstones—Decoration—Hammering out and Sharpening the Edges</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_415">415</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tch">CHAPTER XXII.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tsh">CHRONOLOGY AND ORIGIN OF BRONZE.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="ti1">Inferences from number of Types—Division of Period into Stages—The Evidence -of Hoards—Their different Kinds—Personal, Merchants’, and Founders’—Lists -of Principal Hoards—Inferences from them—The Transition from Bronze -to Iron—Its probable Date—Duration of Bronze Age—Burial Customs of the -Period—Different Views as to the Sources of Bronze Civilisation—Suggested -Provinces of Bronze—The Britannic Province—Comparison of British and -Continental Types—Foreign Influences in Britain—Its Commercial Relations—Imported -Ornaments—Condition of Britain during the Bronze Age—General -Summary</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#Page_455">455</a></td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">WOODCUT ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/b1.jpg" width="150" height="59" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>The references are to the original sources of such cuts as have not been engraved -expressly for this book.</p> - - -<table id="toi" summary="illustrations"> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER III.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">FLAT AND FLANGED CELTS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2"><span class="small">FIG.</span></td> - <td> </td> - <td class="tdr1"><span class="small">PAGE</span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">1.</td> - <td class="ti2">Cyprus</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i40">40</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">2.</td> - <td class="ti2">Butterwick</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i41">41</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">3.</td> - <td class="ti2">Moot Low</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i44">44</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Llew. Jewitt, F.S.A., “Grave Mounds,” fig. 187.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">4.</td> - <td class="ti2">Yorkshire</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i45">45</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">5.</td> - <td class="ti2">Weymouth</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i46">46</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">6.</td> - <td class="ti2">Read</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i47">47</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">7.</td> - <td class="ti2">Suffolk</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i48">48</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">8.</td> - <td class="ti2">Arreton Down</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i49">49</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xxxvi. p. 329.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">9.</td> - <td class="ti2">Plymstock</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i50">50</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">10.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">——</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i50">50</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 346.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">11.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thames</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i52">52</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">12.</td> - <td class="ti2">Norfolk</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i52">52</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">13.</td> - <td class="ti2">Dorsetshire</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i53a">53</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">14.</td> - <td class="ti2">Lewes</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i53a">53</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 167.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">15.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ely</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i53b">53</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">16.</td> - <td class="ti2">Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i54">54</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">17.</td> - <td class="ti2">Liss</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i54">54</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">18.</td> - <td class="ti2">Rhosnesney</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i55">55</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">19.</td> - <td class="ti2">Drumlanrig</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i56">56</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">20.</td> - <td class="ti2">Lawhead</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i57">57</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. vii. p. 105.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">21.</td> - <td class="ti2">Nairn</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i58">58</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. ii. N.S.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">22.</td> - <td class="ti2">Falkland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i59">59</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">23.</td> - <td class="ti2">Greenlees</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i59">59</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. xii. p. 601.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">24.</td> - <td class="ti2">Perth</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i60">60</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">25.</td> - <td class="ti2">Applegarth</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i60">60</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">26.</td> - <td class="ti2">Dams</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i61">61</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. xiii. p. 120.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">27.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ballinamallard</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i61">61</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">28.</td> - <td class="ti2">North of Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i62a">62</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">29.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i62a">62</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">30.</td> - <td class="ti2">Tipperary</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i62b">62</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 410.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">31.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i63">63</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">32.</td> - <td class="ti2">Connor</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i64">64</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">33.</td> - <td class="ti2">Clontarf</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i65">65</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">34.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i65">65</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 248.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">35.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i66a">66</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">36.</td> - <td class="ti2">Trim</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i66a">66</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">37.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i66b">66</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">38.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i66b">66</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">39.</td> - <td class="ti2">Punched patterns</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i67">67</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">40.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”<span class="vh">———</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i67">67</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">41.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”<span class="vh">———</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i67">67</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">42.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”<span class="vh">———</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i67">67</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">43.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”<span class="vh">———</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i67">67</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” figs. 286 to 290.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">44.</td> - <td class="ti2">Armoy</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i68">68</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">45.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i68">68</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">46.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i69">69</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">47.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i69">69</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER IV.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">WINGED CELTS AND PALSTAVES.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">48.</td> - <td class="ti2">Icelandic Palstave</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i71">71</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">49.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”<span class="vh">———</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i71">71</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vii. p. 74.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">50.</td> - <td class="ti2">Wigton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i73">73</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">51.</td> - <td class="ti2">Chollerford Bridge</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i74">74</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">52.</td> - <td class="ti2">Chatham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i74">74</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">53.</td> - <td class="ti2">Burwell Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i75a">75</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">54.</td> - <td class="ti2">Bucknell</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i75a">75</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">55.</td> - <td class="ti2">Culham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i75b">75</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">56.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reeth</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i76">76</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">57.</td> - <td class="ti2">Dorchester</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i76">76</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">58.</td> - <td class="ti2">Colwick</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i77">77</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">59.</td> - <td class="ti2">Barrington</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i78">78</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">60.</td> - <td class="ti2">Harston</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i78">78</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">61.</td> - <td class="ti2">Shippey</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i79">79</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">62.</td> - <td class="ti2">Severn</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i80">80</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">63.</td> - <td class="ti2">Sunningwell</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i80">80</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">64.</td> - <td class="ti2">Weymouth</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i82">82</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">65.</td> - <td class="ti2">Burwell Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i82">82</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">66.</td> - <td class="ti2">East Harnham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i83">83</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">67.</td> - <td class="ti2">Burwell Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i83">83</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">68.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv"><span class="lmid">[xiv]</span></a></span></td> - <td class="ti2">Thames</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i84a">84</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">69.</td> - <td class="ti2">Stibbard</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i84b">84</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">70.</td> - <td class="ti2">Irthington</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i85a">85</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">71.</td> - <td class="ti2">North Owersby</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i85b">85</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">72.</td> - <td class="ti2">Bonn</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i85b">85</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">73.</td> - <td class="ti2">Dorchester</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i87">87</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">74.</td> - <td class="ti2">Wallingford</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i88">88</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">75.</td> - <td class="ti2">Stanton Harcourt</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i88">88</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">76.</td> - <td class="ti2">Brassington</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i89">89</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">77.</td> - <td class="ti2">Bath</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i89">89</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">78.</td> - <td class="ti2">Oldbury Hill</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i90">90</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">79.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ross</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i91">91</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">80.</td> - <td class="ti2">Honington</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i91">91</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">81.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ely</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i92">92</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">82.</td> - <td class="ti2">Bottisham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i92">92</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">83.</td> - <td class="ti2">Nettleham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i93">93</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 160.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">84.</td> - <td class="ti2">Cambridge</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i93">93</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">85.</td> - <td class="ti2">Carlton Rode</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i94">94</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">86.</td> - <td class="ti2">Penvores</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i96a">96</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">87.</td> - <td class="ti2">West Buckland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i96a">96</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvii. p. 107.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">88.</td> - <td class="ti2">Bryn Crûg</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i96b">96</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">89.</td> - <td class="ti2">Andalusia</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i97">97</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 69.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">90.</td> - <td class="ti2">Burreldale Moss</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i98">98</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">91.</td> - <td class="ti2">Balcarry</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i98">98</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">92.</td> - <td class="ti2">Pettycur</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i99">99</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 377.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">93.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i100">100</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">94.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i100">100</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">95.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i101a">101</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">96.</td> - <td class="ti2">North of Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i101b">101</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">97.</td> - <td class="ti2">Lanesborough</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i101b">101</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">98.</td> - <td class="ti2">Trillick</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i102a">102</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">99.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i102b">102</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">100.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i102b">102</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">101.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i102b">102</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">102.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i103">103</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">103.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i103">103</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">104.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i103">103</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">105.</td> - <td class="ti2">Miltown</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i104">104</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">106.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i105a">105</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">107.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i105a">105</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">108.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i105b">105</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">109.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ballymena</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i105b">105</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER V.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">SOCKETED CELTS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">110.</td> - <td class="ti2">High Roding</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i109">109</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">111.</td> - <td class="ti2">Dorchester, Oxon</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i109">109</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">112.</td> - <td class="ti2">Wilts</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i110">110</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">113.</td> - <td class="ti2">Harty</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i110">110</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">114.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i111">111</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">115.</td> - <td class="ti2">Dorchester, Oxon</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i111">111</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">116.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reach Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i112">112</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">117.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”<span class="vh">——</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i112">112</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">118.</td> - <td class="ti2">Canterbury</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i114">114</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">119.</td> - <td class="ti2">Usk</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i114">114</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">120.</td> - <td class="ti2">Alfriston</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i115">115</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">121.</td> - <td class="ti2">Cambridge Fens</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i116">116</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">122.</td> - <td class="ti2">High Roding</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i116">116</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">123.</td> - <td class="ti2">Chrishall</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i117">117</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">124.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reach Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i117">117</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">125.</td> - <td class="ti2">Barrington</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i117">117</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">126.</td> - <td class="ti2">Mynydd-y-Glas</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i119">119</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">127.</td> - <td class="ti2">Stogursey</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i120">120</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">128.</td> - <td class="ti2">Guildford</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i120">120</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">129.</td> - <td class="ti2">Frettenham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i120">120</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">130.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ely</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i121">121</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">131.</td> - <td class="ti2">Caston</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i121">121</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">132.</td> - <td class="ti2">Carlton Rode</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i122">122</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">133.</td> - <td class="ti2">Fornham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i122">122</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">134.</td> - <td class="ti2">Fen Ditton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i123">123</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">135.</td> - <td class="ti2">Bottisham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i123">123</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">136.</td> - <td class="ti2">Winwick</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i123">123</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">137.</td> - <td class="ti2">Kingston</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i124">124</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">138.</td> - <td class="ti2">Cayton Carr</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i124">124</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">139.</td> - <td class="ti2">Lakenheath</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i125">125</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">140.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thames</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i125">125</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">141.</td> - <td class="ti2">Kingston</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i125">125</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">142.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—–</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i126">126</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">143.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thames</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i127">127</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">144.</td> - <td class="ti2">Givendale</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i127">127</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">145.</td> - <td class="ti2">Cambridge</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i127">127</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">146.</td> - <td class="ti2">Blandford</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i127">127</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">147.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland (?)</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i128">128</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">148.</td> - <td class="ti2">Barrington</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i128">128</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">149.</td> - <td class="ti2">Hounslow</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i128">128</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">150.</td> - <td class="ti2">Wallingford</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i128">128</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">151.</td> - <td class="ti2">Newham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i129">129</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">152.</td> - <td class="ti2">Westow</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i130">130</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">153.</td> - <td class="ti2">Wandsworth</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i130">130</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 378.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">154.</td> - <td class="ti2">Whittlesea</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i130">130</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">155.</td> - <td class="ti2">Nettleham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i132a">132</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 160.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">156.</td> - <td class="ti2">Croker Collection</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i132a">132</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">157.</td> - <td class="ti2">Nettleham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i132a">132</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 160.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">158.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ulleskelf</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i132b">132</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">159.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reach Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i133">133</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">160.</td> - <td class="ti2">Carlton Rode</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i133">133</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">161.</td> - <td class="ti2">Arras</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i134">134</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">162.</td> - <td class="ti2">Bell’s Mills</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i135">135</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">“Catal. Ant. Mus. Ed.”</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">163.</td> - <td class="ti2">North Knapdale</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i136">136</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">164.</td> - <td class="ti2">Bell’s Mills</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i136">136</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">165.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”<span class="vh">——</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i136">136</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">“Catal. Ant. Mus. Ed.”</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">166.</td> - <td class="ti2">Leswalt</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i137">137</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Ayr and Wigton Coll.</i>, vol. ii. p. 11.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">167.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i138">138</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">168.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i138">138</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">169.</td> - <td class="ti2">Belfast</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i139">139</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">170.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i139">139</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">171.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i139">139</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 280.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">172.</td> - <td class="ti2">Athboy</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i140">140</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">173.</td> - <td class="ti2">Meath</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i140">140</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">174.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i140">140</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">175.</td> - <td class="ti2">Newtown Crommolin</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i141">141</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">176.</td> - <td class="ti2">North of Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i141">141</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">177.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv"><span class="lmid">[xv]</span></a></span></td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i141">141</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">178.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i142a">142</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 275.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">179.</td> - <td class="ti2">Kertch</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i142b">142</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 91.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER VI.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">METHODS OF HAFTING CELTS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">180.</td> - <td class="ti2">Stone Axe of Montezuma II.</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i148a">148</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">181.</td> - <td class="ti2">Aymara Stone Hatchet</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i148b">148</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">182.</td> - <td class="ti2">Modern African Axe of Iron</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i149">149</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">183.</td> - <td class="ti2">Stone Axe, Robenhausen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i150">150</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">184.</td> - <td class="ti2">Bronze Axe, Hallein</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i152">152</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">185.</td> - <td class="ti2">Raron, Brigue</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i154">154</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">186.</td> - <td class="ti2">Edenderry</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i155">155</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 257.</td> - </tr> - - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">187.</td> - <td class="ti2">Chiusi</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i156">156</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">188.</td> - <td class="ti2">Winwick</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i158">158</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">189.</td> - <td class="ti2">Everley</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i163">163</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER VII.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">CHISELS, GOUGES, AND OTHER TOOLS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">190.</td> - <td class="ti2">Plymstock</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i166">166</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 346.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">191.</td> - <td class="ti2">Heathery Burn</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i166">166</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">192.</td> - <td class="ti2">Glenluce</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i166">166</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">192*.</td> - <td class="ti2">Carlton Rode</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i167">167</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">193.</td> - <td class="ti2">Wallingford</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i168">168</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">194.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reach Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i168">168</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">195.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thixendale</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i168">168</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">196.</td> - <td class="ti2">Yattendon</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i169">169</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">197.</td> - <td class="ti2">Broxton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i169">169</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">198.</td> - <td class="ti2">Scotland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i170">170</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. xii. p. 613.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">199.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i170">170</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">200.</td> - <td class="ti2">Carlton Rode</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i171">171</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">201.</td> - <td class="ti2">Westow</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i172">172</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">202.</td> - <td class="ti2">Heathery Burn Cave </td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i172">172</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">203.</td> - <td class="ti2">Carlton Rode</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i173">173</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">204.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thorndon</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i174">174</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">205.</td> - <td class="ti2">Harty</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i174">174</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">206.</td> - <td class="ti2">Undley</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i175">175</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">207.</td> - <td class="ti2">Carlton Rode</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i175">175</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">208.</td> - <td class="ti2">Tay</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i175">175</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. v. p. 127.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">209.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i176">176</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">210.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thorndon</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i178a">178</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">211.</td> - <td class="ti2">Harty</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i178a">178</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">212.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i178a">178</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">213.</td> - <td class="ti2">Carlton Rode</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i178a">178</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">214.</td> - <td class="ti2">Taunton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i178b">178</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">215.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i179">179</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">216.</td> - <td class="ti2">Dowris</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i179">179</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 65.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">217.</td> - <td class="ti2">Fresné la Mère</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i182">182</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">218.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”<span class="vh">———</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i182">182</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">219.</td> - <td class="ti2">Heathery Burn Cave</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i185">185</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">220.</td> - <td class="ti2">Harty</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i186">186</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">221.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reach Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i186">186</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">222.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ebnall</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i186">186</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">223.</td> - <td class="ti2">Upton Lovel</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i189">189</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xliii. p. 466.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">224.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thorndon</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i189">189</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">225.</td> - <td class="ti2">Butterwick</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i189">189</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">226.</td> - <td class="ti2">Bulford</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i190">190</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xliii. p. 465.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">227.</td> - <td class="ti2">Winterbourn Stoke</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i190">190</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">228.</td> - <td class="ti2">Wiltshire</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i191">191</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xliii. p. 467.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">229.</td> - <td class="ti2">Llangwyllog</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i192">192</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">230.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i192">192</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 403.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER VIII.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">SICKLES.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">231.</td> - <td class="ti2">Mœrigen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i196">196</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxx. p. 192.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">232.</td> - <td class="ti2">Edington Burtle</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i197a">197</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">233.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”<span class="vh">———</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i197b">197</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">234.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thames</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i198">198</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">235.</td> - <td class="ti2">Near Bray</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i199">199</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">236.</td> - <td class="ti2">Near Errol, Perthshire</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i200a">200</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. vii. p. 378.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">237.</td> - <td class="ti2">Garvagh, Derry</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i200b">200</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">238.</td> - <td class="ti2">Athlone</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i201">201</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER IX.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">KNIVES, RAZORS, ETC.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">239.</td> - <td class="ti2">Wicken Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i204">204</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">240.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thorndon</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i205">205</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">241.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reach Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i205">205</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">242.</td> - <td class="ti2">Heathery Burn Cave</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i206">206</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">243.</td> - <td class="ti2">Kilgraston, Perthshire</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i206">206</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">244.</td> - <td class="ti2">Kells</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i207">207</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">245.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i208">208</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">246.</td> - <td class="ti2">Moira</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i209a">209</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">247.</td> - <td class="ti2">Fresné la Mère</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i209a">209</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">248.</td> - <td class="ti2">Skye</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i209b">209</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 400.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">249.</td> - <td class="ti2">Wester Ord</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i209b">209</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. viii. p. 310.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">250.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reach Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i210">210</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">251.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”<span class="vh">——</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i210">210</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">252.</td> - <td class="ti2">Heathery Burn Cave</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i212">212</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">253.</td> - <td class="ti2">Harty</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i212">212</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">254.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i212">212</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">255.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ballyclare</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i213">213</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">256.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reach Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i213">213</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">257.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ballycastle</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i213">213</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">258.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i213">213</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">259.</td> - <td class="ti2">Wigginton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i214a">214</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">260.</td> - <td class="ti2">Isle of Harty</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i214b">214</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">261.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi"><span class="lmid">[xvi]</span></a></span></td> - <td class="ti2">Allhallows, Hoo</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i214c">214</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">262.</td> - <td class="ti2">Cottle</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i215">215</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 301.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">263.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reach Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i216">216</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">264.</td> - <td class="ti2">Lady Low</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i216">216</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">265.</td> - <td class="ti2">Winterslow</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i216">216</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">266.</td> - <td class="ti2">Priddy</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i216">216</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">267.</td> - <td class="ti2">Balblair</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i217">217</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. vii. p. 476.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">268.</td> - <td class="ti2">Rogart</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i217">217</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. x. p. 431.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">269.</td> - <td class="ti2">Wallingford</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i218">218</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">270.</td> - <td class="ti2">Heathery Burn Cave</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i218">218</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">271.</td> - <td class="ti2">Dunbar</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i219">219</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">272.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i219">219</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">273.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i219">219</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. x. p. 440.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">274.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i219">219</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde’s “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 433.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">275.</td> - <td class="ti2">Kinleith</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i220">220</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. v. p. 87.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">276.</td> - <td class="ti2">Nidau</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i221">221</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. v. p. 91.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER X.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">DAGGERS AND THEIR HILTS.—RAPIER-SHAPED BLADES.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">277.</td> - <td class="ti2">Roundway</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i223">223</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">278.</td> - <td class="ti2">Driffield</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i224">224</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">279.</td> - <td class="ti2">Butterwick</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i225">225</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">280.</td> - <td class="ti2">Helperthorpe</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i227a">227</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">281.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">——–</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i227b">227</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">282.</td> - <td class="ti2">Garton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i228">228</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xliii. p. 441.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">283.</td> - <td class="ti2">Wilmslow</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i228">228</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">284.</td> - <td class="ti2">Hammeldon Down</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i229">229</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">285.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reach Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i230">230</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">286.</td> - <td class="ti2">Allhallows, Hoo</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i230">230</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">287.</td> - <td class="ti2">Brigmilston</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i231">231</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">288.</td> - <td class="ti2">Leicester</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i231">231</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">289.</td> - <td class="ti2">Normanton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i232">232</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">290.</td> - <td class="ti2">Roke Down</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i233">233</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">291.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i235">235</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">292.</td> - <td class="ti2">Belleek</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i235">235</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland</i>, -4th S., vol. ii. p. 196.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">293.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i235">235</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">294.</td> - <td class="ti2">Woodyates</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i236">236</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">295.</td> - <td class="ti2">Homington</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i237">237</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">296.</td> - <td class="ti2">Idmiston</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i237">237</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">297.</td> - <td class="ti2">Dow Low</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i239a">239</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">298.</td> - <td class="ti2">Cleigh</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i239a">239</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Soc.</i>, vol. x. p. 84.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">299.</td> - <td class="ti2">Collessie</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i239b">239</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. xii. p. 440.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">300.</td> - <td class="ti2">Musdin</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i240">240</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">301.</td> - <td class="ti2">Plymstock</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i240">240</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 346.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">302.</td> - <td class="ti2">Winterbourn Stoke</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i240">240</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">303.</td> - <td class="ti2">Camerton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i243">243</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">304.</td> - <td class="ti2">Cambridge</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i243">243</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">305.</td> - <td class="ti2">Magherafelt</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i245">245</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland</i>, -2nd S., vol. i. p. 286.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">306.</td> - <td class="ti2">Arreton Down</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i245">245</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">307.</td> - <td class="ti2">Kinghorn</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i245">245</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">308.</td> - <td class="ti2">Colloony</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i246">246</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">309.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i246">246</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde’s “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.” fig. 347.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">310.</td> - <td class="ti2">Kilrea</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i247">247</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">311.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thames</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i247">247</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">312.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thatcham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i247">247</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">313.</td> - <td class="ti2">Coveney</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i249">249</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">314.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thames</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i249">249</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">315.</td> - <td class="ti2">Chatteris</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i251">251</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">316.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thetford</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i251">251</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">317.</td> - <td class="ti2">Londonderry</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i251">251</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">318.</td> - <td class="ti2">Lissane</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i252">252</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde’s “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 314.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">319.</td> - <td class="ti2">Galbally</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i253">253</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland</i>, -4th S., vol. ii. p. 197.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">320.</td> - <td class="ti2">Tipperary</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i254">254</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">321.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ely</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i255">255</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">322.</td> - <td class="ti2">North of Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i255">255</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">323.</td> - <td class="ti2">Raphoe</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i255">255</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER XI.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">TANGED AND SOCKETED DAGGERS, OR -SPEAR-HEADS, HALBERDS AND MACES.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">324.</td> - <td class="ti2">Arreton Down</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i258">258</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">325.</td> - <td class="ti2">Stratford le Bow</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i258">258</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">326.</td> - <td class="ti2">Matlock</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i259">259</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">327.</td> - <td class="ti2">Plymstock</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i259">259</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 349.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">328.</td> - <td class="ti2">Arreton Down</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i260">260</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">329.</td> - <td class="ti2">Årup</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i261">261</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Montelius, “Sver. Forntid,” fig. 131.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">330.</td> - <td class="ti2">China</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i262">262</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">331.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i264">264</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">332.</td> - <td class="ti2">Cavan</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i266">266</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">333.</td> - <td class="ti2">Newtown Limavady</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i267">267</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">334.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ballygawley</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i267">267</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">335.</td> - <td class="ti2">Falkland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i268">268</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">336.</td> - <td class="ti2">Stranraer</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i268">268</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. vii. p. 423.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">337.</td> - <td class="ti2">Harbyrnrigge</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i269">269</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">338.</td> - <td class="ti2">Shropshire</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i269">269</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">339.</td> - <td class="ti2">Lidgate</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i271">271</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 181.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">340.</td> - <td class="ti2">Great Bedwin</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i271">271</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 411.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">341.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i271">271</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” fig. 361.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER XII.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">LEAF-SHAPED SWORDS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">342.</td> - <td class="ti2">Battersea</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i278">278</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">343.</td> - <td class="ti2">Barrow</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i279">279</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">344.</td> - <td class="ti2">Newcastle</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i281">281</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">345.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[xvii]</a></span></td> - <td class="ti2">Wetheringsett</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i283">283</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">346.</td> - <td class="ti2">Tiverton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i284">284</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">347.</td> - <td class="ti2">Kingston</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i284">284</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">348.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ely</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i286">286</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">349.</td> - <td class="ti2">River Cherwell</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i286">286</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">350.</td> - <td class="ti2">Lincoln</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i287">287</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. ii. p. 199.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">351.</td> - <td class="ti2">Whittingham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i288">288</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">352.</td> - <td class="ti2">Brechin</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i288">288</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">353.</td> - <td class="ti2">Edinburgh</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i290">290</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">354.</td> - <td class="ti2">Newtown Limavady</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i292">292</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">355.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i292">292</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">356.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i292">292</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">357.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i292">292</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">358.</td> - <td class="ti2">Muckno</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i294">294</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">359.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i294">294</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Journ. R. H. & A. Assoc. of Ireland</i>,<br /> -3rd S., vol. i. p. 23.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">360.</td> - <td class="ti2">Muckno</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i295">295</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">361.</td> - <td class="ti2">Mullylagan</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i295">295</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Journ. R. H. & A. Assoc. of Ireland</i>,<br /> -4th S., vol. ii. p. 257.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">362.</td> - <td class="ti2">Mullylagan</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i295">295</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">363.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i296">296</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 322.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER XIII.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">SCABBARDS AND CHAPES.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">364.</td> - <td class="ti2">Isleworth</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i302">302</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">365.</td> - <td class="ti2">Guilsfield</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i303">303</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">366.</td> - <td class="ti2">River Isis, near Dorchester</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i303">303</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">367.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i303">303</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 335.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">368.</td> - <td class="ti2">Stogursey, Somerset</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i304">304</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">369.</td> - <td class="ti2">Brechin</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i304">304</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. i. p. 81.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">370.</td> - <td class="ti2">Pant-y-Maen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i304">304</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">371.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reach Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i305a">305</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">372.</td> - <td class="ti2">Cloonmore</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i305b">305</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 336.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">373.</td> - <td class="ti2">Stoke Ferry</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i305b">305</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">374.</td> - <td class="ti2">Keelogue Ford, Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i306">306</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">375.</td> - <td class="ti2">Mildenhall</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i306">306</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">376.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thames</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i307">307</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">377.</td> - <td class="ti2">Isle of Harty</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i308">308</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER XIV.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">SPEAR-HEADS, LANCE-HEADS, ETC.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">378.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thames, London</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i312">312</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">379.</td> - <td class="ti2">Lough Gur</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i312">312</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">380.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”<span class="vh">——</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i312">312</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">381.</td> - <td class="ti2">Heathery Burn Cave</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i312">312</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">382.</td> - <td class="ti2">Nettleham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i314">314</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 159.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">383.</td> - <td class="ti2">Achtertyre</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i315">315</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. ix. p. 435.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">384.</td> - <td class="ti2">North of Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i316">316</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">385.</td> - <td class="ti2">Newark</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i317">317</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">386.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reach Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i317">317</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">387.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i317">317</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 367.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">388.</td> - <td class="ti2">North of Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i319">319</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">389.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i319">319</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 368.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">390.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reach Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i319">319</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">391.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thorndon</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i319">319</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">392.</td> - <td class="ti2">Culham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i320">320</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">393.</td> - <td class="ti2">Athenry</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i320">320</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 382.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">394.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thetford</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i321">321</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">395.</td> - <td class="ti2">Lakenheath</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i323">323</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">396.</td> - <td class="ti2">Near Cambridge</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i323">323</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">397.</td> - <td class="ti2">North of Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i323">323</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">398.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i324">324</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">399.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thames</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i324">324</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">400.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i324">324</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">401.</td> - <td class="ti2">Near Ballymena</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i325">325</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">402.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i326">326</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">403.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i326">326</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">404.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i326">326</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” figs. 385, 386, 378.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">405.</td> - <td class="ti2">Elford</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i327">327</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">406.</td> - <td class="ti2">Isleham Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i328">328</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">407.</td> - <td class="ti2">Stibbard</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i329">329</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">408.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i329">329</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">409.</td> - <td class="ti2">Lakenheath Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i329">329</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">410.</td> - <td class="ti2">Nettleham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i330">330</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 160.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">411.</td> - <td class="ti2">Knockans</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i331">331</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">412.</td> - <td class="ti2">Lurgan</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i332">332</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 65.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">413.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i332">332</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">414.</td> - <td class="ti2">Antrim</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i332">332</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">415.</td> - <td class="ti2">Thames</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i333">333</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">416.</td> - <td class="ti2">Naworth Castle</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i333">333</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">417.</td> - <td class="ti2">Blakehope</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i334">334</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">418.</td> - <td class="ti2">Whittingham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i334">334</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">419.</td> - <td class="ti2">Winmarleigh</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i335">335</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">420.</td> - <td class="ti2">Burwell Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i336">336</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">421.</td> - <td class="ti2">Denhead</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i337">337</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">“Catal. Ant. Mus. Ed.,” p. 98.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">422.</td> - <td class="ti2">Speen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i337">337</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">423.</td> - <td class="ti2">Nettleham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i339">339</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 160.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">424.</td> - <td class="ti2">Guilsfield</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i339">339</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">425.</td> - <td class="ti2">Glancych</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i341">341</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">426.</td> - <td class="ti2">Fulbourn</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i341">341</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">427.</td> - <td class="ti2">Hereford</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i341">341</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER XV.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">SHIELDS, BUCKLERS, AND HELMETS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">428.</td> - <td class="ti2">Little Wittenham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i344">344</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Messrs. James Parker & Co.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">429.</td> - <td class="ti2">Harlech</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i345">345</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">430.</td> - <td class="ti2">Coveney</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i346">346</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">431.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—–</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i346">347</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">432.</td> - <td class="ti2">Beith</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i347">347</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">433.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i348">348</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">434.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii"><span class="lmid">[xviii]</span></a></span></td> - <td class="ti2">Beith</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i349">349</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Ayr and Wigton Coll.</i>, vol. i. p. 66.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">435.</td> - <td class="ti2">Yetholm</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i350">350</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">436.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—–</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i350">350</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">437.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—–</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i350">350</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. v. p. 165.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER XVI.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">TRUMPETS AND BELLS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">438.</td> - <td class="ti2">Limerick</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i357">357</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 360.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">439.</td> - <td class="ti2">Tralee</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i358">358</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">440.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i359a">359</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">441.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i359a">359</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland</i>,<br /> -4th S., vol. iii. p. 422.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">442.</td> - <td class="ti2">Africa</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i359b">359</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">443.</td> - <td class="ti2">Derrynane</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i360">360</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 529.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">444.</td> - <td class="ti2">Portglenone</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i361">361</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland</i>,<br /> -4th S., vol. iii. p. 422.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">445.</td> - <td class="ti2">The Caprington Horn</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i362">362</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Ayr and Wigton Coll.</i>, vol. i. p. 74.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">446.</td> - <td class="ti2">Dowris</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i364">364</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 523.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER XVII.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">PINS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">447.</td> - <td class="ti2">Heathery Burn Cave</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i365">365</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 130.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">448.</td> - <td class="ti2">Brigmilston</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i366">366</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">449.</td> - <td class="ti2">Everley</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i366">366</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">450.</td> - <td class="ti2">Bryn Crûg</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i367">367</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxv. p. 246.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">451.</td> - <td class="ti2">Taunton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i367">367</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">452.</td> - <td class="ti2">Chilton Bustle</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i367">367</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 106.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">453.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i368a">368</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 452.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">454.</td> - <td class="ti2">River Wandle</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i368b">368</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 8.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">455.</td> - <td class="ti2">Scratchbury</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i369">369</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">456.</td> - <td class="ti2">Camerton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i369">369</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Both from <i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xliii. p. 468.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">457.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i370">370</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">458.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i370">370</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">459.</td> - <td class="ti2">Cambridge</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i370">370</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">460.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i370">370</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 447.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">461.</td> - <td class="ti2">North of Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i370">370</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">462.</td> - <td class="ti2">Keelogue Ford</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i371">371</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 449.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">463.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i371">371</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.” fig. 448.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">464.</td> - <td class="ti2">Edinburgh</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i372">372</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, New S., vol. i. p. 322.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">465.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i372">372</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 450.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER XVIII.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">TORQUES, BRACELETS, RINGS, EAR-RINGS, -AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">466.</td> - <td class="ti2">Wedmore</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i375">375</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">467.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">–—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i376">376</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">468.</td> - <td class="ti2">West Buckland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i377">377</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvii. p. 107.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">469.</td> - <td class="ti2">Wedmore</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i378">378</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">470.</td> - <td class="ti2">Yarnton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i379">379</a></td> - </tr> - - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">471.</td> - <td class="ti2">Montgomeryshire</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i380">380</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 467.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">472.</td> - <td class="ti2">Achtertyre</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i382a">382</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. ix. p. 435.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">473.</td> - <td class="ti2">Redhill</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i382b">382</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. i. p. 138.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">474.</td> - <td class="ti2">Scilly</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i383">383</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">475.</td> - <td class="ti2">Liss</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i383">383</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">476.</td> - <td class="ti2">Stoke Prior</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i384a">384</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xx. p. 200.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">477.</td> - <td class="ti2">Stobo Castle</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i384b">384</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. ii. p. 277.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">478.</td> - <td class="ti2">Guernsey</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i385a">385</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 344.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">479.</td> - <td class="ti2">Cornwall</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i385a">385</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">480.</td> - <td class="ti2">Normanton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i385b">385</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Archæologia</i>, vol. xliii. p. 469.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">481.</td> - <td class="ti2">West Buckland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i386a">386</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvii. p. 107.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">482.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ham Cross</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i386b">386</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">483.</td> - <td class="ti2">Heathery Burn Cave</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i386b">386</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 131.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">484.</td> - <td class="ti2">County Cavan</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i387">387</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">485.</td> - <td class="ti2">Cowlam</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i387">387</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">486.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">–—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i388">388</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">487.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i389">389</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 480.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">488.</td> - <td class="ti2">Woolmer Forest</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i390">390</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. ii. p. 83.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">489.</td> - <td class="ti2">Dumbarton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i390">390</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. iii. p. 24.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">490.</td> - <td class="ti2">Cowlam</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i392a">392</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">491.</td> - <td class="ti2">Goodmanham</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i392a">392</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Greenwell’s “British Barrows,” p. 324.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">492.</td> - <td class="ti2">Orton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i392b">392</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. viii. p. 30.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER XIX.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">CLASPS, BUTTONS, BUCKLES, AND -MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">493.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reach Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i397">397</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">494.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”<span class="vh">—–</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i397">397</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">495.</td> - <td class="ti2">Broadward</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i397">397</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 354.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">496.</td> - <td class="ti2">Trillick</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i398">398</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland</i>,<br /> -3rd S., vol. i. p. 164.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">497.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i399">399</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 494.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">498.</td> - <td class="ti2">Cowlam</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i400a">400</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">499.</td> - <td class="ti2">Reach Fen</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i400b">400</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">500.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[xix]</a></span></td> - <td class="ti2">Edinburgh</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i401">401</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, New S., vol. i. p. 322.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">501.</td> - <td class="ti2">Heathery Burn Cave</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i402a">402</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">502.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">——</span>”<span class="vh">———–</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i402b">402</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Both from <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 236.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">503.</td> - <td class="ti2">Harty</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i403">403</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">504.</td> - <td class="ti2">Dreuil, Amiens</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i404">404</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">505.</td> - <td class="ti2">Abergele</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i404">404</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">506.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—–</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i404">404</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">507.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—–</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i404">404</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">508.</td> - <td class="ti2">Dreuil, Amiens</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i405">405</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER XX.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">VESSELS, CALDRONS, ETC.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">509.</td> - <td class="ti2">Golden Cup, Rillaton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i408">408</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiv. p. 189.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">510.</td> - <td class="ti2">Kincardine Moss</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i410">410</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 409.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">511.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i411">411</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 407.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">512.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i412">412</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 409.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">513.</td> - <td class="ti2">Capecastle Bog</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i413">413</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tch">CHAPTER XXI.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tsh">METAL, MOULDS, AND THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURE.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">514.</td> - <td class="ti2">Falmouth</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i426">426</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 39.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">515.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ballymena</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i429">429</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">516.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ireland</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i431">431</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">517.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—–</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i431">431</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">518.</td> - <td class="ti2">Ballymoney</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i433">433</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">519.</td> - <td class="ti2">Broughshane</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i433">433</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">520.</td> - <td class="ti2">Knighton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i434">434</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">521.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">——</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i434">434</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">522.</td> - <td class="ti2">Maghera, Co. Derry</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i435">435</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">523.</td> - <td class="ti2">Lough Gur</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i436">436</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xx. p. 170.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">524.</td> - <td class="ti2">Campbelton</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i437a">437</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">525.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">——</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i437b">437</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">526.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">——</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i437b">437</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. vi. p. 48.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">527.</td> - <td class="ti2">Hotham Carr</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i439">439</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">528.</td> - <td class="ti2">Wiltshire</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i440">440</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">529.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—–</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i440">440</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iii. p. 158.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">530.</td> - <td class="ti2">Harty</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i441">441</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">531.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i442">442</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">532.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">—</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i446">446</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">533.</td> - <td class="ti2">Heathery Burn Cave</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i448">448</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">534.</td> - <td class="ti2">Stogursey</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i450">450</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">535.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">——</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i450">450</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">536.</td> - <td class="ti2"><span class="vh">——</span>”</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i450">450</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">537.</td> - <td class="ti2">Heathery Burn Cave</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i451">451</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">538.</td> - <td class="ti2">Kirby Moorside</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i452">452</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">539.</td> - <td class="ti2">Hove</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i452">452</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc1"><i>Sussex Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. ix. p. 120.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr2">540.</td> - <td class="ti2">Harty</td> - <td class="tdr1"><a href="#i453">453</a></td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">ERRATA.</h2> - -<table id="ter" summary="errata"> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc2">Page</td> - <td class="tdc2">117,</td> - <td class="ti2">under fig. 123, <i>for</i> “Crishall” <i>read</i> “Chrishall.”</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc2">”</td> - <td class="tdc2">143,</td> - <td class="ti2">line 15, <i>for</i> “Spain” <i>read</i> “Portugal.”</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc2">”</td> - <td class="tdc2">207,</td> - <td class="ti2"> ” 34, <i>for</i> “St. Genoulph” <i>read</i> “St. Genouph.”</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc2">”</td> - <td class="tdc2">215,</td> - <td class="ti2"> ” 16, <i>for</i> “St. Julien Chateuil” <i>read</i> “St. Jullien, Chapleuil.”</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc2">”</td> - <td class="tdc2">314,</td> - <td class="ti2"> ” 3, from bottom, <i>for</i> “Staffordshire” <i>read</i> “Shropshire.”</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc2">”</td> - <td class="tdc2">322,</td> - <td class="ti2"> ” 4, <i>for</i> “Suffolk” <i>read</i> “Sussex.”</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc2">”</td> - <td class="tdc2">336,</td> - <td class="ti2"> ” 20, <i>for</i> “Staffordshire” <i>read</i> “Shropshire.”</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc2">”</td> - <td class="tdc2">452,</td> - <td class="ti2"> ” 4 from bottom, <i>for</i> “Staffordshire” <i>read</i> “Shropshire.”</td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[xx]</a></span></p> -<p> </p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER I.</h2> - -<p class="pch">INTRODUCTORY.</p> - - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Having</span> already in a former work attempted the arrangement and -description of the Ancient Stone Implements and Ornaments of -Great Britain, I am induced to undertake a similar task in connection -with those Bronze Antiquities which belong to the period -when Stone was gradually falling into disuse for cutting purposes, -and Iron was either practically unknown in this country, or had -been but partially adopted for tools and weapons.</p> - -<p>The duration and chronological position of this bronze-using -period will have to be discussed hereafter, but I must at the outset -reiterate what I said some eight or ten years ago, that in this -county, at all events, it is impossible to fix any hard and fast -limits for the close of the Stone Period, or for the beginning or -end of the Bronze Period, or for the commencement of that of -Iron. Though the succession of these three stages of civilisation -may here be regarded as certain, the transition from one to the -other in a country of such an extent as Britain—occupied, moreover, -as it probably was, by several tribes of different descent, -manners, and customs—must have required a long course of years -to become general; and even in any particular district the change -cannot have been sudden.</p> - -<p>There must of necessity have been a time when in each district -the new phase of civilisation was being introduced, and the old -conditions had not been entirely changed. So that, as I have elsewhere -pointed out, the three stages of progress represented by the -Stone, Bronze, and Iron Periods, like the three principal colours of -the rainbow, overlap, intermingle, and shade off the one into the -other, though their succession, so far as Britain and Western -Europe are concerned, appears to be equally well defined with that -of the prismatic colours.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> - -<p>In thus speaking of a bronze-using period I by no means wish -to exclude the possible use of copper unalloyed with tin. There -is indeed every ground for believing that in some parts of the world -the use of native copper must have continued for a lengthened -period before it was discovered that the addition of a small proportion -of tin not only rendered it more readily fusible, but added -to its elasticity and hardness, and thus made it more serviceable -for tools and weapons. Even after the advantages of the alloy -over the purer metal were known, the local scarcity of tin may at -times have caused so small a quantity of that metal to be employed, -that the resulting mixture can hardly be regarded as bronze; or -at times this dearth may have necessitated the use of copper alone, -either native or as smelted from the ore.</p> - -<p>Of this Copper Age, however, there are in Europe but extremely -feeble traces, if indeed any can be said to exist. It appears not -unlikely that the views which are held by many archæologists as -to the Asiatic origin of bronze may prove to be well founded, and -that when the use of copper was introduced into Europe, the discovery -had already long been made that it was more serviceable -when alloyed with tin than when pure. In connection with this -it may be observed that the most important discovery of instruments -of copper as yet recorded in the Old World is that which was -made at Gungeria in Central India.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> They consisted of flat celts of -what has been regarded as the most primitive type; but with them -were found some ornaments of silver, a circumstance which seems -to militate against their extreme antiquity, as the production of -silver involves a considerable amount of metallurgical skill, and -probably an acquaintance with lead and other metals. However -this may be, there are reasons for supposing that if a Copper Age -existed in the Old World its home was in Asia or the most -eastern part of Europe, and not in any western country.</p> - -<p>The most instructive instance of a Copper Age, as distinct from -one of Bronze, is that afforded by certain districts of North -America, in which we find good evidence of a period when, in -addition to stone as a material from which tools and weapons were -made, copper also was employed, and used in its pure native condition -without the addition of any alloy.</p> - -<p>The State of Wisconsin<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> alone has furnished upwards of a -hundred axes, spear-heads, and knives formed of copper; and, to -judge from some extracts from the writings of the early travellers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> -given by the Rev. E. F. Slafter,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> that part of America would seem -to have entered on its Copper Age long before it was first brought -into contact with European civilisation, towards the middle of the -sixteenth century. It has been thought by several American -antiquaries that some at least of these tools and weapons were -produced by the process of casting, though the preponderance of -opinion seems to be in favour of all of them being shaped by the -hammer and not cast. Among others I may mention my friend -the Hon. Colonel C. C. Jones, who has examined this question for -me, and has been unable to discover any instance of one of these -copper tools or weapons having been indisputably cast.</p> - -<p>That they were originally wrought, and not cast, is <i>à priori</i> in -the highest degree probable. On some parts of the shores of -Lake Superior native copper occurs in great abundance, and -would no doubt attract the attention of the early occupants of -the country. Accustomed to the use of stone, they would at first -regard the metal as merely a stone of peculiarly heavy nature, -and on attempting to chip it or work it into shape would at once -discover that it yielded to a blow instead of breaking, and that in -fact it was a malleable stone. Of this ductile property the -North American savage availed himself largely, and was able to -produce spear-heads with sockets adapted for the reception of their -shafts by merely hammering out the base of the spear-head and -turning it over to form the socket, in the same manner as is so -often employed in the making of iron tools. But though the -great majority of the instruments hitherto found, if not all, have -been hammered and not cast, it would appear that the process of -melting copper was not entirely unknown. Squier and Davis -have observed,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> “that the metal appears to have been worked in -all cases in a cold state. This is somewhat remarkable, as the fires -upon the altars were sufficiently strong in some instances to melt -down the copper implements and ornaments deposited upon them, -and the fact that the metal is fusible could hardly have escaped -notice.” That it did not altogether escape observation is shown by -the evidence of De Champlain,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> the founder of the city of Quebec. -In 1610 he was joining a party of Algonquins, one of whom met -him on his barque, and after conversation “tira d’un sac une -pièce de cuivre de la longueur d’un pied qu’il me donna, le quel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> -estoit fort beau et bien franc, me donnant à entendre qu’il en avoit -en quantité là ou il l’avoit pris, qui estoit sur le bort d’une rivière -proche d’un grand lac et qu’ils le prenoient par morceaux, et le -faisant fondre le mettoient en lames, et avec des pierres le rendoient -uny.”</p> - -<p>We have here, then, evidence of a Copper Age,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> in comparatively -modern times, during most of which period the process of fusing -the metal was unknown. In course of time, however, this art was -discovered, and had not European influences been brought to bear -upon the country this discovery might, as in other parts of the -world, have led to the knowledge of other fusible metals, and -eventually to the art of manufacturing bronze—an alloy already -known in Mexico and Peru.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> - -<p>So far as regards the Old World there are some who have supposed -that, owing to iron being a simple and not a compound -metal like bronze, and owing to the readiness with which it may -be produced in the metallic condition from some of its ores, iron -must have been in use before copper. Without denying the -abstract possibility of this having been the case in some part of our -globe, I think it will be found that among the nations occupying -the shores of the eastern half of the Mediterranean—a part of the -world which may be regarded as the cradle of European civilisation—not -only are all archæological discoveries in favour of the succession -of iron to bronze, but even historical evidence supports -their testimony.</p> - -<p>In the Introductory Chapter of my book on Ancient Stone -Implements I have already touched upon this question, on which, -however, it will here be desirable farther to enlarge.</p> - -<p>The light thrown upon the subכject by the Hebrew Scriptures is -but small. There is, however, in them frequent mention of most -of the metals now in ordinary use. But the word כְהֹשֶה, which in -our version is translated brass—a compound of copper and zinc—would -be more properly translated copper, as indeed it is in one -instance, though there it would seem erroneously, when two vessels -of fine copper, precious as gold, are mentioned.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> In some passages, -however, it would appear as if the word would be more correctly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> -rendered bronze than copper, as, for instance, where Moses<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> is -commanded to cast five sockets of brass for the pillars to carry the -hangings at the door of the tabernacle, which could hardly have been -done from a metal so difficult to cast as unalloyed copper. Indeed -if tin were known, and there appears little doubt that the word -בְדִיל represents that metal, its use as an alloy for copper can hardly -have been unknown. It may, then, be regarded as an accepted -fact that at the time when the earliest books of the Hebrew Scriptures -were reduced to writing, gold,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> silver, iron, tin, lead, and brass, -or more probably bronze, were known. To what date this reduction -to writing is to be assigned is a question into which it would -be somewhat out of place here to enter. The results, however, of -modern criticism tend to prove that it can hardly be so remote as -the fourteenth century before our era.</p> - -<p>In the Book of Job, as to the date of which also there is some -diversity of opinion, we find evidence of a considerable acquaintance -with the metals: “Surely there is a vein for the silver, and -a place for gold where they fine it. Iron is taken out of the -earth, and brass is molten out of the stone.”<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> Lead is also mentioned, -but not tin.</p> - -<p>Before quitting this part of the subject I ought perhaps to -allude to the passage respecting Tubal-Cain,<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> the seventh in descent -from Adam, who is mentioned as “an instructer of every artificer in -brass and iron,” or a furbisher<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> of every cutting instrument in those -metals. This must, however, be regarded as a tradition incorporated -in the narrative at the time it was written, and probably -with some accessory colouring in connection with the name which -Gesenius has suggested may mean <i>scoriarum faber</i>, a maker of -dross, and which others have connected with that of Vulcan. -Sir Gardner Wilkinson<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> has remarked on this subject that whatever -may have been the case in earlier times, “no direct mention -is made of iron arms or tools till after the Exodus,” and that -“some are even inclined to doubt the <i>barzel</i> (בִַֹרֲזֶל), of the Hebrews -being really that metal,” iron.</p> - -<p>Movers<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> has observed that in the whole Pentateuch iron is -mentioned only thirteen times, while bronze appears no less than -forty-four, which he considers to be in favour of the later introduction -of iron; as also the fact that bronze, and not iron,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> -was associated with gold and silver in the fittings for the -Tabernacle.</p> - -<p>For other passages in Scripture relative to the employment of -brass or bronze, and iron, among the Jews, the reader may consult -an excellent article by the Rev. John Hodgson in the first volume -of the <i>Archæologia Æliana</i> (1816), “An Inquiry into the Era -when Brass was used in purposes to which Iron is now applied.” -From this paper I have largely borrowed in subsequent pages.</p> - -<p>As to the succession of the two metals, bronze and iron, among -the ancient Egyptians, there is a considerable diversity of opinion -among those who have studied the subject. Sir Gardner Wilkinson,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> -judging mainly from pictorial representations, thinks that the -Egyptians of an early Pharaonic age were acquainted with the use -of iron, and accounts for the extreme rarity of actual examples by -the rapid decomposition of the metal in the nitrous soil of Egypt. -M. Chabas,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> the author of a valuable and interesting work upon -primitive history, mainly as exhibited by Egyptian monuments, -believes that the people of Egypt were acquainted with the use of -iron from the dawn of their historic period, and upwards of 3000 -years <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> made use of it for all the purposes to which we now -apply it, and even prescribed its oxide as a medicinal preparation. -M. Mariette,<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> on the contrary, whose personal explorations entitle -his opinion to great weight, is of opinion that the early Egyptians -never really made use of iron, and seems to think that from some -mythological cause that metal was regarded as the bones of Typhon, -and was the object of a certain repugnance. M. Chabas himself is, -indeed, of opinion that iron was used with extreme reserve, and, so -to speak, only in exceptional cases. This he considers to have been -partly due to religious motives, and partly to the greater abundance -of bronze, which the Egyptians well knew how to mix so as to -give it a fine temper. From whatever cause, the discovery of iron -or steel instruments among Egyptian antiquities is of extremely -rare occurrence; and there are hardly any to which a date can be -assigned with any approach to certainty. The most ancient -appears to be a curved scimitar-like blade discovered by Belzoni -beneath one of the Sphinxes of Karnak, and now in the British<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> -Museum.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> Its date is stated to be about 600 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span><a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> A wedge of -iron appears, however, to have been found in a joint between the -stones of the Great Pyramid.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> - -<p>Without in any way disputing the occasional use of iron among -the ancient Egyptians, nor the interpretation of the colours red -and blue on the tomb of Rameses III. as being intended to represent -blades of bronze and iron or steel respectively, I may venture -to suggest that the round blue bar,<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> against which butchers are -represented as sharpening their knives in some of the pictures in the -sepulchres of Thebes, may have been too hastily regarded as a <i>steel</i> -instead of as a whetstone of a blue colour. The existence of a -<i>steel</i> for the purpose of sharpening seems to imply not only the -knowledge of the preparation of the metal and its subsequent -hardening, but also of files or of other tools to produce the peculiar -striated surface to which the sharpening property of a <i>steel</i> is due. -Had such tools been known, it seems almost impossible that no -trace of them should have come down to our times. Moreover, if -used for sharpening bronze knives, a steel such as at present -used would sooner become clogged and unfit for use than if employed -for sharpening steel knives.</p> - -<p>Lepsius<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> has observed that the pictures of the old Empire do -not afford an example of arms painted in blue, the metal of -weapons being always painted in red or bright brown. Iron was -but little used under the old Empire; copper was employed in its -stead where the hardness of iron was not indispensable.</p> - -<p>However this may be, it seems admitted on all hands that the -use of iron in Egypt in early times was much restricted, probably -from some religious motive. May not this have arisen from the -first iron there known having been, as it appears to have been in -some other countries, of meteoric origin? The Coptic name for -iron, <b>ⲂⲈⲚⲒⲠⲈ</b> which has been interpreted by Professor Lauth<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> as -“the Stone of Heaven,” strongly favours such a view. The -resemblance of this term to <b>ⲂⲀⲀ-Ⲛ-ⲠⲈ</b>, the <i>baa</i> of heaven, or -celestial iron, has also been pointed out by M. Chabas,<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> who, however, -is inclined to consider that steel was so called on account of -its reflecting the colour of the sky. If the iron in use among the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> -early Egyptians were meteoric, and its celestial origin acknowledged, -both its rarity and its restricted use would be accounted -for. The term “bone of Typhon,” as applied to iron, is given by -Plutarch on the authority of Manetho, who wrote in the days of -the first Ptolemy. It appears to be used only in contrast to the -name “bone of Horus,” which, according to the same author, was -applied to the loadstone, and it seems difficult to admit any great -antiquity for the appellation, or to connect it with a period when -iron was at all rare, or its use restricted.</p> - -<p>Although the use of iron in Egypt was at an early period comparatively -unknown, that of bronze was most extensive. The -weapons of war,<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> the tools for various trades, including those of the -engraver and sculptor, were all made of that metal, which in its -crude form served also as a kind of circulating medium. It -appears to have been mainly imported from Asia, some of the -principal sources of copper being in the peninsula of Sinai. One -of the chief mines was situated at Sarbout-el-Khadem, where -both turquoises and copper ore were extracted, and the latter -smelted at Wady-Nash. The copper mines of Wady-Magarah are -thought to have been worked as early as the second dynasty, -upwards of 3000 years <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>; and in connection with ancient -Egyptian mining, it is worthwhile again to cite Agatharchides,<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> -whose testimony I have already adduced in my “Ancient Stone -Implements,” and who relates that in his time, <i>circa</i> <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 100, -there were found buried in some ancient gold-mines in Upper -Egypt the bronze chisels or wedges (λατομίδες χαλκᾶι) of the old -miners, and who accounts for their being of that metal by the fact -that when those mines were wrought, men were in no way acquainted -with the use of iron.</p> - -<p>In the seventh century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, however, iron must have been in -general use in Egypt, for on the landing of the Carians and Ionians,<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> -who were armed with bronze, an Egyptian, who had never before -seen men armed with that metal, ran to Psammetichus to inform -him that brazen men had risen from the sea and were wasting the -country. As Psammetichus himself is described as wearing a -brazen helmet, the arms mentioned would seem to have been -offensive rather than defensive.</p> - -<p>The source whence the tin, which formed a constituent part of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> -the bronze, was derived, is much more uncertain. Indeed, to judge -from M. Chabas’ silence, its name and hieroglyphic are unknown, -though from some of the uses to which the metal designated by -<span class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-009.jpg" width="25" height="20" - alt="" - title="" /> -</span> -was applied, it seems possible that it may have been tin.</p> - -<p>On the whole, to judge from documentary evidence alone, -the question as to the successive use of the different metals -in Egypt seems to be excessively obscure, some of them being -almost impossible to identify by name or representative sign. -If, however, we turn to the actual relics of the past, we find -bronze tools and weapons in abundance, while those of iron are -extremely scarce, and are either of late date or at best of uncertain -age. So strong, indeed, is the material evidence, that the -late Mr. Crawfurd,<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> while disputing any general and universal -sequence of iron to bronze, confesses that Ancient Egypt seems to -offer a case in which a Bronze Age clearly preceded an Iron one, -or at least in which cutting instruments of bronze preceded those -of iron.</p> - -<p>Among the Assyrians iron seems to have been in considerable -use at an early date, and to have been exported from that country -to Egypt, but knives and long chisels or hatchets of bronze were -among the objects found at Tel Sifr, in Southern Babylonia. The -earliest bronze image to which a date can be assigned appears to -be that on which M. Oppert has read the name of Koudourmapouk, -King of the Soumirs and Accads,<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> who, according to M. Lenormant, -lived about 2100 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Dr. S. Birch reads the name as Kudurmabug -(about 2200 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>). Others in the British Museum are -referred to Gudea, who reigned about 1700 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p> - -<p>The mythology and literature of ancient Greece and Rome are so -intimately connected, that in discussing the evidence afforded by -classical writers it will be needless to separate them, but the -testimony of both Greek and Latin authors may be taken indiscriminately, -though, of course, the former afford the more ancient -evidence. I have already cited much of this evidence in the -Introductory Chapter of my book on Ancient Stone Implements, -mainly with the view of showing the succession of bronze to stone; -on the present occasion I have to re-adduce it, together with what -corroborative testimony I am able to procure, in order to show -that, along the northern shores of the Mediterranean, philology and -history agree as to the priority of the use of bronze for cutting -instruments to that of iron.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> - -<p>The Greek language itself bears witness to this fact, for the -words significant of working in iron are not derived from the name -of that metal, but from that of bronze, and the old forms of χαλκεύς -and χαλκεύειν remained in use in connection with the smith and -his work long after the blacksmith had to a great extent superseded -the bronze-founder and the copper-smith in the fabrication -of arms and cutlery.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> An analogous transition in the meaning of -words has been pointed out by Professor Max Müller. “The -Mexicans called their own copper or bronze <i>tepuztli</i>, which is said -to have meant originally <i>hatchet</i>. The same word is now used for -iron, with which the Mexicans first became acquainted through -their intercourse with the Spaniards. <i>Tepuztli</i> then became a -general name for metal, and when copper had to be distinguished -from iron, the former was called red, the latter black <i>tepuztli</i>.”<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> I -am not certain whether Professor Max Müller still retains the views -which he expressed in 1864. He then pointed out<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> that “what -makes it likely that iron was not known previous to the separation -of the Aryan nations is the fact that its names vary in every one -of their languages.” But there is a “name for copper, which is -shared in common by Latin and the Teutonic languages, <i>æs</i>, <i>æris</i>, -Gothic <i>ais</i>, Old High German <i>êr</i>, Modern German <i>Er-z</i>, Anglo-Saxon -<i>âr</i>, English <i>ore</i>. Like <i>chalkós</i>, which originally meant -copper, but came to mean metal in general, bronze or brass, the -Latin <i>æs</i>, too, changed from the former to the latter meaning; and -we can watch the same transition in the corresponding words of -the Teutonic languages.... It is all the more curious, therefore, -that the Sanskrit <i>ayas</i>, which is the same word as <i>aes</i> and -<i>aiz</i>, should in Sanskrit have assumed the almost exclusive meaning -of iron. I suspect, however, that in Sanskrit, too, <i>ayas</i> meant -originally the metal, <i>i.e.</i> copper, and that as iron took the place of -copper, the meaning of <i>ayas</i> was changed and specified.... -In German, too, the name for iron was derived from the older -name of copper. The Gothic <i>eisarn</i>, iron, is considered by Grimm -as a derivative form of <i>aiz</i>, and the same scholar concludes from -this that ‘in Germany bronze must have been in use before iron.’”</p> - -<p>But to return to Greece. It is, of course, somewhat doubtful how -far the word χαλκὸς, as used by the earliest Greek authors, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -intended to apply to unalloyed copper, or to that mixture of -copper and tin which we now know as bronze. Mr. Gladstone,<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> -who on all questions relating to Homer ought to be one of the -best living authorities, regards the word as meaning copper: -firstly, because it is always spoken of by Homer as a pure metal -along with other pure metals; secondly, on account of the -epithets ἐρυθρὸς, ἤνοψ, and νώροψ, which mean red, bright, and -gleaming, being applied to it, and which Mr. Gladstone considers -to be inapplicable to bronze; and thirdly, because Homer does not -appear to have known anything at all of the fusion or alloying of -metals. The second reason he considers further strengthened by -the probability that Homer would not represent the walls of the -palace of Alcinous as plated with bronze, nor introduce a heaven -of bronze among the imposing imagery of battle (Il., xvii. 424). -On the whole he concludes that χαλκὸς was copper hardened by -some method, as some think by the agency of water, or else and -more probably according to a very simple process, by cooling -slowly in the air.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p> - -<p>I regret to say that these conclusions appear to me to be founded -to some extent on false premises and on more than one misconception. -The process of heating copper and then dipping it in water or -allowing it slowly to cool, so far from being adapted for hardening -that metal, is that which is usually adopted for annealing or -softening it. While the plunging into cold water of steel at a red -heat has the effect of rendering that metal intensely hard, on -copper the reverse is the result; and, as Dr. Percy has observed,<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> -it is immaterial whether the cooling after annealing—or restoring -its malleability by means of heat—takes place slowly or rapidly. -Indeed, one alloy of copper and tin is rendered most malleable -by rapid cooling.</p> - -<p>It has been stated<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> that bronze of the ancient composition may -by cooling it slowly be rendered as hard as steel, and at the same -time less brittle, but this statement seems to require confirmation.</p> - -<p>According to some<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> the impossibility of hardening bronze like -steel by dipping it into water had passed into a proverb so early -as the days of Æschylus, but “χαλκοῦ βαφάς” has by others been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> -regarded as referring to the impossibility of dyeing metal.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> Some -of the commentators on Hesiod and Homer speak, however, distinctly -as to a process of hardening bronze by a dipping or βαφὴ, -and Virgil<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> represents the Cyclopes as dipping the hissing bronze -in water—</p> - -<p class="pp12 p1">“Alii stridentia tingunt</p> -<p class="pp6">Æra lacu”—</p> - -<p class="pn1">but the idea of bronze being hardened or tempered by this process -appears to me to have been based on a false analogy between this -metal and steel, or even iron. The French chemist, Geoffroy, -thought he had succeeded in imitating the temper of an ancient -bronze sword, but no details are given as to whether he added -more than the usual proportion of tin to his copper, or whether -he hardened the edge with a hammer.</p> - -<p>With regard to the other reasons adduced by Mr. Gladstone, -it is no doubt true that χαλκὸς is occasionally spoken of by Homer -as a pure metal, mainly, however, it may be argued, in consequence -of the same name being applied to both copper and bronze, -if not, indeed, like the Latin “æs,” to copper, bronze, and brass. -We find, moreover, that tin, for thus we must translate κασσίτερος, -is mentioned by Homer; and as this metal appears in ancient -times to have been mainly, though not exclusively, employed for -the purpose of alloying copper, we must from this fact infer that -the use of bronze was not unknown. In the celebrated description -of the fashioning of the shield of Achilles by Vulcan—which -may for the moment be assumed to be of the same age as the -rest of the Iliad—we find the copper and tin mentioned in juxtaposition -with each other; and if it had been intended to represent -Hephaistos as engaged in mixing and melting bronze, the description -could not have been more complete.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p> - -<p class="pc1 reduct">Χαλκὸς δ̓ έν πυρὶ βάλλεν ἀτειρέα, κασσίτερόν τε.</p> - -<p class="p1">Even the term indomitable may refer to the difficulty of melting -copper in its unalloyed condition.</p> - -<p>But tin was also used in the pure condition. In the breast-plate -of Agamemnon<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> there were ten bands of black κύανος, -twelve of gold, and twenty of tin. In his shield<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> were twenty -bosses of tin. The cows<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> on the shield of Achilles were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> -made of both gold and tin, and his greaves<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> of soft tin, and -the border of the breast-plate of Asteropæus<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> was formed of -glittering tin.</p> - -<p>This collocation of various metals, or inlaying them by way of -ornament, calls to mind some of the pottery and bronze pins of -the Swiss Lake dwellings, which are decorated with inlaid tin, -and the remarkable bronze bracelet found at Mœrigen,<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> which is -inlaid with iron and a yellow brass by way of ornament.</p> - -<p>With regard to the epithets red, bright, and gleaming, they are -perfectly applicable to bronze in its polished condition, though -they ill assort with the popular idea of bronze, which usually -assigns to that metal the brown or greenish hues it acquires by -oxidation and exposure to atmospheric influences. As a matter of -fact, the red colour<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> of copper, though certainly rendered more -yellow, is not greatly impaired by an admixture of tin within the -proportions now used by engineers, viz. up to about two and a -half ounces to the pound, or about 15 per cent. As to the bright -and shining properties of the metal, Virgil, when no doubt speaking -of bronze swords and shields, makes special mention of their -glitter—<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p> - -<p class="pc1 reduct">“Æratæque micant peltæ, micat æreus ensis.”</p> - -<p class="p1">Indeed, the mere fact of the swords of Homer being made of -χαλκὸς is in favour of that metal being bronze, as pure copper -would be singularly inapplicable to such a purpose, and certainly -no copper sword would break into three or four pieces at a blow -instead of being merely bent.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> - -<p>The bending of the points of the spear-heads against the shields -of the adversaries is, however, in favour of these weapons having -been of copper rather than of bronze.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p> - -<p>As to Homer having been unacquainted with the fusion or -alloying of metals, it may fairly be urged that without such knowledge -it would have been impossible to work so freely as he has -described, in gold, silver, and tin; and that the only reason for -which Vulcan could have thrown the latter metal into the fire -must have been in order to melt it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> - -<p>Whether steel was designated by the term κύανος is a matter of -considerable doubt, and certainly in later times that word was -applied to a substance occasionally used as a blue pigment, not -improbably a dark blue carbonate of copper. Assuming the word -to mean a metal, the difficulty in regarding it as significant of steel -appears in a great measure due to the colour implied by the -adjective form κύανεος, being a dark blue.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> If, however, it were the -custom even in those days to colour steel blue by exposing it, -after it had been polished, to a certain degree of heat—as is usually -done with watch and clock springs at the present day—the deep -blue colour of the sky or sea might well receive such an epithet. -That steel of some kind was known in Homeric days is abundantly -evident from the process of hardening an axe by dipping it in -cold water while heated, which is so graphically described in the -Odyssey.</p> - -<p>If κύανος be really steel, we can also understand the epithet -black<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> being occasionally applied to it, even though the adjective -derived from it had the signification of blue.</p> - -<p>According to the Arundelian Marbles, iron was discovered <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> -1432,<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> or 248 years before the taking of Troy, but though we -have occasional mention of this metal and of steel in the Homeric -poems, yet weapons and tools of bronze are far more commonly -mentioned and described. Trees, for instance, are cut down and -wood carved with tools of bronze; and the battle-axe of Menelaus<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> -is of excellent bronze with an olive-wood handle, long and well -polished.</p> - -<p>Before noticing further the early use of iron in Greece, it will be -well to see what other authors than Homer say as to the origin -and ancient use of bronze in that country.</p> - -<p>The name of the principal metal of which it is composed, copper, -bears witness to one of the chief sources of its supply having been -the island of Cyprus. It would appear that Tamassus in this -island was in ancient times a noted mart for this metal, as it is -according to Nitzsch and other critics the Temese<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> mentioned in -Homer as being resorted to in order to exchange iron for χαλκὸς, -which in this as well as some other passages seems to stand for -copper and not bronze.</p> - -<p>The advantage arising from mixing a proportion of tin with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> -copper, and thus rendering it at the same time more fusible and -harder, must have been known before the dawn of Grecian history.</p> - -<p>The accounts given by early Greek writers as to the first -discoverer of the art of making bronze by an admixture of copper -and tin vary considerably, and thus prove that even in the days -when these notices were written the art was of ancient date.</p> - -<p>Theophrastus makes Delas, a Phrygian, whom Aristotle<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> regards -as a Lydian, to have been the inventor of bronze. Pausanias<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> -ascribes the honour of first casting statues in bronze to Rhœcus -and Theodorus the Samians, who appear to have lived about -640 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> They are also said to have improved the accuracy of -casting, but no doubt the process on a smaller scale was practised -long before their time. Rhœcus and his colleague are also -reported to have discovered the art of casting iron,<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> but no really -ancient objects of cast iron have as yet been discovered.</p> - -<p>The invention of the metals gold, silver, and copper is also -ascribed to the Idæan Dactyli,<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> or the Telchines, who made the -sickle of Chronos<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> and the trident of Poseidon.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p> - -<p>Though, as has already been observed, iron and even steel were -not unknown in the days of Homer, both seem to have been of -considerable rarity, and it is by no means improbable that, as -appears to have been the case with the Egyptians, the first iron -used by the Greeks was of meteoric origin. I have elsewhere<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> -called attention to the possible connection of the Greek name -for iron (σίδηρος) with ἀστήρ, often applied to a shooting-star or -meteor, and with the Latin Sidera and the English Star, though -it is unsafe to insist too much on mere verbal similarity. In an -interesting article on the use of meteoric iron by Dr. L. Beck,<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> of -Biebrich on the Rhine, the suggestion is made that the final ηρος -of σίδηρος is a form of the Aryan <i>ais</i> (conf. <i>æs</i>, <i>æris</i>). Dr. Beck, -however, inclines to the opinion that the recognition of certain -meteorites as iron was first made at a time subsequent to the discovery -of the means of smelting iron from its ore.</p> - -<p>The self-fused mass or disc of iron,<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> σόλον αὐτοχόωνον, which -formed one of the prizes at the funeral games of Patroclus, may -possibly have been meteoric, but this is very doubtful, as the -forging of iron, and the trouble and care it involved, were well<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> -known in those days, as is evident from the epithet πολύκμητος so -often bestowed upon that metal.</p> - -<p>For a considerable time after the Homeric period bronze remained -in use for offensive weapons, especially for those intended -for piercing rather than cutting, such as spears, lances, and arrows, -as well as for those which were merely defensive, such as shields, -cuirasses, helmets, and greaves. Even swords were also sometimes -of bronze, or at all events the tradition of their use was preserved -by the poets. Thus we find Euripides<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> speaking of the -bronze-speared Trojans, χαλκεγχέων Τρώων, and Virgil<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> describing -the glitter of the bronze swords of some of the host of -Turnus.</p> - -<p>Probably, however, the use of the word χαλκὸς was not restricted -to copper or bronze, but also came in time to mean metal in -general, and thus extended to iron, a worker in which metal was, -as we have already seen, termed a χαλκεύς.</p> - -<p>The succession of iron to bronze is fully recognised by both -Greek and Latin authors. The passage in Hesiod,<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> where he -speaks of the third generation of men who had arms of bronze -and houses of bronze, who ploughed with bronze, for the black iron -did not exist, is already hackneyed; nor is the record of Lucretius<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> -less well known:—</p> - -<p class="pp6q p1">“Arma antiqua, manus, ungues, dentesque fuerunt,<br /> -Et lapides, et item sylvarum fragmina rami, ...<br /> -Posterius ferri vis est, ærisque reperta,<br /> -Sed prior æris erat quam ferri cognitus usus; ...<br /> -Inde minutatim processit ferreus ensis,<br /> -Versaque in opprobrium species est falcis ahenæ,<br /> -Et ferro cœpere solum proscindere terræ.”</p> - -<p class="p1">The difference between the age of Homer and Hesiod in -respect to the use of metals is well described by Mr. Gladstone. -The former<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> “lived at a time when the use of iron (in Greece) -was just commencing, when the commodity was rare, and when -its value was very great;” but in the days of Hesiod “iron, as -compared with copper, had come to be the inferior, that is to say -the cheaper metal,” and the poet “looks back from his iron age -with an admiring envy on the heroic period.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> - -<p>Hesiod gives to Hercules<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> a helmet of steel and a sword of -iron, and to Saturn<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> a steel reaping-hook. His remark that at -the feast of the gods the withered<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> part of a five-fingered branch -should never be cut from the green part by black iron, shows that -this metal was in common use, and that for religious ceremonies -the older metal bronze retained its place.</p> - -<p>Bronze was, however, a favourite metal with the poet, if not -indeed in actual use long after iron was known,<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> for Pindar, about -<span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 470, still frequently cites spears and axes made of bronze.</p> - -<p>By the time of Herodotus, who wrote before 400 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, the use -of iron and steel was universal among the Greeks. He instances, -as a fact worth recording, that the Massagetæ,<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> a powerful tribe -which occupied the steppes on the east of the Caspian, made no -use of iron or silver, but had an abundance of χαλκὸς and gold, -pointing their spears and arrows and forming the heads of their -battle-axes with the former metal. Among the Æthiopians,<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> on -the contrary, he states that bronze was rarer and more precious -than gold; nor was it in use among the Scythians.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> The Sagartii<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> -in the army of Xerxes are mentioned as not carrying arms either -of bronze or iron except daggers, as if bronze were still of not -unfrequent use.</p> - -<p>Strabo,<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> at a much later date, thinks it worth while to record -that among the Lusitanians the spears were tipped with bronze.</p> - -<p>But certainly some centuries before the time of Herodotus, and -probably as early as that of Homer, the Chalybes on the shores of -the Euxine practised the manufacture of iron on a considerable scale, -and from them came the Greek name for steel, χαλυψ.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> Daïmachus, -in the fourth century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, records that different sorts of steel are -produced among the Chalybes in Sinope, Lydia, and Laconia. That -of Sinope was used for smiths’ and carpenters’ tools; that of Laconia -for files, drills for iron, stamps, and masons’ tools; and the Lydian -kind for files, swords, razors, and knives. In Laconia iron is said -to have formed the only currency in the days of Lycurgus.</p> - -<p>Taking all the evidence into consideration, there can be no -doubt that iron must have been known in Greece some ten or -twelve centuries before our era, though, as already observed, it -was at that time an extremely rare metal. It also appears that as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> -early as <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 500, or even 600, iron or steel was in common use, -though bronze had not been altogether superseded for offensive -arms such as spear-heads and battle-axes.</p> - -<p>The tradition of the earlier use of bronze still, however, remained -even in later times, and the preference shown for its employment -in religious rites, which I have mentioned elsewhere,<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> is a strong -witness of this earlier use. It seems needless again to do more -than mention the bronze ploughshare used at the foundation of -Tuscan cities, the bronze knives and shears of the Sabine and -Roman priests, and the bronze sickles of Medea and Elissa. I -must, however, again bring forward the speculations of an intelligent -Greek traveller, who wrote in the latter half of the second -century of our era, as to the existence of what we should now -term a Bronze Age in Greece.</p> - -<p>Pausanias<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> relates how Lichas the Lacedæmonian, in the fifth -century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, discovered the bones of Orestes, which his countrymen -had been commanded by an oracle to seek. The Pythia<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> -had described the place as one where two strong winds met, where -form was opposed to form, and one evil lay upon another. These -Lichas recognised in the two bellows of the smith, the hammer -opposed to the anvil, and the iron lying on it. Pausanias on this -observes that at that time they had already begun to use iron in -war, and that if it had been in the days of the heroes it would -have been bronze and not iron designated by the oracle as the -evil, for in their days all arms were of bronze. For this he cites -Homer as his authority, who speaks of the bronze axe of Pisander, -and the arrow of Meriones. A farther argument he derives from -the spear of Achilles, laid up in the temple of Minerva at Phaselis, -and the sword of Memnon in that of Æsculapius at Nicomedia, -which is entirely of bronze, while the ferrule and point of his -spear are also of that metal.</p> - -<p>The spear-head which lay with the bones of Theseus<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> in the -Isle of Scyros was also of bronze, and probably the sword likewise. -There are no works of Latin authors of a date nearly so -remote as that of the earlier Greek writers, and long before the -days of Ennius, iron was in general use in Italy. If the Articles -of Peace which “Porsena, King of the Tuscans, tendered unto the -people of Rome” were as Pliny<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> represents them, the Romans<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> -must even in those early days have had iron weapons, for they -were forbidden the use of that metal except for tilling the ground. -In <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 224 the Isumbrian Gauls who fought with Flaminius -were already in possession of iron swords, the softness and flexibility -of which led to the discomfiture of their owners. The -Romans themselves seem but to have been badly armed so far as -swords were concerned until the time of the Second Punic War, -about <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 200, when they adopted the Spanish sword, and learnt -the method of preparing it. Whether the modern Toledo and -Bilbao blades are legitimate descendants of these old weapons we -need not stop to inquire. In whatever manner the metal was prepared, -so thoroughly was iron identified with the sword in classical -times that <i>ferrum</i> and <i>gladius</i> were almost synonyms.</p> - -<p>Pliny mentions that the best steel used in Rome was imported -from China, a country in which copper or bronze swords are said -to have been in use in the days of Ki,<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> the son of Yu, <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 2197-48, -and those of iron under Kung-Kia, <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 1897-48, so that there -also history points to a Bronze Age. But this by the way.</p> - -<p>Looking at the fact that iron and steel were in such general -use at Rome during the period of her wars in Western Europe, -we may well believe that had any of the tribes with which the -Roman forces came in contact been armed with bronze, such an -unusual circumstance could hardly have escaped record. In the -Augustan age the iron swords of Noricum were in great repute, and -farther north in Germany, though iron did not abound, it was, according -to Tacitus, used for spears and swords. The Catti had the -metal in abundance, but among the Aestii, on the right coast of the -Baltic, it was scarce. The Cimbrians in the first century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> had, -according to Plutarch,<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> iron breast-plates, javelins, and large swords.</p> - -<p>The Gauls of the North of France had in the time of Julius -Cæsar<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> large iron mines which they worked by tunnelling; the -bolts of their ships were made of that metal, and they had even -chain cables of iron. The Britons of the South of England who -were in such close communication with the opposite coast of Gaul -must have had an equal acquaintance with iron. Cæsar mentions -ingots or rings of iron as being used for money, and observes -that iron is obtained on the sea-coast, but in small quantities, and -adds that bronze was imported.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> Strabo includes iron, as well as -gold, silver, and corn, among the products of Britain. In Spain,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> -as already mentioned, iron had long been known, so that from the -concurrent testimony of several historians we may safely infer that -in the time of Julius Cæsar, when this country was first exposed -to Roman influences, it had already, like the neighbouring countries -to the south, passed from the Bronze into the Iron Age.</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding all this historical testimony in favour of the -prior use of bronze to that of iron, there have been not a few -authors who have maintained that the idea of a succession of -stone, bronze, and iron is delusive when applied to Western Europe. -Among these was the late Mr. Thomas Wright, who has gone so -far as to express<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> “a firm conviction that not a bit of bronze -which has been found in the British Islands belongs to an older -date than that at which Cæsar wrote that the Britons obtained -their bronze from abroad, meaning of course from Gaul.” “In -fact these objects in bronze were Roman in character and in their -primary origin.” As in the same page he goes on to show that -two hundred years before Christ the swords of the Gauls were -made of iron, and as his contentions have already been met by Sir -John Lubbock,<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> and will, I think, be effectually disposed of by -the facts subsequently to be mentioned in this volume, it seems -needless to dwell on Mr. Wright’s opinions. I may, however, -mention that,<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> while denying the antiquity of British, German, -and Scandinavian weapons and tools of bronze, he admits that in -Greece and Italy that metal was for a long period the only one employed -for cutting instruments, as iron was not known in Greece -until a comparatively late date.</p> - -<p>About one hundred and thirty years ago,<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> in 1751, a discussion -as to the date of bronze weapons took place among the members -of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres of Paris, on the -occasion of some bronze swords, a spear-head, and other objects -being found near Gannat, in the Bourbonnais. Some antiquaries -regarded them as weapons made for use; others as merely made for -show. The Count de Caylus considered that the swords were -Roman, though maintaining that copper or bronze must have -been in earlier use than iron. Lévesque de la Ravalière maintained, -on the contrary, that neither the Greeks, Romans, Gauls, -nor Franks had ever made use of copper or bronze in their swords. -The Abbé Barthélemy showed from ancient authors that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> -earliest arms of the Greeks were of bronze; that iron was only -introduced about the time of the siege of Troy; and that in later -times among the Romans there was no mention of bronze having -been used for weapons of offence, and therefore that these swords -were not Roman. Strangely enough, he went on to argue that -they were Frankish, and of the time of Childeric. Had he been -present at the opening of the tomb of that monarch in 1653 he -would, however, have seen that he had an iron sword.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></p> - -<p>A still warmer discussion than any which has taken place in -England or France, one, in fact, almost amounting to an international -war of words, has in more recent times arisen between -some of the German antiquaries and those of the Scandinavian -kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden.</p> - -<p>So early as 1860<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> my friend Dr. Ludwig Lindenschmit, of -Mainz, had commenced his attack on “the so-called Bronze -Period,” and shown a disposition to regard all bronze antiquities -of northern countries as of Italian origin, or, if made in the countries -where found, as mere homely imitations of imported articles. -Not content with this, he in 1875<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> again mustered his forces and -renewed the campaign in even a more formal manner. He found -a formidable ally in Dr. Hostmann, whose comments on Dr. Hans -Hildebrand’s “Heathen Period in Sweden” are well worth the -reading, and contain a vast amount of interesting information.</p> - -<p>Dr. Hostmann’s method of dealing with Dr. Hans Hildebrand -brought Dr. Sophus Müller<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> to the rescue, with whom Dr. Lindenschmit<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> -at once grappled. Shortly after Dr. Hostmann<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> again -appears upon the scene, and before engaging with Dr. Sophus -Müller goes so far as to argue that while Greek swords of iron -are known to belong to the eighth century B.C., no bronze sword -of that country can with safety be assigned to an earlier date than -the sixth century, and, indeed, these may have been only weapons -of parade, or possibly funereal offerings in lieu of efficient swords. -Rector Genthe<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> also engages in the fight upon the same side.</p> - -<p>These three antagonists bring Sophus Müller<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> again to the -front, and as one great argument of his opponents was that bronze -objects could not be produced with the finish and ornamentation -which is found upon them without the use of iron and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> -steel tools, he brings forward an official document signed by four -authorities in the museum at Copenhagen, and stating that precisely -similar ornamentation to the spirals, zigzags, and punched -lines which occur on Scandinavian bronze antiquities had been -produced in their presence by a workman using bronze tools only -on a plate of bronze. Both plate and tools were of the same -alloy, viz. 9 of copper to 1 of tin.</p> - -<p>On this a final charge is made by Professor Hostmann<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> and -Dr. Lindenschmit, the former of whom produces a kind of affidavit -from the late director of the Polytechnic School at Hanover and the -court medallist of the same town, to the effect that certain kinds -of punched work cannot be produced with bronze punches, and -the editors of the <i>Archiv</i> think it best to close the discussion -after Dr. Lindenschmit’s final retort.</p> - -<p>I have not thought it worth while to enter into all the details -of this controversy, as even to summarise them would occupy -more room than I could spare. It seems to me, however, that a -considerable amount of misconception must have existed in the -minds of some of the disputants, both as to the accepted meaning -of the term Bronze Age, as applied not chronologically, but to a -certain stage of civilisation, and as to the limitation of the objects -which can with propriety be referred to that age. No antiquary -of experience will deny that many bronze ornaments, and even -some bronze weapons, remained in use long after iron and even -steel were known, any more than he would deny that the use of -stone for certain purposes continued not only after bronze was -known, but even after iron and steel were in general use, and, in -fact, up to the present time, not only in barbarian but in civilised -countries. Our flint strike-a-lights and our burnishers are still -of much the same character as they were some thousands of -years ago, and afford convincing instances of this persistent use.</p> - -<p>The real question at issue is not whether any bronze weapons -co-existed with those of iron and steel in Western Europe, but -whether any of them were there in use at a period when iron and -steel were unknown. Moreover, it is not a question as to whence -the knowledge of bronze was derived, nor whether at the time -the Scandinavians or Britons were using bronze for their tools and -weapons, the inhabitants of Greece and Italy were already acquainted -with iron and steel; but it is a question whether in each -individual country there arrived a time when bronze came into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> -use and for certain purposes superseded stone, while iron and -steel were practically unknown.</p> - -<p>This is a question to be solved by evidence, though in the -nature of things that evidence must to some extent be of a negative -character. When barrow after barrow is opened, and weapons -of bronze and stone only are found accompanying the interments, -and not a trace of iron or steel; when hoards of rough metal -and broken bronze, together with the moulds of the bronze-founder -and some of his stock-in-trade, are disinterred, and there -is no trace of an iron tool among them—the presumption is strong -that at the time when these men and these hoards were buried -iron was not in use. When, moreover, by a careful examination -of the forms of bronze instruments we can trace a certain amount -of development which is in keeping with the peculiar properties -of bronze and not with those of iron, and we can thus to some -extent fix a kind of chronological succession in these forms, the -inference is that this evolution of form, which must have required -a considerable amount of time, took place without its course being -affected by any introduction of a fresh and qualifying influence in -the shape of iron tools and weapons.</p> - -<p>When, however, in various countries we find interments and -even cemeteries in which bronze and iron weapons and instruments -are intermingled, and the forms of those in bronze are what we -have learnt from other sources to regard as the latest, while the -forms in iron are not those for which that metal is best adapted, -but are almost servile copies of the bronze instruments found with -them, the proof of the one having succeeded the other is almost -absolutely conclusive.</p> - -<p>The lessons taught by such cemeteries as that at Hallstatt, in -Austria, and by our own Late Celtic interments, such as those at -Arras, in Yorkshire, are of the highest importance in this question.</p> - -<p>It is not, however, to be supposed that even in countries by no -means geographically remote from each other the introduction either -of iron or bronze must of necessity have taken place at one and the -same chronological period. Near the shores of the Mediterranean -the use of each metal no doubt prevailed far earlier than in any -of the northern countries of Europe; and though the knowledge -of metals probably spread from certain centres, its progress can -have been but slow, for in each part of Europe there appears to -have been some special development, particularly in the forms of -bronze instruments, and there is no absolute uniformity in their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> -types extending over any large area. In each country the process -of manufacture was carried on, and though some commerce in tools -and arms of bronze no doubt took place between neighbouring -tribes, yet as a rule there are local peculiarities characteristic of -special districts.</p> - -<p>So marked are these that a practised archæologist can in almost -all cases, on inspection of a group of bronze antiquities, fix with -some degree of confidence the country in which they were found. -To this rule Britain offers no exception, and though some forms of -instruments were no doubt imported, yet, as will subsequently be -seen, our types are for the most part indigenous.</p> - -<p>As to the ornamentation of bronze by bronze tools, I have seen -none in this country on objects which I should refer to the Bronze -Age but what could have been effected by means of bronze -punches, of which indeed examples have been discovered in bronze-founders’ -hoards in France,<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> and what are probably such also in -Britain. Such ornamentation is, however, simple compared with -that on many of the Danish forms, and yet I have seen the complicated -Scandinavian ornaments accurately and sharply reproduced -by Dr. Otto Tischler, by means of bronze tools only, on -bronze of the ordinary ancient alloy.</p> - -<p>But even supposing that iron and steel were known during some -part of the so-called Bronze Age, I do not see in what manner it -would affect the main features of the case or the interest attaching to -the bronze objects which I am about to describe. “De non apparentibus -et non existentibus eadem est ratio” is a maxim of some -weight in archæology as well as in law; and in the absence of iron -and all trace of its influence, it matters but little whether it was -known or not, except in so far as a neglect of its use would argue some -want of intelligence on the part of those who did not avail themselves -of so useful a metal. It will be seen hereafter that some of -the objects described in these pages actually do belong to an Iron -Period, and nothing could better illustrate the transition of one -Period into another, or the overlapping of the Bronze Age upon -that of Iron, than the fact that in these pages devoted to the -Bronze Period I must of necessity describe many objects which -were still in use when iron and steel were superseding bronze, in -the same manner as in my “Ancient Stone Implements” I was forced -to describe many forms, such as battle-axes, arrow-heads, and -bracers, which avowedly belonged to the Bronze Period.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> - -<p>A point which is usually raised by those who maintain the -priority of the use of iron to that of bronze is, that inasmuch as -it is more readily oxidized and dissolved by acids naturally present -in the soil, iron may have disappeared, and indeed has done so, -while bronze has been left; so that the absence of iron as an -accompaniment to all early interments counts for nothing. Professor -Rolleston,<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> in a paper on the three periods known as the -Iron, the Bronze, and the Stone Ages, has well dealt with this -point; and observes that in some graves of the Bronze Period the -objects contained are incrusted with carbonate of lime, which -would have protected any iron instrument of the Bronze Period as -well as it has done those of Saxon times. Not only are the iron -weapons discovered in Saxon cemeteries often in almost perfect -preservation, but on the sites of Roman occupation whole hoards -of iron tools have been found but little injured by rust. The fact -that at Hallstatt and other places in which graves have been -examined belonging to the transitional period, when both iron -and bronze were in use together, the weapons and tools of iron, -though oxidized, still retain their form and character as completely -as those in bronze, also affords strong ground for believing -that had iron been present with bronze in other early interments -it would also have been preserved. The importance attaching to -the reputed occurrence of bronze swords with Roman coins as late -as the time of Magnentius cannot be better illustrated than by a -discovery of my own in the ancient cemetery of Hallstatt. In -company with Sir John Lubbock I was engaged in opening a -grave in which we had come to an interment of the Early -Iron Age, accompanied by a socketed celt and spear-heads of -iron, when amidst the bones I caught sight of a thin metallic -disc of a yellowish colour which looked like a coin. Up to -that time no coin had ever been found in any one of the -many hundred graves which had been examined, and I eagerly -picked up this disc. It proved to be a “sechser,” or six-kreutzer -piece, with the date 1826, which by some means had worked its -way down among the crevices in the stony ground, and which -from its appearance had evidently been buried some years. Had -this coin been of Roman date it might have afforded an argument -for bringing down the date of the Hallstatt cemetery some centuries -in the chronological scale. As it is, it affords a wholesome -caution against drawing important inferences from the mere collocation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> -of objects when there is any possibility of the apparent -association being only due to accident.</p> - -<p>In further illustration of the succession of the three Ages of -Stone, Bronze, and Iron in Western Europe, I might go on to -cite cases of the actual superposition of the objects of one age -over those of another, such as has been observed in several barrows -and in the well-known instance of the cone of La Tinière, in the -Lake of Geneva, recorded by Morlot.</p> - -<p>It will, however, be thought that enough, if not more than -enough, has already been said on the general question of a Bronze -Age in a book particularly devoted to the weapons and instruments -of bronze found in the British Isles. It is now time to -proceed with the examination and description of their various -forms; and in doing this I propose to treat separately, so far as -possible, the different classes of instruments intended each for some -special purpose, and at the same time to point out their analogies -with instruments of the same character found in other parts of -Europe. Their chronological sequence so far as it can be ascertained, -the position in time of the Bronze Period of Britain and -Ireland, and the sources from which our bronze civilisation was -derived, will be discussed in a concluding chapter.</p> - -<p>I begin with the instrument of the most common occurrence, -the so-called celt.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER II.</h2> - -<p class="pch">CELTS.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Of</span> all the forms of bronze instruments the hatchet or axe, to -which the name of celt has been applied, is perhaps the most -common and the best known. It is also probably among the -earliest of the instruments fabricated from metal, though in -this country it is possible that some of the cutting instruments, -such as the knife-daggers, which required a less amount of metal -for their formation, are of equal or greater antiquity.</p> - -<p>These tools or weapons—for, like the American tomahawk, they -seem to have been in use for peaceful as well as warlike purposes—may -be divided into several classes. Celts may be described as -flat; flanged, or having ribs along the sides; winged, or having -the side flanges extended so as almost to form a socket for the -handle on either side of the blade, to which variety the name of -palstave has been given; and socketed. Of most of these classes -there are several varieties, as will be seen farther on.</p> - -<p>The name of celt which has been given to these instruments is -derived from the doubtful Latin word “celtis” or “celtes,” a chisel, -which is in its turn said to be derived <i>à cœlando</i> (from carving), -and to be the equivalent of <i>cœlum</i>.</p> - -<p>The only author in whose works the word is found is St. Jerome, -and it is employed both in his Vulgate translation of the Book of -Job<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> and in a quotation from that book in his Epistle to Pammachius. -The word also occurs in an inscription recorded by -Gruter and Aldus,<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> but as this inscription is a modern forgery, -it does not add to the authority of the word “celtis.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Knight Watson, Sec. S. A., in an interesting paper communicated -to the Society of Antiquaries of London,<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> has given<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> -several details as to the origin and use of this word, which he considers -to have been founded on a misreading of the word <i>certe</i>, and -the derivation of which from <i>cœlo</i> he regards as impossible. There -can be no doubt, as Beger pointed out two centuries ago, that a -number of MSS. of the Vulgate read <i>certe</i> instead of <i>celte</i> in the -passage in Job already mentioned, and that in all probability these -are the most ancient and the best. But this only adds to the difficulty -of understanding how a recently invented and an unknown -word, such as <i>celte</i> is presumed to be, can have ever supplanted a -well-known word like <i>certe</i>; and so far as the Burial Service of the -Roman Catholic Church is concerned can have maintained its ground -for centuries. Nor is this difficulty diminished when we consider -that the ordinary and proper translation of the Hebrew לֹער is -either “in æternum” or “in testimonium,” according as the word -is pointed לָעַר or לְעֵר, and that, so far as I am aware, there is no -other instance of its being translated “<i>certe</i>.” On the other hand, a -nearly similar word, פְעֵס “with a stylus,” or, as it is translated, “a -pen,” occurs in the same passage; and assuming that this was by -some accident read for לער by St. Jerome, he would have thought -that the word for stylus was used twice over, and have inserted -some word to designate a graving tool, by way of a synonym. The -probability of such an error would be increased if his MS. had -the lines arranged in couplets in accordance with its poetical -character, the passage standing thus when un-pointed:—</p> - -<p class="pc1 mid">עפרתו ברול בעס<br /> -יתצבון בַצזר לער</p> - -<p class="p1">Very possibly the word used by St. Jerome may not have been <i>celte</i> but -<i>cœlo</i>, and the corruption into <i>celte</i> in order to make a -distinction between heaven and a chisel would then at all events -have been possible.</p> - -<p>The other contention involves two extreme improbabilities—the -one, that St. Jerome, having in his second revision of the Bible -translated the passage as “in testimonium in petris sculpantur,” -should in the Vulgate have given the inaccurate rendering “certe -sculpantur in silice;” the other and the more extreme of the two, -that the well-known word <i>certe</i> should have been ousted by a -word like <i>celte</i> had it been utterly new-fangled.</p> - -<p>Under any view of the case there are considerable difficulties, -but as the word celt has now obtained a firm hold in our language, -it will be convenient to retain it, whatever its origin or derivation.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> - -<p>It has been the fashion among some who are fond of novelties -to call these instruments “kelts,” possibly from some mental -association of the instruments with a Celtic or Keltic population. -From some such cause also some of the French antiquaries must -have coined the new plural to the word, <i>Celtœ</i>. Even in this -country it has been said<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> with regard to “the ancient weapon -denominated the celt,” “Our antiquarians have commonly ascribed -them to the ancient Celtæ, and hence have given them this -unmeaning appellation.” If any one prefers pronouncing celt as -“kelt,” or celestial as “kelestial,” let him do so; but at all events -let us adhere to the old spelling. How the Romans of the time -of St. Jerome would have pronounced the word <i>cœlum</i> or <i>celtis</i> -may be inferred from the punning line of Ausonius with regard -to Venus.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></p> - -<p class="pc1 reduct">“Orta salo, suscepta solo, patre edita cœlo.”</p> - -<p class="p1">The first author of modern times whose use of the word in connection -with Celts I can trace is Beger, who, in his “Thesaurus -Brandenburgicus”<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> (1696), gives an engraving of a celt of the -palstave form, under the title Celtes, together with the following -dialogue:—</p> - -<p>“Et nomen et instrumentum mihi obscurum est, infit <span class="smcap">Archæophilus</span>; -Instrumentum Statuariorum est, respondit <span class="smcap">Dulodorus</span>, -qui simulacra ex Cera, Alabastro, aliisque lapidum -generibus cædunt et poliunt. Græcis dicitur Ἐγκοπεὺς, quâ voce -Lucianus usus est in Somnio, ubi cum lusum non insuavem -dixisset, Deos sculpere, et parva quædam simulacra adornare, addit -ἐγκοπέα γὰρ τινά μοι δοὺς, scilicet avunculus, id quod Joh. Benedictus -vertit, <i>Celte datâ</i>. Celte? excepit <span class="smcap">Archæophilus</span>; at nisi -fallor hæc vox Latinis incognita est? Habetur, inquit <span class="smcap">Dulodorus</span>, -in versione vulgatâ Libri Hiob c. 19 quamvis alii non -<i>Celte</i>, sed <i>Certe</i> ibi legant, quod tamen minus quadrat. Quicquid -sit, instrumentum Statuariorum hoc esse, ex formâ patet, figuris -incidendis aptissima; neque enim opinio Molineti videtur admittenda, -qui <i>Securim</i> appellat, cum nullus aptandi manubrii locus -huic faveat. Metallum reposuit <span class="smcap">Archæophilus</span>, minus videtur -convenire. Instrumentum hoc ex ære est, quod duritiem lapidum -nescio an superare potuerit? Uti lapides diversi sunt, regessit -<span class="smcap">Dulodorus</span>, ita diversa fuisse etiam metalla instrumentorum iis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> -cædendis destinatorum, facilè cesserim. Vet. Gloss. Celtem -<i>instrumentum ferreum</i> dicit proculdubio quòd durioribus lapidibus -ferreum chalybe munitum servierit. Hoc autem non obstat, ut -æreum vel ceris, vel terris, vel lapidibus mollioribus fuerit adhibitum. -Si tamen res Tibi minus probetur, me non contradicente, -molliori vocabulo γλυφεῖον <i>cœlum</i> poteris et appellare et credere. -Γλυφεῖα etiam Statuariorum instrumenta fuisse, ex allegato modò -Luciano planum est, ubi Humanitas, <i>si me relinquis</i>, inquit, σχῆμα -δουλοπρεπὲς ἀναλήψη, καὶ μολία, καὶ γλυφεῖα, καὶ κοπέας, καὶ -κολαπτῆρας ἐν ταῖν χεροῖν ἕξεις, <i>habitum servilem assumes</i>, <i>Vectes</i>, -<i>COELA</i>, <i>CELTES</i>, <i>Scalpra præ manibus habebis</i>.”</p> - -<p>The idea of a bronze celt being a statuary’s chisel for carving in -wax, alabaster, and the softer kinds of stone will seem the less -absurd if we remember that, at the time when Beger wrote, the -manner in which such instruments were hafted was unknown, and -that all antiquities of bronze were generally regarded as being of -Roman or Greek origin.</p> - -<p>Dr. Olaf Worm, a Danish antiquary of the seventeenth century, -was more enlightened than Beger, for in his “Museum Wormianum,”<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> -published in 1655, he states his belief that bronze weapons -had formerly been in use in Denmark, and cites two flat or -flanged celts, or <i>cunei</i>, as he calls them, found in Jutland, which -he regards as hand weapons for close encounters. He also was, -nevertheless, at a loss to know how they were hafted, for he adds -that had they but been provided with shaft-holes he should have -considered them to have been axes.</p> - -<p>In a work treating of the bronze antiquities of Britain we must, -however, first consider the opinion of British antiquaries, by whom -the word celt had been completely adopted as the name for bronze -hatchets and axes by the middle of the last century. Borlase,<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> -in his “Antiquities of Cornwall,” 1754, speaking of some “spear-heads” -of copper mentioned by Leland, says that by the spear-heads -he certainly meant those which we (from Begerus) now -call Celts. Leland’s words are as follows:<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a>—“There was found of -late Yeres syns Spere Heddes, Axis for Warre, and Swerdes of -coper wrapped up in lynid scant perished nere the Mount in S. -Hilaries Paroch in Tynne Works;” so that it by no means -follows but that he was right in speaking of spear-heads, for if -there were any celts among the objects discovered they were probably -termed battle-axes by Leland.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> - -<p>Camden makes mention of the same find:<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> “At the foote of -this mountaine (St. Michael’s Mount), within the memorie of our -Fathers, whiles men were digging up of tin, they found Spear-heads, -axes, and swordes of brasse wrapped in linnen, such as were -sometimes found within the forrest of Hercinia in Germanie, and -not long since in our Wales. For evident it is by the monuments -of ancient Writers that the Greeks, the Cimbrians, and the -Britans used brazen weapons, although the wounds given with -brasse bee lesse hurtfull, as in which mettall there is a medicinable -vertue to heale, according as <i>Macrobius</i> reporteth out of Aristotle. -But happily that age was not so cunning in devising meanes to -mischiefe and murthers as ours is.”</p> - -<p>Hearne, the editor of Leland’s “Itinerary,” took a less philosophical -view of these instruments. Writing to Thoresby<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> in -1709, he maintains that some old instruments of bronze found -near Bramham Moor, Yorkshire, are not the heads of British -spears; on the contrary, they are Roman, not axes used in their -sacrifices, nor the heads of spears and javelins, but chisels which -were used to cut and polish the stones in their tents. Such -instruments were also used in making the Roman highways and in -draining their fens.</p> - -<p>Plot<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> also, at a somewhat earlier date, asserted a Roman origin -for bronze celts, which he regarded as the heads of bolts, founding -his opinion mainly on two, which are engraved in the Museum -Moscardi. These, which are reproduced in the <i>Archæologia</i>, -vol. v. Pl. VIII. 18 and 19, are of the palstave form, and were -regarded by Moscardo<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> as the heads of great darts to be thrown -from a catapult. A flat celt found in Staffordshire,<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> Plot takes to -be the head of a Roman <i>securis</i> with which the <i>Popæ</i> slew their -sacrifices.</p> - -<p>Rowland,<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> in his “Mona Antiqua Restaurata,” 1723, suggested -that looped palstaves fastened by a thong to a staff might be used -as war flails.</p> - -<p>The imaginative Dr. Stukeley, in the year 1724, communicated -to the Society of Antiquaries a discourse on the use of celts, -which is to be found in the Minute Book of the Society. An -abstract of it is given by Mr. Lort<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> in his paper subsequently mentioned.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> -Dr. Stukeley undertook to show that celts were British -and appertaining to the Druids, who, when not using them to cut -off the boughs of oak and mistletoe, put them in their pouches, -or hung them to their girdles by the little ring or loop at the -side. In a more sensible manner he divided them into two -classes, the recipient and the received; that is to say, the socketed, -in which the handle was received, and the flat and palstave forms, -which entered into a notch in the handle.</p> - -<p>Borlase,<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> notwithstanding that he was under the impression -that a number of socketed celts found at Karnbrê in 1744 were -accompanied by Roman coins, one of them at least as late as -the time of Constantius I., did “not take them to be purely -Roman, foreign, or of Italian invention and workmanship.”</p> - -<p>He argues that the Romans of Italy would not have made such -instruments of brass after Julius Cæsar’s time, when the superior -hardness of iron was so well understood, and that metal was so -easily to be procured. Farther, that no representations of such -weapons occur on the Trajan or Antonine Columns, that few -specimens exist in the cabinets of the curious in Italy, where they -are regarded as Transalpine antiquities, and that none have -been found among the ruins of Herculaneum;<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> nor are any published -in the Museum Romanum or the Museum Kircherianum. -He concludes that they were made and used in Britain, but that -though they were originally of British invention and fabric, they -were for the most part made when the Britons had improved their -arts under their Roman masters, as most of them seem too correct -and shapely for the Britons before the Julian conquest.</p> - -<p>As to the uses of celts, Borlase cites the various opinions of the -learned, and observes that if they had not been advanced by men -of learning it would be scarce excusable to mention some of them, -much less to refute them. They had been taken for heads of -walking staffs, for chisels to cut stone withal (as such instruments -must have been absolutely necessary in making the great Roman -roads), as tools with which to engrave letters and inscriptions, as -the sickles with which the Druids cut the sacred mistletoe, and as -rests to support the <i>lituus</i> of the Roman augurs. After all, however, -Borlase himself comes to the somewhat lame conclusion that -they formed the head or arming of the spear, the javelin, or the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> -arrow, and thinks that Mr. Rowland comes the nearest to the truth -of any author he has read, when he says that they might be used -with a string to draw them back, and something like a feather to -guide them in flying towards the enemy, and calls them sling-hatchets. -He concedes, however, that for such weighty heads -there was no occasion for feathers, and as for slinging of hatchets -against an enemy, he does not remember any instance, ancient -or modern. Some of the celts, moreover, are too light to do any -execution if thrown from the hand.</p> - -<p>The Rev. Mr. Lort,<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> who communicated some observations on -celts to the Society of Antiquaries in 1776, differed from Dr. -Borlase, and regarded a large flat celt found in the Lower -Furness as manifestly designed to be held in the hand only, and -much better adapted to the chipping of stone than to any other -use which has hitherto been found out for it. He will not, however, -take upon himself to assert that some socketed celts, which -he also describes, were designed for the same purpose. Appended -to the paper by Mr. Lort are notices of several bronze celts, which -at different times had been brought under the notice of the -Society of Antiquaries. Some which had been exhibited in 1735 -were regarded by Mr. Benjamin Cooke and Mr. Collinson as -Gaulish weapons used by the Roman auxiliaries at the time of -Claudius. Mr. Cooke, however, took them to be axes, and -mounted one of them on a shaft, citing Homer as his authority -for doing so, and speaking of the ἀξίνην ἔυχαλκον.</p> - -<p>The Rev. Samuel Pegge in 1787 makes some pertinent remarks -respecting celts in a letter to Mr. Lort, which is published in the -<i>Archæologia</i>.<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> He points out that from some of them having -been found in barrows associated with spear-heads of flint, it is -probable that some at least were military weapons. He also -maintains that though the use of bronze originally preceded that -of iron, yet that regard must be had to the circumstances of each -country, so that it would not follow that a bronze celt found in -Ireland was prior in age to the invention of iron. All that could -be said was that it was older than the introduction of iron into -Ireland, and when that was, no one could pretend to say. Mr. -Pegge did not approve of the derivation of the name of celt from -<i>celtis</i> or <i>cœlare</i>, but thought it derived from the name of the -Celtic people who used the instruments. In his opinion the -instruments were not Roman, especially as they were frequent in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> -Ireland and in places where the Romans never were settled. The -specimen on which he comments is of the palstave form, and, -though it might be mounted as a tool, he thinks it could never have -served as an axe, but it might have tipped a dart or javelin.</p> - -<p>Douglas<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> was of opinion that the bronze arms found in this -country were not Roman, but that it was more reasonable to refer -them to the early inhabitants, of probably not less than two -centuries <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p> - -<p>Mr. C. J. Harford, F.S.A.,<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> writing in 1801, expressed his -opinion that a clue as to the uses of celts might be obtained from -a consideration of similar instruments which had been brought -from the South Sea Islands. “Our rude forefathers doubtless -attached the celt by thongs to the handle, in the same manner as -modern savages do; and, like them, formed a most useful implement -or destructive weapon from these simple materials.” He thought -that the metal celts might have been fabricated abroad and exported -to this country, just as we have sent to the South Sea -Islands an imitation in iron of the stone hatchet there in use.</p> - -<p>Coming down to later times, we find Sir Richard Colt Hoare,<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> -who discovered a few flat and flanged celts in the Wiltshire barrows, -regarding them as for domestic, and not for military, architectural, -or religious purposes. He thought that the flat form must be the -most ancient, from which the pattern of that with the socket for the -insertion of a handle was taken; for among the numerous specimens -described by Mr. Lort in the <i>Archæologia</i>, not one of the -latter pattern is mentioned as having been discovered in a barrow. -As many were found in Gaul, he rather supposed that they were -imported from the Continent; or, perhaps, the art of making -them might have been introduced from Gaul. From the method -of hafting of one of those he found (see Fig. 189), he seems to -have regarded the whole of them as chisels rather than hatchets.</p> - -<p>Sir Joseph Banks,<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> in some observations communicated to the -Society of Antiquaries in 1818, on an ancient celt found near -Boston, Lincolnshire, pointed out the manner in which looped palstaves -could be hafted so as to serve either as axes, adzes, or chisels. -He thought that they were ill adapted for any warlike purposes, -and regarded them as tools such as might be used in hollowing -out the trunks of trees to form canoes, and suggested that they -were secured to their handles by strings tied round them in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> -same manner as the stone axes used in the South Sea Islands were -fastened to theirs.</p> - -<p>About the year 1816 the Rev. John Dow,<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> in some remarks -on the ancient weapon denominated the celt, advocated the opinion -that it was an axe, and probably a weapon of war. He also -traces its connection with the stone celt, from which he considered -it to have been developed.</p> - -<p>About the same year the Rev. John Hodgson, secretary of the -Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne, communicated to -that society a valuable memoir in the shape of “An Enquiry into -the Æra when Brass was used in purposes to which Iron is now -applied,”<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> of which mention has already been made in the Introductory -Chapter. He thought that celts were tools which were -well adapted for use as wedges for splitting wood, or that with -wooden hafts they might be used as chisels for hollowing canoes -and for similar purposes, some instruments found with them being -undoubtedly gouges. As to their date, he thought that bronze -began to give way to iron in Britain nearly as soon as it did in -Greece, and that consequently the celts, &c., found in this island -belonged to an era 500, or at least 400 years, <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p> - -<p>In 1839 Mr. Rickman<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> communicated to the Society of -Antiquaries a paper on the Antiquity of Abury and Stonehenge, -in the notes to which he propounds the theory that the socketed -celts were used merely as chisels, with hafts of wood inserted in -the socket. They could be then either held in the hand or by -means of a withe, like a blacksmith’s chisel, while they were -struck with a stone hammer.</p> - -<p>Among writers of comparatively modern times, the first whom I -have to mention is the late Mr. G. V. Du Noyer,<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> who in 1847 communicated -to the Archæological Institute two papers on the classification -of bronze celts, which are still of great value and interest. -He traces the gradual development in form from the bronze celt -shaped like a wedge to that which is socketed, and shows that an -important element in the transition from one form to the other -has been the method of hafting. He also enters into the subjects -of the casting and ornamentation of celts; and as in subsequent -pages I shall have to refer to these as well as to the methods of -hafting, I content myself here with citing Mr. Du Noyer’s papers -as being worthy of all credit.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p> - -<p>In 1849 Mr. James Yates communicated a paper to the Archæological -Institute of a far more speculative kind than those of Mr. -Du Noyer, his object being to prove that among the various uses -of bronze celts one of the most important was the application of -them in destroying fortifications and entrenchments, in making -roads and earthworks, and in similar military operations. He -confines his inquiry, however, to those which were adapted to be -fitted to straight wooden handles. Following in the steps of some -of the older antiquaries, he appears to regard them as of Roman -origin, and identifies them with the Roman <i>dolabra</i>, an instrument -which he thinks was used as a chisel or a crowbar. In fact, he was -persuaded that the celt was commonly used not as a hatchet, but -as a spud or a crowbar. Had he but been acquainted with the -ancient handles, such as have been discovered in the Austrian -salt-mines and elsewhere, he would probably have come round to -another opinion as to the ordinary method of hafting, though it is -of course possible that in some instances these instruments may -have been mounted and used as spuds. Had he practically tried -mounting them and using them as crowbars, he would have found -that with but slight strain the shafts would break or the celts -become loosened upon them. And had he been better versed in -archæology, he would have known that whatever was the form of -the Roman <i>dolabra</i>, or whatever the uses for which it served, it -can hardly have differed from their other implements in being -made of bronze and not of iron; and he would have thought twice -before engraving bronze celts from Cornwall and Furness as illustrations -of the Roman <i>dolabra</i> in Smith’s “Dictionary of Greek -and Roman Antiquities.”</p> - -<p>The ring or loop, which so often is found on the side of celts of -the palstave and socketed forms, was thought by Mr. Yates to have -been principally of use to assist in carrying them, a dozen or -twenty perhaps being strung together, or a much smaller number -tied to the soldier’s belt or girdle. He also thought that they -might serve for the attachment of a thong or chain to draw the -instrument out of a wall, should it become wedged among the stones -in the process of destruction.</p> - -<p>The next essay on celts and their classification which I must -adduce was written by the late Rev. Thomas Hugo, F.S.A.,<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> who -followed much the same system as Mr. Du Noyer, so far as the -development of the socketed celt was concerned, though he differed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> -from him with regard to the method of hafting, as he was persuaded -that, in general, celts were mounted with a straight shaft, like spuds. -He considered that the loop was not used for securing the celt to -its haft, but for hanging it up at home when not in use, or for -suspending it from the soldier’s girdle whilst on the march.</p> - -<p>Mr. Hugo’s paper was followed by some supplementary remarks -from Mr. Syer Cuming, who suggests that a thong may have -passed through the loop by which the weapon might be propelled, -and contends that socketed celts are neither chisels nor axe-blades, -but the ferrules of spear-shafts, which might be fixed in the -ground, or even used at times as offensive weapons.</p> - -<p>The name of the late Mr. Thomas Wright<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> has already been -mentioned. In his various works and papers he claims a Roman -origin for bronze celts and swords, though admitting that they may -occasionally have been made in the countries in which they are -found.</p> - -<p>Among other modern writers who have touched upon the subject -of celts, I may mention that accomplished antiquary, the late -Mr. Albert Way, F.S.A., whose remarks in connection with an -exhibition of bronze antiquities at a meeting of the Archæological -Institute in 1861<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> are well worth reading. I may also refer to the -late Sir W. R. Wilde, in his “Catalogue of the Copper and Bronze -Antiquities in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy,” published -in the same year; to Mr. Franks, in the “Horæ Ferales;” to Sir -John Lubbock, in his “Prehistoric Times;” and to General A. -Lane Fox (now Pitt-Rivers), in his excellent lecture on Primitive -Warfare, section iii.<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a></p> - -<p>Canon Greenwell, in his “British Barrows,”<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> has also devoted -a few pages to the consideration of bronze celts and axe-heads, -more especially in connection with interments in sepulchral -mounds.</p> - -<p>Foreign writers I need hardly cite, but I may mention a remarkable -idea that has been promulgated by Professor Stefano de -Rossi<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> as to celts having served as money, which has, however, been -shown by Count Gozzadini to be unfounded.</p> - -<p>In conclusion, I may also venture to refer to an address<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> -I delivered to the Society of Antiquaries on the occasion of an exhibition -of bronze antiquities in their apartments in January, 1873.</p> - -<p class="p2">In treating of the different forms of celts on the present occasion, -I shall divide them into the following classes:—</p> - -<p>Flat celts.</p> - -<p>Flanged celts.</p> - -<p>Winged celts and palstaves, with and without loops.</p> - -<p>Socketed celts.</p> - -<p>What are known as tanged celts may perhaps be more properly -included under the head of chisels, to which class of tools it is not -unlikely that some of the narrow celts of the other forms should -be referred.</p> - -<p>It is difficult to draw a hard and fast line between the flat -celts and the flanged, and between these latter and the so-called -palstaves. I propose, therefore, to include the flanged celts, which -are not provided with a stop-ridge to prevent their being driven -into their haft, in the same chapter with the flat celts, and to treat -of those which have a stop-ridge in the same chapter as the palstaves, -with and without a loop. In a subsequent chapter I shall -speak as to the manner in which these instruments were probably -hafted.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER III.</h2> - -<p class="pch">FLAT AND FLANGED CELTS.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Flat</span> celts, or those of simple form with the faces somewhat -convex, and approximating in shape to the polished stone celts of -the Neolithic Period, have been regarded by several antiquaries -as being probably the earliest bronze implements or weapons. -Such a view has much to commend it, but, as already observed, -it may be doubted whether in the earliest times, when metal was -scarce, it would be so readily applied to purposes for which much -of the precious material was required, as to the manufacture of -weapons or tools of a lighter kind, such as daggers or knives.</p> - -<p>Among celts, however, the simple form, and that most nearly -approaching in character to the stone hatchet, was probably the -earliest, though it may have been continued in use after the -introduction of the side flanges, the stop-ridge, and even the -socket. Some celts of the simplest form found in Ireland are of -copper, and have been thought to belong to the period when the -use of stone for cutting purposes was dying out and that of metal -coming in; but the mere fact of their being of copper is by no -means conclusive on this point.</p> - -<p>A copper celt of the precise shape of an ordinary stone celt, -6 inches long and 2½ inches wide, which was found in an Etruscan -tomb, and is preserved in the Museum at Berlin, appears to have -been cast in a mould formed upon a stone implement of the same -class. It has been figured and described by Sir William Wilde.<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> -I have not seen the implement, nor am I aware of the exact -circumstances of the finding. Celts may, however, like the flint -arrow-heads inserted in Etruscan<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> necklaces of gold, have been -regarded with superstitious reverence, and it does not appear to -me quite certain that this specimen was ever in actual use as an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> -implement, and was not placed in the grave as a substitute for a -stone hatchet or <i>Ceraunius</i>.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-040.jpg" width="200" height="386" id="i40" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc200">Fig. 1.—Cyprus. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>However this may be, some of the earliest bronze or, possibly, -copper celts with which we are acquainted, those from the excavations -of General di Cesnola in Cyprus, and of Dr. Schliemann at Hissarlik, -are of the simple flat form, and justify Sir W. Wilde<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> in his -supposition that the first makers of these instruments, having -once obtained a better material than stone, repeated the form -with which they were best acquainted, though they economized -the metal and lessened the bulk by -flattening the sides. The annexed -cut, Fig. 1, shows a celt from Cyprus -in my own collection, which in form -might be matched by celts of flint, -though it must be acknowledged that -the type in stone is rather that of -Scandinavia than of Eastern Europe -or the Levant. A slight ridge in -the oxide upon it seems to mark the -distance that the narrow end penetrated -the handle. Numerous tools -or weapons of the same form were -found by Dr. Schliemann<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> in his -excavations in search of Troy. They -were at first thought to be of copper, -but subsequently proved to have a -small per-centage of tin in them. A -number of flat celts, some short and -broad, and others long and narrow, -were found at Gungeria,<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> in the Mhow -Talook, about forty miles north of Boorha, in Central India, many -of which are now in the British Museum. On analysis Dr. Percy -found them to be of pure copper. The same form was found at Tel -Sifr, in Southern Babylonia. Some from that place, and from the -island of Thermia,<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> in the Greek Archipelago, are also in the British -Museum. Nearly similar instruments, said to be made of copper, -have been found in Austria,<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> Denmark,<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> Sweden,<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> Hungary,<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> -France,<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> and Italy.<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> I have one 3¾ inches long, from Royat, Puy de -Dôme. A large and thicker specimen is in the Museum at Toulouse. -They have usually a small per-centage, 0·15 to 2·08 of tin in them.<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a></p> - -<p>I have already, in the Introductory Chapter, made some remarks -on the probability of a copper age having, in some part of the -world, preceded that of bronze, and need here only repeat that the -occurrence of implements in copper, of the forms usually occurring -in bronze, does not of necessity imply a want of acquaintance with -the tin necessary to mix with copper to form bronze, but may -only be significant of a temporary or local scarcity of the former -metal. I may also add that without actual analysis, it is unsafe, -from appearance only, to judge whether copper is pure, or whether -it has not an appreciable per-centage of tin in it.</p> - -<p>In treating of the different forms and characters of bronze celts, -and of the places and circumstances of finding, I think it will be -best first to take those from England and Wales, then those from -Scotland, and lastly those from Ireland. I begin with those which -have been found in barrows in England.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Fig. 2 represents a flat celt found in a barrow in the parish of Butterwick, -in the East Riding of Yorkshire, by the Rev. Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S., F.S.A.<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> It lay at the hips of -the body of a young man, at whose right -hand the knife-dagger (Fig. 279) and the -bronze drill or pricker (Fig. 225) were -found, accompanied by a flint knife -formed from a broad external flake.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-041.jpg" width="200" height="273" id="i41" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc200">Fig. 2.—Butterwick. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>In front of the chest were six buttons, five -of jet and one of sandstone, two of which -are figured in my “Ancient Stone Implements.”<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> -The handle of the celt or axe-head -could be plainly traced by means of -a dark line of decayed wood, and to all -appearance the weapon had been worn -slung from the waist. “The blade is of -the simplest form, modelled on the pattern -of the stone axe, and may, it is -probable, be regarded as the earliest -type of bronze axe antecedently to the -appearance of either flanges or socket. -It is 4 inches long, 2⅜ inches wide at the -cutting edge, and 1⅛ inches at the smaller -end. It had evidently been fixed into a solid handle to a depth of 2 inches.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p> - -<p>A very similar discovery to that at Butterwick was made by the late -Mr. Thomas Bateman in a barrow upon Parwich Moor, Derbyshire,<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> -called Shuttlestone, opened by him in June, 1848. In this case a man of -fine proportions and in the prime of life had been interred, surrounded by -fern-leaves and enveloped in a hide with the hair inwards. Close to the -head were a small flat bead of jet and a circular flint (probably a -“scraper”). In contact with the left arm lay a bronze dagger, much like -Fig. 279, with two rivets for the attachment of the handle, which had -been of horn. About the middle of the left thigh was a bronze celt of the -plainest axe-shaped type. The cutting edge was turned towards the -upper part of the person, and the instrument itself had been inserted into -a wooden shaft for about 2 inches at the narrow end. The celt and -dagger are engraved in the <i>Archæological Association Journal</i>,<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> and the -former in the <i>Archæologia</i>.<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> It is about 5½ inches long, and in form much -like Fig. 19.</p> - -<p>In a small barrow named Borther Low,<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> about two miles south of -Middleton by Youlgrave, Mr. William Bateman discovered a skeleton -with the remains of a plain coarse urn on the left side, a flint arrow-head -much burnt, a pair of canine teeth of either a fox, or a dog of the same -size, and a diminutive bronze celt. In the catalogue of the Bateman -Museum<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> this is described as “of the most primitive type, closely -resembling the stone celts in form,” and 2 inches only in length. It is -there stated to have been found with a flint spear, but this seems to be a -mistake for an arrow-head.<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a></p> - -<p>Dr. Samuel Pegge,<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> in his letter to Mr. Lort already cited, mentions that -“Mr. Adam Wolsey the younger, of Matlock in Derbyshire, has a celt -found near the same place <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1787, at Blakelow in the parish of -Ashover, with a spear-head of flint, a military weapon also.” Not -improbably this was an axe-head of the same class.</p> - -<p>A celt of much the same character as Fig. 2, but in outline more -nearly resembling Fig. 19, 4⅜ inches long and 2⅜ broad at the cutting -edge, was found in company with two diadems or lunettes of gold such -as the Irish antiquaries call “Minds,” at Harlyn, in the parish of -Merryn, near Padstow, Cornwall, and is engraved in the <i>Archæological -Journal</i>.<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> The objects were found at a depth of about six feet from the -surface, and with them was another bronze article, which was unfortunately -thrown away. This was described by the man at work on the spot -as “like a bit of a buckle.” The discovery was quite accidental, and no -notice seems to have been taken as to whether there were any traces of an -interment at the spot, though the earth in contact with the articles is -described as having been “of an artificial character.”</p> - -<p>It is a celt of this kind which is engraved by Plot<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> as found near -St. Bertram’s Well, Ilam, Staffordshire. He describes it as “somewhat -like, only larger than, a lath-hammer at the edge end, but not so on the -other,” and regards it as a Roman sacrificial axe.</p> - -<p>One (4⅛ inches) was found on Bevere Island, Worcestershire.<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> - -<p>Others of the same kind have been found near Duxford, Cambs,<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> near -Grappenhall, Cheshire;<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> the Beacon Hill, Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire;<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> -and, near Battlefield, Shrewsbury,<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> in company with a palstave -without loop, some sickle-like objects, and other articles. One, 9 inches -long and 5 inches broad at the cutting edge, found in the ruins of Gleaston -Castle, Lower Furness, Lancashire, is engraved in the <i>Archæologia</i>.<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a></p> - -<p>The celts found on Baddow Hall Common,<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> near Danbury, Essex, one -of which was 6 inches long and 3½ inches broad at the edge, seem to have -been of this character.</p> - -<p>I have seen specimens of the same type from Taxley Fen, Huntingdonshire -(4¾ inches long), in the collection of Mr. S. Sharp, F.S.A.; and -from Raisthorp, near Fimber, Yorkshire, in that of Messrs. Mortimer.</p> - -<p>In Canon Greenwell’s collection are three (about 4¾ inches) found at -Newbiggin, Northumberland, and others (about 5½ inches) from Alnwick -and Wallsend. A specimen in the same collection (5¼ inches), found at -Knapton, Yorkshire (E. R.), has a slight ridge along the centre of the -sides, which, as well as the angles between the faces and the sides, is -indented with a series of slight hammer marks at regular intervals.</p> - -<p>Mr. Wallace of Distington, Whitehaven, has one (6½ inches) from -Hango Hill, Castleton, Isle of Man.</p> - -<p>I have myself celts of the same class from the Cambridge Fens -(4⅝ inches); Sherburn Carr, Yorkshire (5⅝ inches), found with another -nearly similar; Swansea (4¼ inches, much decayed); and near Pont Caradog, -Brithder, Glamorganshire (6¼ inches), found with three others, and given -to me by Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., in whose collection the others are -preserved.</p> - -<p>A few of these flat plain celts have been found in France. Some from -the departments of Doubs and Jura are engraved by Chantre.<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> One from -Normandy,<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> figured by the Abbé Cochet, seems to show some trace of a -transverse ridge. One from the Seine is engraved in the “Dictionnaire -Archéologique de la Gaule.” Another was found in Finistère.<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> Others -are in the Museum at Narbonne<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> and elsewhere. The form is also -found in Spain, both in bronze and what is apparently copper. I have -specimens from the Ciudad Real district.</p> - -<p>The plain flat form like Fig. 2 is also occasionally found in Germany. -One from Ackenbach, near Homberg, is figured by Schreiber.<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a></p> - -<p>With nearly straight sides like Fig. 27, the form is not uncommon in -Hungary. Some of these are very thin.</p> - -<p>Others of nearly the same form, but thicker, have been found on the -other side of the Atlantic in Mexico, and many of the copper celts of -North America are also of the plain flat type with an oblong section. -This circumstance to my mind rather proves that the form is the simplest, -and therefore that most naturally adopted for hatchets, than that there -was of necessity any intercourse between the countries in which it has -prevailed.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Many of the flat celts are ornamented in a more or less artistic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> -manner on the faces, or the sides, or on both; but before proceeding -to notice any of them, it will be well to mention another -variety of the plain celt, in which the faces, instead of being nearly -flat or uniformly convex, slope towards either end from a transverse -ridge near the middle of the blade. This ridge is never very -strongly defined, as the total thickness of the blade from ridge to -ridge is rarely more than half an inch. The plain variety is somewhat -rare in Britain, but one ornamented on both faces will be -described, under Fig. 5, and an Irish example is shown in Fig. 35.</p> - -<p>A large doubly tapering celt (8 inches) was found at East Surby, -Rushen,<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> Isle of Man. Some of those already mentioned partake -of this character. In Hoare’s great work a specimen from the -Bush Barrow, Normanton,<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> is engraved as being of this plain -doubly tapering type; but from the more accurate engraving -given by Dr. Thurnam<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> it appears that this instrument has flanges -at the side, like Fig. 8, and must therefore be spoken of later on.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-044.jpg" width="200" height="336" id="i44" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc200">Fig. 3.—Moot Low. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>I now proceed to consider some of the flat celts ornamented -with patterns probably produced by punches, as will subsequently -be mentioned. The first which I adduce -was found with an interment, and -the ornamentation is so slight that it -is a question whether the celt ought -not to rank among those of the plain -kind.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">The late Mr. Thomas Bateman in 1845 -found what he described as “a fine bronze -celt of novel form” and “of elegant outline” -near the head of a contracted skeleton -in a barrow called Moot Low,<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> about -half-way between Alsop Moor and Dovedale, -Derbyshire. “It was placed in a -line with the body, with its edge upwards.” -By the kindness of Mr. Llewellynn -Jewitt, F.S.A.,<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> I am enabled to -give a figure of this instrument in Fig. 3. -As will be seen, it has slight flanges -along the sides, and the upper part is -ornamented with short vertical lines -punched in.</p> - -<p>That shown in Fig. 4 was found in Yorkshire, and is now in the -British Museum. The patina upon it has been somewhat injured, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> -the ornamentation upon the faces is in places very well preserved. It -consists of numerous parallel lines, each made up of short diagonal -indentations in the metal, and together forming the pattern which will be -better understood from the figure than from any description. The sides -are ornamented by having two low pyramidal bosses drawn out upon -them, leaving a long concave hexagonal space in the middle between -them. This celt has already been figured, but on a much smaller scale, in -the “Horæ Ferales.”<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-045.jpg" width="400" height="546" id="i45" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc400">Fig. 4.—Yorkshire. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>This style of ornamentation on the sides is more common on Irish than -on English or Scottish celts. One, however, 5½ inches long, of the doubly -tapering form with lunate edge, having the central portion of the blade -ornamented with a series of lines in a chevron pattern, and having the -sides worked into three facets of a pointed oval form, was found at -Whittington,<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> Gloucestershire, and was presented by Mr. W. L. Lawrence, -F.S.A., to the Society of Antiquaries. The ornamentation is much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> -like that on Fig. 7, but between the ornamented portion of the blade -and the edge there is a curved hollow facet, the ridge below which runs -nearly parallel with the edge.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-046.jpg" width="200" height="414" id="i46" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc200">Fig. 5.—Weymouth. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>The celt shown in Fig. 5 might perhaps be more properly placed among -the flanged celts, as, without having well-developed -flanges along the sides, there is -a projecting ridge running along either -margin of the faces, in consequence of the -sides having been somewhat chamfered, or -having had their angles beaten down by -hammering. It was found on Preston -Down, near Weymouth, Dorsetshire; but -I do not know under what circumstances. -It has become thickly coated with a dark -sage-green patina, which has in places -been unfortunately knocked off. The -beautiful original ornamentation of the -celt has been admirably preserved by the -patina. The greater part of the surface -has been figured with a sort of grained -pattern like morocco leather, probably by -means of a punch in form like a narrow -blunt chisel. The faces of the blade are -not flat, but taper in both directions from -a ridge rather more than half-way up the -blade. Along the lower side of this somewhat -curved ridge, and again about an -inch above the cutting edge, a belt of -chevrons has been punched in, having the -appearance of a plaited band. Below the -lower band the surface has been left -smooth and unornamented, so that grinding -the edge would not in any way injure the pattern. The upper part of -the blade has at the present time exactly the appearance of dark green -morocco with “blind-tooling” upon it. No doubt many blades which -were originally ornamented after the same fashion as this specimen have -now, through oxidation or the accidental destruction of the patina, lost -all traces of their original decoration. On this, where the patina has -been destroyed, nothing can be seen of the graining.</p> - -<p>I have a flat celt from Mildenhall, Suffolk (6 inches), in form like Fig. -6, the greater part of the surface of which has been grained in a similar -manner, though the graining is now almost obliterated.</p> - -<p>In the collection of the Duke of Northumberland<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> is a large celt which -appears to be of the flat kind, with the side edges “slightly recurved,” -and with the surface “elaborately worked with chevrony lines and ornaments -which may have been partly produced by hammering.” It was -found in Northumberland.</p> - -<p>Another belonging to James Kendrick, Esq., M.D., found at Risdon,<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> -near Warrington, is described as being “ornamented with punched lines -in a very unusual manner.” Another, of which a bad representation -from one of Dr. Stukeley’s drawings is given in the <i>Archæologia</i>, is said<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> -to have been found in the long barrow at Stonehenge.<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> One 4½ inches -long, the faces ornamented with a number of longitudinal cuts, was found -near Sidmouth.<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-047.jpg" width="400" height="481" id="i47" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc400">Fig. 6.—Read. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>In some instances the faces of the celts have been wrought into a series -of slightly hollowed facets. One such from Read, Lancashire, is in the -British Museum, and is engraved as Fig. 6. The central space between -the two series of ridges and also the margins of the faces are ornamented -with shallow chevrons punched in. The sides have been hammered into -three facets, and this has produced slight flanges at the margins of the -faces. These facets are ornamented with diagonal lines. This celt was -found with two others, apparently of the same kind, and is described and -engraved in Whitaker’s “History of the Original Parish of Whalley.”<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> -The author says that these instruments were from 9 to 12 inches long, and -had a broad and narrow end, but had neither loops, grooves, nor any -other contrivance by which they could be fixed in a shaft, or indeed -applied to any known use. That in the British Museum was obtained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> -by the late Mr. Charles Towneley. The two others were formerly in -the collections of the Rev. Dr. Milles, P.S.A., and of Dr. Whitaker.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">I now come to the flanged celts, or those which have projecting -ledges along the greater part of each side of the faces, produced -either by hammering the metal at the sides of the blades, or -in the original casting. As has already been observed, some of -the celts which have been described as belonging to the flat -variety might, with almost equal propriety, have been classed as -flanged celts, as the mere hammering of the sides with a view to -render them smooth or to produce an ornament upon them -“upsets” the metal, and produces a thickening along the margin -which almost amounts to a flange.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In the celt shown in Fig. 7 the flanges are very slight, and are in all -probability merely due to the hammering necessary to produce the kind -of cable pattern or spiral fluting which is -seen in the side view. The faces taper -in each direction from a transverse -ridge, and the blade for some distance -below this is ornamented with an incuse -chevron pattern. The blade towards -the edge and above the ridge is left -plain. This specimen was found in -Suffolk, but I do not know the exact -locality. It is in my own collection.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-048.jpg" width="200" height="300" id="i48" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc200">Fig. 7.—Suffolk. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Among nineteen bronze celts discovered -about the year 1845 on the property -of Mr. Samuel Ware, F.S.A., at -Postlingford Hall,<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> near Clare, Suffolk, -were several of this class, two of which -(6½ and 5½ inches), now in the British -Museum, are figured in the <i>Archæologia</i>. -One of them is ornamented with -a chevron pattern, covering the part of -the blade usually decorated, and having -vertical lines running through the -centres of the chevrons, and through -the junction of their bases. The other -is ornamented with a series of curved parallel lines running across the -blade, as on Fig. 16. They have a slight projection or ridge at the -thickest part of the blade, as have also two that are not ornamented, -which likewise were presented by Mr. Ware to the British Museum.</p> - -<p>Another celt of this kind (4⅞ inches) was found with a bronze spear-head -having loops at the lower part of the blade in the Kilcot Wood,<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> near -Newent, Gloucestershire. The faces are ornamented with parallel rows<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> -of short diagonal lines, bounded at the lower end by a double series of -dots, and a transverse row of diagonal lines.</p> - -<p>In the remarkable hoard of bronze instruments discovered on Arreton -Down, in the Isle of Wight, about the year 1735, were, besides the spear-heads -and dagger blades, of which mention will be made in subsequent -chapters, four of these flanged celts. Of these one (6⅞ inches) was ornamented -both on the face and sides, but is at present only known from a -drawing in an album belonging to the Society of Antiquaries.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-049.jpg" width="300" height="556" id="i49" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc300">Fig. 8.—Arreton Down. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>The others were plain, and of one of them a woodcut is given in the -<i>Archæologia</i>,<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> which by the permission of the Council of the Society of -Antiquaries is here reproduced as Fig. 8. It is 8 inches in length, and is -one of the largest of its class in the British Museum. As will be seen, the -blade itself is of the doubly tapering kind. The others are 4½ and 4¾ -inches long. They are said to have been found arranged in regular -order,<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> and, as Mr. Franks has suggested, may possibly have been the -store deposited by some ancient founder, which he was unable to reclaim -from its hiding-place.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-050.jpg" width="400" height="403" id="i50" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc400"><span class="vh">——</span>Fig. 9.—Plymstock. ⅔<span class="vh">————</span>Fig. 10.—Plymstock. ⅔</p> -</div></div> - -<p>In Figs. 9 and 10<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> are shown two more of these doubly tapering -flanged celts, which were found in the parish of Plymstock,<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> Devonshire, -about a mile east of Preston. They lay beneath a flat stone at a depth of -about two feet below the surface, together with fourteen other celts, three -daggers, one of which is given as Fig. 301, a spear-head or dagger, -shown in Fig. 327, and a narrow chisel (Fig. 190). All the sixteen -celts are of the same general type, but vary in length from 3¾ inches to -6¾ inches. The extent of the flanges or wings also varies, and in some -they project considerably, and are brought with great precision to a sharp -edge. At the narrow or butt end, the late Mr. Albert Way, who described -the hoard, noticed a peculiar slight groove extending only as far as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> -commencement of the lateral flanges. The character of the groove is -shown in the portion of the side view given with each figure. Mr. Way -and Mr. Franks thought that the narrow end of the celt, when produced -from the mould, had been slightly bifid, and that the little cleft had been -closed by the hammer. My own impression is that these marks are -merely the result of “drawing down” the narrow ends with the hammer -after their sides had been somewhat “upset” or expanded by hammering -out the side flanges.</p> - -<p>The sides of some of these celts have been hammered so as to present -three longitudinal facets; others have the sides simply rounded. One of -the most interesting features of this discovery is its analogy with that -already mentioned as having been made at Arreton Down. The greater -number of the objects found at Plymstock were given by the Duke of -Bedford to the British Museum, and the remainder to the Exeter Museum.</p> - -<p>Four or five celts with slight side flanges were found in the Wiltshire -barrows by Sir E. Colt Hoare. The largest of these (6¼ inches long and -2½ inches broad) was found in 1808, in a tumulus known as the Bush -Barrow, near Normanton.<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> The following are the particulars of this -discovery:—On the floor of the barrow was the skeleton of a tall man -lying from south to north. Near his shoulders lay the celt, which owes -its great preservation to having been inserted in a handle of wood. About -eighteen inches south of the head were several bronze rivets, intermixed -with wood and thin pieces of bronze, which were regarded as the remains -of a shield. Near the right arm were a large dagger of bronze and a -spear-head of the same metal, fully 13 inches long. The handle of this -dagger, marvellously inlaid with pins of gold, will be described in a -subsequent chapter. On the breast of the skeleton was a large lozenge-shaped -plate of gold, ornamented with zigzag and other patterns, and -near it were some other gold ornaments, some bone rings, and an oval -perforated stone mace, the representation of which I have reproduced in -my “Ancient Stone Implements.”</p> - -<p>We have here an instance of bronze weapons occurring associated -with those of stone and with gold ornaments. Sir R. Colt Hoare has -recorded some other cases. In a bell-shaped barrow near Wilsford,<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> at -the feet of the skeleton of a tall man, he found a massive hammer of a -dark-coloured stone, some objects of bone, a whetstone with a groove in -the centre, and a bronze celt with small lateral flanges 3¼ inches long. -These were accompanied by a very curious object of twisted bronze, -apparently a ring about 4½ inches in diameter, having a tang pierced with -four rivet holes for fixing in a handle. In the ring itself, opposite -the tang, is a long oval hole, through which passes one of three circular -links forming a short chain.</p> - -<p>In a barrow on Overton Hill,<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> Sir R. Colt Hoare found a contracted -skeleton buried either in the trunk of a tree or on a plank of wood. Near -the head were a small celt of this kind, an awl with a handle (Fig. 227), -and a small dagger, or, as he terms it, a “lance-head.”</p> - -<p>The occurrence of celts of this character is not limited to interments by -inhumation. In another barrow of the Wilsford group Sir R. C. Hoare -found, in a cist 2 feet deep, a pile of burnt bones, an ivory (?) pin, a rude<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> -ring of bone, and a small bronze celt, also with side flanges, and only -2⅛ inches long.</p> - -<p>Among other specimens of this form of celt may be cited one found on -Plumpton Plain,<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> near Lewes, Sussex, now in the British Museum; one -(4 inches) found near Dover in 1856; and one (6½ inches) from Wye -Down, Kent, both in the Mayer collection at Liverpool. Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S., has one (3½ inches) from March, Cambridgeshire.</p> - -<p>Flanged celts much like Fig. 9 have been found in France. Some -from Haute-Saône,<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> Rhône, and Compiègne<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> (Oise) have been figured. I -have specimens from Evreux (Eure), Amiens (Somme), and Lyons. -The type also occurs in Italy<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> in some abundance; it is found more rarely -in Germany.<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> Examples from Denmark are figured by Schreiber,<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> -Segested,<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> and Madsen.<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> The form also occurs in Sweden.<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a></p> - -<p>A peculiar form of flanged celt is shown in Fig. 11. The flanges -extend as usual nearly to the edge, but at the upper part of the blade are -set down so as to project still farther over the faces, though at a lower -level. The original was found in the Thames,<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> and is the property of -Mr. T. Layton, F.S.A.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-052.jpg" width="500" height="263" id="i52" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"><span class="vh">————</span>Fig. 11.—Thames. ½<span class="vh">—————————</span>Fig. 12.—Norfolk. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>A small example, ornamented with a fluted pattern on the sides and with -the blade slightly tapering in each direction from a central ridge, is shown -in Fig. 12. The original was found in Norfolk, and is in the collection of -Mr. R. Fitch, F.S.A.</p> - -<p>Another, decorated with a fluted chevron pattern on the sides, and with -indented herring-bone and chevron patterns on the faces, is given in -Fig. 13. This example was found in Dorsetshire, and is now in the -British Museum. In the same collection is a beautiful celt with side<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> -flanges found near Brough, Westmoreland (6¾ inches), which has the -portion of the blade below the thickest part ornamented with a lozengy -matted pattern much like that on -Fig. 51, but with the alternate -lozenges plain and hatched. The -hatching on some of the lozenges -is from left to right, on others the -reverse.</p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-053a.jpg" width="400" height="285" id="i53a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc">Fig. 13.—Dorsetshire. ½<span class="vh">——————</span>Fig. 14.—Lewes. ½</p> -</div></div> - - -<p>A flanged celt of unusual type, -the sides curiously wrought and -engraved or punched, and the -faces exhibiting a pattern of chevrony -lines, is shown in Fig. 14. -It was found near Lewes,<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> Sussex, -and is the property of Sir H. -Shiffner, Bart.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-053b.jpg" width="200" height="265" id="i53b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc200">Fig. 15.—Ely. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>An example of nearly the same -kind is shown in Fig. 15, from a -celt found in the Fens near Ely, -and now in the museum of Mr. -Marshall Fisher, of that city. Both -faces are ornamented below the -thickest part with broad indented -lines, vertical and transverse, as -will be best seen in the figure.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> -The sides are hammered into three facets, each having a series of diagonal -grooves wrought in them. The two left-hand facets on each side have -the grooves running upwards from left to right; on the third facet they -run downwards, but at a much less inclination. The punch with which -the grooves and ornaments were produced has also been employed along -the inner angle of the flanges.</p> - -<p>A pretty little celt, ornamented with transverse ridges in the lower part, -is shown in Fig. 16. The original was found at Barrow, Suffolk.</p> - -<p>The Rev. Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., possesses one (4⅝ inches) found at -Horncastle, Lincolnshire, the faces of which are decorated in a nearly -similar manner; but the sides show a cable pattern, and there is a slight -central ridge on the faces.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-054.jpg" width="400" height="304" id="i54" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc400">Fig. 16.—Barrow. ½<span class="vh">——————</span>Fig. 17.—Liss. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>A much larger specimen (6¼ inches), found near the Menai Bridge,<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> -Anglesea, has also cabled sides, but the grooves on the faces are straighter -and wider apart.</p> - -<p>A Danish celt, ornamented in a similar manner, is engraved by -Madsen.<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a></p> - -<p>The celt shown in Fig. 17 is of somewhat the same character, but the -transverse lines are closer and not continuous. They have evidently been -produced by means of a small blunt punch, with the aid of a hammer. -The original was found at Liss,<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> near Petersfield, Hants, and is now in -the British Museum.</p> - -<p>Flanged celts decorated on the faces are of rare occurrence in France. -One of narrow proportions, and ornamented with lozenges and zigzags, -was found at Mareuil-sur-Ourcq<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> (Oise).</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-055.jpg" width="150" height="362" id="i55" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc200">Fig. 18.—Rhosnesney. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p class="p1">The only instance known to me in which the rough castings -destined to be wrought into this form of celt have been found in -Britain is one recorded in the <i>Archæologia Cambrensis</i><a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> by the -Rev. E. L. Barnwell. At the meeting of the Cambrian Archæological -Association at Wrexham, Sir R. A. Cunliffe, Bart., exhibited -what had evidently been the stock in trade -of an ancient bronze-founder or merchant. -It had been found at Rhosnesney, near Wrexham, -and consisted of six palstaves, all from -the same mould, another somewhat slighter -and broken in two, the blade of a small -dagger, three castings for flanged celts, and -the shank of a fourth—all of them rough as -they came from the mould. The cut given -of one of the last-mentioned castings is here -reproduced on a smaller scale as Fig. 18. It -will be seen that a broad runner is left at the -butt end, which was probably destined to be -broken off; the sides would also be hammered, -so as to increase the prominence of the -flanges; and the whole would be planished by -hammering and grinding. All the specimens -have the appearance of having been washed -over with tin, but this deposit of tin upon -the surface may, I think, be due to some chemical action which -has gone on since the bronze was buried in the ground, and may -not have been intentionally produced.</p> - -<p>A casting for a longer flanged celt found at Vienne (Isère) has -been figured by Chantre.<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a></p> - -<p>Turning now to the flat and flanged celts discovered in Scotland, -I may remark that the instruments of the flat form appear to be -comparatively more abundant in that country than in England -and Wales.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In Fig. 19 is shown a remarkably well-preserved specimen in my own -collection, which is said to have been found near Drumlanrig, Dumfriesshire. -The sides present two longitudinal facets at a low angle to each -other. In hammering these the margin of the faces has been somewhat -raised; they are otherwise smooth and devoid of ornament. Other specimens -have three facets on the sides.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-056.jpg" width="250" height="328" id="i56" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc250">Fig. 19.—Drumlanrig. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Instruments of much the same -character have been found near Biggar<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> (6⅛ inches), Culter<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> (5¼ inches), -both in Lanarkshire; on the farm of Colleonard,<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> near Banff (found with -three which were ornamented); at Sluie on the Findhorn,<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> Morayshire -(two, 6 inches); near -Abernethy,<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> Perthshire -(4 inches across -face); near Ardgour -House,<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> Invernessshire -(5¾ inches); -the Hill of Fortrie -of Balnoon,<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> Inverkeithney, -Banffshire -(5¾ inches long); Ravelston,<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> -near Edinburgh -(7 inches); -Cobbinshaw, Midcalder, -Edinburgh -(4¾ inches), in my -own collection. One -found in the Moss -of Cree,<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> near Wigton -in Galloway, has -been mentioned by -Wilson, and is engraved -in the <i>Ayr -and Wigton Collections</i>.<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> -Others from -Inch and Leswalt, -Wigtonshire, have -also been figured.<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a></p></div> - -<p class="p1">Some of these -blades, and notably -the celts from -Sluie, the Hill of Fortrie of Balnoon, and Ravelston, have been -thought to be tinned. An interesting paper on the subject has -been written by Dr. J. Alexander Smith and Dr. Stevenson -Macadam.<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> Their conclusion is rather in favour of the celts -having been intentionally tinned, so as to protect them from -oxidation and the influence of the weather. I think, however, -that the tinned appearance of the castings for celts from -Rhosnesney affords a strong argument against this feature being -the result of intentional tinning; for, if so, that metal would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> -have been applied to the blades after they had been wrought and -ground into shape, and not to the rough castings, from the surface -of which the tin would be certainly removed in the process of -finishing the blades. A bronze hammer from France in my collection -has all the appearance of having been intentionally tinned, -even partly within the socket; but in this case the bronze appears -unusually rich in tin, which was probably added in order to -increase the hardness of the metal, and some considerable alteration -of structure has taken place within the body of the metal, as -the surface is fissured in all directions, something like “crackle -china.”</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh are other flat celts, some of -them with slight flanges at the edge, from Eildon, Roxburghshire; Inchnadamff, -Sutherlandshire; -Dunino, Fifeshire; Vogrie -and Ratho, Midlothian; -Kintore and Tarland, -Aberdeenshire; and other -places.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-057.jpg" width="250" height="389" id="i57" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc250">Fig. 20.—Lawhead. ¼</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Some celts of this form, -but with slight side -flanges, have been found -in the South of France.<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a></p> - -<p>A celt of this class, also -in the Museum at Edinburgh, -is probably the -largest ever found in the -United Kingdom. It is 13⅝ -inches in length, 9 inches -in its greatest breadth, but -only 1⅜ inch at the narrow -end. Its thickness is -about ⅝ inch in the middle -of the blade, and its weight -is 5 lbs. 7 ozs. It is shown -on a scale of rather more -than one-fourth in Fig. 20, -for the use of the woodcut -of which I am indebted to -the Society of Antiquaries -of Scotland. It was found -in digging a drain on the -farm of Lawhead,<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> on the -south side of the Pentland -Hills, near Edinburgh.</p> - -<p>Some of the Scottish celts, both flat and doubly tapering, are ornamented -on the faces. One with four raised longitudinal ribs, and two with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> -series of short incised or punched lines upon their faces, were among -those found on the farm of Colleonard,<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a> Banff; another has shallow -flutings on the blade; another, E22, in the Catalogue of the Antiquarian -Museum at Edinburgh, is also ornamented with incised lines. One of -those from Sluie,<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> Morayshire, is cited by Wilson.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-058.jpg" width="300" height="457" id="i58" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc400">Fig. 21.—Nairn. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>The tastefully ornamented celt shown in Fig. 21 was found near -Nairn, and is now in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> -Scotland, to the Council of which I am indebted for the use of the cut. -The wreathed lines appear to have been produced by a chisel-like punch. -The ornamentation of both faces is almost exactly similar.</p> - -<p>I have two flat celts, both said to have been found near Falkland, Fifeshire, -one of which (6¾ inches) has had grooves about half an inch apart -worked in the faces parallel to the sides, so as to form very pointed -chevrons down the centre of the blade. The other (5 inches long) has -had broad shallow dents about ½ inch long and ⅛ inch apart made in its -faces, so as to form a herring-bone pattern.</p> - -<p>The doubly tapering celt shown in Fig. 22 is also said to have been -found near Falkland. Below the ridge the face has been ornamented -with parallel belts of short, narrow indentations arranged longitudinally -for about half the length of the lower face, but nearer the edge transversely. -The sides are worked into three longitudinal facets.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-059.jpg" width="400" height="335" id="i59" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc400">Fig. 22.—Falkland. ½<span class="vh">——————</span>Fig. 23.—Greenlees. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Of Scottish flanged celts resembling Fig. 9, the following may be -mentioned. One found in Peeblesshire<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> (5⅜ inches long, with a circular -depression on one face); one from Longman,<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> Macduff, Banffshire (3¾ -inches long).</p> - -<p>Another of the same class, having a round hole at the upper part of the -blade, is said to have been found in Scotland, and is engraved by Gordon.<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p> - -<p>A celt with but slightly raised flanges and peculiar ornamentation is -shown in Fig. 23. It was found at Greenlees,<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> near Spottiswoode, -Berwickshire, and is in the collection of Lady John Scott. There is a -faintly marked stop-ridge, above which the blade has been ornamented by -thickly set parallel hammer or punch marks. The sides are fluted in a -cable pattern. Parallel to the cutting edge are three slight fluted hollows, -and on the blade above are segments of concentric hollows of the same -kind, forming what heralds would term “flanches” on the blade. Whether -in this ornament we are to see a representation of the “flanches” of the -winged palstave like Fig. 85, such as is so common on socketed celts, or -whether it is of independent origin, I will not attempt to determine.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-060.jpg" width="400" height="286" id="i60" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc400">Fig. 24.—Perth. ½<span class="vh">——————</span>Fig. 25.—Applegarth. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>A flanged celt with a slight stop-ridge, having the sides ornamented -with a cable pattern and the faces with rows of triangles alternately -hatched and plain, is shown in Fig. 24. The original was found near -Perth,<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> and is in the collection of the Rev. James Beck, F.S.A. A celt -with five hatched bands surmounted by triangles, and with the sides cable -moulded, though found in Denmark,<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> much resembles this Scottish specimen -and some of those from Ireland. Another with similar sides, but -with the lower part of the faces ornamented with narrow vertical grooves, -was found at Applegarth,<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> Dumfriesshire, and is now in the Antiquarian -Museum at Edinburgh. It is represented in Fig. 25.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p> - -<p>Another decorated celt of the same character, though with different -ornamentation, is shown in Fig. 26. The curved hands on the faces are -formed of lines with dots between, and the sides have a kind of fern-leaf -pattern upon them, like that on the winged celt from Trillick, Fig. 98. -The original was found at Dams, Balbirnie,<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> Fifeshire.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-061.jpg" width="400" height="277" id="i61" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc400">Fig. 26.—Dams. ½<span class="vh">————</span>Fig. 27.—Ballinamallard. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>A very large number of flat celts of the simplest form have been -found in Ireland. So numerous are they that it would only -encumber these pages were I to attempt to give a detailed account -of all the varieties, and of all the localities at which they have been -found. Sir William Wilde, in his most valuable “Catalogue of the -Museum of the Royal Irish Academy,” has placed on record a -large amount of information upon this subject, from which some -of the facts hereafter mentioned are borrowed, and to which the -reader is referred for farther information. Some of those of the -rudest manufacture are formed “of red, almost unalloyed copper.”<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> -These vary in length from about 2½ inches to 6½ inches, and are -never ornamented.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In Fig. 27 is shown a small example of a celt apparently of pure -copper, which was found at Ballinamallard, Co. Fermanagh, and was -kindly added to my collection by the Earl of Enniskillen. I have another, -more like Fig. 28, from Ballybawn, Co. Cork, presented to me by Mr. -Robert Day, F.S.A.</p> - -<p>A small celt of this character, from King’s County, now in the British -Museum, is only 2⅛ inches in length.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> -Fig. 28 shows a very common form of Irish celt, in this instance made -of bronze. The instruments of this type are in general nearly flat, and -without any marked central ridge, such as is to be observed more -frequently on the longer and narrower form, of which a remarkably small -specimen from the collection of Mr. R. Day, F.S.A., is shown in Fig. 29.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-062a.jpg" width="400" height="238" id="i62a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc400">Fig. 28.—North of Ireland. ½<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 29.—Ireland. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> -this case it will be seen that the blade tapers both ways from a low -central ridge. Others of these flat celts are in outline more like Fig. 20. -One such, in the museum of the Royal Irish Academy, is 12¼ inches long -by 8½ inches broad, and weighs nearly 5 lbs. One in the British Museum, -which, unfortunately, is somewhat imperfect, must have been of nearly -the same size. The usual length of the celts like Fig. 28 is from -4 to 6 inches. One from Greenmount, Castle Bellingham, Co. Louth, is -engraved in the <i>Archæological Journal</i>.<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-062b.jpg" width="300" height="370" id="i62b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc300">Fig. 30.—Tipperary. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Occasionally the flat surface is ornamented. An example of this kind -(7½ inches) is given in Fig. 30, from a specimen found in the county of -Tipperary,<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> and now in the British Museum. The surface has the patterns -punched in, and the angles between the faces and the sides are slightly -serrated. Some few Irish celts are slightly fluted on the face, like the -English specimen, Fig. 6.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-063.jpg" width="300" height="387" id="i63" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc300">Fig. 31.—Ireland. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Another ornamented celt of this class, from my own collection, is shown -in Fig. 31. On this the roughly worked pattern has been produced -by means of a long blunt punch, or possibly by the pane or narrow end -of a hammer; but it is far more probable that the former tool was -used than the latter. The two faces are nearly alike, and the sides have -been hammered so as to produce a central ridge along them.</p> - -<p>A large and highly ornamented flat celt in the collection of Canon -Greenwell, F.R.S., is shown in Fig. 32. The ornamentation on each -face is the same, and the sides have been hammered so as to produce a -succession of flat lozenges upon them. It was found near Connor, Co. -Antrim, with two others of nearly the same size, one of which was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> -scraped by the finder. The other is ornamented with a cross-hatched -border along the margins, and three narrow bands across the blade, one -cross-hatched, one of triangles alternately hatched and plain, and one with -vertical lines. Parallel with the cutting edge, which, however, has been -broken off in old times, is a curved band of alternate triangles, like that -across the centre of the blade. Much of the surface is grained by vertical -indentations, and the sides are ornamented like those of Fig. 4.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-064.jpg" width="300" height="479" id="i64" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc300">Fig. 32.—Connor. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>In the celts tapering in both directions from a slight transverse ridge, -the sides have often been “upset” by hammering, so as to produce a -thickening of the blade at the margins almost amounting to a flange. -Not unfrequently a pattern is produced upon the sides, as in Fig. 33, -where it will be seen that the median ridge along the sides is interrupted -at intervals by a series of flat lozenges. The faces of this instrument -below the ridge have been neatly hammered, so as to produce a kind of -grained surface not unlike that of French morocco leather. This specimen,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> -which is unusually large, was found near Clontarf, Co. Dublin. -The same kind of decoration occurs on the sides of many specimens in the -museum of the Royal Irish Academy.<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a></p> - -<p>The decoration of the faces often extends over the upper part of the -blade, though, when hafted, much of this was probably hidden. In -Fig. 34, borrowed from Wilde (Fig. 248), this peculiarity is well exhibited. -The sides have the long lozenges upon them, like those on the -celt last described.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-065.jpg" width="400" height="395" id="i65" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc400">Fig. 33.—Clontarf. ½<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 34.—Ireland. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>The beautiful specimen shown in Fig. 35 was presented to me by Mr. -Robert Day, F.S.A. The sides have in this case a kind of cable pattern -worked upon them. The ornamentation of the faces is remarkable as -having so many curved lines brought into it. The lower part of the blade -has two shallow flutings upon it, approximately parallel to the edge.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-066a.jpg" width="400" height="331" id="i66a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc400">Fig. 35.—Ireland. ½<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 36.—Trim. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>In the case of a celt of much the same form and size (7¼ inches), which -belonged to the late Rev. Thomas Hugo, F.S.A., and was at one time -thought to have been found in the Thames,<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> it is the upper part of the -blade that is decorated, and not the lower, which is left smooth.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-066b.jpg" width="400" height="245" id="i66b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc400">Fig. 37.—Ireland. ½<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 38.—Ireland. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>There -is no central ridge, but the upper part has a coarse lozenge pattern -hammered upon it, the centres of the lozenges being roughly hatched with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> -transverse lines. Possibly this roughening may have assisted to keep the -blade fast in the handle, though in producing it some artistic feeling was -brought to bear. There is little doubt of this instrument being of Irish -origin.</p> - -<p>Other celts, like Fig. 36, have the upper part of the blade plain and -the lower ornamented. This specimen was found at Trim, Co. Meath, and -is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. It will be observed that -even the cabled fluting of the sides ceases opposite the transverse ridge.</p> - -<p>In Figs. 37 and 38 are shown two more of these slightly flanged -ornamented celts. The first is in the museum of the Royal Irish Academy, -and has already been figured by Wilde (Fig. 298). The lower part of the -blade is fluted transversely with chevron patterns punched in along the -curved ridges. In the second, which was presented to me by Dr. Aquilla -Smith, M.R.I.A., there is a fairly well defined though but slightly projecting -curved stop-ridge, and the blade is decorated by boldly punched -lines, forming a pattern which a herald might describe as “per saltire -argent and azure.” The cable fluting on the sides is beautifully regular. -The Rev. G. W. Brackenridge, of Clevedon, possesses a longer specimen -(5⅜ inches), found at Tullygowan, near Gracehill, Co. Antrim, the faces of -which are ornamented with a nearly similar design. Canon Greenwell -has another example found at Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">The patterns punched upon the celts of this type show a great -variety of form, and not a little fertility of design in the ancient -artificers.<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a> Various combinations of chevron patterns are the most -frequent, though grained surfaces and straight lines like those on -Fig. 17 also frequently occur. Sir William Wilde describes them -as hammered, punched, engraved, or cast. Most of the patterns -were, however, produced by means of punches, though it is possible -that in some instances the other processes may have been used.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-067.jpg" width="500" height="96" id="i67" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"><span class="vh">—</span>Fig. 39.<span class="vh">———</span>Fig. 40.<span class="vh">————</span>Fig. 41.<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 42.<span class="vh">———</span>Fig. 43.</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Figs. 39 to 43, borrowed from Wilde (Figs. 286 to 290), show -some of the patterns full size. The punch most commonly -employed must have resembled a narrow and blunt chisel; but a -kind of centre-punch, producing a shallow round indentation, was -also employed, and possibly a somewhat curved punch like a blunt -gouge. In some cases the lines between the punched marks are, -according to Wilde, engraved. It is, however, a question whether -even the finest lines might not have been produced by a chisel used -after the manner of a punch. What were probably punches for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> -producing such patterns have been found in some English hoards, -as will subsequently be mentioned; and in the Fonderie de Larnaud, -Jura,<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> was a punch with an engrailed end for producing a -kind of “milled” mark, either in the mould or on the casting. -Another, with concentric circles, seems best adapted for impressing -the loam of the mould.</p> - -<p>Some few of the Irish ornamented celts have well-defined stop-ridges -like the English example, Fig. 51; but these will be more -in their place in the following chapter. One or two other forms -may, however, be here mentioned, though they approximate closely -to the chisels described in subsequent pages.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">One of these is shown in Fig. 44, the upper part of the blade of which -is, as will be seen, so narrow, and the instrument itself so small and light, -that it is a question whether it should not be regarded as a chisel or paring-tool -rather than as a hatchet. The blade tapers both ways, and the incipient -flange is more fully developed above the ridge than below. The -original was found at Armoy, Co. Antrim. It is much broader at the -cutting edge than the blade from Culham, Fig. 55, to which it is somewhat -allied.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-068.jpg" width="400" height="241" id="i68" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"><span class="vh">————</span>Fig. 44.—Armoy. ½<span class="vh">—————————</span> -Fig. 45.—Ireland. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> -<p>Another Irish form of celt, or possibly chisel, tapers in both directions -from a central transverse ridge, near which there are lateral projections -on the blade, as if to prevent its being driven into the handle. An -example of this kind, from the museum of the Royal Irish Academy, is -given in Fig. 45. There are nine or ten in that collection, and they vary -in length from about 3¾ to 8 inches. Others are in the British Museum, -one of which is more distinctly tanged than the figure, and the stops are -formed by the gradual widening out of the blade, which again contracts -with a similar curve, and once more widens out at the edge. This type -is also known in France. Other varieties of this form are described in -Chapter VII.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p> - -<p>A doubly tapering blade in the museum of the Royal Irish Academy, -shown in Fig. 46, has a slight stop-ridge on the face, and also expands -at the sides, though not to the same extent as the plain specimens just -mentioned. It is ornamented with straight and curved bands formed of -chevron patterns.</p> - -<p>A double-edged instrument, also in the museum of the Royal Irish -Academy, has a stop-ridge on one of the faces only, as shown in Fig. 47.</p> - -<p>An instrument of the same form, but with stops at the sides instead of -on the face, 4⅞ inches long, ⅝ inch broad at the edges, and about ¼ inch -thick, was found at Farley Heath, Surrey, and is now in the British -Museum.</p> - -<p>A Danish instrument of the same kind is figured by Worsaae.<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a></p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-069.jpg" width="400" height="345" id="i69" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"><span class="vh">————</span>Fig. 46.—Ireland. ½<span class="vh">———————</span> -Fig. 47.—Ireland. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> -<p>Flat celts of iron with lateral stops have been found in the cemetery at -Hallstatt, Austria, as well as winged palstaves and socketed celts of the -same metal.</p> - -<p>Some of the thin votive hatchets found at Dodona<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> are of the same form, -and are significant of such blades having been in actual use in Greece.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">In the next chapter are described the celts in which the side -flanges have become more fully developed, so as to form wings to -embrace and steady the handle, and the central ridge has grown -into a well-marked shoulder against which the end of the haft -could rest.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER IV.</h2> - -<p class="pch">WINGED CELTS AND PALSTAVES.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">To</span> any one who has examined an extensive collection of the -bronze instruments found in this country it will at once be -apparent that in the class of celts designed to be fixed in some -sort of haft, and not themselves socketed for the reception of a -handle, there is a wide range of form. Any attempt, however, to -divide them into well-marked classes is soon seen to be futile, as -there is found to be a gradual transition from what at first sight -appears to be a well-marked form into some other which presents -different characteristics. If, for instance, we take the side flanges -as a criterion, we find them ranging from a mere thickening on the -margins of the flat celts to well-developed flanges, extending along -nearly the whole blade; we then find them confined to the upper -part of the instrument, and in some cases of great lateral extent, -so as to be capable of being hammered over to form a kind of -semicircular socket on each side of the blade. In other cases we -find that the flanges have some part of their apparent projection -due to a diminution in the thickness of the portion of the blade -which lies between them. If we take as a criterion the stop-ridge, -as it has been termed, a projecting ridge for the purpose of -preventing the blade being driven too far into its wooden handle, -we find the ridge in a rudimentary form in the blades which taper -both ways; next as a slightly raised ridge or bead running across -the blade; then as a better-defined ridge, to which, at last, greater -development is given by a reduction in the thickness of the blade -above it. The presence or absence of a loop at the side is, no -doubt, a good differentiation, but as this is a mere minor accessory, -and two celts may be identical in other respects with the exception -of one being provided with a loop and the other being -without it, it does not materially assist in the classification of this -group of instruments, although for convenience’s sake it is best to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> -treat of the two varieties of form separately. An additional -reason for this may be found in the possibility that the loop was -a comparatively late invention, so that the palstaves provided -with it may be in some cases of later -date than those without it, though -the identity in the ornamentation of -some of the instruments of the two -classes, and the fact of their being -occasionally found together, are almost -conclusive as to their contemporaneity.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-071.jpg" width="200" height="604" id="i71" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc200"><span class="vh">——</span>Fig. 48.<span class="vh">–———</span>Fig. 49.<br /> -<span class="vh">——</span>Icelandic “Palstaves.”</p> -</div></div> - -<p>In the present chapter I propose -to treat of the celts with a stop-ridge, -of the winged celts, and of -those of the palstave form.</p> - -<p>The winged celts may be generally -described as those in which the -flanges are short and have a great -amount of lateral extension. When -these wings are hammered over so as -to form a kind of socket on each side -of the blade, one of the varieties -of the palstave form is the result. -The other and more common variety -of the palstave form has the portion -of the blade which lies between the -wings or side flanges and above the -stop-ridge cast thinner than the rest -of the blade, thus leaving a recess or -groove on each side into which the -handle fitted.</p> - -<p>I have already made frequent use -of the term palstave, and it will be -well here to make a few remarks -as to the origin and meaning of the -word. The term palstave, or more -properly paalstab, comes to us from -the Scandinavian antiquaries. Their -reason for adopting the term was that there is still in use in -Iceland a kind of narrow spade or spud, which is known by the -name of paalstab, and which somewhat resembles these bronze<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> -instruments. Woodcuts of two of these Icelandic palstaves are -given in the <i>Archæological Journal</i>,<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> from drawings communicated -to Mr. Yates by Councillor Thomsen, of Copenhagen. They -are here by permission reproduced. The derivation of the term -suggested in a note to the Journal is that <i>paal</i> comes from the -Icelandic verb <i>pula</i>, or <i>pala</i>, to labour, so that the word means the -“labouring staff.” But this appears to me erroneous. <i>Pul</i>, indeed, -signifies hard, laborious work; but <i>pæli</i> (<i>at pæla</i>) means to dig, and -<i>pall</i> (<i>conf.</i> Latin <i>pala</i> and French <i>pelle</i>) means a kind of spade or -shovel. The word, indeed, survives in the English language as <i>peel</i>, -the name of a kind of wooden shovel used by bakers for placing -loaves in the oven. The meaning of the term would appear, -then, to be rather “spade staff” than “labouring staff,” unless -the word labouring be used in the sense of the French <i>labourer</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. Thoms, in a note to his “Translation of Worsaae’s Primeval -Antiquities of Denmark,”<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a> says that the “term Paalstab was -formerly applied in Scandinavia and Iceland to a weapon used -for battering the shields of the enemy, as is shewn by passages in -the Sagas. Although not strictly applicable to the (bronze) -instruments in question, this designation is now so generally used -by the antiquaries of Scandinavia and Germany, that it seems -desirable, with the view of securing a fixed terminology, that it -should be introduced into the archæology of England.” The term -had already been used in 1848 in the “Guide to Northern -Archæology,”<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> edited by the Earl of Ellesmere, and has now, like -celt, become adopted into the English language.</p> - -<p>I have not been able to refer to the passage in the Sagas mentioned -as above by Mr. Thoms, but whatever may be the original -meaning of the word palstave, it is applied by northern antiquaries -to all the forms of celts with the exception of those of the -socketed type.<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a></p> - -<p>Among English antiquaries it has, I think, been used in a more -restricted sense. Professor Daniel Wilson<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> defines palstaves as -“wedges, more or less axe-shaped, having a groove on each side -terminating in a stop-ridge, and with lateral flanges destined to -secure a hold on the handle. The typical example, however, -which he engraves has neither groove nor stop-ridge, but is what -I should term a winged celt, like Fig. 56.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p> - -<p>In the present work I propose confining the term palstave to -the two varieties of form already mentioned; viz. the winged celts -which have their wings hammered over so as to form what may be -termed external sockets to the blade; and those with the portion -of the blade which lies between the side flanges and above the stop -thinner than that which is below.</p> - -<p>The first form, however, of which I have to treat is that of the -celts provided with a stop-ridge on each face. These are almost -always flanged celts.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">A fine specimen, with the stop-ridge consisting of a straight narrow -raised band across each face, and with a second curved band at some distance -below, is shown in Fig. 50. It was found at Wigton, Cumberland, -and is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. The face between -the two bands has a grained appearance given it by hammering. The -wings or side flanges are also faceted by the same process. In the same -collection is another blade (5¾ inches) of this form, with a small stop-ridge, -and having the lower part ornamented with vertical punched lines. The -sides have three facets, that in the centre ornamented in a similar manner. -This celt was found at Rougham, Norfolk. I have a sketch of another -(6¼ inches) found near Longtown, Cumberland, in 1860.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-073.jpg" width="300" height="393" id="i73" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc300">Fig. 50.—Wigton. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>I have a nearly similar specimen, but only 4⅞ inches long, from Stanton, -Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire. Another (5¾ inches) with only a slight -stop-ridge was found at Aynhoe,<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a> Northamptonshire, and is in the collection<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> -of Sir Henry Dryden. Fig. 51 shows a beautifully wrought and -highly decorated flanged celt, provided with a somewhat curved stop-ridge -connecting the two flanges. The two faces of the celt are ornamented -with an interlaced pattern produced by narrow dents, with a border of -chevrons along each margin punched into the metal. The flanges are -worked into three facets ornamented with diagonal grooves, and the -lower side of the stop-ridge has a moulding worked on it. This fine -example of an ornamented celt was found near Chollerford Bridge, -Northumberland, and is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-074.jpg" width="400" height="311" id="i74" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 51.—Chollerford Bridge. ½ -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 52.—Chatham. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>A somewhat similar but unornamented variety of instrument, partaking -more of the palstave character, is shown in Fig. 52. The original was -found in excavations at Chatham Dockyard, and is now in the British -Museum. As will be seen, the recess for the haft ends in a semicircular -stop-ridge.</p> - -<p>In Fig. 53 is shown a winged celt without stop-ridge found in Burwell -Fen, Cambridgeshire, and now in my own collection. The side flanges -or wings have been hammered into three facets, and are well developed. -The form of the blade is otherwise that of a flat celt, except that there is -a slight irregularity in the sweep of the sides, which results from the -hammering of the flanges. The form occurs occasionally in Ireland, and -one (4¼ inches) is figured by Wilde.<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> Winged celts of nearly the same -form, but provided with a stop-ridge, are occasionally found. One of -these in the British Museum, found at Bucknell, Herefordshire, is shown -in Fig. 54. The blade below the stop-ridge is 9/16 inch thick; above it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> -only ⅜ inch. A celt of much the same character (7¼ inches), found at -Wolvey, Warwickshire, is in the collection of Mr. M. H. Bloxam, F.S.A.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-075a.jpg" width="400" height="321" id="i75a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 53.—Burwell Fen. ½ -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 54.—Bucknell. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>The double curvature of the sides may be noticed in the narrow chisel-like -celt shown in Fig. 55. The blade in this instance tapers both ways -from a line just below the wings, but without there being -any actual stop-ridge; a third slope is produced by the -lower part of the blade having been drawn down by -hammering to form the edge. The original was found -at Culham, near Abingdon, Oxfordshire, and is in my -own collection.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-075b.jpg" width="150" height="311" id="i75b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc150">Fig. 55.—Culham. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>I have another specimen, 4½ inches long, and half -as wide again as the Culham chisel, which was found -near Dorchester, Oxon. The blade at the lower end -of the wings is an inch wide, but in the straight part -between that point and the edge only a little more -than ¾ inch wide.</p> - -<p>Although these instruments are so narrow that they -may be regarded as chisels rather than axes, yet from -their general character so closely resembling that of -Fig. 53, I have thought it best to insert them here.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">A Scotch example will be subsequently cited.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Another form of winged celt without stop-ridge is shown in Fig. 56. -In this the blade is flat, and the wings, which form triangular projections,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> -stand at right angles to it. Had they been hammered over to form -semicircular receptacles on each side of the blade the instrument would -have been more properly described as a palstave. It was found with -others near Reeth, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, and is in the collection -of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., where are also other specimens of this -type from Linden, Northumberland (5¼ inches); Brompton, N.R., Yorkshire -(5¼ inches); and Wolsingham, Durham (5⅜ inches).</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-076.jpg" width="400" height="337" id="i76" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 56.—Reeth. ½ -<span class="vh">—————</span> -Fig. 57.—Dorchester. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Fig. 57 shows a winged celt with a broad low stop-ridge. The part of -the blade above this is about ⅛ inch thinner than the part below, so that -though transitional in character it belongs to one of the classes to which -I would wish to restrict the term palstave. This specimen was found -near Dorchester, Oxfordshire, and is in my own collection.</p> - -<p>I have a nearly similar palstave (6 inches long) found in Wicken Fen, -Cambridgeshire. In this the blade below the stop-ridge is ½ inch thick, -and above it 5/16 inch. In this as well as in that from Dorchester the stop-ridge -is well below the level of the side flanges. In one found on -Hollingbury Hill,<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> near Brighton, and now in the British Museum, the -stop-ridge is nearly on the same level as the side flanges. It was found -in the year 1825, together with four looped armillæ, a torque, and three -spiral rings, which are said to have been arranged in a symmetrical -manner in a depression dug in the chalk. Both the torque and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> -palstave were broken; and it is thought that this was done intentionally, -at the time of the interment.</p> - -<p>A similar discovery is recorded as having been made in 1794 on the -Quantock Hills, when two large torques were found, within each of which -was placed a palstave. In this case, however, these instruments were of -the looped kind.</p> - -<p>Winged celts of the type of Fig. 57 are of not unfrequent occurrence -in Ireland, though the stop-ridge is usually less fully developed.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-077.jpg" width="200" height="350" id="i77" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc200">Fig. 58.—Colwick. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>They also occur in France. One from Jonquières<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a> (Oise) has been -figured. I have a good specimen (6¼ inches) from the Seine at Paris. -The wings are rather wider and the -stop-ridge better defined than in the -figure. One from Gasny is in the -Museum at Evreux.</p> - -<p>There are several in the Göttingen -Museum, from a hoard found in that -neighbourhood.</p> - -<p>Usually the stop-ridge is nearly on -the same level as the part of the side -flanges on which it abuts, as will be -seen in Fig. 58. This specimen was -found in the gravel of the Trent at -Colwick, near Nottingham, and is in -my own collection. The blade immediately -below the stop is fluted, and -the bottom of this fluting tapers somewhat -in the contrary direction to the -tapering of the blade. The junction -of the fluting and the face produces -an elliptic ridge of elegant outline. -The blade is ⅝ inch thick at this ridge, -but above the stop-ridge barely ⅜ inch. -It is rather thinner near the stop-ridge -than somewhat higher up, so -that the blade would be as it were -dovetailed into the handle, if tightly -tied to it. I have specimens of much -the same type from Attleborough, Norfolk -(6⅜ inches), Newbury, Berks (6¾ inches), and Hay, Brecknockshire -(7⅛ inches). A curious variety of this type found at Monach-ty-gwyn,<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a> -near Aberdovey, has on the bottom of one of the recesses for the handle -a number of sunk diagonal lines crossing each other so as to form a kind -of lattice pattern. It seems to me that though this cross-hatching occurs -on only one face of the palstave, it was intended rather as a means of -giving it a grip on the handle than as an ornament, for when hafted this -part of the instrument must have been concealed by the wood. Mr. -Barnwell, however, regards it in the light of an ornament.</p> - -<p>Plain palstaves of this character are of not unfrequent occurrence in -the North of France. I have one from a hoard found at Bernay, near -Abbeville. With it were palstaves of different varieties, but none of -them provided with loops. The form also occurs occasionally in Holland.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p> - -<p>In the palstave engraved as Fig. 59, the half-oval ornament below the -stop-ridge is preserved, but there is a raised bead round it. There is also -a slight median ridge running down the blade. The joint of the two -moulds in which it was cast can be traced upon the sides of the instrument, -and it appears as if one of the moulds had been somewhat deeper -than the other. The original was found at Barrington, near Cambridge, -and is in my own collection. I have other specimens of the same type, -and of nearly the same size, from Swaffham Fen, Cambridge; and from -Dorchester, Oxfordshire. The semi-elliptical ridge on the latter is larger -and flatter than in that figured. The same is the case in a large specimen -(6½ inches long) from Weston, near Ross, also in my own collection.</p> - -<p>I have seen others from the Fens, near Ely (6½ inches), and from Mildenhall -(6¼ inches), in the collections of Mr. Marshall Fisher, of Ely, and the -Rev. S. Banks, of Cottenham, near Cambridge. Another (5½ inches) -from the Carlton Rode find is in the Museum at Norwich.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-078.jpg" width="400" height="309" id="i78" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 59.—Barrington. ½ -<span class="vh">—————</span> -Fig. 60.—Harston. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>One from North Wales<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a> (7¼ inches), in an unfinished state, is in the -British Museum. Another (6⅜ inches) from Llanfyllin,<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> Montgomeryshire, -is also of nearly this type. One from North Tyne (6½ inches), in the -Newcastle Museum, has two of the looped ridges one below the other on -each face. In this type and in that subsequently described the ridge at -the sides of the semi-elliptical ornament sometimes dies into the upper -part of the blade. The variety like Fig. 59 is also abundant in the North -of France. There were two or three in the hoard from Bernay, near -Abbeville, and I have one from the neighbourhood of Lille.</p> - -<p>In Fig. 60 the same general type is preserved, but there is a vertical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> -rib running down the middle of the semi-elliptical ornament below the -stop; and the median ridge along the upper part of the blade is more fully -developed. In this specimen, which is in my own collection, and was -found at Harston, near Cambridge, there is an attempt at ornamentation -along the sides, the angles of the blade having been hammered in such -a manner as to produce a series of small pointed oval facets along them.</p> - -<p>I have other specimens of the same type, but without the ornamentation -on the sides, from Burwell, Quy, and Reach Fens, near Cambridge, -6 inches, 5⅞ inches, and 6¾ inches long respectively. In that from Burwell -there is no median ridge below the ornament. Canon Greenwell has -one which was found with three others, one of them with a loop, near -Wantage, Berks.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-079.jpg" width="200" height="281" id="i79" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc200">Fig. 61.—Shippey. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>A rather peculiar variety of this type (6¾ inches), found in Anglesea,<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> -has been figured, as well as another -from Pendinas Hill,<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a> near Aberystwith.</p> - -<p>In palstaves of this class there -is often a slight projection on each -of the sides a little below the level -of the stop-ridge. Below this projection -the sides are usually more -carefully hammered and planished -than above it.</p> - -<p>In a narrow palstave of this class, -found at Freeland, near Witney, -Oxfordshire, there are three short -ridges at the bottom of each of the -recesses for the handle, like those -in a palstave from Newbury, subsequently -described. These were -probably designed to assist in -steadying the handle.</p> - -<p>A palstave (7¼ inches) from Cynwyd,<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a> -Merionethshire, appears to -be of this type.</p> - -<p>An instrument of this type from -Les Andelys<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> (Eure) has been -figured. Another, with the vertical -rib in the shield, from a hoard -found in Normandy, has been engraved by the Abbé Cochet.<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a> Some -from the Bernay hoard have a similar ornament.</p> - -<p>On some palstaves of this class there is a series of vertical ribs within -the semi-elliptical loop, as will be seen in Fig. 61. This is taken from a -specimen found at Shippey, near Ely, which is in the collection of Mr. -Marshall Fisher of Ely, who has kindly allowed me to engrave it. I have -one from Bottisham, near Cambridge (6¾ inches), on which there is a -smaller vertical ridge, on each side of the central ridge, within the ornament. -One from Snettisham, Norfolk (6⅛ inches), like that from Shippey,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> -is in the Norwich Museum. Another from Lakenheath, Suffolk (5¾ -inches), is in the collection of Mr. James Carter of Cambridge.</p> - -<p>A palstave with this ornament is in the Museum at Soissons.</p> - -<p>The type is also found in Northern Germany.<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a></p> - -<p>In some cases these vertical lines below the stop-ridge are not enclosed -in any loop. In Fig. 62 is shown an example of the kind from a specimen -in my own collection found in the Severn, near Wainlodes Hill, -Gloucester. It has a slight rib down the middle of the blade. One of -the same class (6¼ inches), with four vertical stripes, found on Clayton -Hill, Sussex, is in the collection of Mrs. Dickinson of Hurstpierpoint; -four others (about 6½ inches long), with five short vertical ridges, were -found with two of the type of Fig. 63 in making the railway near -Bognor, and are now in the Blackmore Museum at Salisbury.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-080.jpg" width="400" height="348" id="i80" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 62.—Severn. ½ -<span class="vh">——————</span> -Fig. 63.—Sunningwell. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Another, apparently of the same type, found near Brighton, is engraved -in the <i>Sussex Archæological Collections</i>.<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a></p> - -<p>Another variety, having nearly the same general form, but no elliptical -ridge below the stop, is shown in Fig. 63, engraved from a specimen in -my own collection, found at Sunningwell, near Abingdon. The end of -the recess for the handle is somewhat rounded, and there is a well-marked -central rib running down the blade. At the upper part, near the stop-ridge,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> -there are also slight side flanges. The metal in the recess for the -handle is thinnest near the stop, so as to be somewhat dovetailing.</p> - -<p>This is markedly the case in a fine example of the same type (6½ inches) -with the <i>provenance</i> of which I am unacquainted. In another, also in my -own collection, found at Newbury, Berks, the side flanges of the blade -are continued almost down to the edge, and the bottom as well as the end -of the recess for the handle is rounded. Near the end of the recess are -some slight longitudinal ribs, one on one face and two on the other, -perhaps designed to assist in steadying the handle. The mouldings -along the sides of the blade are often much more fully developed, like -those on Fig. 77.</p> - -<p>Palstaves of this type have been obtained from the following localities: -from South Cerney,<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> near Cirencester; from the mouth of the River -Wandle,<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> in Surrey, now preserved in the British Museum; from Bucks<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> -(6 inches long), also in the British Museum; from Chichester;<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> Astley,<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a> -Worcestershire; Llangwyllog,<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a> Anglesea (6¼ inches); from near Bognor,<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a> -Billingshurst,<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> and Iford,<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> Sussex; and Lovehayne,<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a> near Broad Down, -Devon (5⅛ inches); where several appear to have been found in the rough -state in which they came from the mould. I have an example from the -neighbourhood of Penzance.</p> - -<p>One (6¾ inches) found near Ashford, Kent, is in the Mayer Collection -at Liverpool. One of the same kind was found with a hammer, a tanged -chisel, broken spear-heads, and rough metal, in Burgesses’ Meadow, -Oxford. The hoard is now in the Ashmolean Museum. In three -palstaves of this kind found in the parishes of Llandrinio,<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> and Caersws, -Montgomeryshire, and St. Harmon, Radnorshire, there is a hole in the -metal between the two recesses for the handle just above the -stop-ridge. It has been thought by Professor Westwood that these holes were connected -with the manner of fastening the instrument to its haft, but it -appears to me much more likely that they arise from accidental defects -in casting. This is certainly the case with two specimens of my own, -which also have holes through the same part of the instrument, where the -metal is thin.</p> - -<p>One (5 inches), rather narrower in the blade than the figure, found near -Longford, Ireland, is in the Blackmore Museum at Salisbury.</p> - -<p>Palstaves with a central and two lateral ribs on the blade are of not -unfrequent occurrence on the Continent, especially in the North of France. -I have examples much like the figure found in the hoard at Bernay, near -Abbeville. Others, much narrower in the blade, have been discovered in -large numbers in the North-west of France.</p> - -<p>German examples have been figured by Lindenschmit.<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a></p> - -<p>In another variety the blade is nearly flat, having only a broad protuberant -ridge extending along the upper part to the stop. A palstave of -this kind, found near Winfrith, Weymouth, Dorset, is shown in Fig. 64. -In this, the metal between the side flanges tapers towards the top of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> -instrument, instead of being of nearly even thickness, as is often the case, -or thinnest near the stop-ridge, as it is sometimes. Close to the stop the -metal is ½ inch thick, while at the top of the recess it comes to a nearly -sharp edge. A palstave of this character was found on Kingston Hill,<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> -Surrey, near Cæsar’s Camp.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-082.jpg" width="400" height="331" id="i82" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 64.—Weymouth. ½ -<span class="vh">—————</span> -Fig. 65.—Burwell Fen. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>In a specimen found at Winwick,<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a> Lancashire, the blade below the stop-ridge -appears to be nearly flat. A broad flat ring of bronze, 1¾ inch in -diameter (Fig. 188), was found at the same time. It has been thought -that this was attached to the shaft to prevent its splitting. A palstave -much like that from Winwick was found at Chagford, Devon, and is in -the possession of Mr. G. W. Ormerod, F.G.S. Another (6½ inches), from -Ashford, Kent, is in the Mayer Collection at Liverpool. Another of these -plain palstaves, found near Llanidan,<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a> Anglesea, with one of the looped -kind somewhat like Fig. 76, is engraved in the <i>Archæologia Cambrensis</i>.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">I have a palstave of nearly the same form, but with a more -clearly defined semi-conical bracket below the stop, which was -found at Masseyck, on the frontiers of Belgium and Holland.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">A short and thick form of palstave is shown in Fig. 65, engraved -from a specimen found in Burwell Fen, Cambridge. On one of its faces<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> -it has the semi-elliptical ornament, with one vertical rib in it, below the -stop-ridge. On the other there are five ribs instead of one within the -ornament.</p> - -<p>I have another from Bottisham Fen (4⅜ inches), not quite so heavy in -its make, and perfectly flat below the stop-ridge. The ends of the recess -for the handle are somewhat undercut, so as to keep the wood close to the -blade when a blow was struck.</p> - -<p>The shortened proportions of these instruments are probably due to -wear. In this instance it is not improbable that the cutting end of the -original palstave has been broken off, and the blunt end that was left has -been again drawn to an edge by hammering.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-083.jpg" width="400" height="293" id="i83" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 66.—East Harnham. ½ -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 67.—Burwell Fen. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>A form of palstave without any ornament below the stop-ridge is shown -in Fig. 66. This specimen was found in 1846 at East Harnham, near -Salisbury, and is now in my own collection. The thickness of the blade -below the stop is nearly ½ inch, above it but little more than ⅛ inch. The -sides are remarkably flat.</p> - -<p>One, only 2½ inches long, merely recessed for the handle, found at -Chatham Hill, Kent, is in the Mayer Collection at Liverpool.</p> - -<p>This plain form with a square stop-ridge is found in France and in -Western Germany.</p> - -<p>A long chisel-like form of palstave is shown in Fig. 67, engraved -from a specimen in my own collection found in Burwell Fen, Cambridge. -It is ornamented with a semi-elliptical projecting ridge below the stop. -The flanges at the sides of the recess have some notches running diagonally -into them, so as to form a kind of barb, such as would prevent the blade -from being drawn away from the handle when bound to it by a cord.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-084a.jpg" width="200" height="414" id="i84a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc200">Fig. 68.—Thames. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-084b.jpg" width="150" height="277" id="i84b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc150">Fig. 69.—Stibbard. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>I have another nearly similar tool, also from the Cambridge Fens, but -without any barbs. In a third, from the neighbourhood of Dorchester,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> -Oxon, there are neither barbs at the sides nor any ornament below the -stop-ridge. I have seen another of the -same character (4½ inches) which was -found at Wolsonbury, Sussex, and is -in the collection of Mrs. Dickinson. -Another (4¾ inches), found in the -Thames at Kingston, Surrey, is in the -Museum of the Society of Antiquaries. -I have seen another (6⅝ inches), found -at Sutton, near Woodbridge, Suffolk, -in which there was a tongue-shaped -groove below the stop-ridge, like that -on the socketed celt, Fig. 148, but -single instead of double.</p> - -<p>The Rev. James Beck, F.S.A.,<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a> has -a palstave of this kind 6 inches long -and 1¼ inch wide at the edge, with a -projecting rib below the stop-ridge -and also in the recess above. It was -found at Westburton Hill, near Bignor, -Sussex. There are depressions -on each side of the rib below the -stop, forming an ornament like that -on Fig. 81.</p> - -<p>A narrow palstave, apparently of the -same character, found at Windsor,<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a> -is engraved by Stukeley.</p> - -<p>A very beautiful narrow palstave, -found in the Thames, and now in the -collection of General A. Pitt Rivers, -F.R.S., is shown in Fig. 68. As will -be seen, the angles are ornamented -with a kind of milling, and the sides -are also decorated with zigzag and -chevron patterns.</p> - -<p>In Fig. 69 is shown an unfinished casting for a -palstave of unusually small size, which formed -part of the great hoard found at Stibbard,<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a> Norfolk. -About seventy such castings were found, and about -ten castings for spear-heads (see Fig. 407).</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-085a.jpg" width="150" height="344" id="i85a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc150">Fig. 70.<br />Irthington. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>The form of palstave with the side wings or -flanges hammered over so as to form a kind of -semicircular socket on either side of the blade, is -of rare occurrence in Britain, and is usually provided -with a loop. In Canon Greenwell’s collection -is one (7 inches) without any ornament below the -square stop-ridge, with the side wings slightly -hammered over. It was found with others (with -and without loops), together with a mould for -palstaves (Fig. 527), at Hotham Carr, Yorkshire, -E. R.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> - -<p>In a hoard of about sixty bronze objects found at Westow,<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a> about -twelve miles from York on the Scarborough Road, was one palstave of -this kind, like Fig. 85, but without a loop, and about thirty socketed celts, -six gouges, a socketed chisel, two tanged chisels, and -numerous fragments of metal, including some jets or -runners broken off castings.</p> - -<p>The type is of common occurrence in Austria, South Germany, -and the South of France.</p> - -<p>Palstaves of the adze form, or having the blade at right -angles to the septum between the flanges, are but very -seldom found in Britain. A small specimen from the -collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., is shown in Fig. 70. -It was found at Irthington, Cumberland.</p> - -<p>Another, from North Owersby, Lincolnshire, in the same -collection, is shown in Fig. 71. It has a remarkably narrow -chisel-like blade.</p> - -<p>Irish examples will be subsequently cited.</p> - -<p>I have, in Fig. 72, engraved for comparison a larger -specimen in my own collection, which came from the Valley -of the Rhine, near Bonn. One from Baden<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a> is figured by Lindenschmit.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-085b.jpg" width="400" height="344" id="i85b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 71.—North Owersby. ½ -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 72.—Bonn. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Others have been found near Landshut,<a name="FNanchor_286_286" id="FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a> Bavaria, and in the Rhine -district.<a name="FNanchor_287_287" id="FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a> One with a loop, from Hesse,<a name="FNanchor_288_288" id="FNanchor_288_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a> is engraved by Lindenschmit.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> -A long and narrow example of this type<a name="FNanchor_289_289" id="FNanchor_289_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a> was found at Villeder, near -Ploërmel, Morbihan, and has been figured by Simonin. There are specimens -in the museums at Rouen and Tours. Some have a loop on one -face. A specimen from Escoville is in the museum at Caen. Several with -and without loops have been found in the Swiss lake-dwellings,<a name="FNanchor_290_290" id="FNanchor_290_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a> the -type being termed the Hache Troyon by Desor.<a name="FNanchor_291_291" id="FNanchor_291_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a></p> - -<p>A beautiful palstave of the same character is preserved in the Antiken -Cabinet at Vienna. Its sides are ornamented with four small sets of concentric -circles and a pattern of dotted lines, punched in after the instrument -was fashioned. The form has also been found in Italy.<a name="FNanchor_292_292" id="FNanchor_292_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a></p> - -<p>Palstaves without loops, but of which no detailed description is given, -are recorded to have been found at the following places:—The Thames,<a name="FNanchor_293_293" id="FNanchor_293_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a> -near Kingston; Drewsteignton,<a name="FNanchor_294_294" id="FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a> Devonshire; Cundall Manor,<a name="FNanchor_295_295" id="FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a> North -Riding, Yorkshire; Aspatria,<a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a> Cumberland; Ackers Common,<a name="FNanchor_297_297" id="FNanchor_297_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a> near -Warrington, Lancashire; Bushbury,<a name="FNanchor_298_298" id="FNanchor_298_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a> Brewood, Handsworth, and a -barrow on Morridge, Staffordshire; near Llanvair Station,<a name="FNanchor_299_299" id="FNanchor_299_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a> Rhos-y-gad, -Anglesea.</p> - -<p>Palstaves of which it is not specified whether they were provided with -a loop or no, have been found in the Thames,<a name="FNanchor_300_300" id="FNanchor_300_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a> near London; the old -River, Sleaford,<a name="FNanchor_301_301" id="FNanchor_301_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a> Lincolnshire; Canada Wharf,<a name="FNanchor_302_302" id="FNanchor_302_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_302_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a> Rotherhithe; Wolvey,<a name="FNanchor_303_303" id="FNanchor_303_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_303_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a> -Warwickshire; and near Corbridge,<a name="FNanchor_304_304" id="FNanchor_304_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a> Glamorganshire (?).</p> - -<p>Plain palstaves without loops have frequently occurred with other forms -of instruments in hoards of bronze objects. The following instances may -be cited. Several were found with unfinished socketed celts, fragments of -swords and spears, a socketed chisel, and lumps of metal, at Romford,<a name="FNanchor_305_305" id="FNanchor_305_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a> -Essex. At Nettleham,<a name="FNanchor_306_306" id="FNanchor_306_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a> near Lincoln, one was found with looped palstaves, -socketed celts, spear-heads, and a tube, most of which will be mentioned -in subsequent pages. In the hoard at Battlefield,<a name="FNanchor_307_307" id="FNanchor_307_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a> near Shrewsbury, -a palstave without loop, a flat wedge-shaped celt, and three curious -curved objects were found together. Other instances are given in -Chapter XXII.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">The palstaves which are provided with a loop on one side -present as many varieties as those without the loop. The same -character of ornamentation occurs on the instruments of both -classes. Indeed, for some length of time both forms appear to -have been contemporaneous and in use together.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Some of them are, however, entirely devoid of ornament, as will be -seen from Fig. 73. This represents a palstave in my own collection -found near Dorchester, Oxfordshire. The loop has unfortunately been -broken off. At the stop the metal is 1¼ inch thick, but the diaphragm<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> -between the two recesses for the haft is only ⅜ inch thick. This specimen -is shorter than usual in the blade, which not improbably has been considerably -worn away by use.</p> - -<p>A somewhat larger instrument, but of precisely the same type, found -at Ramsbury,<a name="FNanchor_308_308" id="FNanchor_308_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_308_308" class="fnanchor">[308]</a> Wilts, is engraved in the Salisbury volume of the Archæological -Institute. The Rev. James Beck, F.S.A., has one (6¼ inches) of -narrower proportions, found at Pulborough,<a name="FNanchor_309_309" id="FNanchor_309_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_309_309" class="fnanchor">[309]</a> Sussex. I have seen -another from near Wallingford, Berks. -Stukeley has engraved a somewhat similar -palstave found near Windsor.<a name="FNanchor_310_310" id="FNanchor_310_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_310_310" class="fnanchor">[310]</a></p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-087.jpg" width="200" height="268" id="i87" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc200">Fig. 73.—Dorchester. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>In some the bottom of the recesses, -instead of being square, is rounded more -or less like Fig. 52, and there is a projecting -bead round its margin. I have -a narrow specimen of this kind 5⅝ inches -long and 1⅛ inch broad at the edge, -found in the neighbourhood of Dorchester, -Oxon.</p> - -<p>A number of palstaves of this kind -were discovered in 1861 at Wilmington,<a name="FNanchor_311_311" id="FNanchor_311_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_311_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a> -Sussex, in company with socketed celts, -fragments of two daggers, and a mould -for socketed celts. The whole of these -are now in the Lewes Museum.</p> - -<p>In the hoard found near Guilsfield,<a name="FNanchor_312_312" id="FNanchor_312_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_312_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a> -Montgomeryshire, were some instruments -of this kind, associated with -socketed celts, gouges, swords, scabbards, -spear-heads, &c. Others from Stretton,<a name="FNanchor_313_313" id="FNanchor_313_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_313_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a> Staffordshire (5¼ inches), -and Lancashire<a name="FNanchor_314_314" id="FNanchor_314_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_314_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a> (5½ inches) are engraved, though badly, in the <i>Archæologia</i>. -Two others of this character (5 inches) were found on Hangleton -Down,<a name="FNanchor_315_315" id="FNanchor_315_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a> near Brighton, and another at Glangwnny,<a name="FNanchor_316_316" id="FNanchor_316_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a> near Caernarvon.</p> - -<p>I have seen others found at Sutton, near Woodbridge, Suffolk.</p> - -<p>A larger example of the same type, found near Wallingford, and communicated -to me by Mr. H. A. Davy, is shown in Fig. 74. In this the -blade is flat and without ornament. The short specimen shown in Fig. 73 -may originally have resembled this; as such instruments must have -been liable to break, and would then have been drawn out and sharpened -in a curtailed condition; or if not broken would become eventually -“stumped up” by wear. In the British Museum and elsewhere are -many palstaves and celts which have been worn almost to the stump by -resharpening.</p> - -<p>Nearly thirty palstaves, mostly, I believe, of this type, were found with -about twelve socketed celts, like Fig. 116, and lumps of rough metal, -near Worthing, in 1877. The whole had been packed in an urn, of -coarse earthenware.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p> - -<p>Looped palstaves of the type of Fig. 74 are occasionally found in -Ireland. One with a small bead running down the centre of the blade -found in West Meath is engraved in the <i>Archæologia</i>.<a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a></p> - -<p>One from Grenoble,<a name="FNanchor_318_318" id="FNanchor_318_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_318_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a> Isère, is engraved by Chantre.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-088.jpg" width="400" height="359" id="i88" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 74.—Wallingford. ½ -<span class="vh">———</span> - Fig. 75.—Stanton Harcourt. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Some palstaves of much the same general character have a median -ridge, occasionally almost amounting to a rib, running down the blade -below the stop. One of this kind from Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire, is -shown in Fig. 75. On the face of the recess there are some slightly -raised ribs running down to the stop, which are not shown in the cut. -Two (6¾ inches) were found near Bolton Percy, Yorkshire, one of which -is in Canon Greenwell’s collection, and the other in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>Mr. John Brent, F.S.A., has an example of nearly the same type from -Blean, near Canterbury. Another from Buckland, near Dover (6¼ inches), -is in the Mayer Collection at Liverpool. One from Ombersley,<a name="FNanchor_319_319" id="FNanchor_319_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a> Worcestershire, -appears to be of the same kind. I have also a large specimen -(6⅞ inches) from Bottisham, Cambridge.</p> - -<p>In the palstave engraved as Fig. 76, the central rib down the blade is -much more fully developed. It was found at Brassington, near Wirksworth, -Derbyshire, and is in my own collection. It is considerably undercut -at the stop, so as to keep the handle pressed against the central -diaphragm of metal.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p> - -<p>A palstave of the same character from Llanidan,<a name="FNanchor_320_320" id="FNanchor_320_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_320_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a> Anglesea, has been -figured. It is said to have been found with another without a loop. -Another from Boston,<a name="FNanchor_321_321" id="FNanchor_321_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a> Lincolnshire, is engraved in the <i>Archæologia</i>. -Others with the ribs very distinct were found in a hoard at Wallington, -Northumberland, and are in the possession of Sir Charles Trevelyan.</p> - -<p>I have seen others of the same general character which were found at -Downton, near Salisbury (5¾ inches), and at Aston le Walls, Northamptonshire.</p> - -<p>One with a narrower and more distinct midrib, found at Nymegen, -Guelderland, Holland, is in the museum at Leyden.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-089.jpg" width="400" height="325" id="i89" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 76.—Brassington. ½ -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 77.—Bath. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>In Fig. 77 is shown another variety which has two beads running down -the sides of the blade, in addition to the central rib. I bought this specimen -at Bath, but I do not know where it was discovered. It is much like one -which was found on the Quantock Hills,<a name="FNanchor_322_322" id="FNanchor_322_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a> in Somersetshire, and is engraved -in the <i>Archæologia</i>. The side flanges are, however, in that case more -lozenge-shaped, and project to obtuse points about half an inch above -the stop. Two palstaves and two torques were on that occasion found -buried together, as has already been mentioned. One of the same type -(5¾ inches) from Elsham, Lincolnshire, is in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>One of narrower form (6⅛ inches) but of the same character, found -with socketed celts (some of them octagonal at the neck) at Haxey, Lincolnshire, -is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span></p> - -<p>I have another of the same type, but imperfect, which was found with -a plain bronze bracelet, and what from the description must have been a -small ribbon-like gold torque, at Winterhay Green, near Ilminster. I -have a smaller specimen (5 inches) from the Cambridge Fens.</p> - -<p>The unfinished casting for a palstave of the type Fig. 77 (5½ inches) -was found with four looped palstaves, and one without a loop, and a -spear-head like Fig. 409 at Sherford,<a name="FNanchor_323_323" id="FNanchor_323_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a> near Taunton, in 1879. Some of -the palstaves have a raised inverted chevron below the stop-ridge by -way of ornament.</p> - -<p>Palstaves of the same character, but without the loop, have already -been described under Fig. 63. The looped type, like Fig. 77, occurs also -in Ireland.<a name="FNanchor_324_324" id="FNanchor_324_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_324_324" class="fnanchor">[324]</a></p> - -<p>In the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of London is a heavy -narrow looped palstave (8 inches by 2 inches) with this ornamentation, -found in Spain.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-090.jpg" width="200" height="344" id="i90" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc200">Fig. 78.—Oldbury Hill. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>The central rib running down the blade is in many cases connected with -some ornament below the stop-ridge. The ornament consists usually of -raised ribs, either straight and converging, -as on Fig. 78, or curved so as to -form a semi-elliptical or shield-shaped -loop, as on Fig. 79.</p> - -<p>The original of Fig. 78 was found on -Oldbury Hill, Much Marcle, Herefordshire, -and is in my own collection. I -have a smaller example of the same type -(5⅜ inches) found at Hammerton, Huntingdonshire, -as well as one from the -Cambridge Fens (6 inches).</p> - -<p>One (6¾ inches) found at Danesfield,<a name="FNanchor_325_325" id="FNanchor_325_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_325_325" class="fnanchor">[325]</a> -near Bangor, has been figured. I have -seen one found near Chelmsford (6¾ -inches) with much the same ornament. -One (6¼ inches) in the Museum of the -Society of Antiquaries, found in Northamptonshire, -has the middle rib large, -and the converging ribs much slighter. -There are some which have only a slight -central ridge on the blade, and are ornamented -with an indented chevron below -the stop-ridge. I have one such from -the Cambridge Fens, and I have seen -one (6½ inches) which was found at -Broomswell, near Woodbridge, Suffolk.</p> - -<p>A palstave of this character 6 inches long, found near the Upper -Woodhouse Farm, Knighton, Radnorshire, is engraved in the <i>Archæologia -Cambrensis</i>.<a name="FNanchor_326_326" id="FNanchor_326_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a> The loop, owing to a defect in casting, is filled with metal. -Six others (6 inches long), apparently of the same character, were found -with some rough castings of flanged celts at Rhosnesney,<a name="FNanchor_327_327" id="FNanchor_327_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_327_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a> near Wrexham.</p> - -<p>Two others (6 inches) were found with a chisel and a spear-head, like<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> -Fig. 407, at Broxton, Cheshire, and are in the collection of Sir P. de -M. Grey Egerton, Bart.</p> - -<p>The type is found upon the continent. One from Normandy<a name="FNanchor_328_328" id="FNanchor_328_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_328_328" class="fnanchor">[328]</a> has been -engraved by the Abbé Cochet. I have an example from the neighbourhood -of Abbeville.</p> - -<p>One from near Giessen, in the museum at Darmstadt, is figured by -Lindenschmit.<a name="FNanchor_329_329" id="FNanchor_329_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_329_329" class="fnanchor">[329]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-091.jpg" width="400" height="289" id="i91" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 79.—Ross. ½ -<span class="vh">———————</span> -Fig. 80.—Honington. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>That with the shield-shaped ornament below the stop-ridge, shown in -Fig. 79, is in my own collection, and was found near Ross. The central -rib runs only part of the way up the shield. In a specimen from the -Cambridge Fens (5⅝ inches) it stops short on joining the ridge forming the -shield.</p> - -<p>In others it forms a heraldic pale running through the shield, as in five -found at Waldron,<a name="FNanchor_330_330" id="FNanchor_330_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_330_330" class="fnanchor">[330]</a> Sussex.</p> - -<p>A smaller variety, in which the vertical rib does not extend into the -shield, is shown in Fig. 80. This specimen was found at Honington, -Suffolk.</p> - -<p>In some the shield-shaped ornament consists of merely two triangular -depressions. A palstave of this class, rather narrow at the stop-ridge, and -with almost triangular blade, is shown in Fig. 81. The original, which -is of more yellow metal than ordinary, was found in the neighbourhood of -Ely, and is in the collection of Mr. Marshall Fisher, who has kindly -allowed me to figure it. In one such from Downton, near Salisbury, in -the Blackmore Museum, the faces of the diaphragm between the recesses -for the handle have raised ridges or ribs running along nearly the whole<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> -length, five on one face and six on the other. These are longer than in -the Nottingham specimen shortly to be mentioned.</p> - -<p>In one found at Hotham Carr (5¾ inches), Yorkshire, and now in -Canon Greenwell’s collection, there is a bead running down the blade -between the two depressions.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-092.jpg" width="400" height="325" id="i92" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 81.—Ely. ½ -<span class="vh">——————</span> -Fig. 82.—Bottisham. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>This shield-shaped ornament below the stop-ridge is well shown in a -palstave from Bottisham Lode, Cambridge, engraved as Fig. 82. What -may be called the field of the shield is on one face nearly flat; on the -other there are indentations on either side of the central ridge. As will -be seen, the extremities of the cutting edge are recurved, both in this and -the specimen from Ross shown in Fig. 79. It does not, however, appear that -the instruments were originally cast in this form, but the wide segmental -edge, together with the recurved ends, seem to be the result of a constant -hammering out of the blade, in order to renew or harden the edge. -Though the hammer was thus freely used, the whetstone was employed -both to polish the sides of the blade and to perfect the cutting edge.</p> - -<p>I have a French palstave found near Abbeville, almost identical with -this in size and form. The shield ornament is, however, replaced by two -triangular depressions with a rib left between them, like that on Fig. 81.</p> - -<p>In some specimens the ornamentation consists of a greater or less -number of parallel ribs below the stop-ridge, as in that from Nettleham,<a name="FNanchor_331_331" id="FNanchor_331_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_331_331" class="fnanchor">[331]</a> -Lincolnshire, shown in Fig. 83. With this were found two others and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> -a fourth without loop, two peculiar socketed celts, two spear-heads, and a -ferrule, which will be subsequently mentioned. They are now in the -British Museum.</p> - -<p>A nearly similar discovery was made in 1860 near Nottingham,<a name="FNanchor_332_332" id="FNanchor_332_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a> where -a palstave was found similarly ornamented, but also having three ribs on -the diaphragm above the stop-ridge. It was accompanied by sixteen -socketed celts, four spear-heads, a tanged knife, fragments of swords, a -ferrule, &c.</p> - -<p>In Mr. Brackstone’s collection was a palstave of the same type, found -near Ulleskelf,<a name="FNanchor_333_333" id="FNanchor_333_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_333_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a> Yorkshire, in 1849, with two socketed celts, one of them -of the peculiar type shown in Fig. 158.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-093.jpg" width="400" height="348" id="i93" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 83.—Nettleham. ½ -<span class="vh">—————</span> -Fig. 84.—Cambridge. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>I have a palstave found near Dorchester, Oxfordshire, of the same kind -as Fig. 83, with three ribs below the stop-ridge. There are also side -flanges at that part of the blade of the same length and character as the -ribs in the middle of the blade, so as virtually to make five ribs.</p> - -<p>Canon Greenwell has specimens of this type (6⅛ inches) from Llandysilio, -Denbighshire, and (6 inches) from Ubbeston, Suffolk. One (6¼ inches) -from Keswick, Cumberland, in the same collection has the ribs 1¾ inches -long. Another (6⅜ inches) was found at Vronheulog,<a name="FNanchor_334_334" id="FNanchor_334_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_334_334" class="fnanchor">[334]</a> Merionethshire.</p> - -<p>I have a very fine and perfect specimen (6¾ inches) from the Cambridge -Fens, on which the three ribs stand out in high relief and converge so as -to form a triangle below the stop-ridge something like that on Fig. 78.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p> - -<p>A palstave, having a series of ribs upon the diaphragm as well as -below the stop-ridge, is shown in Fig. 84. In this instance the upper -series of ribs extends nearly to the top of the instrument. It was probably -thought that they assisted in making the haft firm to the blade. This -specimen, which has been much cleaned, is in the British Museum, and -as it formed part of the late Mr. Lichfield’s collection it was probably -found in the neighbourhood of Cambridge.</p></div> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-094.jpg" width="200" height="353" id="i94" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc200">Fig. 85.—Carlton Rode. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p class="p1">The form of palstave, so common in France and Germany, without -stop-ridge, and with the side wings hammered over so as to -form a kind of semi-cylindrical socket -on either side of the blade, is rare in -England. A specimen from the great -find of Carlton Rode,<a name="FNanchor_335_335" id="FNanchor_335_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_335_335" class="fnanchor">[335]</a> Norfolk, is shown -in Fig. 85. There is usually at the top -of the blade a sort of dovetailed notch, -which may possibly have been made of -service in hafting the tool. It originates, -however, in there having been two runners -by which the metal was conducted -into the mould, which when broken off -left two projections at the top of the -blade. These being hammered so as to -round the external angles and flatten the -ends have come over towards each other, -and made what was a notch with parallel -sides into one which is dovetailed.</p> - -<p>In this hoard were found numerous socketed celts, gouges, chisels, -hammers, pieces of metal, &c. It seems to have been the stock in -trade of a bronze-founder. Some other specimens from the same -hoard will subsequently be described.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Another palstave of the same character was found, with many socketed -celts, fragments of swords and daggers, and rough metal, at Cumberlow,<a name="FNanchor_336_336" id="FNanchor_336_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a> -near Baldock, Herts.</p> - -<p>Three others were found in 1806, with two socketed celts, a fragment of -a sword, three lumps of raw copper, and four gold armlets, on the beach -near Eastbourne,<a name="FNanchor_337_337" id="FNanchor_337_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a> immediately under Beachy Head. They passed with -the Payne Knight collection into the British Museum.</p> - -<p>That found “in an old wall, in Purbeck,”<a name="FNanchor_338_338" id="FNanchor_338_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_338_338" class="fnanchor">[338]</a> with the socket “<i>double</i> or -<i>divided by a partition</i>,” as described by Mr. Hutchins in a letter to -Bishop Lyttelton in 1768, must probably have been of this kind.</p> - -<p>A good specimen of the same character but bent (5⅜ inches), as well<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> -as part of another, was found at Wickham Park, Croydon, together with -several socketed celts. They are now in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>The upper part of a palstave of this character was found with socketed -celts, gouges, &c., in the Hundred of Hoo,<a name="FNanchor_339_339" id="FNanchor_339_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_339_339" class="fnanchor">[339]</a> Kent. It has been thought -that this was cast hollow to receive a central prong, but the cavity is probably -due to defective casting. A broken instrument of this kind was -found with socketed celts and metal on Kenidjack Cliff,<a name="FNanchor_340_340" id="FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a> Cornwall.</p> - -<p>Palstaves of this type, both with and without loops, are much more -abundant on the Continent than in Britain. Numerous examples have -been found in France, in Rhenish Prussia, and in the Lake habitations -of Savoy and Switzerland.</p> - -<p>A Danish example is engraved by Worsaae,<a name="FNanchor_341_341" id="FNanchor_341_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a> and several from Germany<a name="FNanchor_342_342" id="FNanchor_342_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a> -by Lindenschmit.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Iron palstaves with and without loops, some of them closely -approximating to the form of Fig. 85, but others more like the -ordinary Italian form of palstave, with a broad chisel-like blade, -have been found in the cemetery of Hallstatt.<a name="FNanchor_343_343" id="FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a> In a specimen in -my own collection the side flanges are ornamented with transverse -ribs, precisely like those on some of the bronze palstaves from the -same locality. In one instance the upper part with the flanges is -of bronze, and the lower part of the blade of iron or steel.</p> - -<p>This form of instrument, with a section in the form of the letter -<span class="f1 lmid"><b>H</b></span> above, though easily cast, must have been extremely difficult to -forge; and though we can readily trace its evolution in cast -bronze, it so ill accorded with the necessary conditions for the -profitable working of malleable iron that it seems soon to have -disappeared when iron came into general use. The fact of the -form occurring at all in iron shows that the iron instruments were -made in imitation of those in bronze, and not the bronze in -imitation of the iron. The same observation holds good with the -iron socketed celts, spear-heads, and swords from the same -cemetery.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Looped palstaves, without sufficient details being given of their types, -are recorded to have been found in Harewood Square, London,<a name="FNanchor_344_344" id="FNanchor_344_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a> Oxford,<a name="FNanchor_345_345" id="FNanchor_345_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a> -Devonshire,<a name="FNanchor_346_346" id="FNanchor_346_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a> and with socketed celts, near Kidwelly,<a name="FNanchor_347_347" id="FNanchor_347_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a> Caermarthen.</p> - -<p>A looped palstave rather like Fig. 75 is said to have been found in a -barrow near St. Austell,<a name="FNanchor_348_348" id="FNanchor_348_348"></a><a href="#Footnote_348_348" class="fnanchor">[348]</a> Cornwall, in 1791, but no details are given.</p> - -<p>Palstaves provided with a loop on either side are of rare occurrence in -the British Islands.</p> - -<p>A specimen found in 1871 at Penvores,<a name="FNanchor_349_349" id="FNanchor_349_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a> near Mawgan-in-Meneage,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> -Cornwall, is engraved as Fig. 86. In character it closely resembles that -from Brassington, Fig. 76, the main difference consisting in its second -loop. This specimen, with another from Cornwall and two from Ireland, -was exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries in 1873, and is now in the -British Museum. In the same collection is another, 6½ inches -long, somewhat lighter below the stop-ridge, and having the -central rib less fully developed on the blade. It was found in -Somersetshire in 1868, in making the Cheddar Valley line of -railway. Another found in 1842, near South Petherton,<a name="FNanchor_350_350" id="FNanchor_350_350"></a><a href="#Footnote_350_350" class="fnanchor">[350]</a> in the -same county, is in the possession of Mr. Norris at that place.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-096a.jpg" width="400" height="366" id="i96a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 86.—Penvores. ½ -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 87.—West Buckland. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Another example, shown in Fig. 87 was found at West -Buckland,<a name="FNanchor_351_351" id="FNanchor_351_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_351_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a> Somersetshire, and is in the collection of Mr. -W. A. Sanford. With it were discovered a torque (Fig. 468,) -and a bracelet, (Fig. 481,) and also some charcoal and burnt -bones, but there was no sign of any tumulus. Irish specimens -will be subsequently mentioned.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-096b.jpg" width="100" height="276" id="i96b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc150">Fig. 88.<br />Bryn Crûg. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Another two-looped instrument of a different character was -found at Bryn Crûg,<a name="FNanchor_352_352" id="FNanchor_352_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_352_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a> near Carnarvon, in company with a -tanged knife and a pin with three holes through its flat head -(Fig. 450). It is shown in Fig. 88, copied on a reduced -scale from the <i>Archæological Journal</i>. It resembles a flanged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> -celt except in having that part of the blade which lies between the side -loops raised to the level of the flanges.</p> - -<p>In France these double-looped palstaves are of rare occurrence, but I -have seen one much like Fig. 86 which was found in the Department of -Haute Ariège, and is now in the Toulouse Museum. One from Tarbes<a name="FNanchor_353_353" id="FNanchor_353_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a> -was in the Exposition des Sciences Anthropologiques, -at Paris in 1878. Another was found at Langoiran -(Gironde).</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-097.jpg" width="150" height="505" id="i97" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc150">Fig. 89. Andalusia. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>The form is much more abundant in Spain, but in -most cases both the blade and the tang are long and -narrow in their proportions. An engraving of one from -Andalusia is given in the <i>Archæological Journal</i>,<a name="FNanchor_354_354" id="FNanchor_354_354"></a><a href="#Footnote_354_354" class="fnanchor">[354]</a> and is -here by permission reproduced as Fig. 89. I have one -like it from a mine in the Asturias. One rather broader -from the Sierra de Baza,<a name="FNanchor_355_355" id="FNanchor_355_355"></a><a href="#Footnote_355_355" class="fnanchor">[355]</a> Andalusia, has also been -figured. A broken and unfinished double-looped palstave -from Oviedo, now in the British Museum, has a -cup-shaped projection at the butt end which has been -filled with lead, possibly in old times, but for what -purpose it is impossible to say. An engraving of one -much like it has been published.<a name="FNanchor_356_356" id="FNanchor_356_356"></a><a href="#Footnote_356_356" class="fnanchor">[356]</a> There are several -such in the Museums at Madrid, with the head of metal -left on the castings.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">The forms of celts and palstaves treated of in -this chapter are found also in Scotland, though -perhaps less frequently than those of the flat and -flanged forms described in the previous chapter.</p> - -<p>Many so closely resemble English specimens -that it is needless to give representations of them, -as a reference to the figures in the preceding pages -will sufficiently indicate their character.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh is a winged celt 4½ inches -long much like Fig. 56, which was found on the top of a hill called Lord -Arthur’s Cairn, in the parish of Tullynessle,<a name="FNanchor_357_357" id="FNanchor_357_357"></a><a href="#Footnote_357_357" class="fnanchor">[357]</a> Aberdeenshire. Another, -6 inches long, with the wings somewhat curved inwards, was found at -Kerswell,<a name="FNanchor_358_358" id="FNanchor_358_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a> in the parish of Carnwath, Lanarkshire. Another winged -celt, 4 inches long, was ploughed up on the estate of Barcaldine,<a name="FNanchor_359_359" id="FNanchor_359_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a> Argyleshire.</p> - -<p>In the same Museum are also winged celts (5 inches) from Birrenswark, -Dumfriesshire, and from the neighbourhood of Peebles, much like -that from Reeth (Fig. 56).</p> - -<p>A chisel-shaped celt, in character much like Fig. 55, but having a slight -stop-ridge, was found in Burreldale Moss,<a name="FNanchor_360_360" id="FNanchor_360_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a> Keith Hall, Aberdeenshire,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> -and has been engraved by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, to -whom I am indebted for the use of Fig. 90.</p> - -<p>In a palstave (6¾ inches) from Kilnotrie,<a name="FNanchor_361_361" id="FNanchor_361_361"></a><a href="#Footnote_361_361" class="fnanchor">[361]</a> Crossmichael, Kircudbright, -the lateral flanges are continued below the stop-ridge, and there is a -median ridge down the blade.</p> - -<p>In some palstaves in the British Museum, found between Balcarry and -Kilfillan, Wigtonshire, the stop-ridges instead of being at right angles to -the face of the blade shelve outwards. One of them is engraved as Fig. -91. The sides are hammered into V-shaped depressions forming a kind -of fern-leaf pattern along them.</p> - -<p>Two of these palstaves are figured on a larger scale in the <i>Ayr and -Wigton Collections</i>.<a name="FNanchor_362_362" id="FNanchor_362_362"></a><a href="#Footnote_362_362" class="fnanchor">[362]</a></p> - -<p>Another palstave from Windshiel, near Dunse, in the Antiquarian -Museum at Edinburgh, has also the flanges somewhat hammered over.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-098.jpg" width="400" height="326" id="i98" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p> -Fig. 90.—Burreldale Moss. ½ -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 91.—Balcarry. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>A palstave without loop, and which from the engraving appears to have -a well-marked stop-ridge and to have the side flanges much hammered -over, is said to have been found near Tintot-top,<a name="FNanchor_363_363" id="FNanchor_363_363"></a><a href="#Footnote_363_363" class="fnanchor">[363]</a> in Clydesdale. The -description, however, says that it has no stop, otherwise the figure would -almost justify an attribution of the instrument to Southern Germany -rather than to Scotland. Another of much the same character, but without -any stop-ridge, has been figured from Baron Clerk’s<a name="FNanchor_364_364" id="FNanchor_364_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_364_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a> collection as -having been found in Scotland.</p> - -<p>Palstaves with a side loop have been said<a name="FNanchor_365_365" id="FNanchor_365_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a> to be common in Scotland;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> -but this can hardly be the case, as in the Museum of the Society of -Antiquaries of Scotland there are no authenticated examples.</p> - -<p>One from Aikbrae,<a name="FNanchor_366_366" id="FNanchor_366_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_366_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a> Lanarkshire (6¾ inches), like Fig. 77, has been -figured. Wilson gives another example like Fig. 78, but does not -say where it was found. The “spade” he gives as his Fig. 59 is in all -probability Italian.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-099.jpg" width="150" height="522" id="i99" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc150">Fig. 92.—Pettycur. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>A palstave rather like that from Balcarry, Fig. 91, but with a loop, is -figured by Gordon<a name="FNanchor_367_367" id="FNanchor_367_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_367_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a> as having been found in Scotland.</p> - -<p>What may be classed as a celt with two side loops, -or possibly as a chisel, is said to have been found -in the year 1810 in a barrow near Pettycur,<a name="FNanchor_368_368" id="FNanchor_368_368"></a><a href="#Footnote_368_368" class="fnanchor">[368]</a> Fifeshire. -It is described as very strong, and the bend -in the upper part, as seen in Fig. 92, is thought to -be accidental. Wilson describes it as a crowbar or -lever, but as its total length is only 7½ inches it can -hardly be classed among such instruments.</p> - -<p>A somewhat similar tool, but without holes in the -side stops (7⅞ inches), is in the Museum of the Royal -Irish Academy.<a name="FNanchor_369_369" id="FNanchor_369_369"></a><a href="#Footnote_369_369" class="fnanchor">[369]</a></p></div> - -<p class="p1">Turning now to the instruments of this class -discovered in Ireland, I may observe that it is -so difficult to draw the line between the flanged -celts, tapering both ways from a central ridge, -and those which have a slight projecting stop-ridge -upon them, that some Irish instruments -of the latter class have already been mentioned -in the preceding chapter, to which the reader -is referred for the more highly ornamented -varieties. Other Irish types have also been incidentally -cited.</p> - -<p>Some of the Irish palstaves much resemble -English and Scottish types, but generally speaking -there are sufficient peculiarities in their forms -to enable a practised observer to recognise their -origin. For several other varieties of form, besides those mentioned -in the following pages, the reader is referred to Wilde’s -Catalogue.</p> - -<p>Winged celts without a stop-ridge, like Fig. 53, have occasionally -been found in Ireland, and one is figured by Wilde.<a name="FNanchor_370_370" id="FNanchor_370_370"></a><a href="#Footnote_370_370" class="fnanchor">[370]</a> I -have one (5¼ inches) from Armoy, Co. Antrim. The wide-spreading -celt with a slight stop-ridge and segmental band upon the blade,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> -like Fig. 50, also occurs. A remarkably fine specimen from Westmeath -with punctured ornaments on the wings and at the lower -margin of the band has been engraved by Wilde.<a name="FNanchor_371_371" id="FNanchor_371_371"></a><a href="#Footnote_371_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a> Some are -without the segmental band.</p> - -<p>The type of Fig. 54 has also been found. I have a specimen -(6 inches) from Ballinamallard, near Enniskillen.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Palstaves without a stop-ridge, and with broad lozenge-shaped wings, -like Fig. 56, are of rare occurrence. One of nearly the same type, but -having a low projecting ridge between the wings, is shown in Fig. 93.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-100.jpg" width="400" height="319" id="i100" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 93.—Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 94.—Ireland. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>I have another from Armoy, Co. Antrim (6 inches), with a still slighter -transverse ridge, which forms the upper boundary to a shield-shaped projection -on the blade, on which is a central vertical ridge with two others -on each side less definitely marked. The base of the shield is pointed.</p> - -<p>A not uncommon type has a very high stop-ridge coming up to the -level of the side wings, the blade above the stop-ridge being somewhat -thinner than it is below. An example is shown in Fig. 94.</p> - -<p>I have another from County Antrim, in which the lower part of the -blade has a slight median vertical ridge.</p> - -<p>In a palstave in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy,<a name="FNanchor_372_372" id="FNanchor_372_372"></a><a href="#Footnote_372_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a> with elliptical -wings, a long fusiform boss has been cast in the centre of the blade.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span></p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-101a.jpg" width="150" height="247" id="i101a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc150">Fig. 95.—Ireland. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>In another instrument in the same collection the whole blade is -thickened out so as to form the stop-ridge, as will be seen in Fig. 95.</p> - -<p>In other cases the ridge of the wings is -continued as a moulding on the face of the -blade, so as to enclose a space below the stop-ridge. -From the base of this there sometimes -proceeds a vertical rib, as seen in Fig. 96.</p> - -<p>Inverted chevrons by way of ornament -below the stop-ridge are not uncommon, -sometimes with a vertical rib in addition.</p> - -<p>Such compartments are often seen on the -winged celts, with only a slight stop-ridge. -Fig. 97 shows an example from Lanesborough, -Co. Longford, now in the collection -of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. The compartment -is ornamented with vertical punch -marks. The outside of the wings is faceted -after a fashion not unusual in Ireland, but -there is here a slight shoulder at the base -of the central facet which may have assisted -in securing the blade to the handle. On a -specimen at Dublin there are on the otherwise -flat sides elevated transverse ridges, which, as Sir W. Wilde<a name="FNanchor_373_373" id="FNanchor_373_373"></a><a href="#Footnote_373_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a> -has pointed out, may have served “to keep the tying in its place.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-101b.jpg" width="400" height="303" id="i101b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 96.—North of Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 97.—Lanesborough. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span></p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-102a.jpg" width="200" height="273" id="i102a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc150">Fig. 98.—Trillick. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>The sides of other specimens of much the same type are otherwise -fashioned and ornamented. In Fig. 98 is shown a celt from Trillick, Co. -Tyrone, on the sides of which a kind of -fern-leaf pattern has been hammered, -or rather punched, not unlike the carving -on one of the stones in the great -chambered tumulus of New Grange. -The shield plate has two vertical hollows -worked on it.</p> - -<p>The side of a celt ornamented in the -same manner is engraved by Wilde.<a name="FNanchor_374_374" id="FNanchor_374_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_374_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a></p> - -<p>A small palstave, with two vertical -grooves in the blade, is shown in Fig. 99.</p> - -<p>Another form of winged celt, with a -low stop-ridge and with a vertical rib -passing through an inverted chevron -on the blade, is shown in Fig. 100. -The original is in the collection of Mr. -Robert Day, F.S.A.</p> - -<p>The same style of ornament occurs -on palstaves of other forms.<a name="FNanchor_375_375" id="FNanchor_375_375"></a><a href="#Footnote_375_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a></p> - -<p>In some instances, there is in the -centre of the stop-ridge a kind of bracket on the blade, and the side wings -are hammered over so as to form an imperfect socket. A small example -of the kind is shown in Fig. 101. I have a larger specimen (4½ inches) -from Trillick, Co. Tyrone. Vallancey<a name="FNanchor_376_376" id="FNanchor_376_376"></a><a href="#Footnote_376_376" class="fnanchor">[376]</a> engraves a palstave of this type.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span></p> - -<p>Others with flat blades and no brackets have the side flanges hammered -over in the same manner.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-102b.jpg" width="400" height="265" id="i102b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 99.—Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 100.—Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 101.—Ireland. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>A fine example, in which the conical bracket dies into the stop-ridge and -side flanges, is in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>Palstaves with a loop at the side are not of such frequent occurrence in -Ireland as those without. Wilde<a name="FNanchor_377_377" id="FNanchor_377_377"></a><a href="#Footnote_377_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a> has engraved a specimen (6⅜ inches) like -Fig. 77 as well as that<a name="FNanchor_378_378" id="FNanchor_378_378"></a><a href="#Footnote_378_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a> which I have here shown on a larger scale as -Fig. 102. This latter has the wings well hammered over at the base, so -as to form a kind of socket on each side of the blade. It differs, however, -from the English and foreign specimens like Fig. 85 in having a well-marked -shoulder or stop on the blade between the wings.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-103.jpg" width="400" height="236" id="i103" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 102.—Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 103.—Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 104.—Ireland. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Palstaves of nearly the same character, but without the loop, have -already been mentioned as found both in Ireland and Scotland. Others, -with loops like Fig. 103, have a bracket on the blade between the -flanges.</p> - -<p>A remarkable form with slight side flanges and no stop-ridge, from the -Dublin Museum, is shown in Fig. 104. It is No. 630 in Wilde’s Catalogue. -The sides have deep diagonal notches upon them and the upper -part of each face is chequered, perhaps in order to assist in steadying -the blade in its handle.</p> - -<p>Another noteworthy palstave, found at Miltown, Co. Dublin, is shown -in Fig. 105. In this the side wings are not hammered over, and the stop is -supported by a conical bracket. The shoulders, instead of being nearly -square to the midrib, are inclined upwards at an angle of nearly 45°, so as to -form receptacles in which the wedge-shaped ends of the split handle would -be held tight against the blade. These inclined stops have been observed -in other palstaves of different forms, and Sir W. Wilde<a name="FNanchor_379_379" id="FNanchor_379_379"></a><a href="#Footnote_379_379" class="fnanchor">[379]</a> has called attention -to them in connection with a palstave much like that now under -consideration, but without any projection or loop on the side. The most -remarkable feature in the Miltown example is a projecting, slightly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> -curved spike or neb placed near the top of the blade rather above the -position usually occupied by the loop. At first sight it looks like an -imperfect loop, but, on examination, it is evident that the casting is perfect; -and, on consideration, it seems clear that this projection would serve -quite as well as a loop for receiving a cord to hold the blade back upon -its haft, while for the actual tying it would be more convenient, as the cord -would have merely to be passed over a hook, and not to be threaded -through a loop. In a somewhat similar palstave (3⅞ inches) in the Museum -of the Royal Irish Academy<a name="FNanchor_380_380" id="FNanchor_380_380"></a><a href="#Footnote_380_380" class="fnanchor">[380]</a> there is also a projecting neb, but more -semicircular in outline. I am not -sure that it was intended for the -same purpose. A looped palstave -of this type, but with the bottom of -the side socket more circular, is engraved -by Vallancey.<a name="FNanchor_381_381" id="FNanchor_381_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a></p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-104.jpg" width="250" height="359" id="i104" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc250">Fig. 105.—Miltown. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Some of the socketed celts from -the Bologna hoard have curved nebs -on each side instead of rings. Instruments -of the same character, -also from Italy, have been engraved -by De Bonstetten,<a name="FNanchor_382_382" id="FNanchor_382_382"></a><a href="#Footnote_382_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a> Schreiber,<a name="FNanchor_383_383" id="FNanchor_383_383"></a><a href="#Footnote_383_383" class="fnanchor">[383]</a> and -Caylus.<a name="FNanchor_384_384" id="FNanchor_384_384"></a><a href="#Footnote_384_384" class="fnanchor">[384]</a></p> - -<p>Double-looped palstaves, with a -loop on either side, and in character -like Fig. 86, are almost or quite as -rare in Ireland as in England. The -only specimen engraved by Wilde<a name="FNanchor_385_385" id="FNanchor_385_385"></a><a href="#Footnote_385_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a> -is in the collection of Lord Talbot -de Malahide. It is 6¼ inches long, -with the loops not quite symmetrical. -It was supposed to be unique. I -have, however, another specimen of -this type (6⅜ inches) found at Ballincollig,<a name="FNanchor_386_386" id="FNanchor_386_386"></a><a href="#Footnote_386_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a> -Co. Cork, in 1854, which -was formerly in the collection of the -Rev. Thomas Hugo, F.S.A. It so closely resembles Fig. 86 that it is not -worth while to engrave it.</p> - -<p>Another remarkable and indeed unique instrument, in the Museum of -the Royal Irish Academy,<a name="FNanchor_387_387" id="FNanchor_387_387"></a><a href="#Footnote_387_387" class="fnanchor">[387]</a> is shown in Fig. 106. It is like a flat celt, -but has grooves and stops at the side like a palstave with a transverse -edge. Below the stops are two loops. The sides below the stops are -ornamented with transverse lines, and on the face here shown there is a -dotted kind of cartouche below the stops, and a square compartment -chequered in lozenges above them. This latter is wanting on the other -face, but the corresponding cartouche below is divided into small lozenges -alternately hatched and plain.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-105a.jpg" width="400" height="281" id="i105a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 106.—Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">———————</span> -Fig. 107.—Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">——</span></p> -</div></div> - -<p>Another Irish instrument of nearly the same form, but without the -grooves and stops at the sides, is in the Bell Collection in the Antiquarian -Museum at Edinburgh; but its exact place of finding is uncertain. It is -shown in Fig. 107, and, like -that last described, has each of -its faces ornamented in a different -manner.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-105b.jpg" width="250" height="259" id="i105b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p>Fig. 108.—Ireland. ½</p> -<p class="pr">Fig. 109.—Ballymena. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>The palstaves with a transverse -edge are of more common -occurrence in Ireland than in -England, but are even there -very rare. That engraved as -Fig. 108 was formerly in the -collection of the Rev. Thomas -Hugo, F.S.A.<a name="FNanchor_388_388" id="FNanchor_388_388"></a><a href="#Footnote_388_388" class="fnanchor">[388]</a> A similar tool -is figured by Vallancey.<a name="FNanchor_389_389" id="FNanchor_389_389"></a><a href="#Footnote_389_389" class="fnanchor">[389]</a></p> - -<p>The smaller specimen shown -in Fig. 109 was found near -Ballymena, Co. Antrim, and is -in the collection of Mr. Robert -Day, F.S.A. I have one from -the North of Ireland (4 inches) -with the stops less distinct.</p> - -<p>Another Irish specimen (3 -inches) is in the British Museum. In the Museum of the Royal Irish -Academy are several varying in length from 2⅝ inches to 5¼ inches. -They are classed by Wilde<a name="FNanchor_390_390" id="FNanchor_390_390"></a><a href="#Footnote_390_390" class="fnanchor">[390]</a> among the chisels.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> -In describing the various forms illustrated by the figures, I have -from time to time called attention to the analogies which they -present with other European forms, and it is hardly necessary to -make any broad comparison of British palstaves and winged celts -with those of other European countries. It would indeed be a -difficult task to attempt, as in each country, if not in several districts -in each country, the instruments of this kind are characterised -by some local peculiarity.</p> - -<p>Perhaps it will be more instructive to mention certain continental -forms which are conspicuous by their absence in Britain.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">We have not, for instance, the southern French form with a -kind of contracted waist and broad side flanges or rounded wings -in the middle of the blade; nor, again, the long narrow form -almost resembling a marrow spoon; nor that with the almost -circular blade, much like an ancient mirror. Nor have we the -German form, with the V-shaped stop-ridge, nor that in which the -stop-ridge forms a circular collar above a blade with beadings -along the sides. Nor have we the common Italian form, with the -blade like a long spud; nor, again, the narrow Scandinavian form, -which is often highly decorated.</p> - -<p>And yet, in comparing the instruments described in the present -chapter with those of neighbouring countries, and especially of -France, it will at once be remarked that, as might have been -reasonably expected, the closest analogies are to be observed -between some of those of England and France, while in the more -peculiarly Scottish and Irish types the resemblances are more -remote. It must, however, be borne in mind that there is good -evidence in the shape of moulds and bronze-founders’ hoards, such -as will subsequently be mentioned, to prove that these instruments -were cast in various parts of this country; so that, though some -palstaves may be of foreign origin, yet, as a rule, it was the -fashion of the objects rather than the objects themselves for which -the inhabitants of Britain were indebted to foreign intercourse. -Even in the area now embraced by France there does not appear -to have been any single centre of manufacture, but, taken as a -group, the palstaves of the South, the North, and the North-west -of France present some distinguishing characteristics. The same -is the case with the socketed celts of that country, the English -representatives of which will be discussed in the next chapter.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER V.</h2> - -<p class="pch">SOCKETED CELTS.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">The</span> class of celts cast in such a manner as to have a socket for -receiving the haft is numerously represented in the British Isles. -In this form of instrument the haft was actually imbedded in the -blade, whereas in the case of the flat and flanged celts, and of the -so-called palstaves, the blade was imbedded in the handle, so that -the terms, “the recipient” and “the received,” originally given -to the two classes by Dr. Stukeley, are founded on a well-marked -distinction, and are worthy of being rescued from oblivion.</p> - -<p>That the recipient class is of later introduction than the received -is evident from several considerations. In the first place, a flat -blade not only approaches most nearly in form to the stone -hatchets or celts which it was destined to supersede, but it also -requires much less skill in casting than the blade provided with a -socket. For casting the flat celts there was, indeed, no need of a -mould formed of two pieces; a simple recess of the proper form -cut in a stone, or formed in loam, being sufficient to give the shape -to a flat blade of metal, which could be afterwards wrought into -the finished form by hammering. And secondly, as will subsequently -be seen, a gradual development can be traced from the flat -celt, through those with flanges and wings, to the palstave form, -with the wings hammered over so as to constitute two semicircular -sockets, one on each side of the blade; while on certain of the -socketed celts flanges precisely similar to those of the palstaves have -been cast by way of ornament on the sides, and what was thus -originally a necessity in construction has survived as a superfluous -decoration. There is at least one instance known of the intermediate -form between a palstave with pocket-like recesses on -each side of a central plate and a celt with a single socket. In -the museum at Trent<a name="FNanchor_391_391" id="FNanchor_391_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a> there is an instrument in which the socket<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> -is divided throughout its entire length into two compartments -with a plate between, and, as Professor Strobel says, resembling a -palstave with the wings on each side united so as to form a -socket on each side. The evolution of the one type from the -other is thus doubly apparent, and it is not a little remarkable that -though palstaves with the wings bent over are, as has already been -stated, of rare occurrence in the British Islands, yet socketed celts, -having on their faces the curved wings in a more or less rudimentary -condition, are by no means unfrequently found. The inference -which may be drawn from this circumstance is that the discovery -of the method of casting socketed celts was not made in Britain but -in some other country, where the palstaves with the converging -wings were abundant and in general use, and that the first socketed -celts employed in this country, or those which served as patterns -for the native bronze-founders, were imported from abroad.</p> - -<p>Although socketed celts, with distinct curved wings upon their -faces, are probably the earliest of their class, yet it is impossible to -say to how late a period the curved lines, which eventually became -the representatives of the wings, may not have come down. This -form of ornamentation was certainly in use at the same time as -other forms, as we know from the hoards in which socketed celts -of different patterns have been found together. As has already -been recorded, the socketed form has also been frequently found -associated with palstaves, especially with those of the looped -variety.</p> - -<p>The form of the tapering socket varies considerably, the section -being in some instances round or oval, and in other cases presenting -every variety of form between these and the square or rectangular. -There is usually some form of moulding or beading -round the mouth of the celt, below which the body before expanding -to form the edge is usually round, oval, square, rectangular, -or more or less regularly hexagonal or octagonal. The decorations -generally consist of lines, pellets, and circles, cast in relief -upon the faces, and much more rarely on the sides. Not unfrequently -there is no attempt at decoration beyond the moulding at -the top. The socketed celts are, almost without exception, devoid -of ornaments produced by punches or hammer marks, such as are -so common on the solid celts and palstaves. This may be due to -their being more liable to injury from blows owing to the thinness -of the metal and to their being hollow. They are nearly always -provided with a loop at one side, though some few have been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> -cast without loops. These are usually of small size, and were -probably used as chisels rather than as hatchets. A very few have -a loop on each side.</p> - -<p>The types are so various that it is hard to make any proper -classification of them. I shall, therefore, take them to a certain -extent at hazard, keeping those, however, together which most nearly -approximate to each other. I begin with a specimen showing in a -very complete manner the raised wings already mentioned.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-109.jpg" width="250" height="391" id="i109" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc1" summary="caption1"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc3">Fig. 110.—High Roding. ½.</td> - <td class="tdc3">Fig. 111.—Dorchester, Oxon. ½.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div></div> - - - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">This instrument formed part of a hoard of celts and fragments of metal -found at High Roding, Essex, and -now in the British Museum, and is -represented in Fig. 110. With it -was one with two raised pellets -beneath the moulding round the -mouth, and one with three longitudinal -ribs. The others were -plain.</p> - -<p>Another (4 inches), with a treble -moulding at the top, from Wateringbury, -Kent, was in the Douce -and Meyrick Collections, and is -now also in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>I have a German celt of this -type, but without the pellets, -found in Thuringia. Others are -engraved by Lindenschmit,<a name="FNanchor_392_392" id="FNanchor_392_392"></a><a href="#Footnote_392_392" class="fnanchor">[392]</a> Montelius,<a name="FNanchor_393_393" id="FNanchor_393_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a> -and Chantre.<a name="FNanchor_394_394" id="FNanchor_394_394"></a><a href="#Footnote_394_394" class="fnanchor">[394]</a> I have a -good example from Lutz (Eure -et Loir).</p> - -<p>On many French celts the wings -are shown by depressed lines or -grooves on the faces. I have specimens -from a hoard found at -Dreuil, near Amiens, and from -Lusancy, near Rheims. Others -with the curved lines more or less -distinct have been found in various -parts of France.</p> - -<p>There is an example from Maulin in the Museum at Namur, and a -Dutch example is in the Museum at Assen.</p> - -<p>In Fig. 111 is shown a larger celt in my own collection, found in the -neighbourhood of Dorchester, Oxon. The wing ornament no longer consists -of a solid plate, but the outlines of the wings of the palstave are -shown by two bold projecting beads which extend over the sides of the -celt as well as the faces. The socket is circular at the mouth, but the -neck of the instrument below the moulding is subquadrate in section. In -the socket are two small projecting longitudinal ribs, probably intended<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> -to aid in steadying the haft. Such projections are not very uncommon, -and are sometimes more than two in number.</p> - -<p>A celt ornamented in a similar manner, but with two raised bands near -the mouth, was found with several other socketed celts and some palstaves -with the wings bent over at Cumberlow,<a name="FNanchor_395_395" id="FNanchor_395_395"></a><a href="#Footnote_395_395" class="fnanchor">[395]</a> near Baldock, Herts. -Some of these are in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>Another with two small pellets between the curved lines was found -in a hoard at Beddington,<a name="FNanchor_396_396" id="FNanchor_396_396"></a><a href="#Footnote_396_396" class="fnanchor">[396]</a> Surrey.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-110.jpg" width="250" height="369" id="i110" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 112.—Wilts. ½. -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 113.—Harty. ½.</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Fig. 112 represents another celt of much the same character, but with a -bolder moulding at top, and a slight projecting bead all round the instrument -just below the two curved lines representing the palstave wings, -which on these celts have just the appearance of heraldic “flanches.” -On the face not shown there is -a triangular projection at the -top like a “pile in chief” between -the flanches. Inside the -socket there are two longitudinal -projections as in the last. The -original of this figure, which has -been broken and repaired with -the edge of another celt, is in -the Blackmore Museum at Salisbury, -and was probably found -in Wilts.</p> - -<p>In the British Museum is an -example of this type (4 inches) -which has on one face only a -pellet in the upper part of the -compartment between the two -“flanches.” It was found at -Hounslow.</p> - -<p>Another (4 inches) from the -Heathery Burn Cave, Durham, is -now in the collection of Canon -Greenwell, F.R.S. I have one -with the pattern less distinct from -a hoard found in the Barking -Marshes, Essex, in 1862. A celt -much of the same pattern, but -without the transverse line below the flanches, was found on Plumpton -Plain,<a name="FNanchor_397_397" id="FNanchor_397_397"></a><a href="#Footnote_397_397" class="fnanchor">[397]</a> near Lowes.</p> - -<p>The same type occurs in France. I have examples from a hoard found -at Dreuil, near Amiens. The same ornament is often seen on Hungarian -celts, though usually without the lower band.</p> - -<p>In Fig. 113 is shown one of the celts from the hoard discovered in the -Isle of Harty,<a name="FNanchor_398_398" id="FNanchor_398_398"></a><a href="#Footnote_398_398" class="fnanchor">[398]</a> Kent, to which I shall have to make frequent reference. -Besides eight more or less perfect unornamented socketed celts, various<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> -hammers, tools, and moulds, five celts of this type were found. Although -so closely resembling each other that they were probably cast in the same -mould, in fact in that which was found at the same time, there is a considerable -difference observable among them, especially in the upper part -above the loop. In the one shown in the figure there are three distinct -beaded mouldings above the loop, and above these again is a plain, somewhat -expanding tube. In one of the others, however, there are only the -two lowest of the beaded mouldings, and the upper half-inch of the celt -first mentioned is absolutely wanting. The three others show very little -of the plain part above the upper moulding. As will subsequently be -explained, the variation in length appears to be connected with the -method of casting, and to have arisen from a greater part of the mould -having been “stopped off” in -one case than another.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-111.jpg" width="250" height="368" id="i111" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 114.—Harty. ½. -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 115.—Dorchester, Oxon.</p> -</div></div> - -<p>It will -be noticed that the “flanches” -on these celts are placed below -the loop and not close under the -cap-moulding. The beads which -form them are continued across -the sides. Running part of the -way down inside the socket are -two longitudinal ridges which are -in the same line as the runners -by which the metal found its way -into the mould. The vertical -ridge above the topmost moulding -shows where there is a channel in -the mould for the metal to pass -by. If the celts had been skilfully -cast so that their top was -level with the upper moulding, -no traces of this would have been -visible.</p> - -<p>In Fig. 114 is shown one of -the plain socketed celts from the -same hoard. The mould in which -it was cast was found at the same -time, as well as the half of a -mould for one of smaller size. -The five other plain celts from -the same hoard were all rather less than the one which is figured, and -appear to have been cast in three different moulds, as the beading -round the top varies in character, and in some is double and not single. -The two projections within the socket are in these but short, though -strongly marked.</p> - -<p>In the British Museum is a celt of this kind, 4 inches long, found at -Newton, Cambridgeshire, which on its left face, as seen with the loop -towards the spectator, has a small projecting boss 1½ inch below the top.</p> - -<p>Five socketed celts of this plain character (2½ inches to 3¾ inches) were -found together at Lodge Hill, Waddesdon, Bucks, in 1855, and were -lithographed on a private plate by Mr. Edward Stone.</p> - -<p>The outline and general character of the celt shown in Fig. 115 may be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> -taken as representative of one of the most common forms of English -socketed celt. This particular specimen differs, however, from the ordinary -form in having a ridge or ill-defined rib on each face which adds -materially to the weight and somewhat to the strength of the instrument. -It was found near Dorchester, Oxon.</p></div> - -<p>A nearly similar celt found in Mecklenburg has been figured by Lisch.<a name="FNanchor_399_399" id="FNanchor_399_399"></a><a href="#Footnote_399_399" class="fnanchor">[399]</a></p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-112.jpg" width="250" height="339" id="i112" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 116.—Reach Fen. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 117.—Reach Fen. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A larger celt of the same general character, found with a hoard -of bronze objects in Reach Fen, Burwell Fen, Cambridge, is shown -in Fig. 116. This may also be regarded as a characteristic specimen -of the socketed celts usually -found in England, though the -second moulding is often absent, -and there is a considerable -range in size and in -the proportion of the width -to the length. No doubt -much of this range is due to -some instruments having been -more shortened by use and -wear than others. The edge -of a bronze tool must have -been constantly liable to become -blunted, jagged, or bent, -and when thus injured was -doubtless, to some extent, restored -to its original shape -by being hammered out, and -then re-ground and sharpened. -The repetition of this process -would, in the course of time, -materially diminish the length of the blade, until eventually it -would be worn out, or the solid part be broken away from the -socketed portion.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Celts of this general character, plain with the exception of a single or -double beading at the top, occur of various sizes, and have been found in -considerable numbers. In my own collection are specimens (3 inches) -from Westwick Row, near Gorhambury, Herts, found with lumps of -rough metal; from Burwell Fen, Cambridge (3¼ inches), found also with -metal, a spear-head like Fig. 381 and a hollow ring; from Bottisham, -Cambridge (3 inches), and other places.</p> - -<p>In the Reach Fen hoard already mentioned were some other celts of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> -this type. They were associated with gouges, chisels, knives, hammers, -and other articles, and also with two socketed celts, one like Fig. 133, and -two like Fig. 124, as well as with two of the type shown in Fig. 117, -with a small bead at some little distance below the principal moulding -round the mouth. One of them has a slightly projecting rib running -down each corner of the blade, a peculiarity I have noticed in other specimens. -The socket is round rather than square.</p> - -<p>I have other examples of this type from a hoard of about sixty celts -found on the Manor Farm, Wymington, Bedfordshire (3¾ inches); from -Burwell Fen, Cambridge (4 inches); and from the hoard found at Carlton -Rode, Norfolk (4 inches). This last has the slightly projecting beads -down the angles.</p> - -<p>Socketed celts partaking of the character of the three types last described, -and from 2 inches to 4 inches in length, are of common occurrence in -England. Some with both the single and double mouldings were found -in company with others having vertical beads on the face like Fig. 124, -and a part of a bronze blade at West Halton,<a name="FNanchor_400_400" id="FNanchor_400_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a> Lincolnshire. I have seen -others both with the single and double moulding which were found with -some of the ribbed and octagonal varieties, a socketed knife, parts of a -sword and of a gouge, and lumps of metal, at Martlesham, Suffolk. -These are in the possession of Captain Brooke, of Ufford Hall, -near Woodbridge. Another, apparently with the double moulding, -was found with others (some of a different type), seven spear-heads, and -portions of a sword, near Bilton,<a name="FNanchor_401_401" id="FNanchor_401_401"></a><a href="#Footnote_401_401" class="fnanchor">[401]</a> Yorkshire. These are now in the -Bateman Collection. Another with the single moulding was found near -Windsor.<a name="FNanchor_402_402" id="FNanchor_402_402"></a><a href="#Footnote_402_402" class="fnanchor">[402]</a> Others with the double moulding, to the number of forty, were -found with twenty swords and sixteen spear-heads of different patterns, -about the year 1726, near Alnwick Castle,<a name="FNanchor_403_403" id="FNanchor_403_403"></a><a href="#Footnote_403_403" class="fnanchor">[403]</a> Northumberland. Some also -occurred in the deposit of nearly a hundred celts which was found with a -quantity of cinders and lumps of rough metal on Earsley Common,<a name="FNanchor_404_404" id="FNanchor_404_404"></a><a href="#Footnote_404_404" class="fnanchor">[404]</a> about -12 miles N.W. of York, in the year 1735. A socketed celt with the single -moulding was found with spear-heads, part of a dagger, and some small -whetstones, near Little Wenlock,<a name="FNanchor_405_405" id="FNanchor_405_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_405_405" class="fnanchor">[405]</a> Shropshire. Four socketed celts of this -class with the double moulding were found, with a socketed gouge and -about 30 pounds weight of copper in lumps, at Sittingbourne,<a name="FNanchor_406_406" id="FNanchor_406_406"></a><a href="#Footnote_406_406" class="fnanchor">[406]</a> Kent, in -1828. They are, I believe, now in the Dover Museum. One (4¾ inches), -obtained at Honiton,<a name="FNanchor_407_407" id="FNanchor_407_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_407_407" class="fnanchor">[407]</a> Devonshire, has a treble moulding at the top, that -in the middle being larger than the other two. The socket is square.</p> - -<p>A plain socketed celt, 2¼ inches long, was found in digging gravel -near Cæsar’s Camp,<a name="FNanchor_408_408" id="FNanchor_408_408"></a><a href="#Footnote_408_408" class="fnanchor">[408]</a> Coombe Wood, Surrey. It is now in the Museum -of the Society of Antiquaries. In the collection of Messrs. Mortimer, at -Fimber, is a celt with the double moulding (3 inches long), found at -Frodingham, near Driffield, which has four small ribs, one in the centre -of each side running down the socket. Another, with the double moulding -(4 inches), and with a nearly round mouth to the socket, was found at Tun<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> -Hill, near Devizes, and is in the Blackmore Museum, where is also one -found near Bath (3¾ inches) with the mouldings more uniform in size.</p> - -<p>A socketed celt without any moulding at the top, which is hollowed and -slopes away from the side on which is the loop, is said to have been found -in a tumulus near the King Barrow on Stowborough Heath,<a name="FNanchor_409_409" id="FNanchor_409_409"></a><a href="#Footnote_409_409" class="fnanchor">[409]</a> near -Wareham, Dorset.</p> - -<p>Socketed celts of this character occur throughout the whole of France, -but are most abundant in the northern parts. They are of rare occurrence -in Germany.</p> - -<p>The same form is found among the Lake habitations of Switzerland. -Dr. Gross has specimens from Auvernier and Mœrigen,<a name="FNanchor_410_410" id="FNanchor_410_410"></a><a href="#Footnote_410_410" class="fnanchor">[410]</a> which closely -resemble English examples.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-114.jpg" width="250" height="280" id="i114" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 118.—Canterbury. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 119.—Usk. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A celt of the same general character as Fig. 114, but of peculiar form, -narrowing to a central waist, is shown in Fig. 118. The original was -found at Canterbury, and was -kindly presented to me by Mr. -John Brent, F.S.A.</p> - -<p>Broad socketed celts nearly -circular or but slightly oval at -the neck, and closely resembling -the common Irish type (Fig. 167) -in form and character, are occasionally -found in England. That -shown in Fig. 119 is stated to -have been discovered at the -Castle Hill, Usk, Monmouthshire.</p> - -<p>I have seen another (3¼ -inches) in the collection of Mr. -R. Fitch, F.S.A., which was -found at Hanworth, near Holt, -Norfolk.</p> - -<p>Among those found at Guilsfield,<a name="FNanchor_411_411" id="FNanchor_411_411"></a><a href="#Footnote_411_411" class="fnanchor">[411]</a> -Montgomeryshire, was -one of somewhat the same character, -but having a double -moulding at the top. Another,<a name="FNanchor_412_412" id="FNanchor_412_412"></a><a href="#Footnote_412_412" class="fnanchor">[412]</a> with a nearly square socket, has above -a double moulding, a cable moulding round the mouth, like that on -Fig. 172. In the same hoard were looped palstaves, gouges, spears, -swords, scabbards, &c.</p> - -<p>Another, that, to judge from a bad engraving, had no moulding at -the top, which was oval, is said to have been found under a supposed -Druid’s altar near Keven Hirr Vynidd,<a name="FNanchor_413_413" id="FNanchor_413_413"></a><a href="#Footnote_413_413" class="fnanchor">[413]</a> on the borders of Brecknockshire.</p></div> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-115.jpg" width="150" height="444" id="i115" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 120.—Alfriston. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p class="p1">Another variety, with a nearly square socket and long narrow -blade is shown in Fig. 120, the original of which was found at -Alfriston, Sussex. The loop is imperfect, owing to defective casting.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> -The socket is very deep, and extends to within an inch of -the edge. Instruments of this type are principally, if not solely, -found in our southern counties. The type is indeed Gaulish -rather than British, and is very abundant in the north-western -part of France. It appears probable that not only was the type -originally introduced into this country from France, but that there -was a regular export of such celts to Britain. For I have in my -collection a celt of this type, 4½ inches long, that was found under -the pebble beach at Portland, and in which -the core over which it was cast still fills the -socket, the clay having by the heat of the -metal been converted into a brick-like terracotta. -It could, therefore, never have been -in use, as no haft could have been inserted. -It is waterworn and corroded by the action -of the sea, the loop having been almost eaten -and worn away, so that it is impossible to -say whether the surface and edge were left -as they came from the mould. In the large -hoard, however, of bronze celts of this type -which was found at Moussaye, near Plénée-Jugon, -in the Côtes du Nord, the bulk were -left in this condition, and with the burnt -clay cores still in the sockets.</p> - -<p>I have another celt of the same size and -form as that from the Portland beach, which -was found near Wareham, Dorset, and appears -to have been in use.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Two found with many others in the New -Forest<a name="FNanchor_414_414" id="FNanchor_414_414"></a><a href="#Footnote_414_414" class="fnanchor">[414]</a> (3 and 5 inches long) are engraved in -the <i>Archæologia</i>. The larger has a rib 3 inches -long running down the face and terminating in -an annulet.</p> - -<p>Others of the same type have been found at Hollingbury Hill,<a name="FNanchor_415_415" id="FNanchor_415_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_415_415" class="fnanchor">[415]</a> and -near the church at Brighton,<a name="FNanchor_416_416" id="FNanchor_416_416"></a><a href="#Footnote_416_416" class="fnanchor">[416]</a> Sussex.</p> - -<p>Among the celts found at Karn Brê, Cornwall, in 1744, were some of -this character, but expanding more at the cutting edge. Others were -more like Fig. 124, though longer in proportion. With them are said to -have been found several Roman coins, some as late as the time of -Constantius Chlorus. Others (5 inches long) seem to have formed part<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> -of the hoard found at Mawgan,<a name="FNanchor_417_417" id="FNanchor_417_417"></a><a href="#Footnote_417_417" class="fnanchor">[417]</a> Cornwall, in which there was also -a fine rapier. Another, from Bath,<a name="FNanchor_418_418" id="FNanchor_418_418"></a><a href="#Footnote_418_418" class="fnanchor">[418]</a> is in the Duke of Northumberland’s -museum at Alnwick. Another has been cited from Cornwall.<a name="FNanchor_419_419" id="FNanchor_419_419"></a><a href="#Footnote_419_419" class="fnanchor">[419]</a></p> - -<p>Celts of this form are of rare occurrence in the North of England, -but one, said to have been disinterred with Roman remains at Chester-le-Street,<a name="FNanchor_420_420" id="FNanchor_420_420"></a><a href="#Footnote_420_420" class="fnanchor">[420]</a> -Durham, is in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of -Newcastle-on-Tyne.</p></div> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-116.jpg" width="250" height="440" id="i116" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc2" summary="caption2"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc3">Fig. 121.<br />Cambridge Fens. ½</td> - <td class="tdc3">Fig. 122.<br />High Roding. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> -<p>Celts like Fig. 120 are of very frequent occurrence in Northern France; -large hoards, consisting almost entirely of this type, have been found. -A deposit of sixty was discovered near Lamballe<a name="FNanchor_421_421" id="FNanchor_421_421"></a><a href="#Footnote_421_421" class="fnanchor">[421]</a> (Côtes du Nord), and -one of more than two hundred at Moussaye, near Plénée-Jugon, in the -same department. Most of the -celts in both these hoards had -never been used, and in a large -number the core of burnt clay was -still in the socket. A hoard of -about fifty is said to have been -found near Bevay,<a name="FNanchor_422_422" id="FNanchor_422_422"></a><a href="#Footnote_422_422" class="fnanchor">[422]</a> Belgium.</p> - -<p>Plain socketed celts nearly square -at the mouth have occasionally -been found in Germany. One from -Pomerania<a name="FNanchor_423_423" id="FNanchor_423_423"></a><a href="#Footnote_423_423" class="fnanchor">[423]</a> is much like Fig. 120 -in outline.</p> - -<p>The form of narrow celt, which I -regard as of Gaulish derivation, is -not nearly so elegant as that of a -more purely English type of which -an example is shown in Fig. 121. -The original was found in the Cambridge -Fens, and is in my own collection. -Within the socket on the -centre of each side is a raised narrow -rib running down 2 inches -from the mouth, or to within ¾ inch -of the bottom of the socket.</p> - -<p>The type is rare; but a specimen -(5 inches) of nearly the same form as -the figure was found, with palstaves, -sickles, &c., near Taunton, Somerset.<a name="FNanchor_424_424" id="FNanchor_424_424"></a><a href="#Footnote_424_424" class="fnanchor">[424]</a> -There is also a resemblance -to the Barrington celt, Fig. 148.</p> - -<p>I have already mentioned a celt with a moulded top, which, on one of -its faces, is ornamented with a small projecting boss. In Fig. 122 -is shown an example with two pellets beneath the upper moulding. It -was found with others at High Roding, Essex, and is now in the British -Museum. Another with three such knobs on each face, placed near the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> -top of the instrument, is shown in Fig. 123. The original is in the -British Museum, and was found at Chrishall,<a name="FNanchor_425_425" id="FNanchor_425_425"></a><a href="#Footnote_425_425" class="fnanchor">[425]</a> Essex, where also several -plain celts with single or double mouldings at the top, some spear-heads, -and a portion of a socketed knife were dug up.</p> - -<p>A large brass coin of Hadrian, much defaced, is said to have been -found at the same time. As in other instances, the evidence on this -point is unsatisfactory, and if it could be sifted, would probably carry -the case no farther than to prove that the Roman coins and the bronze -celts were found near the same spot, and possibly by the same man, on -the same day. In illustration of this collection of objects of different -dates, I may mention that I lately purchased a fifteenth-century <i>jeton</i> -as having been found with Merovingian gold ornaments.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-117.jpg" width="400" height="274" id="i117" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 123.—Chrishall. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 124.—Reach Fen. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 125.—Barrington. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> -<p>Some of the Breton celts, in form like Fig. 120, have two or three -knobs on a level with the loop.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Another and common kind of ornament on the faces of socketed -celts consists of vertical lines, or ribs, extending from the moulding -round the mouth some distance down the faces of the blade. They -vary in number, but are rarely less than three. In some instances -the ribs are so slight as to be almost imperceptible, a circumstance -which suggests the probability of celts in actual use having served -as the models or patterns from which the moulds for casting others -were made, as in each successive moulding and casting any prominences -such as these ribs would be reduced or softened down. On any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> -other supposition it is difficult to conceive how an ornamentation -so indistinct as almost to escape observation could have originated. -There are some celts which on one face are quite smooth and plain, -while on the other some traces of the ribs may just be detected. -The same is the case with some of the celts which have the slightest -possible traces of the “flanches,” such as seen on Fig. 111. The -smearing of metal moulds with clay, to prevent the adhesion of -the castings, would tend to obliterate such ornaments.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">A celt with the vertical ribs from the hoard of Reach Fen, Cambridge, -is shown in Fig. 124. There are slight projecting beads running down -the angles. The three ribs die into the face of the blade. Another of -nearly the same type, but with coarse ribs somewhat curved, is shown in -Fig. 125. It has not the beads at the angles. This specimen was found -in company with a celt like Fig. 116, and with a gouge like Fig. 204, at -Barrington, Cambridge, and is in my own collection.</p> - -<p>Celts of wider proportions, and having the three ribs farther apart, -have been frequently found in the Northern English counties. I have -one (3¼ inches) from Middleton, on the Yorkshire Wolds, which was -given me by Mr. H. S. Harland; and Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., has -several from Yorkshire. The celt which was found near Tadcaster,<a name="FNanchor_426_426" id="FNanchor_426_426"></a><a href="#Footnote_426_426" class="fnanchor">[426]</a> in -that county, and which has been so often cited, from the fact of its having -a large bronze ring passing through the loop, on which is a jet bead, -is also of this type. There can be little doubt that the ring and bead, -which not improbably were found at the same time as the celt, were -attached to it subsequently by the finder, in the manner in which they -may now be seen in the British Museum. A celt with three ribs, from -the hoard found at Westow,<a name="FNanchor_427_427" id="FNanchor_427_427"></a><a href="#Footnote_427_427" class="fnanchor">[427]</a> in the North Riding, has been figured, as -has been one from Cuerdale,<a name="FNanchor_428_428" id="FNanchor_428_428"></a><a href="#Footnote_428_428" class="fnanchor">[428]</a> near Preston, Lancashire, and one (4½ -inches) from Rockbourn Down,<a name="FNanchor_429_429" id="FNanchor_429_429"></a><a href="#Footnote_429_429" class="fnanchor">[429]</a> Wilts, now in the British Museum. -One (3¾ inches long) was found near Hull,<a name="FNanchor_430_430" id="FNanchor_430_430"></a><a href="#Footnote_430_430" class="fnanchor">[430]</a> in Yorkshire; and five others -at Winmarley,<a name="FNanchor_431_431" id="FNanchor_431_431"></a><a href="#Footnote_431_431" class="fnanchor">[431]</a> near Garstang, Lancashire, together with two spears, -one of them having crescent-shaped openings in the blade (Fig. 419).</p> - -<p>Another was found, with other bronze objects, at Stanhope,<a name="FNanchor_432_432" id="FNanchor_432_432"></a><a href="#Footnote_432_432" class="fnanchor">[432]</a> Durham.</p> - -<p>The celts found with spear-heads and discs near Newark, and now -in Canon Greenwell’s collection, are of this type, but of different sizes. -That found at Cann,<a name="FNanchor_433_433" id="FNanchor_433_433"></a><a href="#Footnote_433_433" class="fnanchor">[433]</a> near Shaftesbury, with, it is said, a human skeleton -and two ancient British silver coins, had three ribs on its face.</p> - -<p>Several others were found in the hoard at West Halton,<a name="FNanchor_434_434" id="FNanchor_434_434"></a><a href="#Footnote_434_434" class="fnanchor">[434]</a> Lincolnshire, -already mentioned. Others were discovered in company with a -looped palstave, some spear-heads, ferrules, fragments of swords, and a -tanged knife, near Nottingham,<a name="FNanchor_435_435" id="FNanchor_435_435"></a><a href="#Footnote_435_435" class="fnanchor">[435]</a> in 1860. Seven or eight such celts, -and the half of a bronze mould in which to cast them, were found with a -socketed knife, spear-heads, and numerous other objects, in the Heathery<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> -Burn Cave,<a name="FNanchor_436_436" id="FNanchor_436_436"></a><a href="#Footnote_436_436" class="fnanchor">[436]</a> near Stanhope, Durham, of which further mention will -subsequently be made. Many have also been found in Yorkshire and -Northumberland.</p> - -<p>The type is not confined to the Northern Counties, for specimens -occurred in the great find at Carlton Rode,<a name="FNanchor_437_437" id="FNanchor_437_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_437_437" class="fnanchor">[437]</a> near Attleborough, Norfolk. -I have seen another, 4 inches long, which was found with many other -socketed celts and other articles at Martlesham, Suffolk, in the hoard -already mentioned (p. 113). I have one (3⅝ inches) from Llandysilio, -Denbighshire. Another, with traces of the three ribs, was found at Pulborough,<a name="FNanchor_438_438" id="FNanchor_438_438"></a><a href="#Footnote_438_438" class="fnanchor">[438]</a> -Sussex. This specimen is in outline more like Fig. 130. A -socketed celt of this kind (5 inches long), with three parallel ribs on the flat -surface, was found near Launceston,<a name="FNanchor_439_439" id="FNanchor_439_439"></a><a href="#Footnote_439_439" class="fnanchor">[439]</a> Cornwall. -Some long celts of the same kind were found -at Karn Brê, in the same county, as already -mentioned.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-119.jpg" width="150" height="371" id="i119" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 126.—Mynydd-y-Glas. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In some celts with the three ribs on their -faces, found in Wales, the moulding at the top -is large and heavy, and forms a sort of cornice -round the celt, the upper surface of which is -flat. That engraved as Fig. 126 was found at -Mynydd-y-Glas, near Hensol, Glamorganshire, -and is now in the British Museum. In the -same collection is another of much the same -character, but of ruder fabric, 4¾ inches long, -with a square socket, found in 1849 with others -similar, in making the South Wales Railway, -in Great Wood,<a name="FNanchor_440_440" id="FNanchor_440_440"></a><a href="#Footnote_440_440" class="fnanchor">[440]</a> St. Fagan’s, Glamorganshire. -The loop is badly cast, being filled up with -metal.</p> - -<p>Canon Greenwell has a celt of this type (4 -inches), found at Llandysilio, Denbighshire, -with two others having three somewhat converging -ribs (3¾ inches and 3¼ inches), a socketed -knife, and part of a spear-head.</p> - -<p>Two others (5⅛ inches and 4⅜ inches) were -found with part of a looped palstave<a name="FNanchor_441_441" id="FNanchor_441_441"></a><a href="#Footnote_441_441" class="fnanchor">[441]</a> and a -waste piece from a casting, and lumps of metal, -on Kenidjack Cliff, Cornwall. Another (4 -inches) from Cornwall is in the British Museum. -One from Sedgemoor, Somersetshire, is -in the Taunton Museum.</p> - -<p>The three-ribbed type occurs occasionally in France. Examples are in -the Museums of Amiens, Toulouse, Clermont Ferrand, Poitiers, and other -towns. Three vertical ribs are of common occurrence on celts from Hungary -and Styria.</p> - -<p>In some rare examples the three ribs converge as they go down the -blade. One such is shown in Fig. 127. The original is in the possession -of Sir A. A. Hood, Bart., and was found with twenty-seven other socketed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> -celts, some of oval and some of square section, two palstaves, two gouges, -two daggers, twelve spear-heads, and numerous fragments of celts and -leaf-shaped swords, as well as rough metal and the refuse jets from castings. -The whole lay together about two feet below the surface at Wick -Park,<a name="FNanchor_442_442" id="FNanchor_442_442"></a><a href="#Footnote_442_442" class="fnanchor">[442]</a> Stogursey, Somerset.</p> - -<p>In other rare instances there is a transverse bead running across the -blade below the three vertical ribs. The celt shown in Fig. 128 was found -near Guildford, Surrey, and is in the collection of Mr. R. Fitch, F.S.A.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-120.jpg" width="400" height="346" id="i120" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 127.—Stogursey. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 128.—Guildford. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 129.—Frettenham. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>On other celts the vertical ribs are more or less than three in number. -A specimen with four ribs, also in Mr. Fitch’s collection, is engraved as -Fig. 129. It was found at Frettenham, Norfolk.</p> - -<p>Others with four ribs occurred in the find at West Halton,<a name="FNanchor_443_443" id="FNanchor_443_443"></a><a href="#Footnote_443_443" class="fnanchor">[443]</a> Lincolnshire, -already mentioned. One was also found at the Castle Hill,<a name="FNanchor_444_444" id="FNanchor_444_444"></a><a href="#Footnote_444_444" class="fnanchor">[444]</a> -Worcester, and another at Broust in Andreas,<a name="FNanchor_445_445" id="FNanchor_445_445"></a><a href="#Footnote_445_445" class="fnanchor">[445]</a> Isle of Man. Examples -with three and four ribs from Kirk-patrick and Kirk-bride, Isle of Man, -are in the collection of Mr. J. R. Wallace of Distington, Whitehaven.</p> - -<p>One (4⅛ inches) with five ribs was found in the hoard at Martlesham, -Suffolk, also already mentioned.</p> - -<p>One (3¾ inches) with six small vertical ribs on the faces, found at -Downton, near Salisbury, is in the Blackmore Museum. In a celt with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> -square socket from the Carlton Rode find there are traces of six ribs on -one of the faces only. This specimen, in my own collection, is in good -condition, and the probability is in favour of this almost complete obliteration -of the pattern being due to a succession of moulds having been -formed, each rather more indistinct than the one before it, in which the -model that served for the mould was cast.</p> - -<p>Celts closely resembling Fig. 129 are in the museums at Nantes and -Narbonne.<a name="FNanchor_446_446" id="FNanchor_446_446"></a><a href="#Footnote_446_446" class="fnanchor">[446]</a></p> - -<p>As an instance of a celt having only two of these vertical ribs upon it, -I may mention a large one in my own collection (4¾ inches) found in the -Isle of Portland. The mouth of the socket is oval, but the external faces -are flat, the sides being rounded. The ribs run about 2½ inches down the -faces, but the metal is too much oxidised to see whether they end in -pellets or no.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-121.jpg" width="400" height="382" id="i121" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 130.—Ely. ½ -<span class="vh">———————</span> -Fig. 131.—Caston. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>It is not unfrequently the case that the ribs thus terminate in roundels -or pellets. That from the Fens, near Ely, which has been kindly lent me -by Mr. Marshall Fisher, and is shown in Fig. 130, is of this kind, though -the pellets are so indistinct as to have escaped the eye of the engraver. -This celt is remarkable for the unusually broad and heavy moulding -at the top. The notches in the edge, which the engraver has reproduced, -are of modern origin.</p> - -<p>The celt from Caston, Norfolk, shown in Fig. 131, has also the three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> -ribs ending in pellets, but there are short diagonal lines branching in -each direction from the central rib near the top.</p> - -<p>I have another of the same kind, but longer, and without the diagonal -lines, from Thetford, Suffolk.</p> - -<p>A celt of this type is in the Stockholm Museum.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-122.jpg" width="250" height="352" id="i122" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 132.—Carlton Rode. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 133.—Fornham. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In Figs. 132 and 133 are shown two celts of this class, one with five short -ribs ending in pellets, from the Carlton Rode find, and the other with five -longer ribs ending in larger roundels, from Fornham, near Bury St. -Edmunds. The latter was -bequeathed to me by my -valued friend, the late Mr. -J. W. Flower, F.G.S.</p> - -<p>It will be observed that -in the Fornham celt the -first and last ribs form -beadings at the angles of -the square shaft. In the -other none of the beads -come to the edge of the -face. I have a celt like -Fig. 133, but shorter (4 -inches), from the hoard -found in Reach Fen, already -mentioned. Another -(4⅛ inches), in all respects -like Fig. 133, except that -the outer ribs are not at the -angles, was found at -Brough,<a name="FNanchor_447_447" id="FNanchor_447_447"></a><a href="#Footnote_447_447" class="fnanchor">[447]</a> near Castleton, -Derbyshire, and is in the -Bateman Collection, where -is also another (4¼ inches) -from the Peak Forest, Derbyshire. -Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S., has one (4½ inches) -from Broughton, near Malton, -on one face of which -there are only four ribs, -and in the place where -the central rib would terminate, a ring ornament. The other face of -the celt has only four ribs at regular intervals, ending in pellets. -Another, similar (5 inches), was found in the Thames, near Erith.<a name="FNanchor_448_448" id="FNanchor_448_448"></a><a href="#Footnote_448_448" class="fnanchor">[448]</a> I -have seen another rather more hexagonal in section, which was found -in the Cambridge Fens.</p> - -<p>Celts with vertical ribs ending in pellets are occasionally found in -France. One from Lutz (Eure et Loir) is in the museum at Chateaudun; -others are in that of Toulouse. Another with four ribs, found at -Cascastel, is in the museum at Narbonne. Canon Greenwell has one -from l’Orient, Brittany.</p> - -<p>I have a small one like Fig. 120 in form, but barely 3 inches long,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> -found near Saumur (Maine et Loire). It has five ribs, arranged as on -Fig. 133.</p> - -<p>An example with a far larger array of vertical ribs than usual is shown -in Fig. 134. The ribs are arranged in groups of three, and each terminates -in a small pellet. The outer lines are so close to the angles of the -celt as almost to merge in them. This instrument was found at Fen -Ditton, Cambridge, and is now in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-123.jpg" width="400" height="360" id="i123" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 134.—Fen Ditton. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 135.—Bottisham. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 136.—Winwick. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>On some celts there is, besides the row of roundels or pellets at the end -of the ribs, a second row a little higher up, as is shown in Fig. 135, -which represents a specimen in the British Museum, from Bottisham -Lode, Cambridge. The sides of this celt are not flat, but somewhat -ridged, so that in its upper part it presents an irregular hexagon in -section. There are ribs running down the angles, with indications of -terminal pellets.</p> - -<p>In the Warrington Museum is a curious variety of the celt with the -three vertical ribs ending in pellets, which by the kindness of the trustees -of the museum I have engraved as Fig. 136. It will be seen that in -addition to the vertical ribs there is a double series of chevrons over the -upper part of the blade. The metal is somewhat oxidised, and the pattern -is made rather more distinct in the engraving than it is in the original.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> -This celt has already been figured on a smaller scale, and was found at -Winwick,<a name="FNanchor_449_449" id="FNanchor_449_449"></a><a href="#Footnote_449_449" class="fnanchor">[449]</a> near Warrington, Lancashire.</p> - -<p>An ornamentation of nearly the same character, but without pellets at -the end of the ribs, occurs on a socketed celt from Kiew,<a name="FNanchor_450_450" id="FNanchor_450_450"></a><a href="#Footnote_450_450" class="fnanchor">[450]</a> Russia.</p></div> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-124.jpg" width="250" height="360" id="i124" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p> -Fig. 137.—Kingston. ½</p> -<p class="pr">Fig. 138.—Cayton Carr. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p class="p1">The vertical ribs or lines occasionally end in ring ornaments or -circles with a central pellet, like the astronomical symbol for the -sun <span class="mid"><b>☉</b></span>. Next to the cross this ornament is, perhaps, the simplest -and most easily made, for a notched flint could be used as a pair -of compasses to produce a -circle with a well-marked -centre on almost any material, -however hard. We -find these ring ornaments -in relief on many of the -coins of the Ancient Britons, -and in intaglio on -numerous articles formed -of bone and metal, which -belong to the Roman and -Saxon periods. On Italian -palstaves they are -the commonest ornaments. -But though so -frequent on metallic antiquities -of the latter part -of the Bronze Age, it is -remarkable that the ornament -is of very rare occurrence -on any of the -pottery which is known to -belong to that period.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">A good example from Kingston, Surrey, of a celt with ring ornaments -at the end of the ribs is in the British Museum, and is shown in Fig. 137. -Canon Greenwell possesses a nearly similar celt (5 inches) from Seamer -Carr, Yorkshire, the angles of which are ribbed or beaded. A socketed -celt with the same ornamentation, but with pellets having a central boss -instead of the ring ornaments, is in the museum at Nantes.<a name="FNanchor_451_451" id="FNanchor_451_451"></a><a href="#Footnote_451_451" class="fnanchor">[451]</a> It was -found in Brittany.</p> - -<p>Some of the Brittany celts like Fig. 120 have one ring-ornament on each -face, composed of two concentric circles and a central pellet.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span></p> - -<p>On a celt found at Cayton Carr, Yorkshire, and in the collection of -Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., there is a double row of ring ornaments at the -end of the three ribs. Below the principal moulding at the top of the celt -is a band of four raised beads by way of additional ornament. It is -shown in Fig. 138. A nearly similar specimen is in the Museum of the -Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne.</p> - -<p>In a very remarkable specimen from Lakenheath,<a name="FNanchor_452_452" id="FNanchor_452_452"></a><a href="#Footnote_452_452" class="fnanchor">[452]</a> Suffolk, preserved -in the British Museum and engraved as Fig. 139, there are three lines -formed of rather oval pellets, terminating in ring ornaments, and alternating -with them two plain beaded ribs ending in small pellets. There -are traces of a cable moulding round the neck above.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-125.jpg" width="400" height="360" id="i125" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 139.—Lakenheath. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 140.—Thames. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 141.—Kingston. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In another variety, also in the British Museum, and shown in Fig. 140, -the three ribs ending in ring ornaments spring from a transverse bead, -between which and the moulding round the mouth are two other vertical -beads, about midway of the spaces between the lower ribs. It is probable -that this celt was found in the Thames.</p> - -<p>Another of remarkably analogous character was certainly found in the -Thames near Kingston,<a name="FNanchor_453_453" id="FNanchor_453_453"></a><a href="#Footnote_453_453" class="fnanchor">[453]</a> and is now in the Museum of the Society of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> -Antiquaries. It is shown in Fig. 141. On it are only two descending -ribs, ending in ring ornaments, the pellets in the centre of which are -almost invisible; but above the transverse bead are three ascending ribs, -which alternate with those that descend. All these ribs are double -instead of single.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-126.jpg" width="300" height="362" id="i126" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 142.—Kingston. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In some rare instances there are ring ornaments both at the top and at -the bottom of the vertical lines, as is seen on one of the faces of the -curious celt shown in Fig. 142, where the usual ribs are replaced by rows -of two or three slightly raised lines. On the other face it will be seen -that the ornamentation is of a different character, with one ring ornament -at top and three below, the two outer of which are connected with -ribs diverging from two curved lines above. The original was found, -with three others less ornamented, at Kingston,<a name="FNanchor_454_454" id="FNanchor_454_454"></a><a href="#Footnote_454_454" class="fnanchor">[454]</a> Surrey, and is in the -British Museum.</p> - -<p>A nearly similar celt from Scotland is described at page 137.</p> - -<p>In another very rare specimen the vertical lines are replaced by two -double chevrons of pellets, the upper one reversed. There is still a ring -ornament at the base, and lines of pellets running down the margins of -the blade. This specimen, shown in Fig. 143, was found in the Thames,<a name="FNanchor_455_455" id="FNanchor_455_455"></a><a href="#Footnote_455_455" class="fnanchor">[455]</a> -and is in the collection of Mr. T. Layton, F.S.A.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></p> - -<p>In another equally rare form there is a treble ring ornament at the -bottom of a single central beaded rib, and at the top two “flanches,” -represented by double lines, as shown in Fig. 144. The neck of this celt -is in section a flattened hexagon. It was found at Givendale, near -Pocklington, Yorkshire, E. R., and is now in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>In the celt shown in Fig. 145 the central rib terminates in a pellet, -and there are three curved ribs on either side. In this case the section of -the neck of the blade is nearly circular. The specimen is in the British -Museum, and was probably found near Cambridge, as it formed part of -the late Mr. Lichfield’s collection. A celt ornamented in the same manner, -but without the central rib, was found near Mildenhall, Suffolk, and is -in the collection of Mr. H. Prigg.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-127.jpg" width="400" height="245" id="i127" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p> -Fig. 143.—Thames. -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 144.—Givendale. ½</p> -<p class="pr7">Fig. 145.—Cambridge. ½</p> -<p class="pr">Fig. 146.—Blandford. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another (4 inches), also in the British Museum, has two ribs on each -margin, parallel to the sides, as seen in Fig. 146. It was found near -Blandford, Dorsetshire, in company with unfinished gouges, and is -remarkable on account of its having been cast so thin that it seems -incapable of standing any hard work.</p> - -<p>It seems probable that the instruments from Blandford, now in the -British Museum, formed part of a large hoard, for in the collection of the -late Mr. Medhurst, of Weymouth, were a dozen or more of much the same -outline and character. The section at the neck is a flattened hexagon. -Some have a straight rib on each of the sloping sides, as well as two -curved lines on the flat face. Others have three lines, one straight and -two curved, on the flat face, each ending in a pellet; and others again -have merely a central line on the flat face.</p> - -<p>A celt of nearly the same outline as Fig. 146 (4¼ inches), found at -Gembling, Yorkshire, E. R., has slight flutings down the angles for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> -about two-thirds of its length. It is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S.</p> - -<p>Another of these instruments, ornamented in the same manner, but -having a curved edge, is shown in Fig. 147, from an original in the -British Museum. It formed part of the Cooke Collection from Parsonstown, -King’s County, but I doubt its being really Irish.</p> - -<p>A rare form of socketed celt is shown in Fig. 148. The original was -found in the Fens, near Barrington, Cambridge, and is in my own collection. -It has at the top of the blade, below the moulding, a shield-shaped -ornament, of much the same character as that on the palstaves, -like Fig. 60, but in this case formed by indented lines cast in the -metal.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-128.jpg" width="400" height="299" id="i128" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc3" summary="caption3"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 147.<br />Ireland? ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 148.<br />Barrington. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 149.<br />Hounslow. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 150.<br />Wallingford. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>Another, of unusually narrow form, found at Thames Ditton,<a name="FNanchor_456_456" id="FNanchor_456_456"></a><a href="#Footnote_456_456" class="fnanchor">[456]</a> is in -the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries.</p> - -<p>A broader celt, ornamented with a reversed chevron, formed of three -raised ribs, and with short single ribs on each side, is shown in Fig. 149. -It was found at Hounslow, with a flat celt, a palstave, and a socketed -celt like Fig. 112, and is now in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>A more common form has a circular socket and moulded top, below -which the neck of the blade is an almost regular octagon. That shown -in Fig. 150 is in my own collection, and was found at Wallingford,<a name="FNanchor_457_457" id="FNanchor_457_457"></a><a href="#Footnote_457_457" class="fnanchor">[457]</a> -Berks, in company with a socketed gouge, a tanged chisel (Fig. 193), a -socketed knife, and a two-edged cutting tool or razor (Fig. 269).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></p> - -<p>One nearly similar, supposed to have been found in Yorkshire, -together with the mould in which it was cast, is engraved in the <i>Archæologia</i>.<a name="FNanchor_458_458" id="FNanchor_458_458"></a><a href="#Footnote_458_458" class="fnanchor">[458]</a> -The mould was regarded as a case in which the instrument was -kept. Another of the same kind seems to have been found, with other -celts and fragments of swords and spears, at Bilton,<a name="FNanchor_459_459" id="FNanchor_459_459"></a><a href="#Footnote_459_459" class="fnanchor">[459]</a> Yorkshire. I have -seen another, 4 inches long, from the hoard found at Martlesham, Suffolk, -already mentioned. A broken specimen, found with a socketed gouge -and an article like Fig. 493, at Roseberry Topping,<a name="FNanchor_460_460" id="FNanchor_460_460"></a><a href="#Footnote_460_460" class="fnanchor">[460]</a> in Cleveland, -Yorkshire, appears to be of this kind. Another (5 inches long), found -at Minster, Kent, is in the Mayer Collection at Liverpool. I have also -one from the Cambridge Fens.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-129.jpg" width="150" height="405" id="i129" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p> - Fig. 151.—Newham. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., are three socketed celts -with octagonal necks, which were found with -others, both plain and having three ribs on the -face, together with a looped palstave, at Haxey, -Lincolnshire. Two of these are of the usual type, -but the third (3½ inches) is shorter and broader, -resembling in outline the common Irish form, -Fig. 167. A celt apparently of the type of Fig. 150, -but with a double bead round the top, was found -in the Severn, at Holt,<a name="FNanchor_461_461" id="FNanchor_461_461"></a><a href="#Footnote_461_461" class="fnanchor">[461]</a> Worcestershire. In the -Faussett Collection, now at Liverpool, is a celt of -this kind, with the angles engrailed or “milled.” -This was probably found in Kent.</p> - -<p>A celt of this type, found at Orgelet, Jura, is -figured by Chantre,<a name="FNanchor_462_462" id="FNanchor_462_462"></a><a href="#Footnote_462_462" class="fnanchor">[462]</a> as well as one from the Lac -du Bourget.<a name="FNanchor_463_463" id="FNanchor_463_463"></a><a href="#Footnote_463_463" class="fnanchor">[463]</a> They have also been found in the -Department of La Manche.<a name="FNanchor_464_464" id="FNanchor_464_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_464_464" class="fnanchor">[464]</a> I have one from the -hoard found at Dreuil, near Amiens, the neck of -which is decagonal.</p> - -<p>Nearly the same form has been found in Sweden.<a name="FNanchor_465_465" id="FNanchor_465_465"></a><a href="#Footnote_465_465" class="fnanchor">[465]</a></p> - -<p>Another example, more trumpet-mouthed, is -shown in Fig. 151, from the collection of Canon -Greenwell, F.R.S. It was found in 1868 in draining -at Newham, Northumberland. I have another -of nearly the same form (4¾ inches), from Coveney, -in the Isle of Ely. Another, found at Stanhope,<a name="FNanchor_466_466" id="FNanchor_466_466"></a><a href="#Footnote_466_466" class="fnanchor">[466]</a> -Durham, without loop, and with two holes near -the top, was regarded as an instrument for sharpening -spear-heads.</p> - -<p>Occasionally the neck of the blade is hexagonal instead of octagonal. -In one found at Ty-Mawr,<a name="FNanchor_467_467" id="FNanchor_467_467"></a><a href="#Footnote_467_467" class="fnanchor">[467]</a> on Holyhead Mountain, Anglesea, the hexagonal -character is continued to the mouth. The socket is of an irregularly -square form. It was found with a socketed knife, a tanged chisel, spear-heads,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> -&c., which are now in the British Museum. This form occurs more -frequently in Ireland. A nearly similar celt has been found in the Lake -of Geneva.<a name="FNanchor_468_468" id="FNanchor_468_468"></a><a href="#Footnote_468_468" class="fnanchor">[468]</a></p> - -<p>Another celt, with the neck irregularly octagonal, but with a series of -mouldings round the mouth of the socket, is shown in Fig. 152. The -original is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, and formed part of the -hoard found at Westow, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, already mentioned -at p. 118.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-130.jpg" width="400" height="369" id="i130" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 152.—Westow. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 153.—Wandsworth. -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 154.—Whittlesea. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In Fig. 153 is shown, not on my usual scale of one-half, but of nearly -the actual size, a very remarkable celt, which was found in the bed of the -Thames<a name="FNanchor_469_469" id="FNanchor_469_469"></a><a href="#Footnote_469_469" class="fnanchor">[469]</a> near Wandsworth, and was presented to the Archæological -Institute. The original is, unfortunately, no longer forthcoming. It was -4¾ inches long, and, besides its general singularity of form, presented the -peculiar feature of having the hole of the loop in the same direction as the -socket of the celt, instead of its being as usual at right angles to the blade.</p> - -<p>Socketed celts with a loop on the face instead of on the side are of exceedingly -rare occurrence either in Britain or elsewhere. That shown in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> -Fig. 154 is in the Museum at Wisbech, and was found in company with -three socketed celts, two gouges, a hammer, and a leaf-shaped spear-head -at Whittlesea. The socket shows within it four vertical ribs at equal -distances, with diagonal branches from them. These latter may have -been intended to facilitate the escape of air from the mould. I am -indebted to the managers of the Museum for the loan of the specimen for -engraving.</p> - -<p>The type has occasionally been found in the Lake-dwellings of Savoy. -In the Museum of Chambéry<a name="FNanchor_470_470" id="FNanchor_470_470"></a><a href="#Footnote_470_470" class="fnanchor">[470]</a> there are three examples from the Lac du -Bourget, and I possess another specimen from the same locality. Another -(about 4 inches), from la Balme,<a name="FNanchor_471_471" id="FNanchor_471_471"></a><a href="#Footnote_471_471" class="fnanchor">[471]</a> Isère, is in the Museum at Lyons; -it is more spud-shaped than the English example. Another, of different -form, was in the Larnaud hoard,<a name="FNanchor_472_472" id="FNanchor_472_472"></a><a href="#Footnote_472_472" class="fnanchor">[472]</a> Jura. One has also been found at -Auvernier,<a name="FNanchor_473_473" id="FNanchor_473_473"></a><a href="#Footnote_473_473" class="fnanchor">[473]</a> in the Lake of Neuchâtel. Another (4 inches), in the late -M. Troyon’s collection, was found at Echallens, Canton Vaud.</p> - -<p>One with curved plates on the sides, like Fig. 155, but having the loop -on one face, was found near Avignon, and is now in the British Museum. -It has a round neck with a square socket. A smaller one, of nearly the -same form, was found in a hoard at Pont-point, near the River Oise. -Another, with curved indentations on the sides, from the department of -Jura,<a name="FNanchor_474_474" id="FNanchor_474_474"></a><a href="#Footnote_474_474" class="fnanchor">[474]</a> is in the museum at Toulouse. Socketed celts with a loop on the -face have been found in Siberia.<a name="FNanchor_475_475" id="FNanchor_475_475"></a><a href="#Footnote_475_475" class="fnanchor">[475]</a></p> - -<p>In some socketed celts the reminiscence of the “flanches” or wings upon -the palstaves, of which I have spoken in an earlier part of this chapter, -has survived in a peculiar manner, there being somewhat hollowed oval -projections upon each side of the blade, that give the appearance of the -“flanches” on the face, but at the same time produce indentations in the -external outline of the instrument.</p> - -<p>This will be seen in Fig. 155, which was found with the palstave -(Fig. 83), the socketed celt (Fig. 157), and other objects at Nettleham,<a name="FNanchor_476_476" id="FNanchor_476_476"></a><a href="#Footnote_476_476" class="fnanchor">[476]</a> -near Lincoln, as already described (page 93). Another of the same class is -said to have been found in a tumulus on Frettenham Common,<a name="FNanchor_477_477" id="FNanchor_477_477"></a><a href="#Footnote_477_477" class="fnanchor">[477]</a> Norfolk. -Another, shown in Fig. 156, was in the Crofton Croker Collection. All -these are now in the British Museum. The second celt from Nettleham -(Fig. 157) shows only the indented outline without any representation -of the oval plates. The nearest approach in form to these celts which I -have met with is to be seen in some from the South of France. These -are, however, generally without loops. I have two from the departments of -Haute Loire and Isère. One from Ribiers, in the department of the Hautes -Alpes, is in the museum at St. Omer. Another is in the museum at Metz.</p> - -<p>A socketed celt, found at Aninger, and now in the Antiken Cabinet at -Vienna, has large oval plates on each of its sides, which nearly meet -upon the faces.</p> - -<p>In the collection of the late Mr. Brackstone was a remarkable celt, exhibiting -a modification of this form. It is said to have been found with a -large socketed celt with three mouldings round the mouth, and a looped<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> -palstave with three ribs below the stop ridge, near Ulleskelf, Yorkshire. -Mr. Brackstone printed a lithographic plate of the three, from which and -from an engraving in the <i>Archæological -Journal</i><a name="FNanchor_478_478" id="FNanchor_478_478"></a><a href="#Footnote_478_478" class="fnanchor">[478]</a> Fig. 158 is taken. It will be -observed that this celt is elaborately ornamented, -even on the ring, either by -engraving or punching. The original -is now in the Blackmore Museum at -Salisbury.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-132a.jpg" width="400" height="297" id="i132a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 155.—Nettleham. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 156.—Croker Collection. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 157.—Nettleham. -</p></div></div> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-132b.jpg" width="200" height="289" id="i132b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p> -Fig. 158.—Ulleskelf. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A celt of closely allied character, with -the lower part of the blade and the -C-shaped flanches similar to that from -Ulleskelf, with the exception of the -chevron ornament, is said to have been -also found in Yorkshire. A woodcut, -from a drawing by M. Du Noyer, will -be found in the <i>Archæological Journal</i>.<a name="FNanchor_479_479" id="FNanchor_479_479"></a><a href="#Footnote_479_479" class="fnanchor">[479]</a> -The upper part is rectangular and -plain, without any moulding round -the top, and there is no loop. The -original is 6 inches long. In general -appearance and character this celt approaches -those of Etruscan and Italian -origin; but I see no reason why it may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> -not have been found, as stated, in Britain, though, so far as I know, it is -unique of its kind.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">The next class of socketed celts which has to be noticed consists -of those in which the loop is absent. No doubt, in some cases, -this absence arises either from defective casting, or from the loop -having been accidentally broken off, and all traces of it removed; -but in many instances it is evident that the tools were cast purposely -without a loop. It seems probable that many of them -were intended for use as chisels, and not like the looped kinds as -axes or hatchets. The similarity between the looped and the -loopless varieties is so great that I have thought it best to describe -some of the instruments which may be regarded as undoubtedly -chisels in this place rather than in the chapter devoted -to chisels, in which, however, -such of the socketed kinds as are -narrow at the edge, and do not -expand like the common forms -of celt, will be found described.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-133.jpg" width="250" height="228" id="i133" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc4" summary="caption4"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc3">Fig. 159.<br />Reach Fen. ½</td> - <td class="tdc3">Fig. 160.<br />Carlton Rode. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">The small tool shown in Fig. 159 -may safely be regarded as a chisel. -It does not show the slightest trace -of ever having been intended to have -a loop, and is indeed too light for a -hatchet. It was found with a tanged -chisel, a hammer, numerous socketed -celts, and other articles, in the hoard -from Reach Fen, Cambridge, already -mentioned at p. 112. I have seen -another, 2⅛ inches long, with a -somewhat oval socket and no loop, which was found in Mildenhall Fen, -and was in the collection of the Rev. S. Banks, of Cottenham.</p> - -<p>A longer celt of the same character is engraved by Dr. Plot.<a name="FNanchor_480_480" id="FNanchor_480_480"></a><a href="#Footnote_480_480" class="fnanchor">[480]</a> It was -sent to him by Charles Cotton, Esq., and according to Plot “seems to -have been the head of a Roman rest used to support the lituus, the -trombe-torte, crooked trumpet, or horne pipe used in the Roman armies.” -Another of nearly the same form was found on Meon Hill,<a name="FNanchor_481_481" id="FNanchor_481_481"></a><a href="#Footnote_481_481" class="fnanchor">[481]</a> near Camden, -Gloucestershire.</p> - -<p>A celt or chisel of this character found at Düren, in North Brabant, is -in the museum at Leyden.</p> - -<p>Another was found at Zaborowo,<a name="FNanchor_482_482" id="FNanchor_482_482"></a><a href="#Footnote_482_482" class="fnanchor">[482]</a> in Posen, in a sepulchral urn.</p> - -<p>A celt of the octagonal form of section and without a loop is shown in -Fig. 160. It formed part of the great hoard found at Carlton Rode, near -Attleborough, Norfolk, of which some particulars have already been -given. The joint marks of the moulds are still very distinct upon the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> -sides. This specimen is in the Norwich Museum, and was kindly lent by -the trustees for me to have it engraved. A nearly similar Scottish celt is -shown in Fig. 165. A celt from the hoard of Cumberlow, near Baldock,<a name="FNanchor_483_483" id="FNanchor_483_483"></a><a href="#Footnote_483_483" class="fnanchor">[483]</a> has -been figured as having no loop, but I believe that this has arisen from an -error of the engraver, as in a drawing which I have seen the loop is present.</p> - -<p>One of hexagonal section and socket from a hoard found on Earsley -Common,<a name="FNanchor_484_484" id="FNanchor_484_484"></a><a href="#Footnote_484_484" class="fnanchor">[484]</a> Yorkshire, in 1735, is engraved as having no loop.</p> - -<p>Celts without loops are not uncommon in France, and are often found -of small size in Denmark.<a name="FNanchor_485_485" id="FNanchor_485_485"></a><a href="#Footnote_485_485" class="fnanchor">[485]</a></p></div> - -<p class="p1">Socketed celts have rarely if ever been found with interments in -barrows in Britain. Sir R. Colt Hoare mentions “a little celt” as -having been found with a small lance, and a long pin with a handle, -all of bronze, near the head of a skeleton, in a barrow on Overton -Hill,<a name="FNanchor_486_486" id="FNanchor_486_486"></a><a href="#Footnote_486_486" class="fnanchor">[486]</a> near Abury, Wilts. The body had been buried in the contracted -attitude, and had, as was thought, been enclosed within the -trunk of a tree. It appears, however, from Dr. Thurnam’s -account,<a name="FNanchor_487_487" id="FNanchor_487_487"></a><a href="#Footnote_487_487" class="fnanchor">[487]</a> that this was a flat and not a socketed celt. It was a -celt like Fig. 116, 3¼ inches long, which is reported to have been -discovered by the late Rev. R. Kirwan in a barrow on Broad Down, -Farway, Devonshire.<a name="FNanchor_488_488" id="FNanchor_488_488"></a><a href="#Footnote_488_488" class="fnanchor">[488]</a> It is said to have lain in the midst of an -abundant deposit of charcoal which was thought to be the remains -of a funeral pyre. Mr. Kirwan informed Dr. Thurnam that there -was every reason to believe that the celt was deposited where found -at the time of the original interment. No bones, however, were -actually with the celt, which lay 18 inches from the central cist.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-134.jpg" width="100" height="199" id="i134" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 161.<br />Arras -</p></div></div> - -<p>A socketed celt with three vertical ribs, like Fig. 125, is also -said to have been found with a human skeleton, and two -uninscribed ancient British coins of silver, at Cann,<a name="FNanchor_489_489" id="FNanchor_489_489"></a><a href="#Footnote_489_489" class="fnanchor">[489]</a> near -Shaftesbury, in 1849. The celt and coins are now in the -collection of Mr. Durden, of Blandford. In neither case -are the circumstances of the discovery absolutely certain.</p> - -<p>A curious instance of the survival of the bronze celt -as an ornament or amulet is afforded by that which was -found in a barrow at Arras, or Hessleskew,<a name="FNanchor_490_490" id="FNanchor_490_490"></a><a href="#Footnote_490_490" class="fnanchor">[490]</a> near Market -Weighton, Yorkshire. It is only an inch in length, -and is shown full-size in Fig. 161. With it was a pin -which connected it with a small light-blue glass bead. It accompanied -the contracted body of a woman laid in a grave, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> -having with it a necklace of glass beads, a large amber bead, and -a brooch, bracelets, ring, tweezers, and pin, apparently of bronze, -some of them ornamented with a kind of paste or enamel. The -majority of the objects found in the group of barrows at Arras, -of which this was one, seem to belong to what Mr. Franks has -termed the “Late-Celtic” period, or approximately to the time -of the Roman invasion of this country.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-135.jpg" width="150" height="230" id="i135" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 162.<br />Bell’s Mills. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Socketed celts not more than ¾ of an inch in length have been -found in Ireland, but with sockets large enough for serviceable -handles, so that they might possibly have been used as chisels. -The diminutive celts, about 2 inches in length, which have been -found in large numbers in Brittany, and have been regarded by -French antiquaries as votive offerings, might also by some possibility -have served as tools; but this can hardly have been the -case with the Arras specimen. A golden celt -found in Cornwall is said to have been in the -possession of the Earl of Falmouth,<a name="FNanchor_491_491" id="FNanchor_491_491"></a><a href="#Footnote_491_491" class="fnanchor">[491]</a> but nothing -is known of it by the present Viscount Falmouth, -and the statement in the “Barrow Diggers” -is probably erroneous.</p> - -<p>It will be well to postpone the account of the -different hoards of bronze objects, in which -socketed celts have been found with other tools -and weapons, until I come to treat of such ancient -deposits, though some of them have already -been mentioned.</p> - -<p>Turning now to the socketed celts which have -been discovered in Scotland, we find them to present a considerable -variety of types, though hardly so great as that exhibited by those -from England, and the recorded instances of their finding are -comparatively few in number.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In Fig. 162 is shown a socketed celt of the plain kind which was found at -Bell’s Mills,<a name="FNanchor_492_492" id="FNanchor_492_492"></a><a href="#Footnote_492_492" class="fnanchor">[492]</a> on the Water of Leith, Edinburgh, in company with those -given as Figs. 164 and 165.</p> - -<p>A celt found in a bog between Stranraer and Portpatrick, Wigtonshire,<a name="FNanchor_493_493" id="FNanchor_493_493"></a><a href="#Footnote_493_493" class="fnanchor">[493]</a> -like Fig. 162, but with a bead at the level of the top of the loop, -has been figured.</p> - -<p>The nearly square-necked celt shown in Fig. 163 is of a broader type -than usual, and was found at North Knapdale,<a name="FNanchor_494_494" id="FNanchor_494_494"></a><a href="#Footnote_494_494" class="fnanchor">[494]</a> Argyleshire.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span></p> - -<p>Socketed celts with oval necks, and resembling the common Irish type, -Fig. 167, in form, have occasionally been found in Scotland. One (3¼ -inches), with a double moulding round the mouth, was found on Arthur’s -Seat, Edinburgh. Another (3 inches) was found with several other socketed -celts and a spear-head near the Loch of Forfar. One of these, like Fig. -150, has a round socket and a twelve-sided neck.</p> - -<p>A celt with a long socket and narrow blade was found, with spear-heads, -bronze armlets, and some pieces of tin, at Achtertyre,<a name="FNanchor_495_495" id="FNanchor_495_495"></a><a href="#Footnote_495_495" class="fnanchor">[495]</a> Morayshire.</p> - -<p>Another type, which appears to be more especially Scottish, has the -ornamented moulding placed on the neck of the blade in such a manner -as to run through the loop. One of this character, dug up near Samson’s -Ribs,<a name="FNanchor_496_496" id="FNanchor_496_496"></a><a href="#Footnote_496_496" class="fnanchor">[496]</a> Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh, has been figured by Professor Daniel -Wilson. A second (2⅞ inches), with three raised bands passing through -the loop, was found in the Forest of Birse,<a name="FNanchor_497_497" id="FNanchor_497_497"></a><a href="#Footnote_497_497" class="fnanchor">[497]</a> Aberdeenshire.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-136.jpg" width="400" height="236" id="i136" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 163.—North Knapdale. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 164.—Bell’s Mills. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 165.—Bell’s Mills. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A type which is also common to England is shown in Fig. 164 from -another of the Bell’s Mills specimens.</p> - -<p>Others with raised lines on the sides are preserved in the museum at -Edinburgh. One of these was found near the citadel at Leith.<a name="FNanchor_498_498" id="FNanchor_498_498"></a><a href="#Footnote_498_498" class="fnanchor">[498]</a></p> - -<p>One (3½ inches), ornamented with four longitudinal lines on each face, -was found in the parish of Southend,<a name="FNanchor_499_499" id="FNanchor_499_499"></a><a href="#Footnote_499_499" class="fnanchor">[499]</a> Cantire. Another (4¼ inches), -with traces of five ribs, three down the middle and two at the margins of -each face, was found at Hangingshaw,<a name="FNanchor_500_500" id="FNanchor_500_500"></a><a href="#Footnote_500_500" class="fnanchor">[500]</a> in Culter parish, Lanarkshire.</p> - -<p>A third celt from Bell’s Mills is shown in Fig. 165. This is of the variety -without the loop, and closely resembles that from the Carlton Rode -hoard, Fig. 160, the main difference being that the neck is of decagonal -instead of octagonal section.</p> - -<p>Moulds for celts of other patterns have also been found in Scotland,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> -as will subsequently be seen. A modern cast from some moulds found -at Rosskeen, Ross-shire, has been engraved by Professor D. Wilson.<a name="FNanchor_501_501" id="FNanchor_501_501"></a><a href="#Footnote_501_501" class="fnanchor">[501]</a> It -is of hexagonal section, and is ornamented on each face by two diverging -ribs starting from an annulet close below the moulding round the mouth, -and ending in two annulets about two-thirds of the way down the blade, -which expands considerably, and has a nearly flat edge.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-137.jpg" width="350" height="421" id="i137" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 166.—Leswalt. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>For the use of Fig. 166 I am indebted to the Council<a name="FNanchor_502_502" id="FNanchor_502_502"></a><a href="#Footnote_502_502" class="fnanchor">[502]</a> of the Ayrshire -and Wigtonshire Archæological Association. The original was found -in a peat-moss near the farm-house of Knock and Maize, in Leswalt -parish, Wigtonshire, and is now in the cabinet of the Earl of Stair. Its -analogies with that found at Kingston, Surrey (Fig. 142), are very -striking, while at the same time it closely resembles the type exhibited by -the mould from Ross-shire already mentioned. The occurrence of instruments -of so rare a form at such a distance apart is very remarkable; but -if, as appears probable, the celts of this type are among the latest which -were manufactured, and may possibly belong even to the Late Celtic -period, their wide dissemination is the less wonderful.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Socketed celts have been found in very large numbers in Ireland, -upwards of two hundred being preserved in the Museum of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> -Royal Irish Academy; and numerous specimens are to be seen in -other collections, both public and private. Mr. R. Day, F.S.A., of -Cork, has upwards of forty in his own cabinet. The Irish celts -vary much in size, the largest being a little over 5 inches long, -and the smallest less than an inch. The most common form is -oval at the neck, and expands into a broad cutting edge. There -is usually some kind of moulding round the mouth, giving the end -of the instrument a trumpet-like appearance. The effect of the -moulding is not unfrequently exaggerated by a hollow fluting -round the neck, as in Fig. 167.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-138.jpg" width="400" height="366" id="i138" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 167.—Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">—————</span> -Fig. 168.—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p>Celts of this and some of the following types have been figured by -Vallancey.<a name="FNanchor_503_503" id="FNanchor_503_503"></a><a href="#Footnote_503_503" class="fnanchor">[503]</a></p> - -<p>In that shown as Fig. 168 there is a slight shoulder below the trumpet-shaped -part of the mouth, and the loop, instead of springing straight -out from the neck, has its ends extended into four ridges, running over -the neck of the celt like half-buried roots.</p> - -<p>An example of a celt with the loop attached in a similar manner has -been engraved by Wilde.<a name="FNanchor_504_504" id="FNanchor_504_504"></a><a href="#Footnote_504_504" class="fnanchor">[504]</a> Another (3¾ inches) is in the collection of -Mr. R. Day, F.S.A.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p1">Fig. 169 shows a finely patinated celt, with a triple moulding -below the expanding mouth, which was found near Belfast. With -it are said to have been found a set of three gold clasps, or so-called -fibulæ, with discs at each end of a slug-like half-ring (see Wilde, -Figs. 594-598). Curiously enough, I have another set of three -of these ornaments, also found together at Craighilly, near Ballymena, -Co. Antrim. Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A., has a specimen which -also is one of three found together in the Co. Down. It seems, -therefore, probable that, like our modern shirt-studs, these ornaments -were worn in sets of three.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-139.jpg" width="400" height="311" id="i139" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 169.—Belfast. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 170.—Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 171.—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p>A celt with four hands (3½ inches) has been engraved by Wilde.<a name="FNanchor_505_505" id="FNanchor_505_505"></a><a href="#Footnote_505_505" class="fnanchor">[505]</a> The -middle member of the triple band is often much the largest.</p> - -<p>A small example of the same type, but with a single band at the -mouth, is shown in Fig. 170. One from Co. Antrim, 1⅝ inch long and 1¼ -inch broad at the edge, is in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>These oval-necked celts are occasionally, but rarely, decorated with -patterns cast in relief upon them. One of them, in the Museum of the -Royal Irish Academy,<a name="FNanchor_506_506" id="FNanchor_506_506"></a><a href="#Footnote_506_506" class="fnanchor">[506]</a> is shown in Fig. 171.</p> - -<p>Inside the sockets of most of the instruments of this class there are near -the bottom, where the two sides converge, one, two, or more vertical -ridges, probably destined to aid in steadying the haft.</p> - -<p>In some instances the upper member of the moulding round the mouth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> -is cast in a cable pattern. Fig. 172 shows an example of this kind from -Athboy, Co. Meath, in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. Others -are in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy.</p> - -<p>Socketed celts, with vertical ribs on the faces, are of rare occurrence in -Ireland. A specimen from Co. Meath, in Canon Greenwell’s collection, -is engraved as Fig. 173.</p> - -<p>One (2⅝ inches) found near Cork, and now in Mr. Robert Day’s collection, -has six vertical ribs on each face, three on either margin. They -are placed close together, and vary in length, the outer one being about -twice as long as that in the middle, which is, however, nearly three times -as long as the innermost of the three ribs.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-140.jpg" width="400" height="324" id="i140" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 172.—Athboy. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 173.—Meath. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 174—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>I have an example of the same kind (2⅜ inches), from Trillick, Co. Tyrone,<a name="FNanchor_507_507" id="FNanchor_507_507"></a><a href="#Footnote_507_507" class="fnanchor">[507]</a> -in which there are five equidistant vertical ribs on each face. The edge -has been much hammered, so as to be considerably recurved at the ends. -Wilde<a name="FNanchor_508_508" id="FNanchor_508_508"></a><a href="#Footnote_508_508" class="fnanchor">[508]</a> has figured a much larger specimen (4½ inches), with three vertical -ribs, which cross a ring, level with the top of the loop, and run up to the -lip moulding. Another,<a name="FNanchor_509_509" id="FNanchor_509_509"></a><a href="#Footnote_509_509" class="fnanchor">[509]</a> with rectangular socket, has the ribs arranged -in the usual manner. In a few instances the ribs end in pellets, and in -one instance Wilde<a name="FNanchor_510_510" id="FNanchor_510_510"></a><a href="#Footnote_510_510" class="fnanchor">[510]</a> describes them as “ending in arrow points.”</p> - -<p>A short but broad socketed celt in the Petrie Collection has on each face -six vertical ribs terminating at each end in annulets.</p> - -<p>The socketed celts with an almost square socket and neck are not so -common in Ireland as those of the broad type with an oval neck, but are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> -yet not absolutely rare. Fig. 174 shows a good specimen of this type. -I have another (3½ inches), from the neighbourhood of Belfast, rather -wider at the edge, and with three flat vertical ribs below the neck -moulding.</p> - -<p>Fig. 175 shows a short variety of the same type, from Newtown Crommolin, -Co. Antrim. One from Trillick, Co. Tyrone (2½ inches), though -nearly rectangular at the neck, has an oval socket.</p> - -<p>Mr. Robert Day has an example (3¼ inches), from Dunshaughlin, Co. -Meath, with two beads round it, the lower one at the level of the bottom -of the loop. This celt is rectangular at the neck, though the socket is -oval.</p> - -<p>Some few have grooves running down the angles. One from Londonderry -(4¼ inches) is in Mr. Day’s collection.</p> - -<p>The long narrow celt with a rib ending in an annulet on the face, -engraved by Wilde as Fig. 283, appears to me to belong to Brittany -rather than to Ireland.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-141.jpg" width="400" height="247" id="i141" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><table id="tc5" summary="caption5"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 175.<br />Newtown Crommolin. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 176.<br />North of Ireland. ½</td> - <td class="tdc5">Fig. 177.<br />Ireland. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>An elegant type of socketed celt of not uncommon occurrence in Ireland -is shown in Fig. 176. The neck is octagonal below the rounded trumpet -mouth, which is ornamented with a series of small parallel beads, between -which a number of minute conical depressions have been punched, making -the beads appear to be corded. Around the loop is an oval of similar -punch marks. A nearly similar specimen has been engraved by Wilde -(Catal., Fig. 276), who also gives one of the same general type, but -with two plain broad beads, alternating with three narrow ones, round -the mouth (Catal., Fig. 277). It has a hexagonal neck. A celt (4¼ inches) -from Ballina, Co. Mayo, in the collection of Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A., -has an octagonal neck, and five grooved lines round its circular mouth.</p> - -<p>Canon Greenwell has one of the type of Fig. 176 (3⅞ inches), with -hexagonal neck and five equal beads round the mouth, from Carlea, Co.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span> -Longford, and another (3¾ inches), with ten small beads round a somewhat -oval mouth, from Arboe, Co. Tyrone. The neck of this latter is -nearly rectangular. I have a celt of this type from Balbriggan, Co. -Dublin (3½ inches), with a hexagonal neck and a plain mouth. The -loop has root-like excrescences from it, as already described.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-142a.jpg" width="150" height="192" id="i142a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 178.—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>There is one more Irish type of looped socketed celts which it will be well -to figure, and to which Wilde has given the name of the axe-shaped socketed -celt. As will be seen, the blade is expanded considerably below the -socketed part, and assumes a form not uncommon among iron or steel -axes. I have copied Fig. 177 from Wilde’s cut, No. -281, on an enlarged scale.</p> - -<p>A socketed celt expanding into a broad axe-like -edge is in the Pesth Museum.</p> - -<p>An analogous but narrower form is found in France. -I have seen the drawing of one found at Pont-point, -Oise (?).</p> - -<p>Socketed celts without loops have not unfrequently -been found in Ireland. One of this type has been -figured by Wilde,<a name="FNanchor_511_511" id="FNanchor_511_511"></a><a href="#Footnote_511_511" class="fnanchor">[511]</a> whose cut is, by the kindness of -the Council of the Royal Irish Academy, here reproduced -as Fig. 178. There are two others in the same -collection. Another of the same length (2-1/16 inches), but wider at the -edge, was found in the Shannon,<a name="FNanchor_512_512" id="FNanchor_512_512"></a><a href="#Footnote_512_512" class="fnanchor">[512]</a> at Keelogue Ford. A longer and -narrower instrument (3¾ inches) of the same kind has also been engraved -by Wilde.<a name="FNanchor_513_513" id="FNanchor_513_513"></a><a href="#Footnote_513_513" class="fnanchor">[513]</a> Another has been engraved by Vallancey.<a name="FNanchor_514_514" id="FNanchor_514_514"></a><a href="#Footnote_514_514" class="fnanchor">[514]</a> Others (2 and -2⅛ inches) from Lisburn and Ballymoney, Co. Antrim, are in the British -Museum. The former has a small bead on a -level with the base of the socket. The latter -is oval at the neck, but oblong at the mouth.</p> - -<p>A bronze instrument of this form, but -wider at the edge, was in common use among -the ancient Egyptians, and has been regarded -as a hoe.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-142b.jpg" width="200" height="265" id="i142b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 179.—Kertch. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A socketed celt without loop, but with two -projections on one side, from the Sanda Valley,<a name="FNanchor_515_515" id="FNanchor_515_515"></a><a href="#Footnote_515_515" class="fnanchor">[515]</a> -Yunan, China, has been figured by -Dr. Anderson. The edge is very oblique. -An example brought from Yunan by the -same expedition is in the Christy Collection. -One from Cambodia,<a name="FNanchor_516_516" id="FNanchor_516_516"></a><a href="#Footnote_516_516" class="fnanchor">[516]</a> without loop, but in -form like Fig. 119, has been figured by Dr. -Noulet.</p> - -<p>A very remarkable socketed celt without -loop from Java is in the Cabinet of Coins at -Stuttgart. It expands widely at the edge -and has three facets on one side of the neck, while the other is curved, -so that it was probably mounted as an adze. The surface of the socket -is not flat, but there is a V-shaped depression across it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span></p> - -<p>Socketed celts with two loops have not as yet been recorded as found -within the United Kingdom, though a stone mould for celts of this form -was found at Bulford Water, Salisbury. In Eastern Europe the form is -more common. The specimen shown as Fig. 179 was found in the neighbourhood -of Kertch,<a name="FNanchor_517_517" id="FNanchor_517_517"></a><a href="#Footnote_517_517" class="fnanchor">[517]</a> and is now in the British Museum. I have seen -others ornamented on the faces, brought from Asiatic Siberia by Mr. H. -Seebohm. Others from Siberia<a name="FNanchor_518_518" id="FNanchor_518_518"></a><a href="#Footnote_518_518" class="fnanchor">[518]</a> have been figured. One of these is -without loops, and has chevron ornaments in relief below a double -moulding.</p> - -<p>A socketed celt with two loops, and apparently hexagonal at the neck, -found at Ell, near Benfeld, Alsace, is figured by Schneider.<a name="FNanchor_519_519" id="FNanchor_519_519"></a><a href="#Footnote_519_519" class="fnanchor">[519]</a></p> - -<p>I have elsewhere described a two-looped socketed celt from Portugal<a name="FNanchor_520_520" id="FNanchor_520_520"></a><a href="#Footnote_520_520" class="fnanchor">[520]</a> -(6½ inches). It is like Fig. 120, but has a second loop. Another, of -gigantic dimensions, 9½ inches long and 3½ inches wide, was found in -Estremadura, Portugal.<a name="FNanchor_521_521" id="FNanchor_521_521"></a><a href="#Footnote_521_521" class="fnanchor">[521]</a></p> - -<p>A two-looped celt with square socket and the loops at the junction with -the flattened blade was in the great hoard found at Bologna. Only one -of the loops, however, is perforated.</p> - -<p>In the museum at Stockholm are also some socketed celts with two loops.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">In looking over these pages, it will have been observed, that -though socketed celts occur in numbers throughout the British Isles, -yet that those found in England for the most part differ in form -from those found in Ireland, and that some few types appear to -be peculiar to Scotland. Traces of continental influence are, as -might have been expected, most evident in the forms found in the -southern counties of England, and are barely, if at all, perceptible -in those from Ireland and Scotland. Some few of the socketed celts -from both England and Scotland are of the type Fig. 167—a type -so common in Ireland as to be characteristic of it—and these -appear for the most part, though by no means exclusively, to -have been found in western counties. Although, therefore, the first -socketed celts in Britain were doubtless of foreign origin, there -was no regular importation of them for use over the whole country; -but the fashion of making them spread through local foundries, -and different varieties of pattern originated in various centres, -and were adopted over larger or smaller areas as they happened -to commend themselves to the taste of the bronze-using public. -The use of socketed celts would, from their abundance, seem -to have extended over a considerable period; and from their -having apparently been found with objects belonging to the Late<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> -Celtic Period they must have been among the last of the bronze -tools or weapons to be superseded by those of iron. A socketed -celt, somewhat like Fig. 116 but more trumpet-mouthed, is stated -to have been found in company with a looped spear-head, two -pins like Figs. 453 and 458, a bronze bridle-bit, and some portions -of buckles of a late Celtic character on Hagbourne Hill, -Berks. These objects are now in the British Museum, and there -seems reason to believe the account of their discovery given in -the <i>Archæologia</i>.<a name="FNanchor_522_522" id="FNanchor_522_522"></a><a href="#Footnote_522_522" class="fnanchor">[522]</a> Some coins of gold and silver are said to have -been found with them, but these are not forthcoming. Socketed -celts have also been found associated with clasps like Figs. 504 -and 505 at Dreuil, near Amiens, while at Abergele such clasps -accompanied buckles almost, if not quite, late Celtic in character.</p> - -<p>No doubt the final disuse of socketed celts was not contemporaneous -throughout the whole of the country, and their employment -probably survived in the north and west of Britain and in -Ireland to a considerably later date than in the districts more -accessible to Gaulish influences. The chronology of our Bronze -Period will, however, have to be considered in a subsequent -chapter. The transition from bronze to iron cannot so readily -be traced in this country as on the Continent; but socketed -celts, &c. formed of iron, and made in imitation of those in bronze, -have occasionally been found in Britain. One (4 inches) with a -side loop, and a part of its wooden handle, was found in Merionethshire, -and is now in the British Museum. It has been figured -in the Archæologia Cambrensis.<a name="FNanchor_523_523" id="FNanchor_523_523"></a><a href="#Footnote_523_523" class="fnanchor">[523]</a> Another of the same type was -found in North Wales.<a name="FNanchor_524_524" id="FNanchor_524_524"></a><a href="#Footnote_524_524" class="fnanchor">[524]</a></p> - -<p>I have one (5¼ inches) with a rounded socket and no loop, found -at Gray’s Thurrock, Essex.</p> - -<p>I have another (4 inches) with a square socket, from Pfaffenburg -in the Hartz; and others of longer proportions with round -sockets from Hallstatt. The metal has been carefully welded -together to form the sockets, in which there is no slit like those -commonly to be seen in more modern socketed tools of iron. -There are ornaments round the mouth of some of the Hallstatt<a name="FNanchor_525_525" id="FNanchor_525_525"></a><a href="#Footnote_525_525" class="fnanchor">[525]</a> -socketed celts, and both they and the iron palstaves are frequently -provided with a side loop, in exact accordance with those on their -analogues in bronze. Some of the socketed celts in iron from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> -the cemetery of Watsch,<a name="FNanchor_526_526" id="FNanchor_526_526"></a><a href="#Footnote_526_526" class="fnanchor">[526]</a> in Carniola, are also provided with a -loop.</p> - -<p>As an illustration of the view that similar wants, with similar -means at command with which to supply them, lead to the production -of similar forms of tools and weapons in countries widely -remote from each other, I may mention a socketed celt (10¾ -inches) found in an ancient grave near Copiapo, Chili.<a name="FNanchor_527_527" id="FNanchor_527_527"></a><a href="#Footnote_527_527" class="fnanchor">[527]</a> In general -form it is almost identical with some of the Italian bronze celts, -but it is of copper, and not bronze; and is not cast, but wrought with -the hammer. The socket has, therefore, been formed in the same -manner as those of the early iron celts from Hallstatt, with which -it also closely corresponds in outline. The surface, however, has -been ornamented by engraving; and among the patterns we find -bands of chevrons, alternately plain and hatched, closely allied to -the common ornament of the European Bronze Age. What is, -perhaps, more striking still is that the Greek fret also occurs as an -ornament on the faces.</p> - -<p>The method in which socketed and other celts were hafted -will be discussed in the next chapter.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER VI.</h2> - -<p class="pch">METHODS OF HAFTING CELTS.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Any</span> account of the various forms of celts and palstaves which -have been discovered in this country, such as that attempted in -the preceding chapters, would be incomplete without some observations -as to the manner in which they were probably hafted or -mounted for use, and some account of the discoveries which throw -light upon that subject.</p> - -<p>In a previous chapter I have cited numerous opinions of the -older school of antiquaries as to the nature of these instruments -or weapons, and the uses which they were intended to serve. -Many of these opinions are so palpably absurd that it is needless -again to refer to them. Others which regard the instruments as -having been mounted in such a manner as to serve for axes or -adzes, for chisels, or for spud-like tools or weapons, have an -evident foundation in the necessities of the case. There can, in -the first place, be no doubt that celts and palstaves were cutting -tools or weapons. There can, in the second place, be but little -doubt that they were not destined for direct use in the hand -without the addition of any shaft or handle. In fact, with the -palstave and socketed forms, it is evident that special provisions are -made for a haft of some kind. In the third place, this haft, -whether long or short, must either have been straight or crooked. -If straight, a kind of chisel or spud must have resulted; if -crooked or L-shaped, an axe, hatchet, or adze.</p> - -<p>It is possible that the same form of bronze instruments may -have been mounted both with straight and with L-shaped handles; -but, as will subsequently be seen, the probability, judging from -what few ancient handles have been discovered, is that the great -majority were mounted with elbowed handles as axes. At the -same time, from the form and small size of some celts, especially -of some of those of the socketed variety, it is probable that they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> -were used as chisels. Indeed, judging from the analogy of some -other forms, and from the discovery at Everley, mentioned at -p. 163, this may be regarded as certain.</p> - -<p>As the discoveries of the original hafts of bronze celts have -principally been made upon the Continent, I shall, in treating -of this part of my subject, be compelled to have recourse to foreign -rather than British illustrations. It will also, in speaking of the -method of hafting, be desirable to make an attempt to trace the -successive stages of development of the socketed celts; and, in connection -with this part of the subject also, foreign examples will -become of service.</p> - -<p>And first, in illustration of the use of bronze blades as axes, -rather than as spuds, or chisels of any kind, I may mention an -instrument not uncommon in Hungary, and occasionally occurring -in other parts of Southern Europe, which is perforated and -similar in general form to our modern axe-heads of iron and -steel. In Scandinavia also other varieties of these perforated -axe-heads have been found. The common axe-like type has also -been discovered among Assyrian antiquities. Another and distinct -form which has been found in Egypt mounted as an axe or -hatchet, with a wooden handle, is a flat blade not unlike the -ordinary flat celt, except that instead of tapering at the butt-end -it expands so as to have two more or less projecting horns, by -which it was bound against the haft in a shallow socket provided -for it. Egyptian axes mounted in this manner may be seen in -many museums, and have been frequently figured in works on -Egyptian antiquities.<a name="FNanchor_528_528" id="FNanchor_528_528"></a><a href="#Footnote_528_528" class="fnanchor">[528]</a> The blade of an axe of this kind, formerly -in the collection of the Rev. Sparrow Simpson, D.D., F.S.A.,<a name="FNanchor_529_529" id="FNanchor_529_529"></a><a href="#Footnote_529_529" class="fnanchor">[529]</a> -and by him presented to the British Museum, bears an inscription -in hieroglyphics upon it, with cartouches probably containing -the name of a shepherd king of the sixteenth or seventeenth -dynasty. In my own collection is another bronze blade of the -same shape and size, and with the same inscription, except that -the names in the cartouches are different. Unfortunately this -part of the blade is corroded, but Dr. S. Birch thinks that the -cartouches contain the name either of Ramses I. or of a subordinate -Ramses of the eighteenth dynasty. The hieroglyphics are the -same on both faces of the blade, but on one run from right to left, -and on the other from left to right. A hatchet of the same form,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> -still bound to its haft, was found in the tomb of Queen Aah-Hotep,<a name="FNanchor_530_530" id="FNanchor_530_530"></a><a href="#Footnote_530_530" class="fnanchor">[530]</a> -of the eighteenth dynasty.</p> - -<p>Some of the stone hatchets from Ecuador, in South America, -are also provided with projecting ears, and were tied against their -helves in the same manner.</p> - -<p>The stone axe, said to be that of Montezuma II., preserved in -the Ambras Museum at Vienna, and shown in Fig. 180, may also -be of this kind. Copper or bronze blades of this crescent or -cheese-cutter form, with two projecting lugs at the top of the -narrow part of the blade, have been found in Peru.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-148a.jpg" width="400" height="82" id="i148a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 180.—Stone Axe of Montezuma II. -</p></div></div> - -<p>Broad blades of bronze, in form more like the ordinary flat -celts, but with the projections at the top, have been found in the -same country. I have one about 5 inches long and 3 inches -wide, with strong lugs at the top 2 inches long. It came from -Eastern Peru.</p> - -<p>Some blades of this form were hafted in a rather different -manner, as will be seen by means of Fig. 181.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-148b.jpg" width="400" height="111" id="i148b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 181.—Aymara Indian Hatchet. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p>This represents an iron hatchet used by the Aymara Indians, of -the province of La Paz, Bolivia, which was brought from that -country and presented to me by my friend, the late Mr. David -Forbes, F.R.S. In this form the handle is split, and the blade is -secured by a leather thong, two turns of which pass under the two -lugs of the blade, and thus prevent it from coming forward; two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> -other turns pass over the butt-end, and thus prevent it from being -driven backwards by any blow; while all the coils of the thong hold -the cleft stick firmly against the two faces of the blade. Although -no celts with the T-shaped butt-end have been found in Britain, -or, indeed, in Western Europe, I have thought it worth while to -engrave this curious example of the method of mounting such -blades, especially as the central projections of the Irish form of -celt, like Fig. 45, may have been secured by thongs in a somewhat -analogous manner.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-149.jpg" width="400" height="221" id="i149" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 182.—Modern African Axe of Iron. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Turning now to the other British forms of celts, of which, as -already observed, the flat and doubly tapering blades, like Fig. 2, -seem to be the most ancient, it is probable that these were hafted -by the butt-end being merely driven into a club or handle of -wood, in the same manner as many stone celts appear to have -been mounted. The modern iron hatchet, from Western Africa, -shown in Fig. 182, will give a good idea of the manner in which -the bronze celts that are so much like it in form were probably -hafted. Another modern African axe has been engraved by Sir -John Lubbock.<a name="FNanchor_531_531" id="FNanchor_531_531"></a><a href="#Footnote_531_531" class="fnanchor">[531]</a> It is, of course, possible that some of the ancient -flat celts were mounted after the manner of spuds, as is, by several -German and Danish antiquaries, held to have been the case with -those of the palstave form. It must, however, be borne in mind<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> -that as a rule the stone celts, which the earliest of those in bronze -must in all probability have supplanted, were mounted after the -manner of hatchets. Moreover, the few stone celts, the axis of the -straight handle of which was in the same direction as the blade, -appear to have been hafted with short handles as chisels, and not -with long shafts as spuds. Among those found still attached to -their hafts in the Swiss lake dwellings, some few were mounted in -short stag’s-horn handles as chisels, but the majority were fitted for -use as hatchets, with a club-like handle, in which a short stag’s-horn -socket was mortised as affording a receptacle for the stone, harder -and less liable to split than those of wood. In some cases, however, -the handles were made from a bough of a tree with a short projecting -branch, which was cleft to receive the stone. One of -these, from Robenhausen, is shown in Fig. 183, which is copied -from Dr. Keller’s work.<a name="FNanchor_532_532" id="FNanchor_532_532"></a><a href="#Footnote_532_532" class="fnanchor">[532]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-150.jpg" width="300" height="149" id="i150" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 183.—Stone Axe, Robenhausen. -</p></div></div> - -<p>In Britain the traces of the original handles of bronze celts have -been not unfrequently found, though the actual wood had perished.</p> - -<p>In a barrow in the parish of Butterwick,<a name="FNanchor_533_533" id="FNanchor_533_533"></a><a href="#Footnote_533_533" class="fnanchor">[533]</a> Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S., found what he describes as “an axe-blade of bronze,” -engraved as Fig. 2, which lay with a skeleton, and “the handle, -which had been under two feet in length, could be plainly traced -by means of a dark line of decayed wood extending from the hips -towards the heels; moreover, from the presence of decayed wood -on the sides of the blade, it would seem as if the axe had been -protected by a wooden sheath. To all appearance the weapon -had been worn slung from the waist.” In this case the blade -had been fixed, apparently after the manner of Fig. 182, into -a solid handle to the depth of two inches, as is evident from the -surface of the metal being oxidized on that part of the blade -differently from what it is elsewhere.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span></p> - -<p>In a barrow at Shuttlestone,<a name="FNanchor_534_534" id="FNanchor_534_534"></a><a href="#Footnote_534_534" class="fnanchor">[534]</a> near Parwich, Derbyshire, Mr. Bateman -found about the middle of the left thigh of a skeleton a bronze -celt, of “the plainest axe-shaped type. The cutting edge was -turned upwards towards the upper part of the person, and the -instrument itself has been inserted vertically into a wooden handle -by being driven in for about two inches at the narrow end—at -least, the grain of the wood runs in the same direction as the -longest dimension of the celt.” “A fact,” adds Mr. Bateman, “not -unworthy of the notice of any inclined to explain the precise -manner of mounting these curious implements.” It may be remarked, -however, that no part of the handle itself, beyond this -grain upon the bronze, was preserved, and that this direction of -the grain of the wood would be quite consistent with the blade -having been mounted in a side branch from the shaft, after the -manner of the Swiss stone celt shown in Fig. 183.</p> - -<p>It appears to me possible that in other cases where the marks -of the grain of the wood, or even the traces of the wood itself, -have been found upon celts, running along and not across the blade, -the somewhat hasty conclusion has been drawn that they were -attached to the end of straight shafts instead of into side branches; -and that possibly this opinion, when once accepted, may have -affected insensibly the reports of the position of the blade of the -celts with regard to the bodies with which they were found, and -to the traces of their shafts.</p> - -<p>The opinion first enounced by J. A. Fabricius that the celt was -the ancient German <i>framea</i> or spear mentioned by Tacitus, seems -also insensibly to have affected observers.</p> - -<p>There is an account given by Thorlacius<a name="FNanchor_535_535" id="FNanchor_535_535"></a><a href="#Footnote_535_535" class="fnanchor">[535]</a> of the discovery in a -tumulus near Store-Hedinge, in Denmark, of a palstave with the -wooden shaft an ell and a quarter long, into which the blade was -inserted; the wood, as might have been expected, running down -between the side wings; at the other end of the shaft there was a -leather strap wound round for about a quarter of an ell. The -whole was so decayed that not the least part of it could be taken -out of the ground. Although nothing appears to be said with -regard to the position of the palstave with respect to the shaft, -this has been cited by Lisch<a name="FNanchor_536_536" id="FNanchor_536_536"></a><a href="#Footnote_536_536" class="fnanchor">[536]</a> and others in evidence of this form of -instrument having been mounted spud-fashion, as a kind of chisel-ended<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> -spear. A more conclusive instance is that adduced by Westendorp,<a name="FNanchor_537_537" id="FNanchor_537_537"></a><a href="#Footnote_537_537" class="fnanchor">[537]</a> -who has figured a socketed celt without a loop, found in a -fen in the province of Groningen, Holland, mounted in this manner -on a straight shaft. I have, however, already remarked that -some of the socketed celts of this character were probably used as -chisels.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-152.jpg" width="400" height="192" id="i152" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 184.—Bronze Axe, Hallein. -</p></div></div> - -<p>Whatever reliance may be placed upon the older discoveries, all -those of more recent times are in favour of the instruments of the -palstave form having been mounted as axes, hatchets, or adzes. -In the museum at Salzburg, Austria, there are at least four crooked -handles for this kind of blade, found in the salt-mines of Hallein, -one of which is shown in the annexed cut. I am not, however, -sure whether the blade was actually found with the haft in which it -is now placed, nor, if so, whether it was originally in its present position -with the loop outwards. It looks much more like an Italian -than a German specimen, which has been added to the haft in recent -times, and it has not the appearance of having been exposed for centuries -to the action of salt. It seems more probable that the salt, -which has fortunately had the power of preserving the wood, would -in course of years have dissolved the whole of the metal, assuming -that at the time when the haft was lost, or left in the mine, a -blade was still attached to it, than that it should have left the -metal, as here, almost uninjured. In this instance, moreover, the -haft is perfect, and not, as in some of the other cases, broken, -so as to raise an inference of their having been thrown away.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> -The position of the blade with the loop outwards is also suspicious.</p> - -<p>A broken example of the same kind of haft, also from the salt-mines -of Hallein, has been figured by Klemm,<a name="FNanchor_538_538" id="FNanchor_538_538"></a><a href="#Footnote_538_538" class="fnanchor">[538]</a> and is to be seen -in the British Museum. There are others in the museum at Linz.</p> - -<p>Handles of the same kind, intended for palstaves, have been -found in the Italian lake dwellings. In some discovered in the -“palafitta” of Castione,<a name="FNanchor_539_539" id="FNanchor_539_539"></a><a href="#Footnote_539_539" class="fnanchor">[539]</a> the notch is in the transverse direction -to the shaft, as if the blade had been mounted as an adze, and not -as an axe. In others the notch is longitudinal, and not transverse. -In one instance the side branch has no notch, but there -is a shoulder on it, as if it had served for a socketed celt.</p> - -<p>A looped palstave, mounted in a similar branched handle, has -been found at the lake dwelling of Mœrigen,<a name="FNanchor_540_540" id="FNanchor_540_540"></a><a href="#Footnote_540_540" class="fnanchor">[540]</a> on the Lac de -Bienne. In this case also the loop is on the farther side of the -shaft.</p> - -<p>That the flanged and winged celts and palstaves were, as a rule, -destined to be mounted in the manner of hatchets or adzes, and -not as spuds or spear-heads, is to some extent witnessed by the -development of their form; the progressive increase in the size of the -wings and flanges, more especially about the middle of the blade, -appearing to be intended as a precaution against lateral strains, -such as the blade of an axe undergoes, rather than against a mere -thrust, such as that to which the head of a spear or lance is -subject. Of course the stop-ridge is a preservative against the -blade being driven back into its handle, in whatever way it is -mounted. But the flanges, at first slight, then expanding at the -middle of the blade, then becoming projecting wings, and finally -being bent over, so as to form side sockets on each side of the -blade, seem rather the result of successive endeavours to steady the -blade against a sideways strain.</p> - -<p>This development can best be traced in the series of flat celts, -flanged and winged celts, and palstaves, discovered in the South of -France.</p> - -<p>Even the long narrow palstaves, which have so much the -appearance of chisels, seem to have been mounted on crooked -shafts. There is a long German<a name="FNanchor_541_541" id="FNanchor_541_541"></a><a href="#Footnote_541_541" class="fnanchor">[541]</a> form with a narrow butt above -the stop-ridge, and with but slight side flanges, which are continued<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> -down along the sides of the blade below the ridge, that -seems much more like a chisel than a hatchet. The usual -length of this form is about 6 inches, and the width at the edge -about 1½ inches, that of the butt-end, including the side -flanches, being about ¾ inch.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-154.jpg" width="200" height="388" id="i154" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 185.—Raron, Brigue. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>But that palstaves of this kind -were mounted as hatchets will be evident from an inspection of -Fig. 185, which represents a specimen in my own collection, -found in the district of Raron, -near Brigue, Valais, Switzerland. -It is, as will be seen, in fact, a -socketed celt, but with the -socket at right angles to the -axis of the blade. The reason -why it should have been cast -in this manner is probably to -be found in the fact that boughs -of trees with a smaller branch -at right angles to them are not -easily met with, though such -boughs are best adapted for conversion -into the helves of this -kind of hatchet. Some ingenious -bronze-founder of old times -conceived the idea of producing -a hatchet which did not require -a crooked helve, but for hafting -which any ordinary straight -stick would serve; and we have -here his new form of axe-head. -In practice, however, it was probably -found both to balance -badly, and to be expensive in -metal, and the design appears -not to have spread, as up to -the present time this specimen seems to be unique. The most -remarkable features in it have still to be noticed. The pattern -from which it was cast seems to have been a palstave already -mounted on its haft, and we have here the smooth and rounded -end of the bough, with the smaller side branch running off at -right angles, reproduced in bronze. Even the band by which the -blade was secured in the cleft part of the handle is reproduced as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> -a spiral moulding. The banding which extends to the mouth -of the socket is also spiral, and probably represents a binding -round the original wooden handle at the part where, from experience, -it was found most liable to break. The straight haft of -this hatchet was secured in its place by a bronze rivet passing -through the socket from side to side, which is still in its place, -though all trace of the wood has disappeared.</p> - -<p>With this singular celt was found a small dagger, 6½ inches -long, which had been secured to its hilt by four rivets, and a -penannular bracelet decorated with ring ornaments. It is remarkable -how well the discovery of this form of celt bears out the -theoretical suggestions of Sir Joseph Banks,<a name="FNanchor_542_542" id="FNanchor_542_542"></a><a href="#Footnote_542_542" class="fnanchor">[542]</a> Sir Samuel Meyrick,<a name="FNanchor_543_543" id="FNanchor_543_543"></a><a href="#Footnote_543_543" class="fnanchor">[543]</a> -Mr. Dunoyer,<a name="FNanchor_544_544" id="FNanchor_544_544"></a><a href="#Footnote_544_544" class="fnanchor">[544]</a> and others, including Sir W. Wilde.<a name="FNanchor_545_545" id="FNanchor_545_545"></a><a href="#Footnote_545_545" class="fnanchor">[545]</a> Indeed, -Dr. Richard Richardson<a name="FNanchor_546_546" id="FNanchor_546_546"></a><a href="#Footnote_546_546" class="fnanchor">[546]</a> many years ago advanced the same -opinion as to the manner in which such celts were hafted.</p> - -<p>With regard to the usual manner of mounting those of the -socketed form there can be but little doubt, as in some few -instances the original handles have been preserved with them.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-155.jpg" width="300" height="111" id="i155" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 186.—Edenderry. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>One such, found in the bed of the river Boyne, near Edenderry, -King’s County, has been figured by Wilde,<a name="FNanchor_547_547" id="FNanchor_547_547"></a><a href="#Footnote_547_547" class="fnanchor">[547]</a> whose cut, by -the kind permission of the Royal Irish Academy, is here reproduced -as Fig. 186. The helve is only 13¾ inches long, but -seems well adapted to the size of the blade. So far as I know -this is the only instance of such a discovery within the United -Kingdom.</p> - -<p>In Fig. 187, however, is shown an Italian socketed celt of -a common form, with the original handle still attached. This -specimen is in my own collection, and was found about the year -1872 in the neighbourhood of Chiusi, Tuscany. With it were -another, also retaining its handle, a large <i>fibula</i> of silver, a scarabæus, -and many small square plates of bronze, each having a fylfot<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> -cross upon it, probably the ornaments of a girdle. All these -objects had been buried in an urn, which was covered by a slab of -stone, and most of them are to be seen in the Etruscan Museum at -Florence. With the exception of a fracture not far from the angle, -the handle of my specimen is perfect. The preservation is due to -its having been entirely coated with thin plates of bronze, the sides -of which overlap, and have been secured round the handle by -round-headed nails about ¾ inch apart.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-156.jpg" width="400" height="338" id="i156" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 187.—Chiusi. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>This plating is turned -over square at the end of the handle, where there is a little projecting -bronze eye, through which a ring may have passed, so as to -serve for its suspension. At the sides above the celt there are -some larger round-headed nails, or possibly rivets; and the end of -the branch which goes into the socket appears to be secured by a -rivet, which passes through from face to face. At the end of the -handle itself, above the celt, is a nearly circular flat bronze plate,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> -with a round-headed nail in the middle to attach it to the wood. -The fracture exposes the wood inside the plates, which has been -preserved by the salts, or oxide, of copper. It has been thought -to be oak. On the blade of the celt are some flakes of oxide of -iron, as if it had lain in contact with some articles made of that -metal. Indeed, from the form, as well as from the objects found -with it, the presumption is that this instrument belongs to quite -the end of the Bronze Age of Italy, or to the transitional period -between bronze and iron.</p> - -<p>It may be well here to mention that celts of iron of the flat -form, with projections at the sides like Fig. 45; of the palstave -kind, with the semicircular side sockets; and of the socketed form, -have been found in the cemetery at Hallstatt, in Austria, the -researches in which of Herr Ramsauer have been described by -Baron Von Sacken. These discoveries seem to show that all three -varieties were still in use at the close of the Bronze Period. In -the same cemetery celts of the two last-mentioned forms were -found in bronze, and palstaves occurred with the wings formed of -bronze and the blade of iron.</p> - -<p>In 1866 I exhumed from this cemetery with my own hands, -when in company with Sir John Lubbock, a socketed celt of iron, -with a portion of the haft still in it. The celt is attached to a -branch of the main handle, which projects at an angle of about -80°. This has been split off from the handle, only a small part -of which remains attached; and it is this portion only of the -wood which has been preserved by the infiltration of some salts -of iron, while the rest, which was detached from contact with -metal, has disappeared. The wood of which the handle was -made appears to be fir. On an iron palstave from the same spot -it seems to be oak. On two bronze palstaves from France in -my own collection, one from Amiens and the other from the -Seine, at Paris, the portions of wood which still remain attached -to the blades appear also to be oak.</p> - -<p>In the Hallstatt specimen the inclination of the blade seems to -have been towards the hand, and the part of the handle beyond -the branch which enters the socket presents some appearance of -having been bound with an iron ferrule, probably with the view of -preventing it from splitting. The projection is somewhat longer -proportionally than that in Fig. 185, and the end appears to have -been truncated, and not rounded.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span></p> - -<p>There have been in this country a few instances of the discovery -of bronze rings in company with palstaves and socketed celts, -and these rings may possibly have served a similar purpose, though -it must be confessed that such an use is purely conjectural. That -shown in Fig. 188 was found in company with a bronze palstave -without a loop, but much like Fig. 74, at Winwick,<a name="FNanchor_548_548" id="FNanchor_548_548"></a><a href="#Footnote_548_548" class="fnanchor">[548]</a> near Warrington, -Lancashire, and was kindly lent me by Dr. -James Kendrick, who in 1858<a name="FNanchor_549_549" id="FNanchor_549_549"></a><a href="#Footnote_549_549" class="fnanchor">[549]</a> suggested that -it was a “sort of ferrule to put round the -handle of the palstave to prevent the wood from -splitting when the instrument was struck.” -The ornament on the ring, somewhat like the -“broad arrow” of modern times, is of much the -same character as the shield-like pattern below -the stop-ridge of some palstaves. In the British Museum is a -stone mould from Northumberland for flat rings, 3 inches in diameter, -and for flat celts; but such rings probably served some -other purpose.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-158.jpg" width="150" height="140" id="i158" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 188.—Winwick. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another bronze ring, 1⅔ inches in diameter, was found with a -socketed celt in the Thames,<a name="FNanchor_550_550" id="FNanchor_550_550"></a><a href="#Footnote_550_550" class="fnanchor">[550]</a> opposite Somerset House, but here -the actual association of the two is doubtful.</p> - -<p>I have already expressed a doubt whether the celt from Tadcaster, -Yorkshire, and now in the British Museum, had, when found, the -bronze ring with a jet bead upon it passing through the loop. -The ring itself is made not of one continuous piece of metal, -but of stout wire, with the ends abutting against each other, -and nothing would be easier for the workman who found the -three objects than to pass the ring through the loop of the -celt and the hole of the bead. I have myself received from -Hungary two socketed celts, each having imperfect penannular -bracelets passed through the loop in the same manner, though they -certainly had no original connection with the celts. It is, however, -but right to mention that in the British Museum is the -upper part of a celt with an octagonal neck, found with other -objects near Kensington, on the loop of which is a small ring, barely -large enough to encircle the loop. Of what service this could -have been it is difficult to imagine.</p> - -<p>If the association of the larger rings and the celts must be -given up, it is needless to cite the opinions which have been held<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> -as to the use of the one in connection with the other. Some -references are given in the note.<a name="FNanchor_551_551" id="FNanchor_551_551"></a><a href="#Footnote_551_551" class="fnanchor">[551]</a></p> - -<p>The early Iron Age of Denmark is no doubt considerably later -in date than that of Hallstatt, but in several of the discoveries of -objects of that period in Denmark socketed celts of iron have -been found still attached to their helves. In the Nydam find<a name="FNanchor_552_552" id="FNanchor_552_552"></a><a href="#Footnote_552_552" class="fnanchor">[552]</a>, -described by Mr. Conrad Engelhardt, the majority of the axes were -of the ordinary form, with eyes for the shafts; but there were -some also of the form of the socketed celt, though without any -loops. These were mounted as axes, and not as adzes, on crooked -handles about 17 inches long. The helves of axes of the ordinary -form were from 23 to 32 inches in length. In the Vimose find<a name="FNanchor_553_553" id="FNanchor_553_553"></a><a href="#Footnote_553_553" class="fnanchor">[553]</a> -there were several of these iron celts, one of which was thought -to have been mounted on a crooked handle, but the others appear -to have been mounted as chisels.</p> - -<p>The palstaves with the edges transverse to the septum between -the side flanges seem to have been mounted in precisely the same -manner as those of the ordinary form, except that when attached -to their handles they formed adzes, and not axes. It has been -suggested<a name="FNanchor_554_554" id="FNanchor_554_554"></a><a href="#Footnote_554_554" class="fnanchor">[554]</a> that the palstaves of the ordinary form may also have -been mounted as adzes, and probably this was so in some exceptional -cases. Mention has already been made of some Italian -helves with transverse notches for the reception of the blade. -Some of the flat celts may have also been mounted as adzes by -binding them against the shorter end of an L-shaped handle, in -the same manner as the Egyptians fixed their adze blades.</p> - -<p>In some palstaves, but more especially in those of the South -of Europe, there is at the butt-end of the blade a kind of dovetailed -notch, which appears to have been formed by hammering -over a part of the jets or runners of the original castings, which -were left projecting a short distance instead of being broken off -short at the blade. Whether the hammering over was for the -purpose of rounding the angles or for that of forming this dovetailed -notch is somewhat uncertain; it is, however, possible that -one or more pins or rivets may have been driven through the -handle, so as to catch the dovetails and retain the blade in its -place. It is not often the case that this portion of the blade is so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> -long that it would have gone through the handle and have allowed -of a pin beyond it, as suggested by Mr. Dunoyer<a name="FNanchor_555_555" id="FNanchor_555_555"></a><a href="#Footnote_555_555" class="fnanchor">[555]</a> in the case of -a long palstave, with a rivet-hole near the butt-end of the blade. -A palstave, found in a tomb in the department of Loir et Cher,<a name="FNanchor_556_556" id="FNanchor_556_556"></a><a href="#Footnote_556_556" class="fnanchor">[556]</a> -by my friend the late Abbé Bourgeois, is provided with a rivet-hole -near the top, counter-sunk on either side so as to guide a -pin into the place intended for it; and it seems probable, as the -Abbé suggests, that this was connected with the securing of the -blade, which is destitute of a loop, to the helve. Of six thin flat -bronze celts, 7 or 8 inches long, from the Island of Thermia,<a name="FNanchor_557_557" id="FNanchor_557_557"></a><a href="#Footnote_557_557" class="fnanchor">[557]</a> or -Cythnos, in the Greek Archipelago, which are now in the British -Museum, three that are broad are provided with square or -lozenge-shaped holes towards the upper end of the blade, and -three that are narrower are without. A flanged celt from Italy,<a name="FNanchor_558_558" id="FNanchor_558_558"></a><a href="#Footnote_558_558" class="fnanchor">[558]</a> -6 inches long, has a circular hole in the same position, which -may have received a pin. Some contrivance for keeping blades -of smooth bronze fast in their handles must have been necessary -or desirable from the earliest times. With stone celts we -often find that the butt-end destined to be let into the wooden -or horn socket was purposely roughened. With bronze, however, -such a process does not seem to have been adopted to -any extent; and probably with blades of bronze, so much less -tapering than those of stone, the difficulty of keeping them in -place was surmounted by attaching them with some sort of -resinous or pitchy cement. A safe remedy against slipping out -was no doubt found in the addition of the ring or loop to the -side, which there can be but little doubt served for a cord to pass -through, so as to hold the blade back to the handle. In a socketed -celt, 5½ inches long, found in the Seine, at Paris, and now in my -own collection, not only is the wood preserved in the socket by -saturation with some salt of copper, but within the upper part of -the loop there are distinct traces of a cord which was apparently -formed of vegetable fibre. The Irish palstave, Fig. 105, with the -curved projection instead of the usual loop, seems to show that it was -only against the upper part of the loop that the strain came. No -doubt, however, there was more strength in the loop attached to -the blade at both ends than in the mere neb or projection. Some -Italian socketed celts have similar projecting nebs, one on either -side. In the case of the palstaves and celts with two loops, it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> -seems probable that the handle must have been somewhat prolonged -beyond the side branch, which received the palstave or -went into the socket of the celt.</p> - -<p>It has been stated that some of the Spanish palstaves<a name="FNanchor_559_559" id="FNanchor_559_559"></a><a href="#Footnote_559_559" class="fnanchor">[559]</a> with two -loops were, when first discovered, attached to a straight handle of -wood. But this opinion may have been formed from the grain of -the wood impressed on the upper part of the blade running along -and not across it. In the first account<a name="FNanchor_560_560" id="FNanchor_560_560"></a><a href="#Footnote_560_560" class="fnanchor">[560]</a> given of the discovery, -these palstaves were regarded as having been used for <i>picking</i> out -the strata of coal, and one of them is said to have been firmly -attached to a wooden handle by means of thongs interlaced and -held by notches in the wood. This handle was described as -having been straight, so that the instrument was fitted to be -used as a crowbar and not as a hatchet. But inasmuch as the -groove for the handle is only 2¼ inches long and ½ inch wide, -while the length of the blade projecting beyond the handle is -nearly 5 inches, it is almost impossible for it to have served in -this manner.</p> - -<p>Axe-heads of bronze of the modern form with an eye through -them to receive a straight helve have not been found in this -country, though, as already observed, they are not uncommon in -Hungary, Southern Germany, and Italy. That the form was already -known in Greece in the Homeric Age is evident from the feat of -skill in shooting an arrow through the shaft holes of a number of -axe-heads, arranged in a row, recorded in the Odyssey.<a name="FNanchor_561_561" id="FNanchor_561_561"></a><a href="#Footnote_561_561" class="fnanchor">[561]</a> I have -in my collection a fine double-edged axe, or πέλεκυς, from Greece, -8½ inches in length, with a round shaft-hole ⅞ inch in diameter. -I have also two from Salamis.</p> - -<p>Looking at the widespread distribution of perforated stone implements, -especially battle-axes, throughout Europe, it seems -strange that so few bronze weapons of the same class should be -found. Possibly, however, these stone weapons may have remained -in use even until the latter part of the Bronze Period, as -they certainly did through the earlier part of it. In this country -it seems doubtful whether any of the perforated battle-axes of stone -belong to a time when bronze was absolutely unknown, as bronze -knife-daggers, like Fig. 279, have so often been found associated -with them in interments. Hungary is the country in -which the perforated bronze battle-axes seem to have arrived at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> -their fullest development, many of them being of graceful form -and beautiful workmanship. The perforated copper implements -of that country were probably used for agricultural purposes, and -I see no reason for assigning them to so early a date as the commencement -of the Bronze Period of Hungary. They may, indeed, -belong to a much later period. It is hard to account for this -absence of perforated axes of bronze in Britain, but various causes -seem to have conduced to render their introduction difficult. -When first bronze came into use it must have been extremely -scarce and valuable; and to cast an axe-head in bronze, like one -of the perforated axe-hammers of stone, would have required not -only a considerably greater amount of the then precious metal than -was required for a flat hatchet-head, but would also have involved -a far higher skill in the art of casting. Moreover, the flat form of -these simple blades rendered them well adapted for being readily -drawn out to a sharp cutting edge, and when once they had come -into general use they would not have been readily superseded by those -of another form, hafted in a different method, even were that method -more simple. If the bronze celts were mainly in use for peaceful -industries, while the warlike battle-axes were made of stone, the -progressive modifications in the shape of the former would be less -likely to be affected by the characteristics of the latter. It must -also be remembered that in France,<a name="FNanchor_562_562" id="FNanchor_562_562"></a><a href="#Footnote_562_562" class="fnanchor">[562]</a> which then as now set the -fashion to Britain, perforated axe-heads of stone were very seldom -used, and those of bronze were in the north of the country -unknown.</p> - -<p>But, to return to the celts of the British Islands, there can, I -think, be but little doubt that the loop is, as already described, -connected with the method of mounting these instruments on -their hafts; and is not intended for the attachment of a cord, by -which they might be withdrawn and recovered after they had -been thrown at the enemy. Like the American tomahawks, they -may, no doubt, have occasionally been used as “missile hatchets,” -the “missiles secures” of Sidonius;<a name="FNanchor_563_563" id="FNanchor_563_563"></a><a href="#Footnote_563_563" class="fnanchor">[563]</a> but the days of young -Sigimer, whose followers were provided with these weapons, are -many centuries more recent than those to which the bronze celts -must be referred.</p> - -<p>In the same manner, any idea of the loops having merely served<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> -for hanging these instruments at the girdle may be at once discarded. -For such a purpose the projection which we find substituted -for the loop would be useless, and the presence of two -loops would be superfluous.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-163.jpg" width="150" height="613" id="i163" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 189.—Everley. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>On the whole, we may conclude that the majority of these -instruments were mounted for use, somewhat in the manner -described, so as to serve as axes or adzes. A smaller proportion -of them may, however, not improbably have -been provided with short straight handles, to -serve as chisels, especially the socketed celts -of small size and without loops. This is the -more probable as several socketed instruments -closely resembling them in character cannot be -regarded as other than chisels and gouges. No -example, however, of a socketed celt provided -with a handle of this kind has as yet been -found. The little instrument of brass fixed -into a handle made of stag’s horn, which -was found in a cist in a barrow at Everley,<a name="FNanchor_564_564" id="FNanchor_564_564"></a><a href="#Footnote_564_564" class="fnanchor">[564]</a> -Wilts, by Sir R. Colt Hoare, has more the -appearance of being a tanged chisel, such as -will subsequently be described, than a flat celt. -It is shown full size in Fig. 189, which I have -copied from Sir R. C. Hoare’s plate. There -were no bones or ashes found in the cist, but -several pointed instruments, and what appears -to be a kind of long, flat bead of bone, as well -as two whetstones of freestone, and a hone of -a blueish colour had been deposited with it.</p> - -<p>Professor Worsaae<a name="FNanchor_565_565" id="FNanchor_565_565"></a><a href="#Footnote_565_565" class="fnanchor">[565]</a> has published an engraving -of a narrow Danish palstave, which -was found in a hill in Jutland fastened to its -handle by three rings of leather. This handle -was straight, but unlike that from Store Hedinage, -which was an ell and a quarter long, was -not more than about 8 inches in length. In -some other instances, he says, the blade has -been fastened to the handle by nails or rivets.</p> - -<p>I have already mentioned that some of the socketed celts of -iron belonging to the early Iron Age of Denmark have been found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> -mounted as chisels. A good example of one thus hafted has -been figured by Engelhardt.<a name="FNanchor_566_566" id="FNanchor_566_566"></a><a href="#Footnote_566_566" class="fnanchor">[566]</a> The part of the handle which goes -into the socket is tapered to fit it. Above this the handle expands -with a shoulder projecting somewhat beyond the outside of -the celt. It continues of this size for about 1½ inches, and is -then again reduced to the same size as the mouth of the celt. -The whole of the handle beyond the metal is about 4 inches -in length.</p> - -<p>Having said thus much with regard to the early iron chisels, it -will, however, now be well to proceed to the consideration of -those formed of bronze, and of the other bronze tools found in -this country.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER VII.</h2> - -<p class="pch">CHISELS, GOUGES, HAMMERS, AND OTHER TOOLS.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Although</span>, doubtless, many if not most of the instruments of -different forms, described in the preceding chapters, were used as -tools, and not as weapons, yet in some cases, especially where they -have been found in graves, it is more probable that they formed -part of the equipment of a warrior than of an artificer. With -regard to the various forms of which I intend to treat in the present -chapter, there can hardly exist a doubt that they should be -regarded as tools, and not as weapons. Already in the Neolithic -Period we find many of these forms of tools, such as chisels and -gouges, developed; and so far as hammers are concerned, it seems -probable that for many purposes a stone held in the hand may -have served during the Bronze Period as a hammer or mallet, just -as it often does now in the age of steel and steam. I have elsewhere<a name="FNanchor_567_567" id="FNanchor_567_567"></a><a href="#Footnote_567_567" class="fnanchor">[567]</a> -mentioned a fact communicated to me by the late Mr. David -Forbes, F.R.S., that in Peru and Bolivia the masons, skilful in -working hard stone with steel chisels, make use of no other mallet -or hammer than a stone pebble held in the hand.</p> - -<p>The simplest form of chisel is of course a short bar of metal -brought to an edge at one end and left blunt at the other where -it receives the blows of the hammer or mallet. Such at the -present day are the ordinary chisels of the stone-mason, and the -“cold chisel” of the engineer.</p> - -<p>Most of the Scandinavian chisels of flint are of nearly the same -form as the simplest metal chisels, being square in section in the -upper part and gradually tapering to an edge at the lower end. -Bronze chisels of this form are, however, but rarely met with in -any part of Europe. One such, however, was found at Plymstock,<a name="FNanchor_568_568" id="FNanchor_568_568"></a><a href="#Footnote_568_568" class="fnanchor">[568]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> -near Oreston, Devonshire, in company with sixteen flanged celts -like Figs. 9 and 10, three daggers, and a tanged spear-head, engraved -as Fig. 327. It is shown in Fig. 190. Its length is 4 -inches, and the cutting edge is rather more than ¼ inch in width. -The late Mr. Albert Way, who describes this specimen in the -<i>Archæological Journal</i>, regarded it as unique in England; and the -form, so far as I am aware, has not again been found in this -country. It is now in the British Museum.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">I have a large chisel of the same type, but apparently formed of copper, -which was found in the neighbourhood of Pressburg, Hungary. It is -7½ inches long, about ⅞ inch -square in the middle, and -expands in width at the edge, -which is lunate. Others of -the same form, 4½ inches and -5¾ inches long, also from -Hungary, are in the Zurich -Museum. Such chisels have -also been found in the Swiss -Lake-dwellings.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-166.jpg" width="250" height="293" id="i166" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc6" summary="caption6"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 190.<br />Plymstock. ⅔</td> - <td class="tdc3">Fig. 191.<br />Heathery Burn. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 192.<br />Glenluce. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>A long chisel, formed from -a plain square bar drawn to -an edge, was found by Dr. -Schliemann<a name="FNanchor_569_569" id="FNanchor_569_569"></a><a href="#Footnote_569_569" class="fnanchor">[569]</a> in his excavations -at Hissarlik.</p> - -<p>Bronze chisels of the same -form were also in use among -the ancient Egyptians.</p> - -<p>A smaller chisel, conical at -the butt end and possibly -intended for insertion into a -handle, is shown in Fig. 191. -The original is in the collection -of Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S., and was found with -numerous other bronze antiquities in the Heathery Burn Cave, Durham, -already so often mentioned. One rather larger, about 3 inches long and -<span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub></span> inch broad, probably found in one of the barrows at Lake<a name="FNanchor_570_570" id="FNanchor_570_570"></a><a href="#Footnote_570_570" class="fnanchor">[570]</a> or Durnford, -is in the collection of the Rev. E. Duke, of Lake House, near Salisbury. -It may possibly have been a large awl.</p> - -<p>An Aztec<a name="FNanchor_571_571" id="FNanchor_571_571"></a><a href="#Footnote_571_571" class="fnanchor">[571]</a> chisel of nearly the same form as Fig. 191, and about 4½ -inches long, contains 97·87 copper and 2·13 of tin. Another from Lima -contains 94 copper and 6 of tin.</p> - -<p>The small bronze chisel from Scotland, shown in Fig. 192, exhibits a -somewhat different type; the blade tapering evenly away from the edge. -The point which was intended to go into the handle appears to have been -“drawn down” a little by hammering, which has produced slight flanges<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> -at the sides. The edge has also been hammered. The original was kindly -lent me by the Rev. George Wilson, of Glenluce, Wigtonshire, and was -found, with a conical button and a flat plate of cannel-coal or jet, on the -Sandhills of Low Torrs, near Glenluce. Numerous arrow-heads and -flakes of flint have also been found among the sands at the same place.</p> - -<p>A flat chisel (4½ inches) like Fig. 192, but rather broader at the edge, -which is somewhat oblique, was found with two flat sickles on Sparkford -Hill,<a name="FNanchor_572_572" id="FNanchor_572_572"></a><a href="#Footnote_572_572" class="fnanchor">[572]</a> Somersetshire.</p> - -<p>There were some small chisels of this class in the Larnaud hoard<a name="FNanchor_573_573" id="FNanchor_573_573"></a><a href="#Footnote_573_573" class="fnanchor">[573]</a> -(Jura).</p> - -<p>Others have been found in the Swiss Lake-dwellings.<a name="FNanchor_574_574" id="FNanchor_574_574"></a><a href="#Footnote_574_574" class="fnanchor">[574]</a></p> - -<p>Two shorter edged tools, found at Ebnall,<a name="FNanchor_575_575" id="FNanchor_575_575"></a><a href="#Footnote_575_575" class="fnanchor">[575]</a> Salop, which have been -described as chisels or hammers, seem rather to have been punches, and -will be mentioned subsequently.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">As chisels were probably used in ancient times, as at present, not -only in conjunction with a mallet, but also in the hand alone with -pressure as paring-tools, it would have been found -convenient to attach them to wooden or horn -handles. Accordingly we find them both provided -with a tang or shank for driving into a wooden -handle, like the majority of modern chisels, and -also, though more rarely, with a socket for the -reception of a handle, like the heavy mortising -chisels of the present day. Chisels of the tanged -variety vary considerably in size and strength, and -in the relative width of the blade to the length.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-167.jpg" width="150" height="383" id="i167" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 192*. Carlton Rode. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">That shown in Fig. 192 is from the great hoard -discovered at Carlton Rode,<a name="FNanchor_576_576" id="FNanchor_576_576"></a><a href="#Footnote_576_576" class="fnanchor">[576]</a> Norfolk, already mentioned, -and is preserved in the Norwich Museum. The -marks of the joint of the mould are still visible on the -tang. It was found with numerous celts and gouges, -a hammer, and at least one socketed chisel. Another -tanged chisel of nearly the same form and dimensions is -also in the Norwich Museum. It formed part of the Woodward Collection, -and was probably found in Norfolk.</p> - -<p>A chisel much more expanded at the edge, and also of lighter make, -was found at Wallingford, Berks, in company with a double-edged knife -or razor, and a socketed celt, gouge, and knife, of which notices are given -in other parts of this book. It is engraved as Fig. 193, and is in my own -collection, as is also the original of Fig. 194. This formed part of the hoard -discovered in Reach Fen, Cambridge, and was the only one of the kind -there found. A socketed chisel-like celt from the same hoard has been -already described and figured at page 133, Fig. 159.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span></p> - -<p>Tanged chisels have also occurred in various other hoards of bronze -antiquities. Some were found with numerous celts and other tools at -Westow,<a name="FNanchor_577_577" id="FNanchor_577_577"></a><a href="#Footnote_577_577" class="fnanchor">[577]</a> on the Derwent, Yorkshire, which from their curved edges and -general character the late Mr. James Yates regarded as the σμίλα χαρτοτόμος, -or chisel for cutting paper, mentioned by Philoxenus, and as the -currier’s chisel, σκιτοτόμος, mentioned by Julius Pollux. If I were to offer -an opinion it would be that any cutting tool of the Bronze Period in -Britain was more likely to have been used for cutting leather than paper, -the latter commodity being, to say the least of it, scarce in Britain at that -time; and, moreover, that chisels are generally used for cutting wood and -not leather.</p> - -<p>In the collection of Canon Green well, F.R.S., are two of these tanged -chisels from Westow, about 4½ inches long and 1⅛ inch broad at the edge. A -small part of the blade below the round collar is cylindrical. In the British -Museum is a small specimen of this kind (3½ inches) from the Thames.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-168.jpg" width="400" height="207" id="i168" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 193.—Wallingford. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 194.—Reach Fen. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 195.—Thixendale. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In the Mayer Collection at Liverpool is a specimen, 4 inches long and -⅞ inch broad at the edge, found near Canterbury in 1761. The collar is -flat above and almost hemispherical below. Another, with part of the -tang broken off, and the blade 2½ inches long and 1½ inch wide, was -found in the Kirkhead Cave, Ulverstone, Lancashire, and was described -to me by Mr. H. Ecroyd Smith.</p> - -<p>Another, rather like Fig. 199, but broken at the angles, was found -with spear-heads and a socketed celt at Ty Mawr,<a name="FNanchor_578_578" id="FNanchor_578_578"></a><a href="#Footnote_578_578" class="fnanchor">[578]</a> Anglesea. What -appears to be a chisel of this kind (4¾ inches long) was found near -Biggen Grange,<a name="FNanchor_579_579" id="FNanchor_579_579"></a><a href="#Footnote_579_579" class="fnanchor">[579]</a> Derbyshire, and is in the Bateman Collection. Another -was found at Porkington,<a name="FNanchor_580_580" id="FNanchor_580_580"></a><a href="#Footnote_580_580" class="fnanchor">[580]</a> Shropshire.</p> - -<p>A fragment of a tanged chisel was found with a large hoard of broad -spear-heads, &c., at Broadward, Shropshire.</p> - -<p>A remarkably small specimen from Thixendale, in the East Riding -of Yorkshire, is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, who has kindly -allowed me to engrave it as Fig. 195. The stop, instead of being as usual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> -a circular collar, consists of a bead on each face, so that in the side view -it appears as if an oval pin traversed the blade.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-169.jpg" width="350" height="435" id="i169" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 196.—Yattendon. ½ -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 197.—Broxton. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Nearly similar side-stops are to be observed in the chisel represented -in Fig. 196, which was found with two others (3¾ inches and 4½ inches) -in a hoard of bronze antiquities at Yattendon,<a name="FNanchor_581_581" id="FNanchor_581_581"></a><a href="#Footnote_581_581" class="fnanchor">[581]</a> Berks, of which I have -given an account elsewhere. With the chisels were instruments of the -following forms, some in a fragmentary condition: flat celts, palstaves, -socketed celts, gouges, socketed and tanged knives, swords, scabbard -ends, spear-heads, and flat, conical, and annular pieces of bronze. The -other two chisels from this hoard were more like Fig. 194.</p> - -<p>A very large example of a chisel of this kind is shown in Fig. 197, the -original of which was kindly lent me by Sir Philip de M. Grey Egerton, -F.R.S. It was found in company with two looped palstaves and a spear-head -near Broxton, Cheshire, about twelve miles south of Chester.</p> - -<p>An instrument of somewhat the same character, from Farley Heath, -has already been described at p. 69.</p> - -<p>A tanged chisel, 5 inches long, and without any stops or collar, was -found with other objects at Burgesses’ Meadow, Oxford, in 1830, and is -now in the Ashmolean Museum.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p1">This form of instrument occurs but rarely in Scotland; but -what appears to be a chisel of this kind is engraved by Wilson.<a name="FNanchor_582_582" id="FNanchor_582_582"></a><a href="#Footnote_582_582" class="fnanchor">[582]</a> -His figure is, however, a mere diagram, without any scale attached, -and the instrument is described as an axe blade with a cross limb, -or as a “spiked axe.” Whatever its character, the original of the -figure is said to have been found with other bronze relics at -Strachur, Argyleshire.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">An example of a chisel of elongated form is in the Antiquarian -Museum<a name="FNanchor_583_583" id="FNanchor_583_583"></a><a href="#Footnote_583_583" class="fnanchor">[583]</a> at Edinburgh, but it is uncertain in what part of Scotland it -was found. By the kindness of the Council of the Society of Antiquaries -of Scotland it is shown as Fig. 198.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-170.jpg" width="400" height="300" id="i170" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 198.—Scotland. ½ -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 199.—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In Ireland they are much more common. There are thirteen -specimens in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, as catalogued -by the late Sir William Wilde,<a name="FNanchor_584_584" id="FNanchor_584_584"></a><a href="#Footnote_584_584" class="fnanchor">[584]</a> varying in length from -2½ to 6¼ inches. Some of these Irish chisels, which approximate to -flat celts in character, have already been described in Chapter III.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">That which Wilde has given as his Fig. 395 is almost identical in -form with the chisel from Ireland in my own collection which is here -engraved as Fig. 199, though considerably longer altogether, and somewhat -longer proportionally in the tang.</p> - -<p>I have another example from Belaghey, County Antrim, which is 6⅜ -inches long, and much stouter in the tang and in the neck of the blade -than that here figured. It is only 1⅜ inches wide at the edge.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span></p> - -<p>Among those in the museum at Dublin is one which is decorated -with knobs round the collar. Two others are figured in “Horæ Ferales.”<a name="FNanchor_585_585" id="FNanchor_585_585"></a><a href="#Footnote_585_585" class="fnanchor">[585]</a> -In the British Museum is one (4⅝ inches) with a well-marked collar. -Another, with the square tang broken off, has a loop at the side of the -round part of the blade, which is 2¼ inches long. This curious specimen -was found near Burrisokane, county Tipperary.</p> - -<p>Another chisel (4¾ inches) in the same collection has side-projections -only, like Fig. 195.</p> - -<p>Another (3¼ inches), with a well-developed collar, is engraved in the -<i>Archæological Journal</i>.<a name="FNanchor_586_586" id="FNanchor_586_586"></a><a href="#Footnote_586_586" class="fnanchor">[586]</a> The form shades off into that of the flat celts -having projections at the sides.</p> - -<p>Others in the collection of Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A., resemble Fig. 196 -(4½ inches) and Fig. 197 (6 inches). The latter was found at Kanturk, -Co. Cork.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Tanged chisels have been found, though not abundantly, in -France. One from Beauvais is in the museum at St. Germain.</p> - -<p>The socketed form of chisel is by no means common in this -country; but some instruments, probably intended for use as -chisels, have already been described among the -socketed celts not provided with loops. These -are all comparatively broad at the cutting edge; -but there is another variety, with a narrow end, -formed much like the modern engineer’s “crosscut -chisel,” some specimens of which will be now -described.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-171.jpg" width="150" height="323" id="i171" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 200. Carlton Rode. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>That shown in Fig. 200 is from the great find -of Carlton Rode,<a name="FNanchor_587_587" id="FNanchor_587_587"></a><a href="#Footnote_587_587" class="fnanchor">[587]</a> Norfolk (1844), from which -several specimens, including a tanged chisel (Fig. -192) and a socketed celt without loop (Fig. 160), -have already been described; and some other -forms, such as gouges and hammers, have yet to be -mentioned. The edge is only 3/16ths of an inch in -width, and the tool seems well adapted for cutting -mortises. The idea of a mortise and tenon must be of very early -date, as a mere stake driven into the ground supplies it in a -rudimentary form; and tools let into sockets, or having sockets to -receive handles, afford instances of connections of the same kind. -In our modern mortising chisels the cutting edge, instead of being -in the middle of the blade, so as to have a <span class="f1 lmid"><b>V</b></span>-shaped section, is -usually at the side, and presents an outline like the upper part of a -<span class="f1 lmid"><b>K</b></span>, - -<span class="fs"> - <img src="images/dsv.jpg" width="20" height="17" - alt="" - title="" /> -</span>. I have not met with this bevelled edge among bronze chisels.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span></p> - -<p>On the side of this Carlton Rode chisel may be seen the -mark of the joint of the mould in which it was cast. The socket, -as usual with these tools, is circular.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">A bronze chisel of the same form, 3¾ inches long, was found at Romford,<a name="FNanchor_588_588" id="FNanchor_588_588"></a><a href="#Footnote_588_588" class="fnanchor">[588]</a> -Essex, in company with socketed celts, palstaves, fragments of -swords, a broken spear-head, and lumps of metal. It has already been -figured.</p> - -<p>In the hoard found at Westow, Yorkshire, already mentioned, were -two or three socketed chisels. One of them, 2½ inches long, is engraved -in the <i>Archæological Journal</i>.<a name="FNanchor_589_589" id="FNanchor_589_589"></a><a href="#Footnote_589_589" class="fnanchor">[589]</a> That which I have here engraved as -Fig. 201 is probably the same specimen. It is now in the collection of -Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. Tanged chisels, gouges, and socketed celts -were found at the same time.</p></div> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-172.jpg" width="250" height="167" id="i172" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><table id="tc7" summary="caption7"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 201.<br />Westow. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 202.<br />Heathery Burn. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> -<p>In the same collection is a somewhat smaller chisel, the socket of which -is square instead of circular. This was found in the Heathery Burn Cave, -Durham, together with a number of -objects, belonging to the Bronze -Period, of which further mention -will be made hereafter. Another, -found at Roseberry Topping, Yorkshire, -is now in the Bateman Collection, -at Sheffield. A small narrow-edged -chisel was found in a hoard at -Meldreth, Cambridgeshire.</p> - -<p>I am not aware of any socketed -chisels of the narrow form having -been found in Scotland.</p> - -<p>In Ireland they are rare, but in -the collection of Mr. R. Day, F.S.A., -are a few specimens of undoubtedly chisel-like character. The broad -celt-like form has been described in a previous chapter.</p> - -<p>In France they are also far from common. There are, however, -two in the museum at Tours, found at the Chatellier d’Amboise. -There is also one in the museum at Narbonne.<a name="FNanchor_590_590" id="FNanchor_590_590"></a><a href="#Footnote_590_590" class="fnanchor">[590]</a> They have been -found in Savoy,<a name="FNanchor_591_591" id="FNanchor_591_591"></a><a href="#Footnote_591_591" class="fnanchor">[591]</a> Doubs,<a name="FNanchor_592_592" id="FNanchor_592_592"></a><a href="#Footnote_592_592" class="fnanchor">[592]</a> and Jura.<a name="FNanchor_593_593" id="FNanchor_593_593"></a><a href="#Footnote_593_593" class="fnanchor">[593]</a></p> - -<p>Several have been found in the Lake-dwellings of Switzerland.<a name="FNanchor_594_594" id="FNanchor_594_594"></a><a href="#Footnote_594_594" class="fnanchor">[594]</a> One -with a treble moulding round the mouth and a polygonal neck from -Mœrigen<a name="FNanchor_595_595" id="FNanchor_595_595"></a><a href="#Footnote_595_595" class="fnanchor">[595]</a> exhibits much taste in its manufacture.</p> - -<p>A number of chisels both of the tanged and the socketed forms were -present in the great hoard of bronze objects discovered at Bologna.</p> - -<p>Socketed examples from Italy are in the museum at Copenhagen,<a name="FNanchor_596_596" id="FNanchor_596_596"></a><a href="#Footnote_596_596" class="fnanchor">[596]</a> and -in the British Museum.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span></p> - -<p>I have some from Macarsca, Dalmatia, of which the sockets have been -formed by hammering out the metal and turning it over, instead of being -produced as usual, by means of a core in the casting.</p> - -<p>Socketed chisels from Emmen and Deurne, Holland, are in the -museum<a name="FNanchor_597_597" id="FNanchor_597_597"></a><a href="#Footnote_597_597" class="fnanchor">[597]</a> at Leyden.</p> - -<p>From North Germany I may cite one (6⅛ inches) from Schlieben,<a name="FNanchor_598_598" id="FNanchor_598_598"></a><a href="#Footnote_598_598" class="fnanchor">[598]</a> -which is in the Berlin Museum.</p> - -<p>Others are engraved by Lindenschmit,<a name="FNanchor_599_599" id="FNanchor_599_599"></a><a href="#Footnote_599_599" class="fnanchor">[599]</a> Schreiber,<a name="FNanchor_600_600" id="FNanchor_600_600"></a><a href="#Footnote_600_600" class="fnanchor">[600]</a> and Lisch.<a name="FNanchor_601_601" id="FNanchor_601_601"></a><a href="#Footnote_601_601" class="fnanchor">[601]</a></p> - -<p>One from Kempten, Bavaria, is in the Sigmaringen Collection.<a name="FNanchor_602_602" id="FNanchor_602_602"></a><a href="#Footnote_602_602" class="fnanchor">[602]</a></p></div> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-173.jpg" width="100" height="424" id="i173" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc150"> -Fig. 203.<br />Carlton Rode. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p class="pc2 mid"><span class="smcap">Gouges.</span></p> - -<p>Closely allied to chisels are gouges, in which, the edge, instead -of being straight, is curved or hollowed, so that it is adapted for -working out rounded or oval holes. In some languages, indeed, -the name by which these tools are known is that -of “hollow chisels.” It is an early form of instrument, -and a few specimens made of flint have been found -in this country, though they are here extremely rare, -while, on the contrary, they are very abundant in -Denmark and the South of Sweden. In the Scandinavian -countries, however, bronze gouges are never -found; and though gouges of stone were not unknown -in this country during its Stone Period, their successors -in bronze do not appear to belong to the early -part of the Bronze Period, but, on the contrary, seem -to be characteristic of its later phases.</p> - -<p>Of bronze gouges there are the same two varieties -as of the ordinary chisel, viz. the tanged and the -socketed, of which the former is far rarer than the -latter. Indeed the only tanged gouge from Britain -with which I am acquainted is that from the Carlton -Rode<a name="FNanchor_603_603" id="FNanchor_603_603"></a><a href="#Footnote_603_603" class="fnanchor">[603]</a> hoard, already so often mentioned, which is -shown in Fig. 203. The original is in the Norwich -Museum, the trustees of which kindly allowed me to -engrave it. As will be seen, it is of remarkably narrow form, -especially as contrasted with the socketed gouge from the same -hoard shown in Fig. 207. There was a broken tanged gouge in -the great hoard of bronze objects found at Bologna.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span></p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Of English socketed gouges the most common form is that shown in -Fig. 204, from an original in the British Museum, which was found with -a spear-head (Fig. 391), socketed knife (Fig. 240), hammer (Fig. 210), -awl (Fig. 224), and two socketed celts, at Thorndon,<a name="FNanchor_604_604" id="FNanchor_604_604"></a><a href="#Footnote_604_604" class="fnanchor">[604]</a> in Suffolk. There -were six gouges of the same character, but of different sizes, in the hoard -found at Westow,<a name="FNanchor_605_605" id="FNanchor_605_605"></a><a href="#Footnote_605_605" class="fnanchor">[605]</a> Yorkshire, some of which have been figured. Another -(3½ inches) found with socketed celts and some curious ornaments under -a large stone at Roseberry Topping,<a name="FNanchor_606_606" id="FNanchor_606_606"></a><a href="#Footnote_606_606" class="fnanchor">[606]</a> in Cleveland, has also been figured. -Another was found with socketed celts and spear-heads at Exning,<a name="FNanchor_607_607" id="FNanchor_607_607"></a><a href="#Footnote_607_607" class="fnanchor">[607]</a> in -Suffolk. The cutting end of another was associated with socketed celts -in the hoard discovered at Martlesham in the same county. Part of -another was discovered, with a socketed celt, fragments of blades, and -rough copper, at Melbourn,<a name="FNanchor_608_608" id="FNanchor_608_608"></a><a href="#Footnote_608_608" class="fnanchor">[608]</a> Cambridgeshire. Another was found, -with socketed celts, spear-heads, and an armlet, within the encampment -on Beacon Hill,<a name="FNanchor_609_609" id="FNanchor_609_609"></a><a href="#Footnote_609_609" class="fnanchor">[609]</a> Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. Another, with -socketed celts, spear-heads, &c., at Ebnall,<a name="FNanchor_610_610" id="FNanchor_610_610"></a><a href="#Footnote_610_610" class="fnanchor">[610]</a> -near Oswestry; and another (2½ inches), with -socketed celts, fragments of knives, a button or -stud, and lumps of metal, at Kensington.<a name="FNanchor_611_611" id="FNanchor_611_611"></a><a href="#Footnote_611_611" class="fnanchor">[611]</a> This -hoard is in the British Museum.</p></div> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-174.jpg" width="200" height="274" id="i174" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><table id="tc8" summary="caption8"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 204.<br />Thorndon. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 205.<br />Harty. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> -<p>A gouge was found with four socketed celts and about 30 lbs. -of rough copper in an urn at Sittingbourne,<a name="FNanchor_612_612" id="FNanchor_612_612"></a><a href="#Footnote_612_612" class="fnanchor">[612]</a> -Kent. A plain gouge formed part of the hoard -found at Stanhope,<a name="FNanchor_613_613" id="FNanchor_613_613"></a><a href="#Footnote_613_613" class="fnanchor">[613]</a> Durham. A remarkably -fine gouge, 4¼ inches long and nearly 1¼ inch -wide at the edge, was found, with spear-heads, -socketed celts, part of a celt mould, and lumps -of metal, at Beddington,<a name="FNanchor_614_614" id="FNanchor_614_614"></a><a href="#Footnote_614_614" class="fnanchor">[614]</a> Surrey. At Porkington,<a name="FNanchor_615_615" id="FNanchor_615_615"></a><a href="#Footnote_615_615" class="fnanchor">[615]</a> -Shropshire, a gouge accompanied the -tanged chisel lately mentioned. In the hoard -found at Guilsfield,<a name="FNanchor_616_616" id="FNanchor_616_616"></a><a href="#Footnote_616_616" class="fnanchor">[616]</a> Montgomeryshire, there -were two gouges in company with looped palstaves, -socketed celts, &c. In my own collection -are three socketed gouges, about 3½ inches long, which form part of -the hoard from Reach Fen, Cambridgeshire, in which were socketed -celts, socketed and tanged knives, and numerous other objects. In -some of the instances cited, as at Guilsfield and Ebnall, the upper part of -the socket is beaded instead of plain. One of this kind from the Harty -hoard already mentioned is shown in Fig. 205. There were two such in -the hoard, which comprised numerous socketed celts and the moulds for -them, and various tools of the bronze-founder. There were also the two -halves of a bronze mould for such gouges which will subsequently be -described. In the Museum of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society is a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> -gouge from Bottisham Lode (3 inches) with a slight shoulder about ½ inch -from the top of the blade, the upper part of the neck being larger than -the lower. One of three found in the Heathery Burn Cave (2¾ inches) is -also shouldered. Of the other two (3⅜ inches and 3¼ inches) one is very -slightly shouldered. They are in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., -as is also a plain example (3¾ inches) from Scothorn, Lincolnshire.</p> - -<p>In the British Museum are the unfinished castings for two gouges, one -2¾ inches long and fully ½ inch wide, and the other 3 inches long and -⅜ inch wide at the edge, which in both is but slightly hollowed. They -were found with a socketed celt (Fig. 146) near Blandford, Dorset. The -longer one is of very white and hard -bronze.</p></div> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-175.jpg" width="250" height="385" id="i175" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><table id="tc9" summary="caption9"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 206.<br />Undley. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 207.<br />Carlton Rode. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 208.<br />Tay. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> -<p>Two gouges, one 3½ inches and the -other broader, but only 2 inches -long, found with various other objects -at Hounslow; as well as one -from the Thames at Battersea (4 -inches), are in the same collection.</p> - -<p>Two gouges (3¼ inches and 5 -inches) were found, with a hammer, -a spear-head, and a socketed celt -with a loop on the face (Fig. 154), -near Whittlesea. The whole are in -the museum at Wisbech.</p> - -<p>Two from Derbyshire are in the -Blackmore Museum at Salisbury.</p> - -<p>A socketed gouge of unusually -long proportions is shown in Fig. -206. It was found at Undley, near -Lakenheath, Suffolk, and is in my -own collection. In the Carlton Rode -hoard were also two long gouges -with the hollow extending more -nearly to the socket end. They are -both rather trumpet-mouthed. One -of them is 4½ inches long and 9/16 -inch wide at the edge, the other -4⅛ inches long and ¾ inch wide. I have not seen the originals, but -describe them from a lithographed plate.</p> - -<p>The broad short gouge shown in Fig. 207 is also from Carlton Rode. -It is broken at the mouth of the socket, but I have, in the figure, restored -the part that is wanting. The original was lent me by the trustees of -the Norwich Museum. Another<a name="FNanchor_617_617" id="FNanchor_617_617"></a><a href="#Footnote_617_617" class="fnanchor">[617]</a> from the same hoard, about 3¼ inches -long, has the groove, which is wide and rather flat, extending only an inch -upwards from the edge.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Socketed gouges have been found, though very rarely, in Scotland. -That shown in Fig. 208, the cut of which has been kindly lent to -me by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, was dredged up in the -river Tay.<a name="FNanchor_618_618" id="FNanchor_618_618"></a><a href="#Footnote_618_618" class="fnanchor">[618]</a> This appears to be almost the only Scottish specimen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> -at present known. Professor Daniel Wilson<a name="FNanchor_619_619" id="FNanchor_619_619"></a><a href="#Footnote_619_619" class="fnanchor">[619]</a> terms it “one of the -rarest of the implements of bronze hitherto found in Scotland;” -but he adds that other specimens have been met with in the Tay.</p> - -<p>In Ireland they are considerably more abundant, there being -at least twenty specimens in the Museum of the Royal Irish -Academy, one of them as much as 4½ inches long.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">One, much like Fig. 208, has been engraved by Wilde as Fig. 399. -Others are figured in the <i>Archæological Journal</i><a name="FNanchor_620_620" id="FNanchor_620_620"></a><a href="#Footnote_620_620" class="fnanchor">[620]</a> and “Horæ Ferales.”<a name="FNanchor_621_621" id="FNanchor_621_621"></a><a href="#Footnote_621_621" class="fnanchor">[621]</a> -In one of these, 2½ inches long, the hollow is carried up to the collar -round the mouth as a square-ended recess. One gouge -appears to have been originally tanged. Several -socketed gouges from Ireland are in the British Museum. -Mr. R. Day, F.S.A., has examples from Mullingar -and Derry, the latter with a collar at the top. -They occurred also in the Dowris hoard. A gouge<a name="FNanchor_622_622" id="FNanchor_622_622"></a><a href="#Footnote_622_622" class="fnanchor">[622]</a> -only 2½ inches long and unusually broad has a small -loop at the upper end of the concave part. It is here -engraved as Fig. 209, from the original in the Museum -of the Royal Irish Academy. This may be the specimen -figured by Vallancey.<a name="FNanchor_623_623" id="FNanchor_623_623"></a><a href="#Footnote_623_623" class="fnanchor">[623]</a> I have a specimen like Fig. 208.</p></div> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-176.jpg" width="150" height="226" id="i176" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc150"> -Fig. 209.—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> -<p>Socketed gouges are occasionally found in France. -One, 4¼ inches long, with two mouldings round the top, -ornamented with faint diagonal lines, was found with socketed celts and -other implements in the Commune de Pont-point<a name="FNanchor_624_624" id="FNanchor_624_624"></a><a href="#Footnote_624_624" class="fnanchor">[624]</a> (Oise), near the river -Oise, and is in the Hotel Cluny, Paris. Others from the Hautes Alpes<a name="FNanchor_625_625" id="FNanchor_625_625"></a><a href="#Footnote_625_625" class="fnanchor">[625]</a> -and from the Fonderie de Larnaud have been figured in Mr. Ernest -Chantre’s magnificent Album.</p> - -<p>There are three with moulded tops, from the hoard of Notre Dame d’Or, -in the Poitiers Museum.</p> - -<p>A fine gouge (about 5½ inches) with a moulded top is in the museum -at Clermont Ferrand (Puy de Dôme). A very fine French gouge of this -character is in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>I have a specimen much like Fig. 208 found in the Seine at Paris. -Others were in the hoard at Dreuil, near Amiens, and in a second hoard -also found near that town.</p> - -<p>Large gouges with moulded tops, from the Stations of Auvernier,<a name="FNanchor_626_626" id="FNanchor_626_626"></a><a href="#Footnote_626_626" class="fnanchor">[626]</a> in -the Lake of Neuchâtel, and Mœrigen, in the Lake of Bienne, are in -Dr. Victor Gross’s collection.</p> - -<p>There was at least one socketed gouge in the great Bologna hoard.</p> - -<p>In Germany they are very rare, but one from the museum at Sigmaringen, -with a somewhat decorated socket, is engraved by Lindenschmit. -It was found at Kempten, Bavaria.<a name="FNanchor_627_627" id="FNanchor_627_627"></a><a href="#Footnote_627_627" class="fnanchor">[627]</a> Others, from Düren and Deurne, -North Brabant, Holland, are in the museum at Leyden.</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span></p> - -<p>A socketed gouge, with the edge turned to a sweep of about 1 inch radius, -is in the museum at Agram, Croatia.</p> - -<p>One from Siberia<a name="FNanchor_628_628" id="FNanchor_628_628"></a><a href="#Footnote_628_628" class="fnanchor">[628]</a> has been figured by Worsaae.</p></div> - -<p class="pc2 mid"><span class="smcap">Hammers and Anvils.</span></p> - -<p class="p2">Another form of tool constructed with a socket to receive the -handle in precisely the same manner as the socketed celts and gouges -is the hammer. It is worthy of notice that, though perforated hammers -formed of stone are comparatively abundant in this country, -yet that instruments of the same kind in bronze are unknown. It is -true that what looks like a perforated hammer, said to be of bronze, -was found in Newport, Lincoln, and is engraved in the <i>Archæological -Journal</i>,<a name="FNanchor_629_629" id="FNanchor_629_629"></a><a href="#Footnote_629_629" class="fnanchor">[629]</a> but there is no evidence of its belonging to the -same period as the ordinary tools formed of bronze; and the -suggestion that it may have been the extremity of a bell-clapper -is, I think, not far from the truth. It is very probable that many -of the perforated stone hammers belong to the Bronze Period of this -country, as do doubtless most of the perforated stone battle-axes or -axe-hammers; for in the early part of the Bronze Period it is likely -that metal was far too valuable to be used for heavy tools and -weapons, and even towards the close of the period it seems as if -it was only the lighter kind of hammers which were formed of -bronze. The heaviest I possess weighs only five ounces, and the -lightest less than half that weight. As will subsequently be seen, -it is possible that some of these instruments were of the nature of -anvils rather than of hammers, but for the present it will be most -convenient to speak of them under the latter name.</p> - -<p>The most common form of hammer is that which is shown in -Fig. 210, from an original in the British Museum found at -Thorndon,<a name="FNanchor_630_630" id="FNanchor_630_630"></a><a href="#Footnote_630_630" class="fnanchor">[630]</a> Suffolk, in company with a spear-head, socketed gouge, -socketed knife, and two socketed celts. The two hammer-like -instruments engraved as Figs. 211 and 212 were found, with a -number of socketed celts, moulds, &c.—in fact the whole stock-in-trade -of an ancient bronze-founder—in the Isle of Harty, Sheppey, -and are in my own collection. The larger of the two shows a -considerable amount of wear at the end, which is somewhat -“upset” by constant use. The smaller is more oxidized, so that -the marks of use are less easily recognised. The metal of which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> -they are formed seems to contain a larger admixture of tin than is -usual with the cutting tools; and I have noticed the same appearance -in some other instances, so that even in early times the -singular fact must have been known that by adding to copper -the softer metal, tin, in a larger proportion than the one-tenth -usually employed for bronze, a much harder metal resulted. At -the present time the extremely hard alloy used -for the specula of reflecting telescopes is formed -by an admixture of about two parts of copper -and one part of tin, the two soft metals mixed -in these proportions forming an alloy almost -as hard as hardened steel.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-178a.jpg" width="400" height="194" id="i178a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><table id="tc10" summary="caption10"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 210.<br />Thorndon. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 211.<br />Harty. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 212.<br />Harty. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 213.<br />Carlton Rode. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-178b.jpg" width="150" height="358" id="i178b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc150"> -Fig. 214.—Taunton. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p>In the Carlton Rode find, of which mention has -already been frequently made, was a hammer of -much longer proportions than those from the Isle -of Harty. By the kindness of the trustees of the -Norwich Museum I have been able to engrave it as -Fig. 213. It expands considerably at the mouth. -As will be seen, the end is “upset” by use. What -appears to be a hammer of much the same kind, -but with the face still smaller, was found with a -hoard of bronze objects, including palstaves, spear-heads, -flat sickles, a torque, &c., at Taunton.<a name="FNanchor_631_631" id="FNanchor_631_631"></a><a href="#Footnote_631_631" class="fnanchor">[631]</a> It -is shown in Fig. 214.</p> - -<p>A hammer somewhat larger in its dimensions than Fig. 211, but in -type more resembling Fig. 212, having no shoulder upon its body, was -found at Roseberry Topping,<a name="FNanchor_632_632" id="FNanchor_632_632"></a><a href="#Footnote_632_632" class="fnanchor">[632]</a> in Cleveland, with a socketed celt, a gouge,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span> -and other objects. Another broken hammer was found, with a hoard -of bronze objects, at Stanhope,<a name="FNanchor_633_633" id="FNanchor_633_633"></a><a href="#Footnote_633_633" class="fnanchor">[633]</a> Durham.</p> - -<p>A small hammer (2¼ inches), found with gouges and other objects near -Whittlesea, is in the Wisbech Museum.</p> - -<p>Another with a circular socket was in the hoard found in Burgesses’ -Meadow, Oxford.</p> - -<p>A small one was found at Rugby,<a name="FNanchor_634_634" id="FNanchor_634_634"></a><a href="#Footnote_634_634" class="fnanchor">[634]</a> and is in the possession of Mr. -M. H. Bloxam, F.S.A. I have one (3 inches) found near Cambridge.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">I am not aware of any examples having as yet been found in -Scotland.</p> - -<p>In Ireland they are rare, but four “round-faced socketed -punches,” varying from 2 to 4 inches in length, are mentioned in -Wilde’s Catalogue. These are probably hammers.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In the British Museum are also several Irish hammers, one of which is -shown full size in Fig. 215, for the use of which I am indebted to the -Council of the Society of Antiquaries.<a name="FNanchor_635_635" id="FNanchor_635_635"></a><a href="#Footnote_635_635" class="fnanchor">[635]</a> It is cylindrical in form, with -two rings of projecting knobs around it. The end is circular and slightly -convex, and has a ridge across it, due to constant use. Another, found, -with trumpets, spear-heads, and numerous other bronze relics, at Dowris,<a name="FNanchor_636_636" id="FNanchor_636_636"></a><a href="#Footnote_636_636" class="fnanchor">[636]</a> -King’s County, is shown in Fig. 216, also lent me by the same Council. -It is of a different type from any of the others, expanding beyond the -socket into a large flat blade. It appears never to have been in use. -Two other small Irish specimens, one with a long oval face, are in the -British Museum. I have a hammer (2½ inches) much like Fig. 210, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> -with the shoulder nearer the top, found with a socketed celt and some -perforated and other rings, near Trillick, Co. Tyrone. I have also an -imperfect specimen with the end expanded, but not to the same extent -as Fig. 216. This was found with a broken sword, spear-heads, and a -socketed knife, on Bo Island, Enniskillen, and was kindly procured for -me by the Earl of Enniskillen.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-179.jpg" width="400" height="272" id="i179" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 215.—Ireland. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 216.—Dowris. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> -<p>Socketed hammers have been found in several European countries. -I have two from France. One of them (3½ inches), like Fig. 212 in -form, was found, with a spear-head, a double-edged knife, some curved -cutting tools, and an anvil of bronze (Fig. 217), together with a large -torque and a plain bracelet of gold, at Fresné la Mère, near Falaise, -Calvados. The other (2 inches), stouter in its proportions and more -like Fig. 210, was found near Angerville, Seine et Oise. A short thick -hammer was found at Briatexte, Tarn.<a name="FNanchor_637_637" id="FNanchor_637_637"></a><a href="#Footnote_637_637" class="fnanchor">[637]</a></p> - -<p>An instrument in the British Museum, in form much like Fig. 216, -found at Vienne (Isère?), has only a small square hole in the socket, and -may have served as an anvil rather than as a hammer. A hammer also -with expanded end was found near Chalon,<a name="FNanchor_638_638" id="FNanchor_638_638"></a><a href="#Footnote_638_638" class="fnanchor">[638]</a> and another in the Valley of -the Somme.<a name="FNanchor_639_639" id="FNanchor_639_639"></a><a href="#Footnote_639_639" class="fnanchor">[639]</a></p> - -<p>A cylindrical hammer or anvil was found in the hoard of the Jardin des -Plantes at Nantes.<a name="FNanchor_640_640" id="FNanchor_640_640"></a><a href="#Footnote_640_640" class="fnanchor">[640]</a></p> - -<p>Cylindrical hammers have been found among the Lake-dwellings of -the Lac du Bourget,<a name="FNanchor_641_641" id="FNanchor_641_641"></a><a href="#Footnote_641_641" class="fnanchor">[641]</a> Savoy, one of them provided with a loop. -M. Rabut, of Chambéry, has a stone mould from the same lake for -casting such hammers. Another hammer-mould of stone was found at -the Station of Eaux Vives, near Geneva.</p> - -<p>In my own collection is one of these looped socketed hammers, nearly -square in section, from Auvernier, in the Lake of Neuchâtel. Others -from Swiss Lake-dwellings, both with and without loops, are engraved by -Keller. Professor Desor has a hammer expanding towards the end from -the Lake of Neuchâtel.<a name="FNanchor_642_642" id="FNanchor_642_642"></a><a href="#Footnote_642_642" class="fnanchor">[642]</a> A hammer found at Mœrigen<a name="FNanchor_643_643" id="FNanchor_643_643"></a><a href="#Footnote_643_643" class="fnanchor">[643]</a> seems to have -been formed from a portion of a looped palstave. The Lake-dwellers -frequently utilized such broken instruments. Another hammer, from the -Lake of Bienne,<a name="FNanchor_644_644" id="FNanchor_644_644"></a><a href="#Footnote_644_644" class="fnanchor">[644]</a> is hexagonal in section, and ornamented with reversed -chevrons on its faces.</p> - -<p>They are occasionally found in Hungary. I have seen one ornamented -with chevrons in relief upon the sides. One with saltires on the sides, -and some fragments of others, were in the Bologna hoard.</p> - -<p>The object engraved by Madsen<a name="FNanchor_645_645" id="FNanchor_645_645"></a><a href="#Footnote_645_645" class="fnanchor">[645]</a> as possibly the ferrule of a lance may -be a hammer of this kind.</p> - -<p>A solid bronze hammer (4½ inches), of oblong section, with two projecting -lugs on each side for securing the handle, found near Przemysl, -Poland, was exhibited at the Prehistoric Congress at Pesth. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span> -found with a bronze spear-head, and is in the Museum of the Academy of -Sciences at Cracow.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">As to the manner in which these socketed hammers were -mounted we have no direct evidence. It seems probable, however, -that many of them had crooked hafts of the same character as -those of the socketed celts. It is worth notice that on some of -the coins of Cunobeline<a name="FNanchor_646_646" id="FNanchor_646_646"></a><a href="#Footnote_646_646" class="fnanchor">[646]</a> there is a seated figure at work forging -a hemispherical vase, and holding in his hand a hammer which in -profile is just like a narrow axe, the head not projecting beyond -the upper side of the handle. A seated figure on a hitherto -unpublished silver coin of Dubnovellaunus, a British prince contemporary -with Augustus, holds a similar hammer, or possibly a -hatchet, in his hand. But though when in use as hammers they -were mounted with crooked shafts, it is quite possible that some -of these instruments may have been fitted on to the end of straight -stakes and have served as anvils. The Rev. W. C. Lukis, F.S.A., -informs me that at the present day the peasants of Brittany make -use of iron-tipped stakes, which, when driven into the ground, -form convenient anvils on which to hammer out the edges of their -sickles, and which have the great advantage of being portable. -Though such anvils are not, so far as I am aware, any longer used -in this country, traces of their having been formerly employed -appear to be preserved in our language, for a small anvil to cut -and punch upon, and on which to hammer cold work, is still -termed a “stake.”</p> - -<p>It is worthy of remark that an implement of the same kind as -these so-called socketed hammers, and made in the same manner, of -a very hard greyish alloy, was found in the cemetery at Hallstatt,<a name="FNanchor_647_647" id="FNanchor_647_647"></a><a href="#Footnote_647_647" class="fnanchor">[647]</a> -and was regarded by the Baron von Sacken as a small anvil. A -bronze file was found with it.</p> - -<p>It is also to be observed that of the two hammer-like instruments -found together in the Harty hoard one is much larger than the -other, and may have formed the head of a stake or anvil, while -the other served as a hammer. Still, as a rule, a flat stone must -have served as the anvil in early times, as it does now among the -native ironworkers of Africa, and did till quite recently, for many -of the country blacksmiths and tinkers of Ireland.<a name="FNanchor_648_648" id="FNanchor_648_648"></a><a href="#Footnote_648_648" class="fnanchor">[648]</a> Among -Danish antiquities some carefully made anvils of stone occur, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span> -I am not certain as to the exact age to which they should be -assigned.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-182.jpg" width="400" height="219" id="i182" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 217.—Fresné la Mère. ½ -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 218.—Fresné la Mère. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Bronze anvils of the form now in use are of extremely rare occurrence -in any country. That figured by Sir William Wilde<a name="FNanchor_649_649" id="FNanchor_649_649"></a><a href="#Footnote_649_649" class="fnanchor">[649]</a> appears -to me to be of more recent date than the Bronze Period, and I am not -aware of any other specimen having been found in the British Isles; -but as it is a form of tool which may eventually be discovered, it -seems well to call attention to it by engraving a French example. -This anvil is shown in two views, in Figs. 217 and 218. As will be -seen, it is adapted for being used in two positions, according as one -or the other pointed end is driven into the workman’s bench. In -one position it presents at the end two plane-surfaces, the one broad -and the other narrow, inclined to each other at an angle of about -120 degrees, so that their junction forms a ridge. This part of the -anvil has seen much service, as there is a thick burr all round it, -caused by the expansion of the metal under repeated blows. -On the projecting beak there are three slight grooves gradually -increasing in size, and apparently intended for swages in which to -draw out pins. In the other position the anvil presents no smooth -surface on which to hammer, but a succession of swages of different -forms—some half-round, some <span class="f1 mid"><b>V</b></span>-shaped, and some <span class="f1 mid"><b>W</b></span>-shaped. -There are also some oval recesses, as if for the heads of pins. The -metal of which the anvil is made appears to contain more tin than -the ordinary bronze, and therefore to be somewhat harder. On -one face is the mark of the runner ⅞ inch in diameter, which -was broken off after the tool was cast.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span></p> - -<p>This interesting tool was found with the hammer already mentioned, -a spear-head, a double-edged knife or razor, a knife with -the end bent round so as to present a gouge-like edge, and a large -curved cutting-tool of the same character (Fig. 247), all of bronze, -at Fresné la Mère, near Falaise, Calvados. With them was a -magnificent gold torque with recurved cylindrical ends, the twisted -part being of cruciform section; and a plain penannular ring or -bracelet, formed from what was a cylindrical rod. The whole -find is now in my own collection. It is not by any means -improbable that this anvil was rather the tool of a goldsmith of -the Bronze Age than that of a mere bronze-worker.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">I have another anvil of about the same size, but thinner, which was -found in the Seine at Paris. It also can be mounted two ways, but in -each position it presents a nearly flat but somewhat inclined face, and -there are no swages in the beaks, one of which is conical and the other -nearly rectangular.</p> - -<p>M. Ernest Chantre has engraved two other specimens, somewhat -differing in form, but of much the same general character. They were -found near Chalon-sur-Saône and near Geneva.<a name="FNanchor_650_650" id="FNanchor_650_650"></a><a href="#Footnote_650_650" class="fnanchor">[650]</a> The analysis of the -metal of one of them gives 16 parts of tin to 84 parts of copper.</p> - -<p>Another bronze anvil is in the museum at Amiens, and a fifth, also -from France, is in the British Museum. This has a flat projecting ledge -at the top, and at right angles a slightly tapering beak. An anvil of the -same kind, but without the beak, was found with other objects near -Amiens, and is now in the museum of that town.</p> - -<p>A small anvil without a beak, found at Auvernier,<a name="FNanchor_651_651" id="FNanchor_651_651"></a><a href="#Footnote_651_651" class="fnanchor">[651]</a> in the Lake of -Neuchâtel, is in the collection of Dr. Gross. A square flat anvil, somewhat -dented on the face, formed part of the Bologna hoard.</p> - -<p>In my own collection is what appears to have been a larger anvil of -bronze, which was found, with other instruments of the same metal, at -Macarsca, Dalmatia. In form it is not unlike an ordinary hammer-head -about 5 inches long; but the eye through it appears to be too small for it -ever to have served to receive a haft of the ordinary kind, though it -probably held a handle by which to steady the tool when in use. One -end is nearly square and but slightly convex; the other is oblong and -rounded the narrow way. Both ends are much worn. On one face and -one side are rounded notches or swages. This tool has been cast in an -open mould, as one face presents the rough surface of the molten metal, -which contains a large proportion of tin. The other face and the sides are -fairly smooth.</p></div> - - -<p class="pc2 mid"><span class="smcap">Saws and Files.</span></p> - -<p class="p2">While speaking of bronze tools, which up to the present -time have not been noticed in Britain, but which may probably -be some day discovered—if, indeed, they have not already been -found—the saw must not be forgotten.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span></p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">A fragment of what has been regarded as a rudely formed saw of -bronze was indeed found, with a sword and several celts, at Mawgan,<a name="FNanchor_652_652" id="FNanchor_652_652"></a><a href="#Footnote_652_652" class="fnanchor">[652]</a> -Cornwall, and is now in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries. It is -4 inches by ¾ inch, coarsely toothed, and the serrations appear to have -been cast. I am, however, rather doubtful whether it was really a saw.</p> - -<p>Saws have been found both in Scandinavia and in France, in the latter -country in hoards apparently belonging to the later portion of the Bronze -Period. One from Ribiers,<a name="FNanchor_653_653" id="FNanchor_653_653"></a><a href="#Footnote_653_653" class="fnanchor">[653]</a> Hautes Alpes, is about 5½ inches long and -¾ inch broad, slightly curved, and with a rivet-hole at one end for attachment -to the handle. Two from the “Fonderie de Larnaud,”<a name="FNanchor_654_654" id="FNanchor_654_654"></a><a href="#Footnote_654_654" class="fnanchor">[654]</a> Jura, are -nearly one-half smaller. There were five specimens in that hoard, and -M. Chantre enumerates sixteen altogether from various parts of France -and Switzerland. A fine specimen, with a rivet-hole for the handle, was -found at Mœrigen,<a name="FNanchor_655_655" id="FNanchor_655_655"></a><a href="#Footnote_655_655" class="fnanchor">[655]</a> in the Lake of Bienne.</p> - -<p>The Scandinavian<a name="FNanchor_656_656" id="FNanchor_656_656"></a><a href="#Footnote_656_656" class="fnanchor">[656]</a> type is of much the same character, though some -are more sickle-like in shape, with the teeth on the inner sweep.</p> - -<p>A saw, found with celts, spear-heads, diadems, &c., at Lämmersdorf, -near Prenzlau, is in the Berlin Museum. A short one, with a rivet-hole -for the handle, found at Stade, is in that at Hanover.</p> - -<p>A saw of pure copper was found in some excavations of dwellings of -remote date at Santorin,<a name="FNanchor_657_657" id="FNanchor_657_657"></a><a href="#Footnote_657_657" class="fnanchor">[657]</a> in the Grecian Archipelago, in company with -various instruments formed of obsidian. Some fragments of saws occurred -in the Bologna hoard. Part of one from Cyprus is in the British -Museum. A copper(?) saw from Niebla, Spain, 9 inches long, also in -the British Museum, has the teeth arranged to cut as it is drawn towards -the workman, and not when pushed away from him.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">The file is another tool of exceedingly rare occurrence in bronze, -though not absolutely unknown in deposits belonging to the close -of the Bronze Period. Sir William Wilde<a name="FNanchor_658_658" id="FNanchor_658_658"></a><a href="#Footnote_658_658" class="fnanchor">[658]</a> mentions “a bronze -circular file, straight, like a modelling tool,” as being in the -Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, but I have not seen the -original and am not confident as to its age. A file<a name="FNanchor_659_659" id="FNanchor_659_659"></a><a href="#Footnote_659_659" class="fnanchor">[659]</a> was, however, -found in the great hoard of the Fonderie de Larnaud, and another -from the Lake-dwellings of the Lac du Bourget is in the museum -at Chambéry.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-185.jpg" width="100" height="727" id="i185" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 219.<br />Heathery Burn. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p>The early form of file is indeed much the same as that of a -very broad saw, the toothing being coarse and running at right -angles across the blade. In the cemetery at Hallstatt,<a name="FNanchor_660_660" id="FNanchor_660_660"></a><a href="#Footnote_660_660" class="fnanchor">[660]</a> in Upper -Austria, files of this character were found, several in bronze -and one in iron. The bronze files are from 5 to 10 inches long,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span> -and some which are flat for the greater part of their length are -drawn down, for about 2 inches at the end, into tapering round -files. In the Bologna hoard were several fragments of files, including -one of a “half-round” file.</p> - -<p class="pc2 mid"><span class="smcap">Tongs and Punches.</span></p> - -<p class="p2">From our greater acquaintance with the working of iron than -with that of bronze, there seems to us a sort of natural connection -between the anvil, hammer, and tongs. It must, -however, be borne in mind that bronze is a metal -which instead of being, like iron, tough and ductile, -becomes “short” and fragile when heated, so that -all the hammering to which the tools and weapons -of bronze were subjected in order to planish their -faces, or to draw out and harden their edges, was -probably administered to them when cold. At least -one pair of bronze tongs has, however, been found, -which is shown in Fig. 219. This instrument -was discovered, with numerous other antiquities, -in the cave at Heathery Burn,<a name="FNanchor_661_661" id="FNanchor_661_661"></a><a href="#Footnote_661_661" class="fnanchor">[661]</a> near Stanhope -in Weardale, Durham, and is now in the collection -of Canon Greenwell. As half of a mould -for socketed celts and some waste runners of bronze -were found, it is evident that the practice of casting -bronze was carried on in the cave, and these tongs -were probably part of the founder’s apparatus. -Whether they were used merely as fire-tongs, or -for the purpose of lifting the crucible or melting-pot, -is a question. They appear, however, much too -light to be of service for the latter purpose.</p> - -<p>In the museum of the Louvre at Paris are some -Egyptian tongs of bronze, which are remarkably -similar to those from Durham. A workman seated -before a small fireplace, holding a blowpipe to his -mouth with one hand and with a pair of tongs in the other, -is shown in a painting at Thebes, published by Sir Gardner -Wilkinson.<a name="FNanchor_662_662" id="FNanchor_662_662"></a><a href="#Footnote_662_662" class="fnanchor">[662]</a></p> - -<p>What I have ventured to regard as another of the tools of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> -bronze-founder is a kind of pointed punch or pricker, of which an -example is given in Fig. 220. This, as well as another which had -lost its point, was found, with socketed celts, gouges, moulds, &c., -forming the whole stock-in-trade of a bronze-founder, in the Isle of -Harty, Kent. It seems to have been furnished with a wooden -handle, into which the tang was driven as far as the projecting -stop; and its purpose appears to have been the extraction of the -cores of burnt clay from out of the sockets of the celts.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-186.jpg" width="400" height="370" id="i186" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 220.—Harty. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 221.—Reach Fen. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 222.—Ebnall. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>That these sockets were formed over a core of clay inserted into the -mould is proved by numerous celts having been found with the -cores still in them. The heat of the melted metal was sufficient -to convert the clay into terracotta or brick, and in this condition -the cores have been preserved. Some force was necessary to -extract such hardened cores, and this could be well effected by -driving in such a pointed instrument as that here figured. If the -two prickers from the Harty hoard were originally of the same -length, the broken one has lost a portion from its end exactly -corresponding in length with the depth of the socket of the largest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> -celts found with it; as if it had been driven home through the -burnt clay quite to the bottom of the socket, and then had been -broken off short at the mouth of the celt in the vain endeavour to -extract it.</p> - -<p>Some small punches, without any tang for insertion in a handle, -were found with socketed celts and numerous other objects in the -hoard from Reach Fen, already mentioned. One of these is shown -in Fig. 221. No moulds were discovered in this case; and though -the hoard has all the appearance of being the stock of an ancient -bronze-founder, it is possible that these shorter punches may here -have been used for some other purpose than that of extracting -cores. The end of one is sharp, that of the other presents a small -oblong face. It is possible that, like the instruments next to be -described, these may have been punches used in the decoration of -other articles of bronze. Mr. H. Prigg,<a name="FNanchor_663_663" id="FNanchor_663_663"></a><a href="#Footnote_663_663" class="fnanchor">[663]</a> in his description of this -hoard, has suggested such an use. The large end of the punch -shown in the figure bears no mark of having been hammered; it -may, however, have been struck with a wooden mallet. Punches, -more chisel-shaped at the point, appear to have been in use for -producing the incuse ornaments which occur on so many of the -flat and flanged celts. I am not aware of any tools which were -undoubtedly used for this purpose having been observed in Britain; -but, as I have already remarked, there were found at Ebnall,<a name="FNanchor_664_664" id="FNanchor_664_664"></a><a href="#Footnote_664_664" class="fnanchor">[664]</a> -Salop, two short-edged tools, which may possibly be punches, and -if so may have been applied to this use. One of these is shown -in Fig. 222, the block for which has been kindly lent me by the -Council of the Society of Antiquaries. The other is described as -of similar form but of rather longer proportions. They were found -in company with spear-heads, celts, gouges, and broad dagger-blades; -but it does not appear that any of these were ornamented -with punch-marked patterns. The tools may, therefore, have been -merely some kind of strong chisels, possibly used for breaking off -the jets and superfluous metal from the castings. The thickness -of the tool is rather greater than the cut would lead one to imagine, -being ½ inch. These two tools have been regarded as hammers, -or possibly weights. I have now spoken of them as punches, -or possibly chisels, but it may be that after all it was the broad -end that was destined for use, in which case they might be regarded -as anvils.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span></p> - -<p>Whatever the purpose of these particular tools, there can be but -little doubt that punches were in use for the ornamentation of the -flat faces and the sides of celts; and it will be well to be on the -look out for such tools when hoards belonging to the ancient -bronze-founders are examined. For the most part, however, these -seem to belong to a period posterior to that of the ornamented -flat celts, though decorated spear-heads occur in them.</p> - -<p>Some of the punches from the Fonderie de Larnaud and from -the Lake-dwellings may have served for decorating other articles in -bronze.</p> - -<p class="pc2 mid"><span class="smcap">Awls, Drills, or Prickers.</span></p> - -<p class="p2">Allied to the pointed tools last described, but considerably -smaller, are the awls, drills, borers, or prickers of bronze which -have so frequently been found accompanying interments in barrows. -No doubt such instruments must have been in very extensive and -general use; but it is only under favourable conditions that such -small pieces of metal would be preserved, and when preserved it -is only under conditions equally favourable that they would attract -the attention of an ordinary labourer. It is, therefore, mainly to -the barrow-digger that we are indebted for our knowledge of these -little instruments. Many belong to a very early part of the Bronze -Age, but the form continued in use through the whole period.</p> - -<p>A somewhat detailed essay upon them has already appeared in -the <i>Archæologia</i><a name="FNanchor_665_665" id="FNanchor_665_665"></a><a href="#Footnote_665_665" class="fnanchor">[665]</a> in the late Dr. Thurnam’s admirable and exhaustive -paper on “Ancient British Barrows,” from which I am -tempted largely to borrow. I am also, through the kindness of -the Council of the Society of Antiquaries, enabled to make use of -some of the woodcuts which illustrate Dr. Thurnam’s paper. -He distinguishes three types of these instruments, which, as he -points out, correspond to some extent with as many types or -varieties of the bronze celt. They are as follows:—</p> - -<p>I. That with a simply flattened end or tang for insertion into -its handle.</p> - -<p>II. That with a well-marked shoulder, where the stem and tang -unite; the object being to prevent its passing too far into the -handle.</p> - -<p>III. That with a regular stop-ridge, or waist, almost as marked -as that in a carpenter’s awl, as distinguished from that of a shoemaker.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span></p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">One of the first type, from the Golden barrow at Upton Lovel, is engraved -by Hoare,<a name="FNanchor_666_666" id="FNanchor_666_666"></a><a href="#Footnote_666_666" class="fnanchor">[666]</a> and is shown in Fig. 223. With it were two cups, a necklace -of amber beads, and a small bronze dagger. It is almost the longest of -those found by Sir R. Colt Hoare, which were upwards of thirty in -number. The only longer specimen was found in a barrow near Lake,<a name="FNanchor_667_667" id="FNanchor_667_667"></a><a href="#Footnote_667_667" class="fnanchor">[667]</a> -and there also some beads and a bronze dagger accompanied the interment. -It is considerably thicker than Fig. 223, and the tang for insertion -in the handle is broader and flatter. A smaller awl of the same character -was found in a barrow on Upton Lovel -Down,<a name="FNanchor_668_668" id="FNanchor_668_668"></a><a href="#Footnote_668_668" class="fnanchor">[668]</a> opened by Mr. Cunnington. In this -instance there were two interments in the -same grave, and several flint celts and a -perforated stone battle-axe were found, as -well as numerous instruments of bone, and -a necklace of beads of jet or lignite.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-189.jpg" width="200" height="409" id="i189" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc11" summary="caption11"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 223.<br />Upton Lovel. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span></td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 224.<br />Thorndon. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 225.<br />Butterwick. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span></td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>An awl of this kind (3<span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>10</sub></span> inches) found, -with a spear-head, hammer, knife, and gouge -of bronze, at Thorndon, Suffolk,<a name="FNanchor_669_669" id="FNanchor_669_669"></a><a href="#Footnote_669_669" class="fnanchor">[669]</a> most of -them already described, is now in the British -Museum, and is shown in Fig. 224.</p> - -<p>Several such instruments, some of them -not more than an inch in length, were found -by Canon Greenwell<a name="FNanchor_670_670" id="FNanchor_670_670"></a><a href="#Footnote_670_670" class="fnanchor">[670]</a> in his exploration of -the Yorkshire barrows. In nine cases awls -or prickers accompanied interments of unburnt -bodies, and in three cases they were -found among burnt bones. In most instances -instruments of flint were found with -them. An aged woman in a barrow on Langton -Wold<a name="FNanchor_671_671" id="FNanchor_671_671"></a><a href="#Footnote_671_671" class="fnanchor">[671]</a> had three bronze awls or prickers, -as well as an assemblage of bone instruments, -animal teeth, marine shells, and -other miscellaneous property, buried with -her. Dr. Thurnam regarded these as drills -used with a bow, but I think such an use is -doubtful. Some of the awls from the Yorkshire -barrows, instead of being flattened at -one end, are drawn down to a point at both ends, leaving the middle of -larger diameter so as to form a kind of shoulder. These, I presume, are -included under Dr. Thurnam’s Type II. Sometimes this central part of -the blade is square and sometimes the tang is square, like that described -by Stukeley<a name="FNanchor_672_672" id="FNanchor_672_672"></a><a href="#Footnote_672_672" class="fnanchor">[672]</a> from a barrow near Stonehenge as “a sharp bodkin round -at one end, square at the other where it went into a handle.”</p> - -<p>An awl, square at the centre, and round at each end in section, is shown -in Fig. 225. It was found by Canon Greenwell in a barrow at Butterwick, -Yorkshire, in company with the celt (Fig. 2), and other objects. -The point has unfortunately been broken off.</p> - -<p>A typical example of Dr. Thurnam’s second class from a barrow at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> -Bulford,<a name="FNanchor_673_673" id="FNanchor_673_673"></a><a href="#Footnote_673_673" class="fnanchor">[673]</a> Wilts, is shown in Fig. 226. Another was found at Beckhampton, -and a small pricker of the same type was found with a burnt interment -at Storrington,<a name="FNanchor_674_674" id="FNanchor_674_674"></a><a href="#Footnote_674_674" class="fnanchor">[674]</a> Sussex. Like those found by Sir R. C. Hoare, this -was regarded as the pin for fastening the cloth in which the bones were -collected from the funeral pyre. The fact of several of them having been -found still inserted in their hafts, as will subsequently be seen, will -suffice to prove that this view is mistaken.</p> - -<p>Several awls pointed at both ends were found by the late Mr. Bateman -during his researches in the Derbyshire barrows. In Waggon Low<a name="FNanchor_675_675" id="FNanchor_675_675"></a><a href="#Footnote_675_675" class="fnanchor">[675]</a> at -the right shoulder of a contracted skeleton were three instruments of -flint, and a small bronze awl 1½ inches long, tapering each way from the -middle, which is square. Another, pointed at each -end, lay with a drinking cup and a rude spear- or -arrow-head of flint near the shoulder of a youthful -skeleton in a barrow near Minning Low.<a name="FNanchor_676_676" id="FNanchor_676_676"></a><a href="#Footnote_676_676" class="fnanchor">[676]</a> Another -of the same kind was found in a barrow on Ilam -Moor,<a name="FNanchor_677_677" id="FNanchor_677_677"></a><a href="#Footnote_677_677" class="fnanchor">[677]</a> Staffordshire. Another was found with calcined -bones in a barrow in Larks-Low,<a name="FNanchor_678_678" id="FNanchor_678_678"></a><a href="#Footnote_678_678" class="fnanchor">[678]</a> Middleton.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-190.jpg" width="200" height="354" id="i190" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc12" summary="caption12"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 226.<br />Bulford. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span></td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 227.<br />Winterbourn Stoke. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>In several instances there were traces of a wooden -handle, as was the case with one, upwards of 3 -inches long, which was found with a flint spear-head, -a double-edged axe of basaltic stone, and -objects of bone, among the calcined bones in a -sepulchral urn from a barrow at Throwley.<a name="FNanchor_679_679" id="FNanchor_679_679"></a><a href="#Footnote_679_679" class="fnanchor">[679]</a></p> - -<p>In a barrow at Haddon Field<a name="FNanchor_680_680" id="FNanchor_680_680"></a><a href="#Footnote_680_680" class="fnanchor">[680]</a> there was a small -drinking cup near the back of a contracted skeleton, -and beneath this an arrow-head of flint, an instrument -of stag’s-horn like a netting mesh, and a bronze -awl showing traces of its wooden handle.</p> - -<p>In another barrow near Gotam, Nottinghamshire,<a name="FNanchor_681_681" id="FNanchor_681_681"></a><a href="#Footnote_681_681" class="fnanchor">[681]</a> there lay near the -thigh of a contracted skeleton a neatly chipped spear-head of flint, and a -small bronze pin which had been inserted into a wooden handle.</p> - -<p>In a barrow near Fimber,<a name="FNanchor_682_682" id="FNanchor_682_682"></a><a href="#Footnote_682_682" class="fnanchor">[682]</a> Yorkshire, opened by Messrs. Mortimer, -there were found near the knee of a contracted female skeleton a knife-like -chipped flint and the point of a bronze pricker or awl. With -another female interment in the same barrow a bronze pricker was found -inserted in a short wooden haft. The Britoness in this instance wore a -necklace of jet discs with a triangular pendant of the same material.</p> - -<p>A bronze pin, 1½ inches long, accompanied by a broken flint celt and -some arrow-heads and flakes of flint, together with calcined bones, was -found in an urn in Ravenshill barrow,<a name="FNanchor_683_683" id="FNanchor_683_683"></a><a href="#Footnote_683_683" class="fnanchor">[683]</a> near Scarborough.</p> - -<p>In some of the Wiltshire barrows more perfectly preserved handles -have been found. One of these, copied from Hoare’s “Ancient Wiltshire,”<a name="FNanchor_684_684" id="FNanchor_684_684"></a><a href="#Footnote_684_684" class="fnanchor">[684]</a> -is shown in Fig. 227. It was found in the King barrow with -what was probably a male skeleton buried in the hollowed trunk of an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> -elm tree. With it was a curious urn of burnt clay and two bronze daggers, -one near the breast and the other near the thigh. The handle is -described as being of ivory, but I think Dr. Thurnam was right in regarding -it as of bone. The awl in this instance is of the third type, having a -well-marked collar round it. Another of the same character, but retaining -only a small part of the haft, so that the shoulder is better shown, -was found with burnt bones in an urn deposited in a barrow near Stonehenge.<a name="FNanchor_685_685" id="FNanchor_685_685"></a><a href="#Footnote_685_685" class="fnanchor">[685]</a> -No mention is made as to the nature of the material of which -the haft was formed.</p> - -<p>In the case of an awl of the first type, engraved by Dr. Thurnam, and -here reproduced as Fig. 228, the handle is of wood, but the kind of -wood is not mentioned.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-191.jpg" width="100" height="452" id="i191" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc100"> -Fig. 228.<br />Wiltshire. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>One or two bronze or brass awls with square shoulders are in the -Museum of the Royal Irish Academy.<a name="FNanchor_686_686" id="FNanchor_686_686"></a><a href="#Footnote_686_686" class="fnanchor">[686]</a> Several awls with their original -wooden handles have been found in the Lake-dwellings of -Savoy,<a name="FNanchor_687_687" id="FNanchor_687_687"></a><a href="#Footnote_687_687" class="fnanchor">[687]</a> and others in hafts of stag’s-horn in the Swiss Lake-dwellings.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Whether the twisted pins from the Wiltshire barrows -are of the nature of gimlets, as suggested by Dr. -Thurnam, is a difficult question. I shall, however, -prefer to treat of them as personal ornaments rather -than as tools. It is possible that they may to some -extent have combined the two functions. As to the -instruments which I have been describing being piercing -tools or awls, there seems to be little doubt; and -Mr. Bateman can hardly have been far wrong in regarding -them as intended to pierce skins or leather. -Though not curved like the cobbler’s awl of the present -day, they are probably early members of the same -family. In Scandinavia these instruments are of -frequent occurrence, sometimes being provided with -ornamental handles also made of bronze.<a name="FNanchor_688_688" id="FNanchor_688_688"></a><a href="#Footnote_688_688" class="fnanchor">[688]</a> They are -in that part of Europe often found in company with tweezers and -small knives of bronze, and all were probably used together in -sewing, the hole being bored by the awl and the thread drawn -through by the tweezers and, when necessary, cut with the knife. -Possibly the use of bristles as substitutes for needles dates back to -very early times.</p> - -<p>In one instance at least tweezers have been found in Britain in -company with objects apparently belonging to the Bronze Age, -though no doubt to a very late part of it. Those represented in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> -Fig. 229 were discovered near Llangwyllog,<a name="FNanchor_689_689" id="FNanchor_689_689"></a><a href="#Footnote_689_689" class="fnanchor">[689]</a> Anglesea, together -with a two-edged razor, a bracelet, buttons, rings, &c., which are -now in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>A more highly ornamented pair of tweezers, with a broad end, -found with a bone comb, a quern, spindle-whorls, &c., in a Picts’ -house near Kettleburn,<a name="FNanchor_690_690" id="FNanchor_690_690"></a><a href="#Footnote_690_690" class="fnanchor">[690]</a> Caithness, belongs to a considerably later -period.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-192.jpg" width="200" height="381" id="i192" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc13" summary="caption13"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 229.<br />Llangwyllog.</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 230.<br />Ireland.</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>The needles of bronze found in the British Isles do not as a rule -appear to belong to the Bronze Period, though some of those found -on the Continent seem to date back to that age. Two are engraved -by Wilde,<a name="FNanchor_691_691" id="FNanchor_691_691"></a><a href="#Footnote_691_691" class="fnanchor">[691]</a> and there are altogether eighteen such articles in the -Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. A -broken specimen (1¼ inch) from the sand-hills -near Glenluce,<a name="FNanchor_692_692" id="FNanchor_692_692"></a><a href="#Footnote_692_692" class="fnanchor">[692]</a> Wigtonshire, has been -figured.</p> - -<p>Another useful article anciently formed -of bronze—though perhaps not, strictly -speaking, a tool—may as well be mentioned -in this place; I mean the fish-hook, -of which, however, I am able to cite -but one example as having been found in -the British Isles. This was found in Ireland, -and is shown in Fig. 230,<a name="FNanchor_693_693" id="FNanchor_693_693"></a><a href="#Footnote_693_693" class="fnanchor">[693]</a> kindly lent by -the Royal Irish Academy.</p> - -<p>Fish-hooks of bronze have been found in -considerable abundance on the site of several -of the Swiss Lake-dwellings; and it is not -a little remarkable that in form many of -them are almost identical with the steel -fish-hooks of the present day. The barb, to prevent the fish -from struggling off the hook, is in most instances present, -and double hooks are occasionally found. The attachment to the -line was, even in the single hooks, frequently made by a loop or -eye, formed by flattening and turning back the upper part of the -shank of the hook. Fish-hooks were found in the Fonderie de -Larnaud (Jura),<a name="FNanchor_694_694" id="FNanchor_694_694"></a><a href="#Footnote_694_694" class="fnanchor">[694]</a> and in the hoard of St. Pierre-en-Châtre (Oise).</p> - -<p>Such are the principal forms of tools and instruments of bronze -found in these islands. Some of them, such as the socketed gouges,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> -hammers, and chisels, can only belong to the latter part of the -Bronze Period, when the art of using cores in order to produce -sockets or other hollow recesses in castings was well known. -Others, like the simple awls so frequently found in company -with instruments of flint in our barrows, appear to extend from -the commencement of the Bronze Age to its close.</p> - -<p>There still remains to be described a class of instruments in -use by the husbandman, and not by the warrior; and as the -present chapter has extended to such a length, it will be well to -treat of these under a separate heading.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER VIII.</h2> - -<p class="pch">SICKLES.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Sickles</span> are the only undoubtedly agricultural implements in -bronze with which we are acquainted in this country. Already -in the Stone Period the cultivation of cereals for food appears to -have been practised, and I have elsewhere<a name="FNanchor_695_695" id="FNanchor_695_695"></a><a href="#Footnote_695_695" class="fnanchor">[695]</a> pointed out a form of -flint instrument which may possibly have supplied the place of -sickles or reaping hooks in those early times. The rarity of -bronze sickles in this country, as compared with their abundance -in some parts of Southern Europe, is, however, somewhat striking, -and may, perhaps, point to a considerably less cultivation of grain -crops in Britain than in countries with a warmer climate, while -the inhabitants were otherwise in much the same stage of civilisation.</p> - -<p>The traditions of the use of bronze sickles survived to a comparatively -late period in Greece and Italy, and Medea is described -by Sophocles<a name="FNanchor_696_696" id="FNanchor_696_696"></a><a href="#Footnote_696_696" class="fnanchor">[696]</a> as cutting her magic herbs with such instruments -(Χαλκέοισιν ἤμα δρεπάνοις τομάς), and by Ovid<a name="FNanchor_697_697" id="FNanchor_697_697"></a><a href="#Footnote_697_697" class="fnanchor">[697]</a> as doing it -“curvamine falcis ahenæ.” Elissa is by Virgil<a name="FNanchor_698_698" id="FNanchor_698_698"></a><a href="#Footnote_698_698" class="fnanchor">[698]</a> represented as -using a bronze sickle for similar purposes—</p> - -<p class="pp6q p1">“Falcibus et messæ ad lunam quæruntur aënis<br /> -Pubentes herbæ nigri cum lacte veneni.”</p> - -<p class="p1">When bronze sickles were used for reaping corn it seems to have -been a common custom merely to cut the ears of corn from off the -straw, after the manner of the Gaulish reaping machine described -by Pliny,<a name="FNanchor_699_699" id="FNanchor_699_699"></a><a href="#Footnote_699_699" class="fnanchor">[699]</a> and not to cut and carry away straw and ear together -from the field. This practice will probably account for the small -size of the sickles which have come down to us, unless we are to -reverse the argument, and derive the custom of cutting off the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> -ears only from the diminutive size of the instruments employed -for reaping.</p> - -<p>Bronze sickles were hafted in different ways, sometimes being -fastened to the handle by a pin, either attached to the stem of -the blade or passing through a hole in it, combined with some -system of binding; and sometimes being provided with a socket -into which the haft was driven, and then secured by a transverse -pin or rivet.</p> - -<p>The sickles with a socket to receive the handle appear to be -peculiar to Britain and the North of France. The other form -occurs over the greater part of Europe, including Scandinavia, and -the blades, as has been observed by Dr. Keller, are always -adapted for use in the right hand. Dr. Gross, of Neuveville, on -the Lake of Bienne, has been so fortunate as to discover at -Mœrigen, the site of one of the ancient pile-villages on the lake, -two or three handles for sickles of this kind. A figure showing -three views of one of these handles has been published by the -Royal Archæological Institute,<a name="FNanchor_700_700" id="FNanchor_700_700"></a><a href="#Footnote_700_700" class="fnanchor">[700]</a> and is here by permission reproduced -as Fig. 231. This handle is formed of yew, curiously -carved so as to receive the thumb and fingers, and has a flat place -at the end against which the blade was fastened. In this place -there are two grooves to receive the slightly projecting ribs with -which the stem of the sickle-blade is usually strengthened. Dr. -Keller<a name="FNanchor_701_701" id="FNanchor_701_701"></a><a href="#Footnote_701_701" class="fnanchor">[701]</a> has suggested that the blade of the sickle was made fast -to the handle by means of a kind of ferrule which passed over it, -and was secured in its place by two pins or nails.</p> - -<p>The end of the handle forms a ridge, through which are two -holes that would admit a small cord for the suspension of the -sickle, and thus prevent its being lost either on land or water. -We find this sailor-like habit prevailing among the Lake-dwellers -in the case of their flint knives also, the handles of which were -often perforated.</p> - -<p>There is a remarkable resemblance in character between this -handle and some of those in use among the Esquimaux<a name="FNanchor_702_702" id="FNanchor_702_702"></a><a href="#Footnote_702_702" class="fnanchor">[702]</a> for their -planes and knives, which are recessed in the same manner for the -reception of the fingers and the thumb.</p> - -<p>Some iron sickles, of nearly the same form as those in bronze -with the flat stem, were present in the great Danish find of the -Early Iron Age at Vimose,<a name="FNanchor_703_703" id="FNanchor_703_703"></a><a href="#Footnote_703_703" class="fnanchor">[703]</a> described by Mr. C. Engelhardt. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span> -chord of the curved blades is from 6 to 7 inches in length, and -one of the instruments still retained its original wooden handle. -This is between 9 and 10 inches long, and is curved at the part -intended to receive the hand. The end is conical, like the head -of a screw, and is evidently thus made in order to give a secure -hold to the reaper when drawing the sickle towards him. Sickles -with nearly similar handles were in use in Smaaland,<a name="FNanchor_704_704" id="FNanchor_704_704"></a><a href="#Footnote_704_704" class="fnanchor">[704]</a> in the South -of Sweden, until recent days.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-196.jpg" width="400" height="547" id="i196" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 231.—Three views of a handle for a sickle, Mœrigen. -</p></div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span></p> - -<p>Of sickles without a socket but few have been found in Britain, -and those mostly in our Western Counties. In a remarkable hoard -found in a turbary at Edington Burtle,<a name="FNanchor_705_705" id="FNanchor_705_705"></a><a href="#Footnote_705_705" class="fnanchor">[705]</a> near Glastonbury, Somersetshire, -were four of these flat sickles. One of these had never -been finished, but had been left rough as it came from the mould, -into which the metal had been run through a channel near the -point of the sickle. A projection still marks the place where the -jet was broken off. As will be seen from Fig. 232, this blade is -provided with two projecting pins for the purpose of attaching it -to the handle. In this respect it differs from the sickles of the -ordinary continental type, which, when of this character, have -usually but a single knob.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-197a.jpg" width="350" height="163" id="i197a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 232.—Edington Burtle. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another of the Edington sickles with a single projection is -shown in Fig. 233. This blade is more highly ornamented, and -has a rib along the middle in addition to that along the back, no -doubt for the purpose of increasing stiffness while diminishing -weight. Of the other two sickles found at Edington, one is imperfect -and the other much worn. Both are provided with the -two projecting pins.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-197b.jpg" width="350" height="110" id="i197b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 233.—Edington Burtle. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Two other sickles found on Sparkford Hill,<a name="FNanchor_706_706" id="FNanchor_706_706"></a><a href="#Footnote_706_706" class="fnanchor">[706]</a> also in Somersetshire, -present the same peculiarity. One of these much resembles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span> -Fig. 233, though nearly straight along the back. The other is -flat on both faces. Each has lost its point. A chisel-like tool was -found with them.</p> - -<p>With the Edington sickles were found a broad fluted penannular -armlet and what may have been a finger-ring of the same pattern, -a plain penannular armlet of square section, part of a light funicular -torque like Fig. 467, part of a ribbon torque like Fig. 469, and -four penannular rings, some of them apparently made from fragments -of torques.</p> - -<p>Two other sickles of the same character, each with two projecting -pins, were found in Taunton<a name="FNanchor_707_707" id="FNanchor_707_707"></a><a href="#Footnote_707_707" class="fnanchor">[707]</a> itself in association with -twelve palstaves, a socketed celt, a hammer (Fig. 214), a fragment -of a spear-head, a double-edged knife, a funicular torque (Fig. -468), a pin (Fig. 451), some fragments of other pins, and several -penannular rings of various sizes.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-198.jpg" width="350" height="172" id="i198" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 234.—Thames. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>All the objects found at Edington, Sparkford Hill, and Taunton -are now in the museum in Taunton Castle.</p> - -<p>A thinner form of flat sickle, if such it be, has been found in -Kent. Among a number of bronze objects which were discovered -at Marden,<a name="FNanchor_708_708" id="FNanchor_708_708"></a><a href="#Footnote_708_708" class="fnanchor">[708]</a> near Staplehurst, there is a slightly curved blade with -a rivet at one end, which appears to present a sickle-like character. -I have not seen the original, and as it is described as a knife-blade -it may prove to have been one, or possibly, what is of far rarer -occurrence, a saw.</p> - -<p>Of socketed sickles a few have at different times been dredged -up from the Thames. One of these, found in 1859, is in my own -collection, and is shown in Fig. 234. The blade, which is almost -as sharp at the back as at the edge, is not quite central with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span> -socket, but so placed as to make the instrument better adapted for -use in the right hand than in the left. The socket tapers considerably, -and is closed at the end.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In another sickle found in the Thames, near Bray, Berks<a name="FNanchor_709_709" id="FNanchor_709_709"></a><a href="#Footnote_709_709" class="fnanchor">[709]</a> (Fig. 235), the -socket dies into the blade instead of forming a distinct feature. A third, -found near Windsor, and engraved in the <i>Proceedings of the Society of -Antiquaries</i>,<a name="FNanchor_710_710" id="FNanchor_710_710"></a><a href="#Footnote_710_710" class="fnanchor">[710]</a> closely resembles Fig. 234, but the end of the socket, instead -of being closed, is open. The blade of this also is sharp on both edges.</p> - -<p>One from Stretham Fen, in the Museum of the Cambridge Antiquarian -Society (about 5½ inches), is of the same character. It has two rivet-holes -in the socket. Another from Downham Fen (5¾ inches) is sharp on both -edges.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-199.jpg" width="350" height="241" id="i199" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc">Fig. 235.—Near Bray. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>In the Norwich Museum is a sickle of somewhat the same character as -Fig. 235, but the socket instead of being oval is oblong, and is placed at a -less angle to the blade, which in this case also is double-edged. The -socket is 11/16 by 7/16 inch, and has one rivet-hole through it. The curved -knife from Wicken Fen, to be described in the next chapter, much -resembles this Norwich example in outline. Another sickle from Norfolk<a name="FNanchor_711_711" id="FNanchor_711_711"></a><a href="#Footnote_711_711" class="fnanchor">[711]</a> -was exhibited to the Archæological Institute in 1851. Mr. Franks -has shown me a sketch of another found at Dereham which has the -external edge of the blade extending across the end of the socket. Both -edges of the blade are sharp.</p> - -<p>But few sickles have been found in Scotland. That shown in Fig. 236 -was found in the Tay,<a name="FNanchor_712_712" id="FNanchor_712_712"></a><a href="#Footnote_712_712" class="fnanchor">[712]</a> near Errol, Perthshire, in 1840, and has been -described by Dr. J. Alexander Smith. The block, which has been kindly -lent me by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, is engraved on the -scale of two-thirds linear, instead of my usual scale of one-half. The -main difference between this specimen and mine from the Thames (Fig.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span> -234) consists in the blade being fluted. Another more rudely made -sickle, found at Edengerach,<a name="FNanchor_713_713" id="FNanchor_713_713"></a><a href="#Footnote_713_713" class="fnanchor">[713]</a> Premnay, Aberdeenshire, has also been -engraved. This has a single central rib along the blade and no rivet-hole -through the socket. Perhaps it is an unfinished casting.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-200a.jpg" width="400" height="179" id="i200a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 236.—Near Errol, Perthshire. ⅔ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In Sinclair’s “Statistical Account of Scotland”<a name="FNanchor_714_714" id="FNanchor_714_714"></a><a href="#Footnote_714_714" class="fnanchor">[714]</a> it is stated that an -instrument of this class was found at Ledbeg, Sutherlandshire, and was -pronounced by the Earl of Bristol, then Bishop of Derry, to whom it -was presented, to be a Druidical pruning hook similar to several found -in England.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">In Ireland these instruments are much more abundant. Eleven -specimens are mentioned by Wilde<a name="FNanchor_715_715" id="FNanchor_715_715"></a><a href="#Footnote_715_715" class="fnanchor">[715]</a> as being in the Museum of -the Royal Irish Academy, and there are three in the British -Museum, as well as one in that at Edinburgh.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-200b.jpg" width="200" height="162" id="i200b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 237.—Garvagh, Derry. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">That engraved as Fig. 237 is in the -collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., -and was found at Garvagh, county -Derry. The blade is fluted somewhat -like that of the Tay specimen. In -one of those engraved by Wilde (Fig. -405) it is more highly ornamented. -In another the socket is not closed -at the end, but resembles that of -the Windsor example already mentioned. -This appears to be the one -engraved by Vallancey<a name="FNanchor_716_716" id="FNanchor_716_716"></a><a href="#Footnote_716_716" class="fnanchor">[716]</a> who observes -that it was “called by the -Irish a Seare,” and that it was used -“to cut herbs, acorns, misletoe, &c.” In another<a name="FNanchor_717_717" id="FNanchor_717_717"></a><a href="#Footnote_717_717" class="fnanchor">[717]</a> the blade forms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span> -a direct continuation of the socket as in Fig. 238, which is engraved -from a specimen in the British Museum, found near Athlone, county -Westmeath.</p> - -<p>Vallancey, in his “Collectanea,” has figured another. In the collection -of Mr. J. Holmes is another example of this type. Another sickle -of the same character as Fig. 237, found near Ballygawley,<a name="FNanchor_718_718" id="FNanchor_718_718"></a><a href="#Footnote_718_718" class="fnanchor">[718]</a> Tyrone, -has also been figured. This specimen is among those in the British -Museum.</p> - -<p>A socketed sickle, double-edged, and with a concavity on each side at -the angle between the blade and the socket so deep as to meet and form -a hole, was found in Alderney, and is engraved in the <i>Archæological -Association Journal</i>.<a name="FNanchor_719_719" id="FNanchor_719_719"></a><a href="#Footnote_719_719" class="fnanchor">[719]</a> With it were found socketed celts, spear-heads, -and broken swords and daggers. This may be regarded as a French -rather than an English example.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-201.jpg" width="350" height="436" id="i201" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 238.—Athlone. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In my own collection is another, from the Seine at Paris, about 7 inches -in length along the outer edge of the blade, which extends past the end -of the socket. This still contains a part of the wooden handle, which has -been secured in its place by two rivets, apparently of bronze. In general -outline this sickle is much like Fig. 234, but the blade is narrower and -more curved and the socket more flattened. In the museum at Amiens<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span> -is another sickle, in form closely resembling Fig. 234, but with a loop at -the back of the socket. M. Chantre in his magnificent work, “L’Age -du Bronze,” does not specify this socketed type, though he divides the -form without socket into five different varieties. The socketed form -appears to be quite unknown in the South of France, as it also is in -Switzerland.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">These three are the only instances I can cite of socketed sickles -having been found outside the British Isles, so that this type of -instrument appears to be peculiarly our own. The existence of -a socket shows that the form does not belong to an early period -in the Bronze Age, and the same is to be inferred from the -character of the other bronze objects with which the Alderney -sickle was found associated.</p> - -<p>Inasmuch as the continental forms are as a rule different -from the British, and as they are, moreover, well known, it will -suffice to indicate some few of the works in which descriptions of -them will be found. Some from Camenz, in Saxony, have been -engraved in illustration of a paper by myself in the <i>Proceedings -of the Society of Antiquaries</i>.<a name="FNanchor_720_720" id="FNanchor_720_720"></a><a href="#Footnote_720_720" class="fnanchor">[720]</a></p> - -<p>Others from Germany, some of which are said to have Roman -numerals upon them, have been figured by Lindenschmit.<a name="FNanchor_721_721" id="FNanchor_721_721"></a><a href="#Footnote_721_721" class="fnanchor">[721]</a></p> - -<p>Examples from Italy have been given by Strobel,<a name="FNanchor_722_722" id="FNanchor_722_722"></a><a href="#Footnote_722_722" class="fnanchor">[722]</a> Gastaldi,<a name="FNanchor_723_723" id="FNanchor_723_723"></a><a href="#Footnote_723_723" class="fnanchor">[723]</a> -Lindenschmit,<a name="FNanchor_724_724" id="FNanchor_724_724"></a><a href="#Footnote_724_724" class="fnanchor">[724]</a> and others.</p> - -<p>They have been found in great abundance in some of the settlements -on the lakes of Switzerland and Savoy. It has been thought -that the Lake-dwellers did not cut off merely the ears of their corn,<a name="FNanchor_725_725" id="FNanchor_725_725"></a><a href="#Footnote_725_725" class="fnanchor">[725]</a> -but “that the straw was taken with it, otherwise there would not -have been the seeds of so many weeds in the corn.” Diodorus Siculus, -however, who wrote in the first century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, tells us distinctly -that the Britons gathered in their harvest by cutting off the ears -of corn and storing them in subterraneous repositories. From -these they picked the oldest day by day for their food. Whether -for threshing they made use of the <i>tribulum</i>,<a name="FNanchor_726_726" id="FNanchor_726_726"></a><a href="#Footnote_726_726" class="fnanchor">[726]</a> that “sharp -threshing instrument having teeth,” before Roman times, is doubtful; -but that so primitive an instrument, armed with flakes of -flint or other stone, should have remained in use in some Mediterranean -countries until the present day, is a remarkable instance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span> -of the power of survival of ancient customs. Such an instance -of persistence in a primitive form much reduces the extreme improbability -of the use of bronze sickles in Germany having lasted -until a time when Roman numerals might appear upon them. -If every St. Andrew’s cross and every straight line found upon -ancient instruments is to be regarded as a Roman numeral, and -the objects bearing them are to be referred to Roman times as -their earliest possible date, the range of Roman antiquities will -be much enlarged, and will be found to contain, among other -objects, a large number of the bronze knives from the Swiss -Lake-dwellings; for one of the most common ornaments on -the backs of these knives consists of a repetition of the pattern -<span class="f1 lmid"><b>XIIIIIXIIIIIXIIIII</b></span>.</p> - -<p>Even were it proved that in some part of Europe the use of -bronze sickles survived to so late a date as supposed by Dr. Lindenschmit, -their great scarcity in the British Isles affords a conclusive -argument against their being assigned to the period of the -Roman occupation, of which other remains have come down to us -in such abundance.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER IX.</h2> - -<p class="pch">KNIVES, RAZORS, ETC.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">It</span> is a question whether, if in this work strict regard had been paid -to the development of different forms of cutting implements, the -knife ought not to have occupied the first place, rather than the -hatchet or celt; for when bronze was first employed for cutting -purposes it was no doubt extremely scarce, and would therefore -hardly have been available for any but the smaller kinds of tools -and weapons.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-204.jpg" width="400" height="104" id="i204" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 239.—Wicken Fen. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Both hatchets and knives, or rather knife-daggers, have been -found with interments in barrows; but it seems better to include -the majority of the latter class of instruments, which appear to -occupy an intermediate place between tools and weapons, in the -next chapter, which treats of daggers; rather than in this, which will -be devoted to what appear to be forms of tools and implements. -Some of these, however, like the celt or hatchet, may have been -equally available both for peaceful and warlike uses; and though -I have to some extent tried to keep tools and weapons under -different headings, it appears impossible completely to carry out -any such system of arrangement. Nor in treating of what I have -regarded as knives does it seem convenient first to describe what -appear to be the simpler and older forms, inasmuch as there are -other forms which in all respects except the shape of the blade so -closely resemble some of the socketed sickles described in the last -chapter, that they seem almost of necessity to follow immediately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> -in order. The first instrument which I shall cite has sometimes -indeed been regarded as a sickle, though it is more properly -speaking a curved knife.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-205.jpg" width="150" height="481" id="i205" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc14" summary="caption14"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 240.—<br />Thorndon. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 241.—<br />Reach Fen. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p class="pbq p1">It was found in Wicken Fen, and is now in the Museum of the Cambridge -Antiquarian Society, the Council of which has -kindly permitted me to engrave it as Fig. 239. -It has already been figured, but not quite accurately, -in the <i>Archæological Journal</i>,<a name="FNanchor_727_727" id="FNanchor_727_727"></a><a href="#Footnote_727_727" class="fnanchor">[727]</a> the rib at -the back of the blade being omitted. I am not -aware of any other example of this form of -knife having been found in the United Kingdom, -but a double-edged socketed knife with a curved -blade, found in Ireland, is in the Bateman Collection.</p> - -<p class="p1">The ordinary form of socketed knife has -a straight double-edged blade, extending -from an oval or oblong socket, pierced by -one or two holes, through which rivets or -pins could pass to secure the haft. These -holes are usually at right angles to the axis -of the blade, but sometimes in the same -plane with it.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Fig. 240 shows a knife with two rivet-holes, -which was found at Thorndon, Suffolk, together -with socketed celts, a spear-head, hammer, -gouge, and an awl, several of which have been -figured in preceding pages. Another (9 inches -long), much like Fig. 240, but with the sides of -the socket flat, and the blade more fluted, was -found in the Thames, and is engraved in the -<i>Archæological Journal.</i><a name="FNanchor_728_728" id="FNanchor_728_728"></a><a href="#Footnote_728_728" class="fnanchor">[728]</a> Another, of much the -same size and general character, formed part of -a hoard of bronze objects found in Reach Fen, -near Burwell, of which mention has already frequently -been made. It is in my own collection, -and is shown in Fig. 241. I have another, -6½ inches long, found in Edmonton Marsh.</p> - -<p>A fine blade of this kind, with two rivet-holes -in the hilt (14½ inches), was found in the New Forest, Glamorganshire, -and was formerly in the Meyrick Collection.<a name="FNanchor_729_729" id="FNanchor_729_729"></a><a href="#Footnote_729_729" class="fnanchor">[729]</a> It is now in the British -Museum. The blade has shallow flutings parallel with the edges.</p> - -<p>A socketed knife of this kind (4½ inches) was found by General A. -Pitt Rivers, F.R.S., in a pit at the foot of the interior slope of the rampart -of Highdown Camp,<a name="FNanchor_730_730" id="FNanchor_730_730"></a><a href="#Footnote_730_730" class="fnanchor">[730]</a> near Worthing, Sussex. It may possibly have -accompanied a funereal deposit.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span></p> - -<p>In some instances the two rivet-holes run lengthways of the oval of the -socket. One such, discovered with other objects at Lanant, Cornwall -(8¼ inches), is engraved in the <i>Archæologia</i>.<a name="FNanchor_731_731" id="FNanchor_731_731"></a><a href="#Footnote_731_731" class="fnanchor">[731]</a> It is now in the Museum -of the Society of Antiquaries. One like it was found on Holyhead Mountain,<a name="FNanchor_732_732" id="FNanchor_732_732"></a><a href="#Footnote_732_732" class="fnanchor">[732]</a> -Anglesea, and is now in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>A fragment of a knife of this kind is in the museum at Amiens, and -formed part of a hoard found near that town. It has a beading at the -mouth of the socket, and also one about -midway between the rivet-holes.</p></div> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-206.jpg" width="200" height="492" id="i206" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc15" summary="caption15"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 242.—<br />Heathery Burn Cave. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 243.—<br />Kilgraston, Perthshire. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p class="p1">Commonly there is but a single -hole through the socket, especially in -the smaller specimens. That shown -in Fig. 242 is of this kind, but presents -the remarkable feature of having -upon each face of the socket six -small projecting bosses simulating -rivet-heads. It was found in the -Heathery Burn Cave,<a name="FNanchor_733_733" id="FNanchor_733_733"></a><a href="#Footnote_733_733" class="fnanchor">[733]</a> Durham, with -socketed celts, spear-heads, and numerous -other articles. Another from -the same cave (5⅛ inches) with a -plain and rather larger socket is in -the collection of Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Of other specimens, but without the -small bosses, the following may be mentioned:—One -(6½ inches long) found with -socketed celts, part of a sword blade, -and a gouge, at Martlesham, Suffolk, -and in the possession of Captain Brooke, -of Ufford Hall. Two found in the -Thames near Wallingford.<a name="FNanchor_734_734" id="FNanchor_734_734"></a><a href="#Footnote_734_734" class="fnanchor">[734]</a> Another (5⅜ -inches), from the same source, in my -own collection. This was found with a -socketed celt, gouge, chisel, and razor -(Fig. 269). One from Llandysilio, Denbighshire, -found with socketed celts and -a spear-head, is in Canon Greenwell’s -collection. A knife of this kind was -among the relics found above the stalagmite -in Kent’s Cavern, near Torquay.</p> - -<p>I have a knife of this character (4¾ inches), but with the rivet-hole in a -line with the edges of the blade, found in Dorsetshire.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p1">In Scotland the socketed form of knife is very rare.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">That shown in Fig. 243 was found at Kilgraston, Perthshire, and is in -the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. It has a central rib along the -blade and two shorter lateral ribs, and in some respects has more the -appearance of being a spear-head than a knife.</p> - -<p>Another, with the rivet-hole in the same plane as the blade, was found -near Campbelton, Argyleshire, and has been engraved as a spear-head by -Professor Daniel Wilson.<a name="FNanchor_735_735" id="FNanchor_735_735"></a><a href="#Footnote_735_735" class="fnanchor">[735]</a> The discovery of a blade having its original -handle, as subsequently mentioned, proves, however, that some of these -are rightly regarded as knives, though another form (Fig. 328) has more -the appearance of being a spear-head. The curved knife with a socket, -figured by the same author,<a name="FNanchor_736_736" id="FNanchor_736_736"></a><a href="#Footnote_736_736" class="fnanchor">[736]</a> can hardly, I think, be Scottish.</p></div> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-207.jpg" width="200" height="520" id="i207" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 244.—Kells. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p class="p1">In Ireland the socketed form of knife is more abundant than in -either England or Scotland. No less than thirty-three such knives<a name="FNanchor_737_737" id="FNanchor_737_737"></a><a href="#Footnote_737_737" class="fnanchor">[737]</a> -are recorded by Sir W. Wilde, as preserved in -the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, of five -of which he gives figures. Many specimens also -exist in private collections.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">That shown in Fig. 244 is in the collection of Canon -Greenwell, F.R.S., and was found at Kells, Co. -Meath. As will be observed, the blade is at the base -somewhat wider than the socket. The indented lines -upon it appear to have been produced in the casting, -and not added by any subsequent process. A -knife of the same kind, found in the Bog of Aughrane, -near Athleague, Co. Galway, is still attached -to the original handle, which, like many of those of -the flint knives found in the Swiss Lake-dwellings, -is formed of yew. It has been several times figured.<a name="FNanchor_738_738" id="FNanchor_738_738"></a><a href="#Footnote_738_738" class="fnanchor">[738]</a></p> - -<p>I have a specimen of the same character, but in -outline more like Fig. 240, 6 inches long, from the -North of Ireland.</p> - -<p>A knife of this kind, found in a hoard at St. Genouph, -is in the Tours Museum.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">In some instances the junction between the blade and the socket -is made to resemble that between the hilt and blade of some of the -bronze swords and daggers, such as Figs. 291 and 349.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">The example shown in Fig. 245 is in my own collection. I do not, -however, know in what part of Ireland it was found. The rivet-hole is -at the side, and not on the face, in which, however, there is a slight flaw, -which assumes the appearance of a hole in the figure. In Canon Greenwell’s -collection is a nearly similar specimen (10¾ inches), found at Balteragh, -Co. Derry, with two rivet-holes at the side and the socket somewhat -ornamented by parallel grooves at the mouth and at the junction -with the blade.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span></p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-208.jpg" width="150" height="685" id="i208" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 245.—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>One of the socketed knives in the Academy Museum at Dublin has two -rivet-holes on the face. Of the others, about -two-thirds have a single rivet-hole on the face, -and the other third one on the side.</p> - -<p>A long blade, somewhat differing in its details -from Fig. 245, was found between Lurgan and -Moira, Co. Down, and, it is stated, in company -with the bronze hilt or pommel shown in Fig. -246. These objects formed part of the Wilshe -Collection, and are now in the Museum of the -Royal Irish Academy. Two objects, somewhat -similar to Fig. 246, found with spear-heads in -Cambridgeshire, will subsequently be mentioned. -A piece of bronze of much the same form, found -with a hoard of bronze objects at Marden,<a name="FNanchor_739_739" id="FNanchor_739_739"></a><a href="#Footnote_739_739" class="fnanchor">[739]</a> in -Kent, seems to be a jet or waste piece from a -casting. It has, however, been regarded as part -of a fibula.</p> - -<p>The socketed form of knife is hardly known -upon the Continent, though, as will have been -observed, it has occasionally been found in the -North of France. Among the fragments of -metal forming part of the deposit of an ancient -bronze-founder, and discovered at Dreuil, near -Amiens, I have the fragments of two such -knives. I have also a fine and entire specimen, -9¼ inches long, from the bed of the Seine at -Charenton, near Paris. There is a transverse -rib at each end and in the middle of the socket, -through the face of which are two rivet-holes. -A portion of the original wooden handle is still -in the socket, secured in its place by two pins, -also apparently of wood, which pass through the -rivet-holes. Another knife (6⅝ inches), like -Fig. 241, but with only one rivet-hole, was also -found in the Seine at Paris, and is now in my -collection.</p> - -<p>Several socketed knives with curved blades -have been found in the Swiss Lake-dwellings, -and one such, found with the sickle already -mentioned, is in the Amiens Museum.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">There is another form of socketed knife -which it will be well here to mention. The -blade is sharp on both sides, but instead -of being flat it is curved into a semicircle. -For a typical example I am obliged to have -recourse to a French specimen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span></p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">That shown in Fig. 247 is in my own collection, and was found with a -gold torque and bracelet, a bronze anvil (Fig. 217), and other objects, at -Fresné la Mère, near Falaise, Calvados. It seems well adapted for -working out hollows in wood. With it was found a small, tanged, single-edged -knife, the end of which is bent to a smaller curve.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-209a.jpg" width="400" height="241" id="i209a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 246.—Moira. ½ -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 247.—Fresné la Mère. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>An instrument of much the same character (4 inches) was found, -with a bronze sword, spear-heads, &c., in the Island of Skye, and is now -in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. As Professor Daniel Wilson<a name="FNanchor_740_740" id="FNanchor_740_740"></a><a href="#Footnote_740_740" class="fnanchor">[740]</a> -observes, “in general appearance it resembles a bent spear-head, but it -has a raised central ridge on the inside, while it is nearly plain and -smooth on the outer side.—The most probable use for which it has been -designed would seem to be for scraping out the interior of canoes and -other large vessels made from the trunk of the oak.” It is shown as -Fig. 248. Another instrument of the same kind (4½ inches), found at -Wester Ord, Invergordon, Ross-shire, is engraved in the <i>Proceedings of the -Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>,<a name="FNanchor_741_741" id="FNanchor_741_741"></a><a href="#Footnote_741_741" class="fnanchor">[741]</a> and is here by their permission reproduced -as Fig. 249.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-209b.jpg" width="400" height="110" id="i209b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 248.—Skye. ½ -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 249.—Wester Ord. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span></p> - -<p>It seems by no means improbable that such instruments may have been -mistaken for bent spear-heads, and that they are not quite so rare as would -at present appear.</p> - -<p>Two specimens of the socketed form have been found in the Lake settlement -of the Eaux Vives, near Geneva, and are now in the museum of -that town. Another, with a tang, is in the collection of M. Forel, of -Morges, and was found among the pile-dwellings near that place.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-210.jpg" width="250" height="403" id="i210" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 250.—Reach Fen. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 251.—Reach Fen. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A fragment of what appears to have been one of these curved knives, -but with a solid handle, and not a socket, was found with gouges and -various fragments at Hounslow, -and is now in the -British Museum.</p> - -<p>What seems to be a -tanged curved knife of this -kind formed part of the -great Bologna hoard.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Another form of -knife, which appears to -be intermediate between -those with sockets and -those with merely a flat -tang, is shown in Fig. -250. In this there are -loops extending across -the blade on either side, -which would receive the -ends of the two pieces of -wood or horn destined -to form the handle, so -that a single rivet sufficed -to bind them and -the blade between them -firmly together.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">The original was found -in Reach Fen, Cambridgeshire, -and is now in my -own collection. The blade -has the appearance of having been originally longer, but of being now -worn away by use. I know of no other specimen of the kind. The -power to cast such loops upon the blade is a proof of no ordinary skill -in the founder.</p> - -<p>A palstave with a loop of this kind instead of a stop or side-flanges -was found at Donsard,<a name="FNanchor_742_742" id="FNanchor_742_742"></a><a href="#Footnote_742_742" class="fnanchor">[742]</a> Haute Savoie.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Another form of knife or dagger has merely a flat tang, in some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> -cases provided with rivets by which it could be fastened to a -handle, in others without rivets, as if it had been simply driven -into a handle.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">The blade shown in Fig. 251 was found in the same hoard as that -engraved as Fig. 241. The rivets are fast attached to the blade, and -the handle through which they passed was probably of some perishable -material, such as wood, horn, or bone.</p> - -<p>Another blade (5¼ inches), with a broad tang and two rivet-holes, was -found in the Thames.<a name="FNanchor_743_743" id="FNanchor_743_743"></a><a href="#Footnote_743_743" class="fnanchor">[743]</a></p> - -<p>In the British Museum is a knife much like the figure, 8 inches long, -and showing three facets on the blade, found in the Thames at Kingston.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">The knife-blades with broad tangs, which were not riveted to -their handles, were in some instances provided with a central -ridge upon the tang, which served to steady them in their handles, -and in others the stem or tang was left plain.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">One of the former class, from the Heathery Burn Cave, is shown in -Fig. 252. It is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S.</p> - -<p>An imperfect knife of the same kind, found in Yorkshire, is in the -Scarborough Museum.</p> - -<p>Another, with the edges more ogival, like Fig. 241, was found in the -neighbourhood of Nottingham,<a name="FNanchor_744_744" id="FNanchor_744_744"></a><a href="#Footnote_744_744" class="fnanchor">[744]</a> with socketed celts and numerous other -objects in bronze.</p> - -<p>Another, broader at the base and more like a dagger in character, was -found with various other articles at Marden,<a name="FNanchor_745_745" id="FNanchor_745_745"></a><a href="#Footnote_745_745" class="fnanchor">[745]</a> Kent.</p> - -<p>More leaf-shaped and sharply pointed blades of this kind, probably -daggers rather than knives, have been often found in Ireland. One<a name="FNanchor_746_746" id="FNanchor_746_746"></a><a href="#Footnote_746_746" class="fnanchor">[746]</a> -(10½ inches) has been figured by Wilde. Another was in the Dowris -hoard.</p> - -<p>In the Isle of Harty hoard, already more than once cited, was a knife -with a plain tang, shown in Fig. 253. It has rather the appearance of -having been made from the point of a broken sword, as the edges of the -tang have been “upset” by hammering. The blade itself is now -narrower than the tang, the result probably of much wear and use.</p> - -<p>The end of a broken sword in the Dowris hoard has been converted -into a knife in a similar manner. In the collection of the late Lord -Braybrooke is what appears to be part of a tanged knife, sharpened at -the broken end so as to form a chisel.</p> - -<p>In the Reach Fen hoard was a knife (4⅛ inches) of much the same -character, but not so broad in the tang.</p> - -<p>A flat blade with a tang for insertion in a haft must have been a very -early form of metal tool. Among the Assyrian relics from Tel Sifr, in -South Babylonia, such blades were found, of which there are examples in -the British Museum.</p> - -<p>Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., has two leaf-shaped blades of copper, with -tangs set in handles of bone rather longer than the blades, which were -lately in use among the Esquimaux. In form they resemble Fig. 257.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p1">It will now be well to mention some of the other Irish specimens -of this class.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">The knives with the projecting rib upon the tang are by no means -uncommon, and there are several in the Museum of the Royal Irish -Academy and elsewhere. Canon Greenwell has one (6⅜ inches) from -Ballynascreen, Co. Tyrone, much like that from the Heathery Burn Cave -(Fig. 252).</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-212.jpg" width="400" height="458" id="i212" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 252.—Heathery Burn Cave. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 253.—Harty. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 254.—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - - -<p>The knife or dagger with a plain tang and an ornamented blade -engraved as Fig. 254 is in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. -Another, simply ridged and with a single rivet-hole in the tang, found at -Craigs,<a name="FNanchor_747_747" id="FNanchor_747_747"></a><a href="#Footnote_747_747" class="fnanchor">[747]</a> Co. Antrim, is in the collection of Mr. R. Day, F.S.A. It is less -round-ended than the blade with a central rib along it and one rivet-hole -in the tang, shown in Fig. 255. This is in my own collection, and was -found at Ballyclare, Co. Antrim.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span></p> - -<p>A mould for blades of this character will subsequently be mentioned.</p> - -<p>Another form of knife, unless possibly it was intended for a lance-head, -is shown in Fig. 256. This specimen is also from the Reach Fen -hoard, but is of yellower metal and differently patinated from the objects -found with it. Canon Greenwell has a knife of the same form (4¾ inches), -found at Seamer Carr, Yorkshire. Another, smaller (3⅜ inches), is in -the British Museum, but its place of finding is not known. A nearly -similar blade, found near Ballycastle, Co. Antrim, is shown in Fig. 257.</p> - -<p>Another example of this form (5⅜ inches) is in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>Sir W. Wilde<a name="FNanchor_748_748" id="FNanchor_748_748"></a><a href="#Footnote_748_748" class="fnanchor">[748]</a> has figured some other examples of the same kind, from -3 to 4 inches long, which he regarded as arrow-heads. They appear to -me, however, too large for such a purpose.</p> - -<p>In the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy is yet another variety, with -the blade pierced in the centre (Fig. 258).</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-213.jpg" width="400" height="263" id="i213" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc16" summary="caption16"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 255.—<br />Ballyclare. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 256.—<br />Reach Fen. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 257.—<br />Ballycastle. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 258.—<br />Ireland. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>Before proceeding to describe some other symmetrical double-edged -blades, it will be well to notice such, few examples as have -been found of single-edged blades, like the ordinary knives of the -present day. Abundant as these are, not only in the Lake-dwellings -of Switzerland, but in France and other continental countries, -they are of extremely rare occurrence in the British Isles.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In Fig. 259 I have engraved a small instrument of this kind, found at -Wigginton, near Tring, Herts, the handle of which terminates in the -head of an animal. It was therefore not intended for insertion into a -haft of some other material.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span></p> - -<p>I have another bronze knife, rather longer and narrower, and with a -pointed tang, which is said to have been found in London; but of this I -am by no means certain.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-214a.jpg" width="400" height="103" id="i214a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 259.—Wigginton. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>The rude knife found with the Isle of Harty hoard, and shown full size -as Fig. 260, is the only other English specimen with which I am acquainted, -but no doubt more exist.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-214b.jpg" width="400" height="127" id="i214b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 260.—Isle of Harty. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>The only specimen mentioned in the Catalogue of the Museum of the -Society of Antiquaries of Scotland is in all 14 inches long, with a thick -back and notched tang, and of this the place of finding is unknown. -Professor Daniel Wilson<a name="FNanchor_749_749" id="FNanchor_749_749"></a><a href="#Footnote_749_749" class="fnanchor">[749]</a> speaks of it as having been found in Ayrshire, -and regards it as a reaping instrument. He also figures a socketed knife -of much the same size from the collection of Sir John Clerk at Penicuick -House, in which are also some tanged specimens. I cannot help -suspecting that these are of foreign origin.</p> - -<p>In Ireland the form appears to be at present unknown.</p></div> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-214c.jpg" width="200" height="96" id="i214c" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 261.—Allhallows, Hoo. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p class="p1">In Fig. 261 is shown a knife of a form which is of extremely -rare occurrence in this country; -though, as will be seen, it has -frequently been found in France.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">The specimen here figured has -been kindly lent me by Mr. Humphrey -Wickham, of Strood, and was -found with a hoard of bronze objects -at Allhallows, Hoo,<a name="FNanchor_750_750" id="FNanchor_750_750"></a><a href="#Footnote_750_750" class="fnanchor">[750]</a> Kent. The -hoard contained socketed celts, gouges, a spear-head, fragments of -swords, and the object engraved as Fig. 286. One more crescent-like in -form was found with a hoard of bronze objects near Meldreth, Cambridgeshire, -and is in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>Knives of this kind were associated with celts, gouges, &c., in the hoard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> -of Notre-Dame d’Or, now in the museum at Poitiers. Two also were -present in the Alderney hoard found near the <i>Pierre du Villain</i>.<a name="FNanchor_751_751" id="FNanchor_751_751"></a><a href="#Footnote_751_751" class="fnanchor">[751]</a></p> - -<p>Some knives of this character were found with a hoard of bronze tools -and weapons at Questembert, Brittany, and are now in the museum at -Vannes. A broken one was in the hoard of the Jardin des Plantes, -Nantes.<a name="FNanchor_752_752" id="FNanchor_752_752"></a><a href="#Footnote_752_752" class="fnanchor">[752]</a> One from La Manche is engraved in the <i>Memoirs of the Society -of Antiquaries of Normandy</i>, 1827-8, pl. xvi. 20. A knife of this -character of rectangular form, each side being brought to an edge, -was found with other bronze relics at Plonéour, Brittany, and is engraved -in the <i>Archæologia Cambrensis</i>.<a name="FNanchor_753_753" id="FNanchor_753_753"></a><a href="#Footnote_753_753" class="fnanchor">[753]</a> In character this knife closely -resembles some of those in flint.<a name="FNanchor_754_754" id="FNanchor_754_754"></a><a href="#Footnote_754_754" class="fnanchor">[754]</a> A kind of triangular knife of the -same character was found at Briatexte<a name="FNanchor_755_755" id="FNanchor_755_755"></a><a href="#Footnote_755_755" class="fnanchor">[755]</a> (Tarn). One from the station -of Eaux Vives, in the Lake of Geneva, has the face ornamented at the -blunt margin with a vandyke of hatched triangles. In some French -varieties there are rings at the top of the blade instead of holes through -it. In a curious specimen from St. Jullien, Chapleuil, in the collection of -M. Aymard, at Le Puy, the edge is nearly semicircular, and there are -eight round holes through the blade as well as two rings at the back. -Some of the razors from the Lake-dwellings of Savoy and Switzerland -are of much the same character as these knives. I have a knife of this -class with a rather large triangular opening in it and two circular loops, -found at Bernissart, Hainault.<a name="FNanchor_756_756" id="FNanchor_756_756"></a><a href="#Footnote_756_756" class="fnanchor">[756]</a> Another somewhat different was found at -Lavène<a name="FNanchor_757_757" id="FNanchor_757_757"></a><a href="#Footnote_757_757" class="fnanchor">[757]</a> (Tarn).</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-215.jpg" width="400" height="97" id="i215" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 262.—Cottle. -</p></div></div> - -<p>A Danish<a name="FNanchor_758_758" id="FNanchor_758_758"></a><a href="#Footnote_758_758" class="fnanchor">[758]</a> knife of this character has five circular loops along the -hollowed back. A Mecklenburg<a name="FNanchor_759_759" id="FNanchor_759_759"></a><a href="#Footnote_759_759" class="fnanchor">[759]</a> knife has three such loops and corded -festoons of bronze between.</p> - -<p>The bronze knife or razor, shown full size in Fig. 262, was found at -Cottle,<a name="FNanchor_760_760" id="FNanchor_760_760"></a><a href="#Footnote_760_760" class="fnanchor">[760]</a> near Abingdon, and is now in the British Museum. It is of a -peculiar and distinct type, but somewhat resembles in character the -oblong bronze cutting instrument found at Plonéour, Brittany, already -mentioned. It is thinner and flatter than would appear from the figure. -A Mecklenburg<a name="FNanchor_761_761" id="FNanchor_761_761"></a><a href="#Footnote_761_761" class="fnanchor">[761]</a> knife or razor figured by Lisch is analogous in form.</p> - -<p>I have a rough and imperfect blade of somewhat the same character as -that from Cottle, but thinner and more curved. It has no hole through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> -it, but thickens out at one end into a short boat-shaped projection about -½ inch long. It was found near Londonderry.</p> - -<p>A diminutive pointed blade which appears to be too small to have been -in use as a dagger, and which from the rivet-hole through the tang can -hardly have served as an arrow or lance head, is shown in Fig. 263. This -specimen formed part of the Reach Fen hoard. A very small example of -this kind of blade, from a barrow near Robin Hood’s Ball, Wilts, has -been figured by the late Dr. Thurnam, F.S.A., in his second exhaustive -paper on “Ancient British Barrows,” published in the <i>Archæologia</i>,<a name="FNanchor_762_762" id="FNanchor_762_762"></a><a href="#Footnote_762_762" class="fnanchor">[762]</a> -from which I have derived much useful information.</p> - -<p>A small blade with the sides more curved is shown in Fig. 264, which I -have copied from Dr. Thurnam’s engraving.<a name="FNanchor_763_763" id="FNanchor_763_763"></a><a href="#Footnote_763_763" class="fnanchor">[763]</a> The original was found in -Lady Low, Staffordshire.</p> - -<p>A smaller example, with a longer and imperforated tang, found in an -urn at Broughton,<a name="FNanchor_764_764" id="FNanchor_764_764"></a><a href="#Footnote_764_764" class="fnanchor">[764]</a> Lincolnshire, and now in the British Museum, has -been thought to be an arrow-head; but I agree with Dr. Thurnam in -regarding both it and the small blades described by Hoare<a name="FNanchor_765_765" id="FNanchor_765_765"></a><a href="#Footnote_765_765" class="fnanchor">[765]</a> as arrow-heads, -as being more probably small double-edged knives.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-216.jpg" width="400" height="185" id="i216" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc16a" summary="caption16a"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 263.<br />Reach Fen. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 264.<br />Lady Low. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 265.<br />Winterslow. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 266.<br />Priddy. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>Some remarks as to the almost if not absolutely entire absence -of bronze arrow-heads in this country will be found in a subsequent -page.</p> - -<p>The larger specimens of these tanged blades of somewhat triangular -outline I have described as daggers, but I must confess -that the distinction between knives and daggers is in such cases -purely arbitrary. The more rounded forms which now follow seem -rather of the nature of tools or toilet instruments than weapons.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Fig. 265, copied from Dr. Thurnam’s plate,<a name="FNanchor_766_766" id="FNanchor_766_766"></a><a href="#Footnote_766_766" class="fnanchor">[766]</a> represents what has been -regarded as a razor blade. It was found in a barrow at Winterslow,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> -Wilts, and is now in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. Its resemblance -to the leaf of rib-wort (<i>Plantago media</i>) has been pointed out by Dr. Thurnam, -who records that it was found in an urn with burnt bones and a set -of beautiful amber buttons or studs. He has also figured one of nearly -the same size, but with fewer ribs, from a barrow at Priddy, Somerset. -This also has been regarded as an arrow-head, though it is 3 inches long -and 1½ inches broad. It has a small rivet-hole through the tang. The -original is now in the Bristol Museum, and its edge is described as sharp -enough to mend a pen.<a name="FNanchor_767_767" id="FNanchor_767_767"></a><a href="#Footnote_767_767" class="fnanchor">[767]</a> I have reproduced it in Fig. 266. A blade of -much the same kind was found in an urn, with an axe-hammer of stone -and a whetstone, at Broughton-in-Craven,<a name="FNanchor_768_768" id="FNanchor_768_768"></a><a href="#Footnote_768_768" class="fnanchor">[768]</a> in 1675.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-217.jpg" width="400" height="416" id="i217" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 267.—Balblair. -<span class="vh">——————</span> -Fig. 268.—Rogart. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> -<p>Canon Greenwell records the finding of an oval knife (2⅞ inches) with -burnt bones in an urn at Nether Swell,<a name="FNanchor_769_769" id="FNanchor_769_769"></a><a href="#Footnote_769_769" class="fnanchor">[769]</a> Gloucestershire.</p> - -<p>A flat blade, almost circular, with a somewhat longer tang than any -here figured, formed part of the great Bologna hoard.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p1">These instruments are occasionally found in Scotland. Some -of them are of rather larger size, and ornamented in a different -manner upon the face.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">A small plain oval blade, which has possibly lost its tang, was found -in a tumulus at Lieraboll,<a name="FNanchor_770_770" id="FNanchor_770_770"></a><a href="#Footnote_770_770" class="fnanchor">[770]</a> Kildonan, Sutherland, and has been figured. -Two oval blades were found with burnt bones in urns near St. Andrews.<a name="FNanchor_771_771" id="FNanchor_771_771"></a><a href="#Footnote_771_771" class="fnanchor">[771]</a></p> - -<p>Another, found in a large cinerary urn at Balblair,<a name="FNanchor_772_772" id="FNanchor_772_772"></a><a href="#Footnote_772_772" class="fnanchor">[772]</a> Sutherlandshire, -is shown full size in Fig. 267. The edges are very thin and sharp, and -the central rib shown in the section is ornamented with incised lines.</p> - -<p>Another blade of the same character, but ornamented with a lozenge -pattern, and with the midrib less pronounced, is shown in Fig. 268, also -of the actual size. It was found in a tumulus at Rogart,<a name="FNanchor_773_773" id="FNanchor_773_773"></a><a href="#Footnote_773_773" class="fnanchor">[773]</a> Sutherland.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-218.jpg" width="400" height="213" id="i218" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> - -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 269.—Wallingford. ½ -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 270.—Heathery Burn Cave. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another, apparently more perfect, and with many more lozenges in the -pattern, is engraved in Gordon’s “Itinerarium Septentrionale.”<a name="FNanchor_774_774" id="FNanchor_774_774"></a><a href="#Footnote_774_774" class="fnanchor">[774]</a> He -describes it as “the end of a spear or Hasta Pura of old mixt brass, -finely chequered.” It was in Baron Clerk’s collection.</p> - -<p>The only English example which I can adduce was found with some -sickles, a torque, and numerous other objects at Taunton. It is of nearly -the same size and shape as Fig. 267, but the centre plate is fluted with a -slight ridge along the middle and one on either side, and is not ornamented. -It is described as a lance-head in the <i>Archæological Journal</i>.<a name="FNanchor_775_775" id="FNanchor_775_775"></a><a href="#Footnote_775_775" class="fnanchor">[775]</a></p> - -<p>I am not aware of any such blades having ever been found in Ireland, -in which country the plainer forms of oval razors also seem to be extremely -rare.</p> - -<p>In Canon Greenwell’s Collection is an oval blade (4 inches) with a flat -central rib, tapering to a point, running along it. It has no tang, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> -there is a rivet-hole through the broad end of the rib. It was found in -an urn with burnt bones at Killyless, Co. Antrim.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">The form most commonly known under the name of razor is that -shown in Fig. 269, from a specimen in my own collection, found -in the Thames, with a socketed knife and other objects, near -Wallingford. One of almost identical character was found at -Llangwyllog,<a name="FNanchor_776_776" id="FNanchor_776_776"></a><a href="#Footnote_776_776" class="fnanchor">[776]</a> Anglesea.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-219a.jpg" width="400" height="205" id="i219" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 271.—Dunbar. ½ -<span class="vh">——————</span> -Fig. 272.—Dunbar. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-219b.jpg" width="400" height="211" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 273.—Dunbar. ½ -<span class="vh">——————</span> -Fig. 274.—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Another, without midrib, from the Heathery Burn Cave, is, by the -permission of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., shown as Fig. 270.</p> - -<p>An example from Wiltshire<a name="FNanchor_777_777" id="FNanchor_777_777"></a><a href="#Footnote_777_777" class="fnanchor">[777]</a> in the Stourhead Museum (now at -Devizes) is more barbed at the base and rounded at the top, in which -there is neither notch nor perforation.</p> - -<p>It is difficult to assign a use for the small hole usually to be seen in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> -these blades. It may possibly be by way of precaution against the -fissure in the blade extending too far, though in most cases the notch in -the end of the blade does not extend to the hole.</p> - -<p>Razors of this character have been discovered in Scotland. Three -which are believed to have been found together in a tumulus at Bowerhouses, -near Dunbar,<a name="FNanchor_778_778" id="FNanchor_778_778"></a><a href="#Footnote_778_778" class="fnanchor">[778]</a> Haddingtonshire, about 1825, are shown in Figs. -271, 272, and 273. They are all in the Antiquarian Museum, at -Edinburgh, together with a socketed celt found with them.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-220.jpg" width="350" height="397" id="i220" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 275.—Kinleith. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>Razors of the class last described have been found in Ireland, and -three are mentioned in Wilde’s Catalogue<a name="FNanchor_779_779" id="FNanchor_779_779"></a><a href="#Footnote_779_779" class="fnanchor">[779]</a> of the Museum of the Royal -Irish Academy, to the Council of which body I am indebted for the use of -Fig. 274. The midrib of the specimen here shown is decorated with ring -ornaments formed of incised concentric circles, an ornament of frequent -use in early times, though but rarely occurring on objects of bronze in -Britain. There is a large razor of this kind in the Museum of Trinity -College, Dublin. Several unornamented blades of this character were -present in the Dowris hoard. Two which were found in a crannoge<a name="FNanchor_780_780" id="FNanchor_780_780"></a><a href="#Footnote_780_780" class="fnanchor">[780]</a> in -the county of Monaghan were regarded as bifid arrow-heads. One of -these (2⅝ inches) is in the British Museum.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span></p> - -<p>A blade of this kind, but with a loop instead of a tang, and a hole at -the base of the blade as well as one near the bottom at the notch, was -found at Deurne,<a name="FNanchor_781_781" id="FNanchor_781_781"></a><a href="#Footnote_781_781" class="fnanchor">[781]</a> Guelderland, and is in the Leyden Museum.</p> - -<p>The only remaining form of razor which has to be noticed is that of -which a representation is given of the actual size in Fig. 275.</p> - -<p>This instrument was found at Kinleith,<a name="FNanchor_782_782" id="FNanchor_782_782"></a><a href="#Footnote_782_782" class="fnanchor">[782]</a> near Currie, Edinburgh, and -has been described and commented on by Dr. John Alexander Smith. -The blade, besides being perforated in an artistic manner and having a -ring at the end of the handle, is of larger dimensions than usual with -instruments of this kind. The metal of which it is composed consists of -copper 92·97 per cent., tin 7·03 (with a trace -of lead).</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-221.jpg" width="150" height="227" id="i221" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 276.—Nidau. -</p></div></div> - -<p>It affords the only instance of a razor of -this shape having been found in the British -Isles. The form much more nearly approaches -one of not uncommon occurrence on -the Continent than any other British example, -and Dr. Smith has illustrated this by -the accompanying figure of a razor from the -Steinberg, near Nidau,<a name="FNanchor_783_783" id="FNanchor_783_783"></a><a href="#Footnote_783_783" class="fnanchor">[783]</a> on the Lake of -Bienne (Fig. 276). I have a razor of nearly -the same form from the Seine at Paris, and -others have been found in various parts of -France.<a name="FNanchor_784_784" id="FNanchor_784_784"></a><a href="#Footnote_784_784" class="fnanchor">[784]</a></p> - -<p>The nearest in character to Fig. 275 is perhaps -one found in the hoard of Notre-Dame -d’Or,<a name="FNanchor_785_785" id="FNanchor_785_785"></a><a href="#Footnote_785_785" class="fnanchor">[785]</a> and preserved in the museum at Poitiers. -Instead of the blade being a single -crescent, it consists of two penannular concentric -blades with a plain midrib connecting -them, which has a ring at the external end. -An instrument with the blade formed of a single crescent was found at -the same time.</p> - -<p>A German example is in the Museum of the Deutsche Gesellschaft, at -Leipzig.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">In the next chapter I shall treat of those blades which appear to -be weapons rather than tools.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER X.</h2> - -<p class="pch">DAGGERS AND THEIR HILTS.—RAPIER-SHAPED BLADES.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Among</span> all uncivilised, if not indeed among all civilised nations, -arms of offence take a far higher rank than mere tools and -implements; and on the first introduction of the use of metal -into any country, there is great antecedent probability that the -primary service to which it was applied was for the manufacture -of weapons. So far as there are means of judging, a -small knife or knife-dagger appears to have been among the -earliest objects to which bronze was applied in Britain. Possibly, -like the Highland dirk, the early form may have served for both -peaceful and warlike purposes; but there are other and apparently -later forms made for piercing rather than for cutting, and -which are unmistakably weapons. The distinction which can be -drawn between knives, such as some of those described in the -last chapter, and the daggers to be described in this, is no doubt -to a great extent arbitrary, and mainly dependent upon size. In -the same way the distinction between a large dagger and a small -sword, such as some of those to be described in the next chapter, -is one for which no hard and fast rule can be laid down.</p> - -<p>Nor in treating of daggers can any trustworthy chronological -arrangement be adopted, though it is probable, as already observed, -that the thin flat blades are earliest in date. The late Dr. Thurnam, -in the paper already frequently cited, has pointed out that of -bronze blades without sockets there are two distinct types. These -are the tanged, which he regards as perhaps the more modern, and -those provided with rivet-holes in the base of the blade, which -seem to be the most ancient. I purpose mainly to follow this -classification; and, inasmuch as the tanged blades are most closely -connected with the smaller examples of the same character, -described in the last chapter, I take them first in order, though -possibly they are not the earliest in date.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span></p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-223.jpg" width="150" height="604" id="i223" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 277.—Roundway. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p class="p1">But for its size, the blade shown in Fig. 277 might have been regarded -as a knife for ordinary use. The original was found in a barrow at -Roundway,<a name="FNanchor_786_786" id="FNanchor_786_786"></a><a href="#Footnote_786_786" class="fnanchor">[786]</a> Wilts, covered with a layer of black powder, probably the -remains of a wooden sheath and handle, the upper -outline of which latter is marked upon the blade. -It lay near the left hand of a contracted skeleton, -with its point towards the feet. Between the -bones of the left fore-arm was a bracer,<a name="FNanchor_787_787" id="FNanchor_787_787"></a><a href="#Footnote_787_787" class="fnanchor">[787]</a> or arm-guard, -of chlorite slate, and part of the blade and -the tang of some small instrument, perhaps a -knife. Near the head was a barbed flint arrow-head.</p> - -<p>A smaller blade<a name="FNanchor_788_788" id="FNanchor_788_788"></a><a href="#Footnote_788_788" class="fnanchor">[788]</a> (5½ inches), of nearly the -same shape and character, was found in one of -the barrows near Winterslow, Wilts, as well as -one more tapering in form.</p> - -<p>Another, from Sutton Courtney, Berks (6¼ -inches by 1⅝ inches), is in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>Another (5½ inches) was found by Mr. Fenton -in a barrow at Mere Down,<a name="FNanchor_789_789" id="FNanchor_789_789"></a><a href="#Footnote_789_789" class="fnanchor">[789]</a> Wilts. In this case -also there was a stone bracer near the left side -of the contracted skeleton. Another, imperfect, -and narrower in the tang, was found at Bryn -Crûg,<a name="FNanchor_790_790" id="FNanchor_790_790"></a><a href="#Footnote_790_790" class="fnanchor">[790]</a> Carnarvon, with interments. The double-looped -celt (Fig. 88) was found at the same -place.</p> - -<p>Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., has what appears to -be a tanged dagger (6 inches) from Sherburn -Wold, Yorkshire.</p> - -<p>A blade of this character (10 inches) was found -by M. Cazalis de Fondouce in the cave of -Bounias,<a name="FNanchor_791_791" id="FNanchor_791_791"></a><a href="#Footnote_791_791" class="fnanchor">[791]</a> near Fonvielle (Bouches du Rhône), -associated with instruments of flint.</p> - -<p>Smaller tanged blades, of which it is hard to -say whether they are knives or daggers, are not -uncommon in France. Two are engraved in the -“Matériaux.”<a name="FNanchor_792_792" id="FNanchor_792_792"></a><a href="#Footnote_792_792" class="fnanchor">[792]</a> I have specimens from Lyons, -and also from Brittany.</p> - -<p>Another form, which appears to be a dagger -rather than a knife, has the tang nearly as wide -as the blade, and towards its base there is a -single rivet-hole. A dagger of this kind was -found with a contracted interment in a barrow -near Driffield, Yorkshire, and an engraving of it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> -is given in the <i>Archæologia</i><a name="FNanchor_793_793" id="FNanchor_793_793"></a><a href="#Footnote_793_793" class="fnanchor">[793]</a> from which Fig. 278 is reproduced. It had -a wooden sheath as well as the wooden handle, of which a part is shown. -On the arm of the skeleton was a stone bracer.</p> - -<p>Another, rather narrower in the tang and about 4¼ inches long, was -found, with a stone axe-hammer, and bones, in an urn within a barrow at -Winwick,<a name="FNanchor_794_794" id="FNanchor_794_794"></a><a href="#Footnote_794_794" class="fnanchor">[794]</a> near Warrington, Lancashire. One (2⅛ inches) with a rivet-hole -in its broad tang was found in an urn on Lancaster Moor.<a name="FNanchor_795_795" id="FNanchor_795_795"></a><a href="#Footnote_795_795" class="fnanchor">[795]</a></p> - -<p>A dagger of nearly the same form but having two rivet-holes was -found by the late Rev. R. Kirwan in a barrow at Upton Pyne,<a name="FNanchor_796_796" id="FNanchor_796_796"></a><a href="#Footnote_796_796" class="fnanchor">[796]</a> Devon.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-224.jpg" width="150" height="283" id="i224" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 278.—Driffield. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>One, only 3¼ inches long, and much like Fig. 278 in form, was found in -an urn with burnt bones in Moot Low,<a name="FNanchor_797_797" id="FNanchor_797_797"></a><a href="#Footnote_797_797" class="fnanchor">[797]</a> near Middleton, Derbyshire.</p> - -<p>Another was found with burnt bones in a barrow at -Lady Low,<a name="FNanchor_798_798" id="FNanchor_798_798"></a><a href="#Footnote_798_798" class="fnanchor">[798]</a> near Blore, Staffordshire. The end of -the handle in this instance was straight, and not hollowed. -One (5⅜ inches) with a broad tang, through -which passes a single rivet, was found in the Thames.<a name="FNanchor_799_799" id="FNanchor_799_799"></a><a href="#Footnote_799_799" class="fnanchor">[799]</a> -It is now in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>What Sir R. C. Hoare terms a lance-head (3 inches), -found with amber beads in the Golden Barrow,<a name="FNanchor_800_800" id="FNanchor_800_800"></a><a href="#Footnote_800_800" class="fnanchor">[800]</a> -Upton Lovel, appears to have been a knife-dagger of -this character.</p> - -<p>A knife, 1 inch wide, which had been fastened to its -haft of ox-horn by a single rivet, was found by Canon -Greenwell in a barrow at Rudstone, Yorkshire.<a name="FNanchor_801_801" id="FNanchor_801_801"></a><a href="#Footnote_801_801" class="fnanchor">[801]</a> -With the same interment was an axe-hammer of stone -and a flint tool. A blade like Fig. 278 (3 inches), -from the sand-hills near Glenluce,<a name="FNanchor_802_802" id="FNanchor_802_802"></a><a href="#Footnote_802_802" class="fnanchor">[802]</a> Wigtonshire, -has been figured.</p> - -<p>Daggers, or possibly spear-heads, with a broad tang, as well as the -moulds in which they were cast, were discovered by Dr. Schliemann on -the presumed site of Troy.<a name="FNanchor_803_803" id="FNanchor_803_803"></a><a href="#Footnote_803_803" class="fnanchor">[803]</a></p></div> - -<p class="p1">The more ordinary form of instrument is that of which the blade -was secured to the handle by two or more rivets at its broad base. -These may be subdivided into knife-daggers with thin flat blades, -and daggers which as a rule have a thick midrib and more or less -ornamentation on the surface of the blade. The former variety -is now generally accepted as being the more ancient of the two, -and may probably have served as a cutting instrument for all -purposes, and not have been intended for a weapon.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Fig. 279, representing a knife-dagger from a barrow at Butterwick,<a name="FNanchor_804_804" id="FNanchor_804_804"></a><a href="#Footnote_804_804" class="fnanchor">[804]</a> -Yorkshire, E.R., explored by Canon Greenwell, will give a good idea of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> -the usual form, though these instruments are not unfrequently more -acutely pointed. This specimen was found with the body of a young -man, and had been encased in a wooden sheath. The haft had been of -ox-horn, which has perished, though leaving marks of its texture on the -oxidized blade. In the same grave were a flat bronze celt (Fig. 2), a bronze -pricker or awl (Fig. 225), a flint knife, and some jet buttons. Another -blade of the same character, but rather narrower in its proportions, was -found in a barrow at Rudstone,<a name="FNanchor_805_805" id="FNanchor_805_805"></a><a href="#Footnote_805_805" class="fnanchor">[805]</a> Yorkshire. The handle had in this -instance also been of ox-horn. In the same grave were a whetstone, a -ring and an ornamental button of jet, and a half-nodule of pyrites and -a flint for striking a light. Of the shape of the handles I shall subsequently -speak; I will only here remark that at their upper part, where -they clasped the blade, there was usually -a semicircular or horseshoe-shaped notch, -in some instances very wide and in others -but narrow. This notch is more rarely -somewhat V-shaped in form.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-225.jpg" width="200" height="298" id="i225" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 279.—Butterwick. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A blade of nearly the same form as Fig. -279, but with only two rivet holes, found -in a barrow at Blewbury,<a name="FNanchor_806_806" id="FNanchor_806_806"></a><a href="#Footnote_806_806" class="fnanchor">[806]</a> Berks, is preserved -in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. -Another, also with two rivets, was found -by the late Mr. Bateman in a barrow near -Minning Low,<a name="FNanchor_807_807" id="FNanchor_807_807"></a><a href="#Footnote_807_807" class="fnanchor">[807]</a> Derbyshire. Its handle appears -to have been of horn. Its owner, -wrapped in a skin, had been buried enveloped -in fern-leaves, and with him was also -a flat bronze celt, a flat bead of jet, and -a flint scraper. Dr. Thurnam mentions -eighteen<a name="FNanchor_808_808" id="FNanchor_808_808"></a><a href="#Footnote_808_808" class="fnanchor">[808]</a> other blades, varying from 2½ -inches to 6¾ inches in length, as having been -found during the Bateman excavations, as -well as one 7¾ inches long and sharply pointed, found at Lett Low,<a name="FNanchor_809_809" id="FNanchor_809_809"></a><a href="#Footnote_809_809" class="fnanchor">[809]</a> near -Warslow, Staffordshire. Of these twenty, sixteen were found with -unburnt bodies and four with burnt. Some of these were, however, -of the tanged variety, and some fluted or ribbed. At Carder Low a -small axe-hammer of basalt, as well as a knife-dagger of this kind, -with the edges worn hollow by use, had been placed with the body. -The same was the case in a barrow at Parcelly Hay, near Hartington, -Derbyshire.</p> - -<p>At End Low, near Hartington, there was a rudely formed “spear-head” -of flint beside the knife-dagger, and at Thorncliff,<a name="FNanchor_810_810" id="FNanchor_810_810"></a><a href="#Footnote_810_810" class="fnanchor">[810]</a> on Calton -Moor, Staffordshire, “a neat instrument of flint.”</p> - -<p>In some cases, though there were holes in the blade, there were no -rivets<a name="FNanchor_811_811" id="FNanchor_811_811"></a><a href="#Footnote_811_811" class="fnanchor">[811]</a> in them, which led Mr. Bateman to think that they were attached<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> -to their handles by ligatures. In a barrow in Yorkshire,<a name="FNanchor_812_812" id="FNanchor_812_812"></a><a href="#Footnote_812_812" class="fnanchor">[812]</a> Mr. Harland -found, with remains of a burnt body, a small bronze knife which -still had adhering to it some portions of cord partly charred, apparently -the remains of what had formed the attachment to the handle. Pins of -wood, bone, or horn were no doubt frequently used instead of metal rivets. -Such pins seem to have been commonly employed for securing spear-heads -to their shafts. “An instrument of brass,<a name="FNanchor_813_813" id="FNanchor_813_813"></a><a href="#Footnote_813_813" class="fnanchor">[813]</a> formed like a spear-head, -but flat and thin,” was found in a barrow on Bincombe Down, -Dorsetshire. “It had been fixed to a shaft by means of three wooden -pegs, one of which remained in the perforation when found, but on -being exposed to the air fell immediately into dust.” In certain dagger -blades with four or more rivet-holes some are devoid of rivets, while -there are metal rivets in the others.</p> - -<p>A remarkably small blade, only 1¾ inches long, with two rivet-holes, -was found in a tumulus in Dorsetshire.<a name="FNanchor_814_814" id="FNanchor_814_814"></a><a href="#Footnote_814_814" class="fnanchor">[814]</a> Another (4⅛ inches) lay with -burnt bones, in what was regarded as a cleft and hollowed trunk of a tree, -in a barrow near Yatesbury,<a name="FNanchor_815_815" id="FNanchor_815_815"></a><a href="#Footnote_815_815" class="fnanchor">[815]</a> Wilts. Another, more triangular in shape, -and also with two rivet-holes, was found in a barrow near Stonehenge.<a name="FNanchor_816_816" id="FNanchor_816_816"></a><a href="#Footnote_816_816" class="fnanchor">[816]</a></p> - -<p>Another (2½ inches) of the same character was found with burnt bones, -a needle of wood, and a broken flint pebble, in an urn at Tomen-y-Mur,<a name="FNanchor_817_817" id="FNanchor_817_817"></a><a href="#Footnote_817_817" class="fnanchor">[817]</a> -near Festiniog, Merionethshire.</p> - -<p>Of knife-daggers with three rivet-holes found in our southern counties, -may be mentioned one (5½ inches) found with a drinking cup and a -perforated stone axe, accompanying an unburnt interment, in a barrow at -East Kennett,<a name="FNanchor_818_818" id="FNanchor_818_818"></a><a href="#Footnote_818_818" class="fnanchor">[818]</a> Wilts. Another (4¼ inches), also accompanied by a stone -axe-hammer, was found in a barrow called Jack’s Castle,<a name="FNanchor_819_819" id="FNanchor_819_819"></a><a href="#Footnote_819_819" class="fnanchor">[819]</a> near Stourton. -The body had in this instance been burnt. Another knife-dagger, also -with burnt bones, in a barrow at Wilsford,<a name="FNanchor_820_820" id="FNanchor_820_820"></a><a href="#Footnote_820_820" class="fnanchor">[820]</a> was accompanied by two flint -arrow-heads, some whetstones, and some instruments of stag’s-horn. -Another, protected by a wooden scabbard, was found in a barrow at -Brigmilston.<a name="FNanchor_821_821" id="FNanchor_821_821"></a><a href="#Footnote_821_821" class="fnanchor">[821]</a></p> - -<p>What appear to have been blades of the same kind were found with -burnt bones in the barrows near Priddy,<a name="FNanchor_822_822" id="FNanchor_822_822"></a><a href="#Footnote_822_822" class="fnanchor">[822]</a> Somerset, and Ashey Down,<a name="FNanchor_823_823" id="FNanchor_823_823"></a><a href="#Footnote_823_823" class="fnanchor">[823]</a> -Isle of Wight (6 inches). The latter is tapering in form. One (7⅜ inches) -which shows no rivets was found at Culter,<a name="FNanchor_824_824" id="FNanchor_824_824"></a><a href="#Footnote_824_824" class="fnanchor">[824]</a> Lanarkshire.</p> - -<p>An unfinished blade without rivet-holes was also found, with castings -of palstaves and flanged celts, at Rhosnesney,<a name="FNanchor_825_825" id="FNanchor_825_825"></a><a href="#Footnote_825_825" class="fnanchor">[825]</a> near Wrexham.</p> - -<p>From Derbyshire may be cited that from Carder Low,<a name="FNanchor_826_826" id="FNanchor_826_826"></a><a href="#Footnote_826_826" class="fnanchor">[826]</a> already described, -and one from Brier Low.<a name="FNanchor_827_827" id="FNanchor_827_827"></a><a href="#Footnote_827_827" class="fnanchor">[827]</a> Another from Lett Low,<a name="FNanchor_828_828" id="FNanchor_828_828"></a><a href="#Footnote_828_828" class="fnanchor">[828]</a> Staffordshire, -has already been mentioned, as have been others described by Bateman.<a name="FNanchor_829_829" id="FNanchor_829_829"></a><a href="#Footnote_829_829" class="fnanchor">[829]</a> -One from a barrow at Middleton<a name="FNanchor_830_830" id="FNanchor_830_830"></a><a href="#Footnote_830_830" class="fnanchor">[830]</a> was regarded by Pegge -as a spear-head.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span></p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-227a.jpg" width="150" height="459" id="i227a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 280.—Helperthorpe. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>From Yorkshire Mr. Bateman describes one (4½ inches) with a crescent-shaped -mark showing the form of the handle, found with an extended -skeleton at Cawthorn.<a name="FNanchor_831_831" id="FNanchor_831_831"></a><a href="#Footnote_831_831" class="fnanchor">[831]</a> Another (6 or 7 inches), from a barrow near -Pickering,<a name="FNanchor_832_832" id="FNanchor_832_832"></a><a href="#Footnote_832_832" class="fnanchor">[832]</a> had a V-shaped notch in the handle, to which had been -attached a small bone pommel. One from Bishop Wilton,<a name="FNanchor_833_833" id="FNanchor_833_833"></a><a href="#Footnote_833_833" class="fnanchor">[833]</a> belonging to -Mr. Mortimer, has been engraved by Dr. Thurnam.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">The mention of this pommel suggests that it is time to consider -the manner in which these blades were hafted, as to which the -discoveries of Sir Richard Colt Hoare in the -Wiltshire barrows, and of Canon Greenwell -in those of Yorkshire, leave no doubt. The -hafts appear in nearly all cases to have consisted -of ox-horn, bone, or wood, sometimes -in a single piece with a notch for receiving -the blade, and sometimes formed of a pair -of similar pieces riveted together, one on -each side of the blade. The lower end of -the haft was often inserted in a hollow -pommel usually of bone.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-227b.jpg" width="200" height="61" id="i227b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 281.—Helperthorpe. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>The nature of the arrangement of the haft -when formed of two pieces will be readily -understood on reference to Fig. 280, in -which the presumed outline of the original -ox-horn haft is shown by dotted lines, and -the rivets by which the two plates of horn -were bound together are in the position -they originally occupied along the centre of -the haft. The outline of the upper part of -this handle, where it was secured by two -rivets to the blade, is still visible, and is -shown by darker shading. The pommel at -the lower end was attached by pins of horn -or of wood, and not by metal rivets. A separate view and -section of the pommel is shown in -Fig. 281. The original was found by -Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., with a contracted -interment in a barrow at -Helperthorpe,<a name="FNanchor_834_834" id="FNanchor_834_834"></a><a href="#Footnote_834_834" class="fnanchor">[834]</a> Yorkshire, at the opening -of which I was present. As will be seen, the blade has all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span> -the appearance of having been much worn by use and repeated -whetting.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Bone pommels of the same kind have been frequently met with in -barrows, but their purpose was not known to some of the earlier explorers. -One from a barrow on Brassington Moor<a name="FNanchor_835_835" id="FNanchor_835_835"></a><a href="#Footnote_835_835" class="fnanchor">[835]</a> is described by Mr. Bateman -as a bone stud perforated with six holes, and was thought to have been -intended for being sown on to some article of dress or ornament. Another -was found in a barrow at Narrowdale Hill,<a name="FNanchor_836_836" id="FNanchor_836_836"></a><a href="#Footnote_836_836" class="fnanchor">[836]</a> near Alstonefield, and is also -described as a bone button. In both these instances the dagger itself -seems to have entirely perished.</p> - -<p>In a barrow subsequently opened by Mr. Ruddock near Pickering,<a name="FNanchor_837_837" id="FNanchor_837_837"></a><a href="#Footnote_837_837" class="fnanchor">[837]</a> the -butt end of a dagger handle was recognised in one of these objects. In -this instance the pommel was made of three pieces of bone fastened -together by two bronze rivets, and having two holes for the pegs by -which it was secured to the handle.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-228.jpg" width="400" height="151" id="i228" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 282.—Garton. -<span class="vh">——————</span> -Fig. 283.—Wilmslow. -</p></div></div> - -<p>Two others in solid bone from barrows at Garton<a name="FNanchor_838_838" id="FNanchor_838_838"></a><a href="#Footnote_838_838" class="fnanchor">[838]</a> and Bishop Wilton, -Yorkshire, have been figured by Dr. Thurnam. The former is here by -permission reproduced. That from the well-known Gristhorpe tumulus,<a name="FNanchor_839_839" id="FNanchor_839_839"></a><a href="#Footnote_839_839" class="fnanchor">[839]</a> -near Scarborough, in which the body lay in the hollowed trunk of an -oak-tree, is more neatly made, being of oval outline with a projecting -bead round the base. It has holes for three pins.</p> - -<p>Another pommel of an ornamental character was found with burnt -bones in an urn at Wilmslow, Cheshire, and is engraved in the <i>Journal -of the British Archæological Association</i>,<a name="FNanchor_840_840" id="FNanchor_840_840"></a><a href="#Footnote_840_840" class="fnanchor">[840]</a> from which Fig. 283 is here -reproduced. The receptacle is so small that the haft to which it was -attached probably consisted of but a single piece of ox-horn or wood. -It appears as if the mortise had been made by drilling three holes side -by side.</p> - -<p>A very remarkable and beautiful hilt of a sword or dagger, formed of -amber of a rich red colour and inlaid with pins of gold, was found in a -barrow on Hammeldon Down,<a name="FNanchor_841_841" id="FNanchor_841_841"></a><a href="#Footnote_841_841" class="fnanchor">[841]</a> Devonshire. By the kindness of the -Committee of the Plymouth Athenæum I am enabled to give two views<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> -and a section of this unique object in Fig. 284. Instead of a socket or -mortise, there is in this instance a tenon, or projection, which entered into -a mortise or hole in the handle. On each side of this tenon is a small -mortise of the same length, and through the tenon have been drilled two -small holes, one from each side, for pins to attach the pommel to the -handle. A small part of the pommel which was broken off in old times -seems to have been united to the main body by a series of minute gold -rivets or clips, but this piece has again been severed, though the pins -round the margin of the fracture remain. This pommel seems disproportionately -large for the slightly fluted blade, of which a fragment was found -in the same barrow.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-229.jpg" width="400" height="381" id="i229" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 284.—Hammeldon Down. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>A small object of amber, apparently the pommel of a diminutive dagger, -was found in a barrow at Winterbourn Stoke,<a name="FNanchor_842_842" id="FNanchor_842_842"></a><a href="#Footnote_842_842" class="fnanchor">[842]</a> Wilts. A small knife or -scraper, mounted in a handle formed of two pieces of amber, secured by -two rivets and bound with four strips of gold, is also preserved at Stourhead.<a name="FNanchor_843_843" id="FNanchor_843_843"></a><a href="#Footnote_843_843" class="fnanchor">[843]</a> -The blade is at the side like that of a hatchet.</p> - -<p>Amber was used for inlaying some of the ivory hilts of iron swords at -Hallstatt.</p> - -<p>The bronze object shown full size in Fig. 285 may not improbably be -the pommel of the hilt of a dagger or sword. The hole through the base -is irregular in form, and may be accidental. It was found in the hoard -at Reach Fen, Cambridge, in which were also the tip of a scabbard and -some fragments of swords, as well as two large double-edged knives.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span></p> - -<p>A somewhat similar object is in the Musée de l’Oratoire, at Nantes. -Another, found at Grésine,<a name="FNanchor_844_844" id="FNanchor_844_844"></a><a href="#Footnote_844_844" class="fnanchor">[844]</a> Savoy, has been regarded as the tip for a -scabbard. Another was found in the department of La Manche.<a name="FNanchor_845_845" id="FNanchor_845_845"></a><a href="#Footnote_845_845" class="fnanchor">[845]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-230.jpg" width="400" height="178" id="i230" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 285.—Reach Fen. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 286.—Allhallows, Hoo. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -<span class="vh">————</span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>What appears to be the hilt of either a sword or dagger was found in -a hoard of bronze objects at Allhallows,<a name="FNanchor_846_846" id="FNanchor_846_846"></a><a href="#Footnote_846_846" class="fnanchor">[846]</a> Hoo, Kent. By the kindness of -Mr. Humphrey Wickham I am able to engrave it as Fig. 286. It consisted -originally of a rectangular socketed ferrule with a rivet-hole -through it, and attached to a semicircular end like the half of a grooved -pulley. The socket itself extends for some distance into this semicircular -part. From portions of a sword having been found with it, -Mr. Wickham has regarded it as a kind of pommel. It may, however, -have been the end of a scabbard or a chape, and, if so, should have been -described in Chapter XIII. The knife, Fig. 261, was found in the same -hoard.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">To return, however, to undoubted examples. The most remarkable -of all dagger handles discovered in the British Isles are those -obtained by Sir R. Colt Hoare from the barrows of Wiltshire.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">One of these, from a barrow at Brigmilston,<a name="FNanchor_847_847" id="FNanchor_847_847"></a><a href="#Footnote_847_847" class="fnanchor">[847]</a> is here reproduced in -Fig. 287, taken from the engraving in “Ancient Wiltshire.” It is thus -described by the late Dr. Thurnam: “It is of the thin broad-bladed -variety. The handle is of wood, held together by thirty rivets of bronze, -and strengthened at the end by an oblong bone pommel fastened with -two pegs. It is decorated by dots incised in the surface of the wood, -forming a border of double lines and circles between the heads of the -rivets.” He goes on to say that a similar dagger of the broad variety, -having exactly the same number of rivets, was found in one of the Derbyshire<a name="FNanchor_848_848" id="FNanchor_848_848"></a><a href="#Footnote_848_848" class="fnanchor">[848]</a> -barrows. Two buttons of polished shale accompanied this interment. -Another, from Garton,<a name="FNanchor_849_849" id="FNanchor_849_849"></a><a href="#Footnote_849_849" class="fnanchor">[849]</a> Yorkshire, in the collection of Mr. -Mortimer, has thirty-seven rivets and two strips of bronze at the sides -of the handle, in addition to the four rivets for securing the blade. The -bone pommel is shown in Fig. 282.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span></p> - -<p>Another dagger, of somewhat the same character, was found at -Leicester, and is preserved in the museum of that town. For the sketch -from which Fig. 288 is engraved I am indebted to Mr. C. Read. In -this instance the pommel consists of two pieces of bone riveted on either -side of a bronze plate, which, however, does not appear to have been -continuous with the blade. From the length of the rivets remaining -in the blade, the handle appears to have been somewhat thicker in the -middle than at the sides.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-231.jpg" width="400" height="495" id="i231" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 287.—Brigmilston. ½ -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 288.—Leicester. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In the British Museum is a dagger from a barrow at Standlow, Derbyshire, -with a bone pommel of nearly the same character as that from -Leicester.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the most highly ornamented dagger handle ever discovered is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span> -that which was found by Sir R. Colt Hoare in the Bush Barrow,<a name="FNanchor_850_850" id="FNanchor_850_850"></a><a href="#Footnote_850_850" class="fnanchor">[850]</a> near -Normanton, the lower part of which, copied from the engraving in -“Ancient Wiltshire,” is shown in Fig. 289. A drawing of the whole -dagger with its handle restored has been published by Dr. Thurnam.<a name="FNanchor_851_851" id="FNanchor_851_851"></a><a href="#Footnote_851_851" class="fnanchor">[851]</a> -The blade is 10½ inches long and slightly fluted at the sides, so that it is -not, strictly speaking, a knife-dagger such as those hitherto described. It -appears, however, best to call attention to it in this place. It lay with a -skeleton placed north and south, with which were some rivets and thin -plates of bronze, supposed to be traces of a shield.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-232.jpg" width="400" height="328" id="i232" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 289.—Normanton. -</p></div></div> - -<p>At the shoulders was a -flanged bronze celt, like Fig. 9. Near the right arm was the dagger and -“a spear-head” of bronze. These were accompanied by a nearly square -plate of thin gold, with a projecting flat tongue or hook, which was -thought to have decorated the sheath of the dagger. Over the breast lay -another lozenge-shaped plate of gold, 7 inches by 6 inches, the edges -lapped over a piece of wood. On the right side of the skeleton was a -stone hammer,<a name="FNanchor_852_852" id="FNanchor_852_852"></a><a href="#Footnote_852_852" class="fnanchor">[852]</a> some articles of bone, many small rings of the same -material, and another gold lozenge much smaller than that on the breast. -As to the handle, I may repeat Sir Richard’s words: “It exceeds anything -we have yet seen, both in design and execution, and could not be -surpassed (if, indeed, equalled) by the most able workman of modern -times. By the annexed engraving you will immediately recognise the -British zigzag or the modern Vandyke pattern, which was formed, with a -labour and exactness almost unaccountable, by thousands of gold rivets -smaller than the smallest pin. The head of the handle, though exhibiting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> -no variety of pattern, was also formed by -the same kind of studding.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-233.jpg" width="150" height="655" id="i233" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 290.—Roke Down. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>So very minute, -indeed, were these pins, that our labourers -had thrown out thousands of them with their -shovels and scattered them in every direction -before, by the necessary aid of a magnifying -glass, we could discover what they were, but -fortunately enough remained attached to the -wood to enable us to develop the pattern.” -Some of the pins are shown in the figure -below the hilt.</p> - -<p>As Dr. Thurnam has pointed out, the -ornamentation on a thin piece of metal (said -to have been gilt), which apparently decorated -the hilt of a bronze dagger, found in -a barrow in Dorsetshire,<a name="FNanchor_853_853" id="FNanchor_853_853"></a><a href="#Footnote_853_853" class="fnanchor">[853]</a> is of the same -character, though produced in a different -manner. This dagger is said by Douglas to -have been “incisted” into wood. It is uncertain -whether this refers to the hilt or to the -sheath; but in several instances remains of -sheaths have been found upon the blades of -daggers, some of which have been already -adduced, and others will hereafter be mentioned. -Sir R. Colt Hoare, in a barrow near -Amesbury,<a name="FNanchor_854_854" id="FNanchor_854_854"></a><a href="#Footnote_854_854" class="fnanchor">[854]</a> found an interment of burnt -bones, and with it a bronze dagger which had -been “secured by a sheath of wood lined -with linen cloth.” A small lance-head, a pair -of ivory nippers, and an ivory pin accompanied -the interment. In one instance the -wood of the sheath was “apparently willow.”<a name="FNanchor_855_855" id="FNanchor_855_855"></a><a href="#Footnote_855_855" class="fnanchor">[855]</a></p> - -<p>I am unable to guarantee the accuracy -of the representation of a large dagger -with its handle given in Fig. 290, the original -having unfortunately been destroyed -in a fire. I have, however, copied it from Dr. -Thurnam’s<a name="FNanchor_856_856" id="FNanchor_856_856"></a><a href="#Footnote_856_856" class="fnanchor">[856]</a> engraving, which was taken -from a drawing by the late Mr. S. Solly, -F.S.A.<a name="FNanchor_857_857" id="FNanchor_857_857"></a><a href="#Footnote_857_857" class="fnanchor">[857]</a> It was found in 1845, in a barrow -on Roke Down, near Blandford, Dorsetshire, -and is thus described by Mr. Shipp:<a name="FNanchor_858_858" id="FNanchor_858_858"></a><a href="#Footnote_858_858" class="fnanchor">[858]</a> “The -blade is exquisitely finished, and the handle, -which is ivory, as perfect and as highly -polished as any of more recent date. It was -found with two small bronze spear-heads at -the bottom of a cist cut in the chalk, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span> -covered with burnt bones and ashes; and over it was an inverted urn -of the coarsest make, unburnt and unornamented.” In Mr. Shipp’s -drawing the handle expands gradually to the base like the mouth of a -trumpet. In a subsequent communication<a name="FNanchor_859_859" id="FNanchor_859_859"></a><a href="#Footnote_859_859" class="fnanchor">[859]</a> Mr. Shipp describes the two -spear-heads as of iron.</p> - -<p>Mr. Solly<a name="FNanchor_860_860" id="FNanchor_860_860"></a><a href="#Footnote_860_860" class="fnanchor">[860]</a> says that with it was a second small blade, also of bronze, -which may have been a knife, and makes no mention of iron spear-heads. -He also says that it lay beneath a stone more than a ton in weight. -Mr. C. Warne, F.S.A., has informed me that the spear-heads—if, indeed, -such they were—were of bronze and not of iron. He has engraved the -dagger in his Plate X.,<a name="FNanchor_861_861" id="FNanchor_861_861"></a><a href="#Footnote_861_861" class="fnanchor">[861]</a> not from the original, but from the figure in the -<i>Journal of the Archæological Association</i>.</p> - -<p>Hilts made of bronze, though of frequent occurrence in Scandinavia, -the South of France, and Italy, are rarely discovered in England or Scotland. -That said to have been found at Bere Hill, near Andover, cast in -one piece with the blade and with a raised rim round the margin, and -studs like rivet-heads in the middle, has been kindly submitted to me by -Mr. Samuel Shaw, its owner, and I believe it to be of Eastern and probably -Chinese origin. Near Little Wenlock,<a name="FNanchor_862_862" id="FNanchor_862_862"></a><a href="#Footnote_862_862" class="fnanchor">[862]</a> however, a portion of a -dagger was found with part of the handle, in form like that of the sword -from Lincoln (Fig. 350), attached by four rivets. With it were a socketed -celt, some spear-heads, and whetstones.</p> - -<p>A beautiful Egyptian<a name="FNanchor_863_863" id="FNanchor_863_863"></a><a href="#Footnote_863_863" class="fnanchor">[863]</a> bronze dagger from Thebes is in the Berlin -Museum. It has a narrow rapier-like blade and a broad flat hilt of ivory.</p> - -<p>Others of nearly the same character are in the British Museum. The -end of the hilt is often hollowed, like that of Fig. 277, and the attachment -to the blade is by means of three rivets.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">In Ireland a few daggers have been found with bronze hilts -still attached.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy is a fine example, which has -frequently been published, and which I have here reproduced as Fig. 291, -from the engraving given by Wilde,<a name="FNanchor_864_864" id="FNanchor_864_864"></a><a href="#Footnote_864_864" class="fnanchor">[864]</a> but on the scale of one-half. Both -blade and handle are “highly ornamented, both in casting and also by -the punch or graver.”</p> - -<p>A portion of a blade with a bronze hilt still attached was found near -Belleek, Co. Fermanagh, and has been engraved in the <i>Proceedings of the -Royal Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland</i>.<a name="FNanchor_865_865" id="FNanchor_865_865"></a><a href="#Footnote_865_865" class="fnanchor">[865]</a> The cut is by -their kindness here reproduced as Fig. 292. The handle is hollow, and -the blade appears to have been originally attached by four pins or rivets, -of which but two now remain. Possibly the other two were of horn.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-235.jpg" width="400" height="577" id="i235" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 291.—Ireland. -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 292.—Belleek. -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 293.—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another Irish form of hafted dagger has also been frequently published.<a name="FNanchor_866_866" id="FNanchor_866_866"></a><a href="#Footnote_866_866" class="fnanchor">[866]</a> -It is shown in Fig. 293. Vallancey describes this specimen as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span> -cast in one piece, the rivets being either ornamental or intended to stop -against the top of the scabbard. No doubt these imitation rivets are -mere “survivals” from those of the daggers, which were thus fastened -to their handles before it was found that it saved trouble to cast the whole -in one piece.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span> -The hole in the handle, the sides of which are left rough, -was probably filled by two slightly overlapping plates of wood or horn -riveted together.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-236.jpg" width="150" height="520" id="i236" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 294.—Woodyates. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another<a name="FNanchor_867_867" id="FNanchor_867_867"></a><a href="#Footnote_867_867" class="fnanchor">[867]</a> (14½ inches) was thought to have the “loop-fashioned” -handle for suspending the weapon to a thong or the belt. I think, -however, that when the daggers were in use the handles were to all -appearance solid. In one found in Dunshaughlin<a name="FNanchor_868_868" id="FNanchor_868_868"></a><a href="#Footnote_868_868" class="fnanchor">[868]</a> -crannoge, Co. Meath, there is a second oval -hole at the end of the hilt, which may have -been used for suspension.</p> - -<p>There is a good example of this type of dagger -in the Blackmore Museum at Salisbury.</p> - -<p>A small dagger (7⅛ inches), found near Ballinamore,<a name="FNanchor_869_869" id="FNanchor_869_869"></a><a href="#Footnote_869_869" class="fnanchor">[869]</a> -Co. Leitrim, has an extension of the -blade in the form of a thin plate with a button -at the bottom so as to form the body of the -handle. In this part are two rivet-holes for the -attachment of the plates of wood or horn to -form the handle.</p> - -<p>Some handles of bronze knives found in Scandinavia -and Switzerland<a name="FNanchor_870_870" id="FNanchor_870_870"></a><a href="#Footnote_870_870" class="fnanchor">[870]</a> are formed with similar -openings. Daggers with the blade and handle -cast in one piece have been found in the Italian -<i>terramare</i>.<a name="FNanchor_871_871" id="FNanchor_871_871"></a><a href="#Footnote_871_871" class="fnanchor">[871]</a> I have a dagger of the same kind from -Hungary.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">I must now return, from this digression -as to the hafting of daggers, to the thin -blades or knife-daggers of which I was -speaking.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Of those with four rivets but few can be cited. -One of unusually large size is shown in Fig. 294. -The original was found by Sir R. C. Hoare in a -barrow at Woodyates.<a name="FNanchor_872_872" id="FNanchor_872_872"></a><a href="#Footnote_872_872" class="fnanchor">[872]</a> It was protected by a -wooden scabbard. A perforated ring and two -buttons of jet, four barbed flint arrow-heads, and -a bronze pin were found with the same skeleton. -This blade, like many others, is described as -having been gilt, but this can hardly have been -the case. Dr. Thurnam<a name="FNanchor_873_873" id="FNanchor_873_873"></a><a href="#Footnote_873_873" class="fnanchor">[873]</a> has tested such brilliantly -polished surfaces for gold, but found no -traces of that metal.</p> - -<p>A blade of this form is engraved in the “Barrow Diggers,”<a name="FNanchor_874_874" id="FNanchor_874_874"></a><a href="#Footnote_874_874" class="fnanchor">[874]</a> but is -described as a stone celt split in two.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span></p> - -<p>A nearly similar blade from Oefeli<a name="FNanchor_875_875" id="FNanchor_875_875"></a><a href="#Footnote_875_875" class="fnanchor">[875]</a> (Lac de Bienne) is said to be of -copper.</p> - -<p>In Fig. 295 is shown a blade with, five rivets, from an interment at -Homington,<a name="FNanchor_876_876" id="FNanchor_876_876"></a><a href="#Footnote_876_876" class="fnanchor">[876]</a> near Salisbury, which, is now in the British Museum. One -side is still highly polished, with an almost mirror-like lustre. The mark -of the hilt is very distinct upon it.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-237.jpg" width="400" height="337" id="i237" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 295.—Homington. ½ -<span class="vh">—————</span> -Fig. 296.—Idmiston. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>One of more pointed form, and with a more V-shaped notch in the -hilt, was found with an unburnt body in a cairn at North Charlton, -Northumberland, and is in the Greenwell Collection in the British Museum. -The portion is broken off in which were the rivets.</p> - -<p>Occasionally the surface of these thin blades is ornamented by engraved -or punched patterns. The decoration usually consists of converging bands -of parallel lines. The example given as Fig. 296 was found in a barrow -at Idmiston, near Salisbury, and is now preserved in the Blackmore -Museum. In one found in Dow Low,<a name="FNanchor_877_877" id="FNanchor_877_877"></a><a href="#Footnote_877_877" class="fnanchor">[877]</a> Derbyshire, shown in Fig. 297, -there are three parallel lines on either side which meet in chevron. This -blade has two rivets.</p> - -<p>In a barrow near Maiden Castle,<a name="FNanchor_878_878" id="FNanchor_878_878"></a><a href="#Footnote_878_878" class="fnanchor">[878]</a> Dorchester, opened by Mr. Sydenham, -there lay in the midst of the ashes two bronze daggers. One<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span> -(4 inches) has two lines engraved on it, forming a chevron parallel with -the edges; the other (5½ inches) is described as “curiously wrought, -chased, and gilt.” This latter, to judge from Mr. Warne’s engraving, -has a slight projecting rib along the middle of the blade, between two -others converging to meet it near the point. The space on each side of -the central rib appears to be decorated by small circular indentations.</p> - -<p>One from another barrow in Dorsetshire<a name="FNanchor_879_879" id="FNanchor_879_879"></a><a href="#Footnote_879_879" class="fnanchor">[879]</a> has a treble chevron on the -blade and a straight transverse groove between two ridges just above the -hilt.</p> - -<p>A small blade found in an urn at Wilmslow,<a name="FNanchor_880_880" id="FNanchor_880_880"></a><a href="#Footnote_880_880" class="fnanchor">[880]</a> Cheshire, seems to have -a single chevron upon it.</p> - -<p>A dagger from a tumulus at Hewelinghen (Pas de Calais), and now in -the museum at Boulogne, is of this character. It has double lines to the -chevron and four rivet-holes.</p> - -<p>Another was found with an interment at Rame<a name="FNanchor_881_881" id="FNanchor_881_881"></a><a href="#Footnote_881_881" class="fnanchor">[881]</a> (Hautes Alpes) in -company with other articles of bronze. It has six rivet-holes. A narrower -blade and more of the rapier shape, with four rivet-holes, was found in -the Marais de Donges<a name="FNanchor_882_882" id="FNanchor_882_882"></a><a href="#Footnote_882_882" class="fnanchor">[882]</a> (Loire Inférieure).</p> - -<p>A dagger much like Fig. 296, but with a double row of rivets, has -been found at Mœrigen,<a name="FNanchor_883_883" id="FNanchor_883_883"></a><a href="#Footnote_883_883" class="fnanchor">[883]</a> in the Lac de Bienne.</p> - -<p>A dagger with a pointed blade having two parallel grooves just within -each edge was found with other dagger blades, flat celts, flint arrow-heads, -&c., in the tumulus of Kerhué-Bras, Finistère.<a name="FNanchor_884_884" id="FNanchor_884_884"></a><a href="#Footnote_884_884" class="fnanchor">[884]</a> It has a plain -wooden handle, to which the blade is attached by six rivets. The character -of some of the other blades is peculiar.</p> - -<p>A beautifully patinated dagger (7¼ inches) from the Seine at Paris, -now in my own collection, has six rivet-holes at the base, as in Fig. 296, -and is of nearly the same shape, though rather more sharply pointed. -One of the rivets which remains is ⅝ inch long. The blade has upon it a -small low rib on either side running parallel with the edge. On the -inner side of the rib there is a groove, on the outer side the blade is flat. -The edge itself is fluted.</p> - -<p>I have a small thin blade (4⅝ inches), like Fig. 298, found in the -Palatinate, which has four rivet-holes at the base. There is a band of -five parallel lines running along each edge, and in the centre of the blade -a chevron with the sides slightly curved inwards formed of two similar -bands. The lines seem to have been punched in. The mark left by the -hilt is like that on Fig. 296.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">What appear to be knife-daggers, some of them with notches -at the side for the reception of rivets, have been found with interments -in Spain, and have been described by Don Gongora y -Martinez<a name="FNanchor_885_885" id="FNanchor_885_885"></a><a href="#Footnote_885_885" class="fnanchor">[885]</a> as lance-heads.</p> - -<p>Knife-daggers of much the same character as the English have -occasionally been found in Scotland.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span></p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">That shown in Fig. 298 was found in a stone cist in a cairn at Cleigh,<a name="FNanchor_886_886" id="FNanchor_886_886"></a><a href="#Footnote_886_886" class="fnanchor">[886]</a> -Loch Nell, Argyleshire. Along the margin of the original handle is a -line of small indentations made with a pointed punch.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-239a.jpg" width="350" height="297" id="i239a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 297.—Dow Low. -<span class="vh">—————</span> -Fig. 298.—Cleigh. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another (4¼ inches) was found in a cairn at Linlathen,<a name="FNanchor_887_887" id="FNanchor_887_887"></a><a href="#Footnote_887_887" class="fnanchor">[887]</a> Forfarshire, -together with a “drinking cup.” Particulars of the finding of several -others, with interments in sepulchral cairns, have been given by -Mr. Joseph Anderson<a name="FNanchor_888_888" id="FNanchor_888_888"></a><a href="#Footnote_888_888" class="fnanchor">[888]</a> in an interesting paper, to which the reader is -referred.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-239b.jpg" width="200" height="73" id="i239b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 299.—Collessie. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>Three others, from Drumlanrick,<a name="FNanchor_889_889" id="FNanchor_889_889"></a><a href="#Footnote_889_889" class="fnanchor">[889]</a> near Callander, Perth (4½ inches, -two rivets), Crossmichael, Kirkcudbrightshire, -and Callachally, Island of Mull, are -in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. -Another, apparently of the same type, was -found in a cairn at Collessie,<a name="FNanchor_890_890" id="FNanchor_890_890"></a><a href="#Footnote_890_890" class="fnanchor">[890]</a> Fife, the -handle of which appears to have been encircled -by the gold fillet shown in Fig. 299. -The sheath seems to have been of wood covered with cow-hide, the hairs -on the outside.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">In Ireland the thin flat blades are of rare occurrence. Canon -Greenwell, F.R.S., has one from Co. Antrim (4¾ inches) with -three rivet-holes, and with a V-shaped notch in the mark of the -handle.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">There is a form of blade which appears to be intermediate between the -flat knife-daggers and those to which the name of dagger may more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> -properly be applied, which are either considerably thicker at the centre -than towards the edges, or else have a certain number of strengthening -ribs running along the blade. This intermediate form has a single -narrow rounded rib running along the centre of the blade. That shown -in Fig. 300 is an example of the short and broad variety of this kind. -It was found in a barrow at Musdin,<a name="FNanchor_891_891" id="FNanchor_891_891"></a><a href="#Footnote_891_891" class="fnanchor">[891]</a> Staffordshire, and has a splendid -patina, rivalling malachite in colour. The relation of the dagger to any -interment is uncertain.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-240.jpg" width="400" height="399" id="i240" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 300.—Musdin. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 301.—Plymstock. ⅔ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 302.—Winterbourne Stoke. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A dagger of this class, but more pointed and with two parallel lines -engraved on each side of the midrib, was found by Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S., in one of the barrows called the Three Tremblers,<a name="FNanchor_892_892" id="FNanchor_892_892"></a><a href="#Footnote_892_892" class="fnanchor">[892]</a> Yorkshire. It -showed traces of both its handle and sheath. With it was a beautifully -flaked large flint knife.</p> - -<p>A more pointed blade, with the central rib much less pronounced, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span> -the notch in the hilt more distinct, was found with a skeleton in a cist -near Cheswick,<a name="FNanchor_893_893" id="FNanchor_893_893"></a><a href="#Footnote_893_893" class="fnanchor">[893]</a> Northumberland, and is now in the Greenwell Collection -in the British Museum. It has been carefully polished.</p> - -<p>Another, with a small, well-defined central midrib and two rivets, was -found by Canon Greenwell in a barrow at Aldbourn, Wilts. It accompanied -a burnt body.</p> - -<p>Some of the Italian dagger blades are provided with similar midribs.</p> - -<p>Of the English weapons just described some closely resemble in -character the much larger blades of which I shall subsequently have to -speak, and which not improbably were those of some form of halberd or -battle-axe.</p> - -<p>A much longer and narrower form, in which the central rib is partly -the result of two long lateral grooves along the sides of the blade, is shown -in Fig. 301. This was found with two others at Plymstock,<a name="FNanchor_894_894" id="FNanchor_894_894"></a><a href="#Footnote_894_894" class="fnanchor">[894]</a> Devon, in -company with flanged celts, a chisel, and a tanged spear-head or dagger, -Fig. 327, and is now in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>I have a much smaller blade, of somewhat the same character (4⅞ -inches), but imperfect at the base, found in a barrow near Cirencester; -and one smaller still (4¼ inches), from a small barrow near Ablington, -Cirencester, Gloucestershire. This latter appears to have had two rivet-holes.</p> - -<p>A beautiful example of the form of dagger of which Sir Richard C. -Hoare found numerous examples in the Wiltshire barrows is shown in -Fig. 302. It lay with burnt bones in a wooden cist in a barrow near -Winterbourn Stoke.<a name="FNanchor_895_895" id="FNanchor_895_895"></a><a href="#Footnote_895_895" class="fnanchor">[895]</a> With it was another, which was, however, broken, -an ivory pin and tweezers, and two small pieces of ivory with bronze -rivets, which were supposed to have appertained to the tips of a bow. -They may more probably have formed part of the hilt of the dagger. -The blade is ornamented with parallel lines as usual, but it also has a -series of fine dotted lines.</p> - -<p>Two other blades (8½ and 8 inches), less highly ornamented, and one -of them straighter at the edges, were found with a skeleton buried in -the hollowed trunk of an elm-tree in the King Barrow,<a name="FNanchor_896_896" id="FNanchor_896_896"></a><a href="#Footnote_896_896" class="fnanchor">[896]</a> Winterbourn -Stoke. With one of these at the breast of the skeleton were traces of a -wooden scabbard, with indentations which were thought to have been -gilt. The handle is described as having been of box-wood, and rounded -somewhat like that of a large knife. The other dagger was at the thigh. -On the breast was also a bronze awl with what is said to have been an -ivory handle (Fig. 227).</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Dr. Thurnam<a name="FNanchor_897_897" id="FNanchor_897_897"></a><a href="#Footnote_897_897" class="fnanchor">[897]</a> thinks it not improbable that one of the blades -may have been a spear-head for use in the chase. In writing of -these blades he observes, “Where two are found with the same -interment they are not exactly of one type, but one is light and -thin and of greater breadth, the other strengthened by a stout -midrib relatively heavier and of more pointed or leaf-like form; -the rivets also are larger. In such cases the former may, perhaps,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> -be supposed to be the dagger, the latter the spear.” Sir Richard -Hoare in some cases discriminates between the spear and the -dagger when two blades were found; and Mr. Cunnington -observed in a barrow at Roundway,<a name="FNanchor_898_898" id="FNanchor_898_898"></a><a href="#Footnote_898_898" class="fnanchor">[898]</a> Wilts, that a pointed blade -only 3 inches long with three rivets had a wooden shaft about -a foot in length, which, as Dr. Thurnam remarks, could not have -been the haft of a dagger.</p> - -<p>The fact that many of these blades bore traces of having had a -sheath is in favour of their being daggers rather than spear-heads, -though it must not be forgotten that Homer<a name="FNanchor_899_899" id="FNanchor_899_899"></a><a href="#Footnote_899_899" class="fnanchor">[899]</a> describes Achilles -as drawing the spear which had belonged to his father from its -sheath—</p> - -<p class="pc1 reduct">Ἐκ δ̓ ἄρα σύριγγος πατρώϊον ἐσπάσατ̓ ἔγχος</p> - -<p class="p1">Though Sir Richard Colt Hoare at first regarded all these blades -as spear-heads, he observes, about two-thirds of the way through his -first volume,<a name="FNanchor_900_900" id="FNanchor_900_900"></a><a href="#Footnote_900_900" class="fnanchor">[900]</a> “daily experience convinces me that those implements -we supposed to be spear-heads, may more properly be denominated -daggers, or knives, worn by the side, or in a girdle, and not affixed -to long shafts like the modern lance.” Further on, however, he -mentions a “spear-head” from a barrow near Fovant,<a name="FNanchor_901_901" id="FNanchor_901_901"></a><a href="#Footnote_901_901" class="fnanchor">[901]</a> having the -greater part of the wooden handle adhering to it, so that the mode -by which it was fastened was clearly seen. From the figure given -in the <i>Archæologia</i>, and in an unpublished plate of Hoare, this -seems, however, to have been a dagger rather than a spear.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Other blades of much the same character, found at Everley and Lake, -Wilts, and West Cranmore, Somerset, are figured by Dr. Thurnam.<a name="FNanchor_902_902" id="FNanchor_902_902"></a><a href="#Footnote_902_902" class="fnanchor">[902]</a> -This latter was found by my friend the late Mr. J. W. Flower, F.G.S. -It is straight at the bottom of the blade, which went only ¼ inch -into the handle at the part where the usual semicircular notch was -formed. There was a single rivet on either side. The one preserved is -½ inch long. Another, from Lake,<a name="FNanchor_903_903" id="FNanchor_903_903"></a><a href="#Footnote_903_903" class="fnanchor">[903]</a> is given by Hoare. It was found -with burnt bones and was accompanied by a whetstone.</p> - -<p>Others have been found in a barrow at Ablington,<a name="FNanchor_904_904" id="FNanchor_904_904"></a><a href="#Footnote_904_904" class="fnanchor">[904]</a> near Amesbury, -Wilts, and at Rowcroft,<a name="FNanchor_905_905" id="FNanchor_905_905"></a><a href="#Footnote_905_905" class="fnanchor">[905]</a> Yattendon, Berks (7½ inches).</p> - -<p>A fine blade of this character (9¼ inches long), with three rivets, was -found near Leeds. The midrib ends in a square base. It is not unlike -the blade of a halberd.</p> - -<p>A hafted blade of the same kind,<a name="FNanchor_906_906" id="FNanchor_906_906"></a><a href="#Footnote_906_906" class="fnanchor">[906]</a> from Bere Regis, Dorsetshire, has -already been mentioned; as well as the decoration of the hilt of one of -the same form. One (9 inches) was found in a barrow at Came,<a name="FNanchor_907_907" id="FNanchor_907_907"></a><a href="#Footnote_907_907" class="fnanchor">[907]</a> and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span> -exhibited to the Archæological Institute. Mr. Warne,<a name="FNanchor_908_908" id="FNanchor_908_908"></a><a href="#Footnote_908_908" class="fnanchor">[908]</a> however, records -the finding of two at that place. One seems to have the midrib dotted -over with small indentations.</p> - -<p>That shown in Fig. 303 (which is copied from Dr. Thurnam’s<a name="FNanchor_909_909" id="FNanchor_909_909"></a><a href="#Footnote_909_909" class="fnanchor">[909]</a> engraving) -is from Camerton, Somerset. It is remarkable as having a kind of -second midrib beyond the parallel grooves which border the first. As -usual it has but two rivets.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-243.jpg" width="250" height="352" id="i243" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 303.—Camerton. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 304.—Cambridge. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A bronze dagger (5½ inches) of the Wiltshire type was found in the -well-known barrow at Hove,<a name="FNanchor_910_910" id="FNanchor_910_910"></a><a href="#Footnote_910_910" class="fnanchor">[910]</a> near Brighton, in which the interment had -been made in an oak coffin. -An amber cup, a perforated -stone axe-hammer, and a -whetstone had also been deposited -with the body.</p> - -<p>In a blade of this class (7 -inches), found with burnt -bones and chippings of flint -in a barrow at Teddington,<a name="FNanchor_911_911" id="FNanchor_911_911"></a><a href="#Footnote_911_911" class="fnanchor">[911]</a> -the midrib appears to be -formed of three beads.</p> - -<p>Another (9 inches) formed -part of the Arreton Down<a name="FNanchor_912_912" id="FNanchor_912_912"></a><a href="#Footnote_912_912" class="fnanchor">[912]</a> -find, of which more will hereafter -be said. The blade -is ornamented with delicate -flutings and curves, and the -midrib ends in a crescented -hollow exactly opposite to the -usual notch in the handle. -This specimen is now in the -British Museum.</p> - -<p>A bronze dagger (6¾ inches) -with three rivets, of which -the blade has much suffered -from decomposition, was -found with a lump of iron -pyrites within an urn in a -barrow at Angrowse Mullion,<a name="FNanchor_913_913" id="FNanchor_913_913"></a><a href="#Footnote_913_913" class="fnanchor">[913]</a> -Cornwall. A dagger blade of nearly the same kind, but with six -rivets, found in a barrow at Carnöel,<a name="FNanchor_914_914" id="FNanchor_914_914"></a><a href="#Footnote_914_914" class="fnanchor">[914]</a> Finistère, is in the museum at -the Hôtel Cluny, Paris.</p> - -<p>I have a dagger (9 inches) much like Fig. 302, only somewhat more -taper, found in the Seine at Paris. It has had three rivet-holes, and on -the blade are two bands of four lines parallel with the edge.</p> - -<p>The strengthening of the blade is sometimes effected by forming it -with three or more projecting ribs instead of a single midrib. In -Fig. 304 is shown a dagger blade in my own collection, found not far<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span> -from Cambridge. On either side of the central rib and along the outer -margin of the two other ribs are lines of minute punctures by way of -ornament.</p> - -<p>A somewhat larger blade (8⅝ inches), from Little Cressingham,<a name="FNanchor_915_915" id="FNanchor_915_915"></a><a href="#Footnote_915_915" class="fnanchor">[915]</a> Norfolk, -has two deep furrows, one on each side of the broad central midrib, -and beyond these again two lateral ribs. This was secured to its hilt by -six rivets, three on each side. It was found with a contracted male -skeleton, accompanied by a necklace of amber beads and some articles -made of thin gold plate.</p> - -<p>A dagger with a central rounded midrib, and apparently two lateral -ribs like those on Fig. 304, was found in a barrow near Torrington,<a name="FNanchor_916_916" id="FNanchor_916_916"></a><a href="#Footnote_916_916" class="fnanchor">[916]</a> -Devon. It has three rivets, by which it was attached to a wooden handle, -and the blade showed traces of a wooden sheath, which like the handle -had perished.</p> - -<p>A very small dagger or knife, with apparently a well-marked central -rib, found near Magherafelt,<a name="FNanchor_917_917" id="FNanchor_917_917"></a><a href="#Footnote_917_917" class="fnanchor">[917]</a> Co. Londonderry, is shown in Fig. 305. -It has a haft of oak attached, which is thought to be original. Any -pins or rivets that may have existed are now lost, and possibly what were -used may have been formed of wood or horn. Some thin wedges of oak -appear to have been used for steadying the blade in the haft, the upper -part of which has somewhat suffered from fire.</p> - -<p>One of the daggers from the great find at Arreton Down,<a name="FNanchor_918_918" id="FNanchor_918_918"></a><a href="#Footnote_918_918" class="fnanchor">[918]</a> Isle of -Wight (9⅝ inches), has the blade strengthened by three raised ribs. It is -shown in Fig. 306. It was found with several tanged blades like -Fig. 324, some flanged celts, and other objects. In a blade (9 inches) -in Canon Greenwell’s collection, and found at Ford, Northumberland, -there are two slight ribs about ⅜ inch from the edges and parallel to -them. There are punctures along the sides of the ribs.</p> - -<p>Possibly some of these weapons may have been halberd blades, such -as those hereafter described.</p> - -<p>Another form of dagger widens out considerably at the base, so as to -give the edges an ogival outline, and this form passes into what have -been termed rapier-like blades. As is the case with the leaf-shaped -blades, which will presently be described, some of these latter are so -long that it is hard to say whether they ought to be classed as swords or -as daggers.</p> - -<p>The example engraved as Fig. 307 is from Scotland, and not England, -the original being in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. It was -found in 1828 upon the farm of Kilrie, near Kinghorn, Fifeshire. The -blade, as is usually the case, shows a central ridge upon it, but is also -ornamented with parallel lines engraved on either side, which is a feature -of far less common occurrence.</p> - -<p>A plain blade of the same character (7½ inches), but narrower in its -proportions, was found at Bracklesham,<a name="FNanchor_919_919" id="FNanchor_919_919"></a><a href="#Footnote_919_919" class="fnanchor">[919]</a> Sussex. It has as usual two -rivets only.</p> - -<p>I have another (7⅛ inches), showing four facets on the blade, from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span> -Soham Fen; the two rivet-holes cut through the margin of the base, as in -Fig. 304.</p> - -<p>I have seen others from the Cambridge Fens.</p> - -<p>Another (13½ inches) with four rivets, and more nearly approaching -the rapier form, was found in the Thames at Ditton,<a name="FNanchor_920_920" id="FNanchor_920_920"></a><a href="#Footnote_920_920" class="fnanchor">[920]</a> Surrey, and was -presented to the British Museum by the Earl of Lovelace. Another of the -same character (7 inches) was found in the Thames near Maidenhead,<a name="FNanchor_921_921" id="FNanchor_921_921"></a><a href="#Footnote_921_921" class="fnanchor">[921]</a> -and another (8 inches) at Battersea.<a name="FNanchor_922_922" id="FNanchor_922_922"></a><a href="#Footnote_922_922" class="fnanchor">[922]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-245.jpg" width="400" height="451" id="i245" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 305.—Magherafelt. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 306.—Arreton Down. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 307.—Kinghorn. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>One (9¾ inches) with two rivets, and the base forming half a hexagon, -was found at New Bilton,<a name="FNanchor_923_923" id="FNanchor_923_923"></a><a href="#Footnote_923_923" class="fnanchor">[923]</a> near Rugby. I have another of nearly the -same form (7¾ inches) from Waterbeach Fen, Cambridge.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span></p> - -<p>In some the blade is ornamented by ribs cast in relief and by engraving. -A good example of the kind from the collection of Mr. Robert Day, -F.S.A., is shown in Fig. 308. It was found in the old castle of Colloony,<a name="FNanchor_924_924" id="FNanchor_924_924"></a><a href="#Footnote_924_924" class="fnanchor">[924]</a> -Co. Sligo. One of much the same form as the Wiltshire dagger (Fig. 302), -found in the Thames,<a name="FNanchor_925_925" id="FNanchor_925_925"></a><a href="#Footnote_925_925" class="fnanchor">[925]</a> near Richmond (7-9/10 inches), has at the base a -vandyke border and hatched diagonal bands. The blade is slightly ridged -but not otherwise ornamented. It is now in the British Museum. One -(5½ inches), ornamented at the base in a similar manner, but with a short -broad tang and one rivet-hole, was found on Helsington Peat Moss,<a name="FNanchor_926_926" id="FNanchor_926_926"></a><a href="#Footnote_926_926" class="fnanchor">[926]</a> -Westmoreland.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-246.jpg" width="400" height="371" id="i246" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 308.—Colloony. ½ -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 309.—Ireland. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -<span class="vh">——</span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>A blade (7 inches) also ornamented at the base with a vandyke pattern -was found at Pitkaithly, Perthshire, and is now in the museum at -Edinburgh.</p> - -<p>Many blades of daggers from Germany are ornamented. One of the -most beautiful that I have seen is that in the museum at Laibach, -Carniola. Another (11½ inches), with the hilt complete, and the blade -and pommel-plate beautifully ornamented, was found near Vienna.<a name="FNanchor_927_927" id="FNanchor_927_927"></a><a href="#Footnote_927_927" class="fnanchor">[927]</a> Von -Sacken points out that from the shortness of the hilt it is probable that -these daggers were held in the same manner as among the Peruvians of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span> -the present day, with the two first fingers not round the hilt, but stretched -along the blade.</p> - -<p>In the museum of the Royal Irish Academy<a name="FNanchor_928_928" id="FNanchor_928_928"></a><a href="#Footnote_928_928" class="fnanchor">[928]</a> is a broad dagger blade -6⅝ inches long, and engraved with a kind of vandyke pattern at the base. -The ornamented portion is shown full size in Fig. 309, kindly lent me by -the Academy. It is rather remarkable that the ornaments should extend -to so near the base, as they must have been intended to be free of the -hilt, in which, in consequence, it would appear that only a small part of -the blade can have been inserted. The sides of the socket in the hilt may, -however, have extended some -distance up the sloping part -of the base of the blade.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-247.jpg" width="250" height="420" id="i247" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc17" summary="caption17"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 310.<br />Kilrea. ¼</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 311.<br />Thames. ¼</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 312.<br />Thatcham. ¼</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>An ornamented blade of -more elongated form (16½ -inches) is engraved on the -scale of one-fourth in Fig. 310. -It was found at Kilrea, Co. -Sligo, and is in the collection -of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. -There is a vandyke pattern -near the base, which is not -shown in the cut.</p> - -<p>I have a plain blade (14 -inches) with merely a central -ridge, and with two rivet-holes, -which is also from Ireland, -and of much the same -form.</p> - -<p>In a small English blade -(5 inches) of the same character -there are no rivet-holes at -the base.</p> - -<p>A blade from the Thames<a name="FNanchor_929_929" id="FNanchor_929_929"></a><a href="#Footnote_929_929" class="fnanchor">[929]</a> -of an ordinary rapier shape is -shown on the scale of one-fourth -in Fig. 311. It is provided -with two rivets, and -there are notches at the side -of the base as if to allow of -two others being passed -through the hilt to steady -the blade.</p> - -<p>A blade of the same form -(10 inches), but with only two rivet-holes at the base, was found at the -foot of “the Castle Tump,” Newchurch,<a name="FNanchor_930_930" id="FNanchor_930_930"></a><a href="#Footnote_930_930" class="fnanchor">[930]</a> Radnorshire.</p> - -<p>Rapier-shaped blades from 8½ inches to 12½ inches long, found at -Auchtermuchty, Fife; at Fairholm, Dumfriesshire; and near Ardoch, -Perthshire, are preserved in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh.</p> - -<p>Fig. 312 represents a small blade of this character dredged up from the -Kennet and Avon Canal, between Theale and Thatcham, Berks, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span> -given me by Mr. W. Whitaker, F.G.S. The two little notches at the -side of the base are peculiar.</p> - -<p>A number of blades of this character, but without these small notches, -have been found in the Cambridgeshire Fens. Mr. Fisher, of Ely, has -four, varying in length from 8 inches to 9 inches, about 2 inches wide at -the base and 1 inch in the middle of the blade. They all have two rivet-holes, -in some of which are rivets ⅝ inch long.</p> - -<p>Two blades found at South Kyme,<a name="FNanchor_931_931" id="FNanchor_931_931"></a><a href="#Footnote_931_931" class="fnanchor">[931]</a> Lincolnshire, seem to have been of -this character. Another (13½ inches) was found at Corbridge,<a name="FNanchor_932_932" id="FNanchor_932_932"></a><a href="#Footnote_932_932" class="fnanchor">[932]</a> Northumberland, -in company with a leaf-shaped spear-head. One from Burwell -Fen, in my own collection, has three rivet-holes, in which are still two of -the rivets, of which one is formed from a nearly square piece of metal. -A long blade of this kind (16½ inches), but with the blade tapering more -gradually from a rounded base, was dredged from the Thames<a name="FNanchor_933_933" id="FNanchor_933_933"></a><a href="#Footnote_933_933" class="fnanchor">[933]</a> near -Vauxhall. Other rapier-shaped blades (18⅝ inches and 14-3/10 inches) have -been found in the Thames near Kingston.<a name="FNanchor_934_934" id="FNanchor_934_934"></a><a href="#Footnote_934_934" class="fnanchor">[934]</a></p> - -<p>The base of these blades appears sometimes to be disproportionately -broad with regard to the blades themselves. An example from Coveney, -near Downham Hithe, Cambridgeshire, is in the collection of Mr. Fisher, -of Ely, and is shown in Fig. 313. This widening was no doubt intended -to aid in steadying the blade in its hilt.</p> - -<p>I have a dagger of the same form (8 inches), but with a more tapering -blade, found in Waterbeach Fen, Cambridge. Another (11½ inches), -from Harlech, Merionethshire, is even narrower in the blade than the -Coveney example, but it has lost its edges by corrosion.</p> - -<p>Some blades, from 12½ inches to 15½ inches long, and rapier-like in -character, from Maentwrog in the same county, are engraved in the <i>Archæologia</i>,<a name="FNanchor_935_935" id="FNanchor_935_935"></a><a href="#Footnote_935_935" class="fnanchor">[935]</a> -and are now in the British Museum. The rivet arrangements vary. -A spear-head, with loops attached to the blade, was found with them. -One of them has notches at the sides of the base, as in Fig. 311.</p> - -<p>One 14¾ inches long, and of much the same outline, but flat in the -centre instead of ridged, was found at Fisherton,<a name="FNanchor_936_936" id="FNanchor_936_936"></a><a href="#Footnote_936_936" class="fnanchor">[936]</a> near Salisbury, and is -in the Blackmore Museum. Another of the same character, but broad -in the blade (16½ inches), was found in the Thames.<a name="FNanchor_937_937" id="FNanchor_937_937"></a><a href="#Footnote_937_937" class="fnanchor">[937]</a></p> - -<p>Canon Greenwell has two rapier-like blades from the Thames, 17½ -inches and 15⅝ inches long, from Sandford. With the latter was found -a leaf-shaped blade (19 inches) with two rivet-holes in the base.</p> - -<p>Such blades are almost long enough to be regarded as swords.</p> - -<p>A weapon of this form (16⅞ inches), with the blade reduced in thickness -towards the edges, and with two large rivets, one of them still <i>in situ</i>, -was found in the Thames, and is now in the British Museum. Another in -the same collection (12⅞ inches), from the Thames at Kingston, is much -narrower at the base.</p> - -<p>A blade of this character from Blair Drummond Moss was exhibited -in the museum at Edinburgh, and is preserved at Blair Drummond -House.</p> - -<p>The type occurs in France. One found at Auxonne,<a name="FNanchor_938_938" id="FNanchor_938_938"></a><a href="#Footnote_938_938" class="fnanchor">[938]</a> Haute Saône, is -in the St. Germain Museum.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span></p> - -<p>Another, rather shorter and broader, with two rivets and two notches -in the sides of the base, was found in the bay of Penhouët<a name="FNanchor_939_939" id="FNanchor_939_939"></a><a href="#Footnote_939_939" class="fnanchor">[939]</a> (Loire -Inférieure).</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-249.jpg" width="200" height="449" id="i249" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 313.—Coveney. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 314.—Thames. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>I have examples from -the Seine at Paris, and -also from the neighbourhood -of Amiens.</p> - -<p>In some cases the rivet-holes -cut through the margin -of the metal as in Fig. -304.</p> - -<p>Blades appear sometimes -to have been cast -with deep rounded notches -in the base to receive the -rivets instead of having -holes drilled or cast in -them. That shown in Fig. -314 is of this character, -and was found in the -Thames at London. It -was given to me by Mr. -C. Roach Smith, F.S.A. -Others of the same character -have also been found -in the Thames. One of -these (16⅝ inches), of -nearly the same type but -more rounded at the lower -part of the wings, is in the -British Museum.</p> - -<p>Canon Greenwell has a -blade of this type (8¾ -inches), found near Methwold, -Norfolk.</p> - -<p>A specimen of this form -(11 inches) from Edington -Burtle, Somerset, is in the -Museum at Taunton.</p> - -<p>A blade from Inchigecla,<a name="FNanchor_940_940" id="FNanchor_940_940"></a><a href="#Footnote_940_940" class="fnanchor">[940]</a> -Co. Cork, figured in -the <i>Archæological Journal</i>, -seems to be notched in a -similar manner. Another -of different form, but apparently -notched after the -same fashion, is engraved -by Vallancey.<a name="FNanchor_941_941" id="FNanchor_941_941"></a><a href="#Footnote_941_941" class="fnanchor">[941]</a></p> - -<p>Some of the rapier-shaped blades, and especially those of larger size, -such as seem intermediate between swords and daggers, are ornamented<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> -as well as strengthened by a projecting midrib, while their weight is -diminished by flutings along either side. A beautiful example of -this kind, found at the bottom of an old canoe, between the peat and -clay, near Chatteris, Cambs, is shown one-quarter size in Fig. 315. -I have another (14 inches) with the midrib not quite so prominent, and -with the rivet-holes cutting the margin of the base, found at Aston -Ingham, Herefordshire. A portion of another was found near Waterbeach,<a name="FNanchor_942_942" id="FNanchor_942_942"></a><a href="#Footnote_942_942" class="fnanchor">[942]</a> -Cambs.</p> - -<p>A broader blade of the same character (12¾ inches), with two very large -rivets, was found in the Thames at Kingston, and is now in the British -Museum. A narrower blade (12 inches) with the rivet-holes cutting -through the base, was found at Cæsar’s Camp, Farnham, Surrey, and is -in the same collection.</p> - -<p>A long blade of this character from the Thames (21 inches long and -2⅜ inches wide at the base), with central ridge and slight flutings at the -edges, may more properly be regarded as a sword. It is in the British -Museum.</p> - -<p>Six blades, all of the rapier character, but varying in details, and from -12 inches to 22 inches in length, were found at Talaton, Devonshire.<a name="FNanchor_943_943" id="FNanchor_943_943"></a><a href="#Footnote_943_943" class="fnanchor">[943]</a> -Some moulds of stone for blades of the same kind were found at Hennock -in the same county, and will subsequently be described. Another -blade (17 inches) was found at Winkleigh,<a name="FNanchor_944_944" id="FNanchor_944_944"></a><a href="#Footnote_944_944" class="fnanchor">[944]</a> near Crediton, Devon.</p> - -<p>A blade of the same character from Ireland is given by Vallancey.<a name="FNanchor_945_945" id="FNanchor_945_945"></a><a href="#Footnote_945_945" class="fnanchor">[945]</a> -A fine specimen from the same country (18 inches) is in the British -Museum.<a name="FNanchor_946_946" id="FNanchor_946_946"></a><a href="#Footnote_946_946" class="fnanchor">[946]</a> What appears to be a part of a blade<a name="FNanchor_947_947" id="FNanchor_947_947"></a><a href="#Footnote_947_947" class="fnanchor">[947]</a> of the same kind has -been regarded as a kind of “steel” for sharpening other blades.</p> - -<p>A rapier-shaped blade (21 inches) with two rivet-holes was found, with -socketed celts and a palstave, at Mawgan,<a name="FNanchor_948_948" id="FNanchor_948_948"></a><a href="#Footnote_948_948" class="fnanchor">[948]</a> Cornwall.</p> - -<p>Blades of this character are also found in France. Two from the -departments of Aisne and Somme,<a name="FNanchor_949_949" id="FNanchor_949_949"></a><a href="#Footnote_949_949" class="fnanchor">[949]</a> have been figured. One (20 inches -long) is in the Museum at Nantes.</p> - -<p>A rapier blade from the Chaussée Brunehault, and now in the Boulogne -Museum, is almost like a trefoil in outline at the hilt end.</p> - -<p>A still longer blade of this character, which perhaps ought with greater -propriety to have been classed among swords, is shown in Fig. 316 on -the scale of one-fourth. It has unfortunately lost its point, but is still -17¾ inches long. It would appear to have been originally about 20½ -inches long, as shown in the figure. The blade in this case has three -projecting ribs between which and again towards the edges it is fluted. -It was found in the River Ouse, near Thetford. The imperfect rivet-holes -at the base appear to have been cast in the blade, and the means -of steadying it in its hilt must have been but inadequate. Such weapons, -however, can only have been intended for stabbing, and not for striking.</p> - -<p>Another blade of similar form, but with perfect rivet-holes, was -found in the fine earthwork of Badbury, Dorsetshire, and is in the -collection of Mr. Durden, of Blandford. It is 23½ inches long and 2-9/16 -inches wide at the base above the rivet-holes.</p> - -<p>Blades of this kind are occasionally found in Ireland. In the British<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span> -Museum is one (9 inches) with deep notches for the rivets, found in -Rathkennan Bog, Co. Tipperary.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-251.jpg" width="400" height="583" id="i251" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 315.—Chatteris. ¼ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 316.—Thetford. ¼ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 317.—Londonderry. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-252.jpg" width="70" height="752" id="i252" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 318. Lissane. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - - -<p>Nearly all the rapier-shaped blades which have still to be noticed may -be regarded as probably those of swords rather than of daggers. That -shown in Fig. 317 is in my own collection, and was found near Londonderry. -The method of attachment to the hilt by two rivets fitting into -notches at the sides of the base of the blade is the same as in some of the -shorter weapons already mentioned.</p> - -<p>Another (19 inches), found at Killeshandra,<a name="FNanchor_950_950" id="FNanchor_950_950"></a><a href="#Footnote_950_950" class="fnanchor">[950]</a> Co. Cavan, has similar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span> -notches at the sides, but the base is somewhat differently shaped. Many -of these rapier-shaped blades have been found in Ireland, and -Canon Greenwell has one (27¼ inches) which was bought in -Scotland, and probably found in that country.</p> - -<p>A blade (14 inches) found in the Loire, and now in the Nantes -Museum, has side notches of nearly the same character as those -in Fig. 317.</p> - -<p>The finest example of the rapier kind ever found in Ireland -is that shown in Fig. 318, which by the kindness of the Royal -Irish Academy I here reproduce from Sir W. Wilde’s Catalogue. -It is no less than 30¼ inches long, and is only ⅝ inch -in width at the centre of the blade, which has a strong midrib. -It was found in a bog at Lissane, Co. Derry. I have a blade, -found at Noailles, near Beauvais, Oise, France, identical in -form and character, but only 23¼ inches long. Were it not -that the rivets are wanting, Fig. 318 might have been taken -from the French instead of the Irish specimen.</p> - -<p>Another narrow blade, with a heavy rounded midrib (22⅝ -inches long and 1¾ inch broad at the base), was found in a bog -at Galbally, Co. Tyrone, and had at the time of its discovery -the original hilt attached. There also appear to have been -some remains of a scabbard, but this is uncertain. The hilt -has been engraved in the <i>Proceedings of the Royal Historical and -Archæological Society of Ireland</i>,<a name="FNanchor_951_951" id="FNanchor_951_951"></a><a href="#Footnote_951_951" class="fnanchor">[951]</a> and is here by their kindness -reproduced as Fig. 319.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Mr. Wakeman, of Enniskillen, in his interesting account -of the discovery, describes the material of which -the hilt is formed as bone, or rather whalebone. Both -blade and haft are, however, now in my own collection, -and I think there can be no doubt that the material of -the hilt is in reality a dark-coloured ox-horn. On some -Danish blades I have seen the fibrous texture of this -substance still shown by the oxide or salt of the metal, -forming as it were a cast of its surface, which has outlasted -the horn against which it was originally formed. -There are no traces of the rivets in the Galbally hilt, so -that probably pins of hard wood served to secure it to -the blade.</p> - -<p>Some Scandinavian daggers have been found with -their handles of horn still attached. One from a barrow -in Hasslöf,<a name="FNanchor_952_952" id="FNanchor_952_952"></a><a href="#Footnote_952_952" class="fnanchor">[952]</a> South Halland, Sweden, had its leather -sheath with a long rectangular end of bronze still preserved. -The length of the sheath is about twice that -of the blade of the dagger.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span></p> - -<p>The bronze hilts for the long rapier-like blades are rare, but not -unknown.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">One of these blades, found in the Co. Tipperary,<a name="FNanchor_953_953" id="FNanchor_953_953"></a><a href="#Footnote_953_953" class="fnanchor">[953]</a> has its hilt still -attached by metal rivets, as shown in Fig. 320. The hilt is hollow and is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span> -now open at the end, though probably, as Wilde suggests, originally closed -by a bone stud.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-253.jpg" width="350" height="495" id="i253" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 319.—Galbally. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>The hilt of a sword in the museum at Tours is joined to the blade in -much the same fashion, but has a mere indentation instead of the central -semicircular notch. The body of the hilt is engraved with bands of -triangles and circles.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-254.jpg" width="200" height="425" id="i254" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 320.—Tipperary. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A rapier-shaped blade, with a bronze hilt -of nearly the same form, but with six rivets, -is in the museum at Narbonne.<a name="FNanchor_954_954" id="FNanchor_954_954"></a><a href="#Footnote_954_954" class="fnanchor">[954]</a> Another -nearly similar was found at Cheylounet,<a name="FNanchor_955_955" id="FNanchor_955_955"></a><a href="#Footnote_955_955" class="fnanchor">[955]</a> -Haute Loire.</p> - -<p>Some Egyptian bronze daggers have the -hilts formed in the same style.</p> - -<p>In another form, the blade of which is -more leaf-shaped, like the ordinary bronze -sword, the means of attachment to the haft -are merely slight notches at the sides. That -shown in Fig. 321 is only 11 inches long, but -the edge has been removed for about 1½ inch -from the base, showing the portion which -presumably was inserted in the hilt. The -original was found near Ely, and is in the -collection of Mr. M. Fisher, of that town.</p> - -<p>I have a small specimen of the same kind -(6¾ inches) from Fordham, Cambs.</p> - -<p>A more leaf-shaped blade (14 inches), with -rivet notches at the side of the base, was -found, with leaf-shaped spear-heads, at -Worth,<a name="FNanchor_956_956" id="FNanchor_956_956"></a><a href="#Footnote_956_956" class="fnanchor">[956]</a> Washfield, Devon. Possibly this, -as suggested by Mr. Tucker, F.S.A., was -originally a sword from which the hilt was -broken.</p> - -<p>A blade more like Fig. 321 (15¼ inches -long and 1 inch broad) was found in the Mardyke, near Grays Thurrock,<a name="FNanchor_957_957" id="FNanchor_957_957"></a><a href="#Footnote_957_957" class="fnanchor">[957]</a> -Essex. Some of the weapons of this kind, like one from the -Thames at Kingston (11½ inches), appear to have been made from broken -sword or rapier-like blades.</p> - -<p>A long-tanged form, of which it is sometimes difficult to say whether it -is a sword, a knife, or a dagger, is of not unfrequent occurrence in -Ireland. That shown in Fig. 322 is in my own collection.</p> - -<p>I have another found near Armagh (8½ inches), which is rather broader -in its proportions. It has a diagonal row of circular indentations across -each side of the blade just above the shoulders. Not improbably these -and other specimens originally existed in a somewhat different form, but -having been injured at their base were refitted with a tang for attachment -to the haft instead of being secured by rivets at the sides like those -last mentioned.</p> - -<p>Some Danish daggers are provided with merely a slight tang like that -of a modern chisel.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-255.jpg" width="400" height="621" id="i255" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 321.—Ely. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 322.—North of Ireland.½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 323.—Raphoe. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another form of blade is more of the nature of a bayonet than of a -rapier, yet this would appear to be the proper place in which to notice it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span> -The example shown in Fig. 323 is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S., and was found at Raphoe, Co. Donegal.</p> - -<p>The section of the blade is nearly square, and the faces are ornamented -with parallel engraved lines. It ends in a tang with a single hole -through it, and with it was found a ferrule of bronze for receiving the end -of the handle.</p> - -<p>In the Royal Irish Academy Museum is another blade of the same -character, 33 inches long and nearly square in section, but having the -faces fluted. With it was a ferrule, 3¾ inches long, having four ribs at -the base, with hollows between. It has one rivet-hole through it. This -specimen was found in a bog near Glenarm, Co. Antrim.</p> - -<p>From the ferrules and general form of the blades it is probable that -they were lance or pike heads rather than of the nature of swords or -daggers. The “javelin with loop” found in Monaghan, and engraved -in the <i>Archæological Journal</i><a name="FNanchor_958_958" id="FNanchor_958_958"></a><a href="#Footnote_958_958" class="fnanchor">[958]</a> seems to be somewhat of the same nature.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">It may possibly be the case that some of the other blades -described in this chapter have served as the points of spear-like -weapons, though, from the hilts being discovered with so many -of them, there can be no doubt that the majority must be regarded -as having been the blades of daggers or rapiers. Among modern -weapons we have, however, some which, like the sword-bayonet, -are intended to serve a double purpose; and though there can -be little doubt as to the true character of the knife-daggers, it is -hardly safe to assert that all the dagger-like blades were without -exception mounted with short hilts as poniards, and that none were -provided with straight shafts as pikes, or placed transversely on -a handle to serve as halberds or battle-axes.</p> - -<p>The weapons described in this chapter probably range over the -whole of the Bronze Period of Britain. The knife-daggers, which -have almost exclusively been found in barrows, often associated -with other weapons formed of stone, may be regarded as among -the earliest of our bronze antiquities; while the rapier-shaped -blades, though of rare occurrence in hoards, appear to belong to a -period when socketed celts were already in use. Of the dagger-like -blades, in whatever manner they were mounted, a considerable -number belong to an early period. The analogies of the different -forms with those found upon the Continent have already from time -to time been noted in the preceding pages.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER XI.</h2> - -<p class="pch">TANGED AND SOCKETED DAGGERS, OR SPEAR-HEADS, HALBERDS, -AND MACES.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Before</span> passing to the leaf-shaped swords, which would seem -naturally to follow in order after the blades last described, it will -be well to notice two sets of weapons which, though in many -respects identical with daggers, may in the one case have served -as spear-heads, and in the other most probably as the blades of -battle-axes or halberds. To the first of these two classes the term -“Arreton Down type” has been conventionally applied, as it was -in the hoard found at that place that the largest proportion of such -weapons occurred; and, indeed, until that discovery the type appears -to have been unknown.</p> - -<p>The tanged blades are still rare, but have now been found in -several other places besides the Isle of Wight. The centre of the -blade is usually thick and strong, showing a central ridge and -having the sides more or less decorated with flutings or lines -where the metal is reduced in thickness. The tang, unlike that -of the daggers described at the beginning of the last chapter, is -long and narrow, and tapers away from the blade. At its end is a -hole for a rivet or pin. In one instance a ferrule was found upon -the blade, as will be seen in Fig. 324. This figure is copied from -that in the <i>Archæologia</i><a name="FNanchor_959_959" id="FNanchor_959_959"></a><a href="#Footnote_959_959" class="fnanchor">[959]</a> which is taken from a drawing made in -1737 by Sir Charles Frederick. Upon the ferrule are a number -of raised bosses in imitation of rivets, but there seems to be no -rivet-hole in the ferrule itself, though there is one in the end of -the tang of the blade with the rivet still in it.</p> - -<p>Accounts of the discovery of this and other weapons at Arreton -Down, near Newport, in the Isle of Wight, were communicated to -the Society of Antiquaries in the years 1735 and 1737, and the -latter has been printed by Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.<a name="FNanchor_960_960" id="FNanchor_960_960"></a><a href="#Footnote_960_960" class="fnanchor">[960]</a> At least<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span> -sixteen articles were found in a marl-pit, and they are said to -have been arranged in a regular order. Of these, nine were of this -tanged type, but varying in details.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-258.jpg" width="200" height="534" id="i258" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p> -Fig. 324.—Arreton Down. ½</p> -<p class="pr">Fig. 325.—Stratford-le-Bow. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>One (Fig. 328) was provided -with a socket; two were dagger -blades, already mentioned (one of -which is given in Fig. 306), and -four were flanged celts, like Fig. 8, -but varying in size. Six specimens -from this hoard are now in the -British Museum. Mr. Franks, in the -paper already mentioned, regards -these tanged weapons as spear-heads, -and is I think right in so -doing; the blades, however, present -such close analogies with the daggers -from the Wiltshire barrows, and the -socketed variety (Fig. 328) is so -dagger-like in character, that it is -hard to speak with any degree of -confidence upon this point.</p> - -<p>In 1855 Mr. Franks observed -that the type was quite new to him, -but since that time several other -specimens have been found besides -those from Arreton Down. One of -these, discovered in the River Lea -at Stratford-le-Bow, Essex, is now -in the British Museum, and is shown -in Fig. 325. As will be seen, it -has a rounded midrib, with several -parallel grooves on each side of it -engraved or punched on the blade.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Some of the weapons from<a name="FNanchor_961_961" id="FNanchor_961_961"></a><a href="#Footnote_961_961" class="fnanchor">[961]</a> Arreton -Down are of nearly the same description, -but the midrib is more ridged, -and is ornamented with rows of engraved or punched dots. One has -a double crescent-shaped line of dots punched in at the base of the blade.</p> - -<p>I have a blade (10 inches) of the same form and character, but without -any engraved dots upon it, from Burwell Fen, Cambridge. The parallel -flutings on the blade appear to have been produced in the casting, and -not by engraving or punching. The hole in the tang was also made in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span> -the casting, being irregular in form. It is nowhere less than ¼ inch -in diameter. Another weapon (7⅛ inches) of the same character, but -apparently without any fluting, was found near Newbury,<a name="FNanchor_962_962" id="FNanchor_962_962"></a><a href="#Footnote_962_962" class="fnanchor">[962]</a> Berks.</p></div> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-259.jpg" width="200" height="441" id="i259" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p> -Fig. 326.—Matlock. ½</p> -<p class="pr">Fig. 327.—Plymstock. ⅔ -</p></div></div> - -<p class="p1">Such blades are of extremely rare occurrence in Ireland, but -one (9 inches) closely resembling Fig. 325 was found in the county -of West Meath, and is now -in the collection of Mr. Robert -Day, F.S.A., of Cork.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">A slightly different variety of -blade is shown in Fig. 326. It -is ridged along the centre, and -has a groove on each side running -parallel to the edge, such -as would afford facility for -sharpening the edge by hammering -it out. The end of the -tang has been broken off at the -hole. This specimen is said to -have been found near Matlock, -Derbyshire, and is in my own -collection.</p> - -<p>One with much broader and -deeper grooves on each side of -the midrib (10 inches), found -in Swaffham Fen, is in the -Museum of the Cambridge Antiquarian -Society.</p> - -<p>A nearly similar blade, but -with four slight channels on -either side instead of one, is in -the museum at Copenhagen, -and is said to have been found -in Italy.<a name="FNanchor_963_963" id="FNanchor_963_963"></a><a href="#Footnote_963_963" class="fnanchor">[963]</a></p> - -<p>Another of these blades, but -without any lateral flutings, -and in character similar to Fig. -324, was found near Preston,<a name="FNanchor_964_964" id="FNanchor_964_964"></a><a href="#Footnote_964_964" class="fnanchor">[964]</a> -in the parish of Plymstock, -Devon, and is shown in Fig. -327. It is now in the British -Museum. In this instance, as -at Arreton Down, the accompanying -articles were flanged -celts like Fig. 9, of which there -were sixteen, and three dagger blades (see Fig. 301). There was also a -narrow chisel (Fig. 190).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span></p> - -<p>Two specimens from Suffolk (8 inches and 10½ inches), one of them -from Hintlesham,<a name="FNanchor_965_965" id="FNanchor_965_965"></a><a href="#Footnote_965_965" class="fnanchor">[965]</a> formed part of the collection of the late Mr. Whincopp, -and are now in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>One of the Arreton Down<a name="FNanchor_966_966" id="FNanchor_966_966"></a><a href="#Footnote_966_966" class="fnanchor">[966]</a> specimens, without a ferrule, is also much of -this type.</p></div> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-260.jpg" width="150" height="648" id="i260" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 328.—Arreton Down. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p class="p1">In the Arreton Down hoard there was a single example of a -weapon of this kind which was provided with -a socket for the insertion of a handle or shaft, -instead of having a tang. Fig. 328 is copied -from the engraving published in the <i>Archæologia</i>.<a name="FNanchor_967_967" id="FNanchor_967_967"></a><a href="#Footnote_967_967" class="fnanchor">[967]</a> -As will be observed, the socket part is -made to abut on the blade, much after the manner -of a dagger handle, and has cast upon it -two bosses in imitation of the heads of rivets -for securing the blade. A weapon (8¼ inches), -which there can hardly be a doubt is the original -from which Sir Charles Frederick made his drawing -for the Society of Antiquaries, is now in -Canon Greenwell’s collection, and I know of no -other example. It differs from the socketed -knives in the character of the blade, which is -thicker and more highly ornamented, like some -of the daggers from the Wiltshire barrows. Whether -it was itself intended to be a dagger, or -whether it was the head of a spear or lance, I -will not attempt to determine.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">What has somewhat the appearance of being a -weapon of the same character was found in a moss -near Campbeltown,<a name="FNanchor_968_968" id="FNanchor_968_968"></a><a href="#Footnote_968_968" class="fnanchor">[968]</a> Argyleshire, together with a -bronze sword. It may, however, as already suggested, -be merely a socketed knife.</p> - -<p>A very beautiful weapon of this kind is in the museum -at Lausanne. The blade is ornamented somewhat -in the same manner as that of Fig. 328. The -socket is shorter and ornamented with parallel rings -and bands of triangles, alternately hatched and plain. -There appear to be six rivets, and what may be -termed the hilt has a deep half-oval notch in it, like that which is common -on swords and daggers. The margin of this notch is decorated with -punctured dots. It was, I believe, found near Sion, Valais, with portions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span> -of what may have been the ornaments of a sheath, and also with -a long narrow celt, flanged at the upper part. The general resemblance -between the Swiss and the English specimens is very remarkable.</p> - -<p>An Egyptian<a name="FNanchor_969_969" id="FNanchor_969_969"></a><a href="#Footnote_969_969" class="fnanchor">[969]</a> blade, with the side edges slightly curved inwards, and -with the socket rather shorter than in Fig. 328, is in the museum at -Boulaq. It is attached to the socket by three rivets.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-261.jpg" width="350" height="512" id="i261" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 329.—Årup. ⅓ -</p></div></div> - -<p>The second series of blades of which it is proposed to treat in -this chapter are usually from six to sixteen inches long, rather -broad at the base, and not unfrequently curved longitudinally. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span> -latter circumstance, as well as their shape and weight, proves that -some of these broad blades were not intended for use as daggers; -and this being admitted, it seems to follow that others, which -resemble the curved blades in all respects except their curvature, -must be regarded as belonging to the same class of weapons. -What these weapons were may I think be best shown by some -examples from Scandinavia and Northern Germany, which also -show the manner in which similar blades were attached to their -shafts so as to form a kind of halberd or battle-axe.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">That which I have selected by way of illustration is one that is engraved -in Dr. Oscar Montelius’ “Sveriges Forntid,”<a name="FNanchor_970_970" id="FNanchor_970_970"></a><a href="#Footnote_970_970" class="fnanchor">[970]</a> who has kindly lent me the -block of Fig. 329. In this instance the scale adopted is one-third linear -measure. In A is given a view of the upper end, seen from above, and -in B a view from behind the blade, showing the great projection of the -rivet-like knobs. The handle as well as the blade is in bronze. This -specimen was found at Årup, in Scania. Another is engraved in Lisch’s -“Frederico-Francisceum.”<a name="FNanchor_971_971" id="FNanchor_971_971"></a><a href="#Footnote_971_971" class="fnanchor">[971]</a> It was found, with two others, at Blengow, -near Buckow, Mecklenburg Schwerin, and is regarded by Lisch as -a kind of battle-axe, or possibly as a “commander’s staff” or bâton of -honour. Good examples of the same kind are in the museums at Malmoe -and Kiel, and others have been described by Klemm.<a name="FNanchor_972_972" id="FNanchor_972_972"></a><a href="#Footnote_972_972" class="fnanchor">[972]</a> Two have been -found near Neu Ruppin. Others are in the Schwerin Museum. -Another, with a separate socket, having three rivet-like bosses upon it, -is in the Berlin Museum.<a name="FNanchor_973_973" id="FNanchor_973_973"></a><a href="#Footnote_973_973" class="fnanchor">[973]</a> There can be little doubt that this last-mentioned -weapon is a representative of an earlier form, when the shaft was -merely of wood and the transverse blade was secured in it by means of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span> -three rivets. An intermediate form, in which the blade fits into a kind of -open-work bronze socket for receiving a shaft, is preserved in the Berlin -Museum.<a name="FNanchor_974_974" id="FNanchor_974_974"></a><a href="#Footnote_974_974" class="fnanchor">[974]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-262.jpg" width="400" height="194" id="i262" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 330.—China. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>An instance of the use of an analogous form of weapon in another part -of the world is afforded by some bronze blades from China, of which one -is represented in Fig. 330. For the loan of the original of this figure -I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S. As will be readily seen, -the blade is adapted for being attached at nearly a right angle to a -shaft, into which the flat tang behind the stop-ridge would be inserted, -and the blade would then be secured in its position by laces or straps -passing through the slots at the base of the blade. The antiquity of -such weapons in China it is hard to ascertain, but they probably date back -to a period many centuries remote from the present day.</p> - -<p>Several of them are engraved in a Chinese work on antiquities, “The -Golden Study,” to which Mr. H. N. Moseley, F.R.S., has kindly called -my attention. What appear to be bronze spear-heads and swords are -figured in the same work.</p> - -<p>A bronze weapon of the same kind, but with a socket, which, like -the blade, is highly ornamented, was found on the Yenissei,<a name="FNanchor_975_975" id="FNanchor_975_975"></a><a href="#Footnote_975_975" class="fnanchor">[975]</a> in Siberia. -There is the figure of a kind of antelope projecting from the socket opposite -the blade. Another, from Viatka, in Russia, has the head of an -animal in the same position.</p> - -<p>An iron weapon with a socket at right angles to the blade, from the -Inwa,<a name="FNanchor_976_976" id="FNanchor_976_976"></a><a href="#Footnote_976_976" class="fnanchor">[976]</a> Perm, appears to be a halberd of much the same kind.</p> - -<p>This form of weapon closely approximates to the Australian “malga”<a name="FNanchor_977_977" id="FNanchor_977_977"></a><a href="#Footnote_977_977" class="fnanchor">[977]</a> -and to some other wooden weapons in use in New Caledonia.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">As it is in Ireland and Scotland that the most characteristic of -the halberd blades have been discovered, it will be well to commence -with the examples from those countries rather than with -those from England.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In Fig. 331 is represented a fine specimen of a form not unusual in -Ireland, though the central rib is somewhat more ornamented than is -generally the case. The rivets, as usual, are three in number, and are -still preserved in the blade. In this case they are about ⅜ inch in -diameter and ¾ inch between the heads, which are about ⅝ inch in -diameter and have been carefully hammered into an almost hemispherical -form. The midrib ends abruptly in a straight line where it abutted on -the shaft. The metal appears to have a considerably less proportion of -tin to copper than is usual with bronze weapons. It looks in fact almost -like pure copper.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-264.jpg" width="200" height="656" id="i264" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 331.—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>This coppery appearance is by no means uncommon in these blades. I -have another specimen of the same form (9¾ inches), but without the bead -on the midrib. It was found at Letterkenny, Co. Donegal. A specimen -much like Fig. 331 is termed by Vallancey,<a name="FNanchor_978_978" id="FNanchor_978_978"></a><a href="#Footnote_978_978" class="fnanchor">[978]</a> “the brass head of a <i>Tuagh<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span> -catha</i>, a general name for the war-axe.” -“The large rivets of this -weapon show it was mounted on a -very strong shaft.”</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Sir W. Wilde has described, -under the two distinct headings -of “Broad scythe-shaped Swords,” -and “Battle-axes,” the weapons -which I have here classed together. -Of the former he mentions -forty-one specimens in the Museum -of the Royal Irish Academy, -of the latter but two or -three. The “swords”<a name="FNanchor_979_979" id="FNanchor_979_979"></a><a href="#Footnote_979_979" class="fnanchor">[979]</a> he describes -as thick, heavy, and round-pointed, -averaging about 12 -inches in length by about 2½ -inches in breadth at the base; -twenty-two of the blades being -curved. With the strong blades, -however, he classes some which -are quite thin and flat, and which -have more the appearance of -having been intended for daggers. -The curved shape is much against -their having been attached to -staves “spear-ways;” so that -Wilde’s other suggestion of the -scythe-shaped swords having been -mounted like axes, or “affixed to -long handles like modern halberds,” -seems much more reasonable. -As to the shorter and -broader blades, whether curved -or not, he appears to have had -no doubt of their being a kind of -battle-axes.</p> - -<p>Wilde has inferred from the -large size of the rivets, some -being 1½ inches in length and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span> -nearly 1 inch across the burr or head, that they must have been -attached to massive metal handles, of which, however, no fragments -have been preserved. If this view had been correct, the -disappearance of the handles would be a remarkable circumstance; -but the large rivets appear rather intended for securing the blades -to wooden shafts, the disappearance of which from ordinary decay -is exactly what might be expected. In one instance there are -large conical washers or broad rings of bronze 1¼ inches in diameter -beneath the rivet-heads, and these in the case of a metal handle -would have been superfluous.</p> - -<p>Wilde appears to me to have fallen into another error with -respect to the antiquity of this form of weapon.<a name="FNanchor_980_980" id="FNanchor_980_980"></a><a href="#Footnote_980_980" class="fnanchor">[980]</a> Arguing from -the fact that many of the specimens are formed either of red bronze -or of pure copper, he thinks it probable that, like the celts of -that material, they are of immense antiquity. And in another -place he says that their antiquity may be gathered from the fact -of many being of copper, the use of which metal invariably preceded -that of bronze. As I have already had occasion to observe, -it is perfectly true that many of these blades have the appearance -of being made of copper, but the absence of tin in their composition -has not as yet been proved. Even were they of pure copper the -form and character of the blades show them to be derivatives from -the dagger, as the dagger itself sprang from the simpler knife; and -the cause for using a less proportion of tin, or indeed none of that -metal in them, appears to me to have been the wish to make them -less brittle than if they had been of bronze. A weapon used as a -battle-axe would not be less deadly from having a somewhat duller -cutting edge than if formed of bronze, and should it get bent in -an encounter, the straightening of it might quickly be effected, -while the loss of a blade by its breaking would be irreparable. -I have elsewhere contended that the Hungarian perforated double-ended -axes (like pick-axes) of copper, with but little or no tin in -them, were made of this material, not because tin was unknown, but -because the ductile and malleable copper was found better adapted -for certain purposes than the more fragile bronze. In the same -manner copper rather than brass sets or punches are in use among -engineers at the present day, when an intermediate piece of metal -is required to convey the blows of a hammer to an iron key or -other object which would be injured by receiving the blows direct.</p> - -<p>Sir William Wilde, in his Fig. 360, has shown a hollow tube of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span> -bronze as forming the handle of a wide halberd blade; but this -juxtaposition of the two objects has been questioned. Not only -are the projecting spikes upon the tube somewhat inconsistent -with its use as a handle, but from a comparison with some similar -objects since discovered there can be no doubt of the presumed -halberd shaft being in reality a portion of a trumpet.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-266.jpg" width="400" height="330" id="i266" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 332.—Cavan. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p>The blade which is figured in connection with this handle was found -near Roscrea, Co. Tipperary, and closely resembles Fig. 332 both in form -and size, being 7⅜ inches long and 8⅝ inches wide at the base, in which -are two rivet-holes and also two notches in the margin. It has a kind of -treble midrib. The blade shown in Fig. 332 has but a single midrib, but -near the edges and following the same curve is a minor ridge. A section -is given at the side of the figure. The original was found near Cavan, -and is in my own collection. From the absence of rivet-holes it seems -doubtful whether it was ever mounted on a shaft so as to form a complete -weapon, unless, indeed, the sharp base was merely driven into the wood. -The metal appears to have a larger admixture of tin in it than is usual -in the scythe-like blades. I am not aware of the existence of any other -specimens of this very broad form besides the two now mentioned.</p> - -<p>A curved blade, of much the same section as Fig. 332, but 15½ inches -long and 3¼ inches broad at the base, found at the foot of Slieve Kileta -Hill, Co. Wexford, is in the British Museum. It has three stout rivets.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-267.jpg" width="400" height="603" id="i267" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 333.—Newtown Limavady. ½ -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 334.—Ballygawley. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span></p> - -<p>The long and narrow blade shown in Fig. 333 seems also to belong -to the category of halberds, though the rivet-holes are smaller than usual, -and the blade itself thinner. It is strengthened by a number of small -converging ribs formed in the casting, instead of by a broad midrib, and -is also straight and not curved. The original was found near Newtown -Limavady, Co. Derry, and is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S.</p> - -<p>The shorter and much more massive blade shown in Fig. 334 is also in -Canon Greenwell’s collection, and was found at Ballygawley, Co. Tyrone. -It has probably seen much service, as what appear to have been the -original three rivet-holes have in two cases been partly closed by hammering, -while in the third the base of the blade has broken away. In order -to make use of the weapon, three fresh holes have been drilled rather -farther from the base, in which the rivets are still preserved.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-268.jpg" width="400" height="438" id="i268" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 335.—Falkland. ½ -<span class="vh">——————</span> -Fig. 336.—Stranraer. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Some of the Irish<a name="FNanchor_981_981" id="FNanchor_981_981"></a><a href="#Footnote_981_981" class="fnanchor">[981]</a> blades are more rounded than this at the point, and -have been secured to the shafts by four rivets arranged as in Fig. 336. -There is also occasionally a shoulder between the blade and the part let -into the handle, as in that from Stranraer.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-269.jpg" width="350" height="524" id="i269" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 337.—Harbyrnrigge. ½ -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 338.—Shropshire. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In Fig. 335 is shown another blade much like that from Ballygawley, -but found near Falkland, Fifeshire. The metal appears to be nearly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span> -pure copper, and it is doubtful whether it ever had more than one rivet-hole, -though there are notches for the reception of two besides the rivet -still left in the blade. It would, however, be fairly secured in its handle -by a second rivet in the notch on the left, while a third at the back of -the midrib would prevent the blade from being driven into its handle by -a blow.</p> - -<p>In the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh are several of these halberd-like -blades, some of them curved. One from Sluie,<a name="FNanchor_982_982" id="FNanchor_982_982"></a><a href="#Footnote_982_982" class="fnanchor">[982]</a> Edinkillie, Elginshire, -is 11 by 3½ inches, and has four rivet-holes arranged in a semicircle. -It was found with two flat celts. Three others, from 10 to 13½ -inches by 3 inches, were found together at Kingarth,<a name="FNanchor_983_983" id="FNanchor_983_983"></a><a href="#Footnote_983_983" class="fnanchor">[983]</a> Bute. They are -described as of reddish bronze.</p> - -<p>The original of Fig. 336 was found near Stranraer,<a name="FNanchor_984_984" id="FNanchor_984_984"></a><a href="#Footnote_984_984" class="fnanchor">[984]</a> Wigtonshire, and -is now in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. It is 12½ inches long -and 4½ broad, and weighs nearly 1¾ lbs., so that if mounted as a halberd, -it must have been a formidable weapon. The rivets are an inch in -length.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">In England and Wales the blades which can with any degree of -confidence be regarded as those of halberds are by no means -common. I think, however, that the example from Harbyrnrigge,<a name="FNanchor_985_985" id="FNanchor_985_985"></a><a href="#Footnote_985_985" class="fnanchor">[985]</a> -Crosby Ravensworth, Westmoreland, shown in Fig. 337, must be -looked upon as a halberd rather than as a dagger. It is in the -collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Another blade of much the same character is shown on the scale of one-fourth -in Fig. 338. It was found in Shropshire,<a name="FNanchor_986_986" id="FNanchor_986_986"></a><a href="#Footnote_986_986" class="fnanchor">[986]</a> but the exact locality -is not known. Another (11¼ by 4 inches), bearing much resemblance to -that from Shropshire, was found near Manea,<a name="FNanchor_987_987" id="FNanchor_987_987"></a><a href="#Footnote_987_987" class="fnanchor">[987]</a> Cambridgeshire. It is -provided with four rivets, and has a small rib running down the thickened -centre of the blade. It is now in the Museum of the Cambridge Antiquarian -Society.</p> - -<p>The late Mr. J. W. Flower, F.G.S., bequeathed to me a blade of this -character (9¾ by 3½ inches) thickened out in the middle like Fig. 334, and -with three large rivet-holes in the base, which is somewhat of a trefoil -form. It was found with broken sword-blades and spear-heads at Stoke -Ferry, Norfolk, and appears to be formed of copper.</p> - -<p>The only Welsh example which I have to mention was found in the -parish of Llansanffraid,<a name="FNanchor_988_988" id="FNanchor_988_988"></a><a href="#Footnote_988_988" class="fnanchor">[988]</a> Cwm Deuddwr, Radnorshire. It is 9 inches -long and 4 inches wide, and weighs 15 oz. In form and character it closely -resembles the Irish and Scotch specimens (Figs. 334 and 335), having -a plain midrib, bevelled edges, and three rivet-holes.</p> - -<p>A large blade, with a strong midrib and three rivets, found in -Zealand, and engraved by Madsen,<a name="FNanchor_989_989" id="FNanchor_989_989"></a><a href="#Footnote_989_989" class="fnanchor">[989]</a> may have belonged to a halberd of -this class.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p1">I have already mentioned the halberd blades from Scandinavia -and North Germany, and have seen but one example from any of -the western countries of Europe. This is from Spain, and was -found near Ciudad Real. It is about 8¼ inches long, and more -<span class="f1 lmid"><b>T</b></span>-shaped at the base than any British specimen, the blade -suddenly expanding from 2 inches in width to 5. In this -expanded part are the usual three rivets, each about 1 inch in -length. The discovery of a weapon of this type in Spain seems -to lend support to those who maintain that there was some connection -between the Iberians and the early inhabitants of Ireland. -The curious similarity of some of the Portuguese forms of flint -arrow- and javelin-heads to those of Ireland is also worthy of notice.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-271.jpg" width="400" height="191" id="i271" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 339.—Lidgate. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 340.—Great Bedwin. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 341.—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Besides the battle-axe or halberd there is another form of -weapon for hand-to-hand encounters—the mace—of which it -will be well to say a few words; for though I do not for a moment -believe that the bronze mace-heads so frequently found in this -and other European countries belong to the Bronze Age, yet by -many they have been classed among the antiquities of that period. -These weapons vary considerably in size and weight, but the cuts -will show the more common forms.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">That shown in Fig. 339 is in the Museum of the Cambridge Antiquarian -Society, and is stated to have been found at Lidgate,<a name="FNanchor_990_990" id="FNanchor_990_990"></a><a href="#Footnote_990_990" class="fnanchor">[990]</a> Suffolk. In the -Meyrick<a name="FNanchor_991_991" id="FNanchor_991_991"></a><a href="#Footnote_991_991" class="fnanchor">[991]</a> Collection is one precisely similar, which was brought from -Italy. The mace to which these dentated rings were attached is thought -to have been a kind of “morning star” or flail. Others from Lanarkshire<a name="FNanchor_992_992" id="FNanchor_992_992"></a><a href="#Footnote_992_992" class="fnanchor">[992]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span> -are of similar character. Professor Daniel Wilson refers these to -the time of the Roman occupation.</p> - -<p>I have three heavy rings with four long and eight short spikes each, -from Hungary.</p> - -<p>Another form is provided with a socket, and is evidently intended for -mounting on a straight staff. That shown in Fig. 340 was found in a -well at Great Bedwin,<a name="FNanchor_993_993" id="FNanchor_993_993"></a><a href="#Footnote_993_993" class="fnanchor">[993]</a> Wilts, and is now in the British Museum. -Another of the same class, with a longer socket, is in the Museum<a name="FNanchor_994_994" id="FNanchor_994_994"></a><a href="#Footnote_994_994" class="fnanchor">[994]</a> of -the Cambridge Antiquarian Society; and two are in the collection of -Mr. M. Fisher, at Ely. Others have been found in London,<a name="FNanchor_995_995" id="FNanchor_995_995"></a><a href="#Footnote_995_995" class="fnanchor">[995]</a> and at -Stroud,<a name="FNanchor_996_996" id="FNanchor_996_996"></a><a href="#Footnote_996_996" class="fnanchor">[996]</a> Gloucestershire.</p> - -<p>An Irish example from Wilde<a name="FNanchor_997_997" id="FNanchor_997_997"></a><a href="#Footnote_997_997" class="fnanchor">[997]</a> is shown in Fig. 341. There are three -such in the Museum of the Academy, varying in length from 2 to 5 inches. -One from Tipperary<a name="FNanchor_998_998" id="FNanchor_998_998"></a><a href="#Footnote_998_998" class="fnanchor">[998]</a> (4 inches) is of the same kind.</p> - -<p>I have specimens of this kind from Hungary, one (4⅝ inches) with -three rows of four spikes, and one (4⅞ inches) with five rows of five -spikes. I have another from the Seine at Paris (4⅜ inches) with six -longitudinal ribs instead of spikes.</p> - -<p>Lindenschmit<a name="FNanchor_999_999" id="FNanchor_999_999"></a><a href="#Footnote_999_999" class="fnanchor">[999]</a> has figured seven examples, from various parts of -Germany and Italy, some more or less similar to each of the three figures -I have given. Some of these are decorated with spirals in relief. Lisch<a name="FNanchor_1000_1000" id="FNanchor_1000_1000"></a><a href="#Footnote_1000_1000" class="fnanchor">[1000]</a> -has also engraved some specimens.</p> - -<p>In the British Museum<a name="FNanchor_1001_1001" id="FNanchor_1001_1001"></a><a href="#Footnote_1001_1001" class="fnanchor">[1001]</a> are some foreign specimens decorated with -patterns of a decidedly mediæval character.</p> - -<p>An instrument of this kind, with eight lateral spikes and a long iron -spike coming out from the end, was found with numerous mediæval relics -in the ruins of Söborg,<a name="FNanchor_1002_1002" id="FNanchor_1002_1002"></a><a href="#Footnote_1002_1002" class="fnanchor">[1002]</a> in North Zealand. Such a discovery seems to me -conclusive as to the date to be assigned to this class of weapons.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">I must apologise to the reader for this digression, and now -proceed to the consideration of the leaf-shaped bronze swords, -which are far more closely allied to the arms described in -Chapter X. than to the objects which have been discussed in the -present chapter.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER XII.</h2> - -<p class="pch">LEAF-SHAPED SWORDS.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Among</span> ancient weapons of bronze, perhaps the most remarkable -both for elegance of form and for the skill displayed in their casting -are the leaf-shaped swords, of which a considerable number -have come down to our times. The only other forms that can vie -with them in these respects are the spear-heads, of which many -are gracefully proportioned, while the coring of their sockets for -the reception of the shafts would do credit to the most skilful -modern founder. Neither the one nor the other belong to the -earliest period<a name="FNanchor_1003_1003" id="FNanchor_1003_1003"></a><a href="#Footnote_1003_1003" class="fnanchor">[1003]</a> when bronze first came into general use for weapons -and tools, the flat celts and knife-daggers characteristic of that -period being as a rule absent from the hoards in which fragments -of swords and spear-heads are present.</p> - -<p>There is also this remarkable circumstance attaching to the -bronze swords, viz., that there is no well-authenticated instance<a name="FNanchor_1004_1004" id="FNanchor_1004_1004"></a><a href="#Footnote_1004_1004" class="fnanchor">[1004]</a> -of their occurrence with any interments in barrows. It is true -that Professor Daniel Wilson<a name="FNanchor_1005_1005" id="FNanchor_1005_1005"></a><a href="#Footnote_1005_1005" class="fnanchor">[1005]</a> speaks of the frequent discovery of -broken swords with sepulchral deposits, and mentions one found -alongside of a cinerary urn in a tumulus at Memsie, Aberdeenshire, -and another which lay beside a human skeleton in a cist under -Carlochan Cairn, Carmichael, Galloway. But one of these discoveries -took place so long ago as 1776, and in both cases there may, -as Canon Greenwell has suggested, either have been some mistake -as to the manner of finding, or the connection of the sword with the -interment may have been apparent rather than real. A portion of a -sword 6½ inches long, said to have been found in a cairn at Ballagan,<a name="FNanchor_1006_1006" id="FNanchor_1006_1006"></a><a href="#Footnote_1006_1006" class="fnanchor">[1006]</a> -Strathblane, Stirlingshire, in 1788, is in the Antiquarian Museum -at Edinburgh. A “sarcophagus with ashes” is said to have been -in the cairn. Another sword, broken in four pieces, is said to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span> -have been found in a barrow in Breconshire.<a name="FNanchor_1007_1007" id="FNanchor_1007_1007"></a><a href="#Footnote_1007_1007" class="fnanchor">[1007]</a> Another, found at -Wetheringsett, Suffolk, is said to have lain fourteen feet deep in clay, -with a great number of human bones, but no pottery or other -remains. In this case, however, there is no mention of a barrow. -The sword is elsewhere said to have been found in a sandpit.<a name="FNanchor_1008_1008" id="FNanchor_1008_1008"></a><a href="#Footnote_1008_1008" class="fnanchor">[1008]</a></p> - -<p>In Scandinavia, however, bronze swords have not unfrequently -been found with interments in barrows; and inasmuch as the -owners of the bronze swords in Britain were, after death, in all -probability interred, either in a burnt or unburnt condition, there -appears no reason why in some instances their swords may not -have been buried with them, though as yet the evidence of these -weapons having been found in tumuli, is far from satisfactory. -Possibly at the time when the swords were in use the practice of -erecting mounds over graves had ceased, and there are now no -external marks upon the ground to indicate the graves of the -warriors who wielded the bronze swords, and who have thus -escaped disturbance in their “narrow cells” from the hands of -treasure-seekers and archæologists; or possibly the custom of -burying weapons with the dead may at that time have ceased.</p> - -<p>But not only has there been a question, as to what was the method -of interment in vogue among the owners of the bronze swords, -but, as already mentioned in the Introductory Chapter, serious -dispute has arisen whether the swords themselves are not Roman, -or at all events of Roman date. The late Mr. Thomas Wright<a name="FNanchor_1009_1009" id="FNanchor_1009_1009"></a><a href="#Footnote_1009_1009" class="fnanchor">[1009]</a> -was the most ardent advocate of this latter view, and he has been to -some extent supported by Mr. C. Roach Smith.<a name="FNanchor_1010_1010" id="FNanchor_1010_1010"></a><a href="#Footnote_1010_1010" class="fnanchor">[1010]</a> The contrary -view, that the swords belong to a Bronze Age before the use of -that metal was superseded by that of iron, has been ably advocated -by the late Mr. A. Henry Rhind, F.S.A.Scot.,<a name="FNanchor_1011_1011" id="FNanchor_1011_1011"></a><a href="#Footnote_1011_1011" class="fnanchor">[1011]</a> and Sir John -Lubbock.<a name="FNanchor_1012_1012" id="FNanchor_1012_1012"></a><a href="#Footnote_1012_1012" class="fnanchor">[1012]</a> It seems almost needless for me here to enter further -into this controversy, in which, to my mind, as already stated -in the Introductory Chapter, the whole weight of the argument -is in favour of a pre-Roman origin for these swords in -Western and Northern Europe. There was no doubt a time when -bronze swords were in use in Greece and Italy, and the substitution -of iron or steel for bronze, so far as we can judge from the -early iron swords found in the ancient cemetery at Hallstatt and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span> -elsewhere, involved little if any alteration in the form and character -of the weapon, which was better adapted for thrusting than for -striking. Even here in Britain, by the time when the Roman -invasion took place, not only were swords made of iron in use, but -the form of what is known as the Late-Celtic<a name="FNanchor_1013_1013" id="FNanchor_1013_1013"></a><a href="#Footnote_1013_1013" class="fnanchor">[1013]</a> sword was no -longer leaf-shaped, but slightly tapering, with the edges nearly -straight almost as far as the point. Among the Romans it -would seem that more than one change was made in the form -of their swords after the introduction of iron as the material -from which they were formed. As Mr. Rhind has pointed -out, Polybius speaks of the swords wielded by the soldiers of -Æmilius at the battle of Telamon, B.C. 225, as made not only to -thrust but to give a falling stroke with singular effect. “During -the Second Punic War, however, which immediately succeeded the -battle of Telamon, the Romans adopted the Spanish sword,” the -material of which we have no difficulty in definitely ascertaining, as -“Diodorus Siculus<a name="FNanchor_1014_1014" id="FNanchor_1014_1014"></a><a href="#Footnote_1014_1014" class="fnanchor">[1014]</a> particularly mentions the process by which the -Celtiberians prepared their iron for the purpose of manufacturing -swords so tempered that neither shield, helmet, nor bone could resist -them.” How far their process of burying iron underground until -a part of it had rusted away would, in the case of charcoal iron, -leave the remaining portion more of the nature of steel, I am unable -to say. Perhaps the amount of manipulation in charcoal -necessary to restore the rusted plates to a serviceable condition -may have produced this effect of converting the iron into mild steel. -The steel of the sabres made in Japan,<a name="FNanchor_1015_1015" id="FNanchor_1015_1015"></a><a href="#Footnote_1015_1015" class="fnanchor">[1015]</a> which will cut through an -iron nail without their edge being injured, is said to be prepared -in a similar manner from iron long buried underground.</p> - -<p>Most of the bronze swords are shorter than those of the present -day; but the Roman sword would, in the time of Julius, appear to -have been longer than ours. Otherwise Cicero’s joke about his son-in-law, -Lentulus, would have but little point, however small in -person he may have been. Indeed, Macrobius<a name="FNanchor_1016_1016" id="FNanchor_1016_1016"></a><a href="#Footnote_1016_1016" class="fnanchor">[1016]</a> expressly says that -it was a long sword that Lentulus was wearing when Cicero made -the inquiry, Who has tied my son-in-law to a sword?</p> - -<p>The swords in use among the Britons at a somewhat later period -appear to have been of great size, for Tacitus speaks of them as -“ingentes” and “enormes.” They were also bluntly pointed, or -“sine mucrone.” Such a description is entirely inconsistent with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span> -the form and size of our bronze swords, though it might well refer -to some of the iron blades of the Late-Celtic Period, which are 3 feet -in length. Others are, however, shorter.</p> - -<p>Of the comparative rarity of bronze swords in Italy, and of their -abundance in Scandinavia and Ireland, countries never occupied -by the Romans, Sir John Lubbock<a name="FNanchor_1017_1017" id="FNanchor_1017_1017"></a><a href="#Footnote_1017_1017" class="fnanchor">[1017]</a> has already spoken; and he -has also summarized the reasons which convince him, as they do -me, that our bronze weapons cannot be referred to Roman times. -I will only repeat one of the arguments, of which perhaps not -sufficient use has been made. It is that at the time when Julius -Cæsar was invading Britain, and its inhabitants were thus for the -first time brought in contact with Roman weapons, iron had been -so long in use for swords in Italy that the term for the weapon -was “ferrum.”</p> - -<p>Another feature in bronze swords, which has been frequently -commented on by archæological writers, is the comparatively small -size of the hilt. “The handles are always very small, a fact which -tends to prove that the men who used these swords were but of -moderate stature.”<a name="FNanchor_1018_1018" id="FNanchor_1018_1018"></a><a href="#Footnote_1018_1018" class="fnanchor">[1018]</a> “The handles of the bronze swords are very -short and could not have been held comfortably by hands as large -as ours—a characteristic much relied on by those who attribute -the introduction of bronze into Europe to a people of Asiatic -origin.<a name="FNanchor_1019_1019" id="FNanchor_1019_1019"></a><a href="#Footnote_1019_1019" class="fnanchor">[1019]</a></p> - -<p>I must confess that I regard this view of the smallness of the -hilts as being somewhat exaggerated. My own hand is none of -the smallest, and yet where the bronze hilts of the Danish and -Hungarian swords have been preserved I have no difficulty in -finding room to clasp them. The part of the hilt where it expands -to embrace the base of the blade was, I think, probably intended -to be within the grasp of the hand, and not to be beyond it as a -guard. In the case of some of the short dagger-like weapons it -seems possible that the projecting rim, which forms a kind of -pommel at the end of the hilt, was intended to rest between the -fourth and the little finger, and thus to assist in its being grasped -firmly when in use as a stabbing weapon. When the plates of -horn or wood, which, as we shall subsequently see, once covered -the hilt portion of the sword, have perished, it is hard to realise -what was the exact form of the hilt; but it is quite evident that -we must not assume that because the bare bronze does not fill the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span> -hand so as to give it a good grip, the same was the case when it -had a plate of some other material on each face, which also possibly -projected beyond the sides.</p> - -<p>There is, moreover, one peculiarity about the hilt-plates of these -swords which I have often pointed out by word of mouth, but -which I think has not as yet been noticed in print. It is that -there is generally, though not universally, a proportion between -the length of the blade and the length of the hilt-plate; long sword -blades having as a rule long hilt-plates, and short sword blades -short hilt-plates. So closely is this kind of proportion preserved, -that the outline of a large sword on the scale of one-sixth would -in some cases almost absolutely correspond with that of one which -was two-thirds of its length, if drawn on the scale of one-fourth.</p> - -<p>This relative proportion between the length and size of a blade -and its handle is by no means restricted to the swords of the -Bronze Period, but prevails also among various tools, such as the -saws and chisels of the present day. If, for instance, we were to -argue from the saw-handles in a carpenter’s shop as to the size of -the hands of the carpenters, we should soon find ourselves in -difficulties. The handle of an ordinary hand-saw is sufficiently -large to admit the hand of any one short of a giant, while the -orifice in the handle of a small keyhole-saw will not admit more -than a couple of fingers, and the handles of saws of intermediate -size range between these two extremes. This fact suffices to inculcate -caution in arguing from the hilt-plates of the bronze swords -as to the size of the hands of those who used them. It is a -question which will be more safely determined on osteological than -archæological evidence; but, owing to the remarkable absence of -bronze swords from the interments in our barrows, it may be some -time before a sword and the bones of the hand that wielded it -are found in juxtaposition.</p> - -<p>Professor Rolleston<a name="FNanchor_1020_1020" id="FNanchor_1020_1020"></a><a href="#Footnote_1020_1020" class="fnanchor">[1020]</a> has well said, “I am not quite clear that -this bronze sword, leaf-shaped or other, has always a very small -hilt.” “At any rate, there can be no doubt that in this country the -skeletons of the Bronze Period belonged to much larger and -stronger and taller men than did the skeletons of the Long Barrow -stone-using folk who preceded them. In some parts of England -the contrast in this matter of size between the men of the Bronze -and those of the Stone Age is as great as that now existing between -the Maori and the gentle Hindoo.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span></p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-278.jpg" width="100" height="942" id="i278" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 342.<br />Battersea. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p>The stature of several of the men interred in the Yorkshire -barrows, examined by Canon Greenwell, was not less -than five feet nine inches, and the bones of the hands -were proportional to those of the bodies; but, unfortunately, -no bronze swords accompanied them, though -many of the interments were of the Bronze Age.</p> - -<p>The usual form of sword to which the term “leaf-shaped” -has been applied is that shown in Fig. 342. -Their total length is generally about 24 inches, though -sometimes not more than 16 inches, but they are -occasionally as long as 30 inches, or even more. -The blades are in most cases uniformly rounded, but -with the part next the edge slightly drawn down so -as to form a shallow fluting. In some instances, however, -there is a more or less bold rounded central rib, -or else projecting ridges running along the greater -part of the blade near the edges. They differ considerably -in the form of the plate for the hilt, and in -the number and arrangement of the rivets by which -the covering material was attached. This latter, as -will subsequently be seen, usually consisted of plates -of horn, bone, or wood, riveted on each side of the -hilt-plate. In rare instances the outer part of the -hilt was of bronze. Of the scabbards of such swords -and the chapes attached to them I shall subsequently -speak.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">The sword shown in Fig. 342 was found about the year -1864 in the Thames, near Battersea Bridge, and is now in -my own collection. Its length is 25¼ inches, and the blade -is 2⅛ inches broad in its broadest part, though at the top of -the hilt it is 2⅜ inches in breadth. Just above this point -the edge of the blade has been removed so as to form two -broad notches, the object being probably to save the hand -of the warrior from being cut should the sword be drawn -back in his hand, there being apparently no transverse -guard. The hilt has been attached by rivets or pins passing -through three longitudinal slots, which have been produced -in the casting, and not subsequently drilled or made. -The hilt-plate expands into a kind of fish-tail termination, -which was probably enclosed in a pommel-like end formed -by the plates of horn, or other material, of which the hilt -was made. -I have another sword, about 21 inches in length, which -was found in the year 1851 near the circular encampment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span> -at Hawridge, on the south-eastern border of Buckinghamshire. -The hilt-plate is of the same character as that of -Fig. 342, but the lower slot is longer and the upper ones -shorter. In the latter were found the bronze rivets for -fastening on the hilt. This blade is figured on a small scale -in the <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1021_1021" id="FNanchor_1021_1021"></a><a href="#Footnote_1021_1021" class="fnanchor">[1021]</a></p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-279.jpg" width="100" height="1004" id="i279" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 343.<br />Barrow. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another sword (22 inches) of the same character, with -three pointed oval slots for the rivets, was found at Washingborough,<a name="FNanchor_1022_1022" id="FNanchor_1022_1022"></a><a href="#Footnote_1022_1022" class="fnanchor">[1022]</a> -Lincolnshire. Two other leaf-shaped swords -were found near the same spot. Another (24 inches), found -near Midsummer Norton,<a name="FNanchor_1023_1023" id="FNanchor_1023_1023"></a><a href="#Footnote_1023_1023" class="fnanchor">[1023]</a> Somerset, has the central slot -nearly rectangular.</p> - -<p>The central slot is sometimes accompanied by two or more -rivet-holes in the projecting wings of the hilt-plate. A -sword (24 inches) with two rivets was found between Woodlands -and Gussage St. Michael,<a name="FNanchor_1024_1024" id="FNanchor_1024_1024"></a><a href="#Footnote_1024_1024" class="fnanchor">[1024]</a> Dorset. Another, broken, -was found, with fragments of others, socketed celts, spear-heads, -a sickle, and other objects, near the Pierre du Villain, -Alderney.<a name="FNanchor_1025_1025" id="FNanchor_1025_1025"></a><a href="#Footnote_1025_1025" class="fnanchor">[1025]</a></p> - -<p>One (24½ inches) from the Thames,<a name="FNanchor_1026_1026" id="FNanchor_1026_1026"></a><a href="#Footnote_1026_1026" class="fnanchor">[1026]</a> at Battersea, and now -in the Bateman Collection, has a long rectangular slot and -four rivets. One of two (24 inches), found in broken condition, -with a spear-head and two ferrules, on Fulbourn Common,<a name="FNanchor_1027_1027" id="FNanchor_1027_1027"></a><a href="#Footnote_1027_1027" class="fnanchor">[1027]</a> -near Cambridge, was of this type. Another, from -Aldreth, Cambs. (23½ inches), is in the Museum of the Cambridge -Antiquarian Society.</p> - -<p>I have an example, originally 26 inches long, found with -a leaf-shaped spear-head near Weymouth.</p> - -<p>The type occurs also in France. I have one (18¾ inches), -with a slot and four rivets, from Albert, near Amiens. -Another was found near Argenteuil,<a name="FNanchor_1028_1028" id="FNanchor_1028_1028"></a><a href="#Footnote_1028_1028" class="fnanchor">[1028]</a> Seine et Oise. I -have seen a bronze sword from Spain, also with the three -slots.</p> - -<p>In the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., is a remarkably -fine sword (27½ inches) from Barrow, Suffolk, in -which the long slot in the hilt-plate is combined with ten -small rivet-holes. The central ridge on the blade is well -pronounced, as will be seen by Fig. 343. The blunted part -of the blade near the hilt is engraved or milled diagonally. -The number of rivets is here larger than usual; but in a -sword (28½ inches) from the Thames, near Vauxhall,<a name="FNanchor_1029_1029" id="FNanchor_1029_1029"></a><a href="#Footnote_1029_1029" class="fnanchor">[1029]</a> there -are five rivet-holes in the centre of the plate in lieu of the -slot, and four in each of the wings—thirteen in all. In -another (23½ inches) from the same locality there are eleven,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span> -three in each wing and five in the centre. One (27 inches) from the -Thames, in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries, has ten rivets, of -which four are in the centre.</p> - -<p>Another (28½ inches) with ten rivet-holes, four in the hilt-plate and -three in each wing, was found in the Thames<a name="FNanchor_1030_1030" id="FNanchor_1030_1030"></a><a href="#Footnote_1030_1030" class="fnanchor">[1030]</a> in 1856, and is in the -British Museum.</p> - -<p>A sword from the Roach Smith Collection (20⅜ inches) has a well-marked -midrib to the blade, which is somewhat hollowed on either side -of it. The hilt-plate has the central slot and four rivet-holes, in which -two rivets remain.</p> - -<p>In the British Museum is another sword (27⅝ inches) of much the same -form at the hilt, but with ten rivet-holes, three in each wing and four in -the central plate, which is prolonged beyond the fishtail-like expansion in -the form of a flat tang, 1 inch by ⅝ inch. It was found in the Lea,<a name="FNanchor_1031_1031" id="FNanchor_1031_1031"></a><a href="#Footnote_1031_1031" class="fnanchor">[1031]</a> near -London. The lower part of the hilt has been united to the blade by a -subsequent process of burning on, as will shortly be mentioned.</p> - -<p>This prolongation of the hilt-plate is not singular. In the Rouen -Museum is a sword with thirteen rivets which exhibits this peculiarity. -The same exists in a Swiss Lake<a name="FNanchor_1032_1032" id="FNanchor_1032_1032"></a><a href="#Footnote_1032_1032" class="fnanchor">[1032]</a> sword, and is not uncommon in swords -found in Italy.</p> - -<p>Another sword from the Thames (23 inches) has five holes in the hilt-plate -and four in each wing. The blade, which expands from 1¼ inch -near the hilt to 2⅛ inches at two-thirds of its length, is ornamented with -a single engraved line skirting the edge.</p> - -<p>In the British Museum is another remarkably fine sword from the -Thames, ornamented in a similar manner, but with a slot in the hilt-plate -and three rivet-holes in each wing. The blade is 24½ inches long and -from 1⅞ inch to 2⅜ inches wide.</p> - -<p>Another, from Battle, Sussex (29½ inches), has eleven rivets, three in -the hilt-plate, which is in form much like that of Fig. 343. The blade is -drawn down towards the edges. The lower end shows where the runner -was broken off after it was cast, and is left quite rough, thus raising the -presumption that it was covered by some kind of pommel. Five rivets -are still preserved.</p> - -<p>A sword from the Medway, at Upnor Reach, is 31¼ inches long and -1⅞ inch wide at the broadest part. It has no less than fifteen rivet-holes -for the hilt, in three groups of five each.</p> - -<p>One from the Thames (28⅝ inches), with plain blade and thirteen rivet-holes, -has five small rivets still <i>in situ</i>.</p> - -<p>More commonly the rivet-holes are fewer in number. One (24½ inches) -in Canon Greenwell’s Collection, from Broadway Tower, Broadway, -Worcester, has nine rivet-holes, three in the tang and three in each wing. -One from the Thames at Battersea<a name="FNanchor_1033_1033" id="FNanchor_1033_1033"></a><a href="#Footnote_1033_1033" class="fnanchor">[1033]</a> (26 inches), and one from Ebberston, -Yorkshire, in the Bateman Collection, have the rivets arranged in the -same manner, as has one which was found near Whittingham,<a name="FNanchor_1034_1034" id="FNanchor_1034_1034"></a><a href="#Footnote_1034_1034" class="fnanchor">[1034]</a> Northumberland, -with another sword subsequently to be described, and also with -three spear-heads.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span></p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-281.jpg" width="100" height="1036" id="i281" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 344.—Newcastle. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p>I have one (19 inches) with eight rivet-holes, four in the -centre and two in each wing, found near Cambridge. The -holes appear to have been either made or enlarged by a -punch having been driven through them, the rough burr -being left on. On either side of the central ridge of the blade -there is a pair of engraved lines parallel to the edges and at -about ¼ inch distant from them. The base of the blade next -the expansion for the hilt has been neatly serrated or engrailed, -like that of the sword from Barrow, but in this -case transversely. Unfortunately this blade, which is beautifully -patinated, has been broken into three pieces.</p> - -<p>French swords of this class, both with a central slot combined -with rivets and with rivets only, are by no means -uncommon. Specimens of each, from the department of -Seine et Oise, are figured in the “Dictionnaire Archéologique -de la Gaule.” One with a slot and four rivets is in the -museum at Nantes. Two with seven rivet-holes were found -at St. Nazaire-sur-Loire<a name="FNanchor_1035_1035" id="FNanchor_1035_1035"></a><a href="#Footnote_1035_1035" class="fnanchor">[1035]</a> (Loire Inférieure).</p> - -<p>Seven is, indeed, a more usual number for the rivet-holes -than any of these higher numbers. In Fig. 344 is shown a -fine example of a sword with seven rivet-holes, found in the -Tyne, near Newcastle, and now in the collection of Canon -Greenweil, F.R.S. It is 28 inches in length, and has a bead -or rib just within the edges, which is somewhat exaggerated -in the figure. The hilt-plate is provided with slight flanges -for retaining the horn or wood that formed the hilt, and has -a semicircular notch at the base, possibly for the reception of -a rivet. See Fig. 356.</p> - -<p>A sword from the Thames near Battersea (28⅝ inches), in -the British Museum, is of nearly the same form as Fig. 344, -but the end of the hilt-plate has no notch, and there is no -midrib running down it. The hilt has been fastened by -seven rivets, which fit tightly in the holes and are nearly all -in position. Their ends have conical depressions in them, -as if a punch had been used as a riveting tool. In some the -rivets have been closed by a hollow punch, so as to leave a -small stud projecting in the middle of each surrounded by -a deep hollow ring. Some French swords present the same -peculiarity.</p> - -<p>A sword of the same form (23¾ inches), but with a plain -blade and only five small rivet-holes, was found in the Medway -at Chatham Reach, and is now in the same collection. -The hilt seems to have been burnt on.</p> - -<p>A sword of this form (25¼ inches), with raised ridges -parallel to the edges, has a rounded end to the hilt-plate and -holes for six very small pins or rivets at the base and for one -large one. The hilt-plate has been much hammered. It was -found in the Thames. A second (24¾ inches), almost identical -in every respect, has retained five of its pins.</p> - -<p>There are two swords in the Norwich Museum, each of -them with seven rivet-holes, both 21½ inches long, but the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span> -one found at Woolpit, Suffolk, and the other at Windsor. One of -the swords found at Fulbourn,<a name="FNanchor_1036_1036" id="FNanchor_1036_1036"></a><a href="#Footnote_1036_1036" class="fnanchor">[1036]</a> Cambridge, had its rivets arranged -as in Fig. 344. The blade is somewhat fluted between the central -ridge and has smaller ridges running parallel to the edges. Another -(23¾ inches), found in Glamorganshire,<a name="FNanchor_1037_1037" id="FNanchor_1037_1037"></a><a href="#Footnote_1037_1037" class="fnanchor">[1037]</a> is of the same character. -Another like this was found in the bed of the Lark,<a name="FNanchor_1038_1038" id="FNanchor_1038_1038"></a><a href="#Footnote_1038_1038" class="fnanchor">[1038]</a> at Icklingham, -Suffolk.</p> - -<p>I have two swords (about 23 inches) with seven rivet-holes, which were -found with spear-heads, a halberd, and other objects at Stoke Ferry, -Norfolk. They are unfortunately broken. One of them appears to have -been a defective casting, and to have wanted a portion of its hilt-plate. -This has been subsequently supplied by a second hilt-plate having been -cast over the broken end of the original plate, a hole in which has been -stopped with a rivet, which has been partly covered over by the metal of -the second casting. This is not an unique instance of mending by -burning on additional metal. I have a small leaf-shaped sword (17⅜ -inches), for which I am indebted to the Earl of Enniskillen, found near -Thornhill, Killina, Co. Cavan, which has in old times had a new hilt-plate -cast on the original blade in this manner.</p> - -<p>Other swords with seven rivet-holes arranged as in Fig. 344 have -been found near Alton Castle,<a name="FNanchor_1039_1039" id="FNanchor_1039_1039"></a><a href="#Footnote_1039_1039" class="fnanchor">[1039]</a> Staffordshire, and at Billinghay,<a name="FNanchor_1040_1040" id="FNanchor_1040_1040"></a><a href="#Footnote_1040_1040" class="fnanchor">[1040]</a> -Lincoln.</p> - -<p>A sword with six rivet-holes (23 inches) was found near Cranbourne,<a name="FNanchor_1041_1041" id="FNanchor_1041_1041"></a><a href="#Footnote_1041_1041" class="fnanchor">[1041]</a> -Dorset. Another of the same length was dug up at Stifford,<a name="FNanchor_1042_1042" id="FNanchor_1042_1042"></a><a href="#Footnote_1042_1042" class="fnanchor">[1042]</a> near Gray’s -Thurrock, Essex. Another (20½ inches) was found in the Severn<a name="FNanchor_1043_1043" id="FNanchor_1043_1043"></a><a href="#Footnote_1043_1043" class="fnanchor">[1043]</a> at -Buildwas, Salop. The rivet-holes are two in the middle and two in each -wing.</p> - -<p>A leaf-shaped sword, the hilt broken off, but the blade still 22½ inches -long, was found with a bronze spear-head, a palstave, and a long pin, in -the Thames,<a name="FNanchor_1044_1044" id="FNanchor_1044_1044"></a><a href="#Footnote_1044_1044" class="fnanchor">[1044]</a> near the mouth of the Wandle. It is now in the British -Museum.</p> - -<p>A sword with the hilt-plate like that of Fig. 344 has been found in -Rhenish Hesse.<a name="FNanchor_1045_1045" id="FNanchor_1045_1045"></a><a href="#Footnote_1045_1045" class="fnanchor">[1045]</a></p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-283.jpg" width="100" height="959" id="i283" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 345.—Wetheringsett. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another variety of the sword has a strong central rounded rib along -the blade, of which kind a good example is shown in Fig. 345. The -original is in the collection of Mr. Robert Fitch, F.S.A., who has kindly -lent it to me for engraving. It was found at Wetheringsett,<a name="FNanchor_1046_1046" id="FNanchor_1046_1046"></a><a href="#Footnote_1046_1046" class="fnanchor">[1046]</a> Suffolk, -and is said to have had remains of a wooden hilt and scabbard, attached -to it when found. Human bones are also reported to have been found -near it. It is 25½ inches long, with engraved lines on the hilt, and -has only two rivet-holes besides the central square-ended slot.</p> - -<p>Mr. Fisher, of Ely, has a sword of the same character (25 inches), but -with four rivets and a slot, found in the Fens near Ely.</p> - -<p>A fragment of what appears to have been a sword of the same character,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span> -but with two rivet-holes instead of the central slot, was -found with socketed celts and spear-heads at Bilton,<a name="FNanchor_1047_1047" id="FNanchor_1047_1047"></a><a href="#Footnote_1047_1047" class="fnanchor">[1047]</a> -Yorkshire.</p> - -<p>I have a fragment of a blade of this kind in the Reach -Fen hoard. Another fragment, from Chrishall, Essex, is -in the British Museum, as is also one found under -Beachy Head.<a name="FNanchor_1048_1048" id="FNanchor_1048_1048"></a><a href="#Footnote_1048_1048" class="fnanchor">[1048]</a> It has two rivet-holes in each wing, -and three considerably larger in the centre. They appear -to be cast, and not drilled. With this fragment -were found palstaves, socketed celts, lumps of copper, -and gold armlets.</p> - -<p>The type also occurs in France. I have a specimen -from the Seine at Paris, with the hilt and lower part -almost identical with Fig. 345, but the blade does not -expand in the same manner, and has two lines engraved -on each side of the central rib, the inner pair meeting -on the rib some little way from the point, the outer continued -to nearly the end of the blade. I have fragments -of a sword of similar character from the hoard found at -Dreuil, near Amiens. The fragment from Beachy Head -already mentioned may possibly be of Gaulish origin.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">On an Italian oblong bronze coin or <i>quincussis</i>, -6⅝ inches by 3½ inches, and weighing about 3½ lbs., -is the representation of a leaf-shaped sword with a -raised rib along the centre of the blade, and in -general character much like Fig. 345. A specimen -of this coin is in the British Museum,<a name="FNanchor_1049_1049" id="FNanchor_1049_1049"></a><a href="#Footnote_1049_1049" class="fnanchor">[1049]</a> and bears -upon the reverse the figure of a scabbard with -parallel sides, and a nearly circular chape. Another -coin of the same type, engraved by Carelli,<a name="FNanchor_1050_1050" id="FNanchor_1050_1050"></a><a href="#Footnote_1050_1050" class="fnanchor">[1050]</a> has a -nearly similar scabbard on the reverse, but the sword -on the obverse is either represented as being in its -scabbard or is not at all leaf-shaped, the sides of the -blade being parallel. The hilt is also curved, and -there is a cross-guard. In fact, upon the one coin, -the weapon has the appearance of a Roman sword -of iron, and on the other that of a leaf-shaped sword -of bronze. These pieces were no doubt cast in -Umbria, probably in the third century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, but their -attribution to Ariminum is at best doubtful. From -the two varieties of sword appearing on coins of the -same type, the inference may be drawn either that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span> -at the time when they were cast, bronze swords were in Umbria -being superseded by those of iron; or that the type originally -referred to some sacred weapon of bronze such as is represented -on the coin in the British Museum, but was subsequently made -more conventional so as to represent the sword in ordinary use -at the period.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-284.jpg" width="150" height="485" id="i284" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc18" summary="caption18"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 346.<br />Tiverton. ¼</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 347.<br />Kingston. ¼</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">The sword with a central rib was sometimes attached -to the hilt in a different manner from any -of the blades hitherto described, as will be seen -by Fig. 346, copied from the <i>Archæological Association -Journal</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1051_1051" id="FNanchor_1051_1051"></a><a href="#Footnote_1051_1051" class="fnanchor">[1051]</a> This sword was found at Tiverton, -near Bath, and it is provided with four -rivets, a pair on each side of the continuation of -the central rib along the hilt-plate. Human remains -and stag’s-horns are said to have been -found near it.</p> - -<p>In the British Museum is a blade of the same -kind (19⅝ inches), with semicircular notches for -the four rivets. It was found in the Thames at -Kingston. Another from the Thames (21 inches) -has the two upper holes perfect.</p> - -<p>Leaf-shaped swords of the ordinary type also -occasionally had their hilts attached in the same -manner. Fig. 347 shows a blade from the -Thames,<a name="FNanchor_1052_1052" id="FNanchor_1052_1052"></a><a href="#Footnote_1052_1052" class="fnanchor">[1052]</a> near Kingston (16⅛ inches) with the -rivet-holes thus arranged. I have another, from -the Hugo Collection (18 inches), found in the -Thames about a mile west from Barking Creek,<a name="FNanchor_1053_1053" id="FNanchor_1053_1053"></a><a href="#Footnote_1053_1053" class="fnanchor">[1053]</a> -which has had four rivet-holes arranged in the -same manner, though the margins are now broken -away, so that only traces of the holes remain. -Another apparently of this type was found in -Lincolnshire.<a name="FNanchor_1054_1054" id="FNanchor_1054_1054"></a><a href="#Footnote_1054_1054" class="fnanchor">[1054]</a></p> - -<p>In Canon Greenwell’s Collection is a leaf-shaped -blade of the same character (15¾ inches), which, -however, has only two rivet-holes, one on each -side of the hilt-plate. It was found at Sandford,<a name="FNanchor_1055_1055" id="FNanchor_1055_1055"></a><a href="#Footnote_1055_1055" class="fnanchor">[1055]</a> -near Oxford, together with a rapier-shaped -blade.</p> - -<p>Another variety has a narrower tang and rivet -holes in the median line. A blade of this kind, -which is in Mr. Layton’s Collection, was found in the Thames at -Greenwich, and is engraved in the <i>Archæological Journal</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1056_1056" id="FNanchor_1056_1056"></a><a href="#Footnote_1056_1056" class="fnanchor">[1056]</a></p> - -<p>Before proceeding to the consideration of the swords with more perfect -hilts and pommels found in England, it will be well to give references to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span> -some of the other instances of leaf-shaped swords found in this country -and in Wales. Several have been found in the Thames<a name="FNanchor_1057_1057" id="FNanchor_1057_1057"></a><a href="#Footnote_1057_1057" class="fnanchor">[1057]</a> besides those -already mentioned. Others have been discovered in the Isle of Portland;<a name="FNanchor_1058_1058" id="FNanchor_1058_1058"></a><a href="#Footnote_1058_1058" class="fnanchor">[1058]</a> -at Brixworth,<a name="FNanchor_1059_1059" id="FNanchor_1059_1059"></a><a href="#Footnote_1059_1059" class="fnanchor">[1059]</a> Northamptonshire; and in the sea-dike bank between -Fleet and Gedney,<a name="FNanchor_1060_1060" id="FNanchor_1060_1060"></a><a href="#Footnote_1060_1060" class="fnanchor">[1060]</a> Lincolnshire. Two, one with the chape of the -scabbard, of which more hereafter, were found at Ebberston,<a name="FNanchor_1061_1061" id="FNanchor_1061_1061"></a><a href="#Footnote_1061_1061" class="fnanchor">[1061]</a> Yorkshire.</p> - -<p>Two were found at Ewart Park,<a name="FNanchor_1062_1062" id="FNanchor_1062_1062"></a><a href="#Footnote_1062_1062" class="fnanchor">[1062]</a> near Wooler, Northumberland, one -of which is in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne.</p> - -<p>Some fragments of swords, regarded as being of copper, were found, -with spear-heads, celts, and lumps of metal, at Lanant,<a name="FNanchor_1063_1063" id="FNanchor_1063_1063"></a><a href="#Footnote_1063_1063" class="fnanchor">[1063]</a> and also at St. -Hilary, Cornwall, about the year 1802.</p> - -<p>There were also some fragments in the Broadward find,<a name="FNanchor_1064_1064" id="FNanchor_1064_1064"></a><a href="#Footnote_1064_1064" class="fnanchor">[1064]</a> Shropshire, -which consisted principally of spear-heads and ferrules. Occasionally a -considerable number of swords are said to have been found together. -No less than twenty are reported to have been discovered about the year -1726 near Alnwick Castle,<a name="FNanchor_1065_1065" id="FNanchor_1065_1065"></a><a href="#Footnote_1065_1065" class="fnanchor">[1065]</a> in company with forty-one socketed celts and -sixteen spear-heads; and two broad swords, one sharp-pointed sword, a -spear-point, and a socketed celt were found “in a bundle together” at -Ambleside, Westmoreland,<a name="FNanchor_1066_1066" id="FNanchor_1066_1066"></a><a href="#Footnote_1066_1066" class="fnanchor">[1066]</a> about 1741.</p> - -<p>Two swords, some spear-heads, celts, and other relics were discovered -at Shenstone,<a name="FNanchor_1067_1067" id="FNanchor_1067_1067"></a><a href="#Footnote_1067_1067" class="fnanchor">[1067]</a> Staffordshire, in 1824. Near them are said to have been -some fragments of human bones. Some swords are reported to have -been found in a marsh on the Wrekin Tenement,<a name="FNanchor_1068_1068" id="FNanchor_1068_1068"></a><a href="#Footnote_1068_1068" class="fnanchor">[1068]</a> Shropshire, with a -celt and about one hundred and fifty fragments of spear-heads.</p> - -<p>Two swords and a fragment of a third were found in the Heathery -Burn Cave, in company with numerous bronze and bone instruments and -a gold armlet and penannular hollow bead. Most of these objects are -now in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. Three swords were -found at Branton, Northumberland, and are now in the Alnwick Museum; -where are also two which had pommels of lead, and were found with -two rings near Tosson, parish of Rothbury, in that county. Another, -which was also accompanied by two rings, were found near Medomsley, -Durham. These rings may in some manner have served to attach the -swords to a belt.</p> - -<p>Most of the swords found in Wales appear to be in a fragmentary -condition. Engravings of some leaf-shaped swords are said to exist on a -rock between Barmouth<a name="FNanchor_1069_1069" id="FNanchor_1069_1069"></a><a href="#Footnote_1069_1069" class="fnanchor">[1069]</a> and Dolgellau, North Wales.</p> - -<p>A fragment of a sword was found, with a bronze sheath-end, looped palstaves, -spear-heads, and a ferrule, near Guilsfield,<a name="FNanchor_1070_1070" id="FNanchor_1070_1070"></a><a href="#Footnote_1070_1070" class="fnanchor">[1070]</a> Montgomeryshire. -Fragments of three swords were found, with lance-heads, ferrules, a chape, -and other objects, at Glancych,<a name="FNanchor_1071_1071" id="FNanchor_1071_1071"></a><a href="#Footnote_1071_1071" class="fnanchor">[1071]</a> Cardiganshire. They appear to have -had six rivets.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span></p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-286.jpg" width="250" height="558" id="i286" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 348.—Ely. ¼ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 349.—River Cherwell. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p class="p1">English swords, with the hilts, or pommels, or both, formed of -bronze, are not of common occurrence. The first which I have -selected for illustration has -the side edges so straight -that it hardly belongs to -the class usually known as -leaf-shaped. The hilt-plate -is peculiar in having well-developed -side flanges -which expand at the base -so as to form an oval -pommel. The hilt has as -usual been formed of two -plates of bone or wood, -which have been secured -to the hilt-plate by six -rivets. This sword, which -was found in the Fens, -near Ely, has unfortunately -lost its point, but -is still 19¼ inches long. -It was lent me for engraving -(as Fig. 348) by Mr. -M. Fisher, of Ely. In -some Danish examples the -high flanges of the hilt-plates -are covered by thin -plates of gold, beyond -which, of course, the hilt -of bone, wood, or horn did -not project, and no doubt -in this instance also the -side flanges were left visible -and not in any way -covered. They are upwards -of 4 inches in -length, so that the hilt -would fit into a large -hand.</p> - -<p>A small but very interesting sword with a perfect bronze hilt -and pommel is shown in Fig. 349. It was found in the River<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span> -Cherwell,<a name="FNanchor_1072_1072" id="FNanchor_1072_1072"></a><a href="#Footnote_1072_1072" class="fnanchor">[1072]</a> and is now in the Museum at Oxford. It was kindly -lent me by Professor Rolleston for the purpose of engraving. The -total length of the weapon is 21 inches, of which the pommel and -hilt, which is adapted for a decidedly large hand, occupy about 5 -inches. The hilt has the appearance of having been cast upon -the blade, and seems to be formed of bronze of the same -character. There are no rivets visible by which the two -castings are attached the one to the other.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-287.jpg" width="100" height="815" id="i287" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 350.<br />Lincoln. -</p></div></div> - -<p>I am of opinion that the same process of attaching -the hilt to the blade by casting the one upon the other -was in use in Scandinavia and Germany. Some of the -bronze daggers from Italy seem also to have had their -hilts cast upon the blades in which the rivets were -already fixed.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In the British Museum is a sword blade with slight ribs -inside the edges, retaining a portion of the hilt, which is cast -in a separate piece and attached to the wings by two rivets. -It is said to have been found in the Thames.<a name="FNanchor_1073_1073" id="FNanchor_1073_1073"></a><a href="#Footnote_1073_1073" class="fnanchor">[1073]</a> The hilt has -had ribs round it at intervals of about half an inch apart.</p> - -<p>On a fragment of a sword blade, ornamented on each side -with five parallel engraved lines, the upper margin of the hilt -is marked out by a raised and engrailed line of the same form -as the upper end of the hilt of Fig. 350. It was found in the -Fen, near Wicken, Cambs, with a part of a scabbard end, -spear-heads, and other objects now in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>A remarkably fine sword, found in the River Witham,<a name="FNanchor_1074_1074" id="FNanchor_1074_1074"></a><a href="#Footnote_1074_1074" class="fnanchor">[1074]</a> -below Lincoln, in 1826, is shown in Fig. 350, for the use of -which I am indebted to the Council of the Society of Antiquaries. -The original is in the museum of the Duke of Northumberland, -at Alnwick. It presents the peculiarity of having -two spirals attached to the base of the hilt with a projecting -pin between them, the whole taking the place of the pommel. -The blade appears to be engraved with parallel lines -on either side of the midrib. These spirals are of far more -common occurrence on the Continent than in Britain, and this -sword, though found so far north as Lincoln, is not improbably -of foreign origin.</p> - -<p>Several such have been found in France. One with the -spirals but a different form of hilt was found at Aliès, -Cantal.<a name="FNanchor_1075_1075" id="FNanchor_1075_1075"></a><a href="#Footnote_1075_1075" class="fnanchor">[1075]</a></p> - -<p>A bronze sword found in the Rhône at Lyons, but now in -the museum at Rennes,<a name="FNanchor_1076_1076" id="FNanchor_1076_1076"></a><a href="#Footnote_1076_1076" class="fnanchor">[1076]</a> Brittany, has a nearly similar hilt and pommel -It has three raised bands on the hilt, but no pin between the spirals. -Some of the swords from the Swiss Lake-dwellings have similar hilts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span> -They have been found at Concise,<a name="FNanchor_1077_1077" id="FNanchor_1077_1077"></a><a href="#Footnote_1077_1077" class="fnanchor">[1077]</a> in the -Lake of Neuchâtel, and in the Lac de -Luissel.<a name="FNanchor_1078_1078" id="FNanchor_1078_1078"></a><a href="#Footnote_1078_1078" class="fnanchor">[1078]</a></p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-288.jpg" width="130" height="540" id="i288" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc19" summary="caption19"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc6">Fig. 351.<br />Whittingham. ¼</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 352.<br />Brechin. ¼</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>Another of the same kind is in the -Johanneum at Gratz, Styria. The same -form was also found at Hallstatt.<a name="FNanchor_1079_1079" id="FNanchor_1079_1079"></a><a href="#Footnote_1079_1079" class="fnanchor">[1079]</a> Another -was found near Stettin.<a name="FNanchor_1080_1080" id="FNanchor_1080_1080"></a><a href="#Footnote_1080_1080" class="fnanchor">[1080]</a> Another -from Erxleben,<a name="FNanchor_1081_1081" id="FNanchor_1081_1081"></a><a href="#Footnote_1081_1081" class="fnanchor">[1081]</a> Magdeburg, is in the -Brunswick Museum.</p> - -<p>The hilt of a sword with spirals and -a central pin was found in the great Bologna -hoard. A perfect example is in the -Royal Armoury at Turin.<a name="FNanchor_1082_1082" id="FNanchor_1082_1082"></a><a href="#Footnote_1082_1082" class="fnanchor">[1082]</a></p> - -<p>There are several swords with this kind -of hilt in the Museum of Northern Antiquities -at Copenhagen,<a name="FNanchor_1083_1083" id="FNanchor_1083_1083"></a><a href="#Footnote_1083_1083" class="fnanchor">[1083]</a> some of which -are figured by Madsen.<a name="FNanchor_1084_1084" id="FNanchor_1084_1084"></a><a href="#Footnote_1084_1084" class="fnanchor">[1084]</a> The spirals are -sometimes found detached. A highly interesting -paper by Dr. Oscar Montelius on -the different forms of hilts of bronze -swords and daggers is published in the -Stockholm volume of the Congress for -Prehistoric Archæology.<a name="FNanchor_1085_1085" id="FNanchor_1085_1085"></a><a href="#Footnote_1085_1085" class="fnanchor">[1085]</a></p> - -<p>The remarkable sword with a somewhat -analogous termination to the hilt, shown -in Fig. 351, was found at Thrunton Farm,<a name="FNanchor_1086_1086" id="FNanchor_1086_1086"></a><a href="#Footnote_1086_1086" class="fnanchor">[1086]</a> -in the parish of Whittingham, Northumberland, -and is in the collection of Lord -Ravensworth. With it was found another -sword already mentioned, a spear-head -with lunate openings in the blade (Fig. -418), and some smaller leaf-shaped spear-heads. -They are said to have been all -found sticking in a moss with the points -downwards, and arranged in a circle. The -pommel end of the hilt is in this instance -a distinct casting, and is very remarkable -on account of the two curved horns extending<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span> -from it, which are somewhat trumpet-mouthed, with a projecting -cone in the centre of each.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">In Scotland a number of bronze swords have been found which -bear, as might have been anticipated, a close resemblance to those -from England.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">That shown in Fig. 352 was found in a moss at Leuchland, Brechin, -in Angus, and is now in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. Its -length is 26½ inches, and the six rivets for attaching the hilt are still in -the hilt-plate, which is doubly hooked at the end. A rib from the thicker -part of the blade is prolonged part of the way down the hilt-plate as in -Fig. 344. Another sword, broken at the hilt, but still 26¼ inches long, -was found on the same farm. A find from Brechin is mentioned further on. -A sword with four rivet-holes, like those from Arthur’s Seat, found on the -borders between England and Scotland, and engraved by Grose,<a name="FNanchor_1087_1087" id="FNanchor_1087_1087"></a><a href="#Footnote_1087_1087" class="fnanchor">[1087]</a> has the -same peculiar end to the hilt-plate, as has one with five rivets from -Methlick, Aberdeenshire, now in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. -Grose has also engraved two, each with six rivet-holes in the wings and -two or three in the hilt-plate, found in Duddingston Loch,<a name="FNanchor_1088_1088" id="FNanchor_1088_1088"></a><a href="#Footnote_1088_1088" class="fnanchor">[1088]</a> near Edinburgh, -as well as the hilt-plate of another, found near Peebles, with slots -in the wings and a slot and rivet-hole in the tang.</p> - -<p>Some fragments of swords from this loch are in the Antiquarian -Museum at Edinburgh. Almost directly above Duddingston Loch, on -Arthur’s Seat,<a name="FNanchor_1089_1089" id="FNanchor_1089_1089"></a><a href="#Footnote_1089_1089" class="fnanchor">[1089]</a> two other swords were found during the construction of the -Queen’s Drive. They are 26¼ inches and 24¼ inches long, in outline -like Fig. 342, with one rivet-hole in each wing and two in the centre of -the hilt-plate.</p> - -<p>Two (23⅜ inches and 20½ inches) of the usual character, with nine rivets -and hilts much like Fig. 354, have been found in Lanarkshire.<a name="FNanchor_1090_1090" id="FNanchor_1090_1090"></a><a href="#Footnote_1090_1090" class="fnanchor">[1090]</a></p> - -<p>In Gordon’s “Itinerarium Septentrionale”<a name="FNanchor_1091_1091" id="FNanchor_1091_1091"></a><a href="#Footnote_1091_1091" class="fnanchor">[1091]</a> a sword (24½ inches) found -near Irvine, Argyleshire, is engraved, as is also one (26 inches) found in -Graham’s Dyke near Carinn, which is said to be in the Advocates’ Library -at Edinburgh. The figures do not seem accurate, but show seven rivets -in one and three in the other. Gordon makes no doubt that these swords -are Roman.</p> - -<p>Other specimens have been found at Forse,<a name="FNanchor_1092_1092" id="FNanchor_1092_1092"></a><a href="#Footnote_1092_1092" class="fnanchor">[1092]</a> Latheron, Caithness (25 -inches), near the Point of Sleat,<a name="FNanchor_1093_1093" id="FNanchor_1093_1093"></a><a href="#Footnote_1093_1093" class="fnanchor">[1093]</a> Isle of Skye (22½ inches), with two -spear-heads and a pin. Another was found in Wigtonshire.<a name="FNanchor_1094_1094" id="FNanchor_1094_1094"></a><a href="#Footnote_1094_1094" class="fnanchor">[1094]</a></p> - -<p>In the Antiquarian Museum are specimens from the following counties: -Aberdeen, Argyle, Ayr, Edinburgh, Fife, Forfar, Kincardine, and -Stirling.</p> - -<p>In peat, at Iochdar,<a name="FNanchor_1095_1095" id="FNanchor_1095_1095"></a><a href="#Footnote_1095_1095" class="fnanchor">[1095]</a> South Uist, were found two swords like that from -Arthur’s Seat, the hilts of which are said to have been formed of wood. -A leather sheath is also reported to have been present.</p> - -<p>A bronze scabbard tip, such as will subsequently be described, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span> -found, with four bronze swords (about 24 inches) and a large spear-head, -near Brechin,<a name="FNanchor_1096_1096" id="FNanchor_1096_1096"></a><a href="#Footnote_1096_1096" class="fnanchor">[1096]</a> Forfarshire; and in Corsbie Moss,<a name="FNanchor_1097_1097" id="FNanchor_1097_1097"></a><a href="#Footnote_1097_1097" class="fnanchor">[1097]</a> Legerwood, Berwick, a -bronze sword and spear-head were found, the former having, it is said, a -scabbard, apparently of metal, but so much corroded as to fall in pieces -on removal. This also may have been of leather stained by the metal.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-290.jpg" width="200" height="596" id="i290" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 353.—Edinburgh. ¼. -</p></div></div> - -<p>A sword with a large pommel (24 inches), closely resembling Fig. 353, -was found, together with two other sword -blades (one 25 inches with slots), a scabbard -end, and two bronze pins, with large -circular flat heads, at Tarves,<a name="FNanchor_1098_1098" id="FNanchor_1098_1098"></a><a href="#Footnote_1098_1098" class="fnanchor">[1098]</a> Aberdeenshire. -Some of these were presented to the -British Museum by the Earl of Aberdeen. -There is a recess on the hilt-plate for the -reception of the horn or bone of the hilt, -which was fastened by three rivets still -remaining.</p> - -<p>Another sword, the blade 22 inches long, -the handle, including a round hollow pommel, -5½ inches, was found in Skye, and is -engraved in “Pennant’s Tour.”<a name="FNanchor_1099_1099" id="FNanchor_1099_1099"></a><a href="#Footnote_1099_1099" class="fnanchor">[1099]</a> It shows -four rivet-holes arranged like those in the -sword from Arthur’s Seat, so that the hilt -was probably formed as usual of horn or -wood and not of bronze.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">A few other swords with pommels to -their hilts have been found in Scotland. -That shown in Fig. 353 was found in -Edinburgh,<a name="FNanchor_1100_1100" id="FNanchor_1100_1100"></a><a href="#Footnote_1100_1100" class="fnanchor">[1100]</a> with, it is said, thirteen or -fourteen more, a pin, and ring, and a -kind of annular button, of bronze. It -is now in the Antiquarian Museum at -Edinburgh. The hilt appears to have -been added to the hilt-plate by a subsequent -process of casting. The pommel -has been cast over a core of clay, -which it still retains within it. Another -of the swords (24¼ inches) has -the hilt-plate pierced for six rivets. -Two others which have been examined -are imperfect.</p> - -<p>Mr. Joseph Anderson, who has described -this find, points out that this hilt must have “been cast in -a matrix modelled from a sword which had the grip made up of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span> -two convex plates attached on either side of the handle plate, and -their ends covered by a hollow pommel”—in fact, from such a sword -as that from Tarves, already mentioned. He also observes that the -holes in the hilt are not rivet-holes, and thinks that they may have -been caused by wooden pins used to hold the clay core in position, -for the handle as well as the pommel is hollow. I am rather -doubtful as to the accuracy of this theory, as such pins would, -I think, produce blow-holes in the metal in casting. There may, -however, have been clay projections from the inner core which -would leave holes such as these, into which studs of wood, bone, -or horn might afterwards be inserted by way of ornament and to -add firmness to the grip. For details of the finding of from -thirty to forty bronze swords in Scotland, the reader is referred -to Mr. Anderson’s paper.</p> - -<p>The bronze leaf-shaped swords from Ireland, of which nearly or -quite a hundred, either perfect or fragmentary, are preserved in -the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, have been treated of at -some length by the late Sir William Wilde,<a name="FNanchor_1101_1101" id="FNanchor_1101_1101"></a><a href="#Footnote_1101_1101" class="fnanchor">[1101]</a> whose Catalogue -the reader may consult with advantage. Ingeneral appearance -they closely resemble the swords from the sister countries, and vary -in length from about eighteen to thirty inches. The blades are -usually rounded on the faces, or have a faintly marked median -ridge, and are slightly fluted along the edges. This fluting or -bevelling is sometimes bounded by a raised ridge. The form -with a rounded rib along the middle of the blade is almost unknown. -There is considerable variation in the form of the end -of the hilt-plate, in which occasionally there is a deep V-shaped -notch, or several smaller notches. The most common termination -is that like a fish-tail as seen in Fig. 354. The number of rivet-holes -is various, ranging from four to eleven. There are occasionally -slots<a name="FNanchor_1102_1102" id="FNanchor_1102_1102"></a><a href="#Footnote_1102_1102" class="fnanchor">[1102]</a> in the hilt-plate and in the wings at the base of the blade.</p> - -<p>They have been found in most parts of the kingdom.</p> - -<p>A common type of Irish sword is shown in Fig. 354 from a specimen -found at Newtown Limavady, Co. Derry, in 1870. One -wing of the fish-tail termination is wanting and has been restored -in the sketch. The nine rivet-holes seem to have been cast -and not drilled, though they may have been slightly counter-sunk -subsequently to the casting. The hilt-plate is slightly fluted, perhaps -with the view of steadying the hilt.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-292.jpg" width="400" height="613" id="i292" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc20" summary="caption20"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc6">Fig. 354.<br />Newtown Limavady. ¼</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 355.<br />Ireland. ¼</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 356.<br />Ireland. ¼</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 357.<br />Ireland. ¼</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>In a fragment of a -sword found with spear-heads, a socketed dagger, and a fragment -of a hammer on Bo Island, Enniskillen, there are five deep flutings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span> -on each side of the hilt-plate. As is the case with some of -the English examples already mentioned, this hilt-plate has been -joined to the blade by some process of burning on. One of the -four rivet-holes in it has been partially closed by the operation. -Sir William Wilde has noticed that several of the leaf-shaped -swords under his charge had been broken and subsequently -“welded” both by fusion and by the addition of a collar of the -metal which encircles the extremities of the fragments. The term -“welding” is, however, inappropriate to a metal of the character -of bronze.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In the British Museum is a sword of this type with nine rivet-holes -(25¼ inches), found near Aghadoe,<a name="FNanchor_1103_1103" id="FNanchor_1103_1103"></a><a href="#Footnote_1103_1103" class="fnanchor">[1103]</a> Co. Kerry.</p> - -<p>In the small Irish blade of much the same type (Fig. 355) there are only -three rivet-holes, which have been cast in the blade, a fourth having from -some cause been filled up with the metal, though a depression on each -face marks the spot where the hole was intended to be.</p> - -<p>There were several swords, mostly broken, in the great Dowris hoard. -They had a rivet-hole in each wing and two or three in the hilt-plate.</p> - -<p>Some of the bronze swords found in Ireland attracted the attention of -antiquaries upwards of a century ago. Governor Pownall described two -found in a bog at Cullen, Tipperary, which are engraved in the <i>Archæologia</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1104_1104" id="FNanchor_1104_1104"></a><a href="#Footnote_1104_1104" class="fnanchor">[1104]</a> -They are 26½ inches and 27 inches long, and one of them is of the same -form as the Scotch sword, Fig. 352. Vallancey<a name="FNanchor_1105_1105" id="FNanchor_1105_1105"></a><a href="#Footnote_1105_1105" class="fnanchor">[1105]</a> has also figured one -(22 inches) with eight rivets.</p> - -<p>From among those in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy I have -selected two for engraving. The first, Fig. 356 (26¼ inches), has had its -hilt attached by a number of very small pins instead of rivets of the usual -size. The second, Fig. 357, is a short blade about 19½ inches long, with -a central rib extending down the hilt-plate, in which there are four rivet-holes, -two on each side.</p> - -<p>A bronze sword from Polignac, Haute Loire, now in the Museum at -Le Puy, Haute Loire, has its hilt-plate like that of Fig. 356, but has only -four rivets. Another with seven rivets was found in a dolmen at Miers,<a name="FNanchor_1106_1106" id="FNanchor_1106_1106"></a><a href="#Footnote_1106_1106" class="fnanchor">[1106]</a> -Lot. Another with six rivets from the Department of Jura<a name="FNanchor_1107_1107" id="FNanchor_1107_1107"></a><a href="#Footnote_1107_1107" class="fnanchor">[1107]</a> is in the -museum at St. Germain.</p> - -<p>Another from near Besançon,<a name="FNanchor_1108_1108" id="FNanchor_1108_1108"></a><a href="#Footnote_1108_1108" class="fnanchor">[1108]</a> Doubs, has six small rivets. One found -at Alise Ste. Reine,<a name="FNanchor_1109_1109" id="FNanchor_1109_1109"></a><a href="#Footnote_1109_1109" class="fnanchor">[1109]</a> Côte d’Or, has four rivets only.</p> - -<p>The type also occurred at Hallstatt,<a name="FNanchor_1110_1110" id="FNanchor_1110_1110"></a><a href="#Footnote_1110_1110" class="fnanchor">[1110]</a> and in Germany.<a name="FNanchor_1111_1111" id="FNanchor_1111_1111"></a><a href="#Footnote_1111_1111" class="fnanchor">[1111]</a></p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p1">At least two swords have been found in Ireland still retaining the -plates of bone which formed their hilts. By the kindness of Mr. -Robert Day, F.S.A., I am able to reproduce full-sized figures of -both sides of one of the most perfect specimens, as Figs. 358 and -359, which have already appeared in the <i>Journal of the Royal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span> -Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1112_1112" id="FNanchor_1112_1112"></a><a href="#Footnote_1112_1112" class="fnanchor">[1112]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-294.jpg" width="400" height="516" id="i294" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 358.—Muckno. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 359.—Muckno. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>The sword itself, shown on a small scale in Fig. 360, was found in Lisletrim<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span> -Bog, Muckno, Co. Monaghan. It is 24½ inches long, with a thick -midrib running along the blade. The plates of bone which are -still attached have been pronounced by Professor Owen to be -mammalian, and probably cetacean. It will be observed that at -the wings of the hilt-plate the bone projects somewhat beyond the -metal. The same peculiarity may be observed in the bone hilt -of a sword found at Mullylagan,<a name="FNanchor_1113_1113" id="FNanchor_1113_1113"></a><a href="#Footnote_1113_1113" class="fnanchor">[1113]</a> Co. Armagh, which has somewhat -the appearance of having been carved at the end next the -blade into a pair of rude volutes. It is shown full-size in -Fig. 361. The sword itself, on a small scale, is shown in -Fig. 362. In this instance the bone projects beyond the sides -of the hilt-plate. I have not seen the specimen, which is preserved -in the collection of Mr. A. Knight Young, of Monaghan.<a name="FNanchor_1114_1114" id="FNanchor_1114_1114"></a><a href="#Footnote_1114_1114" class="fnanchor">[1114]</a> -A bronze sword with six rivets, found near Kallundborg, Denmark,<a name="FNanchor_1115_1115" id="FNanchor_1115_1115"></a><a href="#Footnote_1115_1115" class="fnanchor">[1115]</a> -had the hilt formed of wood.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-295.jpg" width="400" height="577" id="i295" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 360.—Muckno. -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 361.—Mullylagan. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 362.—Mullylagan. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>As is the case with several of the bronze swords discovered in -Scandinavia, some of those found in Ireland seem -to have been decorated with gold upon their hilts.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-296.jpg" width="100" height="153" id="i296" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 363.<br />Ireland.</p> -</div></div> - -<p>On one of the rivets of a sword found in a bog -near Cullen,<a name="FNanchor_1116_1116" id="FNanchor_1116_1116"></a><a href="#Footnote_1116_1116" class="fnanchor">[1116]</a> Tipperary, was a thin piece of gold -weighing upwards of 12 dwts. Another sword,<a name="FNanchor_1117_1117" id="FNanchor_1117_1117"></a><a href="#Footnote_1117_1117" class="fnanchor">[1117]</a> -found near the same place in 1751, had a plate of -gold on one side which covered the hilt; at the end -was a small object like a pommel of a sword, with -three links of a chain hanging from it. The whole -weighed 3 ozs. 3 dwts. 11 grs. In this bog about twenty bronze -swords were found at intervals, besides about forty pieces of hilt-plates -in which the rivets stood. In one sword<a name="FNanchor_1118_1118" id="FNanchor_1118_1118"></a><a href="#Footnote_1118_1118" class="fnanchor">[1118]</a> there was a recess -near the blade, ½ × ¼ × <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub></span> inch, in which was “a piece of pewter -which just fitted it, with four channels cut in it, in each of which -was laid a thin bit of fine copper, so that they resembled four -figures of 1.”</p> - -<p>A fragment of a blade which Wilde<a name="FNanchor_1119_1119" id="FNanchor_1119_1119"></a><a href="#Footnote_1119_1119" class="fnanchor">[1119]</a> considers to be that of a -sword, is decorated with raised lines and circles in relief, which -were cast with the blade. A portion of it is shown in Fig. 363. -As the whole fragment is only 4¼ inches long, it may have formed -part of a socketed knife or some other instrument, and not of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span> -sword. A part of a spear-head, with a series of ring ornaments -engraved on the blade, was in the hoard found at Haynes Hill, -Kent.<a name="FNanchor_1120_1120" id="FNanchor_1120_1120"></a><a href="#Footnote_1120_1120" class="fnanchor">[1120]</a></p> - -<p>There is considerable general resemblance between the bronze -swords found in the British Islands and those of the continental -countries of Europe. The similarities with those from France -have already been pointed out. Several with ornamented hilts -have been figured by Chantre<a name="FNanchor_1121_1121" id="FNanchor_1121_1121"></a><a href="#Footnote_1121_1121" class="fnanchor">[1121]</a> and others. One has a hemispherical -pommel and a varied design on the hilt.</p> - -<p>The bronze swords from the Swiss Lake-dwellings<a name="FNanchor_1122_1122" id="FNanchor_1122_1122"></a><a href="#Footnote_1122_1122" class="fnanchor">[1122]</a> have frequently -bronze hilts, like those of the swords from the South of -France. In some instances the hilt-plate has side flanges, with a -central slot or line of rivets, and rivets in the wings. In others -the broad tang forming the hilt has two or three rivet-holes. In -some hilts cast in bronze there is a recess for receiving a piece of -horn or wood. The blades have frequently delicate raised ribs, -sometimes six on each face, running along them.</p> - -<p>The bronze swords of Italy<a name="FNanchor_1123_1123" id="FNanchor_1123_1123"></a><a href="#Footnote_1123_1123" class="fnanchor">[1123]</a> present several varieties not found -in Britain. The sides of the blades are more nearly parallel, and -many have a slender tang at the hilt, sometimes with two rivet-holes -forming loops at the side of the tang, sometimes with one rivet-hole -in its centre. In some the blade narrows somewhat for the -tang, in each side of which are two semicircular notches for the -rivets. In some Italian and French swords the blade is drawn out -to a long tapering point, so that its edges present a somewhat -ogival curve.</p> - -<p>A fragment of a very remarkable Greek sword from Thera<a name="FNanchor_1124_1124" id="FNanchor_1124_1124"></a><a href="#Footnote_1124_1124" class="fnanchor">[1124]</a> has -a series of small broad-edged axes of gold, in shape like conventional -battle-axes, inlaid along the middle of the blade between -two slightly projecting ribs.</p> - -<p>The double-edged bronze swords found by Dr. Schliemann<a name="FNanchor_1125_1125" id="FNanchor_1125_1125"></a><a href="#Footnote_1125_1125" class="fnanchor">[1125]</a> at -Mycenæ are tanged and often provided with pommels made of -alabaster. The hilts and scabbards are in some cases decorated -with gold. The blades are usually long and narrow, though some -widen considerably at the hilt-end, so as to form a broad shoulder<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span> -to the tang. Swords appear to have been much rarer on the presumed -site of Troy.</p> - -<p>There appear to be doubts whether the beautiful bronze sword -in the Berlin Museum,<a name="FNanchor_1126_1126" id="FNanchor_1126_1126"></a><a href="#Footnote_1126_1126" class="fnanchor">[1126]</a> reported to have been found at Pella, in -Macedonia, does not belong to the valley of the Rhine.</p> - -<p>Bronze swords have but rarely been found in Egypt. In my own -collection, however, is one which was found at Great Kantara during -the construction of the Suez Canal. The blade, about 17 inches -long, is leaf-shaped, and much like that of Fig. 360, but more -uniform in width. Instead of having a hilt-plate it is drawn down -to a small tang about 3/16 inch square. This again expands into -an octagonal bar, about ⅜ inch in diameter, which has been drawn -down to a point, and then turned back to form a hook, probably -for suspending the sword at the belt. At the base of the blade -are two rivet-holes. The hilt must have been formed of two -pieces which clasped the tang. The total length of the sword -from the point to the top of the hook is 22⅜ inches. I have -never seen another similar example, but a bronze sword blade, -presumably from Lower Egypt, is in the museum at Berlin. It has -an engraved line down each side of the blade, and its sides are -more parallel than in mine from Kantara, already mentioned. -The hilt is broken off. A German sword from the Magdeburg -district, with a tang and two rivet-holes at the base of the blade, -closely resembles mine from Egypt, except that it has no hook to -the tang.</p> - -<p>The bronze swords found in Denmark<a name="FNanchor_1127_1127" id="FNanchor_1127_1127"></a><a href="#Footnote_1127_1127" class="fnanchor">[1127]</a> and Northern Germany<a name="FNanchor_1128_1128" id="FNanchor_1128_1128"></a><a href="#Footnote_1128_1128" class="fnanchor">[1128]</a> -have often side flanges to the hilt-plate, like Fig. 348, occasionally -plated with gold; but the blades are generally more uniform -in width, and have the edges straighter than those from the United -Kingdom. Some blades have a simple tang. On a very large -proportion the hilt formed of bronze (or of some more perishable -material alternating with bronze plates) has been preserved. The -pommels are usually formed of oval or rhomboidal plates with a -central boss, and are generally ornamented below.</p> - -<p>Some of the swords found in Sweden and Denmark have been -regarded by Dr. Montelius<a name="FNanchor_1129_1129" id="FNanchor_1129_1129"></a><a href="#Footnote_1129_1129" class="fnanchor">[1129]</a> and Mr. Worsaae<a name="FNanchor_1130_1130" id="FNanchor_1130_1130"></a><a href="#Footnote_1130_1130" class="fnanchor">[1130]</a> as of foreign -origin.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span></p> - -<p>A bronze sword from Finland with a flanged hilt-plate and -eight rivet-holes has been<a name="FNanchor_1131_1131" id="FNanchor_1131_1131"></a><a href="#Footnote_1131_1131" class="fnanchor">[1131]</a> figured.</p> - -<p>In Germany<a name="FNanchor_1132_1132" id="FNanchor_1132_1132"></a><a href="#Footnote_1132_1132" class="fnanchor">[1132]</a> the bronze swords present types which more -nearly resemble those of France and Denmark than those of the -British Isles. Those with a flanged hilt-plate are found, however, -both in Northern and Southern Germany, as well as in Italy, Austria -and Hungary. Others have long and narrow tangs, but a large -proportion are provided with bronze hilts, usually with disc-like -pommels. These hilts conceal the form of the tangs. Some few have -spirals at the end of the hilt, as already mentioned, and one from -Brandenburg, in the Berlin Museum, has a spheroidal pommel. In -some of the bronze hilts there are recesses for the reception of -pieces of horn or wood, as on some of the French and Swiss swords.</p> - -<p>Iron swords of the same general character as those of bronze -have been found in the ancient cemetery at Hallstatt and elsewhere. -Those from Hallstatt<a name="FNanchor_1133_1133" id="FNanchor_1133_1133"></a><a href="#Footnote_1133_1133" class="fnanchor">[1133]</a> are identical in character with the -bronze swords from the same locality. In one instance the hilt -and pommel of an iron sword are in bronze; in another the -pommel alone; the hilt-plate of iron being flat, and provided with -rivets exactly like those of the bronze swords. In others the -pommel is wanting. I have a broken iron sword from this -cemetery, with the hilt-plate perfect, and having three bronze rivets -still in it, and the holes for two others at the pommel end. The -blade has a central rounded rib along it like Fig. 345, but with a -small bead on either side. I have a beautiful bronze sword from the -same locality, on the blade of which are two small raised beads on -either side of the central rib, and in the spaces between them a -threefold wavy line punched in or engraved. In this instance a -tang has passed through the hilt, that was formed of alternate -blocks of bronze and of some substance that has now perished, -possibly ivory. A magnificent iron sword from Hallstatt, now in -the Vienna Museum, has the hilt and pommel formed of ivory -inlaid with amber.</p> - -<p>The late Celtic iron swords found in Britain have been described -by Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S., in an exhaustive paper in the -<i>Archæologia</i>,<a name="FNanchor_1134_1134" id="FNanchor_1134_1134"></a><a href="#Footnote_1134_1134" class="fnanchor">[1134]</a> in which also the reader will find many interesting -particulars of analogous swords found in continental countries.</p> - -<p>Several iron swords have been found in France with flat hilt-plates<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span> -and rivets exactly of the same character as those of the -bronze swords. Nine have been discovered in tumuli at Cosne, -Magny Lambert, and elsewhere in the department of Côte d’Or. -Others have been found at Cormoz, Ain; and at Gédinne, in -Belgium. There can be but little doubt that M. Alexandre Bertrand<a name="FNanchor_1135_1135" id="FNanchor_1135_1135"></a><a href="#Footnote_1135_1135" class="fnanchor">[1135]</a> -is right in assigning the French examples to the fourth or fifth -century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, and in regarding them as direct descendants from -the bronze swords of ordinary type. He adduces, also, the remarkable -fragment of an iron sword with a bronze hilt found in the -Lac de Bienne, which is in exact imitation of a bronze sword with -ribs on the blade, as an additional proof that these early iron -swords are the reproductions, pure and simple, of those in bronze, -and fabricated from the metal then recently introduced into the -West. How far back in time the use of bronze swords in Gaul -may have extended it is difficult to say, but the varieties in their -types testify to a lengthened use before they began to be superseded -by those of iron.</p> - -<p>I must, however, now describe the sheaths by which these -blades were protected.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER XIII.</h2> - -<p class="pch">SCABBARDS AND CHAPES.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Although</span> the sheaths which protected the daggers and swords -described in the preceding chapters consisted probably for the -most part of wood or leather, yet in many instances some portion -of the scabbard and its fittings was made of bronze; and to the -description of these objects it seems desirable to devote a separate -chapter. It is rarely that the metallic portions of the sheaths -have been found in company with the blades; but in one instance -at least a portion of a sword blade has been discovered within a -surrounding sheath of bronze; which, however, does not extend -the full length of the blade, the upper part of the scabbard having -probably been formed of wood. This discovery proves that the -short bronze sheaths, which are usually from 8 to 12 inches long, -belonged to swords, and not, as at first sight might be inferred -from their size, to daggers.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-302.jpg" width="100" height="928" id="i302" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 364. Isleworth. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In France some much longer bronze sheaths have been found -with the swords still in them. The most noteworthy is that from -the neighbourhood of Uzés,<a name="FNanchor_1136_1136" id="FNanchor_1136_1136"></a><a href="#Footnote_1136_1136" class="fnanchor">[1136]</a> Gard, now in the Musée d’Artillerie, -at Paris, which is decorated with transverse beaded lines alternating -with ornaments of concentric rings. This scabbard is longer -by some inches than the blade it contains. In fact, in no instance -does the point of the sword appear to have reached so far as the -end of the sheath. Another sheath found at Cormoz (Ain)<a name="FNanchor_1137_1137" id="FNanchor_1137_1137"></a><a href="#Footnote_1137_1137" class="fnanchor">[1137]</a> is in -the museum at Lyons.</p> - -<p>In a few instances the wooden sheaths of bronze swords have -been found entire. The finest is that from the Kongshöi,<a name="FNanchor_1138_1138" id="FNanchor_1138_1138"></a><a href="#Footnote_1138_1138" class="fnanchor">[1138]</a> Vamdrup, -Ribe, Denmark. It was found with a body in a tree-coffin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span> -of oak. This sheath is about a fifth longer than the blade of the -sword, and is carved on both faces, though more highly -decorated on what must have been the outer face, than -on the inner. There is no metal mounting at either -end. Another scabbard found in the Treenhöi<a name="FNanchor_1139_1139" id="FNanchor_1139_1139"></a><a href="#Footnote_1139_1139" class="fnanchor">[1139]</a> is -likewise of wood. Its chape also is formed of some -hard wood. It has been lined with skin, the hair towards -the blade of the sword. This sheath is about -an eighth longer than the blade of the sword.</p> - -<p>No doubt many of the British sheaths were made -of wood alone. Others, though partly made of that -material, were tipped with bronze, the metal being -secured to the wood, or the leather, if that material -was used, by a small rivet which passed diagonally -through the metal. As Mr. Franks<a name="FNanchor_1140_1140" id="FNanchor_1140_1140"></a><a href="#Footnote_1140_1140" class="fnanchor">[1140]</a> has pointed out, -the presence of this rivet-hole would have been sufficient -to show that these objects are not dagger sheaths, -as some have thought, for the rivet leaves too small a -part of the bronze receptacle available for a blade even -as long as that of an ordinary dagger. The discovery -already mentioned places this question beyond doubt.</p> - -<p>The bronze sheaths of the iron swords and daggers -of the Late Celtic Period are of a different character -from those I am about to describe, and are made of -sheet bronze, and not cast in a single piece.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In Fig. 364 is shown a portion of a sword blade, with -the scabbard end still in position, which was found in the -Thames near Isleworth, and is in the collection of Mr. -T. Layton, F.S.A.<a name="FNanchor_1141_1141" id="FNanchor_1141_1141"></a><a href="#Footnote_1141_1141" class="fnanchor">[1141]</a> This scabbard end has a central rib -and two other slight ribs along each margin in order to give -it strength, and, as will be seen from the figure, probably -extends at least 6 inches beyond the end of the sword, thus -giving an opportunity of securing the metal end to the -wooden or leather scabbard at a place where the blade would -not interfere with the passage of a pin or rivet.</p> - -<p>A scabbard end of much the same form (13½ inches) -is shown in Fig. 365. It was found with fifteen others, some -broken, near Guilsfield,<a name="FNanchor_1142_1142" id="FNanchor_1142_1142"></a><a href="#Footnote_1142_1142" class="fnanchor">[1142]</a> Montgomeryshire, together with -looped palstaves, spear-heads, &c. It has a small rivet-hole -about half-way along it. Another,<a name="FNanchor_1143_1143" id="FNanchor_1143_1143"></a><a href="#Footnote_1143_1143" class="fnanchor">[1143]</a> somewhat straighter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span> -(12½ inches), found with a bronze buckler in the River Isis near Dorchester, -Oxon,<a name="FNanchor_1144_1144" id="FNanchor_1144_1144"></a><a href="#Footnote_1144_1144" class="fnanchor">[1144]</a> is shown in Fig. 366. It is now in the British Museum. -There is a small rivet-hole passing transversely through it. Several<a name="FNanchor_1145_1145" id="FNanchor_1145_1145"></a><a href="#Footnote_1145_1145" class="fnanchor">[1145]</a> -other sheath ends of the same kind are preserved in the same collection. -One, imperfect, from the Thames at Teddington (10 inches), with ribs along -the middle and edges, has a hole for a diagonal rivet, and retains a fragment -of wood inside, as does also another from the Thames at London, -which has a very slightly projecting midrib. A third, of the same -character (10¾ inches), from the Thames at Chelsea, has a small end plate -secured by a central rivet. This has traces of either leather or wood -inside.<a name="FNanchor_1146_1146" id="FNanchor_1146_1146"></a><a href="#Footnote_1146_1146" class="fnanchor">[1146]</a> In another, also from the Thames (7¾ inches), the end plate has -been cast with the sheath, and there is a wooden lining secured by a -diagonal rivet. The opening is nearly flat.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-303.jpg" width="350" height="392" id="i303" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc21" summary="caption21"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 365.<br />Guilsfield. ¼</td> - <td class="tdc6">Fig. 366.<br />River Isis, near Dorchester. ¼</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 367.<br />Ireland. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>In some there is no rib down the middle, but merely a projecting ridge, -and in others no rivet-holes are visible.</p> - -<p>This straight form of scabbard end has been very rarely found in -Ireland. The only specimen mentioned by Wilde is by permission here -reproduced as Fig. 367. Another (5½ inches) was in the collection of -Mr. Wakeman, of Enniskillen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span></p> - -<p>A scabbard end of much the same general character as that from -Guilsfield, but shorter and broader, is shown in Fig. 368. It was found -at Wick Park, Stogursey, Somerset,<a name="FNanchor_1147_1147" id="FNanchor_1147_1147"></a><a href="#Footnote_1147_1147" class="fnanchor">[1147]</a> with palstaves, socketed celts, gouges, -spear-heads, and fragments of swords, together with jets from castings -and rough metal.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-304.jpg" width="400" height="309" id="i304" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><table id="tc22" summary="caption22"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 368.<br />Stogursey, Somerset. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 369.<br />Brechin. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 370.<br />Pant-y-maen. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>Scabbard ends occur also in Scotland, for one nearly similar to these last -(5¾ inches) was found with four leaf-shaped swords and a large spear-head, -all of bronze, at Cauldhame, near Brechin, Forfarshire.<a name="FNanchor_1148_1148" id="FNanchor_1148_1148"></a><a href="#Footnote_1148_1148" class="fnanchor">[1148]</a> They -are now in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. The scabbard is by -permission of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland here shown as Fig. -369. Another scabbard tip in the same museum is rather shorter. It -was found at Gogar Burn, near Edinburgh, together with a sword and a -penannular brooch of bronze and a small penannular ornament of gold. -A Scotch specimen from the farm of Ythsie, Tarves, Aberdeenshire, is -in the British Museum. It is like that from Brechin, and is 5½ inches -long.</p> - -<p>The straight form of scabbard end has been discovered, though rarely, in -Northern France. One from Caix, Somme, is engraved in the Dictionnaire -Archéologique de la Gaule. A fragment of another, more like Fig. 365, -has been found near Compiègne (Oise).</p> - -<p>A still shorter form is shown in Fig. 370, the original of which was -found at Pant-y-maen, near Glancych, Cardiganshire,<a name="FNanchor_1149_1149" id="FNanchor_1149_1149"></a><a href="#Footnote_1149_1149" class="fnanchor">[1149]</a> together with -broken swords, spear-heads, and ferrules, as well as some small rings.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span></p> - -<p>A still more simple form, and one more nearly approaching the modern -chape, has occasionally been found. That shown as Fig. 371 formed part -of the hoard found in Reach Fen, Cambridgeshire, which comprised also -some fragments of swords. It is of especial interest, as the small bronze -nail which served to fasten it to the wooden scabbard was found with it. -This nail is shown above the chape in the figure.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-305a.jpg" width="300" height="195" id="i305a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 371.—Reach Fen. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another chape of the same kind, but more like Fig. 372 in form, was -found at Haines Hill, near Hythe, Kent,<a name="FNanchor_1150_1150" id="FNanchor_1150_1150"></a><a href="#Footnote_1150_1150" class="fnanchor">[1150]</a> with a perforated disc of bronze, -like Fig. 503, and some other objects.</p> - -<p>Fig. 372, kindly lent by the Royal Irish Academy, shows a chape found -at Cloonmore, near Templemore, Co. Tipperary.<a name="FNanchor_1151_1151" id="FNanchor_1151_1151"></a><a href="#Footnote_1151_1151" class="fnanchor">[1151]</a> This form seems to be -of very rare occurrence in Ireland.</p> - -<p>It has, however, been found in Savoy,<a name="FNanchor_1152_1152" id="FNanchor_1152_1152"></a><a href="#Footnote_1152_1152" class="fnanchor">[1152]</a> and in the Swiss Lake-dwellings.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-305b.jpg" width="400" height="196" id="i305b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 372.—Cloonmore. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 373.—Stoke Ferry. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>An English form, which is, I believe, as yet unique, is shown in Fig. -373. It was found, with several broken swords and spear-heads, at -Stoke Ferry, Norfolk. It is ornamented with a neat fluting, produced -apparently by means of punches. The rivet-holes are at the sides, instead -of being, as usual, on the face.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span></p> - -<p>A curious socketed object in bronze, found near Piltown,<a name="FNanchor_1153_1153" id="FNanchor_1153_1153"></a><a href="#Footnote_1153_1153" class="fnanchor">[1153]</a> in the -barony of Iverk, Co. Kilkenny, has been regarded as the haft of a -dagger. It is rectangular in section and expanding at the base which -is closed. But from its analogy with some of the scabbard ends lately -described it seems possible that it formed part of a sheath. The -objection to this view is that the breadth of the socket is much greater -than usual with these chapes. The zigzag and other ornamentation upon -it is described as having been engraved with a fine point after the object -was cast. The lower face is not ornamented.</p> - -<p>The form is not unlike that of the end of the scabbard of some modern -African leaf-shaped swords of iron, as to which Mr. Syer Cuming<a name="FNanchor_1154_1154" id="FNanchor_1154_1154"></a><a href="#Footnote_1154_1154" class="fnanchor">[1154]</a> has -remarked, that while the point of the blade is as sharp as a needle, the -base of its receptacle measures nearly 3 inches across. It is possible that -the object engraved as Fig. 286 may be intended for the end of a scabbard, -and not for that of a hilt, but this can only be determined by future discoveries.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-306.jpg" width="400" height="145" id="i306" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 374.—Keelogue Ford, Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 375.—Mildenhall. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another Irish form is shown in Fig. 374, the original of which was -found at Keelogue Ford, in the Shannon, and is in the Royal Irish -Academy. In this instance the chape has assumed a kind of boat-like -form with pointed ends. As Sir W. Wilde<a name="FNanchor_1155_1155" id="FNanchor_1155_1155"></a><a href="#Footnote_1155_1155" class="fnanchor">[1155]</a> has observed, the indentations -at the top mark the overlapping of the wooden portion of the -scabbard, which was fastened to the bronze by two slender rivets, so that -the ends projected about an inch on each side.</p> - -<p>Fig. 375 shows an English scabbard tip of the same class, though -differing in details, which was found in the neighbourhood of Mildenhall, -Suffolk, and is in the collection of Mr. Simeon Fenton, of that town, to -whom I am indebted for permission to engrave it. The surface of this -chape is beautifully finished, and the raised rib round the semicircular -notch is delicately engrailed or “milled.” There is a single minute -hole for a pin or rivet on one face only. As will be seen, this English -example closely resembles that from Ireland shown in the previous -figure.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Such projections as those on the chapes of this form would -appear to be inconvenient; but in another variety the projecting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span> -ends shoot out into regular spikes, the ends of which are tipped -by a small button. In some cases the length from point to point -is not less than 8 inches. There are several in the museum of -the Royal Irish Academy. Sir W. Wilde considered that the -bronze sword was suspended high up on the thigh and not allowed -to trail on the ground, so that these projections would be less in -the way of the wearer than might at first sight appear. The -lengthening of these points may have been the result of a kind -of prehistoric dandyism, analogous to that which led to the -lengthening of the points of boots and shoes in England at the -beginning of the fifteenth century.<a name="FNanchor_1156_1156" id="FNanchor_1156_1156"></a><a href="#Footnote_1156_1156" class="fnanchor">[1156]</a> Specimens of these still exist in -which the points extend 6 inches beyond the foot, and it has been -asserted that they had to be chained to the knees of the wearers -to give them a chance of walking with freedom.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-307.jpg" width="400" height="175" id="i307" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 376.—Thames. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p>Though chiefly found in Ireland, this elongated form of scabbard has -occasionally been discovered in England. Fig. 376 represents a specimen -from the Thames, now preserved in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>Another example, but slightly more curved, was found with a bronze -sword at Ebberston, Yorkshire, and is in the Bateman Collection.<a name="FNanchor_1157_1157" id="FNanchor_1157_1157"></a><a href="#Footnote_1157_1157" class="fnanchor">[1157]</a> It has -been figured. The rivets for attaching it to the wooden scabbard are still -in position.</p> - -<p>This type of scabbard end has also been found in France. In the -Museum of Bourges is an example about 5½ inches long, much like Fig. -376, but rather more V-shaped. Another, more like the figure, was found -with a bronze sword, near Marsanne<a name="FNanchor_1158_1158" id="FNanchor_1158_1158"></a><a href="#Footnote_1158_1158" class="fnanchor">[1158]</a> (Drôme), and a third in the tumulus -of Barésia<a name="FNanchor_1159_1159" id="FNanchor_1159_1159"></a><a href="#Footnote_1159_1159" class="fnanchor">[1159]</a> (Jura). Another was found at the end of an iron sword -in a tumulus at Mons<a name="FNanchor_1160_1160" id="FNanchor_1160_1160"></a><a href="#Footnote_1160_1160" class="fnanchor">[1160]</a> (Auvergne).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span></p> - -<p>It is to be observed that the ends of some of the knife sheaths of the -Early Iron Period<a name="FNanchor_1161_1161" id="FNanchor_1161_1161"></a><a href="#Footnote_1161_1161" class="fnanchor">[1161]</a> expand in somewhat the same manner, so as to -assume an anchor-like appearance.</p> - -<p>A bronze bouterolle or scabbard tip of a very peculiar type, the sides -being elongated and flattened out so as to form two sickle-shaped wings -curving upwards, was exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries in 1867<a name="FNanchor_1162_1162" id="FNanchor_1162_1162"></a><a href="#Footnote_1162_1162" class="fnanchor">[1162]</a> as -having been found in Britain. A figure of it was to have appeared in -the <i>Archæologia</i>, but has not yet been published. Perhaps there was -room to doubt its English origin. Certainly the description, with the -exception of the sickle-shaped wings curving upwards, agrees with a form -of which several examples have been found in Germany and in France.<a name="FNanchor_1163_1163" id="FNanchor_1163_1163"></a><a href="#Footnote_1163_1163" class="fnanchor">[1163]</a> -Some of these are sharp at the end like a socketed celt, with two expanding -sickle-like wings, but their purpose as chapes has not always -been recognised. One from Hallstatt is described by Von Sacken<a name="FNanchor_1164_1164" id="FNanchor_1164_1164"></a><a href="#Footnote_1164_1164" class="fnanchor">[1164]</a> as a -cutting tool to be attached to a thin shaft. There are two in the Museum -at Prague, found at Korno and Brasy.</p> - -<p>One from Oberwald-behrungen is in the Museum at Würzburg. -Another is at Hanover.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-308.jpg" width="250" height="102" id="i308" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 377.—Isle of Harty. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>The fact that traces of wooden sheaths to daggers have been found in -the Wiltshire and other barrows has already been mentioned, but no -bronze fittings have been found with them. There are, however, some -objects which may have served either as the mouth-pieces of sheaths for -daggers or small knives, or as ferrules for their hilts.</p> - -<p>One of these from the Harty hoard is shown full size in Fig. 377.</p> - -<p>Another of identically the same character, but rather shorter, was -found, with a bronze knife or dagger and numerous other articles, at -Marden,<a name="FNanchor_1165_1165" id="FNanchor_1165_1165"></a><a href="#Footnote_1165_1165" class="fnanchor">[1165]</a> Kent. It was regarded by Mr. Beale Poste as the mounting -of the top of a dagger sheath formed of leather.</p> - -<p>Another was found with various other relics near Abergele,<a name="FNanchor_1166_1166" id="FNanchor_1166_1166"></a><a href="#Footnote_1166_1166" class="fnanchor">[1166]</a> Denbighshire.</p> - -<p>Some elongated loops formed of jet are of a shape that would have -served for the mouth-pieces of sword scabbards, but whether so fragile a -substance was used for such a purpose may well be questioned. They -may have been merely ornamental. One about 3 inches long, found in -Scotland,<a name="FNanchor_1167_1167" id="FNanchor_1167_1167"></a><a href="#Footnote_1167_1167" class="fnanchor">[1167]</a> has been regarded as a clasp for a belt. Possibly these objects -in bronze may, after all, be of the nature of slides or clasps.</p> - -<p>Another loop, more rounded at the ends, found in the peat at Newbury,<a name="FNanchor_1168_1168" id="FNanchor_1168_1168"></a><a href="#Footnote_1168_1168" class="fnanchor">[1168]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span> -Berks, has been described as a slider for securing some portion of the -dress, or for passing over a belt. Not improbably this is their true interpretation. -Some outer slides are described at p. 404.</p> - -<p>Some bronze objects of nearly similar form, but about 3 inches in -length, found with late Celtic remains, have been regarded as the cross-guards<a name="FNanchor_1169_1169" id="FNanchor_1169_1169"></a><a href="#Footnote_1169_1169" class="fnanchor">[1169]</a> -of daggers or knives.</p> - -<p>In my own collection is a fine bronze sword from Denmark with broad -side flanges to the hilt plate, on the blade of which is a bronze loop about -¼ inch wide, rebated for the reception of wood, but without any rivet-holes. -Each face presents four parallel headings. For some time, in -common with some Danish antiquaries, I regarded this loop as the mouth-piece -of a scabbard, for which it appears well adapted; but I now find that -such a view is erroneous, and that this loop is the ferrule for receiving -the ends of the plates of wood or horn which formed the hilt. For in -the barrow of Lydshöi,<a name="FNanchor_1170_1170" id="FNanchor_1170_1170"></a><a href="#Footnote_1170_1170" class="fnanchor">[1170]</a> near Blidstrup, Frederiksborg, was a bronze -sword with a similar ferrule upon it, and the remains of the plates of -horn beneath it still in position. One of these Danish ferrules is of gold.<a name="FNanchor_1171_1171" id="FNanchor_1171_1171"></a><a href="#Footnote_1171_1171" class="fnanchor">[1171]</a> -A sheath<a name="FNanchor_1172_1172" id="FNanchor_1172_1172"></a><a href="#Footnote_1172_1172" class="fnanchor">[1172]</a> from a barrow at Hvidegaard, made of birch wood with an outer -and inner casing of leather, has a leather band for the mouth-piece, and -a leather eye for receiving the belt. Some small sheaths for bronze knives -and for a flint dagger found at the same time are simply of leather.</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER XIV.</h2> - -<p class="pch"><span class="smcap">Spear-heads, Lance-heads, etc.</span></p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">There</span> can be but little doubt that one of the weapons of offence -in earliest use among mankind must have been of the nature of a -spear—a straight stick or staff, probably pointed and to a certain -extent hardened in the fire. The idea of giving to such a staff a -still harder and sharper point by attaching to it a head of bone or -of stone, such as is still commonly in use among many savage -tribes, would come next. And, lastly, these heads or points -would be formed of metal, when its use for cutting tools and -weapons had become general, and means had been discovered for -rendering it available for this particular purpose. In the earlier -part of the Bronze Age, when bronze was already in use for -knife-daggers and even for daggers, it would appear that the spears -and darts, if any such were in use, were in this country still tipped -with flint. How long this practice continued it is impossible to -say, and it is even doubtful whether any bronze spear-heads were -in use before the time when the founders had discovered the art -of making sockets by means of cores placed within the moulds. -It is, however, not impossible that some of the blades found in the -Wiltshire barrows, and the tanged weapons which have already -been described in Chapter XI., may have been the heads of spears -rather than the blades of daggers; but even at the period to -which they belong the art of making cores must have been known, -as the ferrule found at Arreton Down, and shown in Fig. 324, will -testify, as well as the hollow socket of Fig. 328.</p> - -<p>In the South-east of Europe and in Western Asia, as in Cyprus -and at Hissarlik, tanged and not socketed spear-heads have been found -in considerable numbers; but such a form is of very rare occurrence -in Europe, and is unknown in Britain, unless possibly some -of the blades already described as knives or daggers, such as -Fig. 277, were attached to long rather than short handles, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span> -should, therefore, have been treated of in this chapter rather than -in that in which I have placed them. If spears were deposited in -the graves with the dead, the shafts must in all probability have been -broken, for as a rule the graves for bodies buried in the contracted -position are not long enough to receive a spear of ordinary length.</p> - -<p>In the case of some few ancient socketed tools of bronze, the -socket has not been formed by casting over a core, but a wide -plate of metal has been hammered over a conical mandril so as to -form a socket like that of many chisels of the present day, and of -the iron spear-heads of earlier times. I am not aware of any -bronze instruments with the sockets formed in this manner ever -having been found in this country. In all cases the sockets have -been produced by cores in the casting, and in many spear-heads -the adjustment of the core has been effected with such nicety that -a conical hollow extends almost to the tip, with the metal around -it of uniform substance, and often very thin in proportion to the -size of the weapon.</p> - -<p>The heads of arrows, bolts, darts, javelins, lances, and spears so -nearly resemble one another in character, that it is impossible -to draw any absolute line of distinction between them. The -larger varieties must, however, have served for weapons retained -in the hand as spears, while those of small and moderate size may -have been for weapons thrown as lances, or possibly discharged as -bolts or arrows. In length these instruments vary from about -2 inches to as much as 36 inches.</p> - -<p>Sir W. Wilde<a name="FNanchor_1173_1173" id="FNanchor_1173_1173"></a><a href="#Footnote_1173_1173" class="fnanchor">[1173]</a> has divided the Irish spear-heads into four -varieties, as follows:—</p> - -<p>1. The simple leaf-shaped, either long and narrow, or broad, -with holes in the socket through which to pass the rivets to fix -them to the shaft.</p> - -<p>2. The looped, with eyes on each side of the socket below and -on the same plane with the blade. These are generally of the -long, narrow, straight-edged kind.</p> - -<p>3. Those with loops in the angles between the edge of the -blade and the socket.</p> - -<p>4. Those with side apertures and perforations through the blade.</p> - -<p>To these four classes may be added—</p> - -<p>5. Those in which the base of each side of the blade projects at -right angles to the socket, or is prolonged downwards so as to -form barbs.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-312.jpg" width="400" height="552" id="i312" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><table id="tc23" summary="caption23"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 378.<br />Thames, London. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 379.<br />Lough Gur. ¼</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 380.<br />Lough Gur. ½</td> - <td class="tdc6">Fig. 381.<br />Heathery Burn Cave. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>A remarkably fine specimen of a broad leaf-shaped spear-head of -the first class is shown in Fig. 378. The original was found in the -Thames at London, and still contains a portion of the wooden shaft -smoothly and carefully pointed. The wood is, I think, ash;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span> -and my opinion is supported by that of Mr. Thiselton Dyer, F.R.S., -who has kindly examined the shaft for me. There are no traces -of the pin or rivet, which in the spear-heads of this character -appears to have been formed of wood, horn, or bone, rather than -of metal, probably with the view of the head being more readily -detached from the shaft, in case the latter was broken. I have, -however, a leaf-shaped bronze spear-head of this class, found in -the Seine at Paris, in which a metallic rivet is still present. It is -formed of a square rod of bronze, which at each end has been -hammered into a spheroidal button, of at least twice the diameter -of the hole through which the rivet passes. Portions of the -wooden shaft are still adhering to the rivet. The wood in this -instance also appears to be ash.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">I have a rather narrower spear-head of the same type as Fig. 378 (10¾ -inches), found with a bronze sword near Weymouth; and another identical -in type with that from the Thames, but only 9 inches long, found in the -county of Dublin.</p> - -<p>Others of nearly the same form (12¾ inches and 8¾ inches) were found -with a bronze sword in an ancient entrenchment at Worth,<a name="FNanchor_1174_1174" id="FNanchor_1174_1174"></a><a href="#Footnote_1174_1174" class="fnanchor">[1174]</a> in the parish -of Washfield, Devon.</p> - -<p>Another spear-head of this type from the Thames<a name="FNanchor_1175_1175" id="FNanchor_1175_1175"></a><a href="#Footnote_1175_1175" class="fnanchor">[1175]</a> (13½ inches) is in -the British Museum, as are others (13 inches and 10 inches long).</p> - -<p>A remarkably fine bronze spear-head, found in Lough Gur, Co. Limerick, -with the lower part of the socket ornamented with gold, is of much -the same form as Fig. 378, and is shown on the scale of one-fourth in -Fig. 379. The ornamented part is shown on the scale of one-half in -Fig. 380. It is in the collection of General A. Pitt Rivers, F.R.S., who -has thus described the socket.<a name="FNanchor_1176_1176" id="FNanchor_1176_1176"></a><a href="#Footnote_1176_1176" class="fnanchor">[1176]</a> Around it, “at top and bottom, are two -ferrules of very thin gold, each ⅜ inch in width. Each ferrule is ornamented -with three bands scored with from four to seven transverse lines, and -separated from each other by two bands scored with incised longitudinal -lines. The two ferrules are separated by a band about 3/16 inch in width, -in which longitudinal lines of gold have been let into grooves in the bronze, -leaving an intervening line between each of the gold lines.” Most of -these gold strips have, however, now disappeared. The shaft of this spear -is of bog oak 4 feet 8½ inches long, but though its authenticity has been -accepted by many good judges, I must confess that I do not regard it -as the original. Some other spear-heads ornamented with engraved lines, -but not with inlaid gold, will be mentioned further on. I may incidentally -recall the fact that the gold ring or ferrule around the spear-head of -Hector is more than once mentioned by Homer.<a name="FNanchor_1177_1177" id="FNanchor_1177_1177"></a><a href="#Footnote_1177_1177" class="fnanchor">[1177]</a></p> - -<p class="pi12 p1">πάροιθε δὲ λάμπετο δουρὸς</p> -<p class="pi6">Αἰχμὴ χαλκείν περὶ δὲ χρύσεος ϑέε πόρκης.</p> - -<p class="p1">Another fine specimen of a spear-head with a long oval leaf-shaped -blade in Canon Greenwell’s Collection is shown in Fig. 381. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span> -found with several others varying in length from 6⅝ inches to 11¼ inches, -and numerous other articles of bronze and bone, in the Heathery Burn -Cave,<a name="FNanchor_1178_1178" id="FNanchor_1178_1178"></a><a href="#Footnote_1178_1178" class="fnanchor">[1178]</a> Durham. As will be seen, the blade is continued as a slight -narrow projection along the socket as far as the rivet-hole. The edges -are somewhat fluted.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-314.jpg" width="150" height="639" id="i314" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 382. Nettleham. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A spear-head of nearly the same form (10½ inches) -was found in a peat moss near the Camp Graves,<a name="FNanchor_1179_1179" id="FNanchor_1179_1179"></a><a href="#Footnote_1179_1179" class="fnanchor">[1179]</a> -Bewcastle, Cumberland. Another was found in a -hoard at Bilton, Yorkshire.<a name="FNanchor_1180_1180" id="FNanchor_1180_1180"></a><a href="#Footnote_1180_1180" class="fnanchor">[1180]</a></p> - -<p>A very fine example (about 15 inches), as well as -a smaller one of the same type (about 8 inches), and -one with lunate openings in the blade (Fig. 418), -were found with two swords (see Fig. 351) near -Whittingham,<a name="FNanchor_1181_1181" id="FNanchor_1181_1181"></a><a href="#Footnote_1181_1181" class="fnanchor">[1181]</a> Northumberland.</p> - -<p>I have others (9 inches to 11 inches) found with -broken swords at Stoke Ferry, Norfolk, and from -the Reach Fen hoard. The same form occurs in Ireland. -I have a fine specimen (8⅝ inches) from -Athlone. Another (13¼ inches) is engraved by Wilde -as his Fig. 362. A very narrow spear-head, 14¾ inches -long, and only 1⅜ inch wide, said to have been found -in a barrow near Headford, Co. Galway, is in the -British Museum.</p> - -<p>A spear-head of this character from the Thames -(16¾ inches), not fluted at the edges and quite plain, -is in the British Museum. The blade is only 2¼ -inches wide.</p> - -<p>One from Stanwick, Yorkshire (8 inches), is in the -British Museum, as is one (11 inches) from Bannockburn, -Scotland. An Irish specimen (10 inches) is -devoid of rivet-holes.</p> - -<p>Another spear-head of nearly the same type, but of -smaller dimensions, is given in Fig. 382. It was -found, with some other spear-heads (Fig. 410), -socketed celts (Figs. 155 and 157), palstaves (Fig 83), -and a ferrule, to be subsequently mentioned, at Nettleham,<a name="FNanchor_1182_1182" id="FNanchor_1182_1182"></a><a href="#Footnote_1182_1182" class="fnanchor">[1182]</a> -near Lincoln, in 1860. They are now in the -British Museum.</p> - -<p>Others of the same type have been found at -Winmarleigh<a name="FNanchor_1183_1183" id="FNanchor_1183_1183"></a><a href="#Footnote_1183_1183" class="fnanchor">[1183]</a> and Cuerdale,<a name="FNanchor_1184_1184" id="FNanchor_1184_1184"></a><a href="#Footnote_1184_1184" class="fnanchor">[1184]</a> Lancashire, at Wardlow,<a name="FNanchor_1185_1185" id="FNanchor_1185_1185"></a><a href="#Footnote_1185_1185" class="fnanchor">[1185]</a> -Derbyshire, Little Wenlock,<a name="FNanchor_1186_1186" id="FNanchor_1186_1186"></a><a href="#Footnote_1186_1186" class="fnanchor">[1186]</a> Shropshire -(8 inches), near Windsor<a name="FNanchor_1187_1187" id="FNanchor_1187_1187"></a><a href="#Footnote_1187_1187" class="fnanchor">[1187]</a> (7 inches), at Bottisham,<a name="FNanchor_1188_1188" id="FNanchor_1188_1188"></a><a href="#Footnote_1188_1188" class="fnanchor">[1188]</a> Cambridge, and -in Herts.<a name="FNanchor_1189_1189" id="FNanchor_1189_1189"></a><a href="#Footnote_1189_1189" class="fnanchor">[1189]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span></p> - -<p>I have one from the River Lea<a name="FNanchor_1190_1190" id="FNanchor_1190_1190"></a><a href="#Footnote_1190_1190" class="fnanchor">[1190]</a> at St. Margaret’s, Herts, and others - from Reach Fen, Cambridge.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-315.jpg" width="150" height="637" id="i315" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 383. Achtertyre. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Others were in the Guilsfield hoard,<a name="FNanchor_1191_1191" id="FNanchor_1191_1191"></a><a href="#Footnote_1191_1191" class="fnanchor">[1191]</a> and in that of Pant-y-maen,<a name="FNanchor_1192_1192" id="FNanchor_1192_1192"></a><a href="#Footnote_1192_1192" class="fnanchor">[1192]</a> or -the Glancych hoard. One from the latter hoard is about 11 inches long. -Another, more like Fig. 386, about 4 inches. With them were found -fragments of swords, a scabbard tip, some rings and ferrules. Others -(9 inches and 5 inches) were found, with a socketed -celt and knife, a tanged chisel, and other objects, at -Ty Mawr,<a name="FNanchor_1193_1193" id="FNanchor_1193_1193"></a><a href="#Footnote_1193_1193" class="fnanchor">[1193]</a> on Holyhead Mountain.</p> - -<p>Five were found in the hoard near Stanhope,<a name="FNanchor_1194_1194" id="FNanchor_1194_1194"></a><a href="#Footnote_1194_1194" class="fnanchor">[1194]</a> Durham, -with socketed celts, a gouge, &c.</p> - -<p>Of Scottish specimens the following may be noticed: -one from Lanark<a name="FNanchor_1195_1195" id="FNanchor_1195_1195"></a><a href="#Footnote_1195_1195" class="fnanchor">[1195]</a> (5¾ inches), which has been figured; -two (7¾ inches) rather long in the socket, found with -a bronze sword and a long pin on the Point of Sleat,<a name="FNanchor_1196_1196" id="FNanchor_1196_1196"></a><a href="#Footnote_1196_1196" class="fnanchor">[1196]</a> -Isle of Skye; one (6 inches) from Balmaclellan,<a name="FNanchor_1197_1197" id="FNanchor_1197_1197"></a><a href="#Footnote_1197_1197" class="fnanchor">[1197]</a> New -Galloway. One (5⅛ inches) from Duddingston Loch, -Edinburgh, is in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>Leaf-shaped spear-heads such as Fig. 382 are of -frequent occurrence in various parts of France. A -number were found at Alise Ste. Reine<a name="FNanchor_1198_1198" id="FNanchor_1198_1198"></a><a href="#Footnote_1198_1198" class="fnanchor">[1198]</a> (Côte d’Or), -several of them ornamented with rings round the -sockets.</p> - -<p>They also are found in the Lake-dwellings of Switzerland<a name="FNanchor_1199_1199" id="FNanchor_1199_1199"></a><a href="#Footnote_1199_1199" class="fnanchor">[1199]</a> -and Savoy. Many of them have parallel rings -round the mouth of the socket by way of ornament. -They also occur in Germany<a name="FNanchor_1200_1200" id="FNanchor_1200_1200"></a><a href="#Footnote_1200_1200" class="fnanchor">[1200]</a> and Denmark.<a name="FNanchor_1201_1201" id="FNanchor_1201_1201"></a><a href="#Footnote_1201_1201" class="fnanchor">[1201]</a> One -from Northern Germany, still containing a part of its -wooden shaft, has been engraved by Von Estorff.<a name="FNanchor_1202_1202" id="FNanchor_1202_1202"></a><a href="#Footnote_1202_1202" class="fnanchor">[1202]</a></p></div> - -<p class="p1">Those from Italy and Greece have very frequently -facets running along the midrib which -contains the socket.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-316.jpg" width="100" height="619" id="i316" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 384.<br />North of Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In Fig. 383 is shown a variety (11½ inches) with a -projecting fillet running down to the rivet-holes as in -Fig. 381, which, however, in this case forms the termination -of small beads running along the sides of the -central rib. There is also a beading running along the midrib. The -original was found, with another spear-head, plain, a socketed celt, some -bronze rings, and fragments of tin, at Achtertyre,<a name="FNanchor_1203_1203" id="FNanchor_1203_1203"></a><a href="#Footnote_1203_1203" class="fnanchor">[1203]</a> Morayshire. Mr. R. -Day, F.S.A., has a nearly similar spear-head (5 inches), found in Dublin.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span></p> - -<p>A more elongated form, with the projecting part -of the socket considerably shorter, is shown in -Fig. 384, from a specimen found in the North of -Ireland. A spear-head (20 inches) of the same -form of outline, but with a slight ridge running -the whole length of the socket from its mouth to -the point, was found at Ditton,<a name="FNanchor_1204_1204" id="FNanchor_1204_1204"></a><a href="#Footnote_1204_1204" class="fnanchor">[1204]</a> Surrey. It is now -in the British Museum, having been presented by -the Earl of Lovelace.</p> - -<p>Another (14⅝ inches) in the same collection, found -in the River Thames,<a name="FNanchor_1205_1205" id="FNanchor_1205_1205"></a><a href="#Footnote_1205_1205" class="fnanchor">[1205]</a> near the mouth of the -Wandle, retains a portion of the original wood in -its socket. It was found in company with a bronze -sword, a palstave, and a long pin (Fig. 454).</p> - -<p>One of much the same form as the figure (11 inches) -was found at Teigngrace,<a name="FNanchor_1206_1206" id="FNanchor_1206_1206"></a><a href="#Footnote_1206_1206" class="fnanchor">[1206]</a> Devon. It has a delicate -bead running down each side of the midrib, and -continued as a square projection below the blade.</p> - -<p>Canon Greenwell has a long spear-head (14½ -inches) from Quy Fen, with grooves running up the -blade at the side of the socket. The ends of the -blade are truncated so as to leave projections on -the sides of the socket above the rivet-hole. These -are slightly ornamented.</p> - -<p>I have seen another spear-head (11½ inches) with -the base of the blade slightly truncated in a similar -manner. It was found near Eastbourne.</p> - -<p>This elongated form is of common occurrence in -Denmark and Northern Germany,<a name="FNanchor_1207_1207" id="FNanchor_1207_1207"></a><a href="#Footnote_1207_1207" class="fnanchor">[1207]</a> the necks being -usually ornamented by delicate punch-marking or -possibly engraving.</p> - -<p>A broader variety, with the socket considerably -enlarged in the part extending below the blade, -is shown in Fig. 385. The original was found in -company with other spear-heads like Fig. 382 from -5⅝ inches to 10⅝ inches long, two socketed celts with -three vertical lines on the face like Fig. 125, and -two somewhat conical plates with central holes, near -Newark, and is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S.</p> - -<p>A spear-head (6½ inches) not quite so broad in its -proportions, said to have been found in a tumulus, -near Lewes,<a name="FNanchor_1208_1208" id="FNanchor_1208_1208"></a><a href="#Footnote_1208_1208" class="fnanchor">[1208]</a> Sussex, is in the British Museum, as -is another (6½ inches) found near Bakewell, Derbyshire.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span></p> - -<p>A spear-head of the same general outline as Fig. 385, but with the sides -of the socket straighter, was found with others, as well as with 16 socketed -celts, a knife, fragments of swords and of a quadrangular tube (qy. a -scabbard?) and a long ferrule, near Nottingham.<a name="FNanchor_1209_1209" id="FNanchor_1209_1209"></a><a href="#Footnote_1209_1209" class="fnanchor">[1209]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-317.jpg" width="400" height="381" id="i317" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 385.—Newark. ½ -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 386.—Reach Fen. ½ -<span class="vh">–</span> -387.—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>It is often the case that the sides of the upper part of the blade are -nearly straight, and the socket itself appears large in proportion to the -width of the blade. Such a spear- or lance-head from the Reach Fen -hoard is shown in Fig. 386. I have several others from the Fen districts, -as well as one of a shorter and broader form (5 inches) with a large -socket extending only an inch below the blade, found at Walthamstow, -Essex.</p> - -<p>A spear-head from Unter-Uhldingen<a name="FNanchor_1210_1210" id="FNanchor_1210_1210"></a><a href="#Footnote_1210_1210" class="fnanchor">[1210]</a> exhibits the same narrowness of -blade in proportion to the size of the socket.</p> - -<p>In some cases the blade and socket are of nearly equal length.</p> - -<p>Fig. 387 is here by permission reproduced from Wilde’s Catalogue, Fig. -367. It is only 3½ inches long, and may have been the head of a dart or -javelin rather than of a spear. I have an example of nearly the same -form and size from Co. Dublin. One in the British Museum is only -2 inches long, though the mouth of the socket is ¾ inch in diameter.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[318]</a></span></p> - -<p>Some of these very small weapons may possibly have served to point -arrows. In the Norwich Museum is a head like Fig. 387, but with the -blade shorter in proportion and narrower, the total length of which is -only 1-11/16 inch. The blade is ½ inch wide, and the socket is only ⅜ inch -in external diameter. A bronze arrow-head is said to have been found in -the Isle of Portland,<a name="FNanchor_1211_1211" id="FNanchor_1211_1211"></a><a href="#Footnote_1211_1211" class="fnanchor">[1211]</a> but particulars are not given. Another small point, -in form rather like Fig. 386, and only 3⅛ inches long, was found at Llan-y-mynech -Hill,<a name="FNanchor_1212_1212" id="FNanchor_1212_1212"></a><a href="#Footnote_1212_1212" class="fnanchor">[1212]</a> Montgomeryshire. Another, 3½ inches, was found near -Pyecombe,<a name="FNanchor_1213_1213" id="FNanchor_1213_1213"></a><a href="#Footnote_1213_1213" class="fnanchor">[1213]</a> Sussex.</p> - -<p>One 4 inches long is said to have been found in Yorkshire.<a name="FNanchor_1214_1214" id="FNanchor_1214_1214"></a><a href="#Footnote_1214_1214" class="fnanchor">[1214]</a></p> - -<p>Some double-pointed arrow-heads of bronze are mentioned as having -been found in Ireland,<a name="FNanchor_1215_1215" id="FNanchor_1215_1215"></a><a href="#Footnote_1215_1215" class="fnanchor">[1215]</a> but in point of fact these were “razors” like -Fig. 274.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">In this country,<a name="FNanchor_1216_1216" id="FNanchor_1216_1216"></a><a href="#Footnote_1216_1216" class="fnanchor">[1216]</a> however, and not improbably in others, during -the period when bronze was in use for cutting tools and the larger -weapons, flint still served as the material from which arrow-heads -were usually made. Such a method of taking the census as that -devised by the Scythian king Ariantas would in Britain have -produced but small results; at all events, but few of the inhabitants -would have been able each to contribute his bronze arrow-head. -Many of the bronze arrow-heads found on the Continent -appear to belong to the Early Iron Age, but it is mainly in -southern countries that they have been found.</p> - -<p>In Egypt<a name="FNanchor_1217_1217" id="FNanchor_1217_1217"></a><a href="#Footnote_1217_1217" class="fnanchor">[1217]</a> and Arabia they have occurred of the leaf-shaped as -well as of the three-edged form, which latter is common in -Greece.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Some spear-heads appear to have had the form of their point somewhat -modified by grinding, as if from time to time they became blunted by use -and required to be re-sharpened. A kind of ogival outline such as is -shown in Fig. 388 appears, however, to have been intentional. The -original was found in the North of Ireland.</p> - -<p>This ogival outline is of frequent occurrence among the bronze spear-heads -from Hungary.</p> - -<p>The lance-head shown in Fig. 389, also from Wilde (Fig. 368), has the -blade of a trapezoid rather than of a leaf-shaped form, and in general -character more nearly approaches the looped variety, Fig. 397, than those -now under consideration. The socket also appears to be quadrangular -rather than round.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">It will now be well to speak of some of the spear-heads of this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span> -class which have either their sockets or their blades ornamented -by engraving or punching.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In Fig. 390 is shown a spear-head from the Reach Fen hoard, the -nature of the ornamentation on which will be seen from the cut. -The five bands, each of four parallel lines around the socket, have -the appearance of being engraved; but I think that this is not actually -the case, but that the lines have been punched in with a chisel-like punch. -The short transverse dotted lines have probably been made with a serrated -punch.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-319.jpg" width="400" height="344" id="i319" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><table id="tc24" summary="caption24"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc7">Fig. 388.<br />North of Ireland. ½</td> - <td class="tdc6">Fig. 389.<br />Ireland. ½</td> - <td class="tdc6">Fig. 390.<br />Reach Fen. ½</td> - <td class="tdc6">Fig. 391.<br />Thorndon. ½</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>Another spear-head, with ornamentation of a nearly similar character, is -shown in Fig. 391. This example was found at Thorndon, Suffolk,<a name="FNanchor_1218_1218" id="FNanchor_1218_1218"></a><a href="#Footnote_1218_1218" class="fnanchor">[1218]</a> in -company with a hammer (Fig. 210), a knife (Fig. 240), a gouge (Fig. -204), and an awl (Fig. 224), the whole of which are now in the British -Museum. Another in the same collection from Thames Ditton (6⅛ inches) -has three sets of three rings each, with short vertical lines above the -upper ring.</p> - -<p>A small lance-head of this type (4½ inches), found at Ingham, Norfolk, -with socketed celts, has one band of four parallel lines round the socket. -It is now in the Mayer Collection at Liverpool. Another from the Broadward -hoard (Shropshire)<a name="FNanchor_1219_1219" id="FNanchor_1219_1219"></a><a href="#Footnote_1219_1219" class="fnanchor">[1219]</a> has two bands of four, and one of two rings,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span> -the latter close to the mouth of the socket. A second in the same hoard -shows eight rings near the mouth of the socket, and a line running down -each side of the midrib prolonged below the blade as far as the rivet-hole -which it encloses. A spear-head from the hoard found at Beddington, -near Croydon,<a name="FNanchor_1220_1220" id="FNanchor_1220_1220"></a><a href="#Footnote_1220_1220" class="fnanchor">[1220]</a> is ornamented in nearly the same manner. It was found -with a gouge, socketed celts, a portion of celt mould, &c. That from -Culham, near Abingdon, shown in Fig. 392, has three sets of four rings -and one of two, as well as some vertical dotted lines above the upper ring. -In this case the bands seem to have been punched in with a serrated -punch which produced four short lines at each stroke, and by skilful -manipulation these short lines were made to join so as to form a continuous -ring.</p> - -<p>I have a spear-head from Lakenheath, Suffolk (5⅞ inches), with a -small raised band cast on the socket just below the rivet-hole.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-320.jpg" width="200" height="224" id="i320" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc25" summary="caption25"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 392.<br />Culham. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 393.<br />Athenry.</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>A spear-head (6½ inches) in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh, -found near Forfar, is ornamented with -two bands of three parallel lines round -the socket.</p> - -<p>The sockets of some Irish spear-heads -are highly decorated. That of a long leaf-shaped -specimen from Athenry, Co. Galway, -is shown in Fig. 393, kindly lent me -by the Royal Irish Academy. It is Fig. -382 in Wilde’s Catalogue, in which also -some other examples are engraved. The -chevron ornament and the alternate direction -of the hatching are highly characteristic -of the style of the Bronze Period.</p> - -<p>A similar decoration is found on English -specimens. One found at Bilton, Yorkshire,<a name="FNanchor_1221_1221" id="FNanchor_1221_1221"></a><a href="#Footnote_1221_1221" class="fnanchor">[1221]</a> -with other spear-heads, fragments -of swords, and socketed celts, has round -the socket three bands of triangles alternately hatched and plain, and -the blade is ornamented with a single row of the same kind on each -side of the central rib. One from Edington Burtle, Somerset (4½ inches), -in the Taunton Museum, has a band of hatched triangles above three -bands of parallel lines with transverse lines between.</p> - -<p>A broken spear-head from the Broadward<a name="FNanchor_1222_1222" id="FNanchor_1222_1222"></a><a href="#Footnote_1222_1222" class="fnanchor">[1222]</a> find has the blade ornamented -in the same way. A row of plain triangles is left on each side -of the midrib, while the rest of the blade is hatched, the set of parallel -lines in each point between the plain triangles being alternately to the -right and to the left.</p> - -<p>A fragment of a blade from the Haynes Hill hoard,<a name="FNanchor_1223_1223" id="FNanchor_1223_1223"></a><a href="#Footnote_1223_1223" class="fnanchor">[1223]</a> Kent, has ring -ornaments engraved along each side of the midrib.</p> - -<p>As has already been observed, the edges of this class of spear-heads -are not unfrequently fluted, but it occasionally happens that the whole -blade is ornamented by minute ribs and flutings. The spear-head -(10½ inches) found with two swords and two ferrules at Fulbourn, Cambridge,<a name="FNanchor_1224_1224" id="FNanchor_1224_1224"></a><a href="#Footnote_1224_1224" class="fnanchor">[1224]</a> -affords an example of this kind. On each side of the central rib<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span> -containing the socket are two sharp ridges one below the other, next -comes a hollow fluting, then a ridge, and then the fluting which forms -the edge. To judge from the engraving, another found at Gringley, -Nottinghamshire,<a name="FNanchor_1225_1225" id="FNanchor_1225_1225"></a><a href="#Footnote_1225_1225" class="fnanchor">[1225]</a> must also have been fluted in a somewhat similar -manner.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-321.jpg" width="200" height="440" id="i321" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 394.—Thetford. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>The discovery of other leaf-shaped spear-heads with rivet-holes through -the sockets is recorded to have been made at the following places, and -many others might no doubt be added to the list: the Thames, near -Battersea<a name="FNanchor_1226_1226" id="FNanchor_1226_1226"></a><a href="#Footnote_1226_1226" class="fnanchor">[1226]</a> (16¾ inches); near Wallingford<a name="FNanchor_1227_1227" id="FNanchor_1227_1227"></a><a href="#Footnote_1227_1227" class="fnanchor">[1227]</a> (7¼ inches); and Kingston<a name="FNanchor_1228_1228" id="FNanchor_1228_1228"></a><a href="#Footnote_1228_1228" class="fnanchor">[1228]</a> -(6½ and 7-6/10 inches); two (7¾ inches and 6 inches) were found near Toddington, -Beds;<a name="FNanchor_1229_1229" id="FNanchor_1229_1229"></a><a href="#Footnote_1229_1229" class="fnanchor">[1229]</a> at Beacon Hill, Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire,<a name="FNanchor_1230_1230" id="FNanchor_1230_1230"></a><a href="#Footnote_1230_1230" class="fnanchor">[1230]</a> two -(7½ inches and 6½ inches) were found with a socketed celt and gouge. -Others were discovered near Yarlet, Staffordshire;<a name="FNanchor_1231_1231" id="FNanchor_1231_1231"></a><a href="#Footnote_1231_1231" class="fnanchor">[1231]</a> -near Alnwick Castle<a name="FNanchor_1232_1232" id="FNanchor_1232_1232"></a><a href="#Footnote_1232_1232" class="fnanchor">[1232]</a> (sixteen with -celts and swords); Vronheulog, Merionethshire;<a name="FNanchor_1233_1233" id="FNanchor_1233_1233"></a><a href="#Footnote_1233_1233" class="fnanchor">[1233]</a> -and Longy Common, Alderney<a name="FNanchor_1234_1234" id="FNanchor_1234_1234"></a><a href="#Footnote_1234_1234" class="fnanchor">[1234]</a> (one -with blade ornamented).</p></div> - -<p class="p1">The spear-heads of the second of the -classes into which they are here divided -are those with loops at the side of the -projecting socket. These loops are usually -more elongated than those on socketed -celts and palstaves, though they probably -served a similar purpose, that of securing -the metallic head to the wooden handle. -The metal of which the loops are formed -has frequently been flattened by hammering, -so as to reduce the projection of the -loops beyond the socket; the flattened -part is often wrought into a lozenge form.</p> - -<p>The strings which passed through these -loops were probably secured to some stop -or collar on the shaft, and may have been -arranged in some chevron-like pattern with which these lozenges -coincided. There are usually no rivet-holes in the spear-heads of -this class.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">A specimen exhibiting these lozenges, and with the blade of nearly -the same form as those of the spear-heads of the first class, is shown in -Fig. 394. The upper part of the midrib containing the socket is ridged, -so that the section near the point is almost square. The socket is slightly -fluted round the mouth. The original was found at Thetford, Suffolk.</p> - -<p>A spear-head of the same type, but with only a single large loop, found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span> -in Glen Kenns, Galloway, is engraved in the <i>Archæologia</i>,<a name="FNanchor_1235_1235" id="FNanchor_1235_1235"></a><a href="#Footnote_1235_1235" class="fnanchor">[1235]</a> but it seems -probable that the figure is somewhat inaccurate.</p> - -<p>Another (5½ inches) with two loops was found at Hangleton Down, -Sussex.<a name="FNanchor_1236_1236" id="FNanchor_1236_1236"></a><a href="#Footnote_1236_1236" class="fnanchor">[1236]</a> Another (5¼ inches), rather more elongated than Fig. 394, was -found at Trefeglwys, Montgomeryshire.<a name="FNanchor_1237_1237" id="FNanchor_1237_1237"></a><a href="#Footnote_1237_1237" class="fnanchor">[1237]</a> Another from Shirewood -Forest is engraved in the Archæologia.<a name="FNanchor_1238_1238" id="FNanchor_1238_1238"></a><a href="#Footnote_1238_1238" class="fnanchor">[1238]</a> It has a slightly ogival outline -on each side, a peculiarity I have noticed in other specimens. An example -given in the same plate seems to have lost the flat part of the blade.</p> - -<p>I have one (6¼ inches) from Fyfield, near Abingdon.</p> - -<p>Mr. M. Fisher has a specimen from the Fens at Ely (5⅜ inches), with -the midrib ridged like Fig. 396.</p> - -<p>One from Hagbourn Hill, near Chiltern, Berks,<a name="FNanchor_1239_1239" id="FNanchor_1239_1239"></a><a href="#Footnote_1239_1239" class="fnanchor">[1239]</a> is reported to have -been found with a socketed celt, a pin like Fig. 458, and another like -Fig. 453, together with a bronze bridle-bit, and some portions of buckles -like those of the late Celtic Period. These are now in the British Museum. -A few coins of gold and silver are said to have been found at the same -time.</p> - -<p>One (6 inches) was found at Chartham, near Canterbury.<a name="FNanchor_1240_1240" id="FNanchor_1240_1240"></a><a href="#Footnote_1240_1240" class="fnanchor">[1240]</a></p> - -<p>One, 5 inches long, from the Thames, is in the British Museum. It has -a small ridge or bead along the mid-feather. The loops have a diamond -engraved or punched upon them.</p> - -<p>In one from Beckhampton, Wilts<a name="FNanchor_1241_1241" id="FNanchor_1241_1241"></a><a href="#Footnote_1241_1241" class="fnanchor">[1241]</a> (4¾ inches), the side loops do not -appear to be flattened.</p> - -<p>The form is of not unfrequent occurrence in Ireland, though perhaps -that with the raised ribs on the blade, like Fig. 397, is more common.</p> - -<p>In one instance (13½ inches)<a name="FNanchor_1242_1242" id="FNanchor_1242_1242"></a><a href="#Footnote_1242_1242" class="fnanchor">[1242]</a> the loops upon the socket are not opposite -each other, though, as usual, in the same plane as the blade.</p> - -<p>A small specimen (5¼ inches) from Fairholme, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire, -is in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>A small example of this type (about 3½ inches) is in the collection -formed by Sir R. Colt Hoare at Stourhead, and now at Devizes, and in the -same case with the dagger blades. It has been figured by the late Dr. -Thurnam<a name="FNanchor_1243_1243" id="FNanchor_1243_1243"></a><a href="#Footnote_1243_1243" class="fnanchor">[1243]</a> in his valuable memoir in the <i>Archæologia</i>, and is thought by -him to have been found in a grave with burnt bones in one of the Wilsford -barrows near Stonehenge.</p> - -<p>There is a diminutive variety of this class of weapon with two loops, in -which the blade is extremely narrow, like that from Lakenheath shown -in Fig. 395. I have another, 4⅞ inches, with even a smaller and shorter -blade, from Cumberland.</p> - -<p>Canon Greenwell has one only 3 inches long, found near Nottingham. -It has three parallel grooves round the socket mouth. One, 4¼ inches, from -Ashdown, Berks, is in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>A fragment of another of very small dimensions was found at Farley -Heath, Surrey, and is now in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>A lance-head with a more leaf-shaped blade (6¼ inches) is said to have -been found in a tumulus at Craigton, near Kinross.<a name="FNanchor_1244_1244" id="FNanchor_1244_1244"></a><a href="#Footnote_1244_1244" class="fnanchor">[1244]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span></p> - -<p>An Irish example, 2⅜ inches long, and comparatively broad in proportion -to its length, has been regarded as an arrow-head. It was found at -Clonmel, Co. Tipperary.<a name="FNanchor_1245_1245" id="FNanchor_1245_1245"></a><a href="#Footnote_1245_1245" class="fnanchor">[1245]</a> It has probably been broken and repointed. -An example much like Fig. 395 is engraved by Wilde as his Fig. 379.</p> - -<p>In some cases there is a ridge running along the whole or a great part -of the midrib on the blade so as to make the section near the point almost -cruciform. An example of this kind from the neighbourhood of Cambridge -is shown in Fig. 396. In this case the side loops are unusually -near the mouth of the socket, the cavity of which extends about half-way -along the blade. Canon Greenwell has an example of this type (6½ inches), -from Langton, Lincolnshire, with a longer socket, and the loops about -half-way along it.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-323.jpg" width="400" height="404" id="i323" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><table id="tc26" summary="caption26"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc6">Fig. 395.<br />Lakenheath. ½</td> - <td class="tdc7">Fig. 396.<br />Near Cambridge. ½</td> - <td class="tdc6">Fig. 397.<br />North of Ireland. ½</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>This ribbing along the midrib is of frequent occurrence on Irish spear-heads, -and was probably intended to strengthen as well as to decorate -the blade. The projecting ribs on the flat part of the blade were also -probably added for the same purpose. Fig. 397 shows a spear-head with -these ridges, found in the North of Ireland.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span></p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-324.jpg" width="250" height="641" id="i324" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 398.—Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 399.—Thames. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 400.—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>The blade is carried down -as a slight projection -along the socket until it -meets the side loops, the -outer faces of which are -expanded into lozenges.</p> - -<p>I have a shorter example -(5½ inches) from -Old Kilpatrick, Dumbartonshire, -Scotland; -one from Termon, Co. -Tyrone, is engraved in -the <i>Archæological Journal</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1246_1246" id="FNanchor_1246_1246"></a><a href="#Footnote_1246_1246" class="fnanchor">[1246]</a></p> - -<p>In some the blade is -proportionally wider and -shorter. I have one -from near Enniskillen -(7¼ inches), in which the -blade between the socket -and the ribs is so thin -that two long holes have -been eaten or worn -through it, giving it the -appearance of belonging -to the perforated class -to be subsequently described.</p> - -<p>An Irish specimen -much like Fig. 397 is -engraved in “Horæ -Ferales.”<a name="FNanchor_1247_1247" id="FNanchor_1247_1247"></a><a href="#Footnote_1247_1247" class="fnanchor">[1247]</a></p> - -<p>A small broad-bladed -form is of very common -occurrence in Ireland. -An example is given in -Fig. 398. Another is -engraved by Wilde (Fig. -369). Some have two -diagonal ribs on each -side of the blade instead -of only one. A rather -more pointed form is -given by Vallancey.<a name="FNanchor_1248_1248" id="FNanchor_1248_1248"></a><a href="#Footnote_1248_1248" class="fnanchor">[1248]</a> -There are others figured -in the “Horæ Ferales.”<a name="FNanchor_1249_1249" id="FNanchor_1249_1249"></a><a href="#Footnote_1249_1249" class="fnanchor">[1249]</a></p> - -<p>This type is of rare<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span> -occurrence in England, but one (4½ inches?) much like Fig. 398 was -ploughed up at Heage,<a name="FNanchor_1250_1250" id="FNanchor_1250_1250"></a><a href="#Footnote_1250_1250" class="fnanchor">[1250]</a> in the parish of Duffield, Derbyshire, and -another (4⅝ inches) was found near Lincoln.<a name="FNanchor_1251_1251" id="FNanchor_1251_1251"></a><a href="#Footnote_1251_1251" class="fnanchor">[1251]</a></p> - -<p>A gracefully shaped spear-head, with parallel beadings upon the blade, -and having very flat loops with pointed oval faces on the socket, was found -in the Thames, and formed part of the Roach Smith Collection, now in the -British Museum. It is shown in Fig. 399, and appears to be unique of -its kind. A plain spear-head (7 inches) of much the same form, and -another of the same length, but wider and flatter, were found at Edington -Burtle, Somerset, and are now in the -Museum at Taunton.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-325.jpg" width="200" height="508" id="i325" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 401.—Near Ballymena. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>A very remarkable specimen in the Royal -Irish Academy is engraved as Fig. 400. -It has already been figured on a small scale -by Wilde, who thus describes it:<a name="FNanchor_1252_1252" id="FNanchor_1252_1252"></a><a href="#Footnote_1252_1252" class="fnanchor">[1252]</a> “A long -narrow spear with concave or recurved -sides, and long lozenge-shaped loops on -each side of the socket, where the circular -form of that portion of the weapon becomes -angular. Narrow lateral ridges connect -these loops with the base of the blade, -which has hollow bevelled edges, and is as -sharp as the day it came from the mould. -The socket margin is decorated with a fillet -of five elevations, and a double linear engraved -or punched ornament forming a -triangular pattern like that seen in some -antique gold ornaments. A sharp ridge -extends along the middle of the socket from -the loops to the point, on each side of which, -as well as in the angles between the blade -and the socket, there are lines of small oval -punched indentations apparently effected by -the hand.”</p> - -<p>In one of the looped forms both the -blade and the socket are often highly ornamented. -The socket part is made to appear -somewhat like a haft to the blade, as in -the Arreton Down specimen (Fig. 328), and -the blade itself has ridges running nearly -parallel to the edges, the midrib being -almost square in section. An example of this kind from Ballymena -is, by the kindness of Mr. R. Day, F.S.A., shown in Fig. 401. As will -be seen, the socket, blade, and external faces of the loops are all ornamented -with engraved and punctured lines. A beautiful example from -Ireland (6½ inches), the socket engraved with a double ring of chevrons -near the middle, and a single ring near the base, and also ornamented -with dotted circles and lines extending down the blade, is in the -British Museum. It has two knobs on each side of the socket simulating -rivets.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span></p> - -<p>Other varieties with the midrib more rounded are given by Wilde,<a name="FNanchor_1253_1253" id="FNanchor_1253_1253"></a><a href="#Footnote_1253_1253" class="fnanchor">[1253]</a> -and two of his figures are, by the kindness of the Council of the Royal -Irish Academy, here reproduced as Figs. 402 and 403.<a name="FNanchor_1254_1254" id="FNanchor_1254_1254"></a><a href="#Footnote_1254_1254" class="fnanchor">[1254]</a> The original of -Fig. 402 is 5 inches long. It has “a central circular stud opposite the -base of the blade, beneath which there are a series of minute continuous -lines margined on both sides by a row of elevated dots.” The socket and -the outer surface of the loops are also highly decorated.</p> - -<p>Fig. 403 is 7½ inches long, and is also artistically ornamented.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-326.jpg" width="400" height="408" id="i326" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 402.—Ireland. ⅔ -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 403.—Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 404.—Ireland. -</p></div></div> - -<p>An example of this kind is given in “Horæ Ferales.”<a name="FNanchor_1255_1255" id="FNanchor_1255_1255"></a><a href="#Footnote_1255_1255" class="fnanchor">[1255]</a></p> - -<p>One (5¼ inches) from the Dean Water, Forfarshire, is in the Antiquarian -Museum at Edinburgh. The blade is ornamented by incised lines and -punctulations.</p> - -<p>Fig. 404, also kindly lent by the Royal Irish Academy (Wilde, Fig. 378), -shows a smaller and a plainer type.</p> - -<p>An unornamented lance-head of this type (5 inches) was found at Peel,<a name="FNanchor_1256_1256" id="FNanchor_1256_1256"></a><a href="#Footnote_1256_1256" class="fnanchor">[1256]</a> -in the Isle of Man. Another, 5⅝ inches, with three bands of parallel -lines round the socket, was obtained at Douglas, Lanarkshire.<a name="FNanchor_1257_1257" id="FNanchor_1257_1257"></a><a href="#Footnote_1257_1257" class="fnanchor">[1257]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span></p> - -<p>The spear-heads of this class with loops at the side of the sockets are -almost unknown out of the British Islands. In my own collection, however, -is one from the Seine at Paris (6¼ inches), almost identical in -form with Fig. 394, but with the lozenge-shaped plates forming the -loops somewhat wider.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-327.jpg" width="150" height="568" id="i327" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 405.—Elford. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A highly ornamented spear-head from Hungary,<a name="FNanchor_1258_1258" id="FNanchor_1258_1258"></a><a href="#Footnote_1258_1258" class="fnanchor">[1258]</a> preserved in the -Museum at Buda-Pest, has small semicircular loops -at the sides of the socket.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">The third class of spear-heads consists of -those with loops at the base of the blade connecting -it with the socket. There are many -varieties of this class, which includes some -of the most elegant forms of these ancient -weapons. The reason for adopting this particular -kind of loop appears to be that they -were, when thus attached to the blade, less -liable to be broken off or damaged than when -they formed isolated projections from the -socket. The spear-heads were also more readily -polished and furbished when the socket was -left as a plain tube.</p> - -<p>The loops are very frequently formed by the -continuation of two ribs along the margin of -the blade, which are curved inwards from the -base of the blade until they join the socket.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">A good example of this formation of the loop is -shown in Fig. 405. The original was found at -Elford, Northumberland, and is in the collection -of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S.</p> - -<p>Another of nearly the same form, but without -the ribs on the blade, was found near Lowthorpe, -Yorkshire, E.R., and is in the possession of Mr. -T. Boynton, of Ulrome Grange.</p> - -<p>The very graceful spear-head shown in Fig. 406 -was found at Isleham Fen, Cambridge, in 1863, -and is a remarkably fine casting, the cavity for the -reception of the shaft being no less than 12¼ inches -in length, and perfectly central in the blade.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-328.jpg" width="100" height="634" id="i328" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 406.—Isleham Fen. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>I have another spear-head of the same type (18 inches), probably from -the Thames, almost as well cast, but rather heavier in proportion to its size. -There are traces of wood in the socket, as is also the case in another of the -same form (14½ inches) dredged from the Thames at Battersea,<a name="FNanchor_1259_1259" id="FNanchor_1259_1259"></a><a href="#Footnote_1259_1259" class="fnanchor">[1259]</a> and now -in the Bateman Collection. The wood has been thought to be ash. -Another similar, but originally about 20 inches long, was found in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span> -Thames near Runnymede;<a name="FNanchor_1260_1260" id="FNanchor_1260_1260"></a><a href="#Footnote_1260_1260" class="fnanchor">[1260]</a> and another in the collection -of General A. Pitt Rivers, F.R.S., 17 inches -long, was found at Hampton Court.</p> - -<p>Another (13¾ inches) from the Thames at Thames -Ditton is in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>One (15¼ inches) from Bottisham Lode, Cambridge, -is in the British Museum; as is another (14¼ -inches) from the New River Works, Pentonville. -I have seen others from Coveney Fen (16¾ inches, -Mr. Fisher), and from Woolpit, near Bury St. -Edmunds (8⅞ inches). The blade of one (11⅜ inches) -without the socket was found at Stanwick, Yorkshire, -and is now in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>One (13½ inches) was found with three rapier-shaped -blades near Maentwrog, Merionethshire, and -is in the same collection.<a name="FNanchor_1261_1261" id="FNanchor_1261_1261"></a><a href="#Footnote_1261_1261" class="fnanchor">[1261]</a></p> - -<p>Another, broken, in the Museum at Taunton, is -said to have been found in the Roman villa at -Wadsford, Combe St. Nicholas, near Chard. Its -original length must have been about 18 inches.</p> - -<p>In the specimen from Stibbard, Norfolk,<a name="FNanchor_1262_1262" id="FNanchor_1262_1262"></a><a href="#Footnote_1262_1262" class="fnanchor">[1262]</a> shown -in Fig. 407, the ribs upon the blade are less distinct, -and the loops are widened out so as to show a -lozenge form when the edge of the blade is seen. -This spear-head was found with nine others and -about seventy palstaves about 1806, and is in the -state in which it left the mould, having never been -finished by hammering and grinding, though the -core has been extracted. I have seen a specimen in -the collection of Mr. J. Holmes, found at Morley, -near Leeds, in which the hammering process had -been applied to a part only of the blade, which -had evidently broken in the operation. The partly -finished base and the unfinished point were found -together.</p> - -<p>An Irish example of this form has been engraved -by Vallancey.<a name="FNanchor_1263_1263" id="FNanchor_1263_1263"></a><a href="#Footnote_1263_1263" class="fnanchor">[1263]</a></p> - -<p>This type is rare in France, but a specimen is in -the Museum at Carcassonne (Aude), and another in -that at St. Germain.</p> - -<p>In some spear-heads of nearly the same form -there is a raised bead running down the midrib as in -Fig. 408. This beautifully finished weapon was -bought in Dublin, but I cannot say in what part of -Ireland it was found.</p> - -<p>A smaller and broader specimen (7 inches) in my -collection was found at Clough, near Antrim.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span></p> - -<p>I have another (10¾ inches) from the north of Ireland in which the -midrib half-way along the blade expands to form an edge almost as sharp -as that at the sides. Near the point the section is cruciform, as in -Fig. 396.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-329.jpg" width="400" height="500" id="i329" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 407.—Stibbard. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 408.—Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 409.—Lakenheath Fen. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A spear-head found near Hay, on the river Wye, and now in the Museum -of the Society of Antiquaries of London, presents the same peculiarity as -Fig. 408.</p> - -<p>Some ancient bronze spear-heads from China<a name="FNanchor_1264_1264" id="FNanchor_1264_1264"></a><a href="#Footnote_1264_1264" class="fnanchor">[1264]</a> are provided with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span> -central ridges of the same kind on the blades. They have but one loop, -and that is on the face, and there is a deep notch at the mouth of the -socket.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-330.jpg" width="100" height="528" id="i330" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 410.<br />Nettleham. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>The long blades are often more leaf-shaped and less truncated at the -base than that shown in Fig. 406. A very large specimen of this kind -from Lakenheath Fen is shown on the scale of ¼ inch in Fig. 409. The -point is unfortunately lost, but is restored in the engraving. The midrib -containing the socket is ridged, and the outer faces of the loops expand -into the diamond form.</p> - -<p>One of nearly the same character (22¼ inches), found -in the Thames at Datchet, forms part of the Roach Smith -Collection,<a name="FNanchor_1265_1265" id="FNanchor_1265_1265"></a><a href="#Footnote_1265_1265" class="fnanchor">[1265]</a> now in the British Museum. Another (11½ -inches) was found with palstaves at Sherford,<a name="FNanchor_1266_1266" id="FNanchor_1266_1266"></a><a href="#Footnote_1266_1266" class="fnanchor">[1266]</a> near -Taunton.</p> - -<p>A specimen in the British Museum (15¾ inches) has -an ornament of hatched chevrons round the base of the -socket, and the lozenge-shaped flanges are also ornamented -with hatched open mascles.</p> - -<p>A spear-head of the same form (15½ inches) from -Ireland<a name="FNanchor_1267_1267" id="FNanchor_1267_1267"></a><a href="#Footnote_1267_1267" class="fnanchor">[1267]</a> has the ridge decorated with lines of dots, and -the socket with bands and a chevron pattern. A -plain specimen, no less than 26¾ inches long, found at -Maghera, Co. Londonderry,<a name="FNanchor_1268_1268" id="FNanchor_1268_1268"></a><a href="#Footnote_1268_1268" class="fnanchor">[1268]</a> has been figured by -Wilde.</p> - -<p>In others the midrib is conical, and the blade nearly -flat, or with only a shallow channel along the sides of -the midrib. One such from the find at Nettleham, Lincolnshire,<a name="FNanchor_1269_1269" id="FNanchor_1269_1269"></a><a href="#Footnote_1269_1269" class="fnanchor">[1269]</a> -now in the British Museum, is, by the kindness -of Mr. Franks, shown in Fig. 410. I have one -nearly similar (9½ inches) from Edmonton Marsh. One -(7½ inches) from the Thames at Lambeth is in the -British Museum, as are others from the same river -varying in length from 9 to 15¾ inches.</p> - -<p>One from Speen, Berks<a name="FNanchor_1270_1270" id="FNanchor_1270_1270"></a><a href="#Footnote_1270_1270" class="fnanchor">[1270]</a> (7 inches), is of the same -character, as is one (8¼ inches) from Crawford, Lanarkshire.<a name="FNanchor_1271_1271" id="FNanchor_1271_1271"></a><a href="#Footnote_1271_1271" class="fnanchor">[1271]</a> -Another (9 inches) from Horsey, near Peterborough, -Hunts, has been engraved by Artis.<a name="FNanchor_1272_1272" id="FNanchor_1272_1272"></a><a href="#Footnote_1272_1272" class="fnanchor">[1272]</a> -Another (10½ inches) from the Severn at Kempsey, -Worcestershire,<a name="FNanchor_1273_1273" id="FNanchor_1273_1273"></a><a href="#Footnote_1273_1273" class="fnanchor">[1273]</a> appears to have been of this type. -I have seen others from the Cambridge Fens. One (5½ -inches) from Edington Burtle, Somerset, is in the Taunton -Museum.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-331.jpg" width="150" height="479" id="i331" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 411.—Knockans. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A spear-head of this character (10½ inches), with the faces of the loops -lozenge-shaped, was found with two looped palstaves and a chisel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[331]</a></span> -(Fig. 197) at Broxton, about -twelve miles south of Chester. -It is now in the collection of Sir -P. de M. G. Egerton, Bart., who -has kindly shown it to me.</p> - -<p>Spear-heads of this character -are occasionally found in Scotland. -Two from Wigtonshire<a name="FNanchor_1274_1274" id="FNanchor_1274_1274"></a><a href="#Footnote_1274_1274" class="fnanchor">[1274]</a> -have been figured.</p> - -<p>The form is common in Ireland. -I have one 12 inches long from -one of the northern counties.</p> - -<p>A spear-head (6½ inches) with -small projecting loops at each -side of the blade was found near -Hawick, Roxburghshire.<a name="FNanchor_1275_1275" id="FNanchor_1275_1275"></a><a href="#Footnote_1275_1275" class="fnanchor">[1275]</a></p> - -<p>In Fig. 411 is shown a remarkably -fine spear-head in the collection -of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., -which exhibits the peculiarity of -having the loops formed by the -prolongation of small ribs on each -side of the midrib, and of having, -in addition, a rivet-hole through -the socket. It was found at -Knockans, Co. Antrim.</p> - -<p>An Irish spear-head (14¾ inches) -with loops at the lower end of -the blade, and the socket pierced -for a rivet, was exhibited to the -Archæological Institute in 1856.<a name="FNanchor_1276_1276" id="FNanchor_1276_1276"></a><a href="#Footnote_1276_1276" class="fnanchor">[1276]</a></p></div> - -<p class="p1">The fourth class of spear-heads, -those with openings in -the blade, may again be subdivided -into those in which -the openings appear to have -served as loops for attaching -the blade to the shaft, and -those in which these apertures -seem to have been mainly -intended for ornament, or possibly -for diminishing weight.</p> - -<p>Of the former kind appear -to be those which have merely -two small slits in the lower<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span> -part of the blade, such as would seem adapted for the insertion -of a cord. These holes are usually protected by -projections rising from the blade on the outer side -of the holes.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-332.jpg" width="400" height="570" id="i332" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 412.—Lurgan. ¼ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 413.—Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 414.—Antrim. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">A fine spear-head in my own collection thus perforated, -found near Lurgan, Co. Armagh,<a name="FNanchor_1277_1277" id="FNanchor_1277_1277"></a><a href="#Footnote_1277_1277" class="fnanchor">[1277]</a> is shown in -Fig. 412. It is 24 inches in length, and 3¼ inches in -extreme breadth.</p> - -<p>The openings are about 17 inches from the point. -An Irish friend has suggested that they were for the -reception of poison, but after the blade had penetrated -seventeen inches into the human body such an use of -poison would probably be superfluous.</p> - -<p>A spear-head of the same form (19⅛ inches) was -found on the hill of Rosele, Duffus, Morayshire,<a name="FNanchor_1278_1278" id="FNanchor_1278_1278"></a><a href="#Footnote_1278_1278" class="fnanchor">[1278]</a> and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[333]</a></span> -is now in the Elgin Museum. Another, broken, but still 10⅝ inches long, -was found with a rapier-shaped blade at Corbridge, Northumberland.<a name="FNanchor_1279_1279" id="FNanchor_1279_1279"></a><a href="#Footnote_1279_1279" class="fnanchor">[1279]</a> -A broken specimen was found in the Isle of Portland.<a name="FNanchor_1280_1280" id="FNanchor_1280_1280"></a><a href="#Footnote_1280_1280" class="fnanchor">[1280]</a></p> - -<p>A spear-head (10 inches) with small openings in the blade was found, -with palstaves, socketed celts, rapiers, bracelets, and a ferrule, at -Wallington, Northumberland, -and is in the possession -of Sir Charles -Trevelyan.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-333.jpg" width="200" height="377" id="i333" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p> -Fig. 415.—Thames. ½</p> -<p class="pr">Fig. 416.—Naworth Castle. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>An “eyed” spear-head -22 inches long was found -in the Thames near -Datchet,<a name="FNanchor_1281_1281" id="FNanchor_1281_1281"></a><a href="#Footnote_1281_1281" class="fnanchor">[1281]</a> but whether it -was of this or some other -type I cannot say. One -(9 inches) with two holes -at the base of the leaf -above the ferrule was -found near Speen, Berks.<a name="FNanchor_1282_1282" id="FNanchor_1282_1282"></a><a href="#Footnote_1282_1282" class="fnanchor">[1282]</a></p> - -<p>A broader form (13½ -inches) from Ireland is -engraved by Wilde (Fig. -365), and another broader -still is shown in my Fig. -413. This has a rivet-hole -on the front of the socket, -as well as the holes in the -blade. This is also in the -Dublin Museum.</p> - -<p>In some instances the -blade is very much shorter -in proportion to the -length of the socket, as -will be seen in Fig. 414, -the original of which was -found in the county of -Antrim, and is now in -Canon Greenwell’s collection.</p> - -<p>A remarkably fine English -example of the same -class is shown in Fig. 415. -This specimen was found -in the Thames, and is now -in the British Museum. The small projecting flanges at the side of the -holes in the blade are very strongly marked, and form circular discs -when seen with the edge of the spear-head towards the spectator.</p> - -<p>The simplest of the forms, in which the holes in the blade appear to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span> -for ornament rather than use, is that in which there are two circular or -oval holes through the blade, one on either side of the midrib containing -the socket. The spear-head shown in Fig. 416 was found near Naworth -Castle, Cumberland, in 1870, and is in the collection of Canon Greenwell. -In general form it resembles the type, Fig. 381. It is provided -with a rivet-hole through the socket.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-334.jpg" width="350" height="583" id="i334" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">———</span> -Fig. 417.—Blakehope. ½ -<span class="vh">—————</span> -Fig. 418.—Whittingham. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Some Italian spear-heads have two circular holes in the blade, but -nearer the base.</p> - -<p>In the spear-head shown in Fig. 417 there is no trace of a rivet-hole -in the socket, the end of which, however, is broken, and the two oval -orifices in the blade are placed one somewhat below the other. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span> -specimen is in Canon Greenwell’s collection, and was found at Blakehope, -Northumberland.</p></div> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-335.jpg" width="200" height="679" id="i335" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 419.—Winmarleigh. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p class="p1">The more truly characteristic spear-heads of this class have two -crescent-shaped or lunate openings, one on each side of the midrib -containing the socket, which thus is -made, as it were, to reappear in the -middle of the blade. There is usually -a rivet-hole in the projecting part of the -socket below the blade, so that these -openings must be regarded as ornamental, -or else as intended to diminish the weight -of the weapon.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">The original of Fig. 418 was found about -1847, near Whittingham, Northumberland,<a name="FNanchor_1283_1283" id="FNanchor_1283_1283"></a><a href="#Footnote_1283_1283" class="fnanchor">[1283]</a> -in company with some other spear-heads and -two swords, and is now in the possession of -Lord Ravensworth. The surface of the blade -is ornamented by being worked into steps or -terraces, and the socket by bands of parallel -lines.</p> - -<p>A rather longer specimen was found, together -with a plain leaf-shaped spear-head -and five socketed celts, at Winmarleigh, near -Garstang, Lancashire.<a name="FNanchor_1284_1284" id="FNanchor_1284_1284"></a><a href="#Footnote_1284_1284" class="fnanchor">[1284]</a> By the kindness of -the curators of the Warrington Museum I am -enabled to give it as Fig. 419. It is 19½ -inches long. There are small ridges by the -side of the midrib and round the margin of -the openings.</p> - -<p>Another like it, but only 15¼ inches long, -was found with a socketed celt near Middleham, -Yorkshire.</p> - -<p>Some fragments of spear-heads of this character -were found with other bronze antiquities -in Duddingston Loch, Edinburgh.<a name="FNanchor_1285_1285" id="FNanchor_1285_1285"></a><a href="#Footnote_1285_1285" class="fnanchor">[1285]</a></p> - -<p>The same form has occurred in Ireland.<a name="FNanchor_1286_1286" id="FNanchor_1286_1286"></a><a href="#Footnote_1286_1286" class="fnanchor">[1286]</a> -A fine example (14 inches) from a hoard at -Dowris, King’s County,<a name="FNanchor_1287_1287" id="FNanchor_1287_1287"></a><a href="#Footnote_1287_1287" class="fnanchor">[1287]</a> is in the British -Museum.</p> - -<p>A spear-head of this type, about 8 inches -long, is in the Boucher de Perthes Collection -at Abbeville.</p> - -<p>A spear-head smaller than Fig. 419, but of the same general character, is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span> -shown in Fig. 420. It was found in Burwell -Fen, Cambridge, about 1869. There -is a double bead along each side of the -midrib, and the blade is in two steps -or terraces. Around the crescent-shaped -opening the beading is grained -or milled transversely. A projection -is carried down along the socket from -the blade, so as to allow the rivet-hole -to be made in it. The socket extends -to within 1½ inches of the point.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-336.jpg" width="150" height="525" id="i336" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 420.—Burwell Fen. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A spear-head of nearly the same -size, with the openings somewhat -smaller, but ornamented in a similar -manner, was found with celts, palstaves, -gouges, swords, scabbards, &c., -at Guilsfield, Montgomeryshire,<a name="FNanchor_1288_1288" id="FNanchor_1288_1288"></a><a href="#Footnote_1288_1288" class="fnanchor">[1288]</a> in -1862. Another, broken, was found at -the same time. Another was in the -hoard at Little Wenlock, Shropshire,<a name="FNanchor_1289_1289" id="FNanchor_1289_1289"></a><a href="#Footnote_1289_1289" class="fnanchor">[1289]</a> -but does not appear to have -been ornamented. There was a fragment -of another, plain, in the Broadward<a name="FNanchor_1290_1290" id="FNanchor_1290_1290"></a><a href="#Footnote_1290_1290" class="fnanchor">[1290]</a> -find.</p> - -<p>In the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh -are some spear-heads of this -character, with the openings on the -blade rather longer in proportion. -One was found in the bottom of -a cairn at Highfield, Urray, near -Dingwall, Ross-shire.<a name="FNanchor_1291_1291" id="FNanchor_1291_1291"></a><a href="#Footnote_1291_1291" class="fnanchor">[1291]</a> Others were -found in Roxburghshire and Stirlingshire.</p> - -<p>Some of the spear-heads of this type -which have been found in Ireland are -highly ornamented. A very fine specimen -given by Wilde (Fig. 374) has -several mouldings with a kind of cable -pattern upon them. Others have circular -perforations in addition to the -lunate openings; and in one instance -the socket is decorated with bands and -vertical lines (Wilde, Fig. 372).</p> - -<p>A small lance-head from Jelabugy, -Russia,<a name="FNanchor_1292_1292" id="FNanchor_1292_1292"></a><a href="#Footnote_1292_1292" class="fnanchor">[1292]</a> with comparatively large -crescent-shaped openings in the blade, -has been figured by Worsaae.</p> - -<p>The cut for Fig. 421 is kindly lent -me by the Society of Antiquaries of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span> -Scotland. The original, 19 inches long, was found with a bronze sword -at Denhead, Cupar-Angus, Forfarshire,<a name="FNanchor_1293_1293" id="FNanchor_1293_1293"></a><a href="#Footnote_1293_1293" class="fnanchor">[1293]</a> and has unfortunately been -somewhat broken.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-337.jpg" width="200" height="376" id="i337" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 421.—Denhead. ¼ -<span class="vh">–</span> -Fig. 422.—Speen. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>As will be seen, there are -ten circular holes, besides -two long crescents. -The socket is -said by Professor -Daniel Wilson to contain -a thin rod or core -of iron, which was -inserted in the mould -to strengthen this unusually -large weapon; -but what seemed to -Dr. Wilson to be an -iron rod is really a -piece of wood that -has been recently inserted -when the spear-head -was mended.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">In the last class -into which these -weapons are here -divided, are placed -those which are -barbed at the base -of the blade, or in -very rare instances -are square at that -part.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">A good typical example -(10<span class="small"><sup>7</sup>/<sub>12</sub></span> inches) -is shown in Fig. 422, -from an original found -at Speen, Berks.<a name="FNanchor_1294_1294" id="FNanchor_1294_1294"></a><a href="#Footnote_1294_1294" class="fnanchor">[1294]</a> It -is very heavy, weighing -11¾ ozs. troy, or -more than ¾ lb. avoirdupois. -Another of the same size, but lighter (8 ozs.), was found in the Severn, -near Worcester.<a name="FNanchor_1295_1295" id="FNanchor_1295_1295"></a><a href="#Footnote_1295_1295" class="fnanchor">[1295]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span></p> - -<p>Another (10¾ inches), found in the Plaistow Marshes, Essex, and now -in the British Museum, has a rivet of bronze 2⅜ inches in length still in -the rivet-hole. Curiously enough this long rivet appears to be a speciality -of this class of weapons. Some of this type, together with some fragments -twisted and adhering together as if partially molten, were found in the -Thames at Kingston,<a name="FNanchor_1296_1296" id="FNanchor_1296_1296"></a><a href="#Footnote_1296_1296" class="fnanchor">[1296]</a> and in one of them was the bronze rivet. These -are now in the British Museum. Some broken barbed spear-heads of -larger size (about 14 inches), also with the rivets still in position, were -found with bronze ferrules at a spot called “Bloody Pool,” South Brent, -Devon.<a name="FNanchor_1297_1297" id="FNanchor_1297_1297"></a><a href="#Footnote_1297_1297" class="fnanchor">[1297]</a></p> - -<p>Another (7 inches), found at Pendoylan, near Cardiff, Glamorganshire,<a name="FNanchor_1298_1298" id="FNanchor_1298_1298"></a><a href="#Footnote_1298_1298" class="fnanchor">[1298]</a> -has an oval socket pierced on one side for a rivet, which, however, is -wanting.</p> - -<p>Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., possesses an example much like that from -Speen (10⅞ inches) found in Yorkshire, near the river Humber.</p> - -<p>In the Broadward find<a name="FNanchor_1299_1299" id="FNanchor_1299_1299"></a><a href="#Footnote_1299_1299" class="fnanchor">[1299]</a> (Shropshire) were several spear-heads of this -type, mostly retaining their bronze rivets. One of them, about 6 inches -long and 3 inches broad, has the base of the blade at right angles to the -socket, and not sloping downwards. Several bronze ferrules were included -in the hoard. What appears to have been a discovery of nearly the same -character took place in a bog on a farm called the Wrekin Tenement,<a name="FNanchor_1300_1300" id="FNanchor_1300_1300"></a><a href="#Footnote_1300_1300" class="fnanchor">[1300]</a> -also in Shropshire, where a celt, a small number of swords, and about -one hundred and fifty fragments of spear-heads were found. They are -described as being for the most part about 8 inches in length, and having -rivets of bronze through the sockets. I have not met with the type in -Scotland or Ireland.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">It has been suggested that these weapons were fishing spears, and -certainly their barbed form, so distinct from that of the more -common spear-heads, raises a presumption that they were intended -for some special purpose. It appears to me, however, as it already -has done to others, that such weapons are too clumsy to have been -used for the capture of fish of any ordinary size, and would have -made sad havoc even of a forty-pound salmon. If they were used -for the chase at all, it is more probable that they were intended for -attacking large four-footed game, such as wild oxen, either by -thrusting or darting, and that the weapons were left in the wound, -the shafts encumbering the animal in its flight. If, as would -probably be the case, these got broken by the animal, the long -rivets were well adapted for being removed so as to allow of the -broken shaft being taken out, and would again serve to retain a -new one.</p> - -<p>Mention has already been made of ferrules having been frequently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span> -discovered in company with ordinary spear-heads; and from this -fact, and the size and character of the ferrules, the inference has, -with much probability, been drawn that they served to tip the lower -ends of the shafts of spears and lances.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-339.jpg" width="200" height="706" id="i339" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc27" summary="caption27"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 423.<br />Nettleham. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 424.<br />Guilsfield. ¼</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>The illustrations given in Figs. 423 and 424 will serve to show -the usual character of these objects. They vary in length from -about 16 inches down to 8 inches, and are -about ¾ inch or less in diameter. They are -not made from a flat piece of metal turned -over, but are cast in one piece, having been -very carefully “cored.” The metal, especially -near the mouth, is very thin, and there -is usually a small hole nearer this end than -the other to allow of a pin or rivet being -inserted to keep the ferrule on the shaft.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p>The original of Fig. 423 (8¼ inches) was -found with spear-heads and other articles at -Nettleham, near Lincoln, and is now in the -British Museum.<a name="FNanchor_1301_1301" id="FNanchor_1301_1301"></a><a href="#Footnote_1301_1301" class="fnanchor">[1301]</a></p> - -<p>One 14 inches long, bluntly pointed at the -base, was found in the Thames, near London, -and is now in the British Museum. It has a -portion of the wooden shaft inside, which appears -to be of beech. The hole for the pin is -still visible in the wood, but the pin has -perished. It may have been made of horn.</p> - -<p>Fig. 424 is on the scale of one-fourth, the -original being 14 inches long. It was found -with eleven others, varying in length from 10 -to 16 inches, and with spear-heads and other -articles, at Guilsfield, Montgomeryshire.<a name="FNanchor_1302_1302" id="FNanchor_1302_1302"></a><a href="#Footnote_1302_1302" class="fnanchor">[1302]</a></p> - -<p>Another ferrule (9½ inches) was found, with -spear-heads, socketed celts, &c., near Nottingham.<a name="FNanchor_1303_1303" id="FNanchor_1303_1303"></a><a href="#Footnote_1303_1303" class="fnanchor">[1303]</a></p> - -<p>Four such (about 7 inches) were found, with -spear-heads, &c., at Bloody Pool, South Brent, -Devon.<a name="FNanchor_1304_1304" id="FNanchor_1304_1304"></a><a href="#Footnote_1304_1304" class="fnanchor">[1304]</a></p> - -<p>Canon Greenwell has a specimen from Antrim -(9½ inches), the end of which is worn obliquely, as if by trailing on the -ground. It has a single rivet-hole.</p> - -<p>A very long ferrule of this kind (14½ inches), but with a small disc at -the base, is in the Museum at Nantes. It was found in the bed of the -Loire.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span></p> - -<p>A shorter form, somewhat expanding towards the base, is shown in -Fig. 425. This, together with three others, none more than 4¼ inches -long, was found, with spear-heads, &c., at Pant-y-maen, near Glancych.<a name="FNanchor_1305_1305" id="FNanchor_1305_1305"></a><a href="#Footnote_1305_1305" class="fnanchor">[1305]</a></p> - -<p>In the Broadward find<a name="FNanchor_1306_1306" id="FNanchor_1306_1306"></a><a href="#Footnote_1306_1306" class="fnanchor">[1306]</a> were six tubes, varying in length from 6 to -2 inches, of which one only was of this type. Some were so small that -the diameter did not exceed ¼ inch.</p> - -<p>A small ferrule of this kind was in the hoard found at Beddington, -near Croydon,<a name="FNanchor_1307_1307" id="FNanchor_1307_1307"></a><a href="#Footnote_1307_1307" class="fnanchor">[1307]</a> and part of one in that of Wickham Park. The latter is -now in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>What appears to be a ferrule of this kind, but more widely expanded -at the end, like Fig. 425, is described in Gordon’s “Itinerarium Septentrionale”<a name="FNanchor_1308_1308" id="FNanchor_1308_1308"></a><a href="#Footnote_1308_1308" class="fnanchor">[1308]</a> -as “a Roman tuba, or trumpet.”</p> - -<p>Another of these expanded ferrules is in the Museum of the Cambridge -Antiquarian Society.<a name="FNanchor_1309_1309" id="FNanchor_1309_1309"></a><a href="#Footnote_1309_1309" class="fnanchor">[1309]</a></p> - -<p>In the Fulbourn find<a name="FNanchor_1310_1310" id="FNanchor_1310_1310"></a><a href="#Footnote_1310_1310" class="fnanchor">[1310]</a> there were two ferrules expanding at the base -to about 2 inches in diameter, which were regarded by Dr. Clarke as -having been the feet of two spears. He points out that similar feet for -spears may be seen represented on Greek vases.<a name="FNanchor_1311_1311" id="FNanchor_1311_1311"></a><a href="#Footnote_1311_1311" class="fnanchor">[1311]</a> The οὐρίαχος or -σαυρωτήρ of Homer<a name="FNanchor_1312_1312" id="FNanchor_1312_1312"></a><a href="#Footnote_1312_1312" class="fnanchor">[1312]</a> appears to have been more susceptible of being -driven into the ground. This point at the base was sometimes used for -fighting when the spear-head proper was broken.</p> - -<p>Among the African tribes on the shores of the Gambia, the spears, as -Mr. Syer Cuming<a name="FNanchor_1313_1313" id="FNanchor_1313_1313"></a><a href="#Footnote_1313_1313" class="fnanchor">[1313]</a> has pointed out, have a chisel- or celt-like ferrule at -the base of their shafts; and this fashion extends all across Africa to -Madagascar,<a name="FNanchor_1314_1314" id="FNanchor_1314_1314"></a><a href="#Footnote_1314_1314" class="fnanchor">[1314]</a> and recurs in Borneo.</p> - -<p>Some Danish ferrules<a name="FNanchor_1315_1315" id="FNanchor_1315_1315"></a><a href="#Footnote_1315_1315" class="fnanchor">[1315]</a> present the same peculiarity of being chisel-like -at the base.</p> - -<p>Another form, more spherical at the base, is shown in Fig. 427, copied -from the <i>Archæological Journal</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1316_1316" id="FNanchor_1316_1316"></a><a href="#Footnote_1316_1316" class="fnanchor">[1316]</a> The original, with several others, was -found at St. Margaret’s Park, Hereford. The socket tapers to a point -1½ inches from the extremity.</p> - -<p>A nearly similar ferrule, but with a slight cylindrical projection beyond the -spherical part, was found with other bronze objects at Lanant, Cornwall.<a name="FNanchor_1317_1317" id="FNanchor_1317_1317"></a><a href="#Footnote_1317_1317" class="fnanchor">[1317]</a> -A kind of pointed ferrule of a nearly square section, with the faces -hollowed, which was found near Windsor,<a name="FNanchor_1318_1318" id="FNanchor_1318_1318"></a><a href="#Footnote_1318_1318" class="fnanchor">[1318]</a> and is now in the British -Museum, not improbably belongs to a later date than the Bronze Period.</p> - -<p>In the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy are several ferrules, -apparently for the end of spear shafts, some of which are said to have been -found with spear-heads. Many of these have ornaments of a late Celtic<a name="FNanchor_1319_1319" id="FNanchor_1319_1319"></a><a href="#Footnote_1319_1319" class="fnanchor">[1319]</a> -character upon them. Others<a name="FNanchor_1320_1320" id="FNanchor_1320_1320"></a><a href="#Footnote_1320_1320" class="fnanchor">[1320]</a> appear to have been made from plates -turned over and soldered, and not to have been cast hollow. Both of these -kinds are of more recent date than the Bronze Age.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span></p> - -<p>Tapering ferrules of bronze occur in Italy, and a pointed iron ferrule, -probably belonging to a barbed javelin of Roman age, was found in -the river Witham, near Lincoln.<a name="FNanchor_1321_1321" id="FNanchor_1321_1321"></a><a href="#Footnote_1321_1321" class="fnanchor">[1321]</a></p> - -<p>A ferrule, about 3 inches long, with parallel lines engraved round it, is -in the Museum at Clermont Ferrand. Another, more conical, is in that -of Narbonne.<a name="FNanchor_1322_1322" id="FNanchor_1322_1322"></a><a href="#Footnote_1322_1322" class="fnanchor">[1322]</a> Some with expanded button-like ends have been found -in the Lake-dwellings of Savoy. Several ferrules, some of them very -short, were found with bronze spear-heads at Alise Ste. Reine (Côte d’Or).<a name="FNanchor_1323_1323" id="FNanchor_1323_1323"></a><a href="#Footnote_1323_1323" class="fnanchor">[1323]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-341.jpg" width="400" height="357" id="i341" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 425.—Glancych. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 426.—Fulbourn. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 427.—Hereford. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Others, some of them ornamented, formed part of the great Bologna -hoard.</p> - -<p>A ferrule was found with a bronze spear-head, between 23 and 24 -inches long, in the Alban Necropolis, and is figured in the <i>Archæologia</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1324_1324" id="FNanchor_1324_1324"></a><a href="#Footnote_1324_1324" class="fnanchor">[1324]</a> -Padre Garrucci regards this spear as neither Greek, nor Etruscan, nor -Latin, but Celtic.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Although the simple leaf-shaped spear-heads from the British Isles -present close analogies with those from the other parts of Europe, -yet for the most part those of the other types, with loops to the -sockets, with openings in the blade, or of the barbed class last -described, present peculiarities of their own. Several of these -types appear, indeed, to have been evolved in Britain or in -Ireland, and the differences they exhibit from the ordinary continental -types are more marked than in any other class of bronze<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span> -weapons. Though loops are such a common adjunct to the socketed -celts of other countries, yet looped palstaves are comparatively -rare abroad. At the same time, as will have been seen, hardly any -examples of looped spear-heads from foreign countries can be cited, -while in Britain, and more especially in Ireland, they are very -abundant. This fact, in whatever way it is to be accounted for, -affords a most conclusive argument against assigning a Roman -origin for our bronze weapons; a looped spear-head, so far as I -am aware, never having been discovered in Italy, and but very -rarely even in Gaul. The spear-heads with the small apertures -in the blade appear also to be of an indigenous type.</p> - -<p>Some of the iron spear-heads from Hallstatt and elsewhere have -been made in imitation of those in bronze, and have been welded -along the whole length of their sockets in a manner which displays -the highest skill in the smiths. But, unlike the iron -palstaves and socketed celts, none of the spear-heads are provided -with a loop. In later times the sockets of the iron spear-heads -were left with an open slit along them, a method of manufacture -which produced an equally serviceable weapon, and involved far -less trouble.</p> - -<p>As to the position in time which spear-heads occupy in the -Bronze Age, it is probable that it is towards the close rather than -the beginning of that period. Not only are spear-heads almost, if -not quite, absent from our barrows, but the skill involved in -producing implements so thin and so truly cored could only have -been acquired after long practice in casting. The objects to be -considered in the next chapter are also of comparatively late -date.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER XV.</h2> - -<p class="pch">SHIELDS, BUCKLERS, AND HELMETS.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Having</span> now described the various weapons of offence of which -in early times bronze formed the material, it will be well to -examine the arms of defence fabricated from the same metal, and -presumably of the same or nearly the same age.</p> - -<p>The shields first in use in Britain were probably formed of -perishable materials, such as wicker-work, wood, or hide, like those -of many savage tribes of the present day; and it can only have -been after a long acquaintance with the use of bronze that plates -could have been produced of such size as those with which some -of the ancient shields and bucklers found in this country were -covered. They would appear, therefore, to belong to quite the -close of the Bronze Age, if not to the transitional period when iron -was coming into use. There are, indeed, several bronze coverings -of shields of elongated form, such as those from the river Witham<a name="FNanchor_1325_1325" id="FNanchor_1325_1325"></a><a href="#Footnote_1325_1325" class="fnanchor">[1325]</a> -and from the Thames,<a name="FNanchor_1326_1326" id="FNanchor_1326_1326"></a><a href="#Footnote_1326_1326" class="fnanchor">[1326]</a> with decorations upon them, in which red -enamel plays a part, that have been found associated with the -iron swords of what Mr. Franks has termed the Late Celtic Period. -Those, however, which appear to have a better claim to a place in -these pages are of a circular form.</p> - -<p>That which I have shown in Fig. 428 is now in the British -Museum, and has already been figured in the <i>Archæologia</i><a name="FNanchor_1327_1327" id="FNanchor_1327_1327"></a><a href="#Footnote_1327_1327" class="fnanchor">[1327]</a>, and -described by Mr. Gage. It was dredged up from what appears to -have been the ancient bed of the river Isis, near Little Wittenham, -Berks, not far from the Dyke Hills, near Dorchester, Oxon. -It is about 13½ inches diameter, not quite circular in form, though<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span> -probably intended so to be. The raised bosses have all been -wrought in the metal with the exception of four, two of which -form the rivets for the handle across the umbo, and two others -serve as the rivets or pivots for two small straps or buttons of -bronze on the inner side of the buckler. Such buttons occur on -several other examples, but it is difficult to determine the exact -purpose which they served. From the pains taken in this instance -to conceal the heads of these pivots on the outside, by making -them take the form and place of bosses, it would appear that they -were necessary adjuncts of the shield, and possibly in some way -connected with a lining for it.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-344.jpg" width="400" height="212" id="i344" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 428.—Little Wittenham. -</p></div></div> - -<p>Such a lining can hardly have -been of wood, or many rivet or pin holes would have been necessary -for securing the metal to it. It may be that a lining of hide was -moulded while wet to the form of the shield, and that these -buttons served to keep it in place when dry. In one case<a name="FNanchor_1328_1328" id="FNanchor_1328_1328"></a><a href="#Footnote_1328_1328" class="fnanchor">[1328]</a> it is -said that some fibrous particles resembling leather still remain -attached to the inside of the shield. In general the metal is so -thin that without some lining these bucklers would have afforded -but a poor defence against the stroke of a sword, spear, or arrow. -In this Little Wittenham example, and possibly in some others, it -is probable that the shield itself was larger than the bronze plate. -Another view is that these buttons fastened a strap for carrying -the shield when either in or out of use.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span></p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Another buckler, in Lord Londesborough’s collection, 14 inches in -diameter, with two circles of small bosses divided by a raised band, -is stated to have been found with a large bronze spear-head at Athenry,<a name="FNanchor_1329_1329" id="FNanchor_1329_1329"></a><a href="#Footnote_1329_1329" class="fnanchor">[1329]</a> -Co. Galway. Two of the bosses of the inner circle are the heads of -rivets for securing the handle. A much smaller buckler, or centre of -a buckler, only 9¼ inches in diameter (also with two rings of bosses), -presumably found in the Isis,<a name="FNanchor_1330_1330" id="FNanchor_1330_1330"></a><a href="#Footnote_1330_1330" class="fnanchor">[1330]</a> near Eynsham Bridge, is in the Museum -of the Society of Antiquaries. It has a slightly conical boss, surrounded -by a circle of smaller bosses between two raised ribs. There is also a -raised rib round the margin formed by turning over the metal towards -the outer face. In the outer ring of bosses two are missing at the places -where, no doubt, were formerly the rivets of the buttons or loops.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-345.jpg" width="350" height="347" id="i345" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 429.—Harlech.] -</p></div></div> - -<p>A shield in the British Museum (21 inches), found in the Thames, has -four rows of bosses, about an inch in diameter, and the same number of -raised rings. The inner set of bosses abuts on the umbo. There is a -marginal rim about an inch beyond the outer ring. This shield appears -to have had two buttons, which as usual are nearly in a line with one -of the rivets which fasten the handle. One of these loops remains secured -by a large-headed rivet matching the bosses. There is at least one hole -through the shield which may have resulted from a spear thrust.</p> - -<p>The rivets which secure the handle have heads made in imitation of -bosses.</p> - -<p>In some the decoration consists of a series of concentric ribs or beads, -as in that found in a peat moss near Harlech,<a name="FNanchor_1331_1331" id="FNanchor_1331_1331"></a><a href="#Footnote_1331_1331" class="fnanchor">[1331]</a> which is shown in Fig. -429. Its diameter is 22 inches. The heads of the four rivets for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span> -holding the handle and the two buttons are in this case visible in the -spaces between the ribs.</p> - -<p>Another of the same pattern was discovered in company with that -shown in Fig. 430, in Coveney Fen,<a name="FNanchor_1332_1332" id="FNanchor_1332_1332"></a><a href="#Footnote_1332_1332" class="fnanchor">[1332]</a> near Ely, and is now in the Museum -of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. The metal of which it is formed -has been found on analysis to contain—</p> - -<table id="td01" summary="table01"> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Copper</td> - <td class="tdr">87·55</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Tin</td> - <td class="tdr">11·72</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Nickel</td> - <td class="tdr">0·40</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td rowspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdr">———</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr">99·67</td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<p class="p1">The presence of the nickel is probably due to impurities in the ore from -which the copper was extracted.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-346.jpg" width="350" height="353" id="i346" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 430—Coveney. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-347a.jpg" width="150" height="103" id="i347a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 431.—Coveney. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>The second Coveney shield is shown in Fig. 430.<a name="FNanchor_1333_1333" id="FNanchor_1333_1333"></a><a href="#Footnote_1333_1333" class="fnanchor">[1333]</a> The ornament in -this instance is of a very peculiar character, and appears to represent -two snakes, one long and the other short, twisted about into a symmetrical -pattern. They are of the <i>amphisbæna</i> kind, with a head at each end. The -two outermost ribs, one of them at the margin, are continuous. The -rivets for holding the handle are visible, as are also three on either side -connected with the inner buttons, that in this case have been regarded as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span> -loops by which the shield was suspended.</p> - -<p>The buttons have a small -hole through them, as will be seen by Fig. -431. In front of each is a pair of small conical -studs, of which the purpose can now -hardly be determined. Mr. Goodwin thought -that they might be intended to prevent a -thong which passed beneath the buttons from -slipping away from them.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-347b.jpg" width="400" height="478" id="i347" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 432.—Beith. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p class="p1">The type of shield, of which, the largest -number has been found in the British Isles, is that having a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span> -series of concentric rings, from about twelve to thirty in number, -and between them circles of small studs.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">A very fine example of this kind of shield is preserved in the Museum -of the Society of Antiquaries of London,<a name="FNanchor_1334_1334" id="FNanchor_1334_1334"></a><a href="#Footnote_1334_1334" class="fnanchor">[1334]</a> and is shown on the scale of -one-sixth, together with some of its details on a larger scale, in Figs. 432, -433, and 434, for the use of which I am indebted to the Council of the Ayrshire -and Wigtonshire Archæological Association.<a name="FNanchor_1335_1335" id="FNanchor_1335_1335"></a><a href="#Footnote_1335_1335" class="fnanchor">[1335]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-348.jpg" width="300" height="461" id="i348" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 433.—Beith. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>A figure of the shield has been given by Professor Daniel Wilson,<a name="FNanchor_1336_1336" id="FNanchor_1336_1336"></a><a href="#Footnote_1336_1336" class="fnanchor">[1336]</a> -but the illustrations here given will convey a much more accurate -impression of its character and details.</p> - -<p>Though there is some discrepancy as to measurement, there is little -doubt that this is the shield found about the year 1780 in a peat moss on -a farm called Luggtonrigge, in the parish of Beith, Ayrshire, and presented -to the Society of Antiquaries by Dr. Ferris,<a name="FNanchor_1337_1337" id="FNanchor_1337_1337"></a><a href="#Footnote_1337_1337" class="fnanchor">[1337]</a> who was informed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span> -that four or five others of the same kind were discovered at the same -time. A portion of the margin of the shield is shown of the full size in -Fig. 433, and the handle across the inner side of the boss on the scale of -one-half in Fig. 434. These figures give so complete an idea of the -original that it seems needless to enter into further details. It is, however, -well to call attention to the fact that the handle of the buckler, -which is made from a flat piece of bronze, is rendered more convenient to -grasp, and at the same time strengthened, by its sides being doubled -over, and thus made to present a rounded edge. It is secured to the -shield by a rivet at each end. About midway between the edge of the -umbo and that of the shield, but placed so that one of the rivets of the -handle is in the same line and midway between them, have been two -rivets, each fastening a short button like those on the Coveney Fen shield, -of which at present only one remains. The rivet-hole for the other has -been closed by a short rivet.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-349.jpg" width="400" height="266" id="i349" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 434.—Beith. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Other shields, almost identical in character, have likewise been found -in Scotland, one of which, by the kindness of the Council of the Society -of Antiquaries of Scotland, is shown in Fig. 435, on the scale of one-sixth. -A portion of the margin is shown full size in Fig. 436, and the interior -of the umbo in Fig. 437, on the scale of one-fourth. It was found in 1837, -together with another, in a marshy field near Yetholm, Roxburghshire. -These shields have been described in a paper by the late Mr. W. T. -M<sup>c</sup>Culloch,<a name="FNanchor_1338_1338" id="FNanchor_1338_1338"></a><a href="#Footnote_1338_1338" class="fnanchor">[1338]</a> of some of whose references I have here made use.</p> - -<p>One of these Yetholm shields is 23½ inches in diameter, and has thirty -concentric rings of convex knobs alternating with projecting circular -ribs or beads; the other measures 24 inches across, and has twenty-four -rings of both knobs and ribs. In the centre of each is a hollow circular -umbo 4 inches in diameter, with a handle riveted across it.</p> - -<p>Another shield of the same character was found at Yetholm<a name="FNanchor_1339_1339" id="FNanchor_1339_1339"></a><a href="#Footnote_1339_1339" class="fnanchor">[1339]</a> in 1870, -near the place where the two others were discovered. It is 22½ inches in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span> -diameter, with twenty-nine concentric rings alternating with the usual -small knobs. The boss is 3½ inches in diameter.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-350a.jpg" width="400" height="395" id="i350" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 435.—Yetholm. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-350b.jpg" width="400" height="209" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 436.—Yetholm. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -<span class="vh">————————</span> -Fig. 437.—Yetholm. ¼ -</p></div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span></p> - -<p>At the back of each of these shields, about midway between the centre -and the rim, are the usual small movable tongues of bronze, which have -been supposed to serve for the attachment of a leather strap by which the -shield might be slung round the body. Mr. Jeffrey, F.S.A. Scotland, of -Jedburgh, who described this third shield, has pointed out that there is -too little room beneath the tongues for a strap of any kind.</p> - -<p>So far as at present known these are the only instances of bucklers -of this kind having been discovered in Scotland.</p> - -<p>In England and Wales several such have been found. One was in the -Meyrick Collection<a name="FNanchor_1340_1340" id="FNanchor_1340_1340"></a><a href="#Footnote_1340_1340" class="fnanchor">[1340]</a> at Goodrich Court, and is now in the British -Museum. It is about 26½ inches in diameter, with twenty concentric -circles of knobs and ribs between, and is in all respects like those just -described. It was found about 1804 in a turbary near Aberystwith, -Cardiganshire. It has had the usual buttons, one of which remains.</p> - -<p>Another example<a name="FNanchor_1341_1341" id="FNanchor_1341_1341"></a><a href="#Footnote_1341_1341" class="fnanchor">[1341]</a> of the kind (25¼ inches), with twenty-seven concentric -rings, was also in the Meyrick Collection, and is now in the -British Museum. It was found in a peat moss at Moel Sinbod, near -Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire. It has one of the usual loops and the -rivet of the other. Sir Samuel Meyrick had heard of another shield, -dug up near Newcastle-on-Tyne, which the owner, wishing to gratify -all his friends, cut up like a cake, and sent to each a slice. This may be -the shield found at Broomyholme, Chester-le-Street, Durham, of which -a fragment is in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne.</p> - -<p>Another now in the possession of Sir Edward Blackett, Bart., was -found near Corbridge, Northumberland.</p> - -<p>Fragments<a name="FNanchor_1342_1342" id="FNanchor_1342_1342"></a><a href="#Footnote_1342_1342" class="fnanchor">[1342]</a> of two other shields of the same character were also -found in Northumberland, at Ingoe, in the parish of Stamfordham, about -two miles north of the Roman wall. They were originally about 20 inches -in diameter, and like so many others were discovered during draining -operations.</p> - -<p>Another buckler of the same character was found in the Thames<a name="FNanchor_1343_1343" id="FNanchor_1343_1343"></a><a href="#Footnote_1343_1343" class="fnanchor">[1343]</a> at -London, and passed into the British Museum with the Roach Smith -Collection. This specimen is 21¼ inches in diameter, and has eleven rings -of the small bosses upon it separated by concentric ribs. A curious -feature in this shield is that the places to which the usual little buttons -were attached have been neatly cut out, leaving triangular holes. There -is also a third hole of the same kind. In one place also there is a hole -through the shield, such as might have been produced by the thrust of -a bronze spear. Close by this hole is a clean cut, such as might have -been made by a sword. The plate of bronze has been turned over on to -the face, so as to form the outer rim.</p> - -<p>A circular shield,<a name="FNanchor_1344_1344" id="FNanchor_1344_1344"></a><a href="#Footnote_1344_1344" class="fnanchor">[1344]</a> with twenty-six concentric rings of studs, was dredged -up, together with a leaf-shaped bronze sword, from the bed of the Thames -off Woolwich in 1830.</p> - -<p>A thin bronze plate from the Thames, 19 inches in diameter, convex, -and with small knobs round the margin, is in the Mayer Collection at -Liverpool. It has been marked with the hammer, possibly in imitation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span> -of basket-work, and has been mended in one place in ancient times. It -may be the bottom of a caldron, and not a shield.</p> - -<p>Another buckler, 26 inches in diameter, having twelve concentric raised -rings with the usual knobs between them, is also said to have been found -in the Thames<a name="FNanchor_1345_1345" id="FNanchor_1345_1345"></a><a href="#Footnote_1345_1345" class="fnanchor">[1345]</a> between Hampton and Walton, in September, 1864.</p> - -<p>In draining a meadow at Bagley,<a name="FNanchor_1346_1346" id="FNanchor_1346_1346"></a><a href="#Footnote_1346_1346" class="fnanchor">[1346]</a> about five miles from Ellesmere, in -Shropshire, another of these circular bucklers was found. This is 23 -inches in diameter, with an umbo of 4 inches, and has twenty-six concentric -circles, with the same rings of knobs between them as on the -other examples. It has the usual holes for the rivets of the small buttons.</p> - -<p>Another, found on Burringham Common,<a name="FNanchor_1347_1347" id="FNanchor_1347_1347"></a><a href="#Footnote_1347_1347" class="fnanchor">[1347]</a> Lincolnshire, in 1843, is -26 inches in diameter, with an umbo of 4½ inches, and only nineteen -concentric circles with intermediate rings of knobs. The boss of this -shield is conical rather than hemispherical. It is now in the Museum of -the Royal Irish Academy. A shield of this kind 20½ inches in diameter, -having thirteen concentric circles of small bosses and raised rings between, -was found at Sutton St. Michael’s, Norfolk.<a name="FNanchor_1348_1348" id="FNanchor_1348_1348"></a><a href="#Footnote_1348_1348" class="fnanchor">[1348]</a></p> - -<p>In the collection of Canon Greenwell is the bronze boss of a shield -nearly 5 inches in diameter, probably intended for the centre of a wooden -buckler. It has three small holes for nails or rivets in the rim. In one -place there is a square hole, apparently made by a thrust from a spear. -This boss was found at Harwood, Northumberland.</p> - -<p>Shields like Fig. 435, with several concentric rings alternating with -small knobs, are rare, but by no means unknown in Ireland. One (27¾ -inches in diameter) was found in a bog near Ballynamona,<a name="FNanchor_1349_1349" id="FNanchor_1349_1349"></a><a href="#Footnote_1349_1349" class="fnanchor">[1349]</a> Co. Limerick, -and has been figured. As usual, it has the two movable loops or buttons -at the back. There is a little patch of bronze over a small irregular -hole in the shield, such as an arrow or a javelin would make. It is -soldered on with a metal which is stated to be bronze, but which I -imagine must be some more fusible alloy of copper. This shield is now -in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, and in their <i>Proceedings</i><a name="FNanchor_1350_1350" id="FNanchor_1350_1350"></a><a href="#Footnote_1350_1350" class="fnanchor">[1350]</a> is -stated to have been found in Lough Gur, Co. Limerick, but this must -be an error.</p> - -<p>The central portion of a bronze shield, including the umbo, was found -at Toome Bar, Lough Neagh, and is now in the collection of Mr. -William Gray, of Belfast.</p> - -<p>A somewhat doubtful instance has been recorded of the remains of a -bronze shield having been found with an interment in a barrow. Sir R. -Colt Hoare, in his examination of the Bush Barrow, Normanton,<a name="FNanchor_1351_1351" id="FNanchor_1351_1351"></a><a href="#Footnote_1351_1351" class="fnanchor">[1351]</a> found -a skeleton lying from S. to N., and about eighteen inches S. of the -head “several brass rivets intermixed with wood, and some thin bits of -brass nearly decomposed. These articles covered a space of twelve inches -or more; it is probable, therefore, that they are the mouldered remains -of a shield.” Near the shoulders lay a flanged bronze celt like Fig. 9. -A large dagger of bronze, and what Sir Richard calls a spear-head of the -same metal, but which was probably a dagger, the inlaid hilt (Fig. 289).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[353]</a></span> -a stone hammer, and some plates of gold accompanied this interment. -It is much to be regretted that more is not known of the real character of -the object with the rivets, but their presence shows that it could not have -been a shield such as those here described, in which the only rivets are -those securing the handle and the movable buttons.</p> - -<p>The umbo of a Late-Celtic shield was among the objects found at Polden -Hill,<a name="FNanchor_1352_1352" id="FNanchor_1352_1352"></a><a href="#Footnote_1352_1352" class="fnanchor">[1352]</a> Somersetshire.</p> - -<p>Some wooden bucklers have been found both in Scotland<a name="FNanchor_1353_1353" id="FNanchor_1353_1353"></a><a href="#Footnote_1353_1353" class="fnanchor">[1353]</a> and Ireland, -but it is hard to determine their age.</p> - -<p>Mr. Franks<a name="FNanchor_1354_1354" id="FNanchor_1354_1354"></a><a href="#Footnote_1354_1354" class="fnanchor">[1354]</a> has already remarked that bronze shields are of far less -common occurrence on the Continent than in the British Isles. He cites -three from the Copenhagen Museum,<a name="FNanchor_1355_1355" id="FNanchor_1355_1355"></a><a href="#Footnote_1355_1355" class="fnanchor">[1355]</a> one of which, about 27 inches in -diameter, has five concentric ribs round the boss and ten sets of knobs; -these, however, are arranged in such a manner as to leave a star of eight -rays of smooth metal radiating from the boss. The other two are less -like the British in character. A fine shield in the Stockholm Museum, -with swan-like figures upon it, has been thought to have been imported -from Italy.<a name="FNanchor_1356_1356" id="FNanchor_1356_1356"></a><a href="#Footnote_1356_1356" class="fnanchor">[1356]</a></p> - -<p>One found near Bingen, on the Rhine,<a name="FNanchor_1357_1357" id="FNanchor_1357_1357"></a><a href="#Footnote_1357_1357" class="fnanchor">[1357]</a> about 15½ inches in diameter, -has merely four raised concentric ribs. There are two small bowed -handles secured with two rivets, each in about the same position as the -usual button. They seem certainly intended for a strap to pass through -them. There are, however, two other rivets in the shield to which -movable buttons may possibly have been attached.</p> - -<p>The Italian shields mentioned by Mr. Franks are of a different type. -One in the British Museum (34 inches in diameter) has a very slight -boss, and is ornamented with concentric bands of sphinxes and other -designs.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">As has already been observed, it is somewhat hard to judge of -the date of these bucklers. I am not aware of any portions of -them having been found in the hoards of metal in which fragments -of swords frequently occur. Still in the case of the shield dredged -up off Woolwich the sword which accompanied it was of bronze, -though of course there is no evidence of the two having been lost -or deposited together. The whole character, however, of the -ornamentation and workmanship is, I think, more in accordance -with the Bronze Age than with the Late Celtic or Early Iron -Period, though the shields probably belong to the close of the -Bronze Period.</p> - -<p>Circular bucklers, or targets, no doubt remained in use until a -considerably later date, but it seems probable that some other -material than a thin plate of bronze was used for their manufacture.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span> -Professor Daniel Wilson<a name="FNanchor_1358_1358" id="FNanchor_1358_1358"></a><a href="#Footnote_1358_1358" class="fnanchor">[1358]</a> remarks that on the gold coins of -Tasciovanus, Cunobeline, and others of our native rulers contemporary -with the first intercourse with Rome, the shields borne by -the warriors are either long and double-pointed, or, if round, large -and disked, and of very different construction from the Luggtonrigge -shield. On one coin of Cunobeline, however (Evans, pl. xii. -14), the horseman bears a circular buckler, which, so far as can be -judged from so diminutive a representation as that given on the -coin, would be about 2 feet in diameter. On two small gold coins -of Verica,<a name="FNanchor_1359_1359" id="FNanchor_1359_1359"></a><a href="#Footnote_1359_1359" class="fnanchor">[1359]</a> recently published, the horseman carries a target of -somewhat larger proportions. Somewhat smaller circular bucklers -are carried by the horsemen on certain Spanish coins,<a name="FNanchor_1360_1360" id="FNanchor_1360_1360"></a><a href="#Footnote_1360_1360" class="fnanchor">[1360]</a> probably -of the second century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> One of these shields shows four -smaller bosses, arranged in cruciform order around the central -boss; another seems to be plain except the umbo and a projecting -rim.</p> - -<p>This buckler is no doubt the Cetra, or Cætra (καίτρεα, Hesych.), -in use among the people of Spain and Mauretania, which was -usually made of hide, among the latter people sometimes of that -of the elephant. Cæsar<a name="FNanchor_1361_1361" id="FNanchor_1361_1361"></a><a href="#Footnote_1361_1361" class="fnanchor">[1361]</a> speaks of the “cetratæ Hispaniæ cohortes,” -and Tacitus<a name="FNanchor_1362_1362" id="FNanchor_1362_1362"></a><a href="#Footnote_1362_1362" class="fnanchor">[1362]</a> mentions the Britons as armed “ingentibus gladiis -sine mucrone et brevibus cetris.” It does not appear that the -Romans ever carried the cetra, which has been by Livy compared -to the pelta of the Greeks and Macedonians.<a name="FNanchor_1363_1363" id="FNanchor_1363_1363"></a><a href="#Footnote_1363_1363" class="fnanchor">[1363]</a> The clipeus appears -to have been larger in size, and to have been held on the arm -and not by the handle only.</p> - -<p>But whatever shields may have been in use in this country at -the time of the Roman invasion, I am inclined to refer these -circular bucklers to a somewhat earlier date, as already in Cæsar’s -time iron was fully in use for swords and for cutting purposes -generally; and, as has already been observed, the shields with -which the early iron swords are found are of a different form -from these. As is the case with bronze swords, such bucklers are -never found with interments, and those discovered seem to have -been lost in the water, or hidden in bogs, rather than buried as -accessories for the dead.</p> - -<p>The skill requisite for the production of such bucklers must<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[355]</a></span> -have been great, and the appliances at command by no means -contemptible. The whole of the work is <i>repoussé</i> and wrought -with the hammer, and not improbably the original sheet of bronze -from which a shield was made was considerably less in diameter -and also much thicker than the finished shield. To produce so -large a casting of such even substance, and yet so thin, would I -think be beyond the skill of most modern, and probably most -ancient, brass-founders; and moreover there is no appearance on -the shields, of the metal having been cast in the form in which -it now appears.</p> - -<p>While still upon the subject of defensive armour it will be well -to say a few words about bronze helmets, though there is good -reason to believe that in this country at all events such objects do -not belong to the Bronze Age properly so-called. Indeed the -earliest known bronze helmets in some other countries, such as -those from Assyria and Etruria, appear to belong to a time when -iron was already in use in those countries. The date of an Etruscan -helmet of bronze preserved in the British Museum<a name="FNanchor_1364_1364" id="FNanchor_1364_1364"></a><a href="#Footnote_1364_1364" class="fnanchor">[1364]</a> can be -determined with precision, for an inscription upon it proves that -it was offered in the Temple of Zeus at Elis, by Hiero, Tyrant -of Syracuse, from the spoils of the Etruscans after the naval battle -of Cumæ, which took place in <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 474. It is of simple form -with a brim around it. Those which have been found in Styria -and Germany<a name="FNanchor_1365_1365" id="FNanchor_1365_1365"></a><a href="#Footnote_1365_1365" class="fnanchor">[1365]</a> are in some cases half ovals in form, sometimes -with a knob at the top, without any rims round the opening, but -with a certain number of small holes for the attachment of cheek-pieces -or appendages of other kinds. These may belong to a true -Bronze Period. Others, like those from Hallstatt,<a name="FNanchor_1366_1366" id="FNanchor_1366_1366"></a><a href="#Footnote_1366_1366" class="fnanchor">[1366]</a> have rims and -even ridges for crests.</p> - -<p>In the Salzburg Museum is a fine helmet without a rim, but with -an ornamented ridge and cheek-pieces. It was found, with twelve -others now at Vienna, at Mattrey,<a name="FNanchor_1367_1367" id="FNanchor_1367_1367"></a><a href="#Footnote_1367_1367" class="fnanchor">[1367]</a> between Innsbruck and Brixen. -One of these bears an Etruscan inscription upon it. According to -Pliny, “the ancient inhabitants of Brixen came from Etruria.”</p> - -<p>Even in the time of Severus, the Britons, according to Herodian,<a name="FNanchor_1368_1368" id="FNanchor_1368_1368"></a><a href="#Footnote_1368_1368" class="fnanchor">[1368]</a> -made no use of helmets or cuirasses, though they wore an iron -collar round the neck and an iron belt round the body, and regarded -them as ornaments and signs of wealth.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[356]</a></span></p> - -<p>The following English and French helmets of bronze may just -be mentioned.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">(1.) A helmet of hemispherical form tapering to a projection, pierced -above to receive a crest or ornament, the extreme height being about -8½ inches, and the diameter at the base nearly the same. This was found -in Moorgate Street, London.<a name="FNanchor_1369_1369" id="FNanchor_1369_1369"></a><a href="#Footnote_1369_1369" class="fnanchor">[1369]</a></p> - -<p>(2.) One found in the Thames,<a name="FNanchor_1370_1370" id="FNanchor_1370_1370"></a><a href="#Footnote_1370_1370" class="fnanchor">[1370]</a> near Waterloo Bridge, with projecting -horns and ornamented with scroll-work and red enamel. This is undoubtedly -of the Late Celtic Period. Some Etruscan helmets also bear -horns, but more curved in form than those on this helmet from the -Thames.</p> - -<p>(3.) Another, more conical in form, and with a semicircular plate at -the back, locality unknown, but probably from a river.<a name="FNanchor_1371_1371" id="FNanchor_1371_1371"></a><a href="#Footnote_1371_1371" class="fnanchor">[1371]</a> This was in the -Meyrick Collection, and is now in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>The helmets found on Ogmore Down,<a name="FNanchor_1372_1372" id="FNanchor_1372_1372"></a><a href="#Footnote_1372_1372" class="fnanchor">[1372]</a> Glamorganshire, appear to be -of much later date.</p> - -<p>A helmet from Auxonne, Côte d’Or, has been figured by Chantre.<a name="FNanchor_1373_1373" id="FNanchor_1373_1373"></a><a href="#Footnote_1373_1373" class="fnanchor">[1373]</a> -Another was found with various bronze antiquities at Theil<a name="FNanchor_1374_1374" id="FNanchor_1374_1374"></a><a href="#Footnote_1374_1374" class="fnanchor">[1374]</a> (Loir et -Cher).</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[357]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER XVI</h2> - -<p class="pch">TRUMPETS AND BELLS.</p> - - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Another</span> instrument probably connected with warfare, though -not strictly speaking an arm either of offence or defence, is the -trumpet, of which numerous examples in bronze have been found, -especially in Ireland. It is very doubtful whether the greater -part of them do not belong to the Early Iron Age, rather than to -that of Bronze; but as it seems probable that some at least belong -to a transitional period, and it is possible that others are of even -earlier date, they could hardly be passed over without notice in -these pages.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-357.jpg" width="400" height="51" id="i357" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 438.—Limerick. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>There are two distinct classes of these instruments, so far as the -process of their manufacture is concerned, viz. those which are -cast in one piece, and those which are formed of sheet-metal -turned over and riveted to form the tube. There are also two -distinct varieties of the instrument, viz. those in which the aperture -for blowing is at the end, and those in which it is at the side.</p> - -<p>Sir W. Wilde, in his Catalogue<a name="FNanchor_1375_1375" id="FNanchor_1375_1375"></a><a href="#Footnote_1375_1375" class="fnanchor">[1375]</a> of the Museum of the Royal -Irish Academy, has devoted several pages to a detailed description -of the trumpets found in Ireland, to which the reader is referred. -Those which he figures are all curved, some almost to a semicircle, -others to a more irregular sweep. Some straight tubes which -were found in company with several curved horns he has regarded, -but without sufficient cause, as the portions of a “commander’s -staff,” or of the handle of a halberd. One of these is shown in -Fig. 438, borrowed from his Catalogue.<a name="FNanchor_1376_1376" id="FNanchor_1376_1376"></a><a href="#Footnote_1376_1376" class="fnanchor">[1376]</a> A similar straight tube, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[358]</a></span>(23¾ inches,) found with trumpets at Dunmanway, Co. Cork, is now in -the British Museum. The earliest known instance of the discovery -of such instruments is, according to Wilde, that recorded by Sir -Thomas Molyneux,<a name="FNanchor_1377_1377" id="FNanchor_1377_1377"></a><a href="#Footnote_1377_1377" class="fnanchor">[1377]</a> in 1725, of a “short side-mouthed trumpet” -being found with others in a mound near Carrickfergus, which was -then regarded as of Danish origin. But so early as 1713 Mr. F. -Nevill described eight bronze trumpets found at Dungannon,<a name="FNanchor_1378_1378" id="FNanchor_1378_1378"></a><a href="#Footnote_1378_1378" class="fnanchor">[1378]</a> Co. -Tyrone. In 1750 thirteen or fourteen more curved bronze horns -were discovered between Cork and Mallow, three of which are -described and figured in the “Vetusta Monumenta.”<a name="FNanchor_1379_1379" id="FNanchor_1379_1379"></a><a href="#Footnote_1379_1379" class="fnanchor">[1379]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-358.jpg" width="400" height="138" id="i358" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 439.—Tralee. -</p></div></div> - -<p>There is a remarkable resemblance between these trumpets and -three of those found near Chute Hall, Tralee, Co. Kerry, and -described by Mr. Robert Day, F.S.A., in the <i>Journal of the Royal -Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1380_1380" id="FNanchor_1380_1380"></a><a href="#Footnote_1380_1380" class="fnanchor">[1380]</a> By his -kindness I am able here to reproduce his cuts as Figs. 439, 440, and -441. It will be observed that in two of them the ends are open, -so as to be adapted for the reception of mouth-pieces, and that the -end of the other is closed. In this there is a lateral opening to -which to apply the mouth. It is on the inner curve of the trumpet, -but in some other cases it is at the side. As Mr. Day has -observed, there are rivet-holes at the wide ends of two of the -horns, as if for securing some more widely expanding end, while -in the more bell-mouthed examples no such rivet-holes are present. -The trumpet shown in Fig. 440 is made of two pieces which fit -exactly into each other, one of them being nearly straight. The -length of this instrument, taken along the external curve, is -50 inches, and its bell-shaped mouth is 4 inches in diameter. It -will be seen that at the mouths, and in other positions on these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[359]</a></span> -three trumpets, there are small conical projections or spikes always -in groups of four. Mr. Day has suggested the possibility of these -being added to give effect to blows with the trumpets in case it -became necessary to use them as weapons of offence. He has also -pointed out the remarkable resemblance between the horns with -the lateral openings and the war trumpets in use in Central Africa, -which are made from elephants’ tusks. One of these is shown in -Fig. 442, also kindly lent by Mr. Day. The conch-shell trumpets -of Fiji have also lateral openings.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-359a.jpg" width="400" height="243" id="i359a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Figs. 440 and 441.—Tralee. -</p></div></div> - -<p>As will subsequently be seen, trumpets of the two types represented -by Figs. 439 and 440 have been found associated with bronze -weapons.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-359b.jpg" width="400" height="88" id="i359b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 442.—Africa. -</p></div></div> - -<p>To return to the trumpets from Cork described in the “Vetusta -Monumenta.” Two of these are formed, like Fig. 440, of two pieces, -and are open at the end, which may have been provided with some -kind of mouth-piece. The other, like Fig. 439, is cast in a single -piece and is closed at the small end, but has a large orifice at the -side like the Portglenone specimen Fig. 444. Both are provided<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[360]</a></span> -with a number of conical projections by way of ornament round the -mouth, and one of them has similar small spikes in other positions. -With them were found some pieces of straight tubing, which were -also decorated in a similar manner. The horn with the side aperture -is provided with a ring for suspension, like Fig. 439. Some of the -straight tubes have a sliding ferrule upon them also furnished with -a ring.</p> - -<p>Sir W. Wilde observes of a horn about 24 inches long with the -aperture at the end slightly everted, as if for holding the lips, that -it requires a great exertion even to produce a dull sound with this -instrument. As to those with lateral apertures 2 inches long on -the average, and 1¼ inches wide, he says that “it is not possible -by any yet discovered method of placing the lips to this mouth-hole -to produce a musical sound; but, as conjectured by Walker -in 1786, these instruments might have been used as speaking-trumpets, -to convey the voice to a great distance as well as render -it much louder.”</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-360.jpg" width="200" height="61" id="i360" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 443.—Derrynane. -</p></div></div> - -<p>In one instance of a trumpet, like Fig. 439, being broken -across the mouth-piece, it has been repaired by a process of burning -together, like that adopted -in the case of broken -swords<a name="FNanchor_1381_1381" id="FNanchor_1381_1381"></a><a href="#Footnote_1381_1381" class="fnanchor">[1381]</a> previously mentioned. -The mended portion -is shown in Fig. 443,<a name="FNanchor_1382_1382" id="FNanchor_1382_1382"></a><a href="#Footnote_1382_1382" class="fnanchor">[1382]</a> -borrowed from Wilde. This -trumpet was found at Derrynane, Co. Kerry.</p> - -<p>A trumpet, broken across the middle and mended in a similar -manner, formed part of the “Dowris find,” from which a number -of specimens are preserved in the British Museum,<a name="FNanchor_1383_1383" id="FNanchor_1383_1383"></a><a href="#Footnote_1383_1383" class="fnanchor">[1383]</a> and others -are in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. The metal of -which most of the articles in this hoard are formed has a peculiar -golden lustre which is thought to arise from the admixture of a -certain proportion of lead. A horn analyzed by Donovan<a name="FNanchor_1384_1384" id="FNanchor_1384_1384"></a><a href="#Footnote_1384_1384" class="fnanchor">[1384]</a> gave:</p> - -<table id="td02" summary="table02"> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Copper</td> - <td class="tdr">79·34</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Tin</td> - <td class="tdr">10·87</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lead</td> - <td class="tdr">9·11</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td rowspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdr">———</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr">99·32</td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[361]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p1">The find took place at Dowris, near Parsonstown, in -King’s County, and comprised, besides trumpets and socketed -celts, a casting for a hammer-head, a socketed knife, tanged knives, -razors, a broad rapier-shaped dagger-blade, broken swords, a -dagger formed from a part of a sword, spear-heads both leaf-shaped -and with openings in the blade, vessels of thin bronze, rough metal, -some rattles or crotals, such as will shortly be mentioned, a pin -with a hook somewhat like a crochet-needle, and some rubbing -stones for grinding and polishing. There may have been other -articles, but those here mentioned are represented in the portion -of the hoard now in the British Museum. The association of -trumpets with such a series raises the presumption that some of -them at least belong to the close of the Bronze Age proper.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Some of these Dowris trumpets are engraved in the “Horæ Ferales,”<a name="FNanchor_1385_1385" id="FNanchor_1385_1385"></a><a href="#Footnote_1385_1385" class="fnanchor">[1385]</a> -and one of them belonging to the Earl of Rosse is peculiar as having two -loops opposite each other above and below. A detached portion of -another consists of a nearly straight tube, 9 inches long, expanding at -each end.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-361.jpg" width="400" height="184" id="i361" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 444.—Portglenone. -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another slightly differing example with the opening at the side is also -figured by Mr. R. Day, and here with his permission reproduced. It -was found at Portglenone, Co. Derry, and measures 24½ inches along the -convex margin.</p> - -<p>The other finds of trumpets have been for the most part isolated. Most -of those I am about to cite have already been mentioned by Wilde. A -fine specimen, like Fig. 444, is figured by Vallancey<a name="FNanchor_1386_1386" id="FNanchor_1386_1386"></a><a href="#Footnote_1386_1386" class="fnanchor">[1386]</a> and in Gough’s -“Camden’s Britannia.”<a name="FNanchor_1387_1387" id="FNanchor_1387_1387"></a><a href="#Footnote_1387_1387" class="fnanchor">[1387]</a> Three others and a portion of a straight tube were -found in the county of Limerick<a name="FNanchor_1388_1388" id="FNanchor_1388_1388"></a><a href="#Footnote_1388_1388" class="fnanchor">[1388]</a> in 1787. Others have been found near -Killarney;<a name="FNanchor_1389_1389" id="FNanchor_1389_1389"></a><a href="#Footnote_1389_1389" class="fnanchor">[1389]</a> Cornaconway, Co. Cavan; Kilraughts, Co. Antrim; Diamond -Hill, Killeshandra; Crookstown and Dunmanway, Co. Cork.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[362]</a></span></p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-362.jpg" width="200" height="622" id="i362" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 445—The Caprington Horn. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>As the riveted variety of trumpet appears from its ornamentation to -belong to the Late Celtic Period, a short mention of it will suffice. One<a name="FNanchor_1390_1390" id="FNanchor_1390_1390"></a><a href="#Footnote_1390_1390" class="fnanchor">[1390]</a> -found near Armagh, and now in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, -has at the end a disc 7½ inches in diameter, embossed with the peculiar -scroll patterns characteristic of that period.</p> - -<p>Another is no less than 8 feet 5 inches -along the convex margin, and consists of -two portions made of sheet bronze, each -turned over to form a tube, and having the -abutting edges riveted to a long strip of -metal extending along the interior of the -tube. This strip of bronze is only half an -inch in width, and has two rows of minute -rivet-holes in it, the rivets being placed -alternately. Their circular heads are on -the inside of the tube, and so minute are -the rivets, that there are no less than 638 -of them along the seam. It is, indeed, not -unlike a modern riveted hose pipe of leather. -In what manner such an ingenious and -complicated piece of riveting could have -been effected is, as Sir W. Wilde remarks, -a subject for speculation.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">These riveted trumpets appear to be -unknown in Britain, and the cast-bronze -variety is extremely scarce. A fine and -perfect specimen found at Caprington, -Ayrshire, has been engraved for the -Ayrshire and Wigtonshire Archæological -Association,<a name="FNanchor_1391_1391" id="FNanchor_1391_1391"></a><a href="#Footnote_1391_1391" class="fnanchor">[1391]</a> and is here, by the kindness -of the Council of the Association, -reproduced as Fig. 445. It was found -some time before 1654, on the estate -of Coilsfield, in the parish of Tarbolton, -in Kyle, but is known as the Caprington -horn. According to Mr. R. W. Cochran-Patrick, -F.S.A., it has been described by -Sir Robert Gordon in Blaeuw’s Atlas<a name="FNanchor_1392_1392" id="FNanchor_1392_1392"></a><a href="#Footnote_1392_1392" class="fnanchor">[1392]</a> -and by Defoe.<a name="FNanchor_1393_1393" id="FNanchor_1393_1393"></a><a href="#Footnote_1393_1393" class="fnanchor">[1393]</a> This horn is 25 inches -in length, and is the only specimen recorded -to have been found in Scotland. -The metal of which it is formed has been analyzed by Professor -Stevenson Macadam, and consists of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[363]</a></span>—</p> - -<table id="td03" summary="table03"> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Copper</td> - <td class="tdr">90·26</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Tin</td> - <td class="tdr">9·61</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Loss</td> - <td class="tdr">·13</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td rowspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdr">———</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr">100·00</td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<p class="p1">English trumpets of bronze are of extremely rare occurrence. -One found in the river Witham, Lincolnshire, has been figured -in the <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>,<a name="FNanchor_1394_1394" id="FNanchor_1394_1394"></a><a href="#Footnote_1394_1394" class="fnanchor">[1394]</a> and is nearly straight for the -greater part of its length (about 28 inches), curving upwards near -the end into an irregularly-shaped expanding mouth. It has an -ornament or crest like a mane along the exterior curve. In form -it is not unlike the <i>carnyx</i> which is brandished by the horseman -on the coins of the British princes Eppillus and Tasciovanus,<a name="FNanchor_1395_1395" id="FNanchor_1395_1395"></a><a href="#Footnote_1395_1395" class="fnanchor">[1395]</a> and -which also appears on some Roman coins and monuments commemorative -of Gallic and British victories. The metal on analysis -gave copper 88, tin 12, and the tube was formed from a hammered -sheet and soldered with tin. It not improbably belongs to a -period not far removed from that of the Roman invasion of this -country.</p> - -<p>Another, with two joints and a perfect mouth-piece, is said to -have been found at Battle, Sussex, and has been engraved by -Grose.<a name="FNanchor_1396_1396" id="FNanchor_1396_1396"></a><a href="#Footnote_1396_1396" class="fnanchor">[1396]</a> A bronze horn about 3 feet 7 inches long, found in -Mecklenburg,<a name="FNanchor_1397_1397" id="FNanchor_1397_1397"></a><a href="#Footnote_1397_1397" class="fnanchor">[1397]</a> is not unlike the Scotch horn in character, though -smaller at the wide end. The curved bronze horns or “lurer,” -found in Denmark,<a name="FNanchor_1398_1398" id="FNanchor_1398_1398"></a><a href="#Footnote_1398_1398" class="fnanchor">[1398]</a> have usually broad bossed flanges at the -wide end, and most resemble the Irish Late Celtic trumpets.</p> - -<p>The use of war trumpets among the Celtic population of -Western Europe has been more than once mentioned by classical -writers, and passages from them have been cited by Mr. Franks -and others. Polybius<a name="FNanchor_1399_1399" id="FNanchor_1399_1399"></a><a href="#Footnote_1399_1399" class="fnanchor">[1399]</a> speaks of the innumerable trumpeters in -the army of the Celts, and Diodorus Siculus<a name="FNanchor_1400_1400" id="FNanchor_1400_1400"></a><a href="#Footnote_1400_1400" class="fnanchor">[1400]</a> says of the Gauls -that they have barbaric trumpets of a special nature which emit a -hoarse sound well suited to the din of battle. The Roman <i>lituus</i> -in use for cavalry seems to have been of much the same shape as -the <i>carnyx</i>, the end of which latter was in some cases made to -resemble a fanciful head of an animal. The continuance of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[364]</a></span> -same character of instrument into the Early Iron Age, and the -advanced art shown in producing such castings as the trumpets -from Dowris and elsewhere, go to prove that they must belong -to the close of the Bronze Period, if, indeed, some may not more -probably be placed in a period of transition from Bronze to Iron.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-364.jpg" width="150" height="334" id="i364" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 446.—Dowris. -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another form of instrument intended for producing sound, if -not indeed deserving to be classed as a musical instrument, is the -bell, or rattle, formed of a hollow egg-shaped or pear-shaped piece -of bronze, with a pebble or piece of metal inside by way of -clapper.</p> - -<p>The only examples which I am able to adduce are those which -formed part of the Dowris hoard, one of which is represented in -Fig. 446.<a name="FNanchor_1401_1401" id="FNanchor_1401_1401"></a><a href="#Footnote_1401_1401" class="fnanchor">[1401]</a> There are three such in the Museum -of the Royal Irish Academy, and four in -the British Museum. With the latter is a smaller -plain bell of the same character and two unfinished -castings. Sir W. Wilde observes that in -casting, the metal appears to have been poured -into the mould by an aperture at the side, -through which the core of clay that contained -the metal clapper was broken up. The mould -was in two halves, and the rings and staples at -the ends were cast together. In the perfect -examples at the British Museum, the sides of -the holes by which the core was extracted have -been hammered together so as in some cases -to be almost closed. In one instance there is -some appearance of the sides having been brazed together.</p> - -<p>The sound emitted by these bells is dull and feeble. Like the -modern horse bells, a number of them may have been hung -together, and not improbably employed in a similar manner to -attract the attention both of the eye and ear.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[365]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER XVII.</h2> - -<p class="pch">PINS.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Pins</span> for the purpose of fastening the dress or the hair seem to -have been in use from very early times. Made of bone,<a name="FNanchor_1402_1402" id="FNanchor_1402_1402"></a><a href="#Footnote_1402_1402" class="fnanchor">[1402]</a> they have -been found associated with polished stone implements, and pins of -the same material are of extremely common occurrence with -Roman remains, and are not unknown at the present day. In -the same manner, pins of bronze or of brass have remained in use -ever since their first introduction during the Bronze Period, and -it is, therefore, by no means easy, and, indeed, often absolutely -impossible, to assign a date with any degree of confidence -to such objects when found by themselves, and -not in association with other remains of which the -antiquity can be more readily determined. In the -case of small or imperfect pins there is considerable -difficulty in distinguishing them from awls, such as -have already been described in Chapter VII. In other -cases, it is often difficult to say whether bronze pins, -certainly of great antiquity, are to be assigned to the -Bronze Period properly so called, or the Late Celtic or -Early Iron Period.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-365.jpg" width="100" height="320" id="i365" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 447.<br />Heathery<br />Burn. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In describing the objects of this class, it will, perhaps, -be best to take first such examples as have been found in -the exploration of tumuli or in direct association with bronze -weapons or instruments.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Among the numerous relics found in the Heathery Burn Cave, Durham, -were a large number of bronze pins, of which one,<a name="FNanchor_1403_1403" id="FNanchor_1403_1403"></a><a href="#Footnote_1403_1403" class="fnanchor">[1403]</a> 3⅛ inches long, is -shown in Fig. 447. Canon Greenwell has eleven others from 3 inches to -5⅝ inches long, with flat heads, all from this cave, as well as one which -has had its end hammered flat, and then turned over into a loop, so as to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[366]</a></span> -form the head. A socketed knife and many other objects from this cave -have been described in previous pages.</p> - -<p>Four imperfect bronze pins, without heads, the longest 3⅞ inches long, -were found in the hoard at Marden,<a name="FNanchor_1404_1404" id="FNanchor_1404_1404"></a><a href="#Footnote_1404_1404" class="fnanchor">[1404]</a> Kent, with a sickle, dagger, and -other objects.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-366.jpg" width="200" height="393" id="i366" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc28" summary="caption28"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 448.<br />Brigmilston. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 449.<br />Everley. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>What is termed part of a bronze pin, some chipped flints, and long -ribbed beads of pottery, were found in the barrow called Matlow Hill,<a name="FNanchor_1405_1405" id="FNanchor_1405_1405"></a><a href="#Footnote_1405_1405" class="fnanchor">[1405]</a> -Cambridgeshire. Another, also fragmentary, -was found with a flake of -calcined flint, four jet beads, and burnt -bones in a barrow on Wykeham Moor,<a name="FNanchor_1406_1406" id="FNanchor_1406_1406"></a><a href="#Footnote_1406_1406" class="fnanchor">[1406]</a> -Yorkshire, by Canon Greenwell. Others -are mentioned by Bateman;<a name="FNanchor_1407_1407" id="FNanchor_1407_1407"></a><a href="#Footnote_1407_1407" class="fnanchor">[1407]</a> but in all -these cases, as Canon Greenwell<a name="FNanchor_1408_1408" id="FNanchor_1408_1408"></a><a href="#Footnote_1408_1408" class="fnanchor">[1408]</a> has -pointed out, the presumed pins may -have been awls or prickers. The little -pin found with a lance-head, a small -urn, and some gold ornaments at Upton -Lovel,<a name="FNanchor_1409_1409" id="FNanchor_1409_1409"></a><a href="#Footnote_1409_1409" class="fnanchor">[1409]</a> Wilts, may have been of the -same character, as also other pins mentioned -by Sir R. Colt Hoare.<a name="FNanchor_1410_1410" id="FNanchor_1410_1410"></a><a href="#Footnote_1410_1410" class="fnanchor">[1410]</a> A “fine -brass pin” is described as having been -found with glass, jet, and amber beads, -together with burnt bones, in a barrow -near Wilsford.<a name="FNanchor_1411_1411" id="FNanchor_1411_1411"></a><a href="#Footnote_1411_1411" class="fnanchor">[1411]</a> A very fine one in a -barrow at Lake,<a name="FNanchor_1412_1412" id="FNanchor_1412_1412"></a><a href="#Footnote_1412_1412" class="fnanchor">[1412]</a> which, from the engraving, -was probably an awl. The -long pin with a handle found with a -bronze celt and lance-head, or dagger, -in a barrow at Abury,<a name="FNanchor_1413_1413" id="FNanchor_1413_1413"></a><a href="#Footnote_1413_1413" class="fnanchor">[1413]</a> may also have -been a tool of that kind. The bronze -pins recorded to have been found in a -barrow at Bulford,<a name="FNanchor_1414_1414" id="FNanchor_1414_1414"></a><a href="#Footnote_1414_1414" class="fnanchor">[1414]</a> Wilts, likewise -seem to come under this category.</p> - -<p>In a barrow at Brigmilston<a name="FNanchor_1415_1415" id="FNanchor_1415_1415"></a><a href="#Footnote_1415_1415" class="fnanchor">[1415]</a> an -interment of burnt bones was accompanied -by a pin of twisted bronze, -6 inches long, in the form of a crutch, the head perforated (Fig. 448), a -small dagger of bronze, and two whetstones.</p> - -<p>A smooth pin of the same character and nearly the same size, but -broken, was found in a barrow at Normanton,<a name="FNanchor_1416_1416" id="FNanchor_1416_1416"></a><a href="#Footnote_1416_1416" class="fnanchor">[1416]</a> in company with burnt -bones, two bronze daggers, a whetstone, and a pipe of bone.</p> - -<p>The curious pin, with two rings at the head, in each of which is -another ring (Fig. 449), was found by Sir R. Colt Hoare in a barrow near<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[367]</a></span> -Everley. The interment seems to have been in the hollowed trunk of a -tree, but the bones were burnt. With them was a dagger with three -rivets, and this instrument, which is described as having been in a sheath -of wood lined with cloth. Its purpose is difficult to determine.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-367.jpg" width="400" height="467" id="i367" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 450.—Bryn Crûg. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 451.—Taunton. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 452.—Chilton Bustle. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another pin (4½ inches), with a bi-lobed head and three perforations, -was found with a two-looped palstave and a knife with an interment at -Bryn Crûg,<a name="FNanchor_1417_1417" id="FNanchor_1417_1417"></a><a href="#Footnote_1417_1417" class="fnanchor">[1417]</a> near Carnarvon. It is shown in full size in Fig. 450.</p> - -<p>Pins with large rings for their heads have occasionally been found. -One such from Taunton,<a name="FNanchor_1418_1418" id="FNanchor_1418_1418"></a><a href="#Footnote_1418_1418" class="fnanchor">[1418]</a> 7¾ inches, is shown in Fig. 451. It was found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[368]</a></span> -with palstaves, a socketed celt, rings, and other objects. -The part forming the pin is bent, it would appear intentionally, -but for what purpose it is difficult to guess.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-368b.jpg" width="100" height="778" id="i368b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 454.<br />River Wandle. -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another with a straight pin was found at Chilton Bustle,<a name="FNanchor_1419_1419" id="FNanchor_1419_1419"></a><a href="#Footnote_1419_1419" class="fnanchor">[1419]</a> -Somersetshire. The annular part is divided in the middle, -and is flat and thin. It is shown full size in Fig. 452.</p> - -<p>Another object of a similar character, but with the ring -larger (being oval and 4½ inches by 3 inches) and with the -pin part shorter, was found in a barrow between Lewes and -Brighton,<a name="FNanchor_1420_1420" id="FNanchor_1420_1420"></a><a href="#Footnote_1420_1420" class="fnanchor">[1420]</a> with a long pin, to be subsequently mentioned, -and a pair of looped bronze bracelets, like Fig. 482. These -are now in the museum at Alnwick Castle. Another (6 -inches, with ring 2 inches in diameter), probably from a -Wiltshire barrow,<a name="FNanchor_1421_1421" id="FNanchor_1421_1421"></a><a href="#Footnote_1421_1421" class="fnanchor">[1421]</a> is in the collection at Stourhead.</p> - -<p>A pin of the same character from the Lake-dwellings of -Savoy has been figured by Rabut.<a name="FNanchor_1422_1422" id="FNanchor_1422_1422"></a><a href="#Footnote_1422_1422" class="fnanchor">[1422]</a></p> - -<p>Another form has a smaller ring at the top, and the pin -beneath is usually curved. Fig. 453, from Wilde,<a name="FNanchor_1423_1423" id="FNanchor_1423_1423"></a><a href="#Footnote_1423_1423" class="fnanchor">[1423]</a> shows -an example of this kind. One of the two pins reported to -have been found with bronze bridles and buckles of “Late -Celtic” character, as well as with a bronze lance-head and -socketed celt, at Hagbourn Hill,<a name="FNanchor_1424_1424" id="FNanchor_1424_1424"></a><a href="#Footnote_1424_1424" class="fnanchor">[1424]</a> Berks, was of this type. -The other had a flat head.</p> - -<p>I have a pin of the same kind (4¼ inches) found at Holt,<a name="FNanchor_1425_1425" id="FNanchor_1425_1425"></a><a href="#Footnote_1425_1425" class="fnanchor">[1425]</a> -Worcestershire. It has, however, a small cross, formed of -five knobs, attached to the front of the ring. It was found -in the bed of the Severn, and was presented to me by Mr. -G. Edwards, C.E. The pins of this character seem to belong -to quite the close of the Bronze Period, if -not indeed to the “Late Celtic.”</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-368a.jpg" width="100" height="299" id="i368a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 453. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span>Ireland<br />. -</p></div></div> - -<p>A much larger form of pin appears, from -its style of ornamentation, to belong more -truly to the Bronze Period. That shown in -Fig. 454 was, indeed, found with a bronze -sword, spear-head, and palstave, in the -Thames at the mouth of the river Wandle,<a name="FNanchor_1426_1426" id="FNanchor_1426_1426"></a><a href="#Footnote_1426_1426" class="fnanchor">[1426]</a> -Surrey, and is now in the British Museum. -It is 7¾ inches in length, and the bulging -portion in the centre is pierced probably for -some means of attachment. The point, Mr. -Franks thinks, was purposely curved. He -regards the pin as having been intended to -adorn the hair or fasten the dress.</p> - -<p>Another pin, of much the same fashion, -12½ inches long, also has the point curved. -The bulging portion is in this instance nearer -the head, which, moreover, has a piece of -amber set in it, and there is a small loop on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[369]</a></span> -the side of the pin, as in Fig. 457, instead of a hole through the bulging -part. This specimen was found in a mine near the river Fowey,<a name="FNanchor_1427_1427" id="FNanchor_1427_1427"></a><a href="#Footnote_1427_1427" class="fnanchor">[1427]</a> at -a depth of ten fathoms from the surface, when a new work was begun for -searching after tin ore.</p> - -<p>The long pin already mentioned as found in a barrow near Lewes<a name="FNanchor_1428_1428" id="FNanchor_1428_1428"></a><a href="#Footnote_1428_1428" class="fnanchor">[1428]</a> has -an expanded head with a boss upon it, and about 4 inches below, an -ornamented lozenge-shaped plate, beneath which is a small loop for -attachment.</p> - -<p>Large pins of the same character have been found in the Lake-dwellings -of France, Switzerland, and Italy.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-369.jpg" width="200" height="405" id="i369" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc29" summary="caption29"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 455.<br />Scratchbury. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span></td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 456.<br />Camerton. ⅔</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>A large bronze pin, 13½ inches long, found on Salisbury Plain,<a name="FNanchor_1429_1429" id="FNanchor_1429_1429"></a><a href="#Footnote_1429_1429" class="fnanchor">[1429]</a> is -described as having a flattened head, ornamented on one side with a -pattern. This which is now in the British -Museum is, however, of the late Celtic -Period.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">It is by no means impossible that -these larger and heavier pins may at -times have served as piercing-tools and -even as weapons. The stiletto survives -as a ladies’ piercing-tool, but no -one at the present day would “his -quietus make with a bare bodkin;” -though there was probably a time when -both stiletto and bodkin served a double -purpose, and were used, as occasion -might require, either as weapons or -as tools.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Smaller pins, ornamented at the blunt -end, have not unfrequently been found.</p> - -<p>A fragment of one discovered by Sir R. -Colt Hoare in a barrow at Scratchbury, is -engraved in his unpublished plate, and -has also been figured by Dr. Thurnam, -F.S.A.,<a name="FNanchor_1430_1430" id="FNanchor_1430_1430"></a><a href="#Footnote_1430_1430" class="fnanchor">[1430]</a> in his memoir so often quoted. It -is here reproduced as Fig. 455. Another from a barrow at Camerton,<a name="FNanchor_1431_1431" id="FNanchor_1431_1431"></a><a href="#Footnote_1431_1431" class="fnanchor">[1431]</a> -Somerset, has a hollow spheroidal head, with a double perforation. The -head and upper part of the stem are decorated with parallel rings and -oblique hatching, as may be seen in Fig. 456. In character this pin -much resembles some of those from the Swiss Lake-dwellings.</p> - -<p>A very similar pin was obtained from a barrow near Firle,<a name="FNanchor_1432_1432" id="FNanchor_1432_1432"></a><a href="#Footnote_1432_1432" class="fnanchor">[1432]</a> Sussex, by -Dr. Mantell.</p> - -<p>A fine pin, nearly 12 inches long, with a head of this shape, was found -near Enniskillen. The upper part of the pin is ornamented, with groups<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[370]</a></span> -of five small beadings round it, and between these are spiral ribs, forming -many threaded screws alternately right- and left-handed.<a name="FNanchor_1433_1433" id="FNanchor_1433_1433"></a><a href="#Footnote_1433_1433" class="fnanchor">[1433]</a></p> - -<p>A long pin from Galway,<a name="FNanchor_1434_1434" id="FNanchor_1434_1434"></a><a href="#Footnote_1434_1434" class="fnanchor">[1434]</a> of which the lower part is twisted into -a spiral, has a head with a notch in it, much like that of a modern -screw.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-370.jpg" width="400" height="414" id="i370" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc30" summary="caption30"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc5">Fig. 457.<br />Ireland. ½</td> - <td class="tdc5">Fig. 458.<br />Ireland. ½</td> - <td class="tdc5">Fig. 459.<br />Cambridge. ½</td> - <td class="tdc5">Fig. 460.<br />Ireland. ⅓</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 461.<br />North of Ireland. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>The pins with spherical heads, ornamented by circular holes, with -concentric circles around them, so common in the Swiss Lake-dwellings, -are as yet unknown in Britain. I have, nevertheless, a portion -of what appears to be the large spherical head of a pin, which formed -part of the hoard found at Dreuil, near Amiens. Instead of holes, -however, it has bosses at intervals, with concentric circles round -them. In the spaces between are bands of parallel dotted lines.<a name="FNanchor_1435_1435" id="FNanchor_1435_1435"></a><a href="#Footnote_1435_1435" class="fnanchor">[1435]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[371]</a></span> -Some of the Swiss pins have knobs of tin, or some other metal -than bronze, and even red stones inlaid in the perforations, so that -not improbably those which now show merely holes in the metal -may have been inlaid with horn or some perishable material.</p> - -<p>Pins with flat heads, sometimes of large size, are of not unfrequent -occurrence, and appear to belong to the Bronze Age.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">An Irish example with a small loop at the side is shown in Fig. 457, -from a specimen in my own collection. It has apparently at some time -been longer. Some German pins<a name="FNanchor_1436_1436" id="FNanchor_1436_1436"></a><a href="#Footnote_1436_1436" class="fnanchor">[1436]</a> are provided with side loops in the -same manner.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-371.jpg" width="200" height="247" id="i371" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><table id="tc31" summary="caption31"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 462.<br />Keelogue Ford. ½</td> - <td class="tdc4">Fig. 463.<br />Ireland. ½</td> - </tr> -</table> -</div></div> - -<p>A large pin, 8⅛ inches, with the upper part beaded, and with a small -side loop, was in the hoard found near Amiens, and is preserved in the -museum of that town. With it were socketed celts, a sickle, &c.</p> - -<p>A pin of the same general form, but -without any loop and with a more -ornamental head, also from Ireland, -is shown in Fig. 458, and an English -example, found near Cambridge, in -Fig. 459.</p> - -<p>One with a plain flat head, and -11¾ inches long, is figured by Wilde -(Fig. 446).</p> - -<p>Similar pins with flat heads have -been found in the Lake-dwellings of -Savoy and Switzerland.</p> - -<p>The large flat heads are often -highly ornamented.</p> - -<p>The pin from Ireland, of which the -head is shown in Fig. 460,<a name="FNanchor_1437_1437" id="FNanchor_1437_1437"></a><a href="#Footnote_1437_1437" class="fnanchor">[1437]</a> one-third -of the actual size, is 13½ inches long. -This cut and Figs. 453, 462, 463, and -465, are kindly lent by the Royal -Irish Academy.</p> - -<p>The ornamental expanded heads, -which usually have a conical projection in the centre, are more frequently -turned over so as to be in the same plane as the pins and be -visible when stuck into a garment. Fig. 461 is from a specimen of my -own found in the North of Ireland.</p> - -<p>Fig. 462, from Wilde,<a name="FNanchor_1438_1438" id="FNanchor_1438_1438"></a><a href="#Footnote_1438_1438" class="fnanchor">[1438]</a> shows a small pin of the same kind, found at -Keelogue Ford.</p> - -<p>Occasionally the head seems disproportionately large to the pin.</p> - -<p>That of which the highly ornamented head is shown in Fig. 463,<a name="FNanchor_1439_1439" id="FNanchor_1439_1439"></a><a href="#Footnote_1439_1439" class="fnanchor">[1439]</a> is -only 5½ inches long, while the head itself is 2¼ inches in diameter.</p> - -<p>A grand pin of this kind from Ireland, with the head 4⅝ inches in -diameter, and the pin 10¾ inches long, is in the British Museum. The -face of the disc has five concentric circles upon it, with triangles, squares, -and ring ornaments between them.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[372]</a></span></p> - -<p>A Scottish specimen of the same character as Fig. 462 (9 inches), -found at Tarves, Aberdeenshire, together with bronze swords, is in the -same collection. The head is 1⅜ inches in diameter. Another of the -same type from Ireland<a name="FNanchor_1440_1440" id="FNanchor_1440_1440"></a><a href="#Footnote_1440_1440" class="fnanchor">[1440]</a> is said to have had the cone originally gilt.</p> - -<p>The head of another, which was found with a number of bronze swords -at Edinburgh,<a name="FNanchor_1441_1441" id="FNanchor_1441_1441"></a><a href="#Footnote_1441_1441" class="fnanchor">[1441]</a> is shown in Fig. 464. This discovery seems to prove that -the pins of this type belong to quite the latter part of the Bronze Period.</p> - -<p>Pins with flat heads turned over so as to be parallel with their stems -are of common occurrence in Denmark.<a name="FNanchor_1442_1442" id="FNanchor_1442_1442"></a><a href="#Footnote_1442_1442" class="fnanchor">[1442]</a> They are usually ornamented -with concentric ribs, and the heads are sometimes plated with gold. The -stems are also often decorated.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-372.jpg" width="400" height="278" id="i372" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 464.—Edinburgh. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 465.—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another form of pin has a cup-shaped head, not unlike the termination -of the large gold clasps, like drawer-handles, so frequently found in -Ireland. One of these is shown in Fig. 465, borrowed from Wilde.<a name="FNanchor_1443_1443" id="FNanchor_1443_1443"></a><a href="#Footnote_1443_1443" class="fnanchor">[1443]</a></p> - -<p>An example of this kind was found in the Heathery Burn Cave. -Another pin of this type, 10⅛ inches long, with the cup-shaped head ⅞ inch -in diameter and ½ inch deep, with a small cone projecting in the bottom -of the cup, was found with a bronze sword and two spear-heads in peat -near the Point of Sleat,<a name="FNanchor_1444_1444" id="FNanchor_1444_1444"></a><a href="#Footnote_1444_1444" class="fnanchor">[1444]</a> Skye.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Sir W. Wilde has given figures of numerous other types of pins, -but they nearly all belong to a later period than that of which I -am treating. That from a brooch at Bowermadden, Caithness, -engraved in the <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of -Scotland</i>,<a name="FNanchor_1445_1445" id="FNanchor_1445_1445"></a><a href="#Footnote_1445_1445" class="fnanchor">[1445]</a> is also of later date. Altogether the subject of pins -belonging to the Bronze Age in the British Islands is one of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[373]</a></span> -which, in the present state of our knowledge, it is difficult to -treat satisfactorily, so few of the more highly developed types -having been found in actual association with other bronze relics. -In England especially the rarity of bronze pins, as compared, for -instance, with their abundance in the Lake-dwellings of Southern -Europe, is very striking. As will subsequently be seen, there is -nearly as great a scarcity of bracelets and of some other ornaments. -It may be that for personal decorations the jet and -amber, which during our Bronze Age were so much in fashion for -ornaments, suited the native taste better than decorations manufactured -from the same metal as that which served for tools and -weapons; and that when metal was used gold had the preference. -At the same time, for useful articles, such as some kinds of pins, -bronze may well have served, and it is to be observed that no -pins decorated with gold have as yet been found with bronze -weapons in Britain, though they have occurred in other countries.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[374]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER XVIII.</h2> - -<p class="pch">TORQUES, BRACELETS, RINGS, EAR-RINGS, AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Although</span> some of the pins described in the last chapter were -destined for ornament rather than for use, they cannot as a class -be regarded as purely ornamental. The collars and armlets, to -which the present chapter is to be devoted, must, I think, be considered -as essentially ornaments, though possibly in some cases -affording protection to the neck and arms. The modern epaulette -was originally intended for the protection of the shoulder, though -now, as a rule, little better than an ornament.</p> - -<p>The torque, or torc, takes its name from the Latin <i>torques</i>, -which again is derived <i>à torquendo</i>. This word <i>torques</i> was -applied to a twisted collar of gold or other metal worn around the -neck. Among the ancient Gauls gold torques appear to have been -abundant, and to have formed an important part of the spoils -acquired from them by their Roman conquerors. About 223 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>,<a name="FNanchor_1446_1446" id="FNanchor_1446_1446"></a><a href="#Footnote_1446_1446" class="fnanchor">[1446]</a> -when Flaminius Nepos gained his victory over the Gauls on the -Addua, it is related that instead of the Gauls dedicating, as they -had intended, a torque made from the spoils of the Roman -soldiers to their god of war, Flaminius erected to Jupiter a golden -trophy made from the Gaulish <i>torques</i>. The name of the Torquati, -a family of the Manlia Gens, was derived from their ancestor, T. -Manlius,<a name="FNanchor_1447_1447" id="FNanchor_1447_1447"></a><a href="#Footnote_1447_1447" class="fnanchor">[1447]</a> having in <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 361 slain a gigantic Gaul in single combat, -whose torque he took from the dead body after cutting off the -head, and placed it around his own neck.</p> - -<p>On some of the denarii of the Manlia family<a name="FNanchor_1448_1448" id="FNanchor_1448_1448"></a><a href="#Footnote_1448_1448" class="fnanchor">[1448]</a> the torque forms -a circle round the head of Rome on the obverse. Two interesting -papers “On the Torc of the Celts,” by Dr. Samuel Birch, will be -found in the <i>Archæological Journal</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1449_1449" id="FNanchor_1449_1449"></a><a href="#Footnote_1449_1449" class="fnanchor">[1449]</a></p> - -<p>Although these gold torques in many instances undoubtedly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[375]</a></span> -belong to the Bronze Period, they are sufficiently well known to antiquaries -to render it needless for me here to enter into any minute -description of them. The commonest form presents a cruciform -section, so that the twist is that of a four-threaded screw, and at -either end there is a plain, nearly cylindrical bar, turned back so -as to form a kind of hook. I have a fine example of this kind of -torque, found with a bronze anvil (Fig. 217) and other bronze -instruments and weapons at Fresné la Mère, Calvados. A similar -but smaller gold torque was found near Boyton, Suffolk,<a name="FNanchor_1450_1450" id="FNanchor_1450_1450"></a><a href="#Footnote_1450_1450" class="fnanchor">[1450]</a> which is -said to have had the extremities secured together by two small -penannular rings of gold, embracing the two terminal hooks.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-375.jpg" width="400" height="426" id="i375" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 466.—Wedmore. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>One 42 inches long was found on Cader Idris;<a name="FNanchor_1451_1451" id="FNanchor_1451_1451"></a><a href="#Footnote_1451_1451" class="fnanchor">[1451]</a> others in -Glamorganshire;<a name="FNanchor_1452_1452" id="FNanchor_1452_1452"></a><a href="#Footnote_1452_1452" class="fnanchor">[1452]</a> at Pattingham, Staffordshire;<a name="FNanchor_1453_1453" id="FNanchor_1453_1453"></a><a href="#Footnote_1453_1453" class="fnanchor">[1453]</a> and in several -other parts of Britain. Some fine examples of these funicular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[376]</a></span> -torques of gold, as well as of other varieties of the same kind of -ornament, are in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy at -Dublin.<a name="FNanchor_1454_1454" id="FNanchor_1454_1454"></a><a href="#Footnote_1454_1454" class="fnanchor">[1454]</a></p> - -<p>The torques formed of bronze are, as a rule, thicker and bulkier -in their proportions than those of gold, and the ends are usually -left straight or but slightly hooked over so as to interlock. They -are never provided with the projecting cylindrical ends already -mentioned.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-376.jpg" width="400" height="411" id="i376" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 467.—Wedmore. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>The form most frequently discovered in the British Islands is -that known as funicular, one of which is shown in Fig. 466, -copied from the <i>Archæological Association Journal</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1455_1455" id="FNanchor_1455_1455"></a><a href="#Footnote_1455_1455" class="fnanchor">[1455]</a></p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">The original was found with two others at Wedmore, Somersetshire. -One of these is of the same type, but of smaller size, and not quite so -closely twisted, as shown in Fig. 467; and the other is made of a flat -ribbon of metal, ⅜ inch broad, twisted, as shown in Fig. 469, which is -copied from the same plate as Figs. 466 and 467.</p> - -<p>From another account of these torques,<a name="FNanchor_1456_1456" id="FNanchor_1456_1456"></a><a href="#Footnote_1456_1456" class="fnanchor">[1456]</a> it appears that they were found -near Heath House, in the parish of Wedmore, and that with them were -two celts and a few amber beads strung on a wire. This latter, to me, -sounds doubtful, as the wire is probably a later addition. The weight of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[377]</a></span> -the largest is said to be ½ pound, of the second 2 ounces, and of the -smallest 1½ ounce.</p> - -<p>Another torque of the character of Fig. 466, about 9 inches in diameter, -was found with a bracelet, Fig. 481, and a two-looped palstave, Fig. 87, -at West Buckland, Somersetshire,<a name="FNanchor_1457_1457" id="FNanchor_1457_1457"></a><a href="#Footnote_1457_1457" class="fnanchor">[1457]</a> and is in the collection of Mr. W. -A. Sanford. It is shown on the scale of one-third in Fig. 468.</p> - -<p>A portion of another torque, but of slender make, was found at Pen -Pits,<a name="FNanchor_1458_1458" id="FNanchor_1458_1458"></a><a href="#Footnote_1458_1458" class="fnanchor">[1458]</a> in the same county; and another, somewhat imperfect, near -Edington Burtle.<a name="FNanchor_1459_1459" id="FNanchor_1459_1459"></a><a href="#Footnote_1459_1459" class="fnanchor">[1459]</a> With the latter was a portion of a ribbon torque like -Fig. 469, two bracelets, some rings, and four palstaves.</p> - -<p>Two very fine torques, like Fig. 468, 8¾ inches in diameter, were also -found in Somersetshire on the Quantock Hills,<a name="FNanchor_1460_1460" id="FNanchor_1460_1460"></a><a href="#Footnote_1460_1460" class="fnanchor">[1460]</a> in 1794. Within each of -them is said to have been placed a looped palstave, like Fig. 77. The -weight of one of the torques is reported to have been nearly 2 pounds.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-377.jpg" width="400" height="390" id="i377" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 468.—West Buckland. ⅓ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In the collection of the Rev. E. Duke, of Lake House, near Salisbury, -are two fine torques of this kind, one large and heavy, and the other -smaller and more slender, which were found near Amesbury. With them -were several spiral rings closely resembling Fig. 489.</p> - -<p>Two others found with armillæ in Dorsetshire<a name="FNanchor_1461_1461" id="FNanchor_1461_1461"></a><a href="#Footnote_1461_1461" class="fnanchor">[1461]</a> are now in the British -Museum. The larger of these is closely twisted, and about 7½ inches in -diameter. The smaller is thicker, and shows a coarser twist, and is -about 6⅜ inches in diameter. The armillæ are penannular and of rhomboidal -section.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[378]</a></span></p> - -<p>Two small torques, some bronze rings or bracelets, and a palstave -are recorded to have been dug up in Woolmer Forest, Hants.<a name="FNanchor_1462_1462" id="FNanchor_1462_1462"></a><a href="#Footnote_1462_1462" class="fnanchor">[1462]</a> Two -spiral rings were found with them.</p> - -<p>In the collection of Mr. Durden, at Blandford, are several specimens -found at Spetisbury, Dorset.<a name="FNanchor_1463_1463" id="FNanchor_1463_1463"></a><a href="#Footnote_1463_1463" class="fnanchor">[1463]</a></p> - -<p>I have a thin torque about 6¼ inches in diameter, but unfortunately -broken, found in Burwell Fen, Cambridgeshire.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-378.jpg" width="350" height="358" id="i378" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 469.—Wedmore. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>In some instances the plain ends of the torque are left without hooks. -Such is the case with the fine collar found, with four looped armlets and -a palstave without loop, at Hollingbury Hill,<a name="FNanchor_1464_1464" id="FNanchor_1464_1464"></a><a href="#Footnote_1464_1464" class="fnanchor">[1464]</a> near Brighton, which is -now in the British Museum. On each extremity was a spiral ring of -bronze, considerably larger than the rod forming the torque, and a third -ring is shown in the published drawing. The palstave, which is broken -in the middle, apparently on purpose, lay within the circle of the torque, -which also was broken across the middle. At regular intervals round it -lay the four bracelets, which resemble Fig. 482, and vary somewhat in -weight.</p> - -<p>The third of the torques already mentioned as found at Wedmore is -shown in Fig. 469.</p> - -<p>It is of a type which occurs more frequently in gold than in bronze, -and in the former metal has often been found in Scotland. Several -such were discovered under a large stone at Urquhart, Elginshire. -Others have been found at Culter, Lanarkshire;<a name="FNanchor_1465_1465" id="FNanchor_1465_1465"></a><a href="#Footnote_1465_1465" class="fnanchor">[1465]</a> Belhelvie, Aberdeenshire;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[379]</a></span> -Little Lochbroom, Ross-shire; Rannoch, Perthshire; and -elsewhere. Some of these are in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh.</p> - -<p>There are three or four such in the Museum of the Royal Irish -Academy.</p> - -<p>A gold torque of this class found at Clonmacnoise,<a name="FNanchor_1466_1466" id="FNanchor_1466_1466"></a><a href="#Footnote_1466_1466" class="fnanchor">[1466]</a> King’s County, -has oval balls at each end instead of hooks.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">So far as at present known, the funicular torques of bronze are -more abundant in the southern and western counties than in the -other parts of England. They appear to be unknown both in -Scotland and Ireland, though torques of Late Celtic patterns occur -in those countries.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-379.jpg" width="400" height="307" id="i379" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 470.—Yarnton. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>The inference is that, although socketed celts are rarely if ever -found with them, these twisted neck-rings belong to the close of the -Bronze Period, and were introduced into Britain from the Continent. -The form is, however, rare in the North of France, and the nearest -analogues to the English torques with which we are acquainted are -to be seen among those from Northern Germany and Denmark.</p> - -<p>The Danish form, with broad expanding ends terminating in -spirals, and the derivatives from it in which the spirals are represented -by solid cast plates with volutes upon them, are nevertheless -unknown in Britain, as is also that with the twist alternately to -the right and to the left.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[380]</a></span></p> - -<p>Another form of bronze torque found in Britain is made from -a plain piece of wire, hammered out at each end into a broad, -nearly quadrangular, plate.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">That shown in Fig. 470 lay near the head of a contracted skeleton at -Yarnton, four miles from Oxford, at a spot which seems to have been a -prehistoric cemetery. I obtained it through the kindness of Professor -Rolleston when visiting the place. The ends are ornamented by hammer -marking. In a line with the wire forming the torque is a slightly raised -flat band perpendicularly fluted; the expanding parts above and below -are fluted horizontally. A herald would engrave “azure, a fesse gules” -in the same manner, but with the lines much closer together. Two -torques of the same character, found at Lumphanan, Aberdeenshire, are -in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh.</p> - -<p>The form probably belongs to the close of the Bronze Period, if not -indeed to the Late Celtic or Early Iron Age.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-380.jpg" width="400" height="232" id="i380" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 471.—Montgomeryshire. ⅔ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A torque about 5 inches in diameter, described as of copper, made of -a simple wire, with the ends turned back so as to form hooks, and on -each a lenticular button of metal, was found near Winslow, Bucks,<a name="FNanchor_1467_1467" id="FNanchor_1467_1467"></a><a href="#Footnote_1467_1467" class="fnanchor">[1467]</a> and -may also be Late Celtic.</p> - -<p>Another form of torque is made from a stout wire expanding into small -flat discs at the end, a type which is also common among bracelets both -in bronze and gold. A torque of this kind, together with a bracelet, is -shown in Fig. 471, kindly lent by the Council of the Society of Antiquaries.</p> - -<p>These objects were found with seven others in the parish of Llanrhaiadaryn-Mochnant, -Montgomeryshire.<a name="FNanchor_1468_1468" id="FNanchor_1468_1468"></a><a href="#Footnote_1468_1468" class="fnanchor">[1468]</a> One of them is said to have had -pendants upon it. Several of them were too small to have served as -torques for the neck, and were most probably bracelets or anklets. To -these penannular ornaments I shall have to refer further on.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[381]</a></span></p> - -<p>The other varieties of torques found in Britain seem decidedly to -belong to the Late Celtic rather than to the Bronze Period, so that a brief -notice of them will suffice. They are frequently made in two halves, -hinged or dowelled together, and are often decorated with a series of -ornamental beads.</p> - -<p>A collar found in Lochar Moss, Dumfriesshire, is now in the British -Museum.<a name="FNanchor_1469_1469" id="FNanchor_1469_1469"></a><a href="#Footnote_1469_1469" class="fnanchor">[1469]</a> About one-third of it is formed by a solid piece of bronze of -flat section, having the face ornamented with a peculiar wavy pattern -and the outer rim with cabled lines. The rest consists of fluted melon-like -beads with pulley-shaped collars between them. They appear to have -been strung on an iron wire.</p> - -<p>A portion of another collar found at Perdeswell,<a name="FNanchor_1470_1470" id="FNanchor_1470_1470"></a><a href="#Footnote_1470_1470" class="fnanchor">[1470]</a> Claines, near Worcester, -has the iron wire still preserved. The ornamental beads are flatter, -with leaf-shaped projections upon them, and between them are smaller -pulley-like beads.</p> - -<p>Another, formed in much the same fashion as that from Lochar Moss, -was found at Mow-road, Rochdale, Lancashire.<a name="FNanchor_1471_1471" id="FNanchor_1471_1471"></a><a href="#Footnote_1471_1471" class="fnanchor">[1471]</a> This was in halves, -dowelled together with iron pins.</p> - -<p>Another, entirely of bronze, is made in two pieces, one part resembling -a row of beads, the other engraved like a closely plaited cord, -and was found at Embsay, near Skipton, Yorkshire.<a name="FNanchor_1472_1472" id="FNanchor_1472_1472"></a><a href="#Footnote_1472_1472" class="fnanchor">[1472]</a></p> - -<p>A torque, weighing no less than 3 lbs. 10 ozs. avoirdupois, was found -in the parish of Wraxall, Somerset.<a name="FNanchor_1473_1473" id="FNanchor_1473_1473"></a><a href="#Footnote_1473_1473" class="fnanchor">[1473]</a> This also is in halves, with pins to -form the joint. It is described as appearing to have been adorned with -precious stones. Possibly, like some other objects of Late Celtic manufacture, -it may have been inlaid with enamel of different colours.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Bracelets of the same type as the torque and bracelet shown in -Fig. 471 have not unfrequently been found in Britain, though, -perhaps, they are less common in bronze than in the more precious -metal, gold.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">They are sometimes slightly hollowed at the expanding ends. One -found with the hoard at Marden, Kent,<a name="FNanchor_1474_1474" id="FNanchor_1474_1474"></a><a href="#Footnote_1474_1474" class="fnanchor">[1474]</a> is of this kind. Another plain -penannular bracelet tapers off at the ends instead of expanding. This -latter is too small for an adult person.</p> - -<p>One found, with various other bronze relics, at Ty Mawr, on Holyhead -Mountain,<a name="FNanchor_1475_1475" id="FNanchor_1475_1475"></a><a href="#Footnote_1475_1475" class="fnanchor">[1475]</a> expands at one end and tapers at the other. As is often the -case, the inner side of the ring is flatter than the outer.</p> - -<p>One, 2⅜ inches by 2 inches inside, expanding at each end, was in the -Heathery Burn Cave hoard. Some others were also found there.</p> - -<p>In some instances the section of the metal, instead of being rounded, is -nearly square. Two such, tapering towards the ends, were found in Dorsetshire,<a name="FNanchor_1476_1476" id="FNanchor_1476_1476"></a><a href="#Footnote_1476_1476" class="fnanchor">[1476]</a> -with the torques already mentioned, and are now in the British -Museum.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[382]</a></span></p> - -<p>Three plain penannular bracelets were in the hoard of palstaves and -socketed celts found at Wallington, Northumberland.</p> - -<p>Several have been found in Scotland. Two such bracelets, the one -slender and the other thick, were found at Achtertyre, Morayshire,<a name="FNanchor_1477_1477" id="FNanchor_1477_1477"></a><a href="#Footnote_1477_1477" class="fnanchor">[1477]</a> in -company with a socketed celt, a spear-head, Fig. 383, another spear-head, -and some fragments of other bracelets and of tin. One of these is shown -full-size in Fig. 472.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-382a.jpg" width="400" height="254" id="i382a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 472.—Achtertyre. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another, 2½ inches in greatest diameter, slightly thickened at the extremities, -was found in a peat moss at Conage, Banffshire.<a name="FNanchor_1478_1478" id="FNanchor_1478_1478"></a><a href="#Footnote_1478_1478" class="fnanchor">[1478]</a></p> - -<p>Other penannular armlets, one of which is shown as Fig. 473, were -found with socketed celts at Redhill, Premnay, Aberdeenshire,<a name="FNanchor_1479_1479" id="FNanchor_1479_1479"></a><a href="#Footnote_1479_1479" class="fnanchor">[1479]</a> and are -now in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh; as is another found with -burnt bones near Preston Tower, East Lothian.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-382b.jpg" width="350" height="200" id="i382b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 473.—Redhill. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>This very simple penannular form of bracelet is found all over the -world, and is indeed the form of necessity adopted wherever it became -the fashion to wear thick metal wire round the arm. It was common<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[383]</a></span> -among the ancient Assyrians, and several bronze bracelets of this form -from Tel Sifr, in South Babylonia, are in the British Museum. The -hammered copper bracelets of North America<a name="FNanchor_1480_1480" id="FNanchor_1480_1480"></a><a href="#Footnote_1480_1480" class="fnanchor">[1480]</a> are usually penannular.</p> - -<p>Two very massive penannular armlets, formed of rounded bronze fully -½ inch in diameter, and weighing about 12 ozs. each, were found with -an agate bead and a spindle-whorl in a tumulus near Peninnis Head, in -the Scilly Isles.<a name="FNanchor_1481_1481" id="FNanchor_1481_1481"></a><a href="#Footnote_1481_1481" class="fnanchor">[1481]</a> One of these is shown in Fig. 474.</p> - -<p>An imperfect armlet of thick bronze wire was found in a barrow at -Wetton,<a name="FNanchor_1482_1482" id="FNanchor_1482_1482"></a><a href="#Footnote_1482_1482" class="fnanchor">[1482]</a> by the late Mr. Bateman.</p> - -<p>Four plain armillæ of bronze found with the spiral ring, Fig. 489, and -with a palstave, in Woolmer Forest, Hants, are also in the Bateman -Collection.<a name="FNanchor_1483_1483" id="FNanchor_1483_1483"></a><a href="#Footnote_1483_1483" class="fnanchor">[1483]</a> As already mentioned, two small torques and a celt are said -to have been found with them.<a name="FNanchor_1484_1484" id="FNanchor_1484_1484"></a><a href="#Footnote_1484_1484" class="fnanchor">[1484]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-383.jpg" width="400" height="194" id="i383" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 474.—Scilly. ½ -<span class="vh">——————</span> -Fig. 475.—Liss. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Ornamented bracelets, such as have been found in abundance in the -Swiss Lake-dwellings, and such as are common in most continental -countries, are scarce in Britain.</p> - -<p>In the British Museum are two bracelets, slightly oval in section, and -engraved with parallel lines, chevrons, &c., as will be seen by Fig. 475. -They were found at Liss, Hampshire. Though the two ends are brought -more closely together than usual in continental examples, the general -character of these bracelets is much like that of some French and German -specimens. The <i>patina</i> upon them closely resembles that on the celt Fig. 17, -also found at Liss; so they were probably deposited together.</p> - -<p>A curious penannular armlet with flat broad ends, and ornamented -with punctured markings, was found with another armlet of smaller -diameter, but plain, more massive, and broader, together with the remains<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[384]</a></span> -of a skeleton, at Stoke Prior,<a name="FNanchor_1485_1485" id="FNanchor_1485_1485"></a><a href="#Footnote_1485_1485" class="fnanchor">[1485]</a> Worcestershire. It is now in the British -Museum, and is represented in Fig. 476. It may belong to a later period -than that of which I am treating, and is possibly Saxon.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-384a.jpg" width="350" height="195" id="i384a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 476.—Stoke Prior. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Fig. 477, kindly lent by the Council of the Society of Antiquaries of -Scotland, shows another form of armlet, made from a bar of nearly semicircular -section, bent into a circular form. The original, together with -another of the same kind, were found near Stobo Castle,<a name="FNanchor_1486_1486" id="FNanchor_1486_1486"></a><a href="#Footnote_1486_1486" class="fnanchor">[1486]</a> Peeblesshire, -beneath a flat stone, and lying on a large boulder, under which was a -collection of small stones, burnt and with apparently calcined bones -among them.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-384b.jpg" width="350" height="169" id="i384b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 477.—Stobo Castle. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another armlet (3 inches) of the same type was found with an urn -containing burnt bones in a cairn in the parish of Lanark.<a name="FNanchor_1487_1487" id="FNanchor_1487_1487"></a><a href="#Footnote_1487_1487" class="fnanchor">[1487]</a> A bronze -spear-head is stated to have been found with it.</p> - -<p>One of the bracelets from the find at Camenz,<a name="FNanchor_1488_1488" id="FNanchor_1488_1488"></a><a href="#Footnote_1488_1488" class="fnanchor">[1488]</a> in Saxony, is of nearly -the same type.</p> - -<p>Two circular armlets, one with the ends slightly apart, were found in -Dorsetshire, one in the parish of Milton.<a name="FNanchor_1489_1489" id="FNanchor_1489_1489"></a><a href="#Footnote_1489_1489" class="fnanchor">[1489]</a> I have an imperfect armlet of -this kind, found with a palstave, at Winterhay Green, Ilminster, Somerset.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[385]</a></span></p> - -<p>A penannular armlet of bronze, with compressed oval knobs at the -extremities, was found by Mr. F. C. Lukis, with a jet armlet, in the -cromlech of <i>La Roche qui sonne</i>,<a name="FNanchor_1490_1490" id="FNanchor_1490_1490"></a><a href="#Footnote_1490_1490" class="fnanchor">[1490]</a> in Guernsey, and is shown in Fig. 478. -The scale has been said to be one-third, though from information kindly -furnished to me by the Rev. W. C. Lukis, F.S.A., it appears to be one-half.</p> - -<p>A somewhat different and more elegantly ornamented armlet from -Cornwall<a name="FNanchor_1491_1491" id="FNanchor_1491_1491"></a><a href="#Footnote_1491_1491" class="fnanchor">[1491]</a> is shown in Fig. 479.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-385a.jpg" width="400" height="132" id="i385a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 478.—Guernsey. ½ -<span class="vh">——————</span> -Fig. 479.—Cornwall. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>A bronze armilla, made from a flat ribbon of metal, ½ inch broad, and -ornamented outside with a neatly engraved lozengy pattern, was found -with an interment in a barrow at Castern,<a name="FNanchor_1492_1492" id="FNanchor_1492_1492"></a><a href="#Footnote_1492_1492" class="fnanchor">[1492]</a> near Wetton, Staffordshire.</p> - -<p>Another, about 1½ inch wide, ornamented with four parallel bands of -vertical lines, with chevrons at the end, was found in a barrow at -Normanton,<a name="FNanchor_1493_1493" id="FNanchor_1493_1493"></a><a href="#Footnote_1493_1493" class="fnanchor">[1493]</a> Wilts, encircling the -arm of a skeleton, and is shown -in Fig. 480. In this example the -ends overlap.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-385b.jpg" width="200" height="191" id="i385b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 480.—Normanton. ⅔ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another, with a series of small -longitudinal beads or mouldings -upon it, was found near Lake, -Wilts, and is in the collection of -the Rev. E. Duke. Some plain -penannular bracelets from that -district are in the same collection.</p> - -<p>An armlet of nearly the same -character, but narrower, was found -in Thor’s Cave,<a name="FNanchor_1494_1494" id="FNanchor_1494_1494"></a><a href="#Footnote_1494_1494" class="fnanchor">[1494]</a> near Wetton, -Derbyshire. Remains of Late -Celtic and of Roman date were -found in the same cave.</p> - -<p>A fluted bracelet was found with rings and other objects at Edington -Burtle, Somersetshire.<a name="FNanchor_1495_1495" id="FNanchor_1495_1495"></a><a href="#Footnote_1495_1495" class="fnanchor">[1495]</a></p> - -<p>A bracelet of bronze, of which some of the fragments are represented -in Fig. 481, was found with a bronze torque and a two-looped palstave<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[386]</a></span> -at West Buckland,<a name="FNanchor_1496_1496" id="FNanchor_1496_1496"></a><a href="#Footnote_1496_1496" class="fnanchor">[1496]</a> Somersetshire. It is flat on the inside, so that the -ornaments appear to have been cast in a mould, though subsequently the -more delicate work was added by means of punches or gravers.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-386a.jpg" width="350" height="80" id="i386a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 481.—West Buckland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another form of bracelet, probably of earlier date than some of those -represented in the previous figures, is of the type shown in Fig. 482. It -consists of a long bar of bronze, either circular or subquadrangular in -section, doubled over so as to leave a broad loop in the middle, and then -curved round so as to form the bracelet, the two ends of the bar being -bent over to form a hook, which engages in the central loop. That -shown in the figure was formerly in the collection of the late Sir Walter -Trevelyan, and is now in the British Museum. As will be seen, the -edges are in some parts minutely serrated. The original was discovered -with two others, and a ring of the same metal, in a moss at Ham Cross, -near Crawley, Sussex.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-386b.jpg" width="400" height="161" id="i386b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 482.—Ham Cross. ½ -<span class="vh">——————</span> -Fig. 483.—Heathery Burn. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Four others, forming two pairs, neatly placed round a torque, were -found at Hollingbury Hill,<a name="FNanchor_1497_1497" id="FNanchor_1497_1497"></a><a href="#Footnote_1497_1497" class="fnanchor">[1497]</a> near Brighton, as already described. They -are now in the British Museum. I have seen two others of the same -kind which were found at Pyecombe, Sussex. They are in the collection -of Mrs. Dickinson, of Hurstpierpoint. Another was found in a barrow -near Brighton,<a name="FNanchor_1498_1498" id="FNanchor_1498_1498"></a><a href="#Footnote_1498_1498" class="fnanchor">[1498]</a> with the long pin already mentioned, and is now at -Alnwick Castle. This was slightly ornamented with a kind of herring-bone -pattern.</p> - -<p>Bracelets constructed on the same principle are sometimes formed of -much thinner wire. One from the Heathery Burn Cave,<a name="FNanchor_1499_1499" id="FNanchor_1499_1499"></a><a href="#Footnote_1499_1499" class="fnanchor">[1499]</a> already so often -mentioned, is shown in Fig. 483.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[387]</a></span></p> - -<p>Another of the same size and character, but made of even thinner wire, -was found with a bronze razor, a button, and other antiquities, in the bed -of a stream near Llangwyllog Church,<a name="FNanchor_1500_1500" id="FNanchor_1500_1500"></a><a href="#Footnote_1500_1500" class="fnanchor">[1500]</a> Anglesea. These objects are now -in the British Museum. The type is not confined to Britain, for a bracelet -clasping in the same manner was found in the Lac du Bourget.<a name="FNanchor_1501_1501" id="FNanchor_1501_1501"></a><a href="#Footnote_1501_1501" class="fnanchor">[1501]</a></p> - -<p>Penannular bracelets, like Fig. 473, with the ends slightly expanding, -have been not unfrequently found in Ireland. One engraved by Wilde<a name="FNanchor_1502_1502" id="FNanchor_1502_1502"></a><a href="#Footnote_1502_1502" class="fnanchor">[1502]</a> -is described as of pure red copper.</p> - -<p>In many there are large cup-shaped ends at about right angles to each -other. One from Co. Cavan is shown in Fig. 484. I have another of -the same type, but much smaller and lighter, from Ballymoney, Co. -Antrim.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-387.jpg" width="400" height="211" id="i387" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 484.—Co. Cavan. ½ -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 485.—Cowlam. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>They much resemble the manillas or ring-money in use on the West -Coast of Africa, but are more cup-shaped at the ends. It appears possible -that, like some large Irish rings which will subsequently be described, -they are not actually bracelets. The other armillæ engraved by Wilde -appear to be of later date than the Bronze Period. The same may be -said of the elegant bracelet shown full size in Fig. 485, which is certainly -Late Celtic. It was found by Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., on the right -arm of a female skeleton in a barrow at Cowlam,<a name="FNanchor_1503_1503" id="FNanchor_1503_1503"></a><a href="#Footnote_1503_1503" class="fnanchor">[1503]</a> Yorkshire, and is -similar to some found at Arras,<a name="FNanchor_1504_1504" id="FNanchor_1504_1504"></a><a href="#Footnote_1504_1504" class="fnanchor">[1504]</a> in the same county.</p> - -<p>Another somewhat plainer bracelet, with a short dowel at one end, -fitting into a socket at the other, so as to form an almost invisible joint, -was found with a fibula, Fig. 498, on the skeleton of an aged woman in -another of the Cowlam<a name="FNanchor_1505_1505" id="FNanchor_1505_1505"></a><a href="#Footnote_1505_1505" class="fnanchor">[1505]</a> barrows, and is shown in Fig. 486.</p> - -<p>Another bronze armlet of the same period was found in a barrow in -the parish of Crosby Garrett,<a name="FNanchor_1506_1506" id="FNanchor_1506_1506"></a><a href="#Footnote_1506_1506" class="fnanchor">[1506]</a> Westmoreland. It encircled the right -arm of a skeleton, and is penannular, “oval in section, and unornamented, -except in having a series of notches along both edges.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[388]</a></span></p> - -<p>Many bracelets of Late Celtic date have been found at various times in -Scotland. Some of these are of very ornate design, and extremely -massive; while on others a <i>repoussé</i> pattern has been worked upon a -plate of thin bronze. Such bracelets hardly come within the scope of -the present work, but a few references to engravings of them are subjoined:—</p> - -<p>Aboyne, Aberdeenshire (<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 74; Wilson’s “Preh. -Ann. of Scot.,” vol. ii. pp. 136, 139).</p> - -<p>Alvah, Banffshire (<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. vi. p. 11, pl. iii. 1).</p> - -<p>Muthill, Perthshire, now in the British Museum (<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxviii. -p. 435).</p> - -<p>Plunton Castle, Kirkcudbright (<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 194; <i>Proc. -Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. iii. p. 236).</p> - -<p>Strathdon, Aberdeenshire (<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. vi. p. 13, pl. iii. 2).</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-388.jpg" width="350" height="308" id="i388" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 486.—Cowlam. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>Among hoards of bronze antiquities belonging to the latter part -of the Bronze Period, rings of various sizes are of not unfrequent -occurrence. They are usually plain and of circular section, as if -formed of a piece of cylindrical wire, though actually cast solid, -and do not for the most part seem to require any illustrations. -Some also are lozenge-shaped in section.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In the hoard found at Marden,<a name="FNanchor_1507_1507" id="FNanchor_1507_1507"></a><a href="#Footnote_1507_1507" class="fnanchor">[1507]</a> Kent, there were six perfect bronze -rings, varying in diameter from 1⅛ to 1⅜ inch. In the Heathery Burn -Cave were numerous rings of circular section, and varying in thickness -from ½ inch to 1½ inch in diameter. Many of these are now in the collection -of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. One, 2½ inches in diameter, was in the -hoard found at Westow,<a name="FNanchor_1508_1508" id="FNanchor_1508_1508"></a><a href="#Footnote_1508_1508" class="fnanchor">[1508]</a> Yorkshire, and may have been an armlet. -Several stout rings, about 1 inch in diameter, “probably cast in moulds,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[389]</a></span>” -were found with various other antiquities in bronze at Ty Mawr,<a name="FNanchor_1509_1509" id="FNanchor_1509_1509"></a><a href="#Footnote_1509_1509" class="fnanchor">[1509]</a> Holyhead, -and a number of rings of various sizes, from ⅜ inch to 1½ inch in -diameter, were found in the deposit at Llangwyllog,<a name="FNanchor_1510_1510" id="FNanchor_1510_1510"></a><a href="#Footnote_1510_1510" class="fnanchor">[1510]</a> Anglesea. There -were also three small rings in the great hoard found at Pant-y-maen,<a name="FNanchor_1511_1511" id="FNanchor_1511_1511"></a><a href="#Footnote_1511_1511" class="fnanchor">[1511]</a> -Glancych.</p> - -<p>Several rings, some of lozenge-shaped section and of delicate workmanship, -were found in the hoard at Taunton,<a name="FNanchor_1512_1512" id="FNanchor_1512_1512"></a><a href="#Footnote_1512_1512" class="fnanchor">[1512]</a> with the pin and other objects -already mentioned.</p> - -<p>Such rings may have served various purposes, but were probably used -as means of connection between different straps or accoutrements. Canon -Greenwell has called my attention to two separate instances of two rings -being found together, in company with a bronze sword, in one case -near Medomsley, Durham, and in the other near Rothbury, Northumberland.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-389.jpg" width="200" height="166" id="i389" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 487.—Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>The rings found with remains of chariots at Hamden Hill,<a name="FNanchor_1513_1513" id="FNanchor_1513_1513"></a><a href="#Footnote_1513_1513" class="fnanchor">[1513]</a> near -Montacute, Somersetshire, appear to be of Late Celtic date, and to be -hollow. A hollow ring, however, 1⅜ inch in diameter, and made from -a strip of bronze, fashioned into a tube -and left open on the inner side, was -found with a socketed celt, a gouge, -and other objects of bronze, at Melbourn,<a name="FNanchor_1514_1514" id="FNanchor_1514_1514"></a><a href="#Footnote_1514_1514" class="fnanchor">[1514]</a> -Cambridgeshire. Many of -those from the cemetery at Hallstatt -are of this kind, wrought from a thin -plate of metal. Some hollow rings -from Ireland will subsequently be -mentioned.</p> - -<p>Near Trillick,<a name="FNanchor_1515_1515" id="FNanchor_1515_1515"></a><a href="#Footnote_1515_1515" class="fnanchor">[1515]</a> Co. Tyrone, a pin -passing transversely through the body -of two rings (see Fig. 496) was found, -and with it two large rings about 3½ -inches in diameter, and four smaller, about 2 inches. These latter appear -to be hollow, with probably a clay core inside. With these objects a -socketed celt and a bronze hammer were found.</p> - -<p>Nearly six hundred bronze rings are in the Museum of the Royal Irish -Academy.</p> - -<p>Some of the Irish rings are cast in pairs, like a figure of 8.<a name="FNanchor_1516_1516" id="FNanchor_1516_1516"></a><a href="#Footnote_1516_1516" class="fnanchor">[1516]</a> Others -of large size have smaller rings cast upon them. That shown in Fig. 487, -borrowed from Wilde,<a name="FNanchor_1517_1517" id="FNanchor_1517_1517"></a><a href="#Footnote_1517_1517" class="fnanchor">[1517]</a> is 4¼ inches in diameter, with rings of 1½ inches -diameter upon it. Sir W. Wilde was inclined to regard it as a bangle -with two rings by which to suspend it, but this appears to me very -doubtful. I have an almost identical example of the form from Ballymoney, -Co. Antrim.</p> - -<p>A gold ring, 4¼ inches in diameter, with a single small ring playing -upon it, from the great Clare find, is figured by Wilde.<a name="FNanchor_1518_1518" id="FNanchor_1518_1518"></a><a href="#Footnote_1518_1518" class="fnanchor">[1518]</a> He states that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[390]</a></span> -“similar articles are occasionally observed sculptured upon the breasts -of the statues of ancient Roman generals, the small ring being attached -to the dress.”</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Some few bronze ornaments, which have been thought to be -finger rings, have from time to time been found associated with -other objects of the same metal, such as armlets, torques, &c.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">One found with the armlets and palstaves in Woolmer Forest,<a name="FNanchor_1519_1519" id="FNanchor_1519_1519"></a><a href="#Footnote_1519_1519" class="fnanchor">[1519]</a> Hants, -as already mentioned, is shown in Fig. 488. It has been formed from a -small quadrangular bar of metal, cylindrical at the ends, twisted after -the manner of an ordinary torque, and subsequently coiled into a spiral -ring. Mr. Bateman<a name="FNanchor_1520_1520" id="FNanchor_1520_1520"></a><a href="#Footnote_1520_1520" class="fnanchor">[1520]</a> describes it as a finger ring. With it was also -another twisted bronze ring of the same kind, but of only one coil. It -appears doubtful whether these rings were not more of the nature of -ornamental beads. It will be remembered that three spiral rings of the -same kind, but plain and of about four coils each, were found on the -extremities of the torque discovered at Hollingbury Hill,<a name="FNanchor_1521_1521" id="FNanchor_1521_1521"></a><a href="#Footnote_1521_1521" class="fnanchor">[1521]</a> Sussex. They -were considerably too large to fit on the torque, and were regarded as -intended in some way to fasten the garment. Some rings of this kind -were found with torques near Amesbury, as already mentioned. A ring -of a single coil, but made from a twisted bar like that in the figure, was -in the hoard found at Camenz,<a name="FNanchor_1522_1522" id="FNanchor_1522_1522"></a><a href="#Footnote_1522_1522" class="fnanchor">[1522]</a> Saxony, in which also were fragments -of torques.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-390.jpg" width="400" height="170" id="i390" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 488.—Woolmer Forest. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -<span class="vh">——</span> -Fig. 489.—Dumbarton. -</p></div></div> - -<p>I have three small twisted penannular rings of gold which were found -with a small torque of the same metal near Carcassonne, Aude. They -are of different sizes and weights, but are all too small for the finger or -for ear-rings. One of them is indeed too small to pass over the recurved -end of the torque, but the ends may possibly have been pinched together -since it was found. I am not aware that any of the rings were ever -actually upon the torque, though I have reason to believe they were -found with it.</p> - -<p>Mr. Franks has recently presented to the British Museum a gold torque -from Lincolnshire, which has three banded rings of gold, strung like -beads upon it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[391]</a></span></p> - -<p>Some small penannular rings found on a gold torque at Boyton have -already been mentioned.</p> - -<p>The penannular rings so often found in Ireland, and commonly called -ring money, may after all be of the nature of beads.</p> - -<p>The large hollow penannular ornaments made of thin gold, and nearly -triangular in section, seem also to be of the nature of beads or possibly -clasps. Straps passed through the narrow notch would require some -trouble to take out; but still such beads could be dislodged from their -string without its ends being unfastened. The ornament shown in Fig. -489 was found near Dumbarton.<a name="FNanchor_1523_1523" id="FNanchor_1523_1523"></a><a href="#Footnote_1523_1523" class="fnanchor">[1523]</a></p> - -<p>Others, similar, have been found in Anglesea, Heathery Burn Cave, -near Alnwick,<a name="FNanchor_1524_1524" id="FNanchor_1524_1524"></a><a href="#Footnote_1524_1524" class="fnanchor">[1524]</a> and in other places. They occur also in Ireland.<a name="FNanchor_1525_1525" id="FNanchor_1525_1525"></a><a href="#Footnote_1525_1525" class="fnanchor">[1525]</a> They -have frequently been found associated with armlets. Some Egyptian -rings of carnelian, ivory, and other materials have similar notches through -them. They have, however, been regarded as ear-rings.</p> - -<p>Bronze finger rings seem to have been in occasional use.</p> - -<p>In a perished urn with burnt bones, found with several others, one -containing a barbed flint arrow-head, in the cemetery at Stanlake,<a name="FNanchor_1526_1526" id="FNanchor_1526_1526"></a><a href="#Footnote_1526_1526" class="fnanchor">[1526]</a> -Oxfordshire, there was a spiral bronze finger ring of the plainest form, -the only fragment of metal brought to light during nearly a month’s -excavations by Mr. Akerman and Mr. Stone. What may have been a -finger ring was also found in the Heathery Burn Cave,<a name="FNanchor_1527_1527" id="FNanchor_1527_1527"></a><a href="#Footnote_1527_1527" class="fnanchor">[1527]</a> Durham. It is -formed of stout wire, the ends expanding, and slightly overlapping each -other, and is ⅞ inch in diameter.</p> - -<p>In the hoard of bronze antiquities found near Edington Burtle,<a name="FNanchor_1528_1528" id="FNanchor_1528_1528"></a><a href="#Footnote_1528_1528" class="fnanchor">[1528]</a> Somersetshire, -were several small rings; but with one exception they are hardly -such as could have served for finger rings. This exceptional ring is -penannular, and fluted externally like the bracelet found with it in the same -hoard. The form is not unlike that of the gold ring engraved by Wilde<a name="FNanchor_1529_1529" id="FNanchor_1529_1529"></a><a href="#Footnote_1529_1529" class="fnanchor">[1529]</a> -as his Fig. 609.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Another form of ornament, the ear-ring, appears to have been -known in Britain during the Bronze Period. In two of the -barrows on the Yorkshire Wolds, explored by Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S., female skeletons were found accompanied by such ornaments.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In a barrow at Cowlam,<a name="FNanchor_1530_1530" id="FNanchor_1530_1530"></a><a href="#Footnote_1530_1530" class="fnanchor">[1530]</a> “touching the temporal bones, which were -stained green by the contact, were two ear-rings of bronze. They have -been made by beating the one end of a piece of bronze flat, and forming -the other end into a pin-shaped termination. This pin had been passed -through the lobe of the ear and then bent round, the other and flat end -being bent over it.” Thus the ear-ring must have been “permanently fixed -in the ear.” One of these rings is, by Canon Greenwell’s kindness, shown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[392]</a></span> -as Fig. 490, as is one from Goodmanham,<a name="FNanchor_1531_1531" id="FNanchor_1531_1531"></a><a href="#Footnote_1531_1531" class="fnanchor">[1531]</a> in Fig. 491.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-392a.jpg" width="350" height="164" id="i392a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="vh">——————</span> -Fig. 490.—Cowlam. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -<span class="vh">————</span> -Fig. 491.—Goodmanham. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>In the latter -case there was a bronze awl, or drill, behind the head; the ear-ring here -figured was at the right ear, and its fellow, in a more broken condition, -lay under the left shoulder. The better preserved of the two is somewhat -imperfect, and may, I think, have formed a perfect circle when -whole.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-392b.jpg" width="400" height="297" id="i392b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 492.—Orton. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>Mr. Bateman records finding in a barrow called Stakor Hill,<a name="FNanchor_1532_1532" id="FNanchor_1532_1532"></a><a href="#Footnote_1532_1532" class="fnanchor">[1532]</a> near -Burton, a female skeleton, “the mastoid bones of which were dyed -green from contact with two small pieces of thin bronze bent in the middle -just sufficiently to clasp the edge or lobe of the ear.” With the skeleton<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[393]</a></span> -was a flint “javelin head,” and Mr. Bateman considered the interment -to be the oldest he had met with in which metal was present.</p> - -<p>By way of illustration, a much longer form of trough-shaped ear-ring -may be adduced, though the metal in this instance is gold and not bronze. -That shown in Fig. 492 was found with another in a stone cist at Orton, -Morayshire.<a name="FNanchor_1533_1533" id="FNanchor_1533_1533"></a><a href="#Footnote_1533_1533" class="fnanchor">[1533]</a></p> - -<p>It seems possible that a lunette or diadem of gold was buried with -these ear-rings.</p> - -<p>A pair of circular embossed plates, with a beaded ring on each and a -smaller disc above, were found in a tumulus near Lake, Wilts, and have -been regarded as ear-rings. They are in the collection of the Rev. E. -Duke.</p> - -<p>In the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy<a name="FNanchor_1534_1534" id="FNanchor_1534_1534"></a><a href="#Footnote_1534_1534" class="fnanchor">[1534]</a> is another gold ornament -of the same form as Fig. 492. It is, however, smaller, and the lower -part is at present flat. Gold penannular rings of torque-like patterns, -pointed at each end, and which may have been ear-rings, and not bead-like -ornaments, are not uncommon in Ireland and Britain.<a name="FNanchor_1535_1535" id="FNanchor_1535_1535"></a><a href="#Footnote_1535_1535" class="fnanchor">[1535]</a> Rings of -nearly the same kind are still in use in Northern Africa. Plain double-pointed -penannular ear-rings in bronze are also found, but I am uncertain -as to the period to which they should be assigned. Some appear to be of -Saxon date.<a name="FNanchor_1536_1536" id="FNanchor_1536_1536"></a><a href="#Footnote_1536_1536" class="fnanchor">[1536]</a></p> - -<p>I have a pair of ear-rings of circular form from Hallstatt, about 2 inches -in diameter, of hollow bronze, made from a thin plate, and with one end -pointed which fits into a socket at the other end. Other ear-rings of -bronze,<a name="FNanchor_1537_1537" id="FNanchor_1537_1537"></a><a href="#Footnote_1537_1537" class="fnanchor">[1537]</a> from the same cemetery, have a small ring encircling them, to -which, in one instance, three small spherical bells are attached.</p> - -<p>In the Laibach Museum are some bronze ear-rings of the Early Iron -Age, much like those from Goodmanham, but broader.</p> - -<p>Ear-rings of the Bronze Period appear to be almost unknown in France. -I have, however, specimens found with a hoard of bronze socketed celts, -fragments of swords, spear-heads, bracelets, and a variety of other objects -at Dreuil, near Amiens, about 1872.</p> - -<p>They are two in number, in form like Fig. 490, but rather shorter. -One of them is coiled up, and the other has the broad part nearly flat. -Each is ornamented with some parallel lines stamped in across the broader -part. Several small hollow and some solid rings, circular, semicircular, -and flattened in section, were in the same hoard.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Some few objects of bead-like character have from time to time -been found in barrows and with other bronze objects. Dr. Thurnam<a name="FNanchor_1538_1538" id="FNanchor_1538_1538"></a><a href="#Footnote_1538_1538" class="fnanchor">[1538]</a> -describes a tubular bronze bead, 1¼ inch long, found in a -barrow in Dorset, and now in Mr. Durden’s collection. He thinks -the bead mentioned by Sir R. Colt Hoare as found in a barrow -near Fovant<a name="FNanchor_1539_1539" id="FNanchor_1539_1539"></a><a href="#Footnote_1539_1539" class="fnanchor">[1539]</a> may have been the spheroidal head of the bronze<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[394]</a></span> -pin with which it was found. Some beads of amber and jet were, -however, discovered with it.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">A notched bead of tin, like a number of small beads strung together, -accompanied a little pin of copper or bronze, most probably an awl, and -some conical buttons of bone or ivory, in a barrow on Sutton Verney -Down,<a name="FNanchor_1540_1540" id="FNanchor_1540_1540"></a><a href="#Footnote_1540_1540" class="fnanchor">[1540]</a> in which there had been deposited a burnt body. Hoare says -that “it is the only article of that metal we have ever found in a barrow.”</p> - -<p>Small beads, or more probably drum-shaped buttons of gold, as suggested -by Dr. Thurnam,<a name="FNanchor_1541_1541" id="FNanchor_1541_1541"></a><a href="#Footnote_1541_1541" class="fnanchor">[1541]</a> have also been found in the Wiltshire barrows.</p> - -<p>Beads formed of joints of encrinites, with others formed of burnt clay, -as well as a necklace formed of the shells of dentalium, were found in -a barrow near Winterbourn Stoke.<a name="FNanchor_1542_1542" id="FNanchor_1542_1542"></a><a href="#Footnote_1542_1542" class="fnanchor">[1542]</a> Glass beads of the notched form -have been found with burnt interments, and frequently with bronze instruments -in others of the Wiltshire barrows.<a name="FNanchor_1543_1543" id="FNanchor_1543_1543"></a><a href="#Footnote_1543_1543" class="fnanchor">[1543]</a> Other beads have spiral -ornaments in white upon a blue ground. A blue glass bead, with three -yellow spirals on it, was found with the point of a bronze blade in a cist -with burnt bones in a barrow at Eddertoun, Ross-shire.<a name="FNanchor_1544_1544" id="FNanchor_1544_1544"></a><a href="#Footnote_1544_1544" class="fnanchor">[1544]</a> Such beads, -known as Clachan Nathaireach,<a name="FNanchor_1545_1545" id="FNanchor_1545_1545"></a><a href="#Footnote_1545_1545" class="fnanchor">[1545]</a> or serpent stones, have been used as -charms for diseased cattle and other evils.</p> - -<p>Glass beads with the same spiral ornamentation have been found in the -cemetery at Hallstatt, and their presence in these graves certainly affords -an argument for assigning them to a comparatively late period, or at all -events to a time when commerce with the Continent was well established.</p> - -<p>Among the objects found at Exning, Suffolk,<a name="FNanchor_1546_1546" id="FNanchor_1546_1546"></a><a href="#Footnote_1546_1546" class="fnanchor">[1546]</a> are some “curious -bullæ” with clay cores, but they appear to belong to a later date.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">As will be seen from the list of personal ornaments described in -the preceding pages, their forms are but few and their number -small in the British Islands, as compared with those of analogous -objects found in some continental countries, as, for instance, Scandinavia -and Switzerland. The absence of several forms of torques -has already been mentioned; the Danish and North German -lunette, or diadem-like bandlets, are also never found in this -country, though, perhaps, the crescent-shaped gold plates or -“minds” of the Irish antiquaries may represent the same class of -ornaments. Spirals formed by coiling long tapering pieces of wire, -such as are common in Scandinavia and throughout Germany, are -also unknown, and this circumstance affords an argument against -there having been any direct intercourse in very early days between -this country and Etruria, where such spiral ornaments abounded. -Besides this absence of spirals formed of solid metal, the engraved<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[395]</a></span> -spiral ornament which in some countries is characteristic of the -Bronze Period may be said to be absolutely unknown in Britain. -The nearest approach to it is the ring ornament formed of concentric -circles.</p> - -<p>The bracelets formed of cylindrical coils of wire are also unknown, -as well as those of hollowed bronze with discoidal ends, -such as are so common in the Swiss Lake-habitations. Decorated -pendants, like those which are found in Switzerland and the South -of France, are also wanting. Altogether the bronze ornaments of -Britain are neither abundant nor, as a rule, highly artistic; and it -would appear that here, at all events, the serviceable qualities of -bronze were more highly appreciated than its decorative lustre.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[396]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER XIX.</h2> - -<p class="pch">CLASPS, BUTTONS, BUCKLES, AND MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">There</span> still remain to be noticed a number of objects in bronze, of -some of which the precise nature and use are now hardly susceptible -of being determined; and of others but so few examples -are known that they are best placed in a chapter which, like the -present, is intended to treat of miscellaneous articles. It has -occasionally been observed of antiquaries that when at a loss to -explain the use or destination of some object of bronze or brass, -their usual refuge is in the suggestion that it formed some portion -of harness, or was what is termed a horse-trapping. To judge from -what may be seen on the dray-horses and waggon-horses of the -present day, future antiquaries, in examining the relics of the -nineteenth century, will have some justification in assigning a vast -number of forms of ornamental pendants and tongueless buckles -to this comprehensive class of trappings; while a number of -curious instruments of brass and other alloys, some of them not -unlike complicated dentists’ instruments, will probably be given -up in despair, though now in most cases susceptible of being recognised -by the adept as destined to extract cartridges or their -cases from breech-loading guns. If these puzzles await future -antiquaries, those of the present day must be pardoned for occasionally -being at fault as to the destination of some ancient -instrument or ornament, and they may even be forgiven for -making suggestions as to probable uses of such objects, provided -they do not insist upon possibilities being regarded as strong probabilities, -much less as facts.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In Fig. 493 is shown full-size a mysterious object, consisting of a tube -with a slight collar at each end, having on one side a long narrow loop of -solid metal subquadrangular in section, and on the other an elongated -oval opening, a part of the side of which has been broken away. It was -found with a number of socketed celts, knives, and other articles in the -hoard at Reach Fen, Cambridge, already often mentioned. With it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[397]</a></span> -also another smaller object of the same kind, shown in Fig. 494. This, -however, has the orifice in the front, and not at the side opposite the -loop, the section of which in this case is circular. One end of the tube -is plugged up with a bronze rivet. The mouth of the oval opening is -rough, and has no lip to it, as in the other case; and within the tube -there are remains of wood. I have a broken specimen found at Malton, -near Cambridge, of the same character as Fig. 493, but with the loop -round in section, and both shorter and stouter. The end of the tube is -cast with a flat plate closing the aperture, except for a central hole about -⅛ inch in diameter. I have another specimen much like Fig. 493, but -the loop is longer and flatter, and beneath it the tube has a long oval -opening with a lip around it, as well as a somewhat shorter opening on -the opposite side of the tube. The loop also has a deep groove on its -inner side extending its whole length. I am not sure where this object -was found, but there is little doubt of its being English.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-397.jpg" width="400" height="239" id="i397" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 493.—Reach Fen. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 494.—Reach Fen. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -<span class="vh">—</span> -Fig. 495.—Broadward. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>An object like Fig. 493 was found with socketed celts, gouges, and hammers -at Roseberry Topping,<a name="FNanchor_1547_1547" id="FNanchor_1547_1547"></a><a href="#Footnote_1547_1547" class="fnanchor">[1547]</a> Yorkshire, in 1826. With them was a flat -quadrangular whetstone(?) and fragments of a flat plate of bronze, the -ends hollowed and with crescent-shaped openings or lunettes in them, -and with staples for attachment at the corners. There are three rivet-holes -on the convex side of the lunettes.</p> - -<p>Another object of the same kind was found with a socketed celt, a hollow -ring, gouge, &c., at Melbourne,<a name="FNanchor_1548_1548" id="FNanchor_1548_1548"></a><a href="#Footnote_1548_1548" class="fnanchor">[1548]</a> Cambridge. There were two of these -looped tubes found with spear-heads, socketed celts, broken swords, &c., -near La Pierre du Villain,<a name="FNanchor_1549_1549" id="FNanchor_1549_1549"></a><a href="#Footnote_1549_1549" class="fnanchor">[1549]</a> Longy, Alderney.</p> - -<p>In the great hoard of bronze spear-heads, &c., found at Broadward,<a name="FNanchor_1550_1550" id="FNanchor_1550_1550"></a><a href="#Footnote_1550_1550" class="fnanchor">[1550]</a> -Shropshire, was a short object of this kind about 1½ inch long, with the -loop as large in diameter as the tube and extending the whole length, so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[398]</a></span> -as to give it the form of the letter D. The orifice of the loop is only -½ inch long. This specimen is shown in Fig. 495. Another seems to -have been found at the same time.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-398.jpg" width="150" height="701" id="i398" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc">Fig. 496.—Trillick. ½</p></div></div> - -<p>A fragment of another was in the collection of the -late Lord Braybrooke.</p> - -<p>An example, like Fig. 493, but somewhat broken, -was in the deposit of Notre-Dame d’Or, now in the -Poitiers Museum.</p> - -<p>Another (2¾ inches), almost identical with Fig. 493, -was found in a hoard with other objects near Amiens, -and is now in the museum of that town.</p> - -<p>Another of much the same kind was found at La -Parnelle, Manche.<a name="FNanchor_1551_1551" id="FNanchor_1551_1551"></a><a href="#Footnote_1551_1551" class="fnanchor">[1551]</a></p> - -<p>I have an object from the Seine at Paris, which -appears to belong to the same class as the tubes lately -described, though without any loop. The tube is in -this instance about 3 inches long, with small flanges -at each end; and through the middle of it is an oval -opening about 1 inch by ⅜ inch, with mouth-pieces -standing out on each side of the tube, making the -whole length of the oval cross-tube thus formed -nearly 1¼ inch. Each mouth-piece has two parallel -beads running round it. I am at a loss to assign a -purpose to it.</p> - -<p>Those with a loop seem to me possibly intended as -clasps for leather straps or belts, one end of which -passed through the metal loop and was sewn or -fastened to the strap so as to form a loop of leather, -while a corresponding loop at the other end was inserted -into the oval mouth-piece, so that a pin passed -down inside the tube would go through it and secure -it. This pin need not have been of metal, but of -some more perishable material.</p> - -<p>The objection to this view is that the side orifice -in the tube is not in all cases opposite to the loop, but -in one instance at least at right angles to it. A second -suggestion is that they were loops in some manner -attached to wooden or leather scabbards of swords, -which could at any time be detached by withdrawing -a pin that passed down the tube. Whatever purpose -they served, they do not appear to have been permanently -attached to any other article, as in no instance -have any rivet-holes been observed in them.</p> - -<p>Some of the hollow rings found in Ireland with -transverse perforations through them, appear also to -have been made for attachment at will to leather or -cloth by means of a pin passing through the cross-holes, -which at once converted the rings into brooches or buckles of a -peculiar kind.</p> - -<p>This purpose has already been suggested by Mr. T. O’Gorman, in the <i>Journal -of the Royal Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1552_1552" id="FNanchor_1552_1552"></a><a href="#Footnote_1552_1552" class="fnanchor">[1552]</a> He there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[399]</a></span> -describes a bronze pin with two thick bronze rings upon it, which was -found with two large rings of bronze, four rings of about the same size -as those on the pin, a large socketed celt, and a bronze hammer, in what -appears to have been a sepulchre near Trillick, Co. Tyrone. These objects -are now all in my own collection, and, as will be seen in Fig. 496, there -can be no doubt of an efficient form of double buckle being presented by -the pin and rings. Whether it was used for fastening a cloak or tunic, -as suggested by Mr. O’Gorman, or for some other purpose, I need not -stay to examine. I think, however, that the discovery of the pin and -perforated rings in juxtaposition throws some light upon the character of -other rings with cross perforations, of which many have been found in -Ireland. One of these is shown in Fig. 497, borrowed from Wilde.<a name="FNanchor_1553_1553" id="FNanchor_1553_1553"></a><a href="#Footnote_1553_1553" class="fnanchor">[1553]</a> I -have one of precisely the same character, 2⅜ inches in diameter, with a -cross perforation through the two projecting mouth-pieces, slightly oval, -and about the size to receive a common pencil. Vallancey<a name="FNanchor_1554_1554" id="FNanchor_1554_1554"></a><a href="#Footnote_1554_1554" class="fnanchor">[1554]</a> has figured -others, in one of which there is a cross-pin with a -small ring at each end, somewhat like a horse’s bit.<a name="FNanchor_1555_1555" id="FNanchor_1555_1555"></a><a href="#Footnote_1555_1555" class="fnanchor">[1555]</a></p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-399.jpg" width="100" height="115" id="i399" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 497.<br />Ireland. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Others, with numerous small loops round the circumference, -and with central bosses secured by pins, or -occasionally with cross arms within them, appear to be -of later date and to have had bands of chain-mail -attached. In some of the plain rings, however, there -is a portion of a strap of bronze left, which Sir W. -Wilde regards as having served to connect the ring-chains, -of which he thinks that coats of mail were -made. Under any circumstances, these perforated -rings seem to come under the category of fastenings or clasps, to which -the looped tubes already described may also be referred.</p> - -<p>A perforated ring was in the hoard found at Llangwyllog,<a name="FNanchor_1556_1556" id="FNanchor_1556_1556"></a><a href="#Footnote_1556_1556" class="fnanchor">[1556]</a> Anglesea, -already mentioned.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Large rings, such as those described in the last chapter, may -also have served as connections for bands or straps.</p> - -<p>There is, indeed, numismatic evidence that among the Ancient -Britons, shortly after the time of Julius Cæsar, rings were employed -as connecting links between the different straps forming -the harness of war-horses. On a gold coin of Verica,<a name="FNanchor_1557_1557" id="FNanchor_1557_1557"></a><a href="#Footnote_1557_1557" class="fnanchor">[1557]</a> engraved -on the title-page of Akerman’s “Ancient Coins of Cities and -Princes,” and now in my own collection, there is on the reverse -a warrior on horseback. The engraving of the die is exquisitely -minute, and the warrior’s saddle is shown to be secured by four -girths, and by straps running from it round the chest and the -hind-quarters to keep it in position. On the shoulder and the -haunches there are rings to which these straps are joined, and -from each of these rings another strap runs down to pass below<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[400]</a></span> -the body of the horse. Each ring, therefore, has three straps -secured to it, one running forwards, another backwards, and the -third downwards. Rings with three loops for straps attached -occur among Etruscan Antiquities.<a name="FNanchor_1558_1558" id="FNanchor_1558_1558"></a><a href="#Footnote_1558_1558" class="fnanchor">[1558]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-400a.jpg" width="250" height="97" id="i400a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> - Fig. 498.—Cowlam. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>Of brooches proper, with a pin attached by a spring or hinge, -and secured by a hasp or catch, none are, I think, known in -Britain which can with -safety be assigned to an -earlier period than the Late -Celtic.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">That shown in Fig. 498 -was found by Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S., in a barrow in -the parish of Cowlam,<a name="FNanchor_1559_1559" id="FNanchor_1559_1559"></a><a href="#Footnote_1559_1559" class="fnanchor">[1559]</a> Yorkshire, together with an armlet (Fig. 486) -and a necklace of glass beads, on the body of an aged woman. The -pin was of iron, which had replaced the original of bronze. I have a -somewhat similar brooch from Redmore, near St. Austell, Cornwall, as -well as one of longer form and with a larger disc, which was found -in a barrow near Bridlington, together with two remarkable buckles -formed of penannular rings. These were described by the late Mr. -Thomas Wright<a name="FNanchor_1560_1560" id="FNanchor_1560_1560"></a><a href="#Footnote_1560_1560" class="fnanchor">[1560]</a> (who has figured them) as undoubtedly -Roman, but their character is decidedly -“Late Celtic.” Other brooches of the same character -as the figure, found in the Thames, London, and near -Avebury, Wilts, are in the British Museum.</p></div> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-400b.jpg" width="150" height="347" id="i400b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 499.<br />Reach Fen. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p class="p1">Another article in use for fastening or attaching -parts of the dress is the button, which -claims a high antiquity. I have elsewhere<a name="FNanchor_1561_1561" id="FNanchor_1561_1561"></a><a href="#Footnote_1561_1561" class="fnanchor">[1561]</a> -described some made of stone and jet, in which -a V-shaped perforation in the body of the button -afforded the means of fastening it to the dress. -In the bronze buttons a legitimate loop or shank -is found, which is cast in one piece with the -button itself.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In Fig. 499 are shown three full-size views of one of -two bronze buttons from the Reach Fen hoard in my own -collection. There is a sharpness and smoothness about -their faces which suggests their having been finished -by some process of turning or rotary grinding. The centre and raised bands, -though similar, are not identical in the two, or it might have been thought -that they were cast in a metal mould. Four others were found at the same time.</p> - -<p>A button of almost the same size and pattern was found with a razor -and other objects at Llangwyllog, Anglesea.<a name="FNanchor_1562_1562" id="FNanchor_1562_1562"></a><a href="#Footnote_1562_1562" class="fnanchor">[1562]</a> One of the same character,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[401]</a></span> -but of larger size (1¾ inch), was found with a gouge, socketed celts, -&c., at Kensington.<a name="FNanchor_1563_1563" id="FNanchor_1563_1563"></a><a href="#Footnote_1563_1563" class="fnanchor">[1563]</a> It has a central boss and two raised ridges. Both -these buttons are now in the British Museum.</p> - -<p>In the Heathery Burn Cave, Durham, was a small button, ¾ inch in -diameter, with one loop at the back; and another larger (1½ inch), with -five loops at the back, one in the centre, and the four others at equal -distances around it forming four sides of an octagon. This larger button -has a series of concentric rings or grooves on the face; the small one -has a central pointed boss with one groove around it.</p> - -<p>Some curious buttons, like half barrels in shape, were found with a -hoard of bronze objects at St. Genouph (Indre et Loire), and are -preserved in the Museum at Tours. Numerous buttons of circular form -have been found in other parts of France.</p> - -<p>Buttons of various sizes and shapes have also been found in abundance -in the Swiss Lake-dwellings.</p> - -<p>A clay mould, apparently for buttons of this kind, is in the Museo -Civico at Modena.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-401.jpg" width="350" height="172" id="i401" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> - Fig. 500.—Edinburgh. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - -<p>In the cemetery at Hallstatt immense numbers of small button-like -objects have been found, some of the warriors’ coats having been completely -studded with them. Some of these are not more than ⅜ inch in diameter, -nearly hemispherical, and with a small bar cast across them inside.</p> - -<p>A peculiar annular button with two loops at the back, found with -bronze swords (see Fig. 353) and a flat-headed pin (Fig. 464) at Edinburgh,<a name="FNanchor_1564_1564" id="FNanchor_1564_1564"></a><a href="#Footnote_1564_1564" class="fnanchor">[1564]</a> -is represented in Fig. 500. The original is now in the Antiquarian -Museum at Edinburgh. It has been thought to be the mounting -of a belt.</p> - -<p>Bronze discs of larger size than any ordinary buttons or clasps are -occasionally found. One such, 3<span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub></span> inches in diameter, with three concentric -circles engraved on one of its faces, was discovered at Castell y -Bere, Merionethshire.<a name="FNanchor_1565_1565" id="FNanchor_1565_1565"></a><a href="#Footnote_1565_1565" class="fnanchor">[1565]</a> Another was found at Wolsonbury Hill,<a name="FNanchor_1566_1566" id="FNanchor_1566_1566"></a><a href="#Footnote_1566_1566" class="fnanchor">[1566]</a> Sussex. -A third, about 5 inches in diameter, with raised concentric rings upon it, -is in the Scarborough Museum. One found at Inis Kaltra,<a name="FNanchor_1567_1567" id="FNanchor_1567_1567"></a><a href="#Footnote_1567_1567" class="fnanchor">[1567]</a> Lough Derg, -between Clare and Galway, has been figured. It has a hollow conical projection -like the umbo of a shield, surrounded by five concentric raised -rings, the interval between the second and third being about double that -between any other pair. The inner side has grooves corresponding with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[402]</a></span> -external ridges, and across the inside of the hollow umbo is a small bar -of metal. The diameter of this ornament is 4¾ inches. It is now in the -British Museum. In many respects such discs resemble the so-called -<i>tutuli</i> of the Scandinavian antiquaries, though the long-pointed form has -not been found in the British Islands.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-402a.jpg" width="400" height="195" id="i402a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 501.—Heathery Burn Cave. ⅓ -</p></div></div> - -<p>An irregularly rounded flat plate of bronze, about 5 inches by 5½, -and 1⅛ inch, thick, apparently hammered out, was found with leaf-shaped -spear-heads and a sword at Worth,<a name="FNanchor_1568_1568" id="FNanchor_1568_1568"></a><a href="#Footnote_1568_1568" class="fnanchor">[1568]</a> Devon. I have a round flat plate, -about 6½ inches in diameter and ⅛ inch thick, found near Clough, Co. -Antrim, which bears deep hammer marks in sets of parallel grooves on -both faces. Perhaps such plates were destined to be still further drawn -out into sheets for the manufacture of caldrons or other vessels.</p> - -<p>In the Heathery Burn Cave, already so often mentioned, were about -ten convex plates, with a raised rim round their edge, a small hole in the -middle, and four loops cast on at the back. One of these is shown in -Fig. 501.<a name="FNanchor_1569_1569" id="FNanchor_1569_1569"></a><a href="#Footnote_1569_1569" class="fnanchor">[1569]</a> With them were found about -the same number of broad hoops, of which -an example is given in Fig. 502.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-402b.jpg" width="200" height="135" id="i402b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 502.—Heathery Burn Cave. ⅓ -</p></div></div> - -<p>These are dexterously cast in one piece, with a -groove inside corresponding with the raised -central ridge on the outside. Their diameter -is only about 4⅜ inches, while that of -the discs is about 5-3/10 inches. It is difficult -to see any connection between the two -forms, though from the correspondence in -their numbers a connection at first sight -seems probable. The hoops have been spoken of as armlets, but I can -hardly regard them as such. Most of the specimens are in the collection -of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., though thanks to his kindness I have an -example of each; and two hoops and a disc are in the British Museum. -Canon Greenwell has two other discs of a somewhat similar character, -found with spear-heads and socketed celts near Newark. They are 5¼ -inches in diameter, with a raised rib round the margin and a central<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[403]</a></span> -hole. The surface, instead of being regularly convex, rises more rapidly -towards the centre, so as to make a kind of cone with hollowed sides. -There are no loops nor any means of attachment on the interior. It may -be that a shank was riveted through the central hole, as was the case -with some analogous conical objects from Hallstatt.</p> - -<p>Without expressing any definite opinion on the subject, I may call -attention to a certain analogy that exists between these hoops and discs, and -the hoops and axle ends of Gaulish chariots of the Early Iron Age. The -naves of the wheels of the chariot found in the tomb of la Gorge Meillet<a name="FNanchor_1570_1570" id="FNanchor_1570_1570"></a><a href="#Footnote_1570_1570" class="fnanchor">[1570]</a> -(Marne) had bronze hoops on either side of the naves, and an ornamented -plate at each end of the axle. The hoops, however, are made of plates -riveted together, and were not cast in one piece, and the centre of the -plates is open, though crossed by an iron pin.</p> - -<p>Fragments of what may have been discs of the same kind, with a hole -in the centre and four small bosses at intervals around it, were found -in the hoard at Stanhope,<a name="FNanchor_1571_1571" id="FNanchor_1571_1571"></a><a href="#Footnote_1571_1571" class="fnanchor">[1571]</a> Durham, which comprised spear-heads, celts, -&c., much like those in the Heathery Burn Cave.</p> - -<p>Similar large discs with concentric circles upon them, and having loops -at the back, have been found in various parts -of France, Switzerland, and Italy.<a name="FNanchor_1572_1572" id="FNanchor_1572_1572"></a><a href="#Footnote_1572_1572" class="fnanchor">[1572]</a></p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-403.jpg" width="150" height="153" id="i403" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 503.—Harty. ½ -</p></div></div> - -<p>Another and smaller disc with a central hole, -having a short collar round it, is shown in -Fig. 503. This is only the rough casting; and -at one time I thought it was merely a waste -piece or jet from the foundry, as it was discovered -with moulds, celts, &c., in the Isle of -Harty hoard. Another disc of the same kind -was, however, found with the hoard of bronze -at Yattendon,<a name="FNanchor_1573_1573" id="FNanchor_1573_1573"></a><a href="#Footnote_1573_1573" class="fnanchor">[1573]</a> Berks, which shows so much -finish all over that it would seem to have been -adapted for some special purpose, and not to -have been merely a piece of waste metal. Another disc of the same kind -was found in the hoard at Haynes Hill,<a name="FNanchor_1574_1574" id="FNanchor_1574_1574"></a><a href="#Footnote_1574_1574" class="fnanchor">[1574]</a> Kent, and was regarded as part -of an utensil. Mr. Franks informs me that an example with a rather -longer tube has been found in Brittany. In the Yattendon hoard were -also some fragments of thin bronze plate very highly planished on one -face, and a hollowed conical piece of bronze, not unlike an extinguisher; -but the purpose for which either of these was intended is a mystery.</p> - -<p>Returning to bronze objects which appear to be in some manner connected -with straps, I may cite some loops or slides of which an example -is given in Fig. 504. The original is not in this case English, having -formed part of the hoard found at Dreuil, near Amiens. But a specimen -of the same size and shape, though rather more convex on the faces, is -in Lord Braybrooke’s collection at Audley End, and was, I believe, found -with other bronze objects, including a hollow ring, in Essex. At first -sight such objects might appear to be intended for mouth-pieces of scabbards, -but on trial I find that the opening is not wide enough to allow of -the passage of a sword blade, much less to admit of a thickness of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[404]</a></span> -leather or wood in addition. They seem more probably to be slides, such -as might have served for receiving the two ends of a leather belt.</p> - -<p>In the Dreuil hoard was also a flat kind of ferrule, about 2¼ inches -wide and closed at the end, which may have served as a sort of tag or -end to a broad strap. There were also socketed celts and knives.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-404.jpg" width="400" height="288" id="i404" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p>In the same hoard was a loop fluted on one face, like Fig. 505, but -with four divisions instead of three, and 2½ inches wide. The loops -shown in Figs. 505 and 506 formed part of a large hoard found near -Abergele,<a name="FNanchor_1575_1575" id="FNanchor_1575_1575"></a><a href="#Footnote_1575_1575" class="fnanchor">[1575]</a> Denbighshire, and described in the <i>Archæologia</i>, whence my -cuts are copied. There were present in the hoard forty-two loops or slides -of this kind, though of various widths, as well as eighteen buttons, a reel-shaped -object like Fig. 377, and numerous rings, some of them almost like -buckles in shape. There were also several double rings fitting the one -within the other, the inner about 1¼ inch in diameter and the outer about -2⅛ inches. They are cast hollow, and on the inner ring is a loop which -fits into a hole in the outer ring. In the same hoard was the remarkable -object shown half-size in Fig. 507. It consists of three pairs of irregular -oval plates with loops, through which is passed a bar of bronze. Mr. -Franks, who has described the hoard, says that “the loops show marks -of wear, and the whole was probably a jingling ornament to be attached -to horse-harness. Objects of the same nature have been found with -bridle-bits, and are engraved in Madsen, <i>Afbildninger</i>,<a name="FNanchor_1576_1576" id="FNanchor_1576_1576"></a><a href="#Footnote_1576_1576" class="fnanchor">[1576]</a> and in Worsaae’s -<i>Nordiske Oldsager</i>, Fig. 266.”</p> - -<p>These examples, however, do not present such close analogies with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[405]</a></span> -Welsh specimen as do some interlinked rings with flat pendants found at -Plonéour,<a name="FNanchor_1577_1577" id="FNanchor_1577_1577"></a><a href="#Footnote_1577_1577" class="fnanchor">[1577]</a> Brittany, with looped palstaves and a flat quadrangular knife. -Some other analogous objects are mentioned by M. Chantre,<a name="FNanchor_1578_1578" id="FNanchor_1578_1578"></a><a href="#Footnote_1578_1578" class="fnanchor">[1578]</a> who has also -described several <i>sistrum</i>-like instruments, to which M. de Mortillet<a name="FNanchor_1579_1579" id="FNanchor_1579_1579"></a><a href="#Footnote_1579_1579" class="fnanchor">[1579]</a> is -inclined to assign an Eastern origin.</p> - -<p>Reverting to the Abergele hoard, I may add that Mr. Franks regards -it as belonging to the close of the Bronze Period, and conjectures that -most of the objects which it comprised formed part of the trappings of a -horse.</p> - -<p>Bronze bridle-bits, such as have been found in various parts of the -Continent,<a name="FNanchor_1580_1580" id="FNanchor_1580_1580"></a><a href="#Footnote_1580_1580" class="fnanchor">[1580]</a> have very rarely been found in Britain, though occasionally -discovered in Ireland. In the British Isles they appear for the most part, -if not in all cases, to belong to the Late Celtic Period.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-405.jpg" width="200" height="178" id="i405" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 508.—Dreuil. <span class="small"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></span> -</p></div></div> - - -<p>Another form of bronze objects of uncertain use is shown in Fig. 508, -which is taken from a French and not an English original. This formed -part of the Dreuil hoard; and as in so many respects the articles comprised -in this deposit present analogies with those found in England, it -appeared worth while to call attention to this particular object. It is a -kind of semicircular flap, with a hole -running through the beaded cylinder at -top. What was its purpose I cannot -say, though I have a thin gold plate of -the same form, but decorated with ring -ornaments, that was found at Hallstatt. -It may be merely a pendant.</p> - -<p>Among other miscellaneous objects -of bronze may be mentioned an article -of twisted bronze already cited at p. 51. -It has a flat tang for insertion into a -handle, in which are four rivet-holes. -Beyond the handle project two twisted -horns, which seem to have nearly or -quite met, so as to form a somewhat heart-shaped ring. In the centre -opposite the tang is a long slot with a chain of three circular rings -attached. The whole covers a space of about 6½ inches in length by 4½ -inches in breadth. With Sir E. Colt Hoare, “I leave to my learned -brother antiquaries to ascertain” what was the ancient use of this -singular article, which was found in a barrow at Wilsford,<a name="FNanchor_1581_1581" id="FNanchor_1581_1581"></a><a href="#Footnote_1581_1581" class="fnanchor">[1581]</a> with a stone -hammer, a flanged bronze celt, and other objects in company with an unburnt -body.</p> - -<p>Portions of three sickle-like objects, with a kind of square tang, -through which is a large hole, were found with a palstave and a flat celt -and many other bronze antiquities, near Battlefield, Salop.<a name="FNanchor_1582_1582" id="FNanchor_1582_1582"></a><a href="#Footnote_1582_1582" class="fnanchor">[1582]</a> These -measure about 7 inches by 7¼ inches, and their purpose is as much -veiled in mystery as that of the Wilsford relic, with which they present -a slight analogy.</p> - -<p>The flat annular and horseshoe-shaped plates—the one 13 inches in -diameter, and the other 2 feet 1 inch long—found with an oblong cup-shaped<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[406]</a></span> -boss on the hill of Benibhreæ,<a name="FNanchor_1583_1583" id="FNanchor_1583_1583"></a><a href="#Footnote_1583_1583" class="fnanchor">[1583]</a> in Lochaber, appear to me to be -probably Late Celtic.</p> - -<p>Some of the curious spoon-like articles<a name="FNanchor_1584_1584" id="FNanchor_1584_1584"></a><a href="#Footnote_1584_1584" class="fnanchor">[1584]</a> of bronze occasionally found -in all parts of the United Kingdom may also belong to the Late Celtic -Period, and most of them probably to quite the close of that period, if -not to a later date.</p> - -<p>The remarkable bronze rod, about 18 inches long, with small figures -of birds and pendent rings upon it, found near Ballymoney,<a name="FNanchor_1585_1585" id="FNanchor_1585_1585"></a><a href="#Footnote_1585_1585" class="fnanchor">[1585]</a> County -Antrim, is probably of later date than the Bronze Period: as are also -the curious figures of boars and other animals found near Hounslow.<a name="FNanchor_1586_1586" id="FNanchor_1586_1586"></a><a href="#Footnote_1586_1586" class="fnanchor">[1586]</a></p></div> - -<p class="p1">In concluding this chapter, it may be observed that although -I have attempted to give in it some notice of various forms of -bronze relics of many of which the use is uncertain, yet that I do -not pretend that the list here given comprises all such objects as -have been discovered in Britain. In several hoards of bronze -there have been found portions of thin plates and fragments of -objects the purpose of which is unknown; and I have thought it -best not to encumber my pages with notices of mere fragments -about which even less is known than about the mysterious articles -to the description of which, perhaps, too much space has already -been allotted.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[407]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER XX.</h2> - -<p class="pch">VESSELS, CALDRONS, ETC.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Of</span> the various forms of fictile vessels which were in use at the -same period as daggers and other weapons formed of bronze, it is -not the place here to speak. Much has already been written on -the subject, not only in various memoirs which have appeared in -the proceedings of our different Antiquarian and Archæological -Societies, but also in several standard archæological works. For -the pottery found in the tumuli of this country I would more -particularly refer to Canon Greenwell’s “British Barrows,” and to -Dr. Thurnam’s “Paper on the Barrows of Wiltshire,” published -in the <i>Archæologia</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1587_1587" id="FNanchor_1587_1587"></a><a href="#Footnote_1587_1587" class="fnanchor">[1587]</a> Both these authors agree that none of the -pottery from the barrows has been made upon the wheel. The -greater part of the fictile ware with which we are acquainted was used -for sepulchral purposes, and there appears good reason for supposing -that much of it was manufactured expressly for the dead, and not -for the living. Still there are a certain number of examples known of -what has been termed culinary pottery, some of which have been -found in barrows, and some in the remains of dwellings of the -Bronze Period. This pottery, unlike the sepulchral, is devoid of -ornament, and is well burnt, “plain, strong, and useful,” but it -is also made by hand. Some of the pottery from the Swiss Lake-dwellings -is, however, ornamented in various ways, but the -potter’s wheel does not seem to have been in use.<a name="FNanchor_1588_1588" id="FNanchor_1588_1588"></a><a href="#Footnote_1588_1588" class="fnanchor">[1588]</a> And yet, in -more than one instance, there have been found in barrows in the -South of England weapons of bronze, accompanied by vessels of -amber and of shale, which have all the appearance of having been -turned in a lathe. Of some of these vessels I have given figures -in my “Ancient Stone Implements,”<a name="FNanchor_1589_1589" id="FNanchor_1589_1589"></a><a href="#Footnote_1589_1589" class="fnanchor">[1589]</a> and also stated the particulars -of the discoveries. I have also mentioned the discovery of -a gold cup in a barrow at Rillaton, Cornwall, which was accompanied<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[408]</a></span> -by what appears to have been a bronze dagger.<a name="FNanchor_1590_1590" id="FNanchor_1590_1590"></a><a href="#Footnote_1590_1590" class="fnanchor">[1590]</a> As this -vessel is of metal, I have here reproduced the cut as Fig. 509. -It seems to me probable that the same kind of vessel which was -made in the nobler metal may also prove to have been made in -bronze, although as yet no examples have been discovered. The -hanging cups of bronze of which many have been found in Scandinavia, -and at least one example in Switzerland, are at present -not known to have been discovered within the British Isles.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-408.jpg" width="300" height="506" id="i408" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -<span class="wn">Bottom of cup.</span></p> -<p class="pc1">Fig. 509.—Golden Cup. Rillaton. Height, 3¼ inches. -</p></div></div> - -<p>It was probably not until nearly the close of the Bronze Period -that the art was discovered of hammering out bronze into sufficiently -large and thin laminæ for the manufacture of cups and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[409]</a></span> -vessels. It would be impossible to cast the metal so thin as even -that employed for shields, and before ingots or flat plates, like -those already mentioned at page 402, could be thus drawn out, an -acquaintance with some process of annealing must have been -gained. It is a remarkable fact that the same process which has -the effect of hardening steel has exactly the contrary effect on -copper, and to some extent on bronze. Steel when heated to -redness and then dipped in cold water becomes so intensely hard, -that tools treated in this manner have to be somewhat tempered, -or softened by heat, before they can safely be used; while to -soften copper the usual method adopted is to make it red-hot -and dip it in cold water. In whatever way the metal was drawn -out, some of the large vessels of the transitional period between -Bronze and Iron, such as those from Hallstatt, are wonderful -examples of skill in working bronze.</p> - -<p>Almost the only bronze vessel found in a barrow in England -had an iron handle to it, showing that it could not belong to the -Bronze Age properly so called. It is, indeed, somewhat doubtful -whether it accompanied an interment. In the centre of a low -mound near Wetton,<a name="FNanchor_1591_1591" id="FNanchor_1591_1591"></a><a href="#Footnote_1591_1591" class="fnanchor">[1591]</a> Staffordshire, about a foot below the surface, -Mr. Bateman found “two very curious vessels,” one about four -inches high, and of rather globular form, carved in sandstone, and at -the distance of a foot from it the other, “a bronze pan or kettle four -inches high and six inches in diameter, with a slender iron bow -like a bucket handle. It has been first cast and then hammered, -and is very slightly marked with horizontal ridges.” It was -inverted, and above it were traces of decayed wood. There appear -to have been some remains of burnt bones near the surface of the -ground. This bronze vessel is somewhat like the lower part of -an ordinary flower-pot in form. In Mr. Bateman’s Catalogue<a name="FNanchor_1592_1592" id="FNanchor_1592_1592"></a><a href="#Footnote_1592_1592" class="fnanchor">[1592]</a> -there is a note to the effect that this object is “probably Romano-British,” -but I have thought it best to cite it.</p> - -<p>Several caldrons made of thin bronze plates riveted together -have been found in Scotland, in some instances in company with -bronze weapons.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In Duddingston Loch,<a name="FNanchor_1593_1593" id="FNanchor_1593_1593"></a><a href="#Footnote_1593_1593" class="fnanchor">[1593]</a> near Edinburgh, together with swords and -spear-heads, were some bronze rings and staples similar in character to -those attached to the rim of a large bronze caldron found at Farney,<a name="FNanchor_1594_1594" id="FNanchor_1594_1594"></a><a href="#Footnote_1594_1594" class="fnanchor">[1594]</a> -Ulster, but there is no record of any caldrons. Others of these rings are in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[410]</a></span> -the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh, two of which were found with the -large caldron here figured (Fig. 510) in the Moss of Kincardine,<a name="FNanchor_1595_1595" id="FNanchor_1595_1595"></a><a href="#Footnote_1595_1595" class="fnanchor">[1595]</a> near -Stirling, in the year 1768. In this case no weapons appear to have been -found. At the side is a broad band embossed with circles. This vessel -is of large size, being 16 inches high, 16 inches across the mouth, and -25 inches in extreme diameter.</p> - -<p>An imperfect caldron, with handles of the same kind, was found at -Kilkerran, Ayrshire, with socketed celts and fragments of swords.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-410.jpg" width="350" height="237" id="i410" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 510.—Kincardine Moss. -</p></div></div> - -<p>Others of these caldrons, but little differing in form from those found -with bronze relics, have been accompanied by various tools formed of -iron, as, for instance, those found at Cockburnspath, Berwickshire; and -in Carlinwark Loch, Kelton, Kirkcudbright. There can, indeed, be little -doubt that such vessels, if belonging to the Bronze Age, are to be -assigned to the close rather than to the beginning or even middle of that -period.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Several such caldrons have been discovered in Ireland.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">That shown in Fig. 511 is about 21 inches in diameter and 12 inches -high.<a name="FNanchor_1596_1596" id="FNanchor_1596_1596"></a><a href="#Footnote_1596_1596" class="fnanchor">[1596]</a> It is composed of a number of pieces of thin bronze, each averaging -3¼ inches broad and decreasing in length near the bottom. “These -plates bear the marks of hammering, and are joined at the seams with -rivets averaging about half an inch asunder. These rivets have sharp -conical heads externally, and some were evidently ornamental, as they -exist in places where there are no joinings, and in the circular bottom -portion they are large and plain. The upper margin of this vessel is -2½ inches broad,” and corrugated. “Its outside edge next the solid hoop -has a double line of perforations in it.” It was in a vessel of this kind -that part of the great Dowris hoard of bronze antiquities was deposited.</p> - -<p>The metal is said by Mr. McAdam, in a paper on “Brazen Caldrons,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[411]</a></span>” -published in the <i>Ulster Journal of Archæology</i>,<a name="FNanchor_1597_1597" id="FNanchor_1597_1597"></a><a href="#Footnote_1597_1597" class="fnanchor">[1597]</a> to be thinner than anything -of the kind used in our modern cooking vessels, while the surfaces -are almost as even and level as that of modern sheet brass.</p> - -<p>Another caldron from Dowris, more nearly hemispherical, also with -two rings, is in the collection of the Earl of Rosse. A specimen from -Farney has been already mentioned. It resembles Fig. 511.</p> - -<p>In the collection of Mr. T. W. U. Robinson, F.S.A., is a remarkably -fine and perfect caldron, closely resembling Fig. 511, found in the parish -of Ballyscullion, Co. Antrim, in June, 1880. The following are its -dimensions:—</p> - -<table id="td04" summary="table04"> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter at top</td> - <td class="tdr1">18</td> - <td class="tdc2">inches.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of rim</td> - <td class="tdr">2⅜</td> - <td class="tdc2">”</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Extreme diameter</td> - <td class="tdr1">24</td> - <td class="tdc2">”</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Height</td> - <td class="tdr1">16</td> - <td class="tdc2">”</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Outside diameter of rings</td> - <td class="tdr">4¼</td> - <td class="tdc2">”</td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<p>The rings are about ⅝ inch wide and of this section - -<span class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/dsh.jpg" width="20" height="20" - alt="" - title="" /> -</span> - -.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-411.jpg" width="350" height="237" id="i411" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 511.—Ireland. -</p></div></div> - -<p>Although no such vessels have been found in barrows in England, -they are not entirely unknown in this country.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">A very fine caldron of this character, about 21 inches in extreme -diameter and about 16 inches in height, was dredged up in the Thames -near Battersea, and is now in the British Museum. It is formed of two -tiers of plates above the concave bottom, and has had two rings at the -mouth, one of which, about 5 inches in diameter, remains. The rings are -of this section -<span class="fs"> - <img src="images/dsh.jpg" width="20" height="20" - alt="" - title="" /> -</span> -, which combines great strength with economy of metal.</p> - -<p>The expanding rim of the mouth is supported on four small brackets, -pierced so as to leave a saltire ornament in each. The rivet-heads are -about ¼ inch in diameter. From these brackets two strips of thin brass -run down about 3 inches, each ornamented with a fern-leaf pattern.</p> - -<p>The bottom of another caldron, from Walthamstow, of about the same -size, is also in the same collection. The metal is remarkably thin.</p> - -<p>The two rings of such a caldron, 5¼ inches, of this section - -<span class="fs"> - <img src="images/dst.jpg" width="20" height="19" - alt="" - title="" /> - -</span> -, found -near Ipswich, are in the British Museum. The semi-cylindrical beaded -brackets through which they pass and a part of the rim are still -attached. Another ring was found with a hoard at Meldreth, Cambs.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[412]</a></span></p> - -<p>In some vessels very large sheets of bronze have been used. That shown -in Fig. 512, also from Wilde,<a name="FNanchor_1598_1598" id="FNanchor_1598_1598"></a><a href="#Footnote_1598_1598" class="fnanchor">[1598]</a> is 18½ inches deep, but was formed of three -plates only, one for the circular bottom and two for the remainder of the -vessel. At the neck is a stout bronze ring, over which the plates are -turned. “It originally stood on six feet, each forming an inverted cup.” -It has suffered much from wear, and has been carefully patched in -several places. The metal is very tough and of a rich golden colour. It -is composed of—</p> - -<table id="td05" summary="table05"> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Copper</td> - <td class="tdr">88·71</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Tin</td> - <td class="tdr">9·46</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lead</td> - <td class="tdr">1·66</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Iron</td> - <td class="tdr">Trace</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td rowspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdr">———</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdr">99·83</td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<p class="p1">Among three bronze vessels from the Dowris find now in the British -Museum is one of the form of Fig. 512, 16 inches high.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-412.jpg" width="200" height="265" id="i412" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 512.—Ireland. -</p></div></div> - -<p>The form is almost identical with some -of the bronze urns from the cemetery at -Hallstatt, of which several appear to be of -Etruscan fabric.</p> - -<p>Another vessel of the same character -was found in a tumulus in Brittany,<a name="FNanchor_1599_1599" id="FNanchor_1599_1599"></a><a href="#Footnote_1599_1599" class="fnanchor">[1599]</a> and -contained burnt bones.</p> - -<p>In the collection of Canon Greenwell, -F.R.S., is a vessel of hammered bronze -of the same character as the figure, but of -rather broader proportions, being nearly -17½ inches high and about 16 inches in -diameter; at the shoulder the neck contracts -to 13 inches. It has the usual two -massive handles; and at the bottom is a -flat ring with arms across it like a four-spoked -wheel, rather more than 9 inches -in diameter. The arms are ribbed longitudinally, -and the ring has concentric -ribs upon it, except at the junction with the arms, where there are -cross-ribs. There are five rivets in it, one in the centre and four in the -ring opposite each end of the arms. This vessel, which has been patched -in more than one place, was found with numerous other bronze objects -in the Heathery Burn Cave, already so often mentioned.</p> - -<p>A remarkably fine specimen of a vase of this character, found in -Capecastle Bog, near Armoy, Co. Antrim, is in the collection of Mr. T. -W. U. Robinson, F.S.A. It formerly belonged to Mr. William Gray, of -Belfast, who kindly allowed me to engrave it as Fig. 513. Its dimensions -are as follows—</p> - -<table id="td06" summary="table06"> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Height</td> - <td class="tdr">17½</td> - <td class="tdc2">inches.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of mouth</td> - <td class="tdr1">13</td> - <td class="tdc2">”</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter at shoulder</td> - <td class="tdr">15½</td> - <td class="tdc2">”</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter at bottom</td> - <td class="tdr">7¼</td> - <td class="tdc2">”</td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<p class="p1">The weight is 5 lbs. 9 ozs. The plates of which it is formed are carefully -riveted together, and are of large size. Some holes which have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[413]</a></span> -apparently been worn by use have been carefully patched. All the upper -part of the vessel above the shoulder is decorated by small raised bosses produced -by means of a punch applied on the inside of the vessel, and below -the shoulder is a series of triangles embossed in a similar manner forming -a kind of vandyke collar round the vessel. This character of ornamentation -is very characteristic of the Bronze Period, and though not uncommon on -urns formed of burnt clay, has not, I think, been before observed on those -made of bronze.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-413.jpg" width="200" height="368" id="i413" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"> -Fig. 513.—Capecastle Bog. -</p></div></div> - -<p>The bottom of the vessel is secured -by a ring and cross piece of -bronze forming a kind of four-spoked -wheel, as shown in the -lower figure. The rings for -suspension are solid, and hang -towards the inside of the vessel.</p> - -<p>As will be seen, there is much -analogy between this Irish vessel -and that from the Heathery Burn -Cave last described. The latter, -however, is without ornament.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">These conical vessels are -probably earlier in date than -the spheroidal caldrons.</p> - -<p>Whether either were actually -manufactured in Britain -and Ireland is an interesting -question. There can, I think, -be little doubt that the conical -form originated among the -Etruscans, whose commerce -certainly extended to the -northern side of the Alps.<a name="FNanchor_1600_1600" id="FNanchor_1600_1600"></a><a href="#Footnote_1600_1600" class="fnanchor">[1600]</a> -One of the upright vases -found at Hallstatt<a name="FNanchor_1601_1601" id="FNanchor_1601_1601"></a><a href="#Footnote_1601_1601" class="fnanchor">[1601]</a> has animal figures upon it almost undoubtedly -of Etruscan work, though showing some signs of Eastern influence -in their style, and bronze helmets bearing Etruscan inscriptions have -been found in Styria. On the other hand, M. Alexandre Bertrand -and some other antiquaries are inclined to believe in a more direct -commerce with the East along the valley of the Danube or Dnieper. -The finding of vessels of the same form in Brittany, England, and -Ireland seems to point to a more western course of trade, always -assuming that these objects were imported. That some of them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[414]</a></span> -may have come from abroad appears in the highest degree probable. -Not impossibly the <i>æs importatum</i> of Cæsar may refer to a continuance -of such a trade. But whether there were no bronze-smiths -in the British Isles capable of imitating such products of -skill is doubtful. The bronze shields which are of essentially -indigenous character exhibit an amount of dexterity in producing -thin plates of bronze quite sufficient for the manufacture of such -vessels. Moreover, the handles of these British and Irish vessels -are formed by rings, while those of the vessels from southern -countries are loops like the handles of pails or buckets. The -spheroidal caldrons are also of a form and character which appears -to be unknown on the Continent, and are therefore, in all probability, -of indigenous manufacture.</p> - -<p>The careful manner in which some of the vessels are mended -affords an argument that such utensils were rare and valuable; -but it also shows that the native workmen understood how to -make thin plates—unless these were portions of other vessels—and -at all events how to rivet plates together.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[415]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER XXI.</h2> - -<p class="pch">METAL, MOULDS, AND THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURE.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Having</span> now passed in review the various forms of weapons, tools, -ornaments, and vessels belonging to the Bronze Period of this country, -it will be well to consider the nature of the metal of which they are -formed, and the various processes by which they were produced -and finished ready for use. Some of these processes, as for instance -the hammering out of the cutting-edges of tools and weapons, and -the production of ornamental designs by means of the hammer -and punch, have already been mentioned, and need be but cursorily -noticed. The main process, indeed, of which this chapter will -treat is that of casting.</p> - -<p>Bronze, as already stated, is an alloy of copper and tin, and -therefore distinct from brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc. -Many varieties of bronze—or, as it is now more commonly called, -gun-metal—are in use at the present day; and one remarkable -feature in bronze is that the admixture with copper of the much -softer metal tin, in varying proportions, produces an alloy in most -if not all cases harder than the original copper; and when the tin -is much in excess, as in the metal used for the specula of telescopes, -so much harder that, <i>à priori</i>, such a result of the mixture -of two soft metals would have been thought impossible. The -following table compiled from a paper in <i>Design and Work</i>, -reprinted in Martineau and Smith’s <i>Hardware Trade Journal</i>,<a name="FNanchor_1602_1602" id="FNanchor_1602_1602"></a><a href="#Footnote_1602_1602" class="fnanchor">[1602]</a> -gives some of the alloys now in most common use and the -purposes to which they are applied:—</p> - -<table id="td33" summary="tabled33"> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc8"><span class="reduct">Tin.</span></td> - <td colspan="2" class="tdc8"><span class="reduct">Copper.</span></td> - <td> </td> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc8"><span class="reduct">Per cent.<br />of Copper.</span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">11</td> - <td class="tdc">108</td> - <td rowspan="8"> </td> - <td class="tdc">=</td> - <td rowspan="8"> </td> - <td class="tdc">90·76</td> - <td class="tb2">{</td> - <td class="ti4">A common metal for cannon and machine brasses, used also for bronze statues.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">11</td> - <td class="tdc">99</td> - <td class="tdc">=</td> - <td class="tdc">90·00</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tb2">}</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="ti4">Gun-metal proper, used for cannon.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">11</td> - <td class="tdc">96</td> - <td class="tdc">=</td> - <td class="tdc">89·72</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">11<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[416]</a></span></td> - <td class="tdc">84</td> - <td class="tdc">=</td> - <td class="tdc">88·44</td> - <td class="tb2">{</td> - <td class="ti4">Used for bearings of machinery, frequently called gun-metal.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">11</td> - <td class="tdc">72</td> - <td class="tdc">=</td> - <td class="tdc">86·75</td> - <td rowspan="4"> </td> - <td class="ti4">Rather harder.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">11</td> - <td class="tdc">60</td> - <td class="tdc">=</td> - <td class="tdc">84·50</td> - <td class="ti4">Harder, not malleable.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">11</td> - <td class="tdc">44</td> - <td class="tdc">=</td> - <td class="tdc">80·00</td> - <td class="ti4">Used for cymbals and Chinese gongs.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">11</td> - <td class="tdc">48</td> - <td class="tdc">=</td> - <td class="tdc">81·35</td> - <td class="ti4">Very hard, used for culinary vessels.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">11</td> - <td class="tdc">36</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tb2">}</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tdc">or</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tb2">{</td> - <td class="tdc">76·69</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tb2">}</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="ti4">Bell-metal.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">12</td> - <td class="tdc">36</td> - <td class="tdc">75·60</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">11</td> - <td class="tdc">24</td> - <td rowspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc">=</td> - <td rowspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc">68·57</td> - <td rowspan="2" class="tb2">}</td> - <td class="ti4">Yellowish, very hard, sonorous.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">11</td> - <td class="tdc">4</td> - <td class="tdc">=</td> - <td class="tdc">26·66</td> - <td class="ti4">Very white, sometimes used for specula with some other slight admixture.</td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<p class="p1">Lord Rosse, however, in casting specula, preferred using copper -and tin in their atomic proportions, or 68·21 per cent. of copper -and 31·79 of tin.</p> - -<p>The addition of tin, while increasing the hardness of copper, -also renders it more fusible. In small proportions it but little -affects the colour of the copper,<a name="FNanchor_1603_1603" id="FNanchor_1603_1603"></a><a href="#Footnote_1603_1603" class="fnanchor">[1603]</a> and it is difficult to recognise its -presence from the physical characters of the copper, except from -that of increased hardness. What appear, therefore, to be copper -instruments may, and indeed often do, contain an appreciable -admixture of tin, which, however, can only be recognised by -analysis.</p> - -<p>Besides the superiority of one alloy over another, it appears -probable that the method of treatment of the metal may somewhat -affect its properties. M. Tresca<a name="FNanchor_1604_1604" id="FNanchor_1604_1604"></a><a href="#Footnote_1604_1604" class="fnanchor">[1604]</a> found that a gun-metal -cast by Messieurs Laveissière, consisting of—</p> - -<table id="td07" summary="tabled07"> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Copper</td> - <td class="tdr">89·47</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Tin</td> - <td class="tdr">9·78</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Zinc</td> - <td class="tdr">0·66</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lead</td> - <td class="tdr">0·09</td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<p class="pn1">was superior in all respects to either the common gun-metal A or -the phosphor-bronze B cast at Bourges, the constituents of which -were as follows:—</p> - -<table id="td08" summary="tabled08"> - - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="tdc">A</td> - <td class="tdc">B</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Copper</td> - <td class="tdr">89·87</td> - <td class="tdr">90·60</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Tin</td> - <td class="tdr">9·45</td> - <td class="tdr">8.82</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Zinc</td> - <td class="tdr">0·31</td> - <td class="tdr">0·27</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lead</td> - <td class="tdr">0·37</td> - <td class="tdr">0·31</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="tdr">——–</td> - <td class="tdr">——–</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="tdr">100·00</td> - <td class="tdr">100·00</td> - </tr> - - -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[417]</a></span></p> - -<p>The results of both ancient and modern experience as to the -proportions in which copper and tin should be mixed, in order to -produce a tough and hard though not brittle metal, appear to be -nearly the same; and nine parts of copper to one part of tin may -be regarded as the constituents of the most serviceable bronze or -gun-metal.</p> - -<p>In the following table I have given the results of some of -the more recent analyses of bronze antiquities found in the United -Kingdom, and have omitted the early analyses of Dr. Pearson<a name="FNanchor_1605_1605" id="FNanchor_1605_1605"></a><a href="#Footnote_1605_1605" class="fnanchor">[1605]</a> -in 1796 as being only approximative. I have arranged them so far -as practicable in accordance with the different forms of the objects -analyzed; and one feature which is thus brought out tends strongly -to confirm the conclusion which has been arrived at from other -premises, that certain forms of bronze weapons and other instruments -and utensils are of later date than others.</p> - -<p>It will be seen, for instance, that in the flat and flanged celts, -the palstaves, and even spear-heads, lead, if present at all, exists in -but very minute quantity; whereas in the socketed celts and swords, -which are probably later forms, and especially in those from -Ireland, this metal occurs in several cases in considerable proportions.</p> - -<p>This prevalence of lead is very remarkable in some of the small -socketed celts found in very large numbers in Brittany, which -from their diminutive size have been regarded as “votive” rather -than as destined for actual use. In some of these Professor -Pelligot<a name="FNanchor_1606_1606" id="FNanchor_1606_1606"></a><a href="#Footnote_1606_1606" class="fnanchor">[1606]</a> found as much as 28·50 and even 32·50 per cent. of -lead, with only 1½ per cent. or a small trace of tin. In others, -with a large per-centage of tin, there was from 8 to 16 per cent. -of lead. Some of the bronze ornaments of the Early Iron Period -also contain a considerable proportion of this metal, which, in the -early Roman <i>as</i><a name="FNanchor_1607_1607" id="FNanchor_1607_1607"></a><a href="#Footnote_1607_1607" class="fnanchor">[1607]</a> and its parts, is found to the extent of from -20 to 30 per cent. Although some such proportion as 9 to 1 -appears to have been aimed at, there is great variation in the -proportions of the principal ingredients even in cutting tools of -the same general character, the tin being sometimes upwards of -18 per cent. and sometimes less than 5 per cent. of the whole.</p> - -<p>This variation was no doubt partly due to occasional scarcity of -tin; but, as Dr. W. K. Sullivan has pointed out,<a name="FNanchor_1608_1608" id="FNanchor_1608_1608"></a><a href="#Footnote_1608_1608" class="fnanchor">[1608]</a> there are two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[418]</a></span> -other causes for it: first, the separation of the constituent metals -in the fused mass, and the accumulation of the tin in the lower -portion of the castings; and, second, the throwing off of the tin -by oxidation when the alloys were re-melted. M. Dusaussoy<a name="FNanchor_1609_1609" id="FNanchor_1609_1609"></a><a href="#Footnote_1609_1609" class="fnanchor">[1609]</a> -found that an alloy containing 90·4 per cent. of copper and 9·6 -per cent. of tin lost so much of the latter metal by six fusions that -it ultimately consisted of 95 per cent. of copper and only 5 per -cent. of tin.</p> - -<p>With regard to the early sources of the copper and tin used in -this country, and in general through Western Europe, it will not -be in my power to add much to what has already been published -on this subject.</p> - -<p>It seems probable that gold, which commonly occurs native and -brilliant, was the first metal that attracted the attention of mankind. -The next metal to be discovered would, in all probability, -be copper, which also occurs native, and has many points of -resemblance with gold.</p> - -<p>The use of this metal, as I have observed in the Introductory -Chapter, no doubt originated in some part of the world where, as -on the shore of Lake Superior, it occurs in a pure metallic state. -When once it was discovered that copper was fusible by heat, -the production of the metal from some of the more metallic-looking -ores, such as copper pyrites, would follow; and in due time, either -from association with the metal, or from their colour and weight, -some of the other ores, both sulphuretted and non-sulphuretted, -would become known.<a name="FNanchor_1610_1610" id="FNanchor_1610_1610"></a><a href="#Footnote_1610_1610" class="fnanchor">[1610]</a></p> - -<p>When once the production of copper in this manner was -effected, it is probable that the ores of other metals, such as -tin, would also become known, and that tin ores would either<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[419]</a></span> -be treated conjointly with the ores of copper, as suggested by -Dr. Wibel, so as at once to produce bronze; or added to crude -copper, as suggested by Professor Sullivan; or again, be smelted -by themselves so as to produce metallic tin. At what date it -was generally known that “brass is molten out of the stone”<a name="FNanchor_1611_1611" id="FNanchor_1611_1611"></a><a href="#Footnote_1611_1611" class="fnanchor">[1611]</a> is, -however, a question difficult to answer.</p> - -<p>Native copper and many of its ores occur in Hungary, Norway, -Sweden, Saxony, and Cornwall; but copper pyrites is far more -generally distributed, and is found in most countries of the world. -So far, therefore, as the existence of this metal is concerned, there -was no necessity for the Britons in Cæsar’s time to make use -of imported bronze, especially as tin was found in abundance in -Cornwall, and long before Cæsar’s time was exported in considerable -quantities to the Continent. And yet his account may to some -extent be true, as a socketed celt of what is almost undoubtedly -Breton manufacture has been found near Weymouth,<a name="FNanchor_1612_1612" id="FNanchor_1612_1612"></a><a href="#Footnote_1612_1612" class="fnanchor">[1612]</a> and several -instruments of recognised French types have been found in our -southern counties. Bronze vessels also may have been imported.</p> - -<p>Copper and its ores are abundant in Ireland, especially -copper pyrites and gray copper.</p> - -<p>Although tin was formerly found in abundance in some parts of -Spain, and also in less quantity in Brittany,<a name="FNanchor_1613_1613" id="FNanchor_1613_1613"></a><a href="#Footnote_1613_1613" class="fnanchor">[1613]</a> there can be but -little doubt that the Cassiterides, with which either directly or -indirectly the Phœnicians traded for tin,<a name="FNanchor_1614_1614" id="FNanchor_1614_1614"></a><a href="#Footnote_1614_1614" class="fnanchor">[1614]</a> are rightly identified with -Britain. But, with due deference to Professor Nilsson and other -antiquaries, I must confess that the traces of Phœnician influence -in this country are to my mind at present imperceptible; and it may -well be that their system of commerce or barter was such as -intentionally left the barbarian tribes with whom they traded in -much the same stage of civilisation as that in which they found -them, always assuming that they dealt directly with Britain and -not through the intervention of Gaulish merchants.</p> - -<p>The argument, however, that the Phœnician bronze would have -been lead-bronze, because the Phœnicians derived their civilisation -and arts from Egypt, and had continual intercourse with -that country, where lead-bronze was early known, appears to me -wanting in cogency. For though the Egyptians may have used<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[420]</a></span> -lead-bronzes for statues and ornaments, the Egyptian dagger<a name="FNanchor_1615_1615" id="FNanchor_1615_1615"></a><a href="#Footnote_1615_1615" class="fnanchor">[1615]</a> -analyzed by Vauquelin gave copper 85, tin 14, and iron 1 per -cent., and showed no trace of lead. Of one point we may be fairly -certain, that the discovery of bronze did not originate in the British -Isles, but that the knowledge of that useful metal was communicated -from abroad, and probably from the neighbouring country, -France. When and in what manner that and the other countries -of Western and Central Europe derived their knowledge of bronze -it is not my intention here to discuss. I will only say that the -tendency of the evidence at present gathered is to place the original -source of bronze, like that of the Aryan family, in an Asiatic rather -than an European centre.</p> - -<p>The presence in greater or less proportions of other metals than -copper and tin in bronze antiquities may eventually lead to the -recognition of the sources from which in each country the -principal supplies of metal were obtained. Professor Sullivan, -in the book already cited, arrives at the following among other -conclusions from the chemical facts at his command:—</p> - -<p>1. The northern nations in ancient times used only true bronzes—those -formed of copper and tin—of greater or lesser purity -according to the kind of ores used.</p> - -<p>2. Many of these bronzes contain small quantities of lead, zinc, -nickel, cobalt, iron, and silver, derived from the copper from which -the bronze was made.</p> - -<p>3. Though some bronzes may have been produced directly by -melting a mixture of copper and tin ores, the usual mode of -making them was by treating fused crude copper with tin-stone.<a name="FNanchor_1616_1616" id="FNanchor_1616_1616"></a><a href="#Footnote_1616_1616" class="fnanchor">[1616]</a> -In later times bronze was made by mixing the two metals -together.</p> - -<p>4. The copper of the ancient bronzes seems to have been -smelted in many different localities.</p> - -<p>Some analyses of bronze antiquities found in other countries are -given in the works indicated below,<a name="FNanchor_1617_1617" id="FNanchor_1617_1617"></a><a href="#Footnote_1617_1617" class="fnanchor">[1617]</a> in addition to those mentioned -on page 418.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[421]</a></span></p> - -<p>ANALYSES OF BRONZE ANTIQUITIES.</p> - -<div class="figc1"> - <img src="images/ill-417.jpg" width="500" height="677" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p class="pn">* In this case oxygen to the extent of 3·83 was present. The bronze had become so -friable as to be easily pulverised in a mortar. Mr. J. Arthur Phillips writes about it -as follows:—“When a freshly-broken fragment of it is examined under a low magnifying -power, it is seen to consist of a metallic net-work enclosing distinct and perfectly -formed crystals of cuprite, surrounded by a greyish white substance which is chiefly -bioxide of tin. In this alloy the nickel, silver, and iron are evidently accidental impurities, -but the lead is no doubt an intentional ingredient.” The specific gravity -after pulverization is about 7·26 only.</p> - -<p class="pn">** Specific gravity 8·59.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[422]</a></span></p> - -<p class="p1">I have here given most of the trustworthy analyses already -published, and have only added two new analyses kindly made for -me by Mr. J. A. Phillips, F.G.S., of a socketed celt from Yorkshire -and of a small dagger from Newton, near Cambridge.</p> - -<p>Those who wish for detailed information as to the composition -of the bronze antiquities found in other countries are referred to -De Fellenberg’s essays and to Von Bibra’s comprehensive work.<a name="FNanchor_1618_1618" id="FNanchor_1618_1618"></a><a href="#Footnote_1618_1618" class="fnanchor">[1618]</a></p> - -<p>The copper which was used by the bronze-founders of old times -appears to have been smelted from the ore and run into a shallow -concave mould open at top, in which the metal assumed the form -of a circular cake, convex below and flat above; but before -becoming sufficiently cold to be quite set into tough metal, these -cakes seem as a rule to have been disturbed and broken up into -numerous pieces, better adapted for re-melting than the whole -cakes would have been. This method of breaking up the solid -cakes while hot saved also an infinity of labour; as to cut such -masses into small pieces when cold would, even with modern -appliances, be a difficult task; and with only bronze and stone -tools at command would have been nearly impossible. Many of -the cakes are, however, interspersed with cavities formed in the -metal, and in some cases there seems reason to think that this may -have been produced intentionally, so as to render the breaking of -the cakes even when cold more readily practicable.</p> - -<p>Many of the blocks of metal cast in rough moulds, and known -by Italian antiquaries as <i>æs signatum</i>, have a similar broken -appearance at the ends. Professor Chierici<a name="FNanchor_1619_1619" id="FNanchor_1619_1619"></a><a href="#Footnote_1619_1619" class="fnanchor">[1619]</a> has suggested that -the moulds in which they were cast were of considerable length, -and that from time to time clay and sand were thrown in so as to -break the continuity of the metal, which indeed was poured in at -intervals, after the insertion of the sand or clay, to form the break -in the mould.</p> - -<p>Some pieces of metal which have been regarded as ingots, and -which not improbably are really such, have the form of a double-ended -axe with a very small shaft hole. They have been discovered -with several of the bronze-founders’ hoards in France. Dr. -V. Gross, of Neuveville, has a fine example of this kind found at -Locras, in the Lac de Bienne.<a name="FNanchor_1620_1620" id="FNanchor_1620_1620"></a><a href="#Footnote_1620_1620" class="fnanchor">[1620]</a> It is about 16½ inches long and -4¾ inches wide at the ends, the hole through the centre being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[423]</a></span> -about ¼ inch in diameter, and the weight of the ingot, which is of -pure copper, is about 6½ lbs.</p> - -<p>Rough lumps of metal have frequently been found with deposits of -bronze implements in Britain, these latter being sometimes in a -worn-out or broken condition, and apparently brought together as -old metal for re-casting. In other deposits the instruments seem -new and ready for use, or again they are in an unfinished condition. -All the circumstances of these discoveries, however, go to prove that -they are in fact the stock-in-trade of the ancient bronze-founders. -The jets or waste pieces from the castings, of which I shall subsequently -have to speak, are often found mixed with the rude lumps. -These lumps have usually the appearance of pure copper, and in -many cases have proved to be so on analysis.</p> - -<p>Some copper cakes appear, however, to belong to Roman times. -They differ in shape from those already described, in being of nearly -even thickness, but with the edge inclined as if they had been cast -in a small frying-pan. They are from 10 to 13 inches in diameter -and about 2 inches thick; and on more than one found in -Anglesea<a name="FNanchor_1621_1621" id="FNanchor_1621_1621"></a><a href="#Footnote_1621_1621" class="fnanchor">[1621]</a> there are inscriptions in Roman characters. They -weigh from 30 to 50 lbs.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Turning now to the instances of lumps of rough metal being found -with bronze weapons and tools, the following may be cited, though other -instances are given in the tables at page 462:—</p> - -<p>Lanant, Cornwall,<a name="FNanchor_1622_1622" id="FNanchor_1622_1622"></a><a href="#Footnote_1622_1622" class="fnanchor">[1622]</a> heavy lumps of fine copper, found with broken -socketed celts, &c.</p> - -<p>Kenidjack Cliff, Cornwall,<a name="FNanchor_1623_1623" id="FNanchor_1623_1623"></a><a href="#Footnote_1623_1623" class="fnanchor">[1623]</a> with palstaves and socketed celts.</p> - -<p>St. Hilary, Cornwall,<a name="FNanchor_1624_1624" id="FNanchor_1624_1624"></a><a href="#Footnote_1624_1624" class="fnanchor">[1624]</a> lumps weighing 14 or 15 lbs. each, said to have -been found with spear-heads.</p> - -<p>Near Worthing, Sussex, several lumps of metal, with palstaves and -socketed celts.</p> - -<p>Beachey Head,<a name="FNanchor_1625_1625" id="FNanchor_1625_1625"></a><a href="#Footnote_1625_1625" class="fnanchor">[1625]</a> three lumps of raw copper, apparently very pure, -with palstaves, socketed celts, &c.</p> - -<p>Wick Park, Stogursey, Somerset,<a name="FNanchor_1626_1626" id="FNanchor_1626_1626"></a><a href="#Footnote_1626_1626" class="fnanchor">[1626]</a> with palstaves, socketed celts, -broken swords, spears, &c.</p> - -<p>Kingston Hill, Surrey,<a name="FNanchor_1627_1627" id="FNanchor_1627_1627"></a><a href="#Footnote_1627_1627" class="fnanchor">[1627]</a> with socketed celts, fragments of swords, and -spear-head.</p> - -<p>Beddington, Surrey,<a name="FNanchor_1628_1628" id="FNanchor_1628_1628"></a><a href="#Footnote_1628_1628" class="fnanchor">[1628]</a> with mould, socketed celts, gouge, spear-heads, &c.</p> - -<p>Wickham Park, Croydon, Surrey,<a name="FNanchor_1629_1629" id="FNanchor_1629_1629"></a><a href="#Footnote_1629_1629" class="fnanchor">[1629]</a> with palstave, gouge, hammer, &c.</p> - -<p>Danesbury, near Welwyn, Herts,<a name="FNanchor_1630_1630" id="FNanchor_1630_1630"></a><a href="#Footnote_1630_1630" class="fnanchor">[1630]</a> lumps of metal with damaged -socketed celts.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[424]</a></span></p> - -<p>Cumberlow, Herts,<a name="FNanchor_1631_1631" id="FNanchor_1631_1631"></a><a href="#Footnote_1631_1631" class="fnanchor">[1631]</a> with palstaves, socketed celts, fragments of -swords, &c.</p> - -<p>Westwick Row, Hemel Hempsted,<a name="FNanchor_1632_1632" id="FNanchor_1632_1632"></a><a href="#Footnote_1632_1632" class="fnanchor">[1632]</a> several lumps, with socketed celts.</p> - -<p>Romford, Essex,<a name="FNanchor_1633_1633" id="FNanchor_1633_1633"></a><a href="#Footnote_1633_1633" class="fnanchor">[1633]</a> lumps of metal in waste pieces and imperfect castings, -untrimmed socketed celts, &c.</p> - -<p>Fifield, Essex,<a name="FNanchor_1634_1634" id="FNanchor_1634_1634"></a><a href="#Footnote_1634_1634" class="fnanchor">[1634]</a> upwards of 50 lbs. of metal, with socketed celts.</p> - -<p>High Roding, Essex,<a name="FNanchor_1635_1635" id="FNanchor_1635_1635"></a><a href="#Footnote_1635_1635" class="fnanchor">[1635]</a> with socketed celts, &c.</p> - -<p>Kensington,<a name="FNanchor_1636_1636" id="FNanchor_1636_1636"></a><a href="#Footnote_1636_1636" class="fnanchor">[1636]</a> with socketed celt, gouge, &c.</p> - -<p>Sittingbourne, Kent,<a name="FNanchor_1637_1637" id="FNanchor_1637_1637"></a><a href="#Footnote_1637_1637" class="fnanchor">[1637]</a> with socketed celts, gouges, &c.</p> - -<p>Meldreth, Cambs,<a name="FNanchor_1638_1638" id="FNanchor_1638_1638"></a><a href="#Footnote_1638_1638" class="fnanchor">[1638]</a> with socketed celts, chisel, ring of caldron, &c.</p> - -<p>Carlton Rode, Norfolk,<a name="FNanchor_1639_1639" id="FNanchor_1639_1639"></a><a href="#Footnote_1639_1639" class="fnanchor">[1639]</a> lumps of metal, with socketed celts, gouges, -&c.</p> - -<p>Helsdon Hall, Norwich,<a name="FNanchor_1640_1640" id="FNanchor_1640_1640"></a><a href="#Footnote_1640_1640" class="fnanchor">[1640]</a> pieces of copper, socketed celts, &c.</p> - -<p>Earsley Common, York,<a name="FNanchor_1641_1641" id="FNanchor_1641_1641"></a><a href="#Footnote_1641_1641" class="fnanchor">[1641]</a> several lumps of metal, with nearly a hundred -socketed celts.</p> - -<p>Martlesham, Suffolk,<a name="FNanchor_1642_1642" id="FNanchor_1642_1642"></a><a href="#Footnote_1642_1642" class="fnanchor">[1642]</a> a large quantity of metal, including some lumps -weighing 5 or 6 lbs., with socketed celts, gouge, &c.</p> - -<p>West Halton, Lincolnshire,<a name="FNanchor_1643_1643" id="FNanchor_1643_1643"></a><a href="#Footnote_1643_1643" class="fnanchor">[1643]</a> with socketed celts and broken sword.</p> - -<p>Roseberry Topping, Yorkshire,<a name="FNanchor_1644_1644" id="FNanchor_1644_1644"></a><a href="#Footnote_1644_1644" class="fnanchor">[1644]</a> with socketed celts, gouges, hammer, -&c.</p> - -<p>In the Heathery Burn Cave, Durham, and in the Guilsfield find, there -was in each case at least one lump of metal.</p> - -<p>Besides the cakes of copper, bars of that metal appear to have been -hammered into an oblong form, and then cut into lengths of from 4 to -5 inches, weighing each about ¼ lb., and in that state to have served as -the raw material for the bronze-founders. Thirteen of these short bars -were found at Therfield, near Royston, Herts,<a name="FNanchor_1645_1645" id="FNanchor_1645_1645"></a><a href="#Footnote_1645_1645" class="fnanchor">[1645]</a> and Dr. Percy found -on analysis that they contained about 98½ per cent. of copper with a -small alloy of tin or antimony, probably the latter. Some fifteen or -sixteen “pieces of long triangular brass” are described as having -been found with about the same number of celts at Hinton, near Christchurch, -Hants.<a name="FNanchor_1646_1646" id="FNanchor_1646_1646"></a><a href="#Footnote_1646_1646" class="fnanchor">[1646]</a> These bars “seemed to be pieces of the metal out -of which the celts were cast.”</p> - -<p>In Scotland some “lumps of brass” were found with the swords, -spears, &c., in Duddingston Loch.<a name="FNanchor_1647_1647" id="FNanchor_1647_1647"></a><a href="#Footnote_1647_1647" class="fnanchor">[1647]</a> Probably other lumps of metal have -been found in that country, but they seem to be scarcer in Scotland and -Ireland than in England.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">Although, as already observed, Spain may have been the -principal Western source of tin in early times, and possibly -Malacca<a name="FNanchor_1648_1648" id="FNanchor_1648_1648"></a><a href="#Footnote_1648_1648" class="fnanchor">[1648]</a> in the East, the trade with Britain for that metal must<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[425]</a></span> -have commenced at a very remote epoch. We might expect, -therefore, that fragments of tin would be frequently found in the -old bronze-founders’ hoards. But though lumps of copper have -so often been discovered in them, tin is at present conspicuous by -its absence. The only instance to which I am able to refer is the -discovery at Achtertyre,<a name="FNanchor_1649_1649" id="FNanchor_1649_1649"></a><a href="#Footnote_1649_1649" class="fnanchor">[1649]</a> Morayshire, of four “broken bits of tin,” -in company with socketed celts, spear-heads, and bracelets. These -pieces seem to be fragments of a single bar which was about -6 inches in length, of oval section, and somewhat curved, and in -weight about 3 ounces. Though spoken of as tin, the metal is in -fact a soft solder composed, according to Dr. Stevenson Macadam, -of—</p> - -<table id="td09" summary="tabled09"> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Tin</td> - <td class="tdr">78·66</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lead</td> - <td class="tdr">21·34</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="tdr">——–</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="tdr">100·00</td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<p class="p1">This, he points out, is a more fusible alloy than the ordinary -plumbers’ solder, which consists of 1 of tin to 2 of lead, and -fuses at 441 degrees Fahr., as it contains nearly 4 of tin to 1 of lead, -and would fuse at 365 degrees. Whether this bar was intended -for use as solder, or represents a base tin exported to Scotland -from the tin-producing districts, is an interesting question. Professor -Daniel Wilson<a name="FNanchor_1650_1650" id="FNanchor_1650_1650"></a><a href="#Footnote_1650_1650" class="fnanchor">[1650]</a> has called attention to the fact that in all the -bronze instruments found in Scotland which have been submitted to -analysis lead is uniformly present, though in varying proportions. -Soldering<a name="FNanchor_1651_1651" id="FNanchor_1651_1651"></a><a href="#Footnote_1651_1651" class="fnanchor">[1651]</a> is considered to have been entirely unknown in the -Bronze Age, and even during the earlier times of the Iron Age; -but the art of burning bronze on to bronze was certainly known, -and instances of its having been practised are given in preceding -pages.</p> - -<p>Some fragments of pure metallic tin have from time to time -been found on the Continent. A small hammered bar found at -the Lake-dwelling of Estavayer,<a name="FNanchor_1652_1652" id="FNanchor_1652_1652"></a><a href="#Footnote_1652_1652" class="fnanchor">[1652]</a> and analyzed by M. de Fellenberg, -was free from lead, zinc, iron, and copper.</p> - -<p>Besides being found in Cornwall, tin occurs in France,<a name="FNanchor_1653_1653" id="FNanchor_1653_1653"></a><a href="#Footnote_1653_1653" class="fnanchor">[1653]</a> Saxony, -Silesia, Bohemia, Sweden, Spain, and Portugal. It also occurs in -Etruria,<a name="FNanchor_1654_1654" id="FNanchor_1654_1654"></a><a href="#Footnote_1654_1654" class="fnanchor">[1654]</a> and is said to be found in Chorassan.<a name="FNanchor_1655_1655" id="FNanchor_1655_1655"></a><a href="#Footnote_1655_1655" class="fnanchor">[1655]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[426]</a></span></p> - -<p>This metal is said by Dionysius<a name="FNanchor_1656_1656" id="FNanchor_1656_1656"></a><a href="#Footnote_1656_1656" class="fnanchor">[1656]</a> to have been struck into coins -at Syracuse, but none such are at present known. Among the -Ancient Britons,<a name="FNanchor_1657_1657" id="FNanchor_1657_1657"></a><a href="#Footnote_1657_1657" class="fnanchor">[1657]</a> however, tin coins cast for the most part in -wooden moulds were in circulation, not in the tin-producing districts, -but in Kent and the neighbouring parts of England. Their -date is probably within a century of our era, either before or after -Christ.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-426.jpg" width="400" height="141" id="i426" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc">Fig. 514.—Falmouth. <sup>1</sup>/<sub>12</sub></p> -</div></div> - -<p>A large ingot of tin, in shape like the letter <span class="f1 large"><b>H</b></span>, was dredged up -in Falmouth harbour.<a name="FNanchor_1658_1658" id="FNanchor_1658_1658"></a><a href="#Footnote_1658_1658" class="fnanchor">[1658]</a> It is 2 feet 11 inches long and about -11 inches wide, and 3 inches thick, and, though a small piece has -been cut off at one end, it still weighs 158 lbs. It is shown in -Fig. 514. The late Sir Henry James, F.R.S.,<a name="FNanchor_1659_1659" id="FNanchor_1659_1659"></a><a href="#Footnote_1659_1659" class="fnanchor">[1659]</a> has pointed out -that the form in which the ingot is cast adapts it for being laid in the -keel of a boat, and for being slung on a horse’s side, two of them -thus forming a proper load for a pack-horse. He has also suggested -that this was the form of ingot in which the tin produced in -Cornwall was transported to Gaul, and thence carried overland, as -described by Diodorus Siculus, to the mouths of the Rhone. -Curiously enough this author speaks of the blocks being in the -form of astragali, with which this ingot fairly coincides. Other -ingots<a name="FNanchor_1660_1660" id="FNanchor_1660_1660"></a><a href="#Footnote_1660_1660" class="fnanchor">[1660]</a> of tin of different form have also been found in Cornwall, -but there appears to me hardly sufficient evidence to determine -their approximate date, and I therefore content myself with mentioning -them. A lump cast in a basin-shaped mould, with two -holes in the flat face converging so as to form a V-shaped receptacle -for a cord, is in the Blackmore Museum at Salisbury.</p> - -<p>What appear to be ingots of copper rather than votive or mortuary -tablets have been found in Sardinia,<a name="FNanchor_1661_1661" id="FNanchor_1661_1661"></a><a href="#Footnote_1661_1661" class="fnanchor">[1661]</a> and in their form present -a close analogy with this ingot of tin, though they are of much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[427]</a></span> -smaller dimensions. Both the sides and ends curve inwards, the -notch at the ends of some being semicircular. They are counter-marked -with a kind of double <span class="f1 large"><b>T</b></span>.</p> - -<p>As to the method of melting the metal but little is known. It -seems probable, however, that the crucibles employed must have -been vessels of burnt clay provided with handles for moving them; -while for pouring out the metal small ladles of earthenware may -have been used. At Robenhausen,<a name="FNanchor_1662_1662" id="FNanchor_1662_1662"></a><a href="#Footnote_1662_1662" class="fnanchor">[1662]</a> on Lake Pfäffikon, Switzerland, -small crucibles of a ladle-like form have been found, in some -cases with lumps of bronze still in them. Crucibles without -handles have been discovered at Unter-Uhldingen,<a name="FNanchor_1663_1663" id="FNanchor_1663_1663"></a><a href="#Footnote_1663_1663" class="fnanchor">[1663]</a> in the Ueberlinger -See.</p> - -<p>The methods of casting were various. Objects were cast—</p> - -<p class="pi1">1. In a single mould formed of loam, sand, stone, or metal, -the upper surface of the casting exhibiting the flat surface -of the molten metal, which was left open to the air. In -the case of loam or sand castings a pattern or model would -be used, which might be an object already in use, or made -of the desired form in wood or other soft substance.</p> - -<p class="pi1">2. In double moulds of similar materials. The castings produced -in this manner when in unfinished condition show -the joints of the moulds. When sand was employed a -frame or flask of some kind must have been used to retain -the material in place when the upper half of the mould -was lifted off the pattern. The loam moulds were probably -burnt hard before being used. In many cases cores -for producing hollows in the casting were employed in -conjunction with these moulds.</p> - -<p class="pi1">3. In what may be termed solid moulds. For this process the -model was made of wax, wood, or some combustible -material which was encased in a mass of loam, possibly -mixed with cow-dung or vegetable matter, which on -exposure to heat left the loam or clay in a porous condition. -This exposure to fire also burnt out the wax or -wood model and left a cavity for the reception of the metal, -which was probably poured in while the mould was still -hot.</p> - -<p>Sir John Lubbock<a name="FNanchor_1664_1664" id="FNanchor_1664_1664"></a><a href="#Footnote_1664_1664" class="fnanchor">[1664]</a> regards this as the commonest mode of -casting during the Bronze Age, but so far as this country is concerned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[428]</a></span> -it appears to me to have been very seldom, if ever, in use. -Except in highly complicated castings, such as ring within ring, no -advantage would be gained by adopting the process, as the same -result could usually be obtained by the use of a mould in two -halves, while the pattern would then be preserved. In comparing -a number of objects together, though, like the six hundred and -eighty-eight specimens of celts in the Dublin Museum, no two may -appear to have been cast in the same mould, it does not follow -that this was actually the case, for allowance must be made for -hammering, polishing, and ornamenting, which were subsequent -processes, and also for wear at the edge. Even in castings from -the same metal mould there will be considerable variations, from -differences in the amount of coating used to prevent the hot -metal from adhering to mould, and the length stopped off by the -core. But of this I shall shortly speak.</p> - -<p>The moulds formed of burnt clay have but rarely lasted to our -times, though some have been found on the continent of Europe.</p> - -<p>One for a perforated axe found among the remains of Lake-dwellings -near Laibach, in Carniola, is in the museum of that town. -Others will subsequently be mentioned.</p> - -<p>The single moulds found within the United Kingdom are all of -stone, and are adapted for the production of flat celts, rings, -knives, and small chisels. In some cases it is hard to say whether -a mould was intended to be used alone or in conjunction with -another of the same kind, so as in fact to be only the half of a mould.</p> - -<p>The single mould, which I have engraved as Fig. 515, was -found near Ballymena, Co. Antrim, and, as will be seen, is for a -flat celt of the ordinary form. The material is a micaceous sandstone, -which a recent possessor of the mould has thought so well -adapted for use as a whetstone, that the mould is in places scored -with the marks where apparently a cobbler’s awl has been sharpened. -A celt cast in such a mould would be flatter on one face -than the other, and be blunt at the ends, though much thinner -there than in the middle. Before being used it would be submitted -to a hammering process, which would render the two faces -nearly symmetrical, and at the same time condense the metal and -render it harder and fitter for cutting purposes, especially at the -edge which was drawn out. In an Irish specimen in my collection -there is in one face a deep conical depression, apparently -caused by the contraction of the metal in cooling. It was probably -necessary to add a little molten metal to the casting while cooling<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[429]</a></span> -in order to avoid such defects. The sides as well as the faces of -these plain celts have usually been wrought with the hammer, and -it seems probable that some even of the flanged celts were originally -plain castings in an open mould.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-429.jpg" width="400" height="605" id="i429" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc">Fig. 515.—Ballymena. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Moulds of the same kind have been found, though rarely, in -England. In a field near Cambo,<a name="FNanchor_1665_1665" id="FNanchor_1665_1665"></a><a href="#Footnote_1665_1665" class="fnanchor">[1665]</a> near Wallington, Northumberland,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[430]</a></span> -was found a block of sandstone, having on one face two -moulds for flat celts of different sizes, and on the other face another -such mould, and also one for a flat ring. It is now in the British -Museum.</p> - -<p>Stone blocks with moulds cut in them have been found in Scotland.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">One with a mould for a large celt in the centre, and near it in one -corner of the slab a mould for a very small celt, was found in a cairn -near Kintore, Aberdeenshire.<a name="FNanchor_1666_1666" id="FNanchor_1666_1666"></a><a href="#Footnote_1666_1666" class="fnanchor">[1666]</a></p> - -<p>Another large block, forming the end of a cist, near Kilmartin, -Argyleshire,<a name="FNanchor_1667_1667" id="FNanchor_1667_1667"></a><a href="#Footnote_1667_1667" class="fnanchor">[1667]</a> has nine depressions in it in the form of flat celts, which -may have been used as moulds. They are barely an eighth of an inch -in depth, and on this account have been thought to be pictorial representations -rather than moulds. With a metal so imperfectly fluid as melted -bronze, castings could be made thicker than the depth of the moulds, and -it is by no means impossible that this stone and another forming part of -the same cist may have been intended for the production of castings. -The second slab of stone may have served for casting pins.</p> - -<p>The stone moulds from Trochrig, near Girvan, Ayrshire,<a name="FNanchor_1668_1668" id="FNanchor_1668_1668"></a><a href="#Footnote_1668_1668" class="fnanchor">[1668]</a> and Alford, -Aberdeenshire,<a name="FNanchor_1669_1669" id="FNanchor_1669_1669"></a><a href="#Footnote_1669_1669" class="fnanchor">[1669]</a> with depressions of various forms upon them, not improbably -belong to a later period than that of which I am treating.</p> - -<p>A mould for casting rings, 2½ inches in diameter, found at Kilmailie, -Invernessshire, is in the Museum at Edinburgh.</p> - -<p>One for two flat celts on the one face, and for a larger celt and -perhaps a knife on the other, is in the Antiquarian Museum at -Edinburgh.<a name="FNanchor_1670_1670" id="FNanchor_1670_1670"></a><a href="#Footnote_1670_1670" class="fnanchor">[1670]</a></p></div> - -<p class="p1">These moulds are more abundant in Ireland.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">One in the Belfast Museum,<a name="FNanchor_1671_1671" id="FNanchor_1671_1671"></a><a href="#Footnote_1671_1671" class="fnanchor">[1671]</a> polyhedral in shape, has moulds upon four -of its faces for flat celts of different sizes. In the Bateman Collection is -a slab of schistose stone (7 inches by 6 inches) with three such moulds -upon it. It was found near Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim.<a name="FNanchor_1672_1672" id="FNanchor_1672_1672"></a><a href="#Footnote_1672_1672" class="fnanchor">[1672]</a></p> - -<p>On a slab in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy<a name="FNanchor_1673_1673" id="FNanchor_1673_1673"></a><a href="#Footnote_1673_1673" class="fnanchor">[1673]</a> there are -moulds for two flat celts, and also for one with a stop-ridge and a loop. -It would appear as if the founder must have possessed a second half of -this latter mould.</p> - -<p>Two moulds formed of stone, and apparently intended for flat or -slightly flanged celts, have been found at Bodio in the Lago di Varese.<a name="FNanchor_1674_1674" id="FNanchor_1674_1674"></a><a href="#Footnote_1674_1674" class="fnanchor">[1674]</a></p></div> - -<p class="p1">Moulds for palstaves and socketed celts have been found both of -stone and of bronze, but it will be well to reserve the latter until -all the forms of moulds made of stone have been considered. Such -celt moulds have always been made in halves.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[431]</a></span></p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In Fig. 516 is shown the half of a mould for palstaves, which is now -in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. The other half is with it. -They are formed of sandstone. It is uncertain in what part of Ireland -they were found.</p> - -<p>Another mould, formed of mica schist, and now in the British Museum, -was found in the river Bann, and was intended for short palstaves about -3½ inches long.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-431.jpg" width="350" height="333" id="i431" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"><span class="vh">———</span>Fig. 516.—Ireland. ½ -<span class="vh">—————</span>Fig. 517.—Ireland. <sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub></p> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p>The half of a mould for casting palstaves of a somewhat broader form -was found near Lough Corrib, Galway,<a name="FNanchor_1675_1675" id="FNanchor_1675_1675"></a><a href="#Footnote_1675_1675" class="fnanchor">[1675]</a> and is in the Antiquarian Museum -at Edinburgh. Another has been engraved by Dunoyer,<a name="FNanchor_1676_1676" id="FNanchor_1676_1676"></a><a href="#Footnote_1676_1676" class="fnanchor">[1676]</a> who has also -figured a mould for a looped palstave, from the Museum of the University -of Dublin. A stone mould from Ireland, for palstaves with double -loops, is in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. As the halves of -these stone moulds are rarely made so as to be dowelled together, -they are almost always of exactly the same size externally, so as to be -readily adjustable into their proper position when tied together for the -reception of the metal.</p> - -<p>The half of a mould for a small palstave, with transverse edge, is -shown full size in Fig. 517. The original is of green schist, and is in -the Royal Academy Museum at Dublin. It is remarkable that a mould -for so rare a form should have been found. A stone mould for transverse -palstaves of the same kind has, however, lately been discovered in -the Lac de Bienne<a name="FNanchor_1677_1677" id="FNanchor_1677_1677"></a><a href="#Footnote_1677_1677" class="fnanchor">[1677]</a> by Dr. V. Gross.</p> - -<p>On the Continent stone moulds for ordinary palstaves have been found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[432]</a></span> -in some numbers, especially in the Lake habitations. In the museum at -Geneva are several from the Station of Eaux Vives. The wings as originally -cast were vertical to the blades, so that they might be withdrawn from -the mould, and they were subsequently hammered over to form the side -pockets, as in Fig. 85.</p> - -<p>Moulds for looped palstaves have been found in the Lac du Bourget, -Savoy.<a name="FNanchor_1678_1678" id="FNanchor_1678_1678"></a><a href="#Footnote_1678_1678" class="fnanchor">[1678]</a> One of them is in my own collection. A broken mould for a -palstave was found at Billy (Loir et Cher).<a name="FNanchor_1679_1679" id="FNanchor_1679_1679"></a><a href="#Footnote_1679_1679" class="fnanchor">[1679]</a></p> - -<p>Others have been found in Hungary.<a name="FNanchor_1680_1680" id="FNanchor_1680_1680"></a><a href="#Footnote_1680_1680" class="fnanchor">[1680]</a></p> - -<p>A few stone moulds for casting socketed celts have been found in -England. The half of one, apparently for celts without loops, was found -near Milton, Dorsetshire,<a name="FNanchor_1681_1681" id="FNanchor_1681_1681"></a><a href="#Footnote_1681_1681" class="fnanchor">[1681]</a> and is now in the Dorchester Museum. It has -several holes on the face of the slab, as if for the reception of dowels, on -which the other half of the mould would fit.</p> - -<p>In another instance a set of moulds has been formed of three slabs of -stone, and would produce two varieties of socketed celts, one half of the -mould of each being engraved on the two faces of the central slab. It is only -this central piece which has been preserved. It was, I believe, found at -Bulford Water, near Salisbury, and not at Chidbury Hill, near Everley, -as stated in the “Barrow Diggers.”<a name="FNanchor_1682_1682" id="FNanchor_1682_1682"></a><a href="#Footnote_1682_1682" class="fnanchor">[1682]</a> On one face is the mould for a -single-looped socketed celt about 4½ inches long, of oblong section, with -three vertical ribs on the face; on the other is that for a double-looped -celt of the same character, but about 5¼ inches long, also with three -vertical ribs. This mould is formed of some variety of greenstone, and -is now in the collection of the Rev. E. Duke, of Lake House, near -Salisbury.</p> - -<p>Stone moulds for socketed celts, with vertical ribs upon them, have been -found in the Lacustrine Station of Eaux Vives, near Geneva. There are -often moulds on each face of the stones.</p> - -<p>Others in sandstone for socketed celts have been found in Hungary.<a name="FNanchor_1683_1683" id="FNanchor_1683_1683"></a><a href="#Footnote_1683_1683" class="fnanchor">[1683]</a></p> - -<p>Several moulds for such instruments have been discovered in Sweden.<a name="FNanchor_1684_1684" id="FNanchor_1684_1684"></a><a href="#Footnote_1684_1684" class="fnanchor">[1684]</a> -One with diagonal air-passages, like those in Fig. 521, is in the Copenhagen -Museum.</p> - -<p>Stone moulds for socketed celts have also been found in Scotland. -Two pair from the parish of Rosskeen, Ross-shire,<a name="FNanchor_1685_1685" id="FNanchor_1685_1685"></a><a href="#Footnote_1685_1685" class="fnanchor">[1685]</a> have been figured by -Professor Daniel Wilson. They are for looped celts rather wide and -straight at the edge, about 5 inches long and of hexagonal section. The -castings from the one are plain upon the faces; in those from the other -there are three annulets connected by raised ribs, much the same as on one -face of the celt from Wigtonshire (Fig. 166). These moulds had the two -halves dowelled together when in use. On one there appears to be a -second mould for a small flat bar.</p> - -<p>In Ireland stone moulds for socketed celts are rare, and they appear to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[433]</a></span> -have been for the most part cast in sand or loam. There is, however, in -the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy,<a name="FNanchor_1686_1686" id="FNanchor_1686_1686"></a><a href="#Footnote_1686_1686" class="fnanchor">[1686]</a> the half of a mould of this -kind made of mica slate, and much worn by age and exposure, apparently -intended for a ribbed socketed celt. It has dowel-holes on the face of the -slab.</p> - -<p>The mould, or more properly half of a mould, for a tanged knife, with -a central rib along the blade, is shown in Fig. 518. It is of close-grained -sandstone, and was found near Ballymoney, Co. Antrim. The -surface on which the knife has been engraved is ground very smooth, as -if to fit another half mould. In this other half there was probably little -more than grooves for the central rib and tang, as the mould at the edge -of the knife would produce a casting fully 1/16 inch thick, which would -require a good deal of hammering out.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-433.jpg" width="400" height="390" id="i433" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"><span class="vh">—</span>Fig. 518.—Ballymoney. ½ -<span class="vh">——————</span>Fig. 519.—Broughshane. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p>Fig. 519 shows the half of a mould for a dagger blade of elegant -form. It is of mica slate, and was found near Broughshane, Co. Antrim. -It is about 1 inch in thickness; and on the other face are moulds for a -small flat chisel with side stops, in total length about 2⅝ inches, for a -flat triangular celt-like tool about 1½ inch long, and an unfinished mould -for a segment of a flat ring.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[434]</a></span></p> - -<p>Stone moulds for daggers have been found in the Italian <i>terramare</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1687_1687" id="FNanchor_1687_1687"></a><a href="#Footnote_1687_1687" class="fnanchor">[1687]</a></p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-434.jpg" width="400" height="636" id="i434" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"><span class="vh">—————</span>Fig. 520.—Knighton. ¼ -<span class="vh">————</span>Fig. 521.—Knighton. ¼</p> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p>In Figs. 520 and 521 I have reproduced on the scale of one-fourth -the engravings of two stone moulds which were found near Knighton,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[435]</a></span> -but in the parish of Hennock, near Chudleigh, Devon, and are published -in the <i>Archæological Journal</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1688_1688" id="FNanchor_1688_1688"></a><a href="#Footnote_1688_1688" class="fnanchor">[1688]</a> They are of a light greenish -micaceous schist, such as occurs in Cornwall. The large one is 24½ inches -in length by 3 inches in its greatest width, the smaller is 21½ inches long -and also 3 inches wide. When found the two halves of each mould were in -apposition; the longer mould placed vertically, the shorter horizontally. -As will be seen, they are for the production of rapier-shaped blades. -In the smaller is a series of small channels, to allow of the escape of -air during the process of casting.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-435.jpg" width="200" height="309" id="i435" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc">Fig. 522.—Maghera. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>On the larger, by the side of the main -mould, is a second, which would produce a slightly tapering casting, -ribbed longitudinally on one face -and flat on the other. It is difficult -to judge of the purpose for -which it was intended, but it -may possibly have been at once -an ornament and a support for -the scabbard of the blade.</p> - -<p>Some fluted pieces of bronze, -such as would be produced from -a mould of this kind, are in the -museum at Tours, found in a -hoard at St. Genouph.</p> - -<p>A mould for a short leaf-shaped -sword has been found in Ireland.<a name="FNanchor_1689_1689" id="FNanchor_1689_1689"></a><a href="#Footnote_1689_1689" class="fnanchor">[1689]</a></p></div> - -<p class="p1">A stone mould, formed of -green micaceous schist, and -found at Maghera, Co. Derry, -is in the collection of Canon -Greenwell, F.R.S., and is -shown in Fig. 522. As will -be seen, it is for a spear-head -of the ordinary Irish type, -with loops on the socket. -These, however, were probably -flattened down during the finishing process. The outside of -the mould has been neatly rounded, and has shallow grooves in it -to assist in keeping the string in place with which the two halves -of the mould were bound together when ready for use.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">In the same collection is the half of a mould for spear-heads, from -Armoy, Co. Antrim. It is much like the figure, but 7⅞ inches long.</p> - -<p>I have the half of a mould for a nearly similar spear-head, made of -light brown stone, with the sides left square, and not rounded. This is -also from the North of Ireland. It is difficult to understand the manner -in which the cores for forming the sockets of the spear-heads were supported -in the moulds. Possibly small pins of bronze were attached to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[436]</a></span> -clay core, which kept it in position, but which during the casting process -got burnt into the molten metal. I have, however, found no actual traces -of such a contrivance. On examining broken spear-heads it will sometimes -be found that the socket core inside the blade, instead of being simply -conical, has lateral projections running into the thicker part of the blade.</p> - -<p>A mould for spear-heads of the same kind as Fig. 521, found near -Claran Bridge,<a name="FNanchor_1690_1690" id="FNanchor_1690_1690"></a><a href="#Footnote_1690_1690" class="fnanchor">[1690]</a> in the barony of Dunkellen, Co. Galway, has at the base -two pin-holes about 1 inch long and ¼ inch in diameter. Their axes are -parallel to that of the socket. These may possibly be connected with -the steadying of the core.</p> - -<p>A stone mould found at the edge of Lough Ramer, Co. Cavan,<a name="FNanchor_1691_1691" id="FNanchor_1691_1691"></a><a href="#Footnote_1691_1691" class="fnanchor">[1691]</a> and -now in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, is quadrangular in -section, with moulds for very small lance-heads on three of its faces. On -the fourth there are marks of a worn-out mould. The corresponding -halves have not been found. Such instances of several half-moulds on a -single block of stone are not unfrequent.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-436.jpg" width="400" height="164" id="i436" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc">Fig. 523.—Lough Gur. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-437a.jpg" width="150" height="448" id="i437a" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc">Fig. 524.—Campbelton. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>A moiety of a stone mould for casting spear-heads of various -sizes, and also pointed objects, “possibly,” though not probably, -“arrow-heads,” was found at Lough Gur,<a name="FNanchor_1692_1692" id="FNanchor_1692_1692"></a><a href="#Footnote_1692_1692" class="fnanchor">[1692]</a> Co. Limerick, and is now -in the British Museum. It is a four-sided prism, 6½ inches long -and 2½ inches broad at one end of each face, and 1¾ inch at the -other. A second similar prism would, it has been observed, give four -perfect moulds for casting spear-heads slightly varying in form, but -in each case provided with side loops. These loops are as usual -semicircular in form on the mould, and were no doubt destined to -be flattened in the usual manner by a subsequent process of hammering. -There is one special feature in this mould, viz. that at -the base of the blade there is a transverse notch in the stone, -evidently destined to receive a small pin, which would serve to -keep the clay core for the socket in its proper position. There is -a similar transverse notch in one of the smaller moulds for the -pointed objects. This mould is shown in Fig. 523.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[437]</a></span></p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">There is a similar notch in a mould for leaf-shaped -spear-heads without loops in the Preusker -Collection at Dresden. It would seem as if the -pin which formed the hole for the rivet was also -of use to support the core. Another such mould is -in the museum at Modena.</p> - -<p>There are similar notches in a stone mould for -spear-heads, in one of burnt clay for socketed -knives, found at Mœrigen, in the Lake of Bienne, -and in one found in the Lake of Varese.<a name="FNanchor_1693_1693" id="FNanchor_1693_1693"></a><a href="#Footnote_1693_1693" class="fnanchor">[1693]</a></p> - -<p>A small Irish mould for casting broad leaf-shaped -lance-heads without loops is in the Antiquarian -Museum at Edinburgh.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">A mould of much the same character as the -Irish examples was found near Campbelton,<a name="FNanchor_1694_1694" id="FNanchor_1694_1694"></a><a href="#Footnote_1694_1694" class="fnanchor">[1694]</a> -in Kintyre, Argyleshire. It is formed of dark -serpentine, and one of its halves is shown in -Fig. 524. On the same spot were found two -polished stone celts and another stone mould -for spear-heads, in two portions, also of serpentine, -shown in Figs. 525 and 526, both -sides being cut for moulds, one for a looped -spear-head and the other for one without loops.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-437b.jpg" width="400" height="256" id="i437b" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"><span class="vh">—————</span>Fig. 525.—Campbelton. ½ -<span class="vh">——</span>Fig. 526.—Campbelton. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>Dr. Arthur Mitchell, who has described this -find, says that in this second mould the two halves are not alike,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[438]</a></span> -as in the one first described. In this case one-half has the shape -of the spear-head deeply cut into the stone, so as to include the whole -thickness of the edge of the spear, and the other side has simply -the midrib alone cut on it, and the rest of that side of the mould -is gently bevelled towards the edges, the result of which simple plan -is that when the two sides are laid together a perfect mould is -made, the two sides of the casting being almost exactly alike, less -labour being thus required than in forming an outline exactly -alike on both sides of the stone mould, and the result being -equally satisfactory.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">An English, or rather Welsh, quadrangular mould, much like that -from Lough Gur, was found between Bodwrdin<a name="FNanchor_1695_1695" id="FNanchor_1695_1695"></a><a href="#Footnote_1695_1695" class="fnanchor">[1695]</a> and Tre Ddafydd, -Anglesea. It is formed of hone-stone 9¼ inches long, with the sides -tapering from 2 inches to 1½ inch. It is adapted for casting looped -spear-heads of two sizes, and what has been regarded as a double-looped -celt. The fourth side has a conical groove, and may be the complement -of another more defined mould, as is the case with Fig. 525B. It has -been thought to have been for a spike-like javelin. What has been -regarded as the mould for double-looped celts seems also to be the shallow -half of a mould for spear-heads. In the museum at Clermont Ferrand<a name="FNanchor_1696_1696" id="FNanchor_1696_1696"></a><a href="#Footnote_1696_1696" class="fnanchor">[1696]</a> -there is an analogous stone mould for palstaves of three types and a -point or ferrule.</p> - -<p>Of other stone moulds, I may mention one for casting buckles of a -kind like those from Polden Hill, which was found at Camelford, Cornwall.<a name="FNanchor_1697_1697" id="FNanchor_1697_1697"></a><a href="#Footnote_1697_1697" class="fnanchor">[1697]</a> -This is not improbably of Late Celtic date.</p> - -<p>I have a flat oval slab of compact grit, about 2 inches thick, having on -one face a mould for a thin oval plate of metal about 5 inches by 4½ inches, -and on the other a mould for a rather thicker oval plate, about 6 inches -by 4½ inches. It was found near Nantlle, Carnarvon, and was given me -by Mr. R. D. Darbishire, F.S.A. I am uncertain as to the period to -which it ought to be assigned.</p> - -<p>Of foreign moulds of stone besides those already cited, I may mention -some for double-ended hatchets and for flat celts which have been found -in the Island of Sardinia.<a name="FNanchor_1698_1698" id="FNanchor_1698_1698"></a><a href="#Footnote_1698_1698" class="fnanchor">[1698]</a></p> - -<p>A number of moulds formed of stone, principally mica-schist, were -found by Dr. Schliemann<a name="FNanchor_1699_1699" id="FNanchor_1699_1699"></a><a href="#Footnote_1699_1699" class="fnanchor">[1699]</a> during his excavations on the presumed site -of Troy. They were for casting flat celts, tanged spear-heads or daggers, -and various other forms. Several of the blocks had moulds on both sides -and ends, and served for casting as many as a dozen different objects.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">The moulds made of bronze which have been found in this -country are for palstaves, socketed celts, and gouges only. They -appear to be more abundant in England than in any of the neighbouring -parts of Europe. At one time the whole school of English<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[439]</a></span> -antiquaries regarded the moulds for socketed celts as cases or -sheaths specially prepared to hold such instruments.<a name="FNanchor_1700_1700" id="FNanchor_1700_1700"></a><a href="#Footnote_1700_1700" class="fnanchor">[1700]</a> To Vallancey, -I think, belongs the credit of being the first to recognise their -true character. In writing about the half of a bronze mould for -palstaves found in Ireland, he observes,<a name="FNanchor_1701_1701" id="FNanchor_1701_1701"></a><a href="#Footnote_1701_1701" class="fnanchor">[1701]</a> “Dr. Borlase and Mr. -Lort had seen brass cases of these instruments, which fitted them -as exactly as if they had been the molds in which the instruments -were cast. I cannot conceive why these gentlemen hesitate -to call them molds, as a certain proof that they were manufactured -in Ireland, where the Romans came not, either as friends or foes, -the molds are found in our bogs; they are of brass also, mixed -with a greater quantity of iron, or in some manner tempered much -harder than the instruments.” I am not sure that the latter -remark as to the comparative hardness of the moulds holds good -in all cases, otherwise the correctness of the opinion expressed by -Vallancey, now about a hundred years ago, is undeniable.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-439.jpg" width="400" height="429" id="i439" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc">Fig. 527.—Hotham Carr. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[440]</a></span></p> - -<p>In Fig. 527 are given three views of one half of a complete mould -for palstaves, which was found with a hoard of bronze objects, including -seven palstaves without loops, at Hotham Carr, in Yorkshire, E.R. -It is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S. Among the -palstaves which were found with it only one was in an undamaged -condition.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-440.jpg" width="250" height="378" id="i440" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc"><span class="vh">—</span>Fig. 528—Wiltshire. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span>Fig. 529—Wiltshire. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>As will be seen from the figure, there are -projections or dowels on the face of this half of the mould which -fit into corresponding depressions in the counterpart, so as to -steady the two halves when -brought together and keep -them in proper position. At -the top is a cup-shaped -cavity for the reception of -the metal. Any portion of -the casting which occupied -this part of the mould was -broken off from the palstave -when it was cool, and was -kept for re-melting. Such -waste pieces, or jets, from the -moulds are of common occurrence -in the old founders’ -hoards, and some will be -subsequently noticed.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">Another mould for simple -palstaves was found in Danesfield, -near Bangor,<a name="FNanchor_1702_1702" id="FNanchor_1702_1702"></a><a href="#Footnote_1702_1702" class="fnanchor">[1702]</a> in 1800. -It is for a blade rather wider -at the edge and narrower in -the shank than that produced -by the Yorkshire mould. With -it was found another mould for -a looped palstave of about the same size. One half of each pair of -moulds is in the British Museum, and the other half in Lord Braybrooke’s -collection at Audley End. The half of a bronze mould for a -simple palstave, with a shield-shaped ornament below the stop-ridge, -was found in Ireland.<a name="FNanchor_1703_1703" id="FNanchor_1703_1703"></a><a href="#Footnote_1703_1703" class="fnanchor">[1703]</a> One of the same kind was lately in the collection -of Mr. Stevenson of Lisburn.</p> - -<p>In the British Museum is another mould for looped palstaves, which is -shown in Figs. 528 and 529, for the use of which I am indebted to the -Council of the Society of Antiquaries.<a name="FNanchor_1704_1704" id="FNanchor_1704_1704"></a><a href="#Footnote_1704_1704" class="fnanchor">[1704]</a> The original was found in Wiltshire. -It is remarkable as bearing on each of its halves bands evidently cast from -actual twine which has been upon the model; but the bands on the two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[441]</a></span> -halves do not coincide, being on the one placed higher than on the other. -The sides are also joggled together in a singular manner. As to the -bands of cording, it may be that the model of the first half of the mould -was formed of clay, which when dry, in order to prevent its being broken, -was tied on to the palstave on which it had been shaped, and was thus -moulded in clay or loam; and that afterwards, when the second half of -the mould had to be cast by a similar process, the model for it was tied -on to the half-mould already formed, the binding being in contact with -the side of the band already in relief upon the back and sides of the half-mould.</p> - -<p>Several palstave moulds formed of bronze have been found in different -countries in Europe.</p> - -<p>The half of one, found in the Saône, for looped palstaves, is in the -museum at Lyons.<a name="FNanchor_1705_1705" id="FNanchor_1705_1705"></a><a href="#Footnote_1705_1705" class="fnanchor">[1705]</a></p></div> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-441.jpg" width="250" height="238" id="i441" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc">Fig. 530—Harty. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p>General A. Pitt -Rivers, F.R.S., has one -from the neighbourhood -of Macon.<a name="FNanchor_1706_1706" id="FNanchor_1706_1706"></a><a href="#Footnote_1706_1706" class="fnanchor">[1706]</a></p> - -<p>M. Charles Seidler, of -Nantes, has another.</p> - -<p>Another from the -hoard of Notre-Dame -d’Or, Vienne, is in the -museum at Poitiers.</p> - -<p>M. Forel has another -found in the Lake-dwellings -at Morges.<a name="FNanchor_1707_1707" id="FNanchor_1707_1707"></a><a href="#Footnote_1707_1707" class="fnanchor">[1707]</a></p> - -<p>A palstave mould of -bronze, found near -Medingen, is in the -museum at Hanover.<a name="FNanchor_1708_1708" id="FNanchor_1708_1708"></a><a href="#Footnote_1708_1708" class="fnanchor">[1708]</a> -The half of one found -at Polsen, near Merseburg,<a name="FNanchor_1709_1709" id="FNanchor_1709_1709"></a><a href="#Footnote_1709_1709" class="fnanchor">[1709]</a> -is in that of -Berlin.</p> - -<p>Another bronze mould from the neighbourhood of Grünberg,<a name="FNanchor_1710_1710" id="FNanchor_1710_1710"></a><a href="#Footnote_1710_1710" class="fnanchor">[1710]</a> is in the -museum at Darmstadt.</p> - -<p>There are several bronze moulds of this character in the Museum of -Northern Antiquities at Copenhagen.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">In Figs. 530 and 531 are engraved the halves of two moulds -for casting socketed celts of different sizes and patterns, which -were found with a number of other relics in the Isle of Harty, -Sheppey, and are now in my own collection. I have already -given an account of this discovery elsewhere;<a name="FNanchor_1711_1711" id="FNanchor_1711_1711"></a><a href="#Footnote_1711_1711" class="fnanchor">[1711]</a> but as it throws so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[442]</a></span> -much light upon the whole process of casting as practised towards the -close of the Bronze Period, it will be desirable to give a somewhat -detailed account of the entire find and its teachings in this place.</p> - -<p>The hoard, which may very fairly be described as the stock-in-trade -of an ancient bronze-founder, consisted of the following -articles—</p> - -<p>Both halves of the mould, Fig. 530.</p> - -<p>5 celts cast in this mould and a fragment.</p> - -<p>Both halves of the mould, Fig. 531.</p> - -<p>1 celt cast in it.</p> - -<p>One-half of a smaller mould with a portion of a lead lining -adhering to it, as kindly determined for me by Dr. J. Percy, F.R.S.</p> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-442.jpg" width="250" height="251" id="i442" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc">Fig. 531.—Harty. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>3 celts, more or less worn out, apparently cast in it.</p> - -<p>2 large celts from different -moulds.</p> - -<p>2 small socketed celts from -other and different moulds.</p> - -<p>Both halves of a gouge mould, -Fig. 532.</p> - -<p>2 gouges, both from one -mould, but it is doubtful -whether they are from this. See -Fig. 205.</p> - -<p>2 pointed tools, Fig. 220.</p> - -<p>1 double-edged knife, Fig. -253.</p> - -<p>1 single-edged knife, Fig. 260.</p> - -<p>1 perforated disc, Fig. 503.</p> - -<p>1 ferrule, Fig. 377.</p> - -<p>1 part of a curved bracelet-like object of doubtful use, with -small hole near the end.</p> - -<p>1 hammer or anvil, Fig. 211.</p> - -<p>1 small hammer, Fig. 212.</p> - -<p>2 pieces of rough copper.</p> - -<p>1 whetstone, Fig. 540.</p> - -<p>Of the largest mould itself, Fig. 530, not much need be said. -The dowels on the face of one of the halves have been much injured -by oxidation, so that the two parts of the mould do not now fit so -well together as they did originally. On the outside of each valve -are two projecting pins intended to hold the cord in position, by -which the two parts of the mould were held together when in use.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[443]</a></span> -As will be seen, the mould itself is somewhat bell-mouthed. Of -the ornamental “flanches” on the celt, I have already given the -history at page 108. The instruments cast from this mould, and -present in the hoard, are five in number, four in fairly perfect -condition, and one broken in two in the middle. Though cast in -the same mould, no two are absolutely alike. Not only do they -vary in width at their edges—the natural result of one having -been more freely hammered out than another—but in the upper -part, to which very little has been done in the way of hammering -or grinding since the celt left the mould, there are striking differences. -As will be seen, the mould is calculated to produce three -parallel mouldings round the mouth of each celt; but in one of -the castings only two of these mouldings are present; in another -there are three, and there is metal enough beyond to represent -half the width of another moulding. In two others the length is -equivalent to nearly another moulding, so that the celts appear to -have four mouldings round their mouths; and in the fifth celt -there is a collar of plain metal extending ⅜ inch beyond the three -bands (see Fig. 113.) On comparing this instrument with that -first described, the difference in the length above the loop is -upwards of ½ inch. This difference can only be accounted for -by a difference in the arrangement of the mould and core at -the time of casting. On comparing the interior of one celt with -that of another, it is evident that the core was not produced in -any mould or core-box, as the small projecting ribs of metal left as -usual to help in steadying the haft vary in number and position. -In the case of the celt broken in two in the middle, the core has -been placed so much out of the centre that there is a large hole -in the casting where there was not room for the metal to run. -The system adopted appears, therefore, to have been much as -follows.</p> - -<p>First, the mould was tied together in proper position, and loam -or clay was rammed into it so as tightly to fill the upper part. -The mould was, secondly, taken apart—and the clay removed -and probably left to become nearly dry. Thirdly, the lower part -of the clay was then trimmed to form the core, a shoulder being -left which would form the mould for the top of the celt. The -upper part of the clay would be left untouched, beyond having -two channels cut in it to allow of the passage of the melted metal. -Fourthly, the mould would be tied together again with the prepared -core inside, the untrimmed part of which would form a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[444]</a></span> -guide for its due position in the mould. Fifthly, the mould would -then be placed vertically, probably by being stuck into sand, and -the melted metal would be poured down the channels. When cool -the runners thus formed would be broken off, and the fractured -surfaces would be hammered or ground. The knife found with -the hoard was probably used for cutting the channels and trimming -the core. If such a process as that which I have described were -in use, it is evident that the chances would be much against the -shoulders of the clay core being always cut at exactly the same -place, and we have at once a reason for the variation here observed.</p> - -<p>There is another cause for slight variations in the sharpness of -the mouldings and the other details of the castings. In order to -prevent the molten bronze from adhering to the bronze mould, the -latter must have been smeared over with something by way of -protection, so as to form a thin film between the metal of the -mould and that of the casting. Modern founders, when casting -pewter in brass, or even iron, moulds,<a name="FNanchor_1712_1712" id="FNanchor_1712_1712"></a><a href="#Footnote_1712_1712" class="fnanchor">[1712]</a> “anoint” the latter with -red ochre and white of egg, or smoke the inside of the mould; and -our plumbers prevent solder from amalgamating with lead by -using lamp-black and size, or even by rubbing it with a dock-leaf. -No doubt the ancient founders had some equally simple method, -such as brushing the mould over with a very thin coat of marl. -Turning now to the second mould, Fig. 531, it will be seen that -just below the mouldings there is accidentally present a sharply -defined small recess; the impression, however, of this recess on -the celt cast in this mould is not nearly so sharp, probably in consequence -of the mould having been smeared as lately suggested. -It will also be noticed that though there is a double band of -mouldings in the mould, there is but one and a fraction on the -celt itself, which is shown in Fig. 114.</p> - -<p>The outside of this mould is provided with three knobs to keep -the binding cord from slipping off. The other and smallest half-mould -has a single projection in the middle, like an imperfectly -formed loop. The three celts which were apparently cast in this -mould show great uniformity at their upper ends, and to the -reason for this I think the lead adhering to the mould furnishes a -clue. It is evident that if, in preparing the cores, instead of -beginning by having the mould empty and ramming clay into it,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[445]</a></span> -which was subsequently to be trimmed, the founder placed a celt -in the mould, its socket would act as a core-box or mould for a clay -core which would require no further trimming so far as the part of -forming the socket was concerned. On opening out the mould -this core could be withdrawn from the socket of the model celt, -and when dry would be ready for use. Perhaps in the celts with -long and not highly tapering sockets there would be a difficulty -in getting out the clay unbroken, and the process would not be -found to answer; but in the case of the small celts there would -probably be less difficulty. In this mould I think we have the -remains of a celt formed of lead, an instrument which would be -utterly useless as a cutting tool, but which might well have been -made and kept as a core-box. The very fact of its being made of -another metal would prevent its being confounded with the other -castings and being bartered away; while in the first instance a casting -in lead might have been made on a wooden core, which could probably -be trimmed to the exact shape required more readily than one -of clay. I have elsewhere<a name="FNanchor_1713_1713" id="FNanchor_1713_1713"></a><a href="#Footnote_1713_1713" class="fnanchor">[1713]</a> called attention to the fact that wooden -moulds were in use among the Ancient Britons for the casting of -coins formed of tin. Several socketed celts made of lead have from -time to time been found, though not in association with bronze-founders’ -hoards, and have been a great puzzle to antiquaries. One -found at Alnwick,<a name="FNanchor_1714_1714" id="FNanchor_1714_1714"></a><a href="#Footnote_1714_1714" class="fnanchor">[1714]</a> near Sleaford, Lincolnshire, was thought to -have come from a barrow. One found with bronze celts in the -Morbihan, is in the collection of the Rev. Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., -but it is doubtful whether it was used as a core-box. The use -which I have suggested for them is at all events one that is -possible, but we must wait for further discoveries before accepting -it as the only cause for their existence.</p> - -<p>A mould for sword hilts found in Italy,<a name="FNanchor_1715_1715" id="FNanchor_1715_1715"></a><a href="#Footnote_1715_1715" class="fnanchor">[1715]</a> and now in the museum -at Munich, is formed by three pieces of bronze, even the core by -which the cavity in them was produced being formed of that metal.</p> - -<p>But that the cores were frequently if not always made of clay, -and not, as has been sometimes supposed, of metal, is proved by -the numbers of socketed celts which from time to time have been -found with the cores still in them, though this, it is true, has been -the case in France rather than in England. In the great hoard of -socketed celts found near Plénée Jugon, in Brittany, the majority<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[446]</a></span> -were as they had come from the mould, with the clay cores still in -them, burnt as hard as brick by the heat of the metal. I have -already mentioned this fact in describing the tool from the Harty -hoard, which appears to have been used for extracting the cores. -I have also described the anvil, if such it be, and the hammer, -Figs. 211 and 212, by means of which, probably, the edges of the -celts were drawn out and hardened. I will now add that the celt, -Fig. 114, is too long and too broad at the edge for that part of -it to enter into the mould in which it was cast. This shows how -much its edge was drawn out by hammering. The final sharpening -was no doubt effected by the whetstone, Fig. 540.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-446.jpg" width="400" height="276" id="i446" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc">Fig. 532.—Harty. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>The other mould from this hoard is almost unique of its kind. -Two views of each of its halves are given in Fig. 532. Originally -there was a loop on the back of each half, but from one this has in -old times been broken off. The arrangement for carrying the core is -different from what it seems to have been in the other moulds. There -is in the upper part of the mould when put together a transverse -hole, which would produce what may be termed trunnions on the -clay core, and assist materially in holding it in proper position -during the process of casting. From the upper surfaces of the -gouges found with the mould, it appears that there were two -channels cut for the runners of metal, one at the middle of each -half of the mould, so as to alternate with the joint of the mould -through which the air could escape during the casting process.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[447]</a></span></p> - -<p>What appears to be part of a mould for gouges was found in the -hoard of Notre-Dame d’Or, and is now in the museum at Poitiers.</p> - -<p>I must now return to the other examples of moulds for socketed -celts which have been found in this country.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p class="p1">One, with external loops on each half, like that on Fig. 532<span class="smcap">B</span>, was found -with looped palstaves, socketed celts, and broken dagger or sword blades, -at Wilmington,<a name="FNanchor_1716_1716" id="FNanchor_1716_1716"></a><a href="#Footnote_1716_1716" class="fnanchor">[1716]</a> Sussex, and is now in the museum at Lewes. All these -objects, as is the case in many other hoards, had been deposited in a vessel -of coarse pottery.</p> - -<p>Another mould, found with eleven celts and fragments of weapons at -Eaton,<a name="FNanchor_1717_1717" id="FNanchor_1717_1717"></a><a href="#Footnote_1717_1717" class="fnanchor">[1717]</a> near Norwich, has smaller and broader loops near the top. On -each side of the face of one half, a little distance from the actual mould, -and roughly following its contour, is a shallow groove, into which fits a -corresponding ridge on the counterpart. The outer face of each half is -ornamented with two slightly curved vertical ribs, one on each side of the -loop, and joined at the base by a transverse rib. It is for casting celts -about 4¼ inches long, and of the ordinary form.</p> - -<p>Another mould, for celts with an octagonal neck, was found on the -Quantock Hills,<a name="FNanchor_1718_1718" id="FNanchor_1718_1718"></a><a href="#Footnote_1718_1718" class="fnanchor">[1718]</a> Somersetshire (and not in Yorkshire), and is now in -the British Museum. The halves are adjusted to each other by a rib and -groove, as on that last mentioned, and the back is ornamented with a -peculiar raised figure with three vertical lines and a straight transverse -line at the top, and two lines at the bottom running up to the central -vertical line so as to form on each side of it an angle of about 120°. -At the junction there is a ring ornament, and two others near the angles -formed with the side lines. This mould has a transverse hole at the top -like that in the gouge-mould already mentioned.</p> - -<p>Another mould, also in the British Museum,<a name="FNanchor_1719_1719" id="FNanchor_1719_1719"></a><a href="#Footnote_1719_1719" class="fnanchor">[1719]</a> is for celts with three -vertical ribs on the face. This likewise has a transverse and nearly square -hole at the top, and also recesses in each half-mould, so as to give four -points of support to the core between which the channels for the runners -might be cut. On the outside, near the top, is a loop, and near the -bottom two projecting pins to retain the string. This appears to be the -mould from Yorkshire belonging to Mr. Warburton, figured by Stukeley.<a name="FNanchor_1720_1720" id="FNanchor_1720_1720"></a><a href="#Footnote_1720_1720" class="fnanchor">[1720]</a></p> - -<p>The half of another mould for celts, of nearly the same character, was -found in the Heathery Burn Cave,<a name="FNanchor_1721_1721" id="FNanchor_1721_1721"></a><a href="#Footnote_1721_1721" class="fnanchor">[1721]</a> already so often mentioned, and is -shown in Fig. 533, for the use of which I am indebted to the Council of -the Society of Antiquaries.</p> - -<p>Another mould was found in the fen at Washingborough,<a name="FNanchor_1722_1722" id="FNanchor_1722_1722"></a><a href="#Footnote_1722_1722" class="fnanchor">[1722]</a> near Lincoln. -Another, from Cleveland,<a name="FNanchor_1723_1723" id="FNanchor_1723_1723"></a><a href="#Footnote_1723_1723" class="fnanchor">[1723]</a> found with chisels, gouges, &c., is in the -Bateman Collection.</p> - -<p>A part of another was found in a hoard at Beddington, Surrey,<a name="FNanchor_1724_1724" id="FNanchor_1724_1724"></a><a href="#Footnote_1724_1724" class="fnanchor">[1724]</a> and a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[448]</a></span> -fragment of another at Wickham Park, Croydon. This latter is now in -the British Museum.</p> - -<p>A bronze mould for socketed celts, found at Eikrath, was in the collection -of the late Dr. Hugo Gärthe, of Cologne. Upon the outside there are -six ribs with ring ornaments at the ends, diverging from a loop in the -centre.</p> - -<p>A bronze mould for socketed celts, ornamented with V-shaped lines, and -found at Gnadenfeld,<a name="FNanchor_1725_1725" id="FNanchor_1725_1725"></a><a href="#Footnote_1725_1725" class="fnanchor">[1725]</a> in Upper Silesia, is in the Berlin Museum.</p> - -<p>Another bronze mould with an external loop, also for socketed celts, was -found in Gotland,<a name="FNanchor_1726_1726" id="FNanchor_1726_1726"></a><a href="#Footnote_1726_1726" class="fnanchor">[1726]</a> and is in the Stockholm Museum.</p></div> - -<div class="floatleft"> - <img src="images/ill-448.jpg" width="200" height="318" id="i448" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc">Fig. 533.—Heathery Burn. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p>A magnificent mould for socketed celts was found in the Cotentin<a name="FNanchor_1727_1727" id="FNanchor_1727_1727"></a><a href="#Footnote_1727_1727" class="fnanchor">[1727]</a> in -1827. It has broad loops outside either half, with three processes from -it running up and down the mould.</p> - -<p>A bronze mould for spear-heads was exhibited -in Paris in 1878. A part of another -was in the Larnaud hoard, and is now in -the museum at St. Germain.</p> - -<p>There were some fragments of bronze -moulds in the great Bologna hoard.</p></div> - -<p class="p1">The process of casting bronze instruments -in loam, clay, or sand must have -been much the same as that in use at -the present day; but it was very rarely -that the mould consisted of more or -less than two pieces. On a great many -bronze instruments the joint of the -mould is still visible; and in some of -the large hoards, such as those which -have been found in the North of France, -we see the castings just as they came -from the moulds, except that the runners have been broken off. -For socketed celts there were usually two runners of metal; for -palstaves sometimes two, and sometimes only one nearly the full -width of the upper part. It is not uncommon to find castings -which show that the two halves of the mould or the flasks have -slipped sideways, so that they were not in proper position when -the casting was made.</p> - -<p>I have a palstave from a large hoard found near Tours, in which -the lateral displacement of the mould is as much as a quarter of an -inch, so that there is what geologists might term a “fault” in the -casting. The metal which has been in contact with what was the -face of the mould is smooth, and appears to have been cast against<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[449]</a></span> -clay. A considerable variety of patterns was in use by the founder -to whom this hoard belonged, and they appear to have been of -metal and not of wood, some of the palstaves having been apparently -cast from tools already shortened by wear.</p> - -<p>That castings were occasionally made even from tools already -mounted in their handles is proved by the Swiss hatchet, -Fig. 185.</p> - -<p>Some portions of moulds formed of burnt clay were found -with broken palstaves, socketed celts, gouges, knives, spear-heads, -daggers, swords, lumps of metal, runners, &c., at Questembert, -Brittany, and are in the museum at Vannes.</p> - -<p>Part of a mould for spear-heads formed of burnt clay was found -in the Lac du Bourget;<a name="FNanchor_1728_1728" id="FNanchor_1728_1728"></a><a href="#Footnote_1728_1728" class="fnanchor">[1728]</a> but the most interesting discoveries are -those which have been made by Dr. V. Gross at the station of -Mœrigen,<a name="FNanchor_1729_1729" id="FNanchor_1729_1729"></a><a href="#Footnote_1729_1729" class="fnanchor">[1729]</a> on the Lake of Bienne. He there found a considerable -amount of the plant of an ancient bronze-founder, all of whose -moulds, however, were either in stone or burnt clay, and not -formed of metal. The stone moulds appear to have been principally -used for the plainer articles, such as knives, sickles, pins, &c., -while for articles with irregular surfaces, or requiring cores, clay -was preferred. Of clay moulds Dr. Gross recognises two types: -one formed in a single piece, which could serve but once, and which -was broken in extracting the casting; and the other, which was -composed of two or more pieces, and which could be used over and -over again. Of the first kind there were two examples—one for a -socketed chisel and the other for a socketed knife. The form of -the mould for a chisel is nearly cylindrical, with a funnel-shaped -opening at one end, at the bottom of which are two holes leading -into the interior of the mould. The clay between these two holes -forms part of a conical core. Such a mould would give the idea -of its having been formed on a model of wax on the system known -as that of <i>cire perdue</i>; but this appears not to have been really -the case, for on examination the mould itself appears to have been -originally formed of two halves, or valves, formed of fine clay, -which had been well burnt, and these when put together had been -surrounded by an external envelope of coarse clay, which held -them and the core they enclosed in their proper position. The -core itself seems to have been T-shaped, the ends of the transverse -line being triangular and fitting into corresponding recesses in the -valves of the mould.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[450]</a></span></p> - -<p>The best-preserved mould of the second kind was one for a -socketed hammer, which was also provided with a core of the same -kind. It seems to me, however, that the distinction drawn by -Dr. Gross between the two classes of moulds does not really exist, -as by enveloping such a mould as that for the hammer in a -mass of clay it would be transferred from the second class to -the first.</p> - -<p>Clay moulds for socketed-celts have been found in Hungary.<a name="FNanchor_1730_1730" id="FNanchor_1730_1730"></a><a href="#Footnote_1730_1730" class="fnanchor">[1730]</a></p> - -<p>In some Scandinavian examples<a name="FNanchor_1731_1731" id="FNanchor_1731_1731"></a><a href="#Footnote_1731_1731" class="fnanchor">[1731]</a> of what appear to have been -ceremonial axes there is merely a thin coating of bronze cast over a -clay core, but no such specimens have as yet been found in Britain. -That bronze so thin could have been cast shows wonderful skill -in the founder.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-450.jpg" width="400" height="110" id="i450" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc">Fig. 534.—Stogursey. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span>Fig. 535.—Stogursey. ½ -<span class="vh">—</span>Fig. 536.—Stogursey. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>The heads and runners, jets or waste pieces, from the castings -were reserved for being re-melted, and are frequently found in the -bronze-founders’ hoards. They are of course of various sizes, -but are usually conical masses, showing the shape of the cup or -funnel into which the metal was poured, and having one, two, or -more processes from them showing the course of the metal into -the mould.</p> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p>Figs. 534, 535 and 536, all from the same hoard, found at Stogursey,<a name="FNanchor_1732_1732" id="FNanchor_1732_1732"></a><a href="#Footnote_1732_1732" class="fnanchor">[1732]</a> -Somersetshire, will give a fair idea of the general character of these -waste pieces, or jets. They are shown with their flat face downwards, -or in the reverse position to what they occupied when in the molten state, -and exhibit one, two, and four runners from them respectively. No less -than fifteen of these objects were found with this deposit—six with one -runner, three with two, and six with four.</p> - -<p>Jets of metal, for the most part with two runners, were found with the -Westow hoard,<a name="FNanchor_1733_1733" id="FNanchor_1733_1733"></a><a href="#Footnote_1733_1733" class="fnanchor">[1733]</a> Yorkshire, those of Marden,<a name="FNanchor_1734_1734" id="FNanchor_1734_1734"></a><a href="#Footnote_1734_1734" class="fnanchor">[1734]</a> Kent; of Kensington;<a name="FNanchor_1735_1735" id="FNanchor_1735_1735"></a><a href="#Footnote_1735_1735" class="fnanchor">[1735]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[451]</a></span> -and of Hounslow. Those from the two latter deposits are in the British -Museum.</p> - -<p>Another waste piece, 1¾ inch long, with two runners, was found in -the Heathery Burn Cave,<a name="FNanchor_1736_1736" id="FNanchor_1736_1736"></a><a href="#Footnote_1736_1736" class="fnanchor">[1736]</a> and is shown in Fig. 537.</p> - -<p>A very symmetrical jet, circular, with four irregularly conical runners -proceeding from it, was in the hoard found at Lanant,<a name="FNanchor_1737_1737" id="FNanchor_1737_1737"></a><a href="#Footnote_1737_1737" class="fnanchor">[1737]</a> Cornwall, and is -now in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries.</p> - -<p>Another oval head (2 inches long), with four runners from it, has much -the appearance of a sword pommel. It was found with socketed -celts on Kenidjack Cliff,<a name="FNanchor_1738_1738" id="FNanchor_1738_1738"></a><a href="#Footnote_1738_1738" class="fnanchor">[1738]</a> Cornwall.</p></div> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-451.jpg" width="100" height="89" id="i451" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc">Fig. 537.<br />Heathery Burn.</p> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbq"> - -<p>A perforated disc, with a collar round the central hole (Fig. 503), -which at one time<a name="FNanchor_1739_1739" id="FNanchor_1739_1739"></a><a href="#Footnote_1739_1739" class="fnanchor">[1739]</a> I regarded as a waste piece from a casting, I have -now reason to think was prepared for some special -purpose, as at least one object of this class has been -found with the runners removed, and in a finished -condition. See page 403.</p> - -<p>The conical lump of metal found with the hoard -at Marden,<a name="FNanchor_1740_1740" id="FNanchor_1740_1740"></a><a href="#Footnote_1740_1740" class="fnanchor">[1740]</a> Kent, and described as “a very rare -species of fibula,” may be the head of metal from -a casting.</p> - -<p>Some conical funnels of burnt clay, found in the -Lake-dwellings near Laibach, have been regarded as having served to -receive the metal in the casting process.</p> - -<p>Runners of the same character as those already described have been -found in different countries, including Denmark<a name="FNanchor_1741_1741" id="FNanchor_1741_1741"></a><a href="#Footnote_1741_1741" class="fnanchor">[1741]</a> and Sweden.<a name="FNanchor_1742_1742" id="FNanchor_1742_1742"></a><a href="#Footnote_1742_1742" class="fnanchor">[1742]</a></p></div> - -<p class="p1">We must now briefly consider the processes to which the castings -were subjected before being finally brought into use. Where -the objects had sockets cast over clay cores, those cores had to be -removed, probably by means of pointed tools, such as that already -described under Fig. 220. Where they were solid they seem in -most cases to have undergone a considerable amount of hammering, -which both rendered the metal more compact, and to a certain -extent removed the asperities resulting from the joints in the -mould. With edged tools and weapons, whether socketed or not, -the edges especially were drawn down by means of the hammer.</p> - -<p>These hammers, as has already been shown, were occasionally -themselves of bronze, and so also were some of the anvils. It is, -however, probable that in most cases both hammers and anvils were -stones, either natural pebbles and flat slabs, or occasionally wrought -into special shapes. In South Africa at the present day the iron -assegais are wrought with hammers and anvils of stone. Judging -from the unfinished condition of the tools and weapons in some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[452]</a></span> -of the old bronze-founders’ hoards, and from large deposits of -socketed celts having been found with the clay cores still in them, -it seems not improbable that the founders often bartered away -their castings nearly in the state in which they came from the -moulds, with only the runners broken off, and that those who -acquired them finished their manufacture themselves. Possibly a -hammering process upon the surface of the socketed spear-heads -and celts would so loosen the cores that they would fall out or -could be extracted with merely a pointed stick.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-452.jpg" width="400" height="126" id="i452" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc">Fig. 538.—Kirby Moorside. ½ -<span class="vh">————</span>Fig. 539.—Hove. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>After the hammering, the surface of most weapons and of some -tools was further polished, probably by friction with sand, or with -a rubbing-stone of grit. I have elsewhere described some of the -stone rubbers which appear to have been in use in conjunction -with sand, for the purpose of grinding and polishing the faces of -different forms of perforated stone axes, which in Britain at all -events belonged to the period when bronze was known. It is, -therefore, probable that similar rubbers were employed for grinding -and polishing the faces of bronze weapons; and the rubber -shown in Fig. 538 appears to have been destined for this purpose. -It was found with several socketed celts at Keldholm, near Kirby -Moorside, North Riding of Yorkshire, and is now in Canon Greenwell’s -collection. The material seems to be trap.</p> - -<p>No doubt many other such rubbing-stones must exist, and it is -possible that some of those which I have regarded as used for the -grinding and polishing of weapons of stone may have served for -those of bronze. Whetstones of various kinds have from time to -time been discovered in company with bronze instruments. Near -Little Wenlock,<a name="FNanchor_1743_1743" id="FNanchor_1743_1743"></a><a href="#Footnote_1743_1743" class="fnanchor">[1743]</a> Shropshire, some spear-heads, a socketed celt, and -part of a dagger were found in 1835, and with them are recorded -to have been three or four small whetstones. In the Dowris -hoard<a name="FNanchor_1744_1744" id="FNanchor_1744_1744"></a><a href="#Footnote_1744_1744" class="fnanchor">[1744]</a> also some rubbers of stone with convex, concave, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[453]</a></span> -flat surfaces were present. In my “Ancient Stone Implements”<a name="FNanchor_1745_1745" id="FNanchor_1745_1745"></a><a href="#Footnote_1745_1745" class="fnanchor">[1745]</a> -I have given an account of a number of whetstones found at -various places in company with bronze relics, not unfrequently -with interments in barrows, and I need not here repeat the -details. I reproduce, however, in Fig. 539 a whetstone found -in a barrow at Hove, near Brighton,<a name="FNanchor_1746_1746" id="FNanchor_1746_1746"></a><a href="#Footnote_1746_1746" class="fnanchor">[1746]</a> with the remains of a -skeleton, a stone axe-head, an amber cup, and a small bronze -dagger.</p> - -<p>Another whetstone, shown in Fig. 540, was found with the -hoard in the Isle of Harty, and no doubt was employed by the -ancient bronze-founder for finishing off the edges of the socketed -celts and gouges in which he dealt. It is made from a sort of -ragstone.</p> - -<div class="floatright"> - <img src="images/ill-453.jpg" width="100" height="433" id="i453" - alt="" - title="" /> - <div class="cf"><p class="pc">Fig. 540.<br />Harty. ½</p> -</div></div> - -<p>The decoration of the surfaces of bronze implements by sunk, and -in some cases by raised lines appears to have been -effected, not as a rule by any method of engraving, -but by means of punches, as already described in -Chapter III. I have in that chapter accidentally -omitted to mention two decorated bronze celts which -have been figured and described by Mr. Llewellynn -Jewitt, F.S.A.<a name="FNanchor_1747_1747" id="FNanchor_1747_1747"></a><a href="#Footnote_1747_1747" class="fnanchor">[1747]</a> They were both found at a place called -Highlow, in the High Peak of Derbyshire, about two -miles from Hathersage, and are in the possession of the -Duke of Devonshire. There seems some reason to -believe<a name="FNanchor_1748_1748" id="FNanchor_1748_1748"></a><a href="#Footnote_1748_1748" class="fnanchor">[1748]</a> that the celts were found in a barrow accompanied -by burnt bones and pottery. One of them -(6¾ inches) is flat and ornamented with lines of slightly -impressed chevrons running along it. The other (6¼ -inches) is flanged and ornamented with a similar herring-bone -pattern, which in this instance ends in a row of -triangles near the edge of the celt. In some few cases the patterns -may have been engraved, and I find on trial that there is no difficulty -in engraving such parallel lines as are frequently seen on -dagger blades by means of a flake of flint. Such an instrument -suffers but little by wear, and by means of a ruler, either straight -or curved, there is no difficulty in engraving lines of the required -character in the bronze, though the lines are hardly so smooth as -if made with a chisel-edged punch.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[454]</a></span></p> - -<p>Notches which would assist in the breaking off of superfluous -pieces of metal, such as the runners in the moulds, can readily be -made with flint flakes used as saws.</p> - -<p>For smoothing the surface of bronze instruments flint scraping-tools -are not so efficient, as they are liable to “chatter” and to -leave an uneven and scratched surface, much inferior to one -produced by friction with a gritty rubber.</p> - -<p>There remains little more to be said with regard to the manufacture -of the ancient bronze tools and weapons. It may, however, be -observed that the processes of hammering-out and sharpening the -edges were employed not only by those who first made the instruments, -but also by the subsequent possessors. Many tools, such -for instance as palstaves, like Fig. 65, were no doubt originally -much longer in the blade than they are at present, and have in -the course of use either been broken and again drawn down and -sharpened, or have been actually worn away and “stumped up” -by constant repetition of these processes. The recurved ends of -the lunate cutting edges of many such instruments are also due to -repeated hammering-out. In some instances the broken part of -one instrument has been converted into another form—as, for -example, a fragment of a broken sword into a knife or dagger, -or a palstave that has lost its cutting end, into a hammer.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[455]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">CHAPTER XXII.</h2> - -<p class="pch">CHRONOLOGY AND ORIGIN OF BRONZE.</p> - -<p class="pn"><span class="smcap">Having</span> now passed in review the various forms of instruments, -arms, and ornaments belonging to the Bronze Period of Great -Britain, it will be well to attempt some chronological arrangement -of the different types, and to examine the means at our command -for fixing the approximate date and duration of the Period as well -as the sources from which the knowledge of bronze in this country -was derived.</p> - -<p>The sequence and extent of variation in the types of an -instrument or weapon destined to serve some given purpose are -of course important factors in any theoretical calculation of the -length of time such an instrument was in use. For if the type -has remained one and the same during the whole period of the -use of the instrument, it affords no evidence as to the length of -its duration; whereas, if it has varied, and the sequence of its -variations can be traced, their nature and extent may afford some -means of judging of the length of time probably necessary for the -development of the succession of forms. Or where an instrument -has been so well adapted for its particular ends that no material -modification in its form was likely to take place in it, so long as -its use was limited to its original purpose, yet the springing from -it of what may be termed collateral types of instruments specialized -for other though analogous purposes may also be indicative of the -original form having remained in use during a lengthened period -of time.</p> - -<p>The extremely numerous variations which may be observed in -socketed celts afford conclusive evidence of that instrument having -been employed in this country during a long series of years; and -the collateral varieties, such as socketed chisels and gouges, as well -as the more distantly related socketed hammers, give corroborative -testimony to the same effect.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[456]</a></span></p> - -<p>Improvements in the method of working metals will often react -on the forms of tools and weapons, but here again the chronological -element exists, as old processes and old forms are slow to -die, especially among a people of no very high material civilisation. -The discovery, for instance, of the art of producing hollow sockets -in bronze castings by the use of cores of loam or clay, though it -materially modified the form of many instruments, did not cause -the entire extinction of the older forms without sockets, the use -of which in some cases went on side by side with that of the instruments -of more novel invention; and this fact tends to prove that -bronze must have long been in use for tools with tangs instead of -sockets, before the process of coring was known. Indeed, as I -have elsewhere<a name="FNanchor_1749_1749" id="FNanchor_1749_1749"></a><a href="#Footnote_1749_1749" class="fnanchor">[1749]</a> pointed out, the Bronze Period of Britain is -susceptible of division into an earlier and later stage, the former -mainly characterized by instruments which were let into their -hafts or handles, and the latter by those which received their -handles in sockets. As will subsequently be seen, it may be -divided even into three more or less distinct stages.</p> - -<p>A division into two stages has been suggested for the Scandinavian -Bronze Age. M. Gabriel de Mortillet has in like manner divided the -Bronze Period of France and Switzerland into an earlier and later -stage—the one distinguished by flanged celts, which came into -use at the close of the Stone Period (his Epoque <i>robenhausienne</i>), -and the other by palstaves and socketed celts, which he regards as -belonging to the close of the Bronze Period. To these two stages -he has applied the terms <i>morgien</i> and <i>larnaudien</i>, derived from -the Lake-dwelling of Morges, in the Lake of Geneva, and from -the large founder’s hoard discovered at Larnaud (Jura). Curiously -enough he regards the flat celts as being even more recent in date -than the socketed, forgetful that the form with flanges at the sides -can hardly by any possibility have been an original type, as such -flanges must either have been produced by hammering the sides -of flat celts, or must have been cast in a mould consisting of two -halves, which certainly cannot have been so early a form of mould -as a simple recess in stone, sand, or clay, adapted for casting a -nearly flat plate of metal like a wedge-shaped celt.</p> - -<p>Such flat celts, as has already been mentioned, have been found -with interments in barrows associated with what were apparently -lance-heads of flint, and maces and battle-axes of stone; and their -nearest allies, those with but slight flanges—the result of hammering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[457]</a></span> -the sides—have also been found under similar circumstances.</p> - -<p>The knife-daggers, as described in Chapter X., and the awls or -prickers, are the only other bronze instruments which in this -country can challenge a similar antiquity; and none of these, as a -rule, are found in those deposits of bronze objects to which the -name of “hoards” has been given.</p> - -<p>As M. Gabriel de Mortillet and others have pointed out, these -hoards are of more than one character. In certain cases they seem -to have been the treasured property of some individual who would -appear to have buried his valued tools or weapons during troublous -times, and never to have been able to disinter them. In other -cases the hoards were probably the property of a trader, as they -consist of objects ready for use and in considerable numbers; and -in others, again, they appear to have been the stock-in-trade of -some bronze-founder of ancient times, as they comprise worn out -and broken tools and weapons, lumps of rough metal, and even -the moulds in which the accumulation of bronze was destined to -be recast.</p> - -<p>Mr. Worsaae has suggested that some of these hoards may be of -a votive character and have been deposited in the ground as -precious offerings to the gods. I am not, however, aware of any -of our British hoards being of such a character that they can safely -be regarded as votive.</p> - -<p>As to the other three kinds of hoards, the small group from -Wallingford<a name="FNanchor_1750_1750" id="FNanchor_1750_1750"></a><a href="#Footnote_1750_1750" class="fnanchor">[1750]</a> (No. 60 in the following table), consisting of a socketed -celt, gouge, and knife, and a tanged chisel and razor, may be taken -as a good instance of a private deposit. That of Stibbard<a name="FNanchor_1751_1751" id="FNanchor_1751_1751"></a><a href="#Footnote_1751_1751" class="fnanchor">[1751]</a> (No. 8), -consisting of seventy palstaves and ten spear-heads, some of -them rough from the mould, would appear to have belonged to a -merchant; and the Harty hoard (No. 105), described in the last -chapter, affords a typical example of the stock-in-trade of a bronze-founder.</p> - -<p>In some other cases, deposits, especially when consisting exclusively -of ornaments, may possibly be of a sepulchral character.</p> - -<p>The value of the evidence afforded by hoards, especially by -those of the first and second kinds lately mentioned, is great and -unquestionable in determining the synchronism of various forms of -instruments—as, for instance, of plain and looped palstaves with -socketed celts. In the case of the bronze-founders’ hoards of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[458]</a></span> -old metal, it is of course possible that the fragments contained may -belong to various periods. Nevertheless the objects, as a rule, -appear to be such as were in use at the time, and which, being -worn out or broken, were collected by the bronze-founder for the -purpose of re-melting. In order to make them at once more -portable and more ready for placing in the crucible, he generally -broke the larger and longer articles into fragments, broken spear-heads, -swords, &c., being frequently present in the hoards, as well -as the jets or waste pieces of metal broken off from castings. In some -instances fragments of various instruments have been inserted in the -sockets of others, so as to diminish the space occupied by the whole.</p> - -<p>As will subsequently be seen, by far the greater number of the -undoubted bronze-founders’ hoards belong to a time when socketed -celts were already in use, and therefore to the close rather than the -beginning of our Bronze Period.</p> - -<p>M. Ernest Chantre has divided the principal hoards of the -Bronze Age discovered in France into three principal categories, to -which he has applied the terms “<i>Trésors</i>,” “<i>Fonderies</i>,” and -“<i>Stations</i>.” The first, as a rule, comprise articles which have -never been in use, and are, in fact, of the same character as the -hoards which I have classed under the head of “Personal” or -“Merchants.” The principal <i>trésors</i>, those of Réallon, Ribiers, -Beaurières, Manson, Frouard, are characterized by the presence -of socketed instruments; and in two instances—those of La Ferté-Hauterive, -and Vaudrevanges, Rhenish Prussia—either an ingot -or a mould of metal was present. I should, therefore, have -classed these two among the “<i>fonderies</i>.”</p> - -<p>M. Chantre has, however, in the main, restricted this term -to hoards consisting principally of broken objects, and of these -<i>fonderies</i> he has examined some fifty in France. In the southern -part of that country these hoards are by no means so constantly -characterized by the presence of socketed celts and other socketed -instruments as in Britain. In the north of France, however, the -socketed forms are more frequent in the hoards.</p> - -<p>The <i>stations</i> are considered to represent habitations of the -Bronze Age of the same character as the Lake-dwellings, but fixed on -<i>terra firma</i> instead of on piles or artificial islands. Some of the -hoards placed under this head appear from the presence of moulds -and lumps of metal to be those of founders.</p> - -<p>Hoards of broken objects of bronze have been found in other -parts of Europe, but it seems needless to do more than mention<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[459]</a></span> -the fact. I may, however, refer to the hoards of Camenz and -Grossenhain, in Saxony,<a name="FNanchor_1752_1752" id="FNanchor_1752_1752"></a><a href="#Footnote_1752_1752" class="fnanchor">[1752]</a> of which I gave an account to the Society -of Antiquaries some fifteen years ago.</p> - -<p>In the following lists I have divided the principal hoards -discovered in the United Kingdom into two main categories, the -one, in which socketed celts, gouges, or other tools were absent; -the other, in which they were present in greater or less abundance. -This is perhaps the simplest method of arriving at what may be -regarded as a fairly trustworthy chronological division. Some of -the results of an examination of the lists will subsequently be -discussed. In the first list I have given the precedence to those -hoards in which flat or flanged celts were present. Second, I have -placed those in which there were palstaves. Third, those in which -ornaments were found; and last, those mainly characterized by -swords and spear-heads, or spear-heads and ferrules, but in which -both palstaves and socketed celts were absent.</p> - -<p>In the second list I have placed at the head the hoards in which -socketed celts, sometimes accompanied by palstaves, were found -associated with swords or spears, while mere tools, such as gouges -and hammers, were absent. Next come a few cases in which -socketed celts occurred either in company with ornaments or alone. -Then follow the hoards in which chisels, gouges, or hammers were -found, but no lumps of metal were present. After these are -placed the bronze-founders’ hoards, in which lumps of metal and -the jets or waste pieces from castings were found, including one or -two Scotch and Irish hoards; and, finally, those in which moulds -were present.</p> - -<p>In each case I have attempted to distinguish whether a hoard -was personal or belonged to a merchant or founder, by adding the -letters P, M, or F. Where two of these letters occur, the hoard -seems to come under either category. It is possible that some of -those characterized by a P may be sepulchral.</p> - -<p>Appended to the tabulated lists is a more detailed account, -mentioning some of the principal features in each case, and giving -references to the works in which the discoveries are recorded. Of -course this is to a great extent a repetition of what has been -recorded in previous pages. It must be observed that the numbers -given in the lists do not always refer to entire objects but -frequently to fragments only. Where the numbers are unknown -the presence of the objects is shown by an <i>x</i>.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[460]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-460.jpg" width="400" height="673" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[461]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-461.jpg" width="400" height="720" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[462]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-462.jpg" width="400" height="710" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[463]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/ill-463.jpg" width="400" height="722" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[464]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">LISTS OF HOARDS.</h2> - -<table id="tc33" cellspacing="0" summary="tc33"> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc"><span class="large">LIST I.</span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc"><span class="reduct">Locality.</span></td> - <td class="tcc1"><span class="reduct">Remarks.</span></td> - <td class="tdc"><span class="reduct">Reference.</span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">1. Arreton Down, Isle of Wight.</td> - <td class="tcc">Flanged celts, some ornamented, tanged -spear-heads, ferrule to one, halberd? one socketed dagger.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxxvi. p. 326.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">2. Plymstock, Devon.</td> - <td class="tcc">Flanged celts, straight chisel.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 346;<i>Trans. Devon. -Assoc.</i>, vol. iv. p. 304.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">3. Battlefield, Shrewsbury.</td> - <td class="tcc">Mostly melted. Flat celts, palstaves, curved objects.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii, p.251.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">4. Postlingford Hall, Clare, Suffolk.</td> - <td class="tcc">Flanged celts, some ornamented.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxxi. p. 496; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, -vol. i. p. 83.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">5. Rhosnesney, Wrexham, Denbigshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Palstaves, all from one mould; castings for a -dagger and for flanged celts of narrow form.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. vi. p. 72.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">6. Broxton, Cheshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Tanged chisel; socketed spear-head.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Penes</i> Sir P. de M. G. Egerton, F.R.S.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">7. Sherford, Taunton, Somerset.</td> - <td class="tcc">One palstave, a defective casting.</td> - <td class="tcs">Pring, “British and Roman Taunton,” p. 76.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">8. Stibbard, near Fakenham, Norfolk.</td> - <td class="tcc">Castings for small palstaves and spear-heads.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Inst.</i>, Norwich vol. p. xxvi.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">9. Quantock Hills, Somerset.</td> - <td class="tcc">Each palstave laid within torque.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 94.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">10. Hollingbury Hill, Brighton, Sussex.</td> - <td class="tcc">Palstave laid within a torque, bracelets around.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 323; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxix. p. 372, &c.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">11. Edington Burtle, Somerset.</td> - <td class="tcc">One casting for a flat sickle; ribbed bracelet and ring.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Proc.</i>, vol. v. (1854) pt. ii. p. 91.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">12. Woolmer Forest, Hants.</td> - <td class="tcc">There appears some doubt about the small torques.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 88; Bateman's Catal., p. 22</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">13. West Buckland Somerset.</td> - <td class="tcc">Two-looped palstave.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvii. p. 107.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">14. Blackmoor, Hants.</td> - <td class="tcc">Fragments of swords and sheaths, large and small spear-heads.</td> - <td class="tcs">White’s “Selborne,” Bell’s ed., 1877, vol. ii. p. 381.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">15. Fulbourn Common, Cambs.</td> - <td class="tcc">Swords broken, leaf-shaped spear-heads, broad-ended ferrules.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. xix. p. 56.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">16. Pant-y-maen, Cardiganshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Swords and leaf-shaped spear-heads, broken or damaged.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 221.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">17. Wicken Fen, Cambs.</td> - <td class="tcc">Nearly all fragmentary; fragments perhaps of two swords.</td> - <td class="tcs">In British Museum.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">18. Corsbie Moss, Legerwood, Berwickshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Sword perfect.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iii. p. 121.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">19. Weymouth, Dorset.</td> - <td class="tcc">Both sword and spear-head nearly perfect.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Penes Auct.</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">20. Thrunton Farm, Whittingham, Northumberland.</td> - <td class="tcc">Spear-heads, leaf-shaped, and with lunate openings; all objects unbroken.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 429.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">21. Worth, Washfield, Devon.</td> - <td class="tcc">Sword and leaf-shaped spear-heads, perfect.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiv. p. 120.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">22. Stoke Ferry, Norfolk.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[465]</a></span></td> - <td class="tcc">Swords and leaf-shaped spearheads broken, halberd.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Penes Auct.</i>; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p.425.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">23. Brechin, Forfarshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Swords, &c., unbroken.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xiii. p. 203; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. i. pp. 181 and 224.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">24. Duddingston Loch, Edinburgh.</td> - <td class="tcc">Swords, spear-heads, &c., in fragments; caldron.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. i. p. 132; Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 348.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">25. Point of Sleat, Isle of Skye.</td> - <td class="tcc">Sword, spear-head, and pin, perfect.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. iii. p. 102.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">26. River Wandle, Surrey.</td> - <td class="tcc">All objects nearly perfect.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 7.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">27. Tarves, Aberdeenshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Objects mostly perfect.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Horæ ferales</i>, p. 161.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">28. Cwm Moch, Maentwrog, Merionethshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Objects unbroken; loops at base of blade of spear-head.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 365.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">29. Bloody Pool, South Brent, Devon.</td> - <td class="tcc">Spear-heads mostly barbed; all objects broken.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xii. p. 84; xviii. p. 160.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">30. Broadward, Leintwardine, Herefordshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Spear-heads, leaf-shaped, with perforations in blade, and barbed.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 345; iv. 202.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td> </td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdc"><span class="large">LIST II.</span></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">31. Mawgan, Cornwall.</td> - <td class="tcc">Rapier in high preservation.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvii., p. 337.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">32. Wallington, Northumberland.</td> - <td class="tcc"> </td> - <td class="tcs">In Sir C. Trevelyan’s Collection.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">33. Nottingham.</td> - <td class="tcc">Fragments of swords, and possibly of scabbard-tip.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 332.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">34. Nettleham, Lincolnshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Socketed celts of peculiar types.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 159.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">35. Haxey, Lincolnshire.</td> - <td class="tcc"> </td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Penes</i> Canon Greenwell, F.R.S.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">36. Ambleside, Westmoreland.</td> - <td class="tcc">Swords described as broad-swords,and sharp-pointed swords.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 115.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">37. Bilton, Yorkshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Swords broken, one spear-head ornamented.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 349.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">38. Alnwick Castle, Northumberland.</td> - <td class="tcc">Found in 1726.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 113.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">39. Flixborough, Lincolnshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Sword broken. Possibly palstaves.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxix. p. 194.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">40. Greensborough Farm, Shenstone, Staffordshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Swords apparently perfect.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxi. p. 548.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">41. Wrekin Tenement, Shrewsbury.</td> - <td class="tcc">One celt, a few swords, about 150 spear-heads and fragments.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 464.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">42. Llandysilio,</td> - <td class="tcc">See p. 119.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Penes</i> Canon Greenwell, F.R.S.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">43. Dunbar, Haddingtonshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Uninjured.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. x. p. 440.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">44. Little Wenlock, Shropshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Spear-heads mostly broken, whetstones with them. Possibly thesame hoard as No. 41.</td> - <td class="tcs">Hartshorne, “Salop. Ant.,” p. 96; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. viii. p. 197.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">45. Winmarleigh, Garstang, Lancashire.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[466]</a></span></td> - <td class="tcc">One spear-head, large, and with lunate openings; all found in “a cist or box.”</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 158.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">46. Near Newark, Nottinghamshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Two large discs in hoard.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Penes</i> Canon Greenwell, F.R.S.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">47. Hagbourn Hill, Berks.</td> - <td class="tcc">Bridle-bits and late Celtic buckles, said to have been found; coins also?</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 348.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">48. Ty Mawr, Holyhead.</td> - <td class="tcc">Said to have been found in a box.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 483.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">49. Heath House, Wedmore, Somerset.</td> - <td class="tcc">Amber beads found at same time; possibly palstaves and not socketed celts.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 81.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">50. Wymington, Beds.</td> - <td class="tcc">About sixty celts found.</td> - <td class="tcs">Specimens <i>penes Auct.</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">51. Reepham, Norfolk.</td> - <td class="tcc">Found about 1747.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 114.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">52. Yattendon, Berks.</td> - <td class="tcc">Swords in fragments, tanged chisels and knives, two socketed knives, <i>flat</i> celt much worn.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 480.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">53. Taunton, Somerset.</td> - <td class="tcc">Flat sickles, looped pin.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvii. p. 94.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">54. Beacon Hill, Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Leaf-shaped spear-heads.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iv. p. 323.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">55. Ebnall, Oswestry, Salop.</td> - <td class="tcc">Two punches?</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 167.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">56. Exning, Suffolk.</td> - <td class="tcc">Mostly perfect?</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 3; vol. ix., p. 303.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">57. Melbourn, Cambs.</td> - <td class="tcc">Sword broken, a clasp.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xi. p. 294.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">58. Stanhope, Durham.</td> - <td class="tcc">Leaf-shaped spears, fragment of sword, broken hammer, &c.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. i. p. 13.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">59. Thorndon, Suffolk.</td> - <td class="tcc">All entire. Most of these are figured on previous pages.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 3.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">60. Wallingford, Berks.</td> - <td class="tcc">Entire; mostly here figured.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Penes Auct.</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">61. Whittlesea, Cambridgeshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Entire; one celt with loop on face.</td> - <td class="tcs">In Wisbech Museum.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">62. Barrington, Cambs.</td> - <td class="tcc">Perfect.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Penes Auct.</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">63. Porkington, Shropshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Point broken off sword.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vii. p. 195.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">65. Bo Island, Fermanagh.</td> - <td class="tcc">Sword and hammer broken.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Journ. Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of Irel.</i>, 3rd S., vol. i. p. 164.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">64. Trillick, Tyrone.</td> - <td class="tcc">Perfect; two rings with cross perforations for the pin.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Journ. Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of Irel.</i>, 3rd S., vol. i. p. 164.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">65. Bo Island, Fermanagh.</td> - <td class="tcc">Sword and hammer broken.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Penes Auct.</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">66. Llangwyllog, Anglesea.</td> - <td class="tcc">Connected with the other hoards by the razor and buttons.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 74.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">67. Meldreth, Cambs.</td> - <td class="tcc">Most of the objects broken; socketedchisel, flat lunate -knife with opening in middle, caldron ring.</td> - <td class="tcs">In British Museum.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">68. Hounslow, Middlesex.</td> - <td class="tcc">One <i>flat</i> celt, swords in fragments.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 90; vol. v. p. 428.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">69. Hundred of Hoo, Kent.</td> - <td class="tcc">Most of the objects broken. See p. 95.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Cant.</i>, vol. xi. p. 123.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">70. Guilsfield, Montgomeryshire.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[467]</a></span></td> - <td class="tcc">Objects for the most part broken,</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251; <i>Arch. -Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 214; <i>Montg. Coll.</i>, vol. iii. p. 437.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">71. Wick Park, Stogursey, Somerset.</td> - <td class="tcc">Swords broken, numerous fragments of other forms.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 427.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">72. Chrishall, Essex.</td> - <td class="tcc">Portion of socketed knife.</td> - <td class="tcs">Neville’s “Sep. Exp.,” p. 3.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">73. Romford, Essex.</td> - <td class="tcc">Swords broken, socketed chisel, celts not trimmed.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 302.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">74. Cumberlow, Baldock, Herts.</td> - <td class="tcc">Swords in fragments.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Journ. Anth. Inst.</i>, vol. vi. p. 195.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">75. Beachy Head, Eastbourne, Sussex.</td> - <td class="tcc">Fragment of sword, four gold bracelets.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 363.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">75. Beachy Head, Eastbourne, Sussex.</td> - <td class="tcc">Fragment of sword, four gold bracelets.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 363.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">76. Burgesses’ Meadow, Oxford.</td> - <td class="tcc">An ingot 9¾ inches long.</td> - <td class="tcs">In Ashmolean Museum.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">77. Westow, Yorkshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Seventeen fragments included among the celts; one chisel socketed, two tanged.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 381; <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 58.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">78. Carlton Rode, Norfolk.</td> - <td class="tcc">One tanged gouge, tanged and socketed chisels.</td> - <td class="tcs">Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. 105; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ii. -80; <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. i. p. 51; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxxi. p. 494.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">79. Kenidjack Cliff, Cornwall.</td> - <td class="tcc">Large oval jet.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Journ. Roy. Inst. of Corn.</i>, No. xxi.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">80. Helsdon Hall, Norfolk.</td> - <td class="tcc">Found before 1759.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 116.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">81. Worthing, Sussex.</td> - <td class="tcc">Found in an earthern vessel.</td> - <td class="tcs">Specimens <i>penes Auct.</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">82. Reach Fen, Cambs.</td> - <td class="tcc">Fragments of swords and many broken objects.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvi., p. 56.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">83. Haynes Hill, Saltwood, Kent.</td> - <td class="tcc">Objects nearly all broken.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxx. p. 279; <i>Journ. Anth. Inst.</i>, vol. iii. p. 230.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">84. Allhallows, Hoo, Kent.</td> - <td class="tcc">Objects mostly broken, flat knife. See p. 214.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Cant.</i>, vol. xi. p. 124.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">85. St. Hilary, Cornwall.</td> - <td class="tcc">Swords in fragments; weight altogether about 80 lbs.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. xv. p. 120.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">86. Longy Common, Alderney.</td> - <td class="tcc">Socketed sickle, objects mostly broken.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 9.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">87. Kingston Hill, Coombe, Surrey.</td> - <td class="tcc">Objects all fragmentary.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 288.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">88. Sittingbourne, Kent.</td> - <td class="tcc">In two urns; broken sword and rings in one urn, celts, &c., in the other.</td> - <td class="tcs">Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 101; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ii. p. 81.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">89. Martlesham, Suffolk.</td> - <td class="tcc">Fragments of swords, socketed knife.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Penes</i> Capt. Brooke.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">90. Lanant, Cornwall.</td> - <td class="tcc">Fragments of swords; pieces of gold in one celt.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. xv. p. 118.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">91. West Halton, Lincolnshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Fragment of sword.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 69.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">92. Burwell Fen, Cambs.</td> - <td class="tcc">The ring penannular and of triangular section.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Penes Auct.</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">93. Marden, Kent.</td> - <td class="tcc">Found in an earthen vessel, mostly broken.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 257.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">94. Kensington, Middlesex.</td> - <td class="tcc">Knives broken.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 232.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[468]</a></span>95. Roseberry Topping, Yorkshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Mostly broken.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. ii. p. 213; <i>Arch. Scotica</i>, vol. v. p. 55.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">96. Danesbury, Welwyn, Herts.</td> - <td class="tcc">Mostly imperfect.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 248.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">97. Earsley Common, Yorkshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Nearly 100 celts found in 1735.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 114.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">98. High Roding, Essex.</td> - <td class="tcc">Some figured in previous pages.</td> - <td class="tcs">In British Museum.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">99. Panfield, Essex.</td> - <td class="tcc">Possibly other forms found at same time.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 428.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">100. Westwick Row, Hemel Hempsted, Herts.</td> - <td class="tcc">One celt broken.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Penes Auct.</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">101. Achtertyre, Morayshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">With tin. See p. 425.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. ix. p. 435.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">102. Dowris, Parsonstown, King’s County.</td> - <td class="tcc">With caldrons, trumpets, bells, &c.</td> - <td class="tcs">Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. See p. 361. A.,” pp. 360, 613, 626; -<i>Proc. R. I. Ac.</i>, vol. iv. pp. 237, 423.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">103. Hotham Carr, Yorkshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">Palstaves almost all damaged.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Penes</i> Canon Greenwell, F.R.S.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">104. Beddington, Surrey.</td> - <td class="tcc">Many fragments, mould broken.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Surrey Arch. Soc. Coll.</i>, vol. vi.; Anderson’s “Croydon,” p. 10.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">105. Isle of Harty, Kent.</td> - <td class="tcc">See p. 441.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Penes Auct.</i></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">106. Heathery Burn Cave, Durham.</td> - <td class="tcc">Socketed knife, large collars and discs. See p. 119, &c.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xix. p.358; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 127.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">107. Wickham Park, Croydon, Surrey.</td> - <td class="tcc">Mould broken, other objects mostly fragmentary; list partly compiled - from Anderson, and partly from originals.</td> - <td class="tcs">Anderson’s “Croydon,” p. 10; British Museum.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">108. Wilmington, Sussex.</td> - <td class="tcc">Said to be in the Bateman Collection. Possibly the same hoard as No. 95.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 171; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, -vol. xx. p. 192; vol.<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., v. p. 423.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">109. Cleveland, Yorkshire.</td> - <td class="tcc">In an urn, mostly broken or worn.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 166.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tcs">110. Eaton, Norfolk.</td> - <td class="tcc">Spear-heads apparently broken.</td> - <td class="tcs"><i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 424; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. -p. 387; <i>Arch. Inst.</i>, Norwich vol. p. xxvi.</td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<p class="p1">Turning now to the lists, the following observations may be -made, though they must be accepted as liable to revision under -the light of future discoveries:—</p> - -<p>1. That flat celts and knife-daggers, such as have been frequently -found in barrows, rarely occur in hoards, only two -instances being recorded of the occurrence of flat celts.</p> - -<p>2. That flanged celts and palstaves are occasionally found -together, while the latter are frequently associated with socketed -celts.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[469]</a></span></p> - -<p>3. That socketed weapons are of rare occurrence in association -with flanged celts, though a socketed dagger and a ferrule for a -tanged spear-head or dagger were present in the Arreton Down -hoard.</p> - -<p>4. That such tanged spear-heads or daggers are never found -in company with socketed celts.</p> - -<p>5. That torques are more frequently associated with palstaves -than with socketed celts, and are mainly confined to our western -counties.</p> - -<p>6. That there are several instances of swords and scabbards, -and spear-heads and ferrules being found together without either -palstaves or socketed celts being with them.</p> - -<p>7. That swords, or their fragments, are not found with flanged -celts.</p> - -<p>8. That socketed celts are often found with swords and spear-heads, -or with the latter alone.</p> - -<p>9. That socketed celts are often accompanied by gouges, and -somewhat less frequently by hammers and chisels, though even -where such tools occur, spear-heads are generally present.</p> - -<p>10. That caldrons, or the rings belonging to them, have been -discovered with socketed celts, both in England and Ireland.</p> - -<p>11. That where metal moulds are found in hoards they are -usually those for socketed celts.</p> - -<p>12. That where lumps of copper or rough metal occur in hoards, -socketed celts are, as a rule, found with them.</p> - -<p class="p1">The general inferences are much the same as have already been -indicated in former chapters, viz., that two of the earliest forms -of bronze weapons discovered in the British Isles are the flat and -the slightly flanged celts, and the thin knife-daggers. That these -are succeeded by the more distinctly flanged celts, and the tanged -spear-heads, with which probably some of the thick dagger-blades -found in barrows are contemporary. That subsequently the celts -with a stop-ridge and the palstave form came in and remained in -use to the close of the Bronze Period, though to a great extent -supplanted by the socketed celt which, as has already been -shown, was probably evolved from one of the forms of the -palstave; and it may here be remarked that flanged celts with -a stop-ridge seem rarely, if ever, to occur in the hoards. That the -socketed chisels, gouges, hammers, and knives are contemporary -with the socketed celts, as are also socketed spear-heads and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[470]</a></span> -swords. That hoards in which palstaves only, and not socketed -celts, are present rarely belonged to ancient bronze-founders; but -that the deposits which these artificers have left behind them almost -all denote a period when the art of coring, and thereby producing -socketed tools and weapons, was already well known.</p> - -<p>From this latter circumstance, and the comparative abundance -of bronze-founders’ hoards, it may reasonably be inferred that in -this country they belong for the most part to the close of the -Bronze Period. To how recent a date bronze remained in use for -cutting purposes is a question difficult of accurate solution. There -are, indeed, two instances in which socketed celts are reported to -have been discovered in company with ancient British coins, but -in neither case is the evidence altogether satisfactory. Two uninscribed -silver coins, of the type of my Plate F, No. 2<a name="FNanchor_1753_1753" id="FNanchor_1753_1753"></a><a href="#Footnote_1753_1753" class="fnanchor">[1753]</a>, are stated -to have been found with a human skeleton and a bronze celt at -Cann, near Shaftesbury, in 1849; but I believe that this statement -would, if it were now capable of being sifted, resolve itself -into the fact of the two coins, the celt, and some bones having -been found near together by the same workman, without their -being actually in association together. The type of the coins, -though probably among the earliest in the British silver series, -is one which was derived from gold coins struck some considerable -time after the introduction of a gold coinage into this country, and -probably belongs to the first century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> If such coins were in -contemporary use with socketed celts, it is strange that none of the -gold coins of earlier date have ever been found associated with -bronze instruments.</p> - -<p>It is true that in the account given in the Archæologia<a name="FNanchor_1754_1754" id="FNanchor_1754_1754"></a><a href="#Footnote_1754_1754" class="fnanchor">[1754]</a> -of the antiquities discovered on Hagbourn Hill, Berks., it is stated -that at the bottom of a pit about four feet from the surface of the -ground was a further circular excavation, in which, together with -bronze bridle-bits and buckles of Late Celtic patterns, were socketed -celts, and a spear-head of bronze, and, in addition, some coins. -These, however, were not seen by the writer of the account, but -he was informed “that one of them was silver and the other gold, -the latter of which was rather large and flat, and perhaps one of -the lower empire.” Looking at the Late Celtic character of some -of the objects it seems possible that Ancient British coins might -have been found with them; but, on the other hand, it is evident -that the particulars given of the find were all derived from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[471]</a></span> -workmen who dug up the objects, and not from personal observation; -and it is possible that not only were the coins described not -actually found with the bronze celts and spear-heads, but that these -latter were not discovered in actual association with the Late Celtic -bridle-bits. I have, however, provisionally accepted the account of -their being found together, relying to some extent on the Abergele<a name="FNanchor_1755_1755" id="FNanchor_1755_1755"></a><a href="#Footnote_1755_1755" class="fnanchor">[1755]</a> -hoard, in which some buckles allied in form to those from -Hagbourn Hill were present, associated with slides such as have -been elsewhere found with socketed celts.</p> - -<p>Whatever may be the real state of the case in these discoveries, -there is every probability of a transition having gradually -taken place in this country, from the employment of bronze for -cutting tools and weapons of offence to the use of iron or steel -for such instruments; in other words, from a Bronze Age to an -Iron Age, such as that to which the term “Late Celtic” has been -applied.</p> - -<p>That this transition must have been effected, at all events in the -South of Britain, prior to the Roman invasion, is shown, as has -already been pointed out, by the circumstance that the Early -Iron swords found in France belong in all probability to a period -not later than the fourth or fifth century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, while the southern -parts of Britain had, long before Cæsar’s time, been peopled by -Belgic immigrants, who either brought the knowledge of iron with -them or must have received it after their arrival from their -kinsmen on the continent, with whom they were in constant -intercourse. In the more northern parts of Britain and in Scotland -an acquaintance with iron was probably first made at a somewhat -more recent period; but in the Late Celtic interments in Yorkshire -no coins are present, and the iron and other objects found -exhibit no traces of Roman influence. Moreover, the Roman -historians, who have recorded many of the manners and customs -of the northern Britons, do not in any way hint at their weapons -being formed of bronze.</p> - -<p>In Ireland, perhaps, which was less accessible from the continent -than Britain, the introduction of iron may have taken place considerably -after the time when it was known in the sister country; -but there appears to have been a sufficient intercourse between -Scotland and the north of Ireland at an early period for the -knowledge of so useful a metal, when once gained, to have -been quickly communicated from one country to the other.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[472]</a></span></p> - -<p>On the whole I think we may fairly conclude that in the -southern parts of Britain iron must have been in use not later than -the fourth or fifth century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, and that by the second or third -century <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> the employment of bronze for cutting instruments had -there practically ceased. These dates are of course approximate only, -but will at all events serve to give some idea of the latest date to -which bronze weapons and tools found in England may with some -degree of safety be assigned.</p> - -<p>As to the time at which such weapons and tools were here first -in use, we have even less means of judging than we have as to -when they fell into desuetude. It is, however, evident that the -Bronze Period of the British Isles must have extended over a long -period of years, probably embracing many centuries. The -numerous bronze-founders’ hoards, containing fragments of tools -and weapons of so many various forms, testify to the art of bronze-founding -having been practised for a lengthened period; and -yet in all of these the socketed celt occurs, or some other -socketed instruments, which we know to have been contemporary -with it, are present. It is true that the socketed celt was not -originally developed in this country, but was introduced from -abroad; and, as has already been pointed out, was derived from a -form of palstave which is of rare occurrence in Britain. Yet the -length of time requisite for the modification of the flat form of -celt to that with flanges, of this latter again to that with the -flanges produced into wings, and finally the transition into the -palstave with the wings hammered over so as to form sockets on -each side of the blade, must itself have been of very great duration.<a name="FNanchor_1756_1756" id="FNanchor_1756_1756"></a><a href="#Footnote_1756_1756" class="fnanchor">[1756]</a> -The development of the forms of palstave common to Britain and -the opposite shores of the Continent must also have demanded a -long lapse of years, and most of the stages in its evolution can be -traced in this country. We have the flat celt, the flanged celt, -and the flanged celt with a stop-ridge; and we can trace the -modification of form from one stage to another until the characteristic -palstave is reached, in which the stop-ridge is as it were -formed in the actual body of the blade. And it is to be observed -that this form of palstave had already been developed at the time -represented by the earliest of the ordinary bronze-founders’ hoards, -in which, moreover, the flanged celts, either with or without a -stop-ridge, are hardly ever present.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">[473]</a></span></p> - -<p>The Bronze Age of Britain may, therefore, be regarded as an -aggregate of three stages: the first, that characterized by the flat -or slightly flanged celts, and the knife-daggers frequently found in -barrows associated with instruments and weapons formed of stone; -the second, that characterized by the more heavy dagger-blades and -the flanged celts and tanged spear-heads or daggers, such as those -from Arreton Down; and the third, by palstaves and socketed celts -and the many forms of tools and weapons, of which fragments are so -constantly present in the hoards of the ancient bronze-founders. -It is in this third stage that the bronze sword and the true -socketed spear-head first make their advent. The number of -these hoards, and the varieties in the forms of these swords and -spear-heads, as well as in the socketed celts and other tools, -would, I think, justify us in assigning a minimum duration of some -four or five centuries to this last stage. The other two stages -together must probably have extended over at least an equal lapse -of time; so that for the total duration of the Bronze Period in -Britain we cannot greatly err in attributing eight or ten centuries. -This would place the beginning of the Period some 1,200 or 1,400 -years <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>—a date which in many respects would seem to fit in -with what we know as to the use of bronze in the southern parts -of Europe.<a name="FNanchor_1757_1757" id="FNanchor_1757_1757"></a><a href="#Footnote_1757_1757" class="fnanchor">[1757]</a></p> - -<p>Although I have thus attempted to assign a definite chronology -to our Bronze Age, I do so with all reserve, as any such attempt is -founded upon what are at best imperfect data, and each of the -stages I have mentioned may have been of far longer duration -than I have suggested, though it is not likely that any of them -should have been materially shorter.</p> - -<p>There is, it must be acknowledged, the difficulty which I have -already mentioned, as to the absence of nearly all traces of the later -stages of the Bronze Period in the graves and barrows that have -been examined in Britain.<a name="FNanchor_1758_1758" id="FNanchor_1758_1758"></a><a href="#Footnote_1758_1758" class="fnanchor">[1758]</a> The reason of this absence has still -to be discovered; but it may perhaps have been the case that -during this time the method or fashion of interring the dead -underwent some change, and the practice of placing weapons and -ornaments with the bodies of departed friends and relatives fell -into disuse. Among the bronze-using occupants of the Yorkshire -Wolds, whose burial-places have been explored by Canon Greenwell, -the interments by inhumation were much in excess over those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[474]</a></span> -which took place after cremation, but in other parts of England -the proportions are reversed. Out of fourteen instances<a name="FNanchor_1759_1759" id="FNanchor_1759_1759"></a><a href="#Footnote_1759_1759" class="fnanchor">[1759]</a> in which -bronze articles were associated with an interment, it was only in -two that the body had been burnt; or taking the whole number -of burials, viz. 301 by inhumation and 78 after cremation, bronze -articles were found with 4 per cent. of the burials of the former -kind and only 2½ per cent. with those of the latter. This seems -to point to a tendency towards departing from the old custom of -burying weapons with the dead for use in a future life. And, -indeed, if the custom of burning the dead became general, -the inducement to place such objects among mere dust and ashes -would be but small. An urn or a small recess in the ground -would suffice to contain the mightiest warrior, and his weapons -would be out of place beside the little calcined heap which was -left by the purifying fire. Even the practice of raising mounds or -barrows over the interments may have ceased, and “when the -funeral pyre was out and the last valediction over, men took a -lasting adieu of their interred friends.”</p> - -<p>It has been suggested that the absence of the later bronze forms -with interments is due to a superstitious reverence for the older -forms, so that the habit of burying the flat wedge-shaped axe<a name="FNanchor_1760_1760" id="FNanchor_1760_1760"></a><a href="#Footnote_1760_1760" class="fnanchor">[1760]</a> and -the dagger with the dead continued down to the later Age of -Bronze; but I cannot accept this view.</p> - -<p>In Scandinavia<a name="FNanchor_1761_1761" id="FNanchor_1761_1761"></a><a href="#Footnote_1761_1761" class="fnanchor">[1761]</a> interments with which bronze swords and other -weapons are associated, have frequently been discovered; and in -some instances in which coffins, hollowed out in trunks of trees, -have been used, even the clothing has been preserved. In this -country also coffins of the same kind have occasionally been discovered, -but the bronze objects which have been placed in them -are of the same character as those which are found in the barrows -of the district, and never comprise socketed weapons or swords. -Stone weapons are also occasionally present. Remains of clothing -made of skins and of woven woollen fabric have also been found. -The best-known instance of the discovery of the latter was in a -barrow at Scale House,<a name="FNanchor_1762_1762" id="FNanchor_1762_1762"></a><a href="#Footnote_1762_1762" class="fnanchor">[1762]</a> near Rylston, Yorkshire, examined by -Canon Greenwell, who has recorded other instances of these tree-burials. -Neither bronze nor stone were in this instance present.</p> - -<p>It is not, however, my intention to dilate upon the burial -customs of our Bronze Age, as they have already been so fully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[475]</a></span> -discussed by Canon Greenwell, Dr. Thurnam, Sir John Lubbock, -and others.</p> - -<p>It will now be desirable to say something as to the sources from -which the use of bronze in this country was derived, though on -this subject also much has already been written.</p> - -<p>The four principal views held by different authors have thus been -summarized by Colonel A. Lane Fox, now General Pitt Rivers:—<a name="FNanchor_1763_1763" id="FNanchor_1763_1763"></a><a href="#Footnote_1763_1763" class="fnanchor">[1763]</a></p> - -<p>1. That bronze was spread from a common centre by an intruding -and conquering race, or by the migration of tribes.</p> - -<p>2. That the inhabitants of each separate region in which bronze -is known to have been used discovered the art independently, and -made their own implements of it.</p> - -<p>3. That the art was discovered and the implements fabricated -on one spot, and the implements disseminated from that place by -means of commerce.</p> - -<p>4. That the art of making bronze was diffused from a common -centre, but that the implements were constructed in the countries -in which they were found.</p> - -<p>For a full discussion of these hypotheses I must refer the reader -to General Pitt Rivers’ Paper, but I shall here make use of some -of the information which he has collected, premising that in my -opinion there is a certain amount of truth embodied in each of -these opinions.</p> - -<p>The first view, of an intruding and conquering race having -introduced the use of bronze into their country, has been held by -most of the Scandinavian antiquaries, and Professor Boyd Dawkins -seems to regard a Celtic invasion and conquest of the Iberic peoples -in Britain as having been the means by which the knowledge of -bronze was extended from Gaul to these islands. The osteological -evidence in favour of the bronze-using Britons having as a rule -been of a different race from the stone-using people of our -Neolithic times is strongly corroborative of such a view; as is -also the change which is to be noted in the burial customs of the -two periods. Such an immigration or conquest must, however, -have taken place at a very early period if we accept Sir John -Lubbock’s<a name="FNanchor_1764_1764" id="FNanchor_1764_1764"></a><a href="#Footnote_1764_1764" class="fnanchor">[1764]</a> view, that between <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 1500 and <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 1200 the -Phœnicians were already acquainted with the mineral fields of -Britain, a period at which it must not be forgotten the use of -bronze had long been known in Egypt. Although it is true that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[476]</a></span> -at present we have no satisfactory proof of any Phœnician influence -on the people of our Bronze Age, yet if at so early a period there -was an export of tin from this country, the search for that metal -and the means employed for its production would almost of -necessity tend to an acquaintance with copper also, even supposing, -what is improbable, that those who traded for tin in order to -manufacture bronze with it kept the knowledge of this latter -alloy from those with whom they had commercial relations, or -that the natives of Britain were not already acquainted with more -metals than tin when the trade first began. But to this subject -I shall recur. It may be observed by the way that the date -assigned for this Phœnician intercourse corresponds in a remarkable -manner with the date assigned for the earliest instances of -the use of bronze in Britain, which was suggested on other -grounds.</p> - -<p>The second view of the independent discovery of bronze in -different regions has little or nothing to support it so far as the -different countries of Europe are concerned, though there is a -possibility that the discovery of copper and of the method of -alloying it with tin, so as to produce bronze, may have been made -independently in America. But it may even there be the -case that the knowledge of bronze was imported from Asia.<a name="FNanchor_1765_1765" id="FNanchor_1765_1765"></a><a href="#Footnote_1765_1765" class="fnanchor">[1765]</a> In -Europe, however, when once the use of the metal was known, -there were certain types of weapons and implements developed in -different countries which in a certain sense may be regarded as -instances of independent discoveries.</p> - -<p>The third view, that the art was discovered at some single spot -at which subsequently implements were manufactured and disseminated -by commerce must, at least to a limited extent, be true. -Wherever the discovery of bronze may have been made, there is -ample evidence of its use having spread over the greater part of -Europe if not of Asia; and at first the spread of bronze weapons -and tools was in all probability by commerce. Even subsequently -there were local centres, such as Etruria, from which the manufactured -products were exported into neighbouring countries, as well -as to those lying to the north of the Alps. Some even of the -bronze vases found in Ireland, though themselves not of Etruscan -manufacture, bear marks of Etruscan influences in their form and -character. In each country in Europe there may have been one -or more localities in which the manufacture of bronze objects was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[477]</a></span> -principally carried on, though it may now be impossible to identify -the spots. Such large hoards of unfinished castings as those of -Plénée Jugon, and other places in Brittany, prove that district, -for instance, to have been at one time a kind of manufacturing -centre. Indeed, a socketed celt of Breton type, unused, and still -retaining the burnt clay core, has been found on our southern -coast.</p> - -<p>The process of casting, as practised by the ancient bronze-founders, -was, moreover, one requiring a great amount of skill; -and though there appear to have been wandering founders, who, -like the bell-founders of mediæval times, could practise their art -at any spot where their services were required, yet there were -probably fixed foundries also, where the process of manufacture -could be more economically carried on, and where successive generations -passed through some sort of apprenticeship to learn the art -and mystery of the trade.</p> - -<p>The fourth opinion, that the use of bronze spread from some -single centre, though implements were manufactured in greater or -less abundance in each country where the use of bronze prevailed, -is one that must commend itself to all archæologists. It does -not, of course, follow that in any given district the bronze -tools and weapons were all of home manufacture, and none of -them imported. There is, on the contrary, evidence to be found -in most countries that some, at least, of the bronze instruments -found there are of foreign manufacture, and introduced either by -commerce or by the foreign travel of individuals.</p> - -<p>Where the original centre was placed, from which the European -use of bronze was propagated, is an enigma still under discussion, -and one which will not readily be solved. Appearances at present -seem to point to its having been situate in Western Asia;<a name="FNanchor_1766_1766" id="FNanchor_1766_1766"></a><a href="#Footnote_1766_1766" class="fnanchor">[1766]</a> but the -whole question of the origin and development of the Bronze -civilisation has been so recently discussed by my friend Professor -Boyd Dawkins, in his “Early Man in Britain,” that it appears -needless here to repeat the opinions of which he has given so good -an abstract. Suffice it to say, that it has been proposed to regard -the bronze antiquities of Europe as belonging generally to three -provinces,<a name="FNanchor_1767_1767" id="FNanchor_1767_1767"></a><a href="#Footnote_1767_1767" class="fnanchor">[1767]</a> the boundaries of which, however, cannot be very -accurately defined. These provinces are—the Uralian, comprising -Russia, Siberia, and Finland; the Danubian, which consists of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[478]</a></span> -Hungarian, Scandinavian, and Britannic sub-divisions or regions; -and the Mediterranean, composed of the Italo-Greek and Franco-Swiss -sub-divisions.</p> - -<p>I must confess that I do not attach such high importance to this -classification as at first sight it would seem to merit; for on a -close examination it appears to me to involve several serious -incongruities. Take, for instance, the Danubian province, and it -will be found that the differences in type of bronze instruments -belonging to the Hungarian region, when compared with those of -the British, are on the whole greater than the difference presented -when they are compared with the types of the Italian region, -which, however, is made to belong to another province. There is, -moreover, a difficulty in synchronizing the antiquities belonging to -different provinces or regions, so as to be sure that any comparisons -between them are of real value. Taking, for example, the Uralian -province, it will at once be seen that though in Finland some Scandinavian -types occur, such as swords and palstaves, yet the great -majority of the bronze antiquities belonging to it, so far as at -present known, consist of socketed celts, often with two loops; of -daggers, with their hafts cast in one piece with the blade; and of -perforated axes, sometimes with the representations of the heads -of animals; in fact, of objects which evidently belong to a very -late stage in the evolution of bronze, and which, as Mr. Worsaae -has pointed out, not improbably show traces of Chinese influence. -Such objects can hardly be satisfactorily compared with those of a -province in which the whole development of bronze instruments, -from the flat celt and small knife, to the socketed celt and the -skilfully cast spear-head and sword, can be traced.</p> - -<p>All things considered, I think it will be better and safer to -content ourselves for the present with less extensive provinces; -and, so far as these are concerned, the sub-divisions already enumerated -may be accepted, and are quite sufficiently large, if, indeed, -they are not too extensive. In the Britannic province, a part of -France is included by M. Chantre, and there are certainly close -analogies between many of the types of the south of England and -those of the north and north-west of France. For the purpose of -the present work, though accepting M. Chantre’s boundary in the -main, I shall, however, restrict the Britannic province to the -British Isles.</p> - -<p>On a general examination of our British types it is satisfactory -to see how complete a series of links in the chain of development<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[479]</a></span> -of the bronze industry is here to be found, though many of them -bear undoubted marks of foreign influence, and prove that though -some of the types were of native growth, yet that others were -originally imported. On general grounds, I have assigned an -antiquity of 1,200 or 1,400 years <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> to the introduction of the -use of bronze into this country, but it is a question whether this -antiquity will meet all the necessities of the case; for we can -hardly imagine the Phœnicians, or those who traded with them, -landing in Britain and spontaneously discovering tin. On the -contrary, it must have been from a knowledge that the inhabitants -of Britain were already producers of this valuable metal that the -commerce with them originated; and the probable reason that tin -was sought for by the native Britons was in order to mix it with -copper, a metal which occurs native in the same district as the tin. -If, therefore, the Phœnician intercourse, direct or indirect, commenced -about 1500 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, the knowledge of the use of tin, and -probably also of copper, dates back in Britain to a still earlier -epoch.</p> - -<p>A comparison of the various British types of tools and weapons -with those of Continental countries has been frequently instituted -in the preceding pages, but it will be well here to recapitulate some -of the principal facts. We have in Britain the flat form of celt in -some abundance, though none of the specimens exhibit traces of -being direct imitations of hatchets formed of stone, as would -probably have been the case in any country where the use of -metal for such instruments originated. And yet many of our -British flat celts exhibit a certain degree of originality, inasmuch as -they are decorated with hammer- or punch-marks in a manner peculiar -to this country, and others in a fashion but rarely seen abroad. -We can trace the development of the flanged celt from the flat -variety, through specimens with almost imperceptible flanges, the -result merely of hammering the sides, to those with the flanges -produced in the casting. At the same time, the flanges are never -so fully developed as in some of the French examples.</p> - -<p>The development of a stop-ridge between the flanges, which -eventually culminated in the ordinary palstave form, can probably -be better observed in the British series than in that of any other -country. At the same time, the origin of the other form of -palstave—that without a definite stop-ridge, and with semicircular -wings bent over so as to form a kind of side-pocket—can best be -traced on the Continent, and especially in the south of France. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[480]</a></span> -was from this form of palstave that the socketed celt was developed, -and although this development seems to have taken place abroad, -possibly in Western Germany, the form was introduced into Britain -at an early period of its existence, as is proved by the semicircular -projections and curved “flanches” so common on the faces of the -socketed celts of this country.</p> - -<p>Our knife-daggers may originally have been of foreign introduction, -but evidently belong to a time when metal was scarce, and -like the flat and slightly-flanged celts have often been found -associated with stone implements. The dagger-blades of stouter -make, which seem to have succeeded them, show analogies with -French, Italian, and German examples; but similar blades, with a -tang such as those from the Arreton Down hoard, seem to be -almost peculiar to Britain. The fact, however, that the socketed -blade found with them has its analogues both in Switzerland and -Egypt suggests the probability of the tanged form being also of -foreign, and possibly Mediterranean origin; indeed, a specimen is -reported to have been found in Italy.</p> - -<p>Our halberd blades with the three rivets are nearly allied to -those of northern Germany; and the type appears never to be -found in France, though I have met with a solitary example in -Southern Spain, and the form is not unknown in Italy, there -being one from the province of Mantua in the British Museum. -Socketed chisels, hammers, and gouges were probably derived from -a foreign source; but tanged chisels, though not absolutely wanting -in the North of France, are more abundant in the British -Isles than elsewhere. Long narrow chisels with tangs were, however, -present in the great Bologna hoard.</p> - -<p>Bronze socketed sickles are almost peculiar to the British Isles, -though they have occasionally been found in the North of France. -The flat form, from which they must have been developed, is of -rare occurrence, though not unknown in Britain. Its origin is to -be sought in the South of Europe, though the British examples -more closely resemble German and Danish forms than those of any -other country. Tanged single-edged knives are almost unknown -in our islands, though so abundant in the Swiss Lake-dwellings -and in the South of France. Double-edged knives with a socket -are, however, almost peculiar to Britain and Ireland, though they are -found in small numbers in the North of France. The tanged -razor may also be regarded as one of our specialities, though -not unknown in Italy. Most of the foreign varieties have a ring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[481]</a></span> -for suspension at the end of the tang, a peculiarity almost -unknown in Britain.</p> - -<p>Bronze swords, no doubt, originated on the Continent; and as -such long thin blades required great skill in casting, it seems -probable that their manufacture was to some extent localized at particular -spots, and that they formed an important article of commerce. -The same type has been discovered in countries wide apart, and -many of those found in Scandinavia are now regarded as being of -foreign origin. Still there are some British types which are rarely -or never found abroad, and the discovery of moulds proves conclusively -that both leaf-shaped and rapier-shaped blades were cast in -these islands. The latter kind of blades are, indeed, almost -exclusively confined to Britain and the north of France. Bronze -scabbard-ends, as distinct from mere chapes, seem also to be confined -to the same tract of country.</p> - -<p>When we turn to the spear-heads of these islands we find that -though the leaf-shaped form prevails over the greater part of -Europe, yet that those with loops at the side of the socket and with -loops at the base of the blade are common in the British Isles, -while they are extremely rare in France, and almost unknown elsewhere. -The same may be said of the type with the small -eyelet-holes in the blade, and of those with barbs. Those with -crescent-shaped openings in the blades are also almost unknown -elsewhere, though one example has been found in Russia. Our -bronze shields with numerous concentric rings are also specially -British.</p> - -<p>Among ornaments formed of bronze, there are few, if any, that -we can claim as our own. Our torques seem more nearly connected -with those of the Rhine district than of any other part of Europe. -Our bracelets, which are not common, hardly present any special -peculiarities, and brooches we have none.</p> - -<p>Our spheroidal caldrons seem to be of native type, but with -them are vases which almost undoubtedly show an Etruscan -influence in their origin.</p> - -<p>We have here then, I think, sufficient proof that Britain, though -not unaffected by foreign influences, and in fact deriving many of -the types of its tools and weapons from foreign sources, was, nevertheless, -a local centre in which the Bronze civilisation received -a special and high development; and where, had extraneous influences -been entirely absent after the time when the knowledge of -Bronze was first introduced, the evolution of forms would probably<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[482]</a></span> -have differed in but few particulars from that which is now -exhibited by the prevailing types found in this country.</p> - -<p>If we compare these British types with those of the other -regions which together make up the so-called Danubian province, -we shall at once be struck, not by the analogies presented, but by -the marked difference in the general <i>facies</i>.</p> - -<p>Taking Scandinavia to begin with, and Mr. Worsaae’s types as -giving the characteristics of that region, what do we find? The -perforated axe-hammers and axes of bronze are here entirely wanting; -the tanged swords and the majority of those with decorated hilts -are also unknown. There is hardly a type of dagger common to -this country and Scandinavia. The saws, knives, and razors are of -quite another character, but there is a resemblance in the sickles -to a rare British type. The flat and flanged celts of the two -regions are of nearly the same kind, and in one rare instance there -is a similar decoration on a reputedly Danish and on an Irish celt. -The palstaves, however, are of an entirely different character, with -the exception of the form with semicircular wings, which is not -essentially British. The socketed celts are nearly all unlike those of -this country; and though the leaf-shaped spear-heads present close -analogies, the looped and eyed kinds are absent. The shields are -of a different character from ours. The <i>tutuli</i> and diadems are -here unknown. There is but one form of torque common to this -country and Denmark. Brooches, combs, and small hanging vases -are never met with in Britain; and the spiral, whether formed -of wire or engraved as an ornament, is conspicuous by its absence.</p> - -<p>If we take the Hungarian region, we are driven to much the -same conclusions. The perforated axes and pick-axes, principally -formed of copper, the semicircular sickles, the spiral ornaments, -the swords with engraved hilts of bronze, and several forms of -minor importance are absent in Britain, while the socketed celts -and the majority of the palstaves are of markedly different types, -though that with the semicircular wings hammered over is of -common occurrence in Hungary.</p> - -<p>In Northern Germany the types of bronze may be regarded as -intermediate between those of Hungary and Scandinavia, though -in some few respects presenting closer analogies with those of -Britain, with which, as will subsequently be seen, there may have -been some commercial intercourse. The connection between -British and German types is, however, but small, and on the whole -I think that the evidence here brought forward is sufficient to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[483]</a></span> -prove that the British Isles can hardly be properly classified -as forming part of any Danubian province of bronze.</p> - -<p>The connection between France and Britain during the Bronze -Period cannot be denied, and in many respects there is an identity -of character between the bronze antiquities of the North of France -and those of the South of England. The North of France cannot, -however, at any time since the first discovery of bronze, have -been absolutely shut out from all communication with the South -and East. The East must always have been affected by the habits of -those who occupied what is now Western Germany; and the South -can hardly have been exempt from the influence of Italy, if not, -indeed, of other Mediterranean countries. I am inclined to think -that these external influences acted also on the bronze industry -of Britain, not so much directly as indirectly, and that some of the -types in this country may be traced to an Italian or German origin -as readily as to a French.</p> - -<p>It is, I think, a fact that as close a resemblance in type, so far -as regards our earliest bronze instruments, may be found among -Italian examples as among French. Many of the slightly flanged -celts of Italy can hardly be distinguished from those of Britain, except -by the faces of the latter being more frequently decorated; and -there is also a great similarity between the dagger-blades of the -two countries. In the later forms, such as palstaves and socketed -celts, the difference between British and Italian examples is sufficiently -striking. May it not be the case that at the time when -first the commerce between Britain and the Mediterranean -countries originated, always assuming that such a commerce took -place, the flanged celt was the most advanced type of hatchet -known by those who came hither to trade, and the palstave and -socketed form were subsequently developed? At a later period it -was the German influence that was felt in Britain, rather than the -Italian, for our socketed celts appear, as already stated, to have -had the cradle of their family in Western Germany; and the few flat -sickles that have been found in Britain, as well as the more numerous -torques, show a closer connection in type with those of Germany -than with those of France or any other country. Whether this -introduction of what appear to be North German types can in -any way be attributed to commercial relations between the two -countries, and especially to a trade in amber, is worth consideration. -The abundance of amber ornaments in some of the graves -of our Bronze Period shows how much that substance was in use.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[484]</a></span> -At the same time, the eastern shores of England might have furnished -it in sufficient quantity to supply the demand, without -having recourse to foreign sources. I have known amber thrown -up on the beach so far south as Deal.</p> - -<p>A curious feature in the comparison of the later bronze antiquities -of Britain and those of France, is the marked absence of many -of the forms which abound in the remains of the Lake-dwellings of -Savoy, as well as in those of Switzerland. A glance through -“Rabut’s Album”<a name="FNanchor_1768_1768" id="FNanchor_1768_1768"></a><a href="#Footnote_1768_1768" class="fnanchor">[1768]</a> or “Keller’s Lake-dwellings,” will at once show -how few of the specimens there figured could pass as having been -discovered in the British Isles. The large proportion of ornaments -to tools and weapons is also striking. There is, indeed, as M. -Chantre has pointed out, a closer connection between the bronze -antiquities of the South of France and those of Switzerland and -Northern Italy, than with those of Northern France.</p> - -<p>Even the character of the ornaments is in many cases essentially -different. The hollowed form of bronze bracelet, made from a thin -plate bent in such a manner as to show a semicircular section, is -entirely wanting in Britain, and is very rarely found in the North -of France.</p> - -<p>Enough has, however, now been said in favour of regarding -Britain as one of those centres into which a knowledge of the use -of bronze was introduced at a comparatively early date, and where -a special development of the bronze industry arose, extending over -a lengthened period, and modified from time to time by foreign -influences. On the transition from bronze to iron, it is not necessary -here further to enlarge. I have, in treating of the different -forms of tools and weapons, pointed out those which I considered -to belong to the close of the Bronze Period; and it is probable -that these forms for some time continued in use, side by side -with those made of the more serviceable metal, iron, which ultimately -drove bronze from the field, except for ornamental purposes -or for those uses for which a fusible metal was best adapted. It -seems probable that, as was the case in Mediterranean countries, -some of the socketed weapons, such as spear-heads, which were -more easily cast than forged, may for some time have been made -of bronze in preference to iron; but at present our knowledge of -any transitional period is slight, and this question would be best -treated of in a work on the Late Celtic or Early Iron Period of -Britain.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[485]</a></span></p> - -<p>Among the ornaments in use in this country during the Bronze -Period, are some, the history of which, if it could be traced, might -throw light upon the foreign intercourse of that time, for glass and -ivory were probably not of native production.<a name="FNanchor_1769_1769" id="FNanchor_1769_1769"></a><a href="#Footnote_1769_1769" class="fnanchor">[1769]</a> Glass beads -have occasionally been found in barrows of the Bronze Age, -nearly always in our southern counties, and with burnt interments. -They are usually small tubes of opaque glass of -a light blue or green colour, with the outer surface divided -into rounded segments, so as to give the appearance of a -number of spheroidal beads side by side. I am not aware of any -having been discovered with interments of the Bronze Age on -the Continent, but it seems probable that such beads have -been found, and they may eventually assist in marking out the lines -of ancient commerce with this country. A few larger beads, with -spiral serpent-like ornaments upon them, have likewise been found; -but these, also, I am unable to compare with any Continental -examples. The finding of glass, however, in tombs belonging to -the early portion of our Bronze Age is suggestive of some method -of intercourse, direct or indirect, with Mediterranean countries. -The small quoit-like pendants, formed of a greenish vitrified -material, which have been found in Sussex<a name="FNanchor_1770_1770" id="FNanchor_1770_1770"></a><a href="#Footnote_1770_1770" class="fnanchor">[1770]</a> with burnt interments -of the Bronze Age, closely resemble Egyptian porcelain, and their -presence in this country corroborates this suggestion.</p> - -<p>The discovery of beads made in sets like those of glass, of -a bracelet, buttons, pins, and hooks, all, in Dr. Thurnam’s opinion, -formed of ivory, gives indications in the same direction; for -though billiard balls have been manufactured from Scottish -mammoth ivory of the Pleistocene Period, the fossil tusks found in -Britain are, as a rule, too much decomposed to be any longer of -service, and in this respect differ materially from the fossil mammoth -tusks of Siberia, which still furnish so much of our table -cutlery with handles.</p> - -<p>For the jet and amber ornaments of the Bronze Period we have -not, of necessity, to go so far afield as for glass. Abundance of jet -is to be obtained in our own country, and the usual type of jet -necklace,<a name="FNanchor_1771_1771" id="FNanchor_1771_1771"></a><a href="#Footnote_1771_1771" class="fnanchor">[1771]</a> with a series of flat plates, seems to be essentially -British. Some of the amber plates found at Hallstatt are, however,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[486]</a></span> -of the same form, and perforated in the same manner, so -that possibly these jet necklaces may have been made in imitation -of foreign prototypes in amber. How far the amber ornaments of -the Bronze Period in Britain were of native production we have no -good means of judging; but the circumstance just mentioned -is suggestive of Hallstatt and Britain having been supplied from a -common source, which may have been on the shores of the Baltic. -On the other hand, our amber ornaments differ, as a rule, from -those of Scandinavia, and, as already remarked, our eastern coast -would furnish an ample supply of the raw material without seeking -it abroad. It must, however, be remembered that some of -the forms of our bronze instruments show traces of German influence, -and that in Strabo’s time both amber and ivory were among -the articles exported from Celtic Gaul to Britain. The remarkable -amber cup from the Hove barrow, near Brighton, I have -described elsewhere.<a name="FNanchor_1772_1772" id="FNanchor_1772_1772"></a><a href="#Footnote_1772_1772" class="fnanchor">[1772]</a></p> - -<p>It remains for me to say a few words as to the general condition -of the inhabitants of Britain during the Bronze Age; but on this -subject, apart from the light thrown upon it by the tools, weapons, -and ornaments which I have been describing, and by the contents -of the graves of the period, we have in this country but little to -guide us. Such a complete insight into the material civilisation -of the period as that afforded by the Lake-dwellings of Switzerland, -Savoy, and Northern Italy is nowhere vouchsafed to us in -Britain. The Irish crannoges, which, in many respects, present -close analogies with the pile-buildings, have remained in use until -mediæval times, and in no instance has the destruction of a settlement -by fire contributed to preserve for the instruction of future -ages the household goods of the population. The nearest approach -to a Lake-dwelling in England is that examined in Barton Mere,<a name="FNanchor_1773_1773" id="FNanchor_1773_1773"></a><a href="#Footnote_1773_1773" class="fnanchor">[1773]</a> -Suffolk, where, however, the results were comparatively meagre. -A single spear-head was found, apparently of the type of Fig. 406, -and the remains of various animals used for food, including the -urus and the hare, which latter in Cæsar’s time the Britons did -not eat.</p> - -<p>The information to be gained from the burial customs and the -contents of the graves has already been gathered by the late Dr. -Thurnam and by Canon Greenwell, as well as by other antiquaries, -and I cannot do better than refer to the forty-third volume of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[487]</a></span> -the “Archæologia,” and to “British Barrows.”<a name="FNanchor_1774_1774" id="FNanchor_1774_1774"></a><a href="#Footnote_1774_1774" class="fnanchor">[1774]</a> I may, however, -shortly depict some of the principal features of the external conditions -of the bronze-using population of these islands, taken as a -whole, for no doubt the customs and condition of the people were -by no means uniform throughout the whole extent of the country -at any given moment of time.</p> - -<p>As to their dwellings, we seem to have no positive information, -but they probably were of much the same character as those of the -Swiss Lake population, except that for the most part they were -placed upon the dry land, and not on platforms above the water. -Their clothing was sometimes of skins, sometimes of woollen -cloth, and probably of linen also, as they were acquainted with the -arts of spinning and weaving. Of domesticated animals they -possessed the dog, ox, sheep, goat, pig, and finally the horse. -They hunted the red deer, the roe, the wild boar, the hare, and -possibly some other animals. For the chase and for warfare their -arrows were tipped with flint, and not with bronze: and some -other stone instruments, such as scrapers, remained in use until -the end of the period. At the beginning, as has already often -been stated, the axe, the knife-dagger, and the awl were the only -articles of bronze in use. For obtaining fire, a nodule of pyrites -and a flake of flint sufficed. Some cereals were cultivated, as is -shown by the bronze sickles. Pottery they had of various forms, -some apparently made expressly for sepulchral purposes; but they -were unacquainted with the potter’s wheel. Some vessels of -amber and shale, turned in the lathe, may have been imported -from abroad. Ornaments were worn in less profusion than in -Switzerland; but the torque for the neck, the bracelet, the ear-ring, -the pin for the dress and for the hair, were all in use, though -brooches were unknown. Necklaces, or gorgets, formed of amber, -jet, and bone beads were not uncommon; and the ornaments of -glass and ivory, such as those lately mentioned, were probably -obtained by foreign commerce. Gold, also, was often used for -decorating the person, though coins, and apparently even the -metal silver, were unknown. They appear to have been accomplished -workers and carvers of wood and horn, and there were -among them artificers who inlaid wood and amber with minute -gold pins almost or quite as skilfully as the French workmen of -the last century, who wrought on tortoise-shell. In casting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[488]</a></span> -and hammering out bronze they attained consummate skill, and -their spear-heads and wrought shields could not be surpassed at -the present day. The general equipment of the warrior in the -shape of swords, daggers, halberds, spears, &c., and the tools of -the workman, such as hatchets, chisels, gouges, hammers, &c., -have, however, all been dealt with at large in previous pages. -They contrast with the arms and instruments of the preceding -Neolithic Age more by their greater degree of perfection than -by their absolute number and variety. The material progress -from one stage of civilisation to the other was no doubt great, -but the interval between the two does not approach that which -exists between Palæolithic man of the old River-drifts and -Neolithic man of the present configuration of the surface of -Western Europe.</p> - -<p>So far as the general interest attaching to the Bronze Period -is concerned, it may readily be conceded that it falls short of -that with which either of the two stages of the Stone Period -which preceded it must be regarded. The existence of numerous -tribes of men who are, or were until lately, in the same stage of -culture as the occupants of Europe during the Neolithic Age, -affords various points of comparison between ancient and modern -savages which are of the highest interest, while there exists at the -present day not a single community in which the phases of the -Bronze culture can be observed. The Palæolithic Age has, moreover, -a charm of mysterious eld attaching to it as connected with -the antiquity of the human race which is peculiarly its own.</p> - -<p>The Bronze Age, nevertheless, from its close propinquity -to the period of written history, is of the highest importance -to those who would trace back the course of human progress -to its earliest phases; and though in this country many of -the minute details of the picture cannot be filled in, yet, taken -as a whole, the broad lines of the development of this stage -of civilisation may be as well traced in Britain as in any other -country. It has been a pleasure to me to gather the information -on which this work is based; and I close these pages with the -consolatory thought that, dry as may be their contents, they may -prove of some value as a hoard of collected facts for other seekers -after truth.</p> - -<p class="pc4 lmid">FINIS.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[489]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">GENERAL INDEX.</h2> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/b1.jpg" width="150" height="59" - alt="" - title="" /> -</div> - -<p class="pi8i">A</p> - -<p class="pni">Achilles, shield of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">spear of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Addua, Gauls defeated on the, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></p> - -<p class="pni"><i>Æs importatum</i>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii"><i>signatum</i>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Æschylus quoted, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Æsculapius, temple of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Æstii, the, iron scarce among, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Æthiopians, bronze rare among, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">African axe of iron, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ironworkers, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">swords, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">trumpet, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Agamemnon, breast-plate of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Agatharchides quoted, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Akerman, J. Y., F.S.A., cited, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Alban necropolis, <a href="#Page_341">341</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Alcinous, walls of palace of, bronze-plated, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Algonquins, fusing of copper among the, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Alloys, various, of copper and tin, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Amber, beads, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">buttons or studs, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">cup with interment, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">hilts or pommels, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ornaments, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">trade in, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></p> - -<p class="pni">American tomahawks, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Amulets, celts used as, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Analysis of metal of caldron, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">celts, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Indian celts, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">chisels, Mexican and Peruvian, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">shield, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">solder, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">trumpets, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">various bronzes, <a href="#Page_415">415 to 422</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Anderson, Mr. Joseph, quoted, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Anvils, <a href="#Page_180">180 to 183</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ariantes, Scythian king, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Armillæ and Armlets. <i>See</i> Bracelets</p> - -<p class="pni">Arreton Down type of spear-head, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Arrow-heads, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">flint, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Arundelian marbles, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Aryan name for copper, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Asiatic origin of bronze, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Assyrians, early use of iron among, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">wore penannular bracelets, <a href="#Page_383">383</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Asteropæus, breast-plate of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ausonius quoted, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Awls, <a href="#Page_188">188 to 191</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">double-pointed, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tanged, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">handled, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with interments, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Axes, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147 to 156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">African modern iron, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ceremonial, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Egyptian, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Hungarian, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">clay mould for, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of copper, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">perforated, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">stone, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Axe-hammers, of stone, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Axe-shaped socketed celts, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Aymara Indians, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Aymard, M., collection, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Aztec chisel, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">B</p> - -<p class="pni">Banks, Sir J., quoted, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Banks, Rev. S., collection, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Barnwell, Rev. E. L., quoted, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Barthélemy, Abbé, quoted, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bateman collection, <i>see</i> Museums, Sheffield;</p> -<p class="pnii">Mr., quoted, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Battle-axe of Menelaus, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>. <i>See</i> Axes</p> - -<p class="pni">Bayonet-like blades, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Beads, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">agate, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">amber, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bone, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bronze, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">dentalium shells, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">fluted, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">glass, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ivory, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">jet, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">joints of encrinite, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">penannular, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">pottery, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">pulley-shaped, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tin, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with leaf-shaped projections, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with spiral ornaments, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Beck, Rev. James, F.S.A., collection, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Beck, Dr. L., quoted, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Beger quoted, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bell or rattle of bronze, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bell collection in the Ant. Mus., Edinburgh, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bell-metal, <a href="#Page_416">416</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bells to ear-rings, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></p> - -<p class="pni"><b>ⲂⲈⲚⲒⲠⲈ</b>, its meaning, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bertrand, M. Alexandre, quoted, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Birch, Dr. S., F.S.A., quoted, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Birds on rod, <a href="#Page_406">406</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Blackett, Sir Edward, collection, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Blackmore Museum. <i>See</i> Museums, Salisbury</p> - -<p class="pni">Blades, bayonet-like, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">curved, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">difficulty of determining character of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">lance-shaped, perforated, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of dissimilar character, in the same interment, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tanged, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Blaeuw’s Atlas, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bloxam, Mr. M. H., F.S.A., collection, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Boars found at Hounslow, <a href="#Page_406">406</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bodkin obsolete as weapon, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bone, instruments of, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of Horus, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of Typhon, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">plates for sword-hilt, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">pommels for dagger-hilts, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">rings, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Borlase, Dr., quoted, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bourgeois, the Abbé, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bouterolle. <i>See</i> Chapes</p> - -<p class="pni">Boynton, Mr. T., collection, <a href="#Page_327">327</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bracelets, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>-388, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">American, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Assyrian, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">beaded, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">circular, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">jet, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Late Celtic, <a href="#Page_385">385 to 388</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">looped, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">penannular, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scottish, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with interments, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bracer of chlorite slate, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brackenridge, Rev. G. W., collection, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brackstone, Mr., collection, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Braybrooke, Lord, collection, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brent, Mr. John, F.S.A., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bridle-bits, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bristles, possible early use of, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Britain, condition of its inhabitants in the Bronze Age, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Britannic province of bronze antiquities, <a href="#Page_478">478</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[490]</a></span></p><p class="pni">British types of instruments mostly indigenous, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Britons, ancient, merely cut off the ears of corn, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">used iron before the Roman invasion, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">used no helmets in time of Severus, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brixen, ancient inhabitants of, came from Etruria, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Broad arrow” ornament on ring, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bronze, analysis of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415 to 422</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Asiatic origin of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bronze burning on to, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">cakes of, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">early value of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">brittle when heated, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">hardening of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">lumps of, <i>see</i> Metal;</p> -<p class="pnii">moulding of, <a href="#Page_427">427 to 470</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">survival of use of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bronze-founders’ hoards, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a> (<i>see</i> Hoards);</p> -<p class="pnii">classification of, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">lists of principal, <a href="#Page_460">460 to 468</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bronze Period, antiquities of, divided into provinces, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">chronology of, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">condition of the inhabitants of Britain during the, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">succession of, to Stone Period, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">succession of iron to, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brooches, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Late Celtic, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">penannular, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brooke, Capt., collection, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Buckles, Late Celtic, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">penannular, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bucklers, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">date of, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">not found with interments, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Spanish, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Bullæ,” <a href="#Page_394">394</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Burnishers, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Buttons, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">annular, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bone or ivory, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">jet, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">polished shale, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">sandstone, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">C</p> - -<p class="pni">Cable-pattern, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cæsar, Julius, quoted, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">time of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Caldrons, <a href="#Page_409">409 to 413</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">spheroidal, <a href="#Page_481">481</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Camden’s “Britannia” quoted, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Canoe, rapier-blade found in, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Caprington horn, the, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Carelli quoted, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Carians armed with bronze, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> - -<p class="pni"><i>Carnyx</i> on British coins, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Carter, Mr. James, collection, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cassiterides identified with Britain, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Casting from hafted celt, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">from worn instruments, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Castings, defective, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">unfinished, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Catti, the, used iron, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Caylus, Count de, quoted, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cazalis de Fondouce, M., <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Celestial iron,” <a href="#Page_7">7</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Celts, as amulets, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">analysis of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">casting, method of, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">casting from ready mounted, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">casting from worn specimens, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">classification of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">conjectures as to, <a href="#Page_31">31 to 37</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">copper, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">decoration of, <a href="#Page_44">44 to 49</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52 to 54</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60 to 63</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">derivation of name, <a href="#Page_27">27 to 29</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">flint, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold (?), <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gradation of types of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">hafting of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146 to 164</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">moulds for, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442 to 450</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">“recipient” and “received,” <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">restored at edge by hammering, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">shortened by wear, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">stone, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">superstitious reverence for, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">supposed identity with German <i>framea</i>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tanged, included under chisels, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tinned appearance of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">votive, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with interments, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Celts, countries where found.—</p> -<p class="pnii">Austria, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Belgium, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Cambodia, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">China, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Cyprus, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Denmark, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Egypt, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Etruria, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">France, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Gaul, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Brittany, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Savoy Lake-dwellings, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Germany, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Greece, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Holland, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Hungary, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">India, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Italy, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Java, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Jutland, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Mexico, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Portugal, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Russia, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Siberia, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Spain, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Sweden, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Celts, flat.—</p> -<p class="pnii">English, <a href="#Page_39">39 to 48</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scottish, <a href="#Page_55">55 to 59</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61 to 65</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">copper, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">decorated, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62 to 65</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">double-ended, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">doubly tapering, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">earliest in date, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">iron, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">largest found in Britain, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">moulds for, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">perforated, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Celts, flanged.—</p> -<p class="pnii">English, <a href="#Page_48">48 to 55</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scottish, <a href="#Page_59">59 to 61</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_66">66 to 68</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">castings for, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">decorated, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58 to 61</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66 to 69</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">doubly tapering, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">perforated, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">roughening blade of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with “flanches” on face, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with stop-ridge, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Celts, socketed.—</p> -<p class="pnii">English, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>-135, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scottish, <a href="#Page_135">135 to 137</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_137">137 to 142</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">apparently of German origin, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">axe-shaped, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">castings for, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">clay cores left in, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of copper, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">“flanches” on, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107 to 111</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of iron, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of lead, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">method of casting, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">moulds for, of bronze, <a href="#Page_438">438 to 445</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">moulds for, of burnt clay, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">moulds for, of stone, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">origin of, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">rarely or never found with interments in Britain, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with loop on face, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with two loops, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">without loops, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with ribs inside socket, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with ribs on face, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Celts, winged.—</p> -<p class="pnii">English, <a href="#Page_71">71 to 77</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scottish, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_99">99 to 102</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Celts, trumpeters in army of, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Celtiberian method of preparing iron, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“<i>Celtis</i>,” Roman pronunciation of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Census, method of taking, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Centres of manufacture, independent, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Ceraunius,” <a href="#Page_40">40</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cereals cultivated during the Stone Period, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">cultivated during the Bronze Period, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</p> -<p class="pnii"><i>See</i> Sickles</p> - -<p class="pni">Cesnola, General di, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></p> - -<p class="pni"><i>Cetra</i> in use in Spain and Mauretania, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chabas, M., quoted, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chalybes, the, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chantre, M. Ernest, quoted, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">his classification of hoards, <a href="#Page_458">458</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chapes, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305 to 307</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">wooden, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chariots of Early Iron Age, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chierici, Professor, quoted, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chilian celt of copper, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></p> - -<p class="pni">China, steel imported to Rome from, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chinese antiquarian work, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">halberd, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">influence, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">spear-heads, <a href="#Page_329">329</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chisels, <a href="#Page_165">165 to 173</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Aztec, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">celts used as, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Egyptian, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">flint, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">narrow, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">mould for, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">socketed, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">from Swiss Lake-dwellings, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tanged, <a href="#Page_167">167 to 171</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Christy collection, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chronos, sickle of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cicero’s facetious inquiry, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cimbrians used iron, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Cire perdue” method of casting, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Clachan nathaireach,” <a href="#Page_394">394</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Clasps, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">or slides, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">found with celts, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Clerk, Baron, collection, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></p> - -<p class="pni"><i>Clipeus</i> longer than <i>cetra</i>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Coins, British, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of Cunobeline, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of Dubnovellaunus, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of Eppillus, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of Hadrian, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of gold and silver, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Italian, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[491]</a></span></p><p class="pnii">Roman, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Spanish, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Syracusan, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of Tasciovanus, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of Verica, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">unknown in Bronze Age, <a href="#Page_487">487</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Collars, with beads strung on iron wire, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</p> -<p class="pnii"><i>See</i> Torques</p> - -<p class="pni">“Commander’s staff,” <a href="#Page_262">262</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Commerce between Britain and the Mediterranean countries, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of the Etruscans, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of the Phœnicians, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with the East, <a href="#Page_413">413</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, Buda-Pest, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Stockholm, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Continental influence on British forms, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479 to 486</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cooke collection, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cooke, Mr. B., quoted, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Copper Age, in America, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">in Europe, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">in modern times, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Copper, bars of, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">blades, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">cakes, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">cakes with Roman inscriptions, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">celts, Chilian, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">celts, Etruscan, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">celts, Indian, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">celts, Irish, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">early sources of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">halberds, Irish, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ingots, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">knives, Esquimaux, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">lumps of (<i>see</i> Metal);</p> -<p class="pnii">native, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">perforated axe, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">punches, or sets, modern, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">pyrites, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">saw from Santorin, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">smelting of, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cord, traces of, on celt, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">traces of, on dagger, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cores of clay for bells, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">extraction of, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">method of casting with, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">remaining in celts, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">wooden and bronze, <a href="#Page_445">445</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cornwall, native copper in, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">native tin in, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cotton, Charles, Esq., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crannoges, Irish, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crawfurd, Mr. J., quoted, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crofton Croker collection, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cross-guards of daggers or knives, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crotals or rattles, <a href="#Page_361">361</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crowbar, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crucibles, probably of clay, <a href="#Page_427">427</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cumæ, Battle of, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cuming, Mr. Syer, quoted, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cunliffe, Sir R. A., collection, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cunnington, Mr., F.S.A., quoted, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cunobeline, hammer on coins of, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">shields on coins of, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cups, amber, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">hanging, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with interments, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Curved cutting tools, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">D</p> - -<p class="pni">Dactyli, invention of metals ascribed to, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Daggers, <a href="#Page_222">222 to 247</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256 to 260</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Danish, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Egyptian, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">French, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">German, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Hungarian, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Italian, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">methods of hafting, <a href="#Page_227">227 to 236</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">moulds for, Italian, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ornamented on blade, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Peruvian mode of holding, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scandinavian, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">socketed, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tanged, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tanged, peculiar to Britain, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with stone axes in interments, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Daïmachus quoted, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dalmatian hammer, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">chisels, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Danubian province of bronze antiquities, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Darbishire, Mr. R. D., F.S.A., <a href="#Page_438">438</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Davy, Mr. H. A., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, F.R.S., <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Day, Mr. R., F.S.A., collection, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Delas, inventor of bronze, according to Theophrastus, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> - -<p class="pni">De Bonstetten, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></p> - -<p class="pni">De Champlain quoted, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></p> - -<p class="pni">De Fellenberg referred to, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Defoe quoted, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dentalium necklace, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Desor, Prof., collection, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Diadems, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Danish and German, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dickinson, Mrs., collection, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Diodorus Siculus quoted, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dionysius said to have struck coins of tin, <a href="#Page_426">426</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Discs with concentric circles, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">perforated, <a href="#Page_403">403</a></p> - -<p class="pni"><i>Dolabra</i>, Roman, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dolmen, French, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Donovan’s analysis of trumpet, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Douce and Meyrick collection, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Douglas, “Nænia Brit.,” quoted, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dow, Rev. John, quoted, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Dowris Find,” golden lustre on articles from, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Drills. <i>See</i> Awls</p> - -<p class="pni">“Druidical pruning-hook,” <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Druid’s altar, supposed, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dryden, Sir Henry, collection, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dubnovellaunus, hammer on coin of, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Duke, Rev. E., collection, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dunoyer, Mr. G. V., quoted, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Durden, Mr., collection, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dusaussoy, Mr., analysis by, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dyer, Mr. Thiselton, F.R.S., <a href="#Page_313">313</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">E</p> - -<p class="pni">Early Iron Age of Denmark, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">hoard at Vimose, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">interment, belonging to, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">trumpets of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</p> -<p class="pnii"><i>See</i> also Hallstatt and Late Celtic Period.</p> - -<p class="pni">Ear-rings, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Edwards, Mr. G., C.E., <a href="#Page_368">368</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Egerton, Sir P. de M. G., F.R.S., collection, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Egypt, bronze as circulating medium in, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">early rarity of iron and steel in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">early use of bronze in, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">lead bronze used in, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Egyptian arrow-heads, leaf-shaped, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">axes, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">celts with ears, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">chisels, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">daggers, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">daggers, analysis of, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">daggers, socketed, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">hatchet still hafted, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">hoe-like instrument, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">method of fixing adze blades, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">rings, penannular, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">swords, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tongs, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Elissa, bronze sickle of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Enamel on bronze articles, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">red, on shields, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Encrinite beads, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Engelhardt, Mr. Conrad, quoted, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Enniskillen, Earl of, F.R.S., <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ennius, iron used in Italy before the days of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Epaulettes, originally intended for protection of shoulder, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Esquimaux, handles of instruments, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">knives of copper, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Etruscan, celts, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">commerce, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold necklaces, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">helmets, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">influence on form of Irish vases, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">rings with loops, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tomb, copper celt in, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">urns at Hallstatt, <a href="#Page_412">412</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Euripides quoted, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">F</p> - -<p class="pni">Fabrics, woven, <a href="#Page_474">474</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fabricius, J. A., quoted, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Falmouth, Earl of, golden(?) celt belonging to, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Faussett collection, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fenton, Mr., <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fenton, Mr. S., <a href="#Page_306">306</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ferris, Dr., <a href="#Page_348">348</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ferrules, <a href="#Page_338">338 to 341</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">African celt-like, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Danish, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">flat, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">iron, <a href="#Page_341">341</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Ferrum” used for sword in Cæsar’s time, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fibula of silver, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with interment, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fiji, conch-shell trumpets from, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Files, bronze, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[492]</a></span></p><p class="pnii">iron, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Finds of bronze. <i>See</i> Hoards of Bronze</p> - -<p class="pni">Finger-rings, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fisher, Mr. Marshall, collection, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fish-hooks, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fitch, Mr. R., F.S.A., collection, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Flaminius Nepos, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Flanches” on celts, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107 to 111</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Flint, arrow-heads, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Etruscan, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">celts, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">chipped, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">chisels, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">flakes, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">flakes used as saws, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">implements, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">implements, French, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">implements, Irish, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">knives, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">scraper, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">similarity between Irish and Portuguese forms, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">spear-heads, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">“strike-a-lights,” <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Flower, Mr. J. W., F.G.S., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Forbes, Mr. David, F.R.S., <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Forel, M., collection, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Franks, Mr. A. W., F.R.S., quoted, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, &c.</p> - -<p class="pni">Frederick, Sir Charles, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">G</p> - -<p class="pni">Gage, Mr., F.S.A., <a href="#Page_343">343</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Garrucci, Padre, <a href="#Page_341">341</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gärthe, Dr. Hugo, collection, <a href="#Page_448">448</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gastaldi, Prof., <a href="#Page_202">202</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gauls, gold torques among the, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Isumbrian, had iron swords, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of North of France had iron mines, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gaulish reaping machine, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">torques used for trophy, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">trumpets, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Genthe, Rector, quoted, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Geoffroy’s experiments, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gesenius, suggestion of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., quoted, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Glass beads, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gold, bracelets, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">buttons, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">clasps, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Cornish celt, doubtful, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">diadems, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ferrules, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">fillet, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">mines, Egyptian, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">necklaces, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">on dagger hilts, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ornaments, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Merovingian, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">pins for inlaying, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">plates, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">plates, crescent-shaped, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">probably the first metal used, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">rings, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">torques, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">trophy of Gaulish torques, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gongora y Martinez, Don M., <a href="#Page_238">238</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Goodwin, Mr., <a href="#Page_347">347</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gordon, Sir R., <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gouges, <a href="#Page_173">173 to 177</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">French, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gozzadini, Count, quoted, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gray, Mr. W., collection, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Greece, early use of iron in, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Greek axe, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">fret on Chilian celts, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">language, testimony of, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">sword, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">vases, representations on, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Greenwell, Rev. Canon, F.R.S., collection, <i>passim</i>;</p> -<p class="pnii">quoted, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, &c.</p> - -<p class="pni">Grimm quoted by M. Müller, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Grose quoted, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gross, Dr. Victor, collection, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gudea, King of Assyria, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gun-metal, <a href="#Page_415">415</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">H</p> - -<p class="pni">Hafting. <i>See</i> Handles and Hilts</p> - -<p class="pni">Halberds, <a href="#Page_261">261 to 270</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Chinese, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">iron, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Italian, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">mode of attachment to shaft, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">rare in Britain, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Russian, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scandinavian, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scottish, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Spanish, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hallstatt, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hammers, <a href="#Page_177">177 to 181</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bronze, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">in Bologna hoard, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">casting for, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">clay mould for, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">formed of part of palstave, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Hungarian, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Lake-dwellings, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">looped, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">stone, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">stone with interment, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Handles to celts, <a href="#Page_146">146 to 164</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">to celts, club-like, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">to celts, elbowed, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">to celts, original, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">to iron celt, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">to Italian celt, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">to knife, of amber, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">to stone celts, of stags-horn, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">to vessels, variety of, <a href="#Page_414">414</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hare, remains of, at Barton Mere, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Harford, Mr. E. J., F.S.A., quoted, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Harland, Mr. H. S., <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“<i>Hasta Pura</i>,” <a href="#Page_218">218</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hatchets, iron, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hearne, quoted, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hector, gold-ringed spear-head of, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Helmets, bronze, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Late Celtic, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Herodian quoted, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Herodotus quoted, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hesiod quoted, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hiero, Tyrant of Syracuse, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hieroglyphic inscriptions on axes, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hildebrand, Dr. Hans, quoted, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hilts of daggers, <a href="#Page_229">229 to 236</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of rapiers, <a href="#Page_252">252 to 256</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of swords, <a href="#Page_286">286 to 300</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">proportional to blades, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">made of amber, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">made of ivory, inlaid with amber, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">made of ox-horn, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">inlaid, of dagger, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hoards of Bronze—</p> -<p class="pnii">Abergele, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Achtertyre, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Allhallows, Hoo, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Alnwick, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Ambleside, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Amiens, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Arreton Down, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Barrington, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Battlefield, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Beachy Head, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Beacon Hill, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Beddington, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Bernay, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Bilton, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Blackmoor, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Bloody Pool, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Bo Island, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Bologna, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Brechin, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Broadward, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Broxton, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Burgesses’ Meadow, Oxford, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Burwell Fen, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Camenz, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Carlton Rode, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Chrishall, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Clare, Postlingford Hall, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Cleveland, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Corsbie Moss, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Cumberlow, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Danesbury, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Dowris, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Dreuil, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Duddingston Loch, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Dunbar, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Earsley Common, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Eaton, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Ebnall, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Edington Burtle, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Exning, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Flixborough, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Fresné la Mère, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Fulbourn, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Glancych, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[493]</a></span></p><p class="pnii">Greensborough Farm, Shenstone, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Guilsfield, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Hagbourn Hill, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Harty, Isle of, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Haxey, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Haynes’ Hill, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Heathery Burn Cave, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Helsdon Hall, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">High Roding, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Hollingbury Hill, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Hotham Carr, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Hounslow, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Hundred of Hoo, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Kenidjack Cliff, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Kensington, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Kingston Hill, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Lamballe, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Lanant, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Larnaud, Fonderie de, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Little Wenlock, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Llandysilio, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Llangwyllog, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Longy Common, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Maentwrog, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Marden, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Martlesham, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Mawgan, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Melbourn, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Meldreth, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Moussaye, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Nettleham, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Newark, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Nottingham, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Panfield, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Pant-y-maen. <i>See</i> Glancych</p> -<p class="pnii">Pierre du Villain, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Plénée-Jugon. <i>See</i> Moussaye</p> -<p class="pnii">Plymstock, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Point of Sleat, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Porkington, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Quantock Hills, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Reach Fen, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Reepham, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Rhosnesney, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Romford, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Roseberry Topping, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">St. Hilary, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Shenstone, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Sittingbourne, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Stanhope, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Stibbard, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Stoke Ferry, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Tarves, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Taunton, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Thorndon, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Thrunton Farm, Whittingham, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Tours, <a href="#Page_448">448</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Trillick, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Ty-Mawr, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Vimose, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Wallingford, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Wallington, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Wandle River, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Wedmore, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">West Buckland, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">” Halton, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Westow, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Westwick Row, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Weymouth, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Whittlesea, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Wick Park, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Wicken Fen, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Wickham Park, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Wilmington, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Winmarleigh, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Woolmer Forest, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Worth, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Worthing, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Wrekin Tenement, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Wymington, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Yattendon, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, quoted, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, and <i>passim</i></p> - -<p class="pni">Hodgson, Rev. John, quoted, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Holmes, Mr. J., collection, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Homer, bronze or copper? mentioned by, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">mentions tin, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">other metals, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Homeric Age, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hones. <i>See</i> Whetstones</p> - -<p class="pni">Hood, Sir A. A., Bart., collection, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hoops, <a href="#Page_402">402</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Horns, curved, found in Denmark, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Horn, the Caprington, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Horn, used, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Horse-trappings, <a href="#Page_396">396</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hostmann, Dr., quoted, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hugo, Rev. T., F.S.A., quoted, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hugo collection, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hungary, native copper in, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hungarian province of bronze antiquities, <a href="#Page_482">482</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hutchins, Mr., quoted, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">I</p> - -<p class="pni">Imitation rivets, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Inlaying of metals, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">wood and amber, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Instruments, broken, converted into another form, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tanged, of earlier date than socketed, <a href="#Page_456">456</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Intercourse between Britain and the Continent, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Ireland and Spain, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Interments, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">burnt, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">contracted, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">comparison of size of men of the Stone and Bronze Periods, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">in a hide, with fern leaves, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">in wooden cist, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Late Celtic, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with beads, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with bracelets, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with awls, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with axes, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with celts, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with stone hatchets, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with stone hammers, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with knife daggers, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with marine shells, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tree-burials, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">urn-burials, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">at Hallstatt, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">various modes of, <a href="#Page_473">473</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ionians armed with bronze, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ireland, use of iron probably later than in Britain, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">never occupied by the Romans, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Iron, ancient, preservation of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">approximate date of introduction into Britain, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">“Celestial,” <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">celts, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Celtiberian method of tempering, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">collars and belts, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">currency, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">date of discovery of, from the Arundelian marbles, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">effects of long burying, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">files, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">forms copied from bronze, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">hatchet from Bolivia, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">meteoric origin of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">mines in France, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">probably unknown till after the separation of Aryan nations, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">pyrites in urn, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, with interment, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">for obtaining fire, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">religious avoidance of, in Egypt, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">self-fused mass of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">succession of, to bronze, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">spear-heads, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">swords, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">used in Britain before Roman invasion, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">used by the Catti, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">used by the Gauls, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">used in ancient Greece, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">[494]</a></span></p><p class="pnii">used in Italy, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Italian, coins with type of sword, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">origin suggested for Northern bronze antiquities, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ivory, bracelets, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">buttons, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">dagger handles, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">exported from Gaul to Britain, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">hilts to iron swords, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">hooks, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">nippers, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">pieces of, with bronze rivets, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">pins, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">rings, Egyptian, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tweezers, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">war trumpets, African, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">J</p> - -<p class="pni">James, Sir Henry, F.R.S., quoted, <a href="#Page_426">426</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Japanese sabres, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Java, socketed celt from, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Javelin with loop,” <a href="#Page_256">256</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Jeffrey, Mr., F.S.A.Scot., <a href="#Page_351">351</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Jerome, St., quoted, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Jet, beads, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Buttons, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">discs, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">loops, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">necklaces, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ornaments, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">pendant, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">used for decorations, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Jets and runners, <a href="#Page_450">450</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Jewitt, Mr. Llewellynn, F.S.A., quoted, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Job, book of, quoted, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">translation of, by St. Jerome, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Jones, Hon. Col. C. C., quoted, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Jutland, flat celts in, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">K</p> - -<p class="pni">Keller, Dr. F., quoted, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kendrick, James, M.D., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kirwan, Rev. R., <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Klemm, Dr., cited, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Knife-daggers, antiquity of, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">associated with stone implements (<i>see</i> Stone and Bronze together);</p> -<p class="pnii">attached to haft by perishable rivets, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ornamented, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">perforated, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scottish, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">short and broad, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Spanish, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with handle of yew, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with haft of ox-horn, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with interments, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Knives, <a href="#Page_204">204 to 216</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">flint, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">flint with interment, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Knives, socketed, curved, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">double-edged, <a href="#Page_205">205 to 208</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">looped, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">moulds for, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with fluted blade, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Knives, tanged, <a href="#Page_211">211 to 216</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">curved, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Danish and German, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">made from broken swords, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">moulds for, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">perforated, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">single-edged, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tang ending in head of animal, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tangs flat, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with rings on blade, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Koudourmapouk, King of the Soumirs and Accads, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">L</p> - -<p class="pni">Laconia, steel of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lake-dwellers probably cut straw, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lake-dwellings of Savoy, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of Switzerland, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">insight into early civilisation given by, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lake Superior, native copper found near, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lance-head, <a href="#Page_368">368</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lane Fox, Gen. A. <i>See</i> Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A.</p> - -<p class="pni">Late Celtic Period.—Arrow-heads, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bridle-bits, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bracelets, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">brooches, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">buckles, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">celts, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">chariots, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ear-rings, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ferrules, Irish, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">helmet, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">interments, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">pins, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">remains, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">sheaths, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">shield, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">spear-heads, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">swords, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">torques, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">trumpets, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">vessel with iron handle, <a href="#Page_409">409</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lauth, Prof., quoted, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Laveissière, Messrs., gun-metal, <a href="#Page_416">416</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lawrence, Mr. W. L., F.S.A., <a href="#Page_45">45</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Layton, Mr. T., F.S.A., collection, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lead, absent in early bronze, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">at butt-end of palstave, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">socketed celts, made of, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">in small socketed celts, from Brittany, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">in articles from Dowris, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">spoken of by Job, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lead bronze used in Egypt, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Leather sheath for flint dagger, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">for bronze knives, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">for Scandinavian dagger, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">thongs for securing hatchet, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Leland quoted, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lepsius quoted, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lichas the Lacedemonian, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lichfield, Mr., collection, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lindenschmit, Dr. Ludwig, quoted, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lisch, Dr. F., quoted, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Livy quoted, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Local peculiarities of bronze antiquities, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Londesborough, Lord, collection, <a href="#Page_345">345</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Long Barrow” period, skeletons of, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Loops or slides, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of jet, <a href="#Page_404">404</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lort, Rev. Mr., F.S.A., quoted, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lovelace, Earl of, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lubbock, Sir John, F.R.S., quoted, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lucretius quoted, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lukis, Rev. W. C, F.S.A., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Lurer,” or curved horns found in Denmark, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lusitanians, bronze spears among the, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lycurgus, iron currency in time of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lydia, steel of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">M</p> - -<p class="pni">Macadam, Dr. Stevenson, quoted, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a></p> - -<p class="pni">McCulloch, Mr. W. T., quoted, <a href="#Page_349">349</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Maces, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">perforated stone, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Macrobius quoted, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Madsen quoted, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Magnentius, bronze swords attributed to time of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Malacca the principal Eastern source of tin, <a href="#Page_424">424</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Malga,” Australian wooden weapon, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Manetho quoted by Plutarch, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Manillas, or African ring money, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Manlia Gens, denarii of, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mariette, M., quoted, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Marine shells with interments, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Martineau and Smith quoted, <a href="#Page_415">415</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Masons of Peru still use stone pebbles as mallets, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Massagetæ a bronze-using people, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mayer collection. <i>See</i> Museums, Liverpool</p> - -<p class="pni">Medea, bronze sickle of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Medhurst, Mr., collection, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Medicinal use of iron in ancient Egypt, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">“virtue in brass,” <a href="#Page_31">31</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mediterranean province of bronze antiquities, <a href="#Page_478">478</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Memnon, sword of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Menelaus, battle-axe of, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Meriones, arrow of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Merovingian gold ornaments, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Metals, <a href="#Page_415">415 to 426</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">admixture of other than copper and tin in bronze, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">early use of, <a href="#Page_1">1 to 20</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">lumps of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Meteoric origin of first-known iron, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mexican, bronze, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">name for copper transferred to iron, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Meyrick collection, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Sir Samuel, quoted, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Milles, Rev. Dr., collection, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Minds,” Irish, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mines, Egyptian gold, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Minerva, Temple of, at Phaselis, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Missile hatchets,” <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mitchell, Dr. Arthur, F.S.A. Scot., <a href="#Page_437">437</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Molyneux, Sir T., quoted, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Money, suggestion that celts served as, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Montelius, Dr. O., quoted, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Montezuma II., axe of, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495">[495]</a></span></p><p class="pni">Morlot, M., quoted, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Morning Star,” or flail, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mortillet, M. Gabriel de, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mortimer, Messrs., collection, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mortise and tenon, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Moseley, H. N., F.R.S., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Moulds, <a href="#Page_427">427 to 450</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bronze, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438 to 448</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">clay, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">clay, for buttons, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">stone, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428 to 438</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">notches on, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">wooden, for British coins of tin, <a href="#Page_445">445</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Movers, Prof., quoted, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Müller, Prof. Max, quoted, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Müller, Dr. Sophus, quoted, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Museums—</p> -<p class="pnii">Abbeville, <a href="#Page_335">335</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Agram, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Alnwick Castle, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Amiens, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Assen, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Belfast, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Berlin, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Boulaq, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Boulogne, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Bourges, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Bristol, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Brunswick, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Buda-Pest, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Caen, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Cambridge Ant. Soc., <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Carcassonne, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Chambéry, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Chateaudun, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Clermont-Ferrand, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Copenhagen, of Northern Antiquities, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Cracow, Academy of Sciences, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Darmstadt, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Devizes, <i>see</i> Stourhead</p> -<p class="pnii">Dorchester, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Dover, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Dresden, Preusker collection, <a href="#Page_437">437</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, <i>passim</i>;</p> -<p class="pniii">Trinity College, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Edinburgh, Ant., <i>passim</i>;</p> -<p class="pniii">Advoc. Library, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Elgin, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Evreux, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Exeter, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Florence, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Geneva, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Göttingen, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Gratz, Johanneum, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Hanover, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Kiel, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Laibach, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Lausanne, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Leipsig, Deutsche Gesellschaft, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Le Puy, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Lewes, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Leyden, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Linz, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Liverpool, Mayer collection, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></p> -<p class="pnii">London, British Museum, <i>passim</i>;</p> -<p class="pniii">Soc. Ant., <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, and <i>passim</i></p> -<p class="pnii">Lyons, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Madrid, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Malmoe, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Metz, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Modena, Museo Civico, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Munich, <a href="#Page_445">445</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Namur, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Nantes, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Narbonne, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Newcastle-on-Tyne, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Norwich, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Oxford, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>; Ashmolean, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Paris, d’Artillerie, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</p> -<p class="pniii">Hôtel Cluny, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</p> -<p class="pniii">Louvre, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Plymouth, Athenæum, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Poitiers, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Prague, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Rennes, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Rouen, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></p> -<p class="pnii">St. Germain, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a></p> -<p class="pnii">St. Omer, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Salisbury, Blackmore, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Salzburg, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Scarborough, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Schwerin, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Sheffield, Bateman collection, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Sigmaringen, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Soissons, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Stockholm, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Stourhead, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, and <i>passim</i></p> -<p class="pnii">Stuttgart, Cabinet of Coins, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Taunton, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Toulouse, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Tours, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Trent, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Turin, Royal Armoury, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Vannes, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Vienna, Ambras, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</p> -<p class="pniii">Antiken Cabinet, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Warrington, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Wisbech, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Wurzburg, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></p> -<p class="pnii">Zurich, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Museum Moscardi,” quoted, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">N</p> - -<p class="pni">Nail for fastening scabbard end, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Native copper, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Neb, projecting, on celts, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Necklaces, amber, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bone, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of dentalium shells, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of glass beads, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">jet, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Necropolis, Alban, <a href="#Page_341">341</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Needle of bronze, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">wood, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Neolithic Period, gouges developed in, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Neville, Mr. F., quoted, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Nickel present in bronze of shield, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Nilsson, Prof., <a href="#Page_419">419</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Nitzsch quoted, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Noricum, iron swords of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Norris, Mr., collection, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Northumberland, Duke of, collection, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Norway, native copper in, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Noulet, Dr., <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">O</p> - -<p class="pni">Objects of uncertain use, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Obsidian instruments from Santorin, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Odyssey, description of hardening axe in, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">testimony of, as to axe-heads, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></p> - -<p class="pni">O’Gorman, Mr. T., quoted, <a href="#Page_398">398</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Oppert, M., referred to, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Orestes, bones of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Origin of term celt, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of term palstave, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">continental, of British bronze forms, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ormerod, Mr. G. W., F.G.S., collection, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ornaments, <a href="#Page_374">374 to 395</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483 to 486</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bronze, rare in Britain, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">for horse-trappings, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">silver, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ornamentation on bronze, preserved by patina, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">cable pattern, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">chevron patterns, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">by enamel, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">fern-leaf pattern, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Greek fret, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">by inlaying of metals, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">by hatched lozenges, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">by punching, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">by matted patterns, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">resembling Roman numerals, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">rings, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">rings concentric, on shields, <a href="#Page_347">347 to 353</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ring and pellet, <a href="#Page_124">124</a> <i>et seqq.</i>;</p> -<p class="pnii">shield-shaped, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">on back of Swiss Lake knives, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Osteological observations, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Overlapping of Stone and Bronze Periods, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">[496]</a></span></p><p class="pni">Owen, Prof., F.R.S., cited, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">P</p> - -<p class="pni">Paalstab, the term, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Palafitta of Castione, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Palstaves, <a href="#Page_70">70 to 106</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">broken, with broken torques, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">castings for, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Danish, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">development of, from flat celts, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">double-looped, <a href="#Page_95">95 to 97</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">edge renewed by hammering, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">French, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">German, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Icelandic, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99 to 105</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">iron, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">looped, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">moulds for, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of two metals from Hallstatt, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">origin of term, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">roughening blade of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scottish, <a href="#Page_77">77 to 79</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">socketed celts evolved from, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Spanish, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">transitional forms between celts and, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with ridges on recesses for handle, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with transverse edge, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with socket formed by wings, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">worn by resharpening, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Paris Exhibition of 1878, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Patina, preservation of ornament by, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Patrick, Mr. R. W. Cochran, F.S.A., <a href="#Page_362">362</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Patroclus, funeral games of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pausanias, quoted, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Payne-Knight collection, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pegge, Rev. Samuel, F.S.A., quoted, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pelligot, Prof., analysis of Breton celts, <a href="#Page_417">417</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pelta or buckler of Greeks and Macedonians, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Penguilly l’Haridon, M., quoted, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pennant’s “Tour” quoted, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pentateuch, mention of metals in, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Percy, Dr. J., F.R.S., quoted, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Perthes, Boucher de, collection, <a href="#Page_335">335</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Peru, bronze in, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">use of stone mallets in, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Peruvian mode of holding dagger, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pest, Congress of Prehistoric Archæology at, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Petrie collection, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Phillips, Mr. J. A., F.G.S., <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Philology, testimony of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Philoxenus quoted, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Phœnician trade with Britain, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pins, <a href="#Page_365">365 to 373</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">134, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">associated with swords, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bone, with Roman remains, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">curved, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Danish, gold-plated, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">French, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">German, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, for inlaying, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Late Celtic, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">looped, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scottish, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">spiral, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Swiss, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">twisted, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with amber inlaid, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with annular heads, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with flat heads, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with perforated heads, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pindar quoted, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pipe of bone, <a href="#Page_366">366</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pisander, axe of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A., F.R.S., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Plates, conical, with central hole, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">convex, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with rims, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">flat, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, articles made of, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, lozenge-shaped, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">horse-shoe shaped, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with lunate openings, <a href="#Page_397">397</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pliny quoted, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Plot, Dr., quoted, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Plutarch quoted, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pollux, Julius, mentions currier’s chisel, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Polybius quoted, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pommels, of dagger hilts, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">to iron sword, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">object like, with links of chain, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">cast on core of clay, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">to Scottish swords, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Porsena, articles of peace tendered by, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Poseidon, trident of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Poste, Mr. Beale, quoted, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pottery, from barrows, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of Bronze Age, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">from Swiss Lake-dwellings, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pownall, Governor, F.S.A., quoted, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Preservation of iron, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Prickers of bronze for extracting clay cores, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</p> -<p class="pnii"><i>See</i> Awls</p> - -<p class="pni">Prigg, Mr. H., quoted, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">collection, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Proportion between size of tool and handle, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Proximity of objects no proof of identity of date, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Psammetichus, brazen helmet of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Punches, used in ornamenting, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">serrated, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Punic War, Second, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pyramid, Great, iron wedge found in, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pyrites, iron, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">copper, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">Q</p> - -<p class="pni">Queen Aah-Hotep, axe found in tomb of, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Queen’s Drive, Edinburgh, swords found at, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Quincussis,” <a href="#Page_283">283</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">R</p> - -<p class="pni">Rabat, M., collection, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rameses III., tomb of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ramsauer, Herr, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ramses, the name on Egyptian axe, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rapier-shaped blades, <a href="#Page_245">245 to 254</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">broken, regarded as a steel, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">rare in hoards, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with hilt of ox-horn, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rattles, crotals, or bells, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ravalière, Lévesque de la, quoted, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ravensworth, Lord, collection, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Razors, <a href="#Page_217">217 to 221</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">continental forms, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">crescent-shaped, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">from Lake-dwellings, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">perforated, <a href="#Page_218">218 to 221</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tanged, <a href="#Page_217">217 to 219</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tanged, peculiar to Britain, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Read, Mr. C., <a href="#Page_231">231</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Reaping-hooks, of flint, <a href="#Page_194">194</a> (<i>see</i> Sickles);</p> -<p class="pnii">Saturn’s, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Reaping-machine, Gaulish, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Recipient” and “received,” the terms as applied to celts, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Religious rites, use of bronze in, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Repoussé work on Late Celtic bracelets, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Reproduction in bronze of stone forms, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Reverence, superstitious, for celts, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rhœcus and Theodorus, the Samians, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rhind, Mr. A. Henry, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Richardson, Dr. Richard, quoted, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rickman, Mr., quoted, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rings, <a href="#Page_388">388 to 391</a>; 82, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bone, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of caldron, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">concentric, on shields, <a href="#Page_347">347 to 353</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">connecting straps of harness, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">dentated, for maces, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Egyptian, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Etruscan, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">hollow, with transverse perforations, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">interlinked, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, in pairs, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">on loop of celt, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">penannular, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">and plates as ornaments for horse-trappings, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">and pellet ornament, <a href="#Page_124">124 to 127</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">spiral, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">stone mould for, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">twisted, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ring-money, African, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rivets, horn or wood, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">imitation of, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">long, for barbed spear-heads, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">numerous, for trumpet, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Robinson, Mr. T. W. U., F.S.A., collection, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rod, with birds and rings, <a href="#Page_406">406</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rolleston, Prof., F.R.S., quoted, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Roman, coins, at Karn Bré, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">commemorative of victories, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">priests, bronze knives of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">pronunciation of <i>celtis</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">remains, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">sword, long, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Roman numerals, ornaments resembling, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rome, best steel imported to, from China, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rosse, Earl of, collection, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">his speculum metal, <a href="#Page_416">416</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rossi, Prof. Stefano de, quoted, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Roughening of butt-end of celts, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rowland quoted, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[497]</a></span></p><p class="pni">Rubbing-stones for grinding and polishing, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">S</p> - -<p class="pni">Sabine priests, bronze knives of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sabres, Japanese, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sacken, Baron von, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sagartii, the, had bronze daggers, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sagas, use of term Paalstab in, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sanford, Mr. W. A., F.G.S., collection, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sanscrit term for iron, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Sarcophagus with ashes” in cairn, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Savoy Lake-dwellings. <i>See</i> Lake-dwellings</p> - -<p class="pni">Saws, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">flint flakes used as, <a href="#Page_454">454</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Saxon cemeteries, preservation of iron in, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Saxony, native copper in, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Scabbards and scabbard-ends, <a href="#Page_301">301 to 309</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">French, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">localities where found, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scottish, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Scandinavia never occupied by the Romans, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Scarabæus of bronze, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Schliemann, Dr., quoted, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Schreiber, quoted, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Scott, Lady John, collection, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Scythians, the, did not use bronze, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">method of taking census among, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Seare” or Sickle, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Segested cited, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Seidler, Mr. Charles, collection, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Severus, Britons of the time of, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sharp, Mr. S., F.S.A., collection, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sharpeners, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">broken bronze rapier regarded as, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Shaw, Mr. S., collection, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sheaths, bronze, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bronze, for iron sword, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">leather, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">wooden, with interment, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Shields, <a href="#Page_343">343 to 356</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">on British coins, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Italian, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Late Celtic, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scottish, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with Early Iron swords, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with interment, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Shiffner, Sir H., Bart., collection, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Shipp, Mr., <a href="#Page_233">233</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sickle of Chronos, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of Elissa and Medea, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of Saturn, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sickles, <a href="#Page_194">194 to 203</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">English, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scottish, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">French, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">German, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Italian, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scandinavian, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Swiss, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">method of hafting, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">flat, with knobs on blade, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">socketed, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a> <i>et seqq.</i>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sidonius quoted, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sigimer, his followers provided with missile hatchets, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Silver, apparently unknown in the Bronze Age, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ornaments at Gungeria, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Simpson, Rev. Sparrow, D.D., collection, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sinai, copper from peninsula of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sinclair quoted, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sinope, steel of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sistrum-like instruments, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Slafter, Rev. E. F., quoted, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Smith, Dr. Aquilla, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Smith, Mr. C. Roach, F.S.A., quoted, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">collection, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Smith, Mr. Ecroyd, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Smith, Dr. John Alexander, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Soldering unknown in the Bronze Age, <a href="#Page_425">425</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Solly, Mr. S., F.S.A., <a href="#Page_233">233</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sophocles quoted, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Spain, tin in, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Spear-heads, <a href="#Page_310">310 to 338</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">absent from barrows, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">African, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Arreton Down type, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">barbed, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">castings for, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Celtic, in the Alban Necropolis, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Chinese, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">“eyed,” <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ferruled, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">flint, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Greek, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">inlaid with gold, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">iron, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">leaf-shaped, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312 to 321</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">looped on blade, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327 to 331</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">looped on socket, <a href="#Page_321">321 to 326</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">moulds for, <a href="#Page_435">435 to 438</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">perforated, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330 to 337</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">retaining portion of shaft, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">tanged, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">types peculiar to Britain, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">where found, <a href="#Page_481">481</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Speculum-metal, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Spindle-whorl, <a href="#Page_383">383</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Spirals, their absence in Britain, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">on beads, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Spiral rings, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Spoon-like articles, <a href="#Page_406">406</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Squier and Davis quoted, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stag’s-horns, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">horn handle to brass instrument, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">handle to celts, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">instruments in barrow, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">instruments like netting-meshes in barrow, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stair, Earl of, collection, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Stake,” possible origin of this name for a small anvil, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stature of men interred in Yorkshire barrows, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Steel of three kinds produced by the Chalybes, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">helmet of Hercules, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">known in Homer’s day, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Japanese method of preparing, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">reaping-hook of Saturn, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of Sinope, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stevenson, Mr., collection, <a href="#Page_440">440</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stiletto and bodkin, served a double purpose, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stone, Mr., <a href="#Page_391">391</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stone, Mr. Edward, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stone anvils, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">mallets, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stone, forms reproduced in bronze, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">and bronze associated, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Strabo quoted, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Strobel, Prof., quoted, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stukeley quoted, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Succession of iron to bronze, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sullivan, Prof. W. K., <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Superposition of articles of different date, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Superstitious reverence for beads, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">for celts, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Survival of celts as amulets, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of “flanches” as ornaments, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sweden, native copper in, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Swiss Lake-dwellings. <i>See</i> Geographical Index.</p> - -<p class="pni">Swords, <a href="#Page_273">273 to 300</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">British, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278 to 287</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Celtiberian, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Danish, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Egyptian, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Finnish, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">French, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Gaulish, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">German, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Greek, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Hallstatt, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Hungarian, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293 to 296</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Italian, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">from Mycenæ, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Roman, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scandinavian, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scottish, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">from site of Troy (presumed), <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Spanish, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Swiss Lakes, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Swords, absent from interments, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">date of, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Early Iron, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">found in a moss arranged in a circle, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">inlaid, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">length of, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">methods of mending, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">mode of grasping, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">on Italian bronze coin, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">types almost peculiar to Britain, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with bronze sheaths, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sword-hilts and hilt-plates added by casting, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Danish, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Hungarian, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ferrules on, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold on, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of ivory inlaid with amber, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">longitudinal slots in, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, &c.;</p> -<p class="pnii">pommels to, of alabaster, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">pommels with curved horns, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">pommels of lead, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with plates of bone, horn, or wood, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">spirals on, rare in Britain, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sydenham, Mr., <a href="#Page_237">237</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">T</p> - -<p class="pni">Tacitus, quoted, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Talbot de Malahide, Lord, collection, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tamassus, mart for copper at, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tasciovanus, coins of, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Teeth of animals in barrows, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Telamon, battle of, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498">[498]</a></span></p><p class="pni">Telchines, the, gold, silver, and copper discovered by, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Teutonic languages, name for copper in, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thebes, paintings in sepulchres at, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Theophrastus quoted, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Theseus, grave of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thoms, Mr., note on <i>Paalstabs</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</p> - -<p class="pni">Thomsen, Councillor, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thorlacius quoted, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thurnam, Dr., F.S.A., quoted, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tin, bead of, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">coins of, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">early sources of, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Egyptian, source unknown, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">exported from Britain, before Roman invasion, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">found in Brittany, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">fragments of, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">in bronze, loss of, by fusion, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">in hoards of bronze, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">in ingots, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Malacca, principal Eastern source of, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">mentioned by Homer, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">pure metallic, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">pure, used by early Greeks, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Spain, principal Western source of, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">trade with Britain for, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">used for soldering, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tinned, implements supposed to be, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tischler, Dr. Otto, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tongs, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Torquati, origin of their name, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Torques, <a href="#Page_374">374 to 381</a>; 76, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">beaded, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Danish, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">on denarii of the Manlia Gens, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">derivation of name, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">funicular, <a href="#Page_375">375 to 377</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, Gaulish, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, Irish, with ball at each end, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Late Celtic, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ribbon, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">rings on, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Towneley, Mr. Charles, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tree-burial. <i>See</i> Interment.</p> - -<p class="pni">Tresca, M., <a href="#Page_416">416</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Trevelyan, Sir Charles, collection, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Sir Walter, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Tribulum,” the, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Trojans, “bronze-speared,” <a href="#Page_16">16</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Troy, swords rare on the presumed site of, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Troyon, M., collection, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Trumpets, <a href="#Page_357">357 to 364</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">African, of elephants’ tusks, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">broken and repaired by burning, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">English, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">found at Dowris, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">from Fiji, of conch shells, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Gaulish, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Irish, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Late Celtic, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">metal of, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">Scottish, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with lateral opening, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Tuagh-catha,” Irish war-axe, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tubal-Cain, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tubes, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">looped, <a href="#Page_397">397</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tucker, Mr., F.S.A., <a href="#Page_254">254</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tuscan cities, bronze ploughshare used in founding, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Tutuli,” <a href="#Page_402">402</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tweezers, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">ivory, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">U</p> - -<p class="pni">Umbrian coins with the type of a sword, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Unfinished castings, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Uralian province of bronze antiquities, <a href="#Page_477">477</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Urn-burials, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">at Hallstatt, <a href="#Page_412">412</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Urns, cinerary, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">cinerary, said to contain sword, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">of coarse earthenware, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">found at Chiusi, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">inverted, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Urus, remains of, at Barton Mere, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Utilization of broken instruments, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">V</p> - -<p class="pni">Vallancey quoted, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">as to Irish moulds, <a href="#Page_439">439</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Variations in implements cast in the same mould, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Various centres of bronze-founding in Britain 143, <a href="#Page_477">477</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Vases of Etruscan origin, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Vauquelin’s analysis of Egyptian dagger, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Verica, gold coins of, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Vessels, amber, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bronze, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bronze, conical, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bronze, ornamented, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">bronze, with iron handle, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">gold, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">sandstone, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">shale, <a href="#Page_407">407</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Virgil quoted, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Von Bibra, referred to, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Von Estorff quoted, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Von Sacken quoted, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Votive celts or hatchets, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">hoards, <a href="#Page_457">457</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Vulgate, different readings of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">W</p> - -<p class="pni">Wakeman, Mr., collection, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wakeman, Mr., quoted, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wallace, Mr. J. R., collection, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Warburton, Mr., <a href="#Page_447">447</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ware, Mr. Samuel, F.S.A., quoted, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Warne, Mr. C, F.S.A., quoted, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Watson, Mr. C. Knight, Sec. S.A., quoted, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Way, Mr. Albert, F.S.A., quoted, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p> - -<p class="pni">“Welding,” the term, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Westendorp quoted, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Westwood, Prof., quoted, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Whetstones in hoards, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">with interments, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">in urns, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">use of, <a href="#Page_453">453</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Whincopp, Mr., collection, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Whitaker, Dr., collection, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">quoted, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Whitaker, Mr. W., F.G.S., <a href="#Page_248">248</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wibel, Dr., <a href="#Page_419">419</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wickham, Mr. Humphrey, collection, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wilde, Sir W. R., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, quoted, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wilshe collection, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wilson, Prof. Daniel, quoted, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wilson, Rev. George, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</p> - -<p class="pni">Wood preserved by salt, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">preserved by salts of copper, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">preserved by salts of iron, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wooden hafts for celts, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">handle of sickle, of yew, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">handle of knife, of yew, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">shafts for spears, of ash, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">shafts for spears, of beech, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">shafts for spears, of bog-oak, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">sheath for dagger, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</p> -<p class="pnii">sheath for dagger, apparently of willow, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Woodward Collection, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Worm, Dr. Olaf, quoted, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Worsaae, Councillor, quoted, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wright, T., F.S.A., quoted, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">Y</p> - -<p class="pni">Yates, Mr. James, F.R.S., quoted, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Young, Mr. A. Knight, collection, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499">[499]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">INDEX,</h2> - -<p class="pc1 large"><b>GEOGRAPHICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL.</b></p> - -<p class="pc"><i>See also “Hoards” and “Museums” in General Index</i>.</p> - -<hr class="d4" /> - -<p class="pi8i p2 large"><b>ENGLAND.</b></p> - -<p class="pi8i p1">BEDFORDSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Toddington, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wymington, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">BERKSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Ashdown, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Blewbury, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cottle, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fyfield, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hagbourn Hill, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Isis, near Little Wittenham, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kennet and Avon Canal, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Newbury, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rowcroft, Yattendon, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Speen, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sunningwell, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sutton Courtney, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thames, near Bray, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” near Maidenhead, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thatcham, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Theale, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wallingford, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wantage, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Windsor, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Yattendon, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Buckinghamshire, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hawridge, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lodge Hill, Waddesdon, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thames, near Datchet, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Winslow, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">CAMBRIDGESHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Aldreth, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Barrington, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bottisham, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Lode, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Burwell Fen, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cambridge, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chatteris, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Coveney, Isle of Ely, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Fen, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Downham Fen, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Duxford, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ely, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Fens at, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fens, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fen Ditton, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fordham, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fulbourn, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Harston, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Isleham Fen, <a href="#Page_327">327</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Malton, <a href="#Page_397">397</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Manea, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></p> - -<p class="pni">March, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Matlow Hill, <a href="#Page_366">366</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Melbourn, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Meldreth, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mildenhall Fen, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Newton, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Quy Fen, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Reach Fen, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Shippey, Ely, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Soham Fen, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stretham Fen, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Swaffham Fen, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Waterbeach, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Whittlesea, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wicken Fen, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wisbech, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">CHESHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Broxton, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Grappenhall, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wilmslow, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">CORNWALL.</p> - -<p class="pni">Cornwall, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Angrowse Mullion, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Camelford, <a href="#Page_438">438</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Falmouth, <a href="#Page_426">426</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fowey River, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Harlyn, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Karn Bré, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kenidjack Cliff, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lanant, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Launceston, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mawgan, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Penvores, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Penzance, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Redmore, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rillaton, <a href="#Page_407">407</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Austell, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Hilary, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Michael’s Mount, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">CUMBERLAND.</p> - -<p class="pni">Cumberland, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Aspatria, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Camp Graves, Bewcastle, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Irthington, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Keswick, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Longtown, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Naworth Castle, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wigton, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">DERBYSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Derbyshire, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bakewell, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Biggen Grange, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Blakelow, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Borther Low, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brassington Moor, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brier Low, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brough, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Carder Low, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pi8i"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">[500]</a></span></p><p class="pni">Dow Low, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Duffield, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></p> - -<p class="pni">End Low, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Haddon Field, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> - -<p class="pni">High Low, <a href="#Page_453">453</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lark’s Low, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Matlock, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Middleton, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Minning Low, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Moot Low, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Narrowdale Hill, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Parcelly Hay, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Parwich Moor, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Peak Forest, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Shuttlestone, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stakor Hill, <a href="#Page_392">392</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Standlow, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thor’s Cave, Walton, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Throwley, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Waggon Low, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wardlow, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">DEVONSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Devonshire, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bloody Pool, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Broad Down, Farway, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chagford, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Drewsteignton, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hammeldon Down, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hennock, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Honiton, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kent’s Cavern, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Knighton, <a href="#Page_434">434</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lovehayne, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Plymstock, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sidmouth, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Talaton, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Teigngrace, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Torrington, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Upton Pyne, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Winkleigh, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Worth, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">DORSETSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Dorsetshire, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Badbury, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bere Regis, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bincombe Down, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Blandford, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Came, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cranbourne, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gussage St. Michael, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></p> - -<p class="pni">King Barrow, Wareham, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Maiden Castle, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Milton, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Portland, Isle of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Preston Down, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Purbeck, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Roke Down, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Spetisbury, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wareham, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Weymouth, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Winfrith, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Woodlands, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">DURHAM.</p> - -<p class="pni">Broomyholme, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chester-le-Street, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Heathery Burn Cave, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Medomsley, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stanhope, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wolsingham, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ESSEX.</p> - -<p class="pni">Essex, <a href="#Page_403">403</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Baddow Hall Common, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Barking Marshes, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chelmsford, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chrishall, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fifield, <a href="#Page_424">424</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gray’s Thurrock, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p> - -<p class="pni">High Roding, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lea, at Stratford-le-Bow, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” River, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mardyke, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Panfield, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Plaistow Marshes, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Romford, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stifford, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thames, near Barking Creek, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thames, near Erith, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Walthamstow, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">GLOUCESTERSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Ablington, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cirencester, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kilcot Wood, Newent, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Meon Hill, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Nether Swell, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Severn, near Wainlodes Hill, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p> - -<p class="pni">South Cerney, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stanton, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stroud, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Whittington, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">HAMPSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Arreton Down, Isle of Wight, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ashey Down, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bere Hill, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Blackmoor, <a href="#Page_404">404</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fovant, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hinton, <a href="#Page_424">424</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Liss, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a></p> - -<p class="pni">New Forest, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Woolmer Forest, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">HEREFORDSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Aston Ingham, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Broadward, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bucknell, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Oldbury Hill, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ross, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Margaret’s Park, Hereford, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Weston, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">HERTFORDSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Hertfordshire, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cumberlow, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Danesbury, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lea River, St. Margaret’s, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Royston, <a href="#Page_424">424</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Westwick Row, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wigginton, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">HUNTINGDONSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Hammerton, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Horsey, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Taxley Fen, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">KENT.</p> - -<p class="pni">Kent, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Allhallows, Hoo, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ashford, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Blean, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Buckland, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Canterbury, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chartham, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chatham Dockyard, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Hill, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dover, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Harty, Isle of, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Haynes Hill, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hundred of Hoo, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Marden, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Medway, Chatham Reach, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Medway, Upper Reach, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Minster, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sittingbourne, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thames at Greenwich, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thames off Woolwich, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wateringbury, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></p> - -<p class="pi8i"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">[501]</a></span></p><p class="pni">Wye Down, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">LANCASHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Lancashire, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Acker’s Common, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cuerdale, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gleaston Castle, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kirkland Cave, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lancaster Moor, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mow Road, Rochdale, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Read, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Risdon, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Winmarleigh, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Winwick, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">LEICESTERSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Beacon Hill, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Leicester, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">LINCOLNSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Lincolnshire, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Alnwick, Sleaford, <a href="#Page_445">445</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Billinghay, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Boston, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Broughton, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Burringham Common, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Elsham, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fleet and Gedney, Sea-dike between, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Flixborough, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Haxey, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Horncastle, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Langton, <a href="#Page_323">323</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lincoln, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Nettleham, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Newport, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></p> - -<p class="pni">North Owersby, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Scothorn, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sleaford River, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - -<p class="pni">South Kyme, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Washingborough, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a></p> - -<p class="pni">West Halton, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Witham River, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">MIDDLESEX.</p> - -<p class="pni">Edmonton Marsh, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hampton Court, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hounslow, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kensington, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">London, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pentonville, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Teddington, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thames, at Chelsea, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” between Hampton and Walton, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” near Isleworth, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” at or near London, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” at Teddington, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” near Waterloo Bridge, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">MONMOUTHSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Castle Hill, Usk, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">NORFOLK.</p> - -<p class="pni">Norfolk, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Attleborough, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Carlton Rode, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Caston, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dereham, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Eaton, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Frettenham, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Common, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hanworth, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Helsdon Hall, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ingham, <a href="#Page_319">319</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Little Cressingham, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Methwold, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ouse River, near Thetford, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Reepham, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rougham, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Snettisham, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stibbard, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stoke Ferry, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sutton, St. Michael’s, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Northamptonshire, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Aston-le-Walls, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Aynhoe, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brixworth, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">NORTHUMBERLAND.</p> - -<p class="pni">Northumberland, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Alnwick, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Blakehope, <a href="#Page_335">335</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Branton, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cambo, <a href="#Page_429">429</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cheswick, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chollerford Bridge, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Corbridge, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Elford, <a href="#Page_327">327</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ewart Park, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ford, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Harwood, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Inghoe, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Linden, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Newbiggin, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Newcastle-on-Tyne, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Newham, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></p> - -<p class="pni">North Charlton, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Tyne, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rothbury, <a href="#Page_389">389</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tosson, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tyne, near Newcastle, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wallington, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wallsend, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Whittingham, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">NOTTINGHAM.</p> - -<p class="pni">Colwick, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gotam, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gringley, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Newark, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Nottingham, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">OXFORDSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Oxfordshire, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Burgesses’ Meadow, Oxford, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cherwell River, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Culham, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dorchester, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dyke Hills, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Freeland, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Isis, near Dorchester, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Isis, near Eynsham Bridge, <a href="#Page_345">345</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sandford, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stanlake, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stanton Harcourt, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Yarnton, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SHROPSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Shropshire, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bagley, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Battlefield, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Broadward (<i>see</i> Herefordshire)</p> - -<p class="pni">Ebnall, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Little Wenlock, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Porkington, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Severn, near Buildwas, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wrekin Tenement, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SOMERSETSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Bath, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Camerton, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cheddar Valley, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chilton Bustle, <a href="#Page_368">368</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Edington Burtle, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hamden Hill, <a href="#Page_389">389</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Midsummer Norton, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pen Pits, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Polden Hill, <a href="#Page_353">353</a></p> - -<p class="pi8i"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502">[502]</a></span></p><p class="pni">Priddy, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Quantock Hills, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sedgemoor, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sherford, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sparkford Hill, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></p> - -<p class="pni">South Petherton, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Taunton, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tiverton, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wadsford, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wedmore, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">West Buckland, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Cranmore, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wick Park, Stogursey, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Winterhay Green, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wraxall, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">STAFFORDSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Staffordshire, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Alton Castle, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brewood, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bushbury, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Castern, near Wetton, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ilam Moor, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” St. Bertram’s Well, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lady Low, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lett Low, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Morridge, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Musdin, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pattingham, <a href="#Page_375">375</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Shenstone, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stretton, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thorncliff, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wetton, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>,409</p> - -<p class="pni">Yarlet, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SUFFOLK.</p> - -<p class="pni">Suffolk, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Barrow, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Barton Mere, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Boyton, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Broomswell, Woodbridge, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Exning, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fornham, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hintlesham, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Honington, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ipswich, <a href="#Page_411">411</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lakenheath, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Fen, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lark River, Icklingham, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lidgate, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Martlesham, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mildenhall, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Postlingford Hall, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sutton, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thetford, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thorndon, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ubbeston, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Undley, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wetheringsett, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Woolpit, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">SURREY.</p> - -<p class="pni">Battersea, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Beddington, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cæsar’s Camp, Farnham, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Canada Wharf, Rotherhithe, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ditton, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Farley Heath, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Guildford, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kingston, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Hill, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thames at Battersea, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Kingston, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Lambeth, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Richmond, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Runnymede, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Wandsworth, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” mouth of Wandle, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wandle River, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wickham Park, Croydon, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SUSSEX.</p> - -<p class="pni">Alfriston, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Battle, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Beachy Head, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Billingshurst, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bognor, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bracklesham, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brighton, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chichester, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Clayton Hill, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Eastbourne, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Firle, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ham Cross, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hangleton Down, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Highdown Camp, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hollingbury Hill, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hove, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ilford, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lewes, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lewes and Brighton, between, <a href="#Page_368">368</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Plumpton Plain, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pulborough, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pyecombe, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Storrington, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Waldron, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Westburton, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wilmington, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wolsonbury Hill, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Worthing, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">WARWICKSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">New Bilton, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rugby, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wolvey, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">WESTMORELAND.</p> - -<p class="pni">Ambleside, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brough, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crosby Garrett, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Harbyrnrigge, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Helsington Peat Moss, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">WILTSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Wiltshire, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ablington, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Abury, <a href="#Page_366">366</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Aldbourn, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Amesbury, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Avebury, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Barrows, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Beckhampton, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brigmilston, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bulford, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Water, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bush Barrow, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cann, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Downton, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></p> - -<p class="pni">East Harnham, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Kennett, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Everley, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fisherton, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fovant, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Golden Barrow, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Great Bedwin, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Homington, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Idmiston, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Jack’s Castle, Stourton, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pni">King Barrow, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lake, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mere Down, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Normanton, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Overton Hill, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ramsbury, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Robin Hood’s Ball, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rockbourn Down, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Roundway, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Salisbury Plain, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Scratchbury, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stonehenge, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Barrow near, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pi8i"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503">[503]</a></span></p><p class="pni">Stourhead, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sutton Verney, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tun Hill, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Upton Lovel, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wilsford, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Winterbourn Stoke, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Winterslow, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Woodyates Barrow, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Yatesbury, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">WORCESTERSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Astley, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bevere Island, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Broadway Tower, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Castle Hill, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Holt, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ombersley, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Perdeswell, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Severn at Kempsey, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” near Worcester, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stoke Prior, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">YORKSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Yorkshire, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Arras, or Hessleskew, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bilton, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bishop Wilton, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bolton Percy, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bramham Moor, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bridlington, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brigmilston, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brompton, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Broughton in Craven, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Butterwick, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cawthorn, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cayton Carr, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cleveland, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cowlam, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cundall Manor, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Driffield, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Earsley Common, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ebberston, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Embsay, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fimber, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Frodingham, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Garton, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gembling, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Givendale, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Goodmanham, <a href="#Page_392">392</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gristhorpe, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Helperthorpe, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hotham Carr, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hull, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Humber River, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Keldholm, <a href="#Page_452">452</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Knapton, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Langton Wold, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Leeds, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lowthorpe, <a href="#Page_327">327</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Middleham, <a href="#Page_335">335</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Middleton, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Morley, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pickering, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Raisthorp, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ravenshill Barrow, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Reeth, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Roseberry Topping, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rudstone, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Scale House, Barrow near, <a href="#Page_474">474</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Seamer Carr, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sherburn Carr, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Wold, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stanwick, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tadcaster, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thixendale, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Three Tremblers, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ulleskelf, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Westow, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wolds, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wykeham Moor, <a href="#Page_366">366</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">CHANNEL ISLANDS, &c</p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ALDERNEY.</p> - -<p class="pni">Alderney, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></p> - -<p class="pni">La Pierre du Villain, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Longy Common, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">GUERNSEY.</p> - -<p class="pni">“La Roche qui sonne,” 385</p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ISLE OF MAN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Broust in Andreas, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Castleton, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - -<p class="pni">East Surby, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kirk-bride, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kirk-patrick, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Peel, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SCILLY ISLES.</p> - -<p class="pni">Peninnis Head, <a href="#Page_383">383</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">WALES.</p> - -<p class="pni">North Wales, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ANGLESEA.</p> - -<p class="pni">Anglesea, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bodwrdin and Tre Ddafydd, between, <a href="#Page_438">438</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Holyhead Mountain, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Llangwyllog, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Llanidan, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Llanvair Station, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Menai Bridge, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ty-Mawr, Holyhead, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">BRECKNOCKSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Brecknockshire, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hay, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Keven Hirr Vynidd, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">CAERMARTHEN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Kidwelly, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">CAERNARVON.</p> - -<p class="pni">Bryn Crûg, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Danesfield, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Glangwnny, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Moel Siabod, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Nantlle, <a href="#Page_438">438</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">CARDIGANSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Aberystwith, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Glancych or Pant-y-Maen, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pendinas Hill, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">DENBIGHSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Abergele, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Llandysilio, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rhosnesney, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">GLAMORGANSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Glamorganshire, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Corbridge, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Great Wood, St. Fagan’s, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mynydd-y Glas, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></p> - -<p class="pni">New Forest, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ogmore Down, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pendoylan, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pont Caradog, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Swansea, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">MERIONETHSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Merionethshire, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Barmouth, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cader Idris, <a href="#Page_375">375</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Castell-y-Bere, <a href="#Page_401">401</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cynwyd, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> - -<p class="pi8i"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">[504]</a></span></p><p class="pni">Dolgellau, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Harlech, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Maentwrog, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Monach-ty-Gwyn, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tomen-y-Mur, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Vronheulog, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">MONTGOMERYSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Caersws, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Guilsfield, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Llandrinio, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Llanfyllin, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Llanrhaiadar-yn-Mochnant, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Llan-y-Mynech Hill, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Trefeglwys, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">RADNORSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">“Castle Tump, The,” Newchurch, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Llansanffraid, Cwm Deuddwr, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Harmon, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Woodhouse Farm, Knighton, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SCOTLAND.</p> - -<p class="pni">Scotland, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ABERDEEN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Aberdeen, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Aboyne, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Alford, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Belhelvie, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Burreldale Moss, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Edengerach, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Forest of Birse, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kintore, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lumphanan, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Memsie, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Methlick, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Redhill Premnay, <a href="#Page_382">382</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Strathdon, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tarland, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tarves, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tullynessle, Lord Arthur’s Cairn, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ythsie, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ARGYLESHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Argyleshire, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Barcaldine, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Callachally, Isle of Mull, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Campbelton, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cleigh, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Irvine, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kilmartin, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></p> - -<p class="pni">North Knapdale, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Southend, Cantire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Strachur, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">AYRSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Ayrshire, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Caprington, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Coilsfield, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kilkerran, <a href="#Page_410">410</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lugtonridge, Beith, <a href="#Page_348">348</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Trochrig, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">BANFF.</p> - -<p class="pni">Alvah, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Colleonard, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Conage, <a href="#Page_382">382</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hill of Fortrie of Balnoon, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Longman, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">BERWICKSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Cockburnspath, <a href="#Page_410">410</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Corsbie Moss, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Greenlees, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Windshiel, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">BUTE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Kingarth, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">CAITHNESS.</p> - -<p class="pni">Bowermadden, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Forse, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kettleburn, Pict’s House near, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">DUMBARTON.</p> - -<p class="pni">Dumbarton, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</p> - -<p class="pni">Old Kirk-patrick, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">DUMFRIES.</p> - -<p class="pni">Applegarth, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Birrenswark, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Drumlanrig, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fairholm, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lochar Moss, <a href="#Page_381">381</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">EAST LOTHIAN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Preston Tower, <a href="#Page_382">382</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">EDINBURGH.</p> - -<p class="pni">Edinburgh, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cobbinshaw, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Duddingston Loch, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Edinburgh, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Arthur’s Seat, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Bell’s Mills, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Leith Citadel, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gogar Burn, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kinleith, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lawhead, Farm of, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ravelston, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ELGIN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Sluie, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Urquhart, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">FIFESHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Fifeshire, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Auchtermuchty, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Collessie, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dams, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dunino, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Falkland, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kilrie, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pettycur, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Andrew’s, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">FORFARSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Forfarshire, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brechin, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cauldhame, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dean Water, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Denhead, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Forfar, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Leuchland, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Linlathen, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Loch of Forfar, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">HADDINGTONSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Bowerhouses, Dunbar, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Corsbie Moss, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">INVERNESS-SHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Ardgour House, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Benibhreæ, Hill of, <a href="#Page_406">406</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Craigton, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kilmailie, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Skye, Isle of, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Point of Sleat, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></p> - -<p class="pni">South Uist, Iochdar, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">KINCARDINE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Kincardine, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">KIRCUDBRIGHTSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Balmaclellan, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Carlinwark Loch, <a href="#Page_410">410</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crossmichael, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kilnotrie, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></p> - -<p class="pi8i"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">[505]</a></span></p><p class="pni">Plunton Castle, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">LANARKSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Lanarkshire, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Aikbrae, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Biggar, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kerswell, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Carmichael, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crawford, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Culter, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Douglas, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hangingshaw, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lanark, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tintot-top, Clydesdale, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">MIDLOTHIAN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Ratho, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Vogrie, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">MORAYSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Achtertyre, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Orton, <a href="#Page_393">393</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rosele, <a href="#Page_332">332</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sluie, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">NAIRN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Nairn, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">PEEBLES-SHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Peeblesshire, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Peebles, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stobo Castle, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">PERTHSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Abernethy, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ardoch, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Blair Drummond, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Drumlanrick, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kilgraston, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kincardine, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Muthill, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Perth, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pitcaithly, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rannoch, <a href="#Page_379">379</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tay River, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” near Errol, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ROSS-SHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Eddertoun, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Highfield, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Little Lochbroom, <a href="#Page_379">379</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rosskeen, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wester Ord, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ROXBURGHSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Roxburghshire, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Eildon, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hawick, <a href="#Page_331">331</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Yetholm, <a href="#Page_349">349</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">STIRLINGSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Stirlingshire, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ballagan, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bannockburn, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Graham’s Dyke, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Moss of Kincardine, <a href="#Page_410">410</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stirling, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SUTHERLAND.</p> - -<p class="pni">Balblair, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Inchnadamff, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ledbeg, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lieraboll, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rogart, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">WIGTONSHIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Wigtonshire, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Balcarry, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Glen Kenns, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Glenluce, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Inch, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kilfillan, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Leswalt, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Moss of Cree, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Portpatrick, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stranraer, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">IRELAND.</p> - -<p class="pni">Ireland, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98 to 105</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a></p> - -<p class="pni">North of Ireland, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ANTRIM.</p> - -<p class="pni">Antrim, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Armoy, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ballycastle, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ballyclare, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ballymena, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ballymoney, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ballyscullion, <a href="#Page_411">411</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bann River, <a href="#Page_431">431</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Belaghey, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Belfast, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Broughshane, <a href="#Page_433">433</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Capecastle Bog, Armoy, <a href="#Page_412">412</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Carrickfergus, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Clough, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Connor, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Craighilly, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Craigs, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Glenarm, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Killyless, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kilraughts, <a href="#Page_361">361</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Knockans, <a href="#Page_331">331</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lisburn, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Newtown Crommolin, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Toome Bar, Lough Neagh, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tullygowan, Gracehill, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ARMAGH.</p> - -<p class="pni">Armagh, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lurgan, <a href="#Page_332">332</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mullylagan, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">CAVAN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Cavan, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cornaconway, <a href="#Page_361">361</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Diamond Hill, Killeshandra, <a href="#Page_361">361</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Killeshandra, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lough Ramer, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thornhill, Killina, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">CLARE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Clare, <a href="#Page_389">389</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Inis Kaltra, Lough Derg, <a href="#Page_401">401</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">CORK.</p> - -<p class="pni">Ballincollig, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ballybawn, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cork, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” and Mallow, between, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Crookstown, <a href="#Page_361">361</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dunmanway, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Inchigeela, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kanturk, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">DERRY (see Londonderry).</p> - - -<p class="pi8i">DONEGAL.</p> - -<p class="pni">Letterkenny, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Raphoe, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">DOWN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Down, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lurgan and Moira, between, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">DUBLIN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Dublin, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Balbriggan, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Clontarf, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dublin, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Miltown, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">FERMANAGH.</p> - -<p class="pni">Ballinamallard, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></p> - -<p class="pi8i"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506">[506]</a></span></p><p class="pni">Belleek, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bo Island, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Enniskillen, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">GALWAY.</p> - -<p class="pni">Galway, <a href="#Page_370">370</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Athenry, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Athleague, Bog of Aughrane, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Claran Bridge, Dunkellen, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Headford, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Keelogue Ford, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lough Corrib, <a href="#Page_431">431</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">KILKENNY.</p> - -<p class="pni">Piltown, Iverk, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">KERRY.</p> - -<p class="pni">Aghadoe, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chute Hall, Tralee, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Derrynane, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Killarney, <a href="#Page_361">361</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">KING’S COUNTY.</p> - -<p class="pni">King’s County, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Boyne River, near Edenderry, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Clonmacnoise, <a href="#Page_379">379</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dowris, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">LEITRIM.</p> - -<p class="pni">Ballinamore, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">LIMERICK.</p> - -<p class="pni">Limerick, <a href="#Page_361">361</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ballynamona, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lough Gur, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">LONDONDERRY.</p> - -<p class="pni">Londonderry, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Balteragh, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Garvagh, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lissane, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Maghera, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Magherafelt, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Newtown Limavady, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Portglenone, <a href="#Page_361">361</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">LONGFORD.</p> - -<p class="pni">Longford, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Carlea, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lanesborough, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">LOUTH.</p> - -<p class="pni">Greenmount, Castle Bellingham, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">MAYO.</p> - -<p class="pni">Ballina, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">MEATH.</p> - -<p class="pni">Meath, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Athboy, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dunshaughlin, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Crannoge at, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kells, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Trim, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">MONAGHAN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Monaghan, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Farney, <a href="#Page_409">409</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lisletrim Bog, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SLIGO.</p> - -<p class="pni">Colloony, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kilrea, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">TIPPERARY.</p> - -<p class="pni">Tipperary, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Burrisokane, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Clonmel, <a href="#Page_323">323</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cloonmore, Templemore, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cullen, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rathkennan Bog, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Roscrea, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">TYRONE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Arboe, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ballygawley, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ballynascreen, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dungannon, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>,</p> - -<p class="pni">Galbally, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Terman, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Trillick, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">WESTMEATH.</p> - -<p class="pni">Westmeath, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Athlone, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mullingar, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">WEXFORD.</p> - -<p class="pni">Slieve Kileta Hill, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">FRANCE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Gaul, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a></p> - -<p class="pni">France, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></p> - -<p class="pni">France, North of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483</a></p> - -<p class="pni">France, North-west of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” South of, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brittany, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Normandy, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">AIN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Cormoz, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">AISNE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Aisne, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ALLIER.</p> - -<p class="pni">Ferté Hauterive, La, <a href="#Page_458">458</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gannat, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">AUDE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Carcassonne, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cascastel, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">BOUCHES DU RHONE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Bounias, Cave of, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">CANTAL.</p> - -<p class="pni">Aliès, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mons, St. Flour, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">CALVADOS.</p> - -<p class="pni">Escoville, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fresné la Mère, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">COTE D’OR.</p> - -<p class="pni">Alise Ste. Reine, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Auxonne, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cosne, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Magny Lambert, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">COTES DU NORD.</p> - -<p class="pni">Lamballe, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Moussaye, Plénée-Jugon, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">DOUBS.</p> - -<p class="pni">Doubs, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Besançon, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">DROME.</p> - -<p class="pni">Beaurières, <a href="#Page_458">458</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Marsanne, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">EURE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Bernay, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Evreux, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gasny, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Les Andelys, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">EURE ET LOIRE.</p> - -<p class="pi8i"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">[507]</a></span></p><p class="pni">Lutz, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">FINISTERE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Finistère, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Carnoël, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kerhué-Bras, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Plonéour, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">GARD.</p> - -<p class="pni">Uzés, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">GIRONDE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Langoiran, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">HAUTES ALPES.</p> - -<p class="pni">Hautes Alpes, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rame, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Réallon, <a href="#Page_458">458</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ribiers, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">HAUTE ARIEGE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Haute Ariège, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">HAUTE LOIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Haute Loire, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cheylounet, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Polignac, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Jullien, Chapteuil, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">HAUTES PYRENEES.</p> - -<p class="pni">Tarbes, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">HAUTE SAONE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Haute Saône, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Auxonne, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ILLE ET VILAINE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Rennes, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">INDRE ET LOIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Chatellier d’Amboise, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Genouph, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Tours, <a href="#Page_448">448</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ISERE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Isère, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Grenoble, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></p> - -<p class="pni">La Balme, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Vienne, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">JURA.</p> - -<p class="pni">Jura, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Barésia, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fonderie de Larnaud, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Orgelet, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">NORD.</p> - -<p class="pni">Lille, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">LOIRE INFERIEURE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Marais de Donges, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Nantes, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Loire at, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Penhouët, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Nazaire-sur-Loire, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">LOIR ET CHER.</p> - -<p class="pni">Loir et Cher, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Billy, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Theil, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">LOT.</p> - -<p class="pni">Miers, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">MAINE ET LOIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Saumur, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">MANCHE, LA.</p> - -<p class="pni">Manche, La, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cotentin, <a href="#Page_448">448</a></p> - -<p class="pni">La Parnelle, <a href="#Page_398">398</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">MARNE.</p> - -<p class="pni">La Gorge Meillet, <a href="#Page_403">403</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lusancy, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">MEURTHE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Frouard, <a href="#Page_458">458</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">MORBIHAN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Morbihan, <a href="#Page_445">445</a></p> - -<p class="pni">L’Orient, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Questembert, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Villeder, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">OISE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Beauvais, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Compiègne, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Jonquières, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mareuil-sur-Ourcq, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Noailles, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pont-point, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></p> - -<p class="pni">St. Pierre-en-Châtre, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">PAS DE CALAIS.</p> - -<p class="pni">Chaussée Brunehault, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hewelinghen, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">PUY DE DOME.</p> - -<p class="pni">Manson, <a href="#Page_458">458</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Royat, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">RHONE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Lyons, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Rhone at, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Saône at, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SAONE ET LOIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Chalon-sur-Saône, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Macon, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SAVOIE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Savoie, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Donsard, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Grésine, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lac du Bourget, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SEINE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Seine River, at Paris, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SEINE ET OISE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Seine et Oise, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Angerville, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Argenteuil, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SOMME.</p> - -<p class="pni">Somme, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Abbeville, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Albert, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Amiens, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Caix, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dreuil, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Somme Valley, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">TARN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Briatexte, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lavène, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">VAUCLUSE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Avignon, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">VIENNE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Notre-Dame d’Or, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">GERMAN EMPIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Germany, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” North of, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a> 482, <a href="#Page_483">483</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” South of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” West of, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hercinia, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></p> - -<p class="pi8i"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508">[508]</a></span></p><p class="pni">Thuringia, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Baden, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bohemia, <a href="#Page_425">425</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brandenburg, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hanover, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hesse, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mecklenburg, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Palatinate, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pomerania, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Rhenish Hesse, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Prussia, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Saxony, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Silesia, <a href="#Page_425">425</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Benfeld, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bingen, <a href="#Page_353">353</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Blengow, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bonn, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Camenz, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Eikrath, <a href="#Page_448">448</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Erxleben, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Giessen, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gnadenfeld, <a href="#Page_448">448</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Göttingen, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Grossenhain, <a href="#Page_459">459</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Grünberg, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kempten, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lämmersdorf, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Landshut, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Magdeburg, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Medingen, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Neu-Ruppin, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Oberwald-behrungen, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pfaffenburg, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Polsen, <a href="#Page_441">441</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Schlieben, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stade, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Stettin, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Vaudrevanges, <a href="#Page_458">458</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Watsch, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Zaborowo, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Austria, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dalmatia, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hungary, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Styria, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Agram, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Aninger, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brasy, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Brixen, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gratz, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hallein, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hallstatt, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Korno, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Laibach, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Macarsca, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mattrey, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Pressburg, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Przemysl, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Vienna, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">HOLLAND.</p> - -<p class="pni">Holland, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Deurne, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Düren, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Emmen, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Groningen, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Masseyck, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Nymegen, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">BELGIUM.</p> - -<p class="pni">Bernissart, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bevay, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gédinne, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Maulin, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SCANDINAVIA.</p> - -<p class="pni">Scandinavia, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">NORWAY.</p> - -<p class="pni">Norway, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">DENMARK.</p> - -<p class="pni">Denmark, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Iceland, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Jutland, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Hvidegaard, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kallundborg, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kongshöi, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lydshöi, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Nydam, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Söborg, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Store-Hedinge, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Treenhöi, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Vimose, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SWEDEN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Sweden, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Gotland, <a href="#Page_448">448</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Smaaland, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Årup, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Hasslöf, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SWITZERLAND.</p> - -<p class="pni">Lake-dwellings, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lake of Bienne, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” ” Locras, <a href="#Page_422">422</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lake of Bienne, Mœrigen, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” ” Oefeli, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” ” Nidau, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Geneva, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” ” Eaux Vives, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” ” La Tinière, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” ” Morges, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Luissel, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Neuchâtel, Auvernier, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” ” Concise, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Estavayer, <a href="#Page_425">425</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Pfäffikon, Robenhausen, on, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Echallens, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Raron, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sion, Valais, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Unter-Uhldingen, in the Ueberlinger See, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ITALY.</p> - -<p class="pni">Italy, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Etruria, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Bologna, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Alban Necropolis, <a href="#Page_341">341</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Castione, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chiusi, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Herculaneum, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Lake of Varese, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Modena, <a href="#Page_401">401</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sardinia, Island of, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a></p> - -<p class="pi8i"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_509" id="Page_509">[509]</a></span></p><p class="pni">“Terramare,” 236, <a href="#Page_434">434</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">SPAIN.</p> - -<p class="pni">Spain, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Asturias, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ciudad Real, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Niebla, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Oviedo, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Sierra de Baza, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">PORTUGAL.</p> - -<p class="pni">Portugal, <a href="#Page_425">425</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Estremadura, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">GREECE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Greece, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Archipelago, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Scyros, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Santorin, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Thermia, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Dodona, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mycenæ, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Salamis, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Thera, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES.</p> - -<p class="pni">Mediterranean Countries, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="#Page_483">483</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">RUSSIAN EMPIRE.</p> - -<p class="pni">Russian Empire, <a href="#Page_477">477</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Finland, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Siberia, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a></p> - - -<p class="pni">Inwa, the, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Jelabugy, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kertch, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Kiew, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Viatka, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Yenissei, the, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">ASIA.</p> - -<p class="pni">Asia, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Asia Minor, Hissarlik, the presumed site of Troy, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Arabia, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Sarbout-el-Khadem, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Wady-Magarah, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Wady-Nash, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Assyria, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cambodia, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> - -<p class="pni">China, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Sanda Valley, Yunan, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chorassan, <a href="#Page_425">425</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Cyprus, Island of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” Tamassus, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></p> - -<p class="pni">India, Gungeria, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Southern Babylonia, Tel Sifr, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">AFRICA.</p> - -<p class="pni">Africa, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Egypt, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Great Kantara, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Karnak, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Thebes, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mauretania, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">AMERICA, NORTH.</p> - -<p class="pni">America, North, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Mexico, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">AMERICA, SOUTH.</p> - -<p class="pni">Bolivia, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p> - -<p class="pniii">” La Paz, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Chili, Copiapo, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Ecuador, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Peru, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></p> - -<p class="pnii">” Lima, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></p> - - -<p class="pi8i">OCEANIA, &c.</p> - -<p class="pni">Australia, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Borneo, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Fiji, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Japan, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Java, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Madagascar, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></p> - -<p class="pni">Malacca, <a href="#Page_424">424</a></p> - -<p class="pni">New Caledonia, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></p> - -<p class="pni">South Sea Islands, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_510" id="Page_510">[510]</a></span></p> -<p> </p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_511" id="Page_511">[511]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="f2 p4 xlarge">Works by the same Author.</h2> - -<hr class="d4" /> - -<p class="large">THE COINS OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS,</p> -<p class="pi6">Arranged and described by <span class="smcap">John Evans</span>, F.S.A., F.G.S., -Hon. Sec. Num. Soc. of London, and engraved by <span class="smcap">F. W. -Fairholt</span>, F.S.A. Medium 8vo, 26 plates, price 21<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="pc1">J. RUSSELL SMITH. <span class="smcap">London</span>, 1864.</p> - -<hr class="d4" /> - -<p class="large">THE ANCIENT STONE IMPLEMENTS,</p> -<p class="pi6">WEAPONS, AND ORNAMENTS OF GREAT BRITAIN.<br /> -By <span class="smcap">John Evans</span>, F.R.S., F.S.A., Hon. Sec. of the Geol. -and Num. Socs. of London, &c., &c., &c. Medium 8vo, -476 woodcuts, 2 plates, price 28<i>s.</i></p> - -<p class="pc1">LONGMANS & CO. 1872.</p> - -<hr class="d4" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512">[512]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="p4">FOOTNOTES:</h2> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a></span> -See <i>postea</i>, p. 40.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a></span> -Butler, “Prehist. Wisconsin.”</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Copper Impl.,” Boston, 1879.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Mon. of the Mississ. Valley,” p. 202.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a></span> -“Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain,” Paris, 1613, pp. 246-7, cited by Slafter, -<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 13.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a></span> -For notices of American copper instruments see, in addition to the works already -quoted, Wilson, “Prehist. Man,” vol. i. p. 205, &c.; Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 258, -&c. See also an interesting article by Dr. Emil Schmidt, in <i>Archiv. für Anth.</i>, vol. xi. -p. 65.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a></span> -A Peruvian chisel analyzed by Vauquelin gave ·94 of copper and ·06 of tin (Moore’s -“Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 42).</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a></span> -Ezra, ch. viii. v. 27.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a></span> -Exod., ch. xxvi. v. 37.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a></span> -Numbers, ch. xxxi. v. 22.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a></span> -Ch. xxviii. v. 1, 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a></span> -Genesis, ch. iv. v. 22.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a></span> -Smith’s “Dict. of the Bible,” <i>s. v.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. p.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a></span> -“Phönicier,” ii. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. pp. 246, 247. See also “The Egyptians in the Time of -the Pharaohs,” p. 99.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a></span> -“Etudes sur l’Antiquité Historique d’après les sources Egyptiennes,” &c., 1872, -p. 69.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a></span> -“Catalogue de Boulaq,” pp. 247, 248; Chabas, p. 54. See also Emil Soldi, -“L’Art Egyptien,” 1879, p. 41.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a></span> -Catal., No. 5410.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a></span> -Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” page 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a></span> -Day, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 32.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a></span> -Wilkinson, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. iii. p. 247.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a></span> -“Les Métaux dans les Inscrip. Egypt.,” 1877, p. 57.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a></span> -“Zeitsch. f. Ægypt. Sprache,” &c., 1870, p. 114.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 67. Dr. Birch translates <i>ba en pe</i> “heavenly wood” or “stone” (<i>Arch.</i>, -vol. xxxviii. p. 377; <i>Hierog. Dict.</i>). See also a paper by the Rev. Basil Cooper in -<i>Trans. Devon. Assoc.</i>, vol. ii. p. 386, and Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” p. 41.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a></span> -Chabas, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 47. Lepsius, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 57.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a></span> -“Photii Bibliotheca,” ed. 1653, col. 1343.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a></span> -“Herod.,” lib. ii. c. 152.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a></span> -<i>Trans. Ethnol. Soc.</i>, vol. iv. p. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a></span> -Soldi, “L’Art Egypt.,” p. 25.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a></span> -Χαλκεύειν δὲ καὶ τὸ σιδηρεύειν έλεγον, καὶ χαλκεάς, τοὺς τὸν σίδηρον ἐργαζομένους -(Julius Pollux, “Onomasticon,” lib. vii. cap. 24).</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a></span> -“Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., 1864, p. 229; Tylor’s “Anahuac,” -1861, p. 140.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a></span> -“Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., p. 231.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a></span> -“Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age,” vol. iii. pp. 498, 499.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a></span> -The reference is to Millin, “Minéralogie Homérique,” pp. 126, 132.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a></span> -“Metallurgy—Fuel, Fireclays, Copper,” &c., p. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a></span> -Moore, “Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 57.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a></span> -<i>Rev. Arch.</i>, N.S., vol. iv. p. 97; Æsch. Agamem., v. 612. Professor Rolleston -is inclined to refer the expression to the “tempering” of bronze (<i>Trans. Brist. and -Glouc. Arch. Soc.</i>, 1878).</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a></span> -Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 238.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a></span> -“Æn.,” viii. 450.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a></span> -“Iliad,” xviii. 474.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a></span> -xi. 24.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a></span> -xi. 34.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a></span> -xviii. 574.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a></span> -“Il.,” xviii. 612.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a></span> -xxiii. 561. For these and other instances see Prof. Phillips in the <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, -vol. xvi. p. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a></span> -Desor et Favre, “Bel Age du Bronze,” p. 16.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a></span> -Holtzapffel, “Turning and Mechanical Manipulation,” vol. i. p. 271.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a></span> -“Æneid,” vii. 743.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a></span> -“Iliad,” iii. 363.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a></span> -“Il.,” iii. 348, vii. 259.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a></span> -M. Ch. Houssel in <i>Rev. Arch.</i>, N.S., vol. iv. p. 98.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a></span> -“Il.,” xi. 24.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. für Anthrop.</i>, vol. viii. p. 295; Müller, “Fragm. Hist. Græc.,” vol. i. -p. 549.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a></span> -“Il.,” xiii. 612.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a></span> -“Odyss.,” i. v. 184.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a></span> -Plin. “Hist. Nat.,” lib. vii. c. lvi. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a></span> -Lib. viii. c. 14, § 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, lib. iii. c. 12, § 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a></span> -Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 64.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a></span> -Strabo, “Geog.,” lib. xiv. p. 935, ed. 1807.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a></span> -Callimachus, “Hymn. in Del.,” l. 31.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a></span> -<i>Archiv für Anthrop.</i>, 1880, vol. xii. p. 293.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a></span> -“Iliad,” lib. xxiii. v. 826.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a></span> -“Troad.,” 143.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a></span> -“Æn.,” lib. vii. 743.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a></span> -“Op. et D.,” i. 150. Τοῖς δ̓ ἧν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα χάλκεοι δέ τέ οἶκοι</p> -<p class="pfn14">Χαλκῷ δ̓ ἐιργάζοντο, μέλας δ̓ ὀυκ ἔσχε σίδηρος.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a></span> -Lib. v. 1282, <i>et seqq.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a></span> -“Juv. Mundi,” 1869, p. 26.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a></span> -“Scut. Hercul.,” v. 122-138.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a></span> -“Theogon.,” v. 161.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a></span> -“Op. et D.,” v. 741.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a></span> -“Olymp.,” od. i. 123; “Nem.,” od. x. 113, &c.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a></span> -Lib. i. c. 215.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a></span> -Lib. iii. c. 23.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a></span> -Lib. iv. c. 71.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a></span> -Lib. vii. c. 85.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a></span> -Lib. iii. p. 208, ed. 1707.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a></span> -Bochart’s “Phaleg.,” p. 208, cited in <i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. i. p. 52.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a></span> -“Lacon.,” lib. iii. cap. iii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a></span> -Herod., lib. i. c. 67.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a></span> -Plutarch, “Thes.,” p. 17, <i>c.</i> Ed. 1624.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a></span> -“Nat. Hist.,” lib. xxxiv. cap. 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a></span> -See “<i>Zeitsch. für Eth.</i>,” vol. ii, 1870, p. 131.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a></span> -“Vit. Caii Marii,” 420, <i>b.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a></span> -“Bell. Gall.,” iii. 13; vii. 22.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a></span> -Lib. v. 12.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a></span> -<i>Trans. Ethnol. Soc.</i>, vol. iv. p. 190. See also <i>Anthrop. Rev.</i>, vol. iv. p. 76.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a></span> -<i>Trans. Eth. Soc.</i>, vol. v. p. 105; “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 18.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 73.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a></span> -See Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 205.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a></span> -Cochet, “Le Tombeau de Childéric,” i. p. 17.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a></span> -“Sammlung zu Sigmaringen,” p. 153.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a></span> -<i>Archiv. für Anthropol.</i>, vol. viii. p. 161.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a></span> -<i>Archiv.</i>, vol. ix. p. 127.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 141.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 185.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. für Anthrop.</i>, vol. ix. p. 181.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a></span> -<i>A. f. A.</i>, vol. x. p. 27.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. f. Anthrop.</i>, vol. x. pp. 41, 63.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a></span> -Mortillet, “Fonderie de Larnaud,” 32, 33.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a></span> -<i>Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc.</i>, 1878.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a></span> -Cap. xix. v. 24.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a></span> -P. 329, l. 23. NEQVE HIC ATRAMENTVM, VEL PAPYRVS, AVT MEMBRANA -VLLA ADHVC, SED MALLEOLO ET CELTE LITERATVS SILEX. -This inscription is said to have been found at Pola, in Istria.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 396.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a></span> -Rev. John Dow in <i>Archæol. Scot.</i>, vol. ii. p. 199. See also Pegge in the <i>Arch.</i>, -vol. ix. p. 88, and Whitaker’s “Hist. of Manchester,” vol. i. p. 24.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a></span> -Epig. xxxiii. l. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a></span> -Vol. iii. p. 418.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a></span> -P. 354.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a></span> -P. 265.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a></span> -“Itin.,” vol. iii. p. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a></span> -“Britannia,” ed. 1637, p. 188.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a></span> -“Thoresby’s Correspondence,” vol. ii. p. 211.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a></span> -“Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” 1686, p. 403.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a></span> -“Mus. Lud. Moscard.”, Padua, 1656, fol. 305, lib. iii. c. 174.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a></span> -“Nat. Hist. of Staff.,” p. 403.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a></span> -P. 86.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 110.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a></span> -“Ants. of Cornwall,” p. 263.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a></span> -Count de Caylus has, however, engraved two which are said to have been found at -Herculaneum. He thought that they were chisels (<i>Rec. d’Ant.</i>, vol. ii. pl. xciii. -fig. 2; xciv. fig. 1).</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a></span> -Arch., vol. v. p. 106.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a></span> -Vol. ix. p. 84.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a></span> -“Nænia Britannica” (1793), p. 153.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 98.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a></span> -“Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. 1812, p. 203.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xix. p. 102.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a></span> -<i>Archæol. Scot.</i>, vol. ii. p. 199.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a></span> -<i>Archæol. Æliana</i>, vol. i. p. 17.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxviii. p. 418.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iv. pp. 1 and 327.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, 1853, vol. ix. p. 63.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 64.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 148, <i>et seq.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a></span> -<i>Jour. Roy. Un. Service Inst.</i>, vol. xiii., 1869.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a></span> -P. 43, <i>et seqq.</i> 188.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a></span> -<i>See Revue de la Numis. Belge</i>, 5th Ser., vol. vi. p. 290.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 392.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” pp. 367, 395 (Etruscan Coll., Berlin, No. 3244).</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Ferales,” p. 136; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xi. p. 169.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a></span> -“Catal. M. R.I.A.,” p. 366.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a></span> -“Troy and its Remains,” p. 330, &c.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a></span> -“Cong. préh.,” Stockholm vol. i. p. 346. <i>Proc. As. Soc. Bengal</i>, May, 1870.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 437.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a></span> -Kenner, “Arch. Funde,” 1867, p. 29.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a></span> -Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 178.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a></span> -“Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 292.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a></span> -“Cong. préh.,” Buda Pest vol. i. p. 227.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a></span> -<i>Bull. Soc. de Borda, Dax</i>, 1878, p. 57.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a></span> -“Cong. préh.,” Copenhagen vol. p. 484.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a></span> -Morlot, <i>Mém. Soc. Ant. du Nord</i>, 1866-71, p. 25.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a></span> -“British Barrows,” p. 188. The cut is Fig. 38.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a></span> -Figs. 369 and 370, p. 407.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a></span> -“Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 34. “Catalogue,” p. 75. <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, -vol. vii. p. 217.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a></span> -Vol. vii. p. 217, pl. xix.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a></span> -Vol. xliii. p. 445.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a></span> -“Vest. of the Ants. of Derb.,” p. 48.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a></span> -P. 74, No. 11.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a></span> -See “Catal.,” p. 32, No. 29.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. ix. p. 85.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a></span> -Vol. xxii. p. 277.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a></span> -“Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” tab. xxiii. p. 403.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a></span> -Allies, p. 151, pl. iv. 11.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vii. p. 179.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 158.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 44.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a></span> -Vol. v. pl. vii. i. p. 106.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. ix. p. 378.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a></span> -Pl. ii. 1, 2, 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a></span> -“La Seine Inf.,” p. 552.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. iv. p. 525.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 2, 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a></span> -“Die ehernen Streitkeile” (1842), Taf. i. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a></span> -“First Rep. Arch. Comm. I. of Man,” pl. iv. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a></span> -“Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 444.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a></span> -“Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 68. “Catal.,” p. 75, No. 18.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a></span> -“Grave-mounds,” fig. 187.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a></span> -Pl. iv. No. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. pp. 235, 250.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xix. p. 363.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 159.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 135, pl. viii. 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a></span> -<i>Trans. Devon Assoc.</i>, vol. v. p. 82.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a></span> -3rd edit., 4to, 1818, pl. ii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 1st S., vol. i. p. 83; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxxi. p. 496; <i>Proc. Bury and -West Suff. Arch. Inst.</i>, vol. i. p. 26.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 369.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a></span> -Vol. xxxvi. p. 329.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 113.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a></span> -For the loan of these cuts I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 346. The scale of the cuts is there erroneously stated to be ½.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 444.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 209, pl. xxix.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. ii. p. 90; <i>Cran. Brit.</i>, xi. 7, where these objects are figured.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a></span> -<i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. ii. p. 268.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Album,” pl. iv. 2, 3. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 352.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a></span> -<i>Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.</i> <i>Rev. Arch.</i>, N.S., vol. xiii. Pl. i. fig. H.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxi. 100. Lubbock’s “Preh. Times,” p. 28, fig. 17.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a></span> -Lisch, “Fred. Francisc.,” tab. xiii. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a></span> -Die ehernen Streitkeile, Taf. i. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a></span> -“Oldsag. fra Broholm,” pl. xxiii. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a></span> -“Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a></span> -Montelius, “La Suède préh.,” fig. 42. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 292.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 428, pl. i. fig. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 167. Chichester vol. of <i>Arch. Inst.</i>, p. 62, whence this -cut is taken.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. viii. p. 207.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a></span> -“Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xii. p. 278, xviii. p. 167.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a></span> -<i>Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a></span> -4th S., vol. vi. p. 70. Cat. p. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a></span> -“Album,” pl. iii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 20.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a></span> -Ibid.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. iii. p. 245.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. iv. p. 187, and ix. p. 431.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. iv. p. 380.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. ix. p. 182.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. ix. p. 430.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Scot.</i>, vol. iii. App. II. p. 32; <i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. ix. p. 431.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a></span> -Vol. ii. p. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. ix. p. 428.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 6, 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. vii. p. 105.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. iii. p. 245.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a></span> -Engraved in <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. pl. vi. 4, p. 21.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. vi. p. 41.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a></span> -“Itin. Septent.,” p. 116, pl. 1. No. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. xii. p. 601. I am indebted to the Council for the use of -this cut.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a></span> -Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 7. See also “Ant. Tidsk.,” 1861-3, p. 24.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. xii. p. 602.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. xiii. p. 120. I am indebted to the Council for the loan -of this cut.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a></span> -Wilde, p. 361.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a></span> -Vol. xxvii. p. 308.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 410. For the use of this cut I am indebted to Mr. A. W. -Franks, F.R.S.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a></span> -See Wilde, Fig. 249, 266.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xi. p. 295.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a></span> -See Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 389 <i>et seq.</i>; “Vallancey,” vol. iv. pl. x. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Album,” pl. 1. 9, 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a></span> -<i>Nord. Oldsager</i>, No. 176.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a></span> -Carapanos, “Dodone,” pl. liv. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a></span> -Vol. vii. p. 74.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a></span> -London, 1849, p. 25.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a></span> -P. 59.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a></span> -See Nilsson, “Skandinaviska Nordens Ur-Invånare,” p. 92.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 382.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a></span> -Baker’s “Hist. of North.,” p. 558.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 258.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 324.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a></span> -<i>Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 21.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Ferales,” pl. iv. 25.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. viii. p. 209.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. v. p. 13.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a></span> -Meyrick’s “Cardigansh.” and “Ancient Arm.,” by Skelton, pl. xlvii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxiii. p. 118.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a></span> -<i>Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a></span> -“La Seine Inf.,” p. 272.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a></span> -Lindenschmit, “Alt. uns. heidn. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft. i. Taf. iv. 43.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a></span> -Vol. ii. p. 268, No. 11.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. x. pl. x. 2, p. 132.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Ferales,” pl. iv. 26.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 38.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a></span> -Allies, “Worc.,” p. 112, pl. iv. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvii. pl. x. No. 3, p. 163.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a></span> -<i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 255.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a></span> -<i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. xxvii. p. 183.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a></span> -<i>S. A. C.</i>, vol. xxix. p. 134.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a></span> -<i>Trans. Dev. Assoc.</i>, vol. ii. p. 647.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a></span> -“Montgom. Collections,” vol. iii. p. 435.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a></span> -“Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. iv.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 82.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xv. pl. xxv. p. 236; vol. xiv. p. 269.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a></span> -3rd Series, vol. xiii. p. 283.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, N.S., vol. iv. p. 442.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a></span> -“Itin. Cur.” Cent., ii. pl. xcvi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Inst.</i>, Norwich vol. p. xxvi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 58; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 381.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a></span> -“Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. iv. 48.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a></span> -Von Braunmühl, “Alt. Deutschen Grabmäler” (1826), pl. i. 3; Schreiber, “Die -ehern. Streitkeile,” Taf. i. 13, Taf. ii. 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_287_287" id="Footnote_287_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a></span> -<i>Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_288_288" id="Footnote_288_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a></span> -“Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. iv. 49.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_289_289" id="Footnote_289_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a></span> -“La Vie Souterraine,” “Matériaux,” vol. iii. p. 100.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_290_290" id="Footnote_290_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a></span> -Keller, 6ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 30; 7ter Ber., Taf. ix. 30.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_291_291" id="Footnote_291_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a></span> -“Les Palafittes,” fig. 40.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_292_292" id="Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a></span> -<i>Bull. di Palet. Ital.</i>, vol. i. p. 10, Tav. I. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 327.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_294_294" id="Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxix. p. 96.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_295_295" id="Footnote_295_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 346.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_296_296" id="Footnote_296_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 164.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_297_297" id="Footnote_297_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 158.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_298_298" id="Footnote_298_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a></span> -Plot’s “Nat. Hist. of Staffordsh.,” p. 403.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_299_299" id="Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xiii. p. 85.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_300_300" id="Footnote_300_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 63.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_301_301" id="Footnote_301_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 73.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_302_302" id="Footnote_302_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302_302"><span class="label">[302]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 412.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_303_303" id="Footnote_303_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303_303"><span class="label">[303]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 129.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_304_304" id="Footnote_304_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304_304"><span class="label">[304]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 248.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_305_305" id="Footnote_305_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 302.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_306_306" id="Footnote_306_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_306_306"><span class="label">[306]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 159.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_307_307" id="Footnote_307_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_307_307"><span class="label">[307]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_308_308" id="Footnote_308_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_308_308"><span class="label">[308]</span></a></span> -P. 112, fig. 37.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_309_309" id="Footnote_309_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_309_309"><span class="label">[309]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, N.S., vol. iv. p. 442.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_310_310" id="Footnote_310_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_310_310"><span class="label">[310]</span></a></span> -“It. Cur.” Cent., ii. pl. xcvi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_311_311" id="Footnote_311_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311_311"><span class="label">[311]</span></a></span> -<i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 171; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xx. p. 192.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_312_312" id="Footnote_312_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251; <i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 214; -“Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 437.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_313_313" id="Footnote_313_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a></span> -Vol. v. p. 113.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_314_314" id="Footnote_314_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a></span> -Ibid.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_315_315" id="Footnote_315_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315_315"><span class="label">[315]</span></a></span> -<i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. viii. p. 268.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_316_316" id="Footnote_316_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316_316"><span class="label">[316]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. vii. p. 417.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_317_317" id="Footnote_317_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317_317"><span class="label">[317]</span></a></span> -Vol. ix. p. 84, pl. iii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_318_318" id="Footnote_318_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a></span> -“Album,” pl. ix. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_319_319" id="Footnote_319_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_319_319"><span class="label">[319]</span></a></span> -Allies, p. 108, pl. iv. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_320_320" id="Footnote_320_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_320_320"><span class="label">[320]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. xiii. p. 283.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_321_321" id="Footnote_321_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_321_321"><span class="label">[321]</span></a></span> -Vol. xix. pl. viii. p. 102.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_322_322" id="Footnote_322_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_322_322"><span class="label">[322]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 94.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_323_323" id="Footnote_323_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323_323"><span class="label">[323]</span></a></span> -Pring, “The Brit. and Rom. on the site of Taunton,” p. 76, pl. iii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_324_324" id="Footnote_324_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 381, fig. 273.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_325_325" id="Footnote_325_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_325_325"><span class="label">[325]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. ii. p. 130.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_326_326" id="Footnote_326_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326_326"><span class="label">[326]</span></a></span> -4th Ser., vol. vi. p. 20.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_327_327" id="Footnote_327_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a></span> -Ibid., p. 71.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_328_328" id="Footnote_328_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328_328"><span class="label">[328]</span></a></span> -“La Seine Inf.,” p. 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_329_329" id="Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a></span> -“A. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. iv. 44.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_330_330" id="Footnote_330_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a></span> -<i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. ix. p. 366.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_331_331" id="Footnote_331_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_331_331"><span class="label">[331]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 160, whence this cut is reproduced.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_332_332" id="Footnote_332_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_332_332"><span class="label">[332]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd. S., vol. i. p. 332.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_333_333" id="Footnote_333_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_333_333"><span class="label">[333]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. viii. p. 99, and Private Plate.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_334_334" id="Footnote_334_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. viii. p. 209.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_335_335" id="Footnote_335_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335_335"><span class="label">[335]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxxi. p. 494; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ii. p. 80; <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. i. -p. 51; Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 105; “Catal. Norwich Mus.,” No. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_336_336" id="Footnote_336_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. Anthrop. Inst.</i>, vol. vi. p. 195.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_337_337" id="Footnote_337_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 363, pl. lxviii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_338_338" id="Footnote_338_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338_338"><span class="label">[338]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 117. See Borlase, “Ant. of Cornw.,” pl. xx. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_339_339" id="Footnote_339_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339_339"><span class="label">[339]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Cant.</i>, vol. xi. p. 123.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_340_340" id="Footnote_340_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340_340"><span class="label">[340]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. Roy. Inst. of Cornw.</i>, No. 21.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_341_341" id="Footnote_341_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_341_341"><span class="label">[341]</span></a></span> -Oldsager, fig. 184.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_342_342" id="Footnote_342_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342_342"><span class="label">[342]</span></a></span> -“Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. iv.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_343_343" id="Footnote_343_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a></span> -Von Sacken, “Das. Grab. v. Hallst.,” Taf. vii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_344_344" id="Footnote_344_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 188.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_345_345" id="Footnote_345_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 186.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_346_346" id="Footnote_346_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346_346"><span class="label">[346]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xiii. p. 85.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_347_347" id="Footnote_347_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xii. p. 96.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_348_348" id="Footnote_348_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348_348"><span class="label">[348]</span></a></span> -Borlase, “Næn. Corn.,” p. 188.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_349_349" id="Footnote_349_349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_349_349"><span class="label">[349]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 398.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_350_350" id="Footnote_350_350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_350_350"><span class="label">[350]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 387; vol. x. p. 247; vol. xxvii. p. 230.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_351_351" id="Footnote_351_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351_351"><span class="label">[351]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvii. p. 107. For the use of this cut I am indebted to the -Council of the Royal Archæological Institute.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_352_352" id="Footnote_352_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352_352"><span class="label">[352]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxv. p. 246.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_353_353" id="Footnote_353_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. xiv. p. 192.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_354_354" id="Footnote_354_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a></span> -Vol. vi. p. 69, 369.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_355_355" id="Footnote_355_355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_355_355"><span class="label">[355]</span></a></span> -Gongora y Martinez, “Ant. preh. de Andal.,” p. 110. <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, xxvii. p. 237.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_356_356" id="Footnote_356_356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_356_356"><span class="label">[356]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvii. p. 230.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_357_357" id="Footnote_357_357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_357_357"><span class="label">[357]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. v. p. 30; Wilson’s “Preh. Ann.,” fig. 58.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_358_358" id="Footnote_358_358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_358_358"><span class="label">[358]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 21.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_359_359" id="Footnote_359_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. vi. p. 203.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_360_360" id="Footnote_360_360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_360_360"><span class="label">[360]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. xi. p. 153.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_361_361" id="Footnote_361_361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_361_361"><span class="label">[361]</span></a></span> -Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 382, fig. 56; “Cat. Ant. Mus. Ed.,” E. -48.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_362_362" id="Footnote_362_362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_362_362"><span class="label">[362]</span></a></span> -Vol. ii. pp. 8 and 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_363_363" id="Footnote_363_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 113, pl. viii. No. 2; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. i. p. ccvi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_364_364" id="Footnote_364_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a></span> -Gordon’s “Itin. Septent.,” p. 116, pl. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_365_365" id="Footnote_365_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365_365"><span class="label">[365]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 21; Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 383.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_366_366" id="Footnote_366_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 21.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_367_367" id="Footnote_367_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a></span> -“Itin. Septent.,” p. 116, pl. l. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_368_368" id="Footnote_368_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368_368"><span class="label">[368]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 377; “Cat. Mus. Arch. Inst. Ed.,” p. 27; Wilson, “Preh. -Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. p. 386.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_369_369" id="Footnote_369_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369_369"><span class="label">[369]</span></a></span> -“Catal.,” p. 521, fig. 394.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_370_370" id="Footnote_370_370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_370_370"><span class="label">[370]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 258.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_371_371" id="Footnote_371_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 262.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_372_372" id="Footnote_372_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372_372"><span class="label">[372]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 373, fig. 259.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_373_373" id="Footnote_373_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 260.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_374_374" id="Footnote_374_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374_374"><span class="label">[374]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 379, fig. 270.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_375_375" id="Footnote_375_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a></span> -Vallancey, vol. iv. pl. x. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_376_376" id="Footnote_376_376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_376_376"><span class="label">[376]</span></a></span> -Vol. iv. pl. x. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_377_377" id="Footnote_377_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377_377"><span class="label">[377]</span></a></span> -P. 381, fig. 273.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_378_378" id="Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a></span> -P. 379, fig. 265.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_379_379" id="Footnote_379_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 377, fig. 263.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_380_380" id="Footnote_380_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380_380"><span class="label">[380]</span></a></span> -“Catal.,” p. 433, No. 641.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_381_381" id="Footnote_381_381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_381_381"><span class="label">[381]</span></a></span> -Vol. iv. pl. x. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_382_382" id="Footnote_382_382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_382_382"><span class="label">[382]</span></a></span> -“Recueil d’Antiq. Suisses,” pl. ii. 6. See also <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 377; vol. -xxi. p. 100.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_383_383" id="Footnote_383_383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_383_383"><span class="label">[383]</span></a></span> -“Die eher. Streitkeile,” Taf. ii. 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_384_384" id="Footnote_384_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384_384"><span class="label">[384]</span></a></span> -“Recueil d’Ant.,” pl. xciv. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_385_385" id="Footnote_385_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 382, fig. 274; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 194.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_386_386" id="Footnote_386_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iii. p. 222.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_387_387" id="Footnote_387_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387_387"><span class="label">[387]</span></a></span> -“Catal.,” p. 521, fig. 393; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. viii. p. 91, pl. No. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_388_388" id="Footnote_388_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388_388"><span class="label">[388]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iii. p. 156.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_389_389" id="Footnote_389_389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_389_389"><span class="label">[389]</span></a></span> -Vol. iv. pl. x. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_390_390" id="Footnote_390_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390_390"><span class="label">[390]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 521, fig. 397.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_391_391" id="Footnote_391_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. iii. p. 395.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_392_392" id="Footnote_392_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392_392"><span class="label">[392]</span></a></span> -“Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft ii. Taf. ii. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_393_393" id="Footnote_393_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393_393"><span class="label">[393]</span></a></span> -“Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 293.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_394_394" id="Footnote_394_394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_394_394"><span class="label">[394]</span></a></span> -“Age du Br.,” ptie. i. p. 59.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_395_395" id="Footnote_395_395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_395_395"><span class="label">[395]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. Anthrop. Inst.</i>, vol. vi. p. 195.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_396_396" id="Footnote_396_396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_396_396"><span class="label">[396]</span></a></span> -“Surrey Arch. Soc. Coll.,” vol. vi.; Anderson’s “Croydon Preh. and Rom.,” p. 11, -pl. ii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_397_397" id="Footnote_397_397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_397_397"><span class="label">[397]</span></a></span> -<i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. ii. p. 268, fig. 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_398_398" id="Footnote_398_398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_398_398"><span class="label">[398]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 408; “Cong. Préh.” Stockholm vol., 1874, p. 444.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_399_399" id="Footnote_399_399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_399_399"><span class="label">[399]</span></a></span> -“Pfahlbauten, in M.,” 1865, p. 78.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_400_400" id="Footnote_400_400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_400_400"><span class="label">[400]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 69.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_401_401" id="Footnote_401_401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_401_401"><span class="label">[401]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 349; Bateman, Catal. M. 60, p. 76.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_402_402" id="Footnote_402_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a></span> -Stukeley, “It. Cur.,” pl. xcvi. 2nd.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_403_403" id="Footnote_403_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403_403"><span class="label">[403]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 113.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_404_404" id="Footnote_404_404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_404_404"><span class="label">[404]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 114.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_405_405" id="Footnote_405_405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_405_405"><span class="label">[405]</span></a></span> -Hartshorne’s “Salopia Antiqua,” 1841, p. 96, No. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_406_406" id="Footnote_406_406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_406_406"><span class="label">[406]</span></a></span> -Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 101.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_407_407" id="Footnote_407_407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_407_407"><span class="label">[407]</span></a></span> -Engraved in <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 343.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_408_408" id="Footnote_408_408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_408_408"><span class="label">[408]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. i. p. 67; 2nd S., vol. i. p. 83.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_409_409" id="Footnote_409_409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_409_409"><span class="label">[409]</span></a></span> -“The Barrow Diggers,” p. 74.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_410_410" id="Footnote_410_410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_410_410"><span class="label">[410]</span></a></span> -Gross, “Deux Stations, &c.,” pl. i. 15, 18.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_411_411" id="Footnote_411_411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_411_411"><span class="label">[411]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 214, No. 4; “Montg. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 437.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_412_412" id="Footnote_412_412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_412_412"><span class="label">[412]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, <i>ubi sup.</i> No. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_413_413" id="Footnote_413_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413_413"><span class="label">[413]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. iv. p. 24, pl. i. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_414_414" id="Footnote_414_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 114, pl. viii. 9, 10; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. i. p. ccvi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_415_415" id="Footnote_415_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415_415"><span class="label">[415]</span></a></span> -<i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. ii. p. 268, fig. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_416_416" id="Footnote_416_416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_416_416"><span class="label">[416]</span></a></span> -Ibid., fig. 12.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_417_417" id="Footnote_417_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 337.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_418_418" id="Footnote_418_418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_418_418"><span class="label">[418]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 75.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_419_419" id="Footnote_419_419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_419_419"><span class="label">[419]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. vii. p. 172.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_420_420" id="Footnote_420_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 75.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_421_421" id="Footnote_421_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421_421"><span class="label">[421]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. i. p. 539.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_422_422" id="Footnote_422_422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_422_422"><span class="label">[422]</span></a></span> -Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft ii. Taf. ii. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_423_423" id="Footnote_423_423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_423_423"><span class="label">[423]</span></a></span> -“Zeitsch. für Eth.,” vol. vii. Taf. ix. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_424_424" id="Footnote_424_424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_424_424"><span class="label">[424]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvii. p. 94. Pring, “Brit. and Rom. on Site of Taunton,” -pl. i. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_425_425" id="Footnote_425_425"></a><a href="#FNanchor_425_425"><span class="label">[425]</span></a></span> -Neville’s “Sepulchra Exposita,” p. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_426_426" id="Footnote_426_426"></a><a href="#FNanchor_426_426"><span class="label">[426]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 362, pl. liv.; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iv. p. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_427_427" id="Footnote_427_427"></a><a href="#FNanchor_427_427"><span class="label">[427]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xx. p. 107, pl. vii. 5; see also vol. iii. p. 58.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_428_428" id="Footnote_428_428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_428_428"><span class="label">[428]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. viii. p. 332, pl. xxxvii. 1; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. ii. p. 304.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_429_429" id="Footnote_429_429"></a><a href="#FNanchor_429_429"><span class="label">[429]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_430_430" id="Footnote_430_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430_430"><span class="label">[430]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 185.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_431_431" id="Footnote_431_431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_431_431"><span class="label">[431]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. xv. p. 235.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_432_432" id="Footnote_432_432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_432_432"><span class="label">[432]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. i. p. 13, pl. ii. 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_433_433" id="Footnote_433_433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_433_433"><span class="label">[433]</span></a></span> -Evans’ “Anc. Brit. Coins,” p. 102.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_434_434" id="Footnote_434_434"></a><a href="#FNanchor_434_434"><span class="label">[434]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. pp. 69, 70.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_435_435" id="Footnote_435_435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_435_435"><span class="label">[435]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 332.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_436_436" id="Footnote_436_436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_436_436"><span class="label">[436]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_437_437" id="Footnote_437_437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_437_437"><span class="label">[437]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. i. p. 59.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_438_438" id="Footnote_438_438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_438_438"><span class="label">[438]</span></a></span> -<i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. ix. p. 118, fig. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_439_439" id="Footnote_439_439"></a><a href="#FNanchor_439_439"><span class="label">[439]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 31.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_440_440" id="Footnote_440_440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_440_440"><span class="label">[440]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_441_441" id="Footnote_441_441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_441_441"><span class="label">[441]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. Roy. Inst. Corn.</i>, No. 206.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_442_442" id="Footnote_442_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442_442"><span class="label">[442]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 427, pl. i. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_443_443" id="Footnote_443_443"></a><a href="#FNanchor_443_443"><span class="label">[443]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 69.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_444_444" id="Footnote_444_444"></a><a href="#FNanchor_444_444"><span class="label">[444]</span></a></span> -Allies, “Worc.,” p. 18, pl. i. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_445_445" id="Footnote_445_445"></a><a href="#FNanchor_445_445"><span class="label">[445]</span></a></span> -“1st Rep. Arch. Comm. I. of M.,” pl. iv. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_446_446" id="Footnote_446_446"></a><a href="#FNanchor_446_446"><span class="label">[446]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 11.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_447_447" id="Footnote_447_447"></a><a href="#FNanchor_447_447"><span class="label">[447]</span></a></span> -Bateman’s “Catalogue,” p. 74; Marriott’s “Ant. of Lyme” (1810), p. 303.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_448_448" id="Footnote_448_448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_448_448"><span class="label">[448]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 157.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_449_449" id="Footnote_449_449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_449_449"><span class="label">[449]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xv. pl. xxiv. 7, p. 236; Arch. Journ., vol. xv. p. 158.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_450_450" id="Footnote_450_450"></a><a href="#FNanchor_450_450"><span class="label">[450]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Age du Bronze,” 2me partie, p. 284, fig. 81; <i>Mém. des Ant. du Nord</i>, -1872-7, p. 115.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_451_451" id="Footnote_451_451"></a><a href="#FNanchor_451_451"><span class="label">[451]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Age du Bronze,” 2me partie, p. 292, fig. 138.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_452_452" id="Footnote_452_452"></a><a href="#FNanchor_452_452"><span class="label">[452]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 106.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_453_453" id="Footnote_453_453"></a><a href="#FNanchor_453_453"><span class="label">[453]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. ii. p. 101; 2nd S., vol. i. p. 83. See also <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxx. -p. 491; and <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. i. p. 21.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_454_454" id="Footnote_454_454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_454_454"><span class="label">[454]</span></a></span> -Engraved also in “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_455_455" id="Footnote_455_455"></a><a href="#FNanchor_455_455"><span class="label">[455]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., v. p. 428.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_456_456" id="Footnote_456_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456_456"><span class="label">[456]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. 398.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_457_457" id="Footnote_457_457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_457_457"><span class="label">[457]</span></a></span> -This is possibly the specimen mentioned in <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iv. 303.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_458_458" id="Footnote_458_458"></a><a href="#FNanchor_458_458"><span class="label">[458]</span></a></span> -Vol. v. 109, pl. vii. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_459_459" id="Footnote_459_459"></a><a href="#FNanchor_459_459"><span class="label">[459]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 349; Bateman’s Catal., p. 76, No. 60.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_460_460" id="Footnote_460_460"></a><a href="#FNanchor_460_460"><span class="label">[460]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Scot.</i>, vol. iv. 55; <i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. ii. p. 213.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_461_461" id="Footnote_461_461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_461_461"><span class="label">[461]</span></a></span> -Allies, p. 149, pl. iv. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_462_462" id="Footnote_462_462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_462_462"><span class="label">[462]</span></a></span> -“Album,” pl. x. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_463_463" id="Footnote_463_463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_463_463"><span class="label">[463]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, pl. lv. 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_464_464" id="Footnote_464_464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_464_464"><span class="label">[464]</span></a></span> -<i>Mém. Soc. Ant. Norm.</i>, 1827-8, pl. xvi. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_465_465" id="Footnote_465_465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_465_465"><span class="label">[465]</span></a></span> -“Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 293.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_466_466" id="Footnote_466_466"></a><a href="#FNanchor_466_466"><span class="label">[466]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. i. p. 13, pl. ii. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_467_467" id="Footnote_467_467"></a><a href="#FNanchor_467_467"><span class="label">[467]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiv. 255, pl. fig. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_468_468" id="Footnote_468_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468_468"><span class="label">[468]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1re ptie. p. 59; Desor, “Les Palafittes,” fig. 39.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_469_469" id="Footnote_469_469"></a><a href="#FNanchor_469_469"><span class="label">[469]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 378, whence this cut is borrowed.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_470_470" id="Footnote_470_470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_470_470"><span class="label">[470]</span></a></span> -Perrin, “Et. préh. de la Sav.,” pl. x. 4, 5; “Exp. Arch. de la Sav.,” 1878, pl. vi. -210; Chantre, “Album,” pl. lv. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_471_471" id="Footnote_471_471"></a><a href="#FNanchor_471_471"><span class="label">[471]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Album,” pl. x. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_472_472" id="Footnote_472_472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_472_472"><span class="label">[472]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, pl. xl. bis. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_473_473" id="Footnote_473_473"></a><a href="#FNanchor_473_473"><span class="label">[473]</span></a></span> -Gross, “Deux Stations,” pl. i. 17.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_474_474" id="Footnote_474_474"></a><a href="#FNanchor_474_474"><span class="label">[474]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. xiv. pl. ix. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_475_475" id="Footnote_475_475"></a><a href="#FNanchor_475_475"><span class="label">[475]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. i. p. 463.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_476_476" id="Footnote_476_476"></a><a href="#FNanchor_476_476"><span class="label">[476]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 160, whence this and fig. 157 are borrowed.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_477_477" id="Footnote_477_477"></a><a href="#FNanchor_477_477"><span class="label">[477]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iv. 153; Arch. Inst., Norwich vol. p. xxvi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_478_478" id="Footnote_478_478"></a><a href="#FNanchor_478_478"><span class="label">[478]</span></a></span> -Vol. viii. p. 91. The length is erroneously stated to be about 4 inches in a subsequent -volume (vol. xviii. p. 164).</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_479_479" id="Footnote_479_479"></a><a href="#FNanchor_479_479"><span class="label">[479]</span></a></span> -Vol. viii. 91.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_480_480" id="Footnote_480_480"></a><a href="#FNanchor_480_480"><span class="label">[480]</span></a></span> -“Nat. Hist. Staff.,” p. 404, pl. xxxiii. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_481_481" id="Footnote_481_481"></a><a href="#FNanchor_481_481"><span class="label">[481]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. pl. viii. 23, p. 118.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_482_482" id="Footnote_482_482"></a><a href="#FNanchor_482_482"><span class="label">[482]</span></a></span> -“Zeitsch. für Eth.,” vol. vii. Taf. viii. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_483_483" id="Footnote_483_483"></a><a href="#FNanchor_483_483"><span class="label">[483]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. Anth. Inst.</i>, vol. vi. p. 195.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_484_484" id="Footnote_484_484"></a><a href="#FNanchor_484_484"><span class="label">[484]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. pl. viii. 7, p. 114.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_485_485" id="Footnote_485_485"></a><a href="#FNanchor_485_485"><span class="label">[485]</span></a></span> -Segested, “Oldsag. fra Broholm,” pl. xxiii. 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_486_486" id="Footnote_486_486"></a><a href="#FNanchor_486_486"><span class="label">[486]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. ii. p. 90.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_487_487" id="Footnote_487_487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_487_487"><span class="label">[487]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. 443.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_488_488" id="Footnote_488_488"></a><a href="#FNanchor_488_488"><span class="label">[488]</span></a></span> -<i>Trans. Dev. Assoc.</i>, vol. iv. p. 300, pl. ii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_489_489" id="Footnote_489_489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_489_489"><span class="label">[489]</span></a></span> -Evans, “Anc. British Coins,” p. 102.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_490_490" id="Footnote_490_490"></a><a href="#FNanchor_490_490"><span class="label">[490]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 156; Arch. Inst., York vol. Catal., p. 27.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_491_491" id="Footnote_491_491"></a><a href="#FNanchor_491_491"><span class="label">[491]</span></a></span> -“Barrow Diggers,” 1839, p. 72.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_492_492" id="Footnote_492_492"></a><a href="#FNanchor_492_492"><span class="label">[492]</span></a></span> -For the use of these cuts I am indebted to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_493_493" id="Footnote_493_493"></a><a href="#FNanchor_493_493"><span class="label">[493]</span></a></span> -“Ayr and Wigton Coll.,” vol. ii. p. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_494_494" id="Footnote_494_494"></a><a href="#FNanchor_494_494"><span class="label">[494]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 196.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_495_495" id="Footnote_495_495"></a><a href="#FNanchor_495_495"><span class="label">[495]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. ix. p. 435.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_496_496" id="Footnote_496_496"></a><a href="#FNanchor_496_496"><span class="label">[496]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. pp. 351, 384.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_497_497" id="Footnote_497_497"></a><a href="#FNanchor_497_497"><span class="label">[497]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. ii. p. 153.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_498_498" id="Footnote_498_498"></a><a href="#FNanchor_498_498"><span class="label">[498]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. xii. p. 209.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_499_499" id="Footnote_499_499"></a><a href="#FNanchor_499_499"><span class="label">[499]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. iv. p. 396.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_500_500" id="Footnote_500_500"></a><a href="#FNanchor_500_500"><span class="label">[500]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. pl. xi. 5, p. 111.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_501_501" id="Footnote_501_501"></a><a href="#FNanchor_501_501"><span class="label">[501]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. p. 384, fig. 61.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_502_502" id="Footnote_502_502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_502_502"><span class="label">[502]</span></a></span> -“Collections,” vol. ii. p. 11.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_503_503" id="Footnote_503_503"></a><a href="#FNanchor_503_503"><span class="label">[503]</span></a></span> -Vol. iv. pl. ix. 3, 4, 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_504_504" id="Footnote_504_504"></a><a href="#FNanchor_504_504"><span class="label">[504]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 392, fig. 306.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_505_505" id="Footnote_505_505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_505_505"><span class="label">[505]</span></a></span> -P. 385, fig. 279.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_506_506" id="Footnote_506_506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_506_506"><span class="label">[506]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 385, fig. 280. This cut is kindly lent by the -Council.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_507_507" id="Footnote_507_507"></a><a href="#FNanchor_507_507"><span class="label">[507]</span></a></span> -Engraved in <i>Journ. Roy. Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland</i>, 4th Ser. vol. v. p. 259.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_508_508" id="Footnote_508_508"></a><a href="#FNanchor_508_508"><span class="label">[508]</span></a></span> -Fig. 282.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_509_509" id="Footnote_509_509"></a><a href="#FNanchor_509_509"><span class="label">[509]</span></a></span> -Fig. 284.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_510_510" id="Footnote_510_510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_510_510"><span class="label">[510]</span></a></span> -P. 429.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_511_511" id="Footnote_511_511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_511_511"><span class="label">[511]</span></a></span> -P. 384, fig. 275.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_512_512" id="Footnote_512_512"></a><a href="#FNanchor_512_512"><span class="label">[512]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. xi. p. 170.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_513_513" id="Footnote_513_513"></a><a href="#FNanchor_513_513"><span class="label">[513]</span></a></span> -P. 521, fig. 398.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_514_514" id="Footnote_514_514"></a><a href="#FNanchor_514_514"><span class="label">[514]</span></a></span> -Vol. iv. pl. ix. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_515_515" id="Footnote_515_515"></a><a href="#FNanchor_515_515"><span class="label">[515]</span></a></span> -Report on “Expedit. to Western Yunan,” Calcutta, 1871, p. 414.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_516_516" id="Footnote_516_516"></a><a href="#FNanchor_516_516"><span class="label">[516]</span></a></span> -“Arch. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. de Toulouse,” vol. i. pl. vi. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_517_517" id="Footnote_517_517"></a><a href="#FNanchor_517_517"><span class="label">[517]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 91. For the use of this cut I am indebted to Mr. -A. W. Franks, F.R.S.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_518_518" id="Footnote_518_518"></a><a href="#FNanchor_518_518"><span class="label">[518]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 13; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxi. p. 262; <i>Mém. des -Ant. du Nord</i>, 1872-7, p. 116, &c.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_519_519" id="Footnote_519_519"></a><a href="#FNanchor_519_519"><span class="label">[519]</span></a></span> -“Die ehern. Streitkeile,” Taf. ii. 12.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_520_520" id="Footnote_520_520"></a><a href="#FNanchor_520_520"><span class="label">[520]</span></a></span> -<i>Trans. Ethn. Soc.</i>, N. S., vol. vii. p. 45.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_521_521" id="Footnote_521_521"></a><a href="#FNanchor_521_521"><span class="label">[521]</span></a></span> -“Cong. préh.” Copenhagen vol. p. 352.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_522_522" id="Footnote_522_522"></a><a href="#FNanchor_522_522"><span class="label">[522]</span></a></span> -Vol. xvi. p. 348.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_523_523" id="Footnote_523_523"></a><a href="#FNanchor_523_523"><span class="label">[523]</span></a></span> -3rd S., vol. i. p. 250.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_524_524" id="Footnote_524_524"></a><a href="#FNanchor_524_524"><span class="label">[524]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 518.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_525_525" id="Footnote_525_525"></a><a href="#FNanchor_525_525"><span class="label">[525]</span></a></span> -Von Sacken, “Grabf. v. Hallst.,” Taf. vii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_526_526" id="Footnote_526_526"></a><a href="#FNanchor_526_526"><span class="label">[526]</span></a></span> -Deschmann und Hochstetter, “Präh. Ansied. u. Begr. stätt. in Krain.,” 1879, -Taf. xvi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_527_527" id="Footnote_527_527"></a><a href="#FNanchor_527_527"><span class="label">[527]</span></a></span> -<i>Rev. Arch.</i>, vol. xxiii. p. 257, pl. viii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_528_528" id="Footnote_528_528"></a><a href="#FNanchor_528_528"><span class="label">[528]</span></a></span> -See “Matériaux,” vol. v. p. 376.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_529_529" id="Footnote_529_529"></a><a href="#FNanchor_529_529"><span class="label">[529]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiii. p. 293, pl. xv.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_530_530" id="Footnote_530_530"></a><a href="#FNanchor_530_530"><span class="label">[530]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. v. p. 379, pl. xix. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_531_531" id="Footnote_531_531"></a><a href="#FNanchor_531_531"><span class="label">[531]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Times,” p. 29. For other examples see Klemm, “Allgem. Culturwiss.,” -vol. i. p. 100.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_532_532" id="Footnote_532_532"></a><a href="#FNanchor_532_532"><span class="label">[532]</span></a></span> -“Lake Dwellings,” Eng. ed., p. 110, pl. x. 16. See also xi. 2, and xxviii. 24; and -Lindenschmit, “Hohenz. Samml.,” Taf. xxix. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_533_533" id="Footnote_533_533"></a><a href="#FNanchor_533_533"><span class="label">[533]</span></a></span> -“British Barrows,” p. 188.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_534_534" id="Footnote_534_534"></a><a href="#FNanchor_534_534"><span class="label">[534]</span></a></span> -“Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 35.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_535_535" id="Footnote_535_535"></a><a href="#FNanchor_535_535"><span class="label">[535]</span></a></span> -Cited in Schreiber’s “Die ehernen Streitkeile,” Freiburg, 1842, p. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_536_536" id="Footnote_536_536"></a><a href="#FNanchor_536_536"><span class="label">[536]</span></a></span> -See Lisch, “Frederico-Francisceum,” p. 38.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_537_537" id="Footnote_537_537"></a><a href="#FNanchor_537_537"><span class="label">[537]</span></a></span> -“Antiquiteiten,” iii. Stück, p. 285.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_538_538" id="Footnote_538_538"></a><a href="#FNanchor_538_538"><span class="label">[538]</span></a></span> -“Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft,” pl. i. fig. 186, p. 105.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_539_539" id="Footnote_539_539"></a><a href="#FNanchor_539_539"><span class="label">[539]</span></a></span> -Strobel in <i>Bull. di Palet. Ital.</i>, Anno i. (1875), p. 7, Tav. i.; Anno 4to (1878), p. 46 -Tav. ii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_540_540" id="Footnote_540_540"></a><a href="#FNanchor_540_540"><span class="label">[540]</span></a></span> -Keller, “7ter Bericht,” Taf. xxiv. 17.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_541_541" id="Footnote_541_541"></a><a href="#FNanchor_541_541"><span class="label">[541]</span></a></span> -See Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. i., Heft. i. Taf. iv. 32.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_542_542" id="Footnote_542_542"></a><a href="#FNanchor_542_542"><span class="label">[542]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xix. p. 102, pl. viii. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_543_543" id="Footnote_543_543"></a><a href="#FNanchor_543_543"><span class="label">[543]</span></a></span> -“Ancient Armour,” by Skelton, vol. i. pl. xlvii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_544_544" id="Footnote_544_544"></a><a href="#FNanchor_544_544"><span class="label">[544]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iv. p. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_545_545" id="Footnote_545_545"></a><a href="#FNanchor_545_545"><span class="label">[545]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 367.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_546_546" id="Footnote_546_546"></a><a href="#FNanchor_546_546"><span class="label">[546]</span></a></span> -Leland’s Itin., Hearne’s ed., vol. i. p. 145.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_547_547" id="Footnote_547_547"></a><a href="#FNanchor_547_547"><span class="label">[547]</span></a></span> -P. 370, fig. 257.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_548_548" id="Footnote_548_548"></a><a href="#FNanchor_548_548"><span class="label">[548]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xv. pl. xxv. p. 236; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 159.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_549_549" id="Footnote_549_549"></a><a href="#FNanchor_549_549"><span class="label">[549]</span></a></span> -<i>A. A. J.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 269.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_550_550" id="Footnote_550_550"></a><a href="#FNanchor_550_550"><span class="label">[550]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 161.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_551_551" id="Footnote_551_551"></a><a href="#FNanchor_551_551"><span class="label">[551]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 362; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iv. p. 6; Klemm, “Allg. Kult. gesch.,” -p. 107.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_552_552" id="Footnote_552_552"></a><a href="#FNanchor_552_552"><span class="label">[552]</span></a></span> -“Nydam Mosefund,” 1859-1863. Copenhagen, 1865.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_553_553" id="Footnote_553_553"></a><a href="#FNanchor_553_553"><span class="label">[553]</span></a></span> -“Vimose Fundet” af C. Engelhardt, 1869, p. 29.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_554_554" id="Footnote_554_554"></a><a href="#FNanchor_554_554"><span class="label">[554]</span></a></span> -Westropp in <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 335.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_555_555" id="Footnote_555_555"></a><a href="#FNanchor_555_555"><span class="label">[555]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iv. p. 4, fig. B.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_556_556" id="Footnote_556_556"></a><a href="#FNanchor_556_556"><span class="label">[556]</span></a></span> -<i>Revue Arch.</i>, vol. xxix. p. 73, pl. iii. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_557_557" id="Footnote_557_557"></a><a href="#FNanchor_557_557"><span class="label">[557]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 436.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_558_558" id="Footnote_558_558"></a><a href="#FNanchor_558_558"><span class="label">[558]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxi. p. 100.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_559_559" id="Footnote_559_559"></a><a href="#FNanchor_559_559"><span class="label">[559]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 369.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_560_560" id="Footnote_560_560"></a><a href="#FNanchor_560_560"><span class="label">[560]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 69.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_561_561" id="Footnote_561_561"></a><a href="#FNanchor_561_561"><span class="label">[561]</span></a></span> -Lib. xix. v. 573. See also Lib. v. v. 235.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_562_562" id="Footnote_562_562"></a><a href="#FNanchor_562_562"><span class="label">[562]</span></a></span> -While speaking of French celts, I may refer to a short Paper on the method in -which they were hafted, written by the late M. Penguilly-l’Haridon.—<i>Rev. Arch.</i>, -2nd S. vol. iv. p. 329.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_563_563" id="Footnote_563_563"></a><a href="#FNanchor_563_563"><span class="label">[563]</span></a></span> -Ep. 20, lib. 4. See <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxx. p. 492.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_564_564" id="Footnote_564_564"></a><a href="#FNanchor_564_564"><span class="label">[564]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 182, pl. xxi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_565_565" id="Footnote_565_565"></a><a href="#FNanchor_565_565"><span class="label">[565]</span></a></span> -“Prim. Ant. of Denmark,” p. 26.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_566_566" id="Footnote_566_566"></a><a href="#FNanchor_566_566"><span class="label">[566]</span></a></span> -“Vimose Mosefundet,” p. 28.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_567_567" id="Footnote_567_567"></a><a href="#FNanchor_567_567"><span class="label">[567]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 207.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_568_568" id="Footnote_568_568"></a><a href="#FNanchor_568_568"><span class="label">[568]</span></a></span> -See <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 346. I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S. -for the use of this cut.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_569_569" id="Footnote_569_569"></a><a href="#FNanchor_569_569"><span class="label">[569]</span></a></span> -“Troy and its Remains,” p. 332.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_570_570" id="Footnote_570_570"></a><a href="#FNanchor_570_570"><span class="label">[570]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 467.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_571_571" id="Footnote_571_571"></a><a href="#FNanchor_571_571"><span class="label">[571]</span></a></span> -“Anales del Museo de Mexico,” vol. i. p. 117.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_572_572" id="Footnote_572_572"></a><a href="#FNanchor_572_572"><span class="label">[572]</span></a></span> -<i>Somerset Arch. and Nat. Hist. Proc.</i>, 1856-7, vol. vii. p. 27.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_573_573" id="Footnote_573_573"></a><a href="#FNanchor_573_573"><span class="label">[573]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Album,” pl. xliii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_574_574" id="Footnote_574_574"></a><a href="#FNanchor_574_574"><span class="label">[574]</span></a></span> -Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. ix. 34, 35.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_575_575" id="Footnote_575_575"></a><a href="#FNanchor_575_575"><span class="label">[575]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 167; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_576_576" id="Footnote_576_576"></a><a href="#FNanchor_576_576"><span class="label">[576]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ii. p. 80; <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. i. p. 59.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_577_577" id="Footnote_577_577"></a><a href="#FNanchor_577_577"><span class="label">[577]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 381, 408; <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_578_578" id="Footnote_578_578"></a><a href="#FNanchor_578_578"><span class="label">[578]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiv. p. 253.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_579_579" id="Footnote_579_579"></a><a href="#FNanchor_579_579"><span class="label">[579]</span></a></span> -Bateman’s “Catalogue,” p. 74, No. 8; “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_580_580" id="Footnote_580_580"></a><a href="#FNanchor_580_580"><span class="label">[580]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vii. p. 195.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_581_581" id="Footnote_581_581"></a><a href="#FNanchor_581_581"><span class="label">[581]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 480.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_582_582" id="Footnote_582_582"></a><a href="#FNanchor_582_582"><span class="label">[582]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 381, fig. 54.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_583_583" id="Footnote_583_583"></a><a href="#FNanchor_583_583"><span class="label">[583]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. xii. p. 613.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_584_584" id="Footnote_584_584"></a><a href="#FNanchor_584_584"><span class="label">[584]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 520.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_585_585" id="Footnote_585_585"></a><a href="#FNanchor_585_585"><span class="label">[585]</span></a></span> -Pl. v. 43, 44.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_586_586" id="Footnote_586_586"></a><a href="#FNanchor_586_586"><span class="label">[586]</span></a></span> -Vol. viii. p. 91.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_587_587" id="Footnote_587_587"></a><a href="#FNanchor_587_587"><span class="label">[587]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ii. p. 80; <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. i. pp. 57, 59; Smith’s “Coll. -Ant.,” vol. i. p. 105; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxxi. p. 494; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 40.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_588_588" id="Footnote_588_588"></a><a href="#FNanchor_588_588"><span class="label">[588]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 303.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_589_589" id="Footnote_589_589"></a><a href="#FNanchor_589_589"><span class="label">[589]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 382. See also <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 58, fig. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_590_590" id="Footnote_590_590"></a><a href="#FNanchor_590_590"><span class="label">[590]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 12.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_591_591" id="Footnote_591_591"></a><a href="#FNanchor_591_591"><span class="label">[591]</span></a></span> -<i>Exp. Arch. de Savoie</i>, 1878, pl. xxi. No. 3; pl. vi. 215, 216; Perrin, “Et. Préh. de -la Sav.,” pl. x. 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_592_592" id="Footnote_592_592"></a><a href="#FNanchor_592_592"><span class="label">[592]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Album,” pl. x. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_593_593" id="Footnote_593_593"></a><a href="#FNanchor_593_593"><span class="label">[593]</span></a></span> -Ibid. No. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_594_594" id="Footnote_594_594"></a><a href="#FNanchor_594_594"><span class="label">[594]</span></a></span> -Keller, 6ter Bericht, Taf. ix. 38; 7ter Ber., Taf. vii. 2, 3, 5, &c.; Desor, “Les -Palafittes,” fig. 46.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_595_595" id="Footnote_595_595"></a><a href="#FNanchor_595_595"><span class="label">[595]</span></a></span> -Desor and Favre, “Le Bel Age du Br.,” pl. i. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_596_596" id="Footnote_596_596"></a><a href="#FNanchor_596_596"><span class="label">[596]</span></a></span> -“Cong. Préh.,” Copenhagen vol. p. 485.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_597_597" id="Footnote_597_597"></a><a href="#FNanchor_597_597"><span class="label">[597]</span></a></span> -Jannsen’s “Catal.,” No. 21.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_598_598" id="Footnote_598_598"></a><a href="#FNanchor_598_598"><span class="label">[598]</span></a></span> -Schreiber, “Die ehern. Streitkeile,” Taf. ii. 11.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_599_599" id="Footnote_599_599"></a><a href="#FNanchor_599_599"><span class="label">[599]</span></a></span> -“Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft v. Taf. iii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_600_600" id="Footnote_600_600"></a><a href="#FNanchor_600_600"><span class="label">[600]</span></a></span> -Taf. ii. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_601_601" id="Footnote_601_601"></a><a href="#FNanchor_601_601"><span class="label">[601]</span></a></span> -“Freder. Francise.,” Tab. xxxiii. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_602_602" id="Footnote_602_602"></a><a href="#FNanchor_602_602"><span class="label">[602]</span></a></span> -Lindenschmit, Taf. xlii. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_603_603" id="Footnote_603_603"></a><a href="#FNanchor_603_603"><span class="label">[603]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ii. p. 80; <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. i. p. 51,59; “Horæ Ferales,” -pl. v. 42.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_604_604" id="Footnote_604_604"></a><a href="#FNanchor_604_604"><span class="label">[604]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 3; “Horæ. Fer.,” pl. v. 36.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_605_605" id="Footnote_605_605"></a><a href="#FNanchor_605_605"><span class="label">[605]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 381, 408; <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 58.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_606_606" id="Footnote_606_606"></a><a href="#FNanchor_606_606"><span class="label">[606]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Scot.</i>, vol. iv. p. 55, pl. vii. 5; <i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. ii. p. 213, pl. iv. c.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_607_607" id="Footnote_607_607"></a><a href="#FNanchor_607_607"><span class="label">[607]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_608_608" id="Footnote_608_608"></a><a href="#FNanchor_608_608"><span class="label">[608]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xi. p. 294.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_609_609" id="Footnote_609_609"></a><a href="#FNanchor_609_609"><span class="label">[609]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iv. p. 323.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_610_610" id="Footnote_610_610"></a><a href="#FNanchor_610_610"><span class="label">[610]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 167; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 35.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_611_611" id="Footnote_611_611"></a><a href="#FNanchor_611_611"><span class="label">[611]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 232.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_612_612" id="Footnote_612_612"></a><a href="#FNanchor_612_612"><span class="label">[612]</span></a></span> -Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 101; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ii. p. 81.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_613_613" id="Footnote_613_613"></a><a href="#FNanchor_613_613"><span class="label">[613]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. i. p. 13, pl. ii. 12.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_614_614" id="Footnote_614_614"></a><a href="#FNanchor_614_614"><span class="label">[614]</span></a></span> -“Surrey Arch. Soc. Coll.,” vol. vi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_615_615" id="Footnote_615_615"></a><a href="#FNanchor_615_615"><span class="label">[615]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vii. p. 195.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_616_616" id="Footnote_616_616"></a><a href="#FNanchor_616_616"><span class="label">[616]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 214; “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 437.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_617_617" id="Footnote_617_617"></a><a href="#FNanchor_617_617"><span class="label">[617]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 39.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_618_618" id="Footnote_618_618"></a><a href="#FNanchor_618_618"><span class="label">[618]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. v. p. 127.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_619_619" id="Footnote_619_619"></a><a href="#FNanchor_619_619"><span class="label">[619]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. p. 388.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_620_620" id="Footnote_620_620"></a><a href="#FNanchor_620_620"><span class="label">[620]</span></a></span> -Vol. iv. p. 335, pl. iii. 1, 2, 3, 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_621_621" id="Footnote_621_621"></a><a href="#FNanchor_621_621"><span class="label">[621]</span></a></span> -Pl. v. 37, 38, 41.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_622_622" id="Footnote_622_622"></a><a href="#FNanchor_622_622"><span class="label">[622]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 38.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_623_623" id="Footnote_623_623"></a><a href="#FNanchor_623_623"><span class="label">[623]</span></a></span> -Vol. iv. pl. ix. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_624_624" id="Footnote_624_624"></a><a href="#FNanchor_624_624"><span class="label">[624]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 34; <i>Rev. Arch.</i>, N.S., vol. xiii. pl. ii. x.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_625_625" id="Footnote_625_625"></a><a href="#FNanchor_625_625"><span class="label">[625]</span></a></span> -Pl. x. 6, and xl. 5. See also <i>Mém. Soc. Ant. Norm.</i>, 1828-9, pl. xvi. 16.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_626_626" id="Footnote_626_626"></a><a href="#FNanchor_626_626"><span class="label">[626]</span></a></span> -“Deux Stations Lacustres,” pl. iv. 34. Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 4; Desor -and Favre, “Le Bel Age du Br.,” pl. i. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_627_627" id="Footnote_627_627"></a><a href="#FNanchor_627_627"><span class="label">[627]</span></a></span> -“Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” Heft. v. Taf. iii. 9, 10; “Hohenzoll. Samml.,” pl. xlii. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_628_628" id="Footnote_628_628"></a><a href="#FNanchor_628_628"><span class="label">[628]</span></a></span> -<i>Mém. Soc. Ant. du Nord</i>, 1872-7, p. 118.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_629_629" id="Footnote_629_629"></a><a href="#FNanchor_629_629"><span class="label">[629]</span></a></span> -Vol. xxvii. p. 142.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_630_630" id="Footnote_630_630"></a><a href="#FNanchor_630_630"><span class="label">[630]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 3; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66, where it is engraved -full size; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 33.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_631_631" id="Footnote_631_631"></a><a href="#FNanchor_631_631"><span class="label">[631]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvii. p. 94; Pring, “Brit. and Roman Taunton,” pl. i. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_632_632" id="Footnote_632_632"></a><a href="#FNanchor_632_632"><span class="label">[632]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Scot.</i>, vol. iv. p. 55, pl. vii. 4; <i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. ii. p. 213, pl. iv. b.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_633_633" id="Footnote_633_633"></a><a href="#FNanchor_633_633"><span class="label">[633]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. i. p. 13, pl. ii. 13.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_634_634" id="Footnote_634_634"></a><a href="#FNanchor_634_634"><span class="label">[634]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 129; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. v. 32.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_635_635" id="Footnote_635_635"></a><a href="#FNanchor_635_635"><span class="label">[635]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_636_636" id="Footnote_636_636"></a><a href="#FNanchor_636_636"><span class="label">[636]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 65.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_637_637" id="Footnote_637_637"></a><a href="#FNanchor_637_637"><span class="label">[637]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. xiv. pl. ix. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_638_638" id="Footnote_638_638"></a><a href="#FNanchor_638_638"><span class="label">[638]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie. p. 38.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_639_639" id="Footnote_639_639"></a><a href="#FNanchor_639_639"><span class="label">[639]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. v. p. 452.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_640_640" id="Footnote_640_640"></a><a href="#FNanchor_640_640"><span class="label">[640]</span></a></span> -Parenteau, “Le fondeur du Jard. des Plantes;” “Matériaux,” vol. v. p. 190, -pl. viii. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_641_641" id="Footnote_641_641"></a><a href="#FNanchor_641_641"><span class="label">[641]</span></a></span> -“Exp. Arch. de la Sav.,” 1878, pl. v.; Chantre, “Album,” pl. v. 1.; Perrin, “Et. -Préh. sur la Sav.,” pl. x. 6, 7, xix. 17.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_642_642" id="Footnote_642_642"></a><a href="#FNanchor_642_642"><span class="label">[642]</span></a></span> -Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_643_643" id="Footnote_643_643"></a><a href="#FNanchor_643_643"><span class="label">[643]</span></a></span> -Desor et Favre, “Le Bel Age du Br.,” pl. i. 9; Gross, “Deux Stations,” pl. iii. 22.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_644_644" id="Footnote_644_644"></a><a href="#FNanchor_644_644"><span class="label">[644]</span></a></span> -Desor, “Les Palafittes,” fig. 47.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_645_645" id="Footnote_645_645"></a><a href="#FNanchor_645_645"><span class="label">[645]</span></a></span> -“Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. 13, 15.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_646_646" id="Footnote_646_646"></a><a href="#FNanchor_646_646"><span class="label">[646]</span></a></span> -Evans, “Anc. Brit. Coins,” pl. xii. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_647_647" id="Footnote_647_647"></a><a href="#FNanchor_647_647"><span class="label">[647]</span></a></span> -“Grabfeld von Hallstatt,” pl. xix. 11, p. 89.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_648_648" id="Footnote_648_648"></a><a href="#FNanchor_648_648"><span class="label">[648]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal. Stone Ant. in R. I. A. Mus.,” p. 81.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_649_649" id="Footnote_649_649"></a><a href="#FNanchor_649_649"><span class="label">[649]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 401.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_650_650" id="Footnote_650_650"></a><a href="#FNanchor_650_650"><span class="label">[650]</span></a></span> -“Age du Br.,” ptie. i. p. 39.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_651_651" id="Footnote_651_651"></a><a href="#FNanchor_651_651"><span class="label">[651]</span></a></span> -Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 8; Gross, “Deux Stations,” pl. iii. 28.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_652_652" id="Footnote_652_652"></a><a href="#FNanchor_652_652"><span class="label">[652]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. Soc. Ant.,” p. 16; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 337.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_653_653" id="Footnote_653_653"></a><a href="#FNanchor_653_653"><span class="label">[653]</span></a></span> -E. Chantre, “Album” pl. xxv. No. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_654_654" id="Footnote_654_654"></a><a href="#FNanchor_654_654"><span class="label">[654]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Album,” pl. xliii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_655_655" id="Footnote_655_655"></a><a href="#FNanchor_655_655"><span class="label">[655]</span></a></span> -Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 11.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_656_656" id="Footnote_656_656"></a><a href="#FNanchor_656_656"><span class="label">[656]</span></a></span> -Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 157, 158; “Cong. préh.,” Stockholm vol., 1874, p. -494.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_657_657" id="Footnote_657_657"></a><a href="#FNanchor_657_657"><span class="label">[657]</span></a></span> -“Comptes Rend. de l’Ac. des Sc.,” 1871, vol. ii. p. 476.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_658_658" id="Footnote_658_658"></a><a href="#FNanchor_658_658"><span class="label">[658]</span></a></span> -“Catal.,” p. 597, No. 96.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_659_659" id="Footnote_659_659"></a><a href="#FNanchor_659_659"><span class="label">[659]</span></a></span> -E. Chantre, “Age du Bronze,” 1ère ptie. p. 87.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_660_660" id="Footnote_660_660"></a><a href="#FNanchor_660_660"><span class="label">[660]</span></a></span> -Von Sacken, “Das Grabf. v. Hallst,” pl. xix. 12.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_661_661" id="Footnote_661_661"></a><a href="#FNanchor_661_661"><span class="label">[661]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 127.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_662_662" id="Footnote_662_662"></a><a href="#FNanchor_662_662"><span class="label">[662]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. p. 224, fig. 375.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_663_663" id="Footnote_663_663"></a><a href="#FNanchor_663_663"><span class="label">[663]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvi., p. 59.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_664_664" id="Footnote_664_664"></a><a href="#FNanchor_664_664"><span class="label">[664]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 167.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_665_665" id="Footnote_665_665"></a><a href="#FNanchor_665_665"><span class="label">[665]</span></a></span> -Vol. xliii. p. 464.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_666_666" id="Footnote_666_666"></a><a href="#FNanchor_666_666"><span class="label">[666]</span></a></span> -Vol. i. p. 99, pl. xi. The cut is from the <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 466.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_667_667" id="Footnote_667_667"></a><a href="#FNanchor_667_667"><span class="label">[667]</span></a></span> -Pl. xxx. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_668_668" id="Footnote_668_668"></a><a href="#FNanchor_668_668"><span class="label">[668]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xv. p. 122, pl. iv. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_669_669" id="Footnote_669_669"></a><a href="#FNanchor_669_669"><span class="label">[669]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_670_670" id="Footnote_670_670"></a><a href="#FNanchor_670_670"><span class="label">[670]</span></a></span> -“British Barrows,” <i>passim</i>.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_671_671" id="Footnote_671_671"></a><a href="#FNanchor_671_671"><span class="label">[671]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 138.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_672_672" id="Footnote_672_672"></a><a href="#FNanchor_672_672"><span class="label">[672]</span></a></span> -“Stonehenge,” p. 45, pl. xxxii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_673_673" id="Footnote_673_673"></a><a href="#FNanchor_673_673"><span class="label">[673]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 465, fig. 163.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_674_674" id="Footnote_674_674"></a><a href="#FNanchor_674_674"><span class="label">[674]</span></a></span> -<i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. i. p. 55.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_675_675" id="Footnote_675_675"></a><a href="#FNanchor_675_675"><span class="label">[675]</span></a></span> -“Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 85.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_676_676" id="Footnote_676_676"></a><a href="#FNanchor_676_676"><span class="label">[676]</span></a></span> -“Vest. Ant. of Derb.,” p. 41.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_677_677" id="Footnote_677_677"></a><a href="#FNanchor_677_677"><span class="label">[677]</span></a></span> -“Vest. Ant. of Derb.,” p. 82.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_678_678" id="Footnote_678_678"></a><a href="#FNanchor_678_678"><span class="label">[678]</span></a></span> -Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 60, pl. xxi. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_679_679" id="Footnote_679_679"></a><a href="#FNanchor_679_679"><span class="label">[679]</span></a></span> -“Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 155.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_680_680" id="Footnote_680_680"></a><a href="#FNanchor_680_680"><span class="label">[680]</span></a></span> -<i>Lib. cit.</i>, p. 106.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_681_681" id="Footnote_681_681"></a><a href="#FNanchor_681_681"><span class="label">[681]</span></a></span> -“Vest. Ant. of Derb.,” p. 104.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_682_682" id="Footnote_682_682"></a><a href="#FNanchor_682_682"><span class="label">[682]</span></a></span> -“Reliquary,” vol. ix. p. 67.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_683_683" id="Footnote_683_683"></a><a href="#FNanchor_683_683"><span class="label">[683]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_684_684" id="Footnote_684_684"></a><a href="#FNanchor_684_684"><span class="label">[684]</span></a></span> -Vol. i. p. 122, pl. xv. No. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_685_685" id="Footnote_685_685"></a><a href="#FNanchor_685_685"><span class="label">[685]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 164, pl. xvii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_686_686" id="Footnote_686_686"></a><a href="#FNanchor_686_686"><span class="label">[686]</span></a></span> -Wilde’s “Catal.,” p. 597.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_687_687" id="Footnote_687_687"></a><a href="#FNanchor_687_687"><span class="label">[687]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. lxiii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_688_688" id="Footnote_688_688"></a><a href="#FNanchor_688_688"><span class="label">[688]</span></a></span> -Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 274, 276; Nilsson, “Nordens Ur.-Invånare,” figs. -55, 57.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_689_689" id="Footnote_689_689"></a><a href="#FNanchor_689_689"><span class="label">[689]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 74.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_690_690" id="Footnote_690_690"></a><a href="#FNanchor_690_690"><span class="label">[690]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. i. p. 266; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 218.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_691_691" id="Footnote_691_691"></a><a href="#FNanchor_691_691"><span class="label">[691]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 547.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_692_692" id="Footnote_692_692"></a><a href="#FNanchor_692_692"><span class="label">[692]</span></a></span> -“Ayr and Wigton Coll.,” vol. ii. p. 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_693_693" id="Footnote_693_693"></a><a href="#FNanchor_693_693"><span class="label">[693]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 403.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_694_694" id="Footnote_694_694"></a><a href="#FNanchor_694_694"><span class="label">[694]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie. p. 87.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_695_695" id="Footnote_695_695"></a><a href="#FNanchor_695_695"><span class="label">[695]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 320.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_696_696" id="Footnote_696_696"></a><a href="#FNanchor_696_696"><span class="label">[696]</span></a></span> -Macrob. “Saturn.,” v. c. 19.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_697_697" id="Footnote_697_697"></a><a href="#FNanchor_697_697"><span class="label">[697]</span></a></span> -“Met.,” vii. 224.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_698_698" id="Footnote_698_698"></a><a href="#FNanchor_698_698"><span class="label">[698]</span></a></span> -“Æn.” lib. iv. 513.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_699_699" id="Footnote_699_699"></a><a href="#FNanchor_699_699"><span class="label">[699]</span></a></span> -“Nat. Hist.,” xviii. c. 30.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_700_700" id="Footnote_700_700"></a><a href="#FNanchor_700_700"><span class="label">[700]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxx. p. 192.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_701_701" id="Footnote_701_701"></a><a href="#FNanchor_701_701"><span class="label">[701]</span></a></span> -Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_702_702" id="Footnote_702_702"></a><a href="#FNanchor_702_702"><span class="label">[702]</span></a></span> -See Lubbock’s “Preh. Times,” p. 513.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_703_703" id="Footnote_703_703"></a><a href="#FNanchor_703_703"><span class="label">[703]</span></a></span> -“Vimose Fundet,” 1869, p. 26.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_704_704" id="Footnote_704_704"></a><a href="#FNanchor_704_704"><span class="label">[704]</span></a></span> -“Aarböger for Oldkynd.,” 1867, p. 250.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_705_705" id="Footnote_705_705"></a><a href="#FNanchor_705_705"><span class="label">[705]</span></a></span> -<i>Somerset Arch. and Nat. Hist. Proc.</i>, 1854, vol. v. p. 91.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_706_706" id="Footnote_706_706"></a><a href="#FNanchor_706_706"><span class="label">[706]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, 1856-7, vol. vii. p. 27.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_707_707" id="Footnote_707_707"></a><a href="#FNanchor_707_707"><span class="label">[707]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvii. p. 94. Pring, “Brit. and Roman Taunton,” pl. i. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_708_708" id="Footnote_708_708"></a><a href="#FNanchor_708_708"><span class="label">[708]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 258, pl. 13, No. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_709_709" id="Footnote_709_709"></a><a href="#FNanchor_709_709"><span class="label">[709]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 85.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_710_710" id="Footnote_710_710"></a><a href="#FNanchor_710_710"><span class="label">[710]</span></a></span> -2nd S., vol. v. p. 95.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_711_711" id="Footnote_711_711"></a><a href="#FNanchor_711_711"><span class="label">[711]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. viii. p. 191.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_712_712" id="Footnote_712_712"></a><a href="#FNanchor_712_712"><span class="label">[712]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. vii. p. 378.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_713_713" id="Footnote_713_713"></a><a href="#FNanchor_713_713"><span class="label">[713]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. vii. p. 376.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_714_714" id="Footnote_714_714"></a><a href="#FNanchor_714_714"><span class="label">[714]</span></a></span> -Vol. xvi. p. 206, cited by Wilson, “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 401.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_715_715" id="Footnote_715_715"></a><a href="#FNanchor_715_715"><span class="label">[715]</span></a></span> -“Catal.,” p. 527.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_716_716" id="Footnote_716_716"></a><a href="#FNanchor_716_716"><span class="label">[716]</span></a></span> -“Coll. de Reb. Hib.,” vol. iv. pl. x. 4, p. 60.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_717_717" id="Footnote_717_717"></a><a href="#FNanchor_717_717"><span class="label">[717]</span></a></span> -Fig. 406. Compare “Horæ Ferales,” pl. x. 19.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_718_718" id="Footnote_718_718"></a><a href="#FNanchor_718_718"><span class="label">[718]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ii. p. 186. See also <i>Dublin Penny Journ.</i>, i. p. 108: “Horæ -Ferales,” pl. x. 18.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_719_719" id="Footnote_719_719"></a><a href="#FNanchor_719_719"><span class="label">[719]</span></a></span> -Vol. iii. p. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_720_720" id="Footnote_720_720"></a><a href="#FNanchor_720_720"><span class="label">[720]</span></a></span> -2nd S., vol. iii. p. 333.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_721_721" id="Footnote_721_721"></a><a href="#FNanchor_721_721"><span class="label">[721]</span></a></span> -“Samml. zu Sigmar.,” Taf. xli.; “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft xii. Taf. ii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_722_722" id="Footnote_722_722"></a><a href="#FNanchor_722_722"><span class="label">[722]</span></a></span> -“Avanzi Prerom.,” 1863, Tav. ii. 6, 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_723_723" id="Footnote_723_723"></a><a href="#FNanchor_723_723"><span class="label">[723]</span></a></span> -“Nuovi Cenni,” 1862, Tav. iv. 17, 18.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_724_724" id="Footnote_724_724"></a><a href="#FNanchor_724_724"><span class="label">[724]</span></a></span> -“Samml. zu Sigmar.,” Taf. xli.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_725_725" id="Footnote_725_725"></a><a href="#FNanchor_725_725"><span class="label">[725]</span></a></span> -Stevens, “Flint Chips,” p. 157.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_726_726" id="Footnote_726_726"></a><a href="#FNanchor_726_726"><span class="label">[726]</span></a></span> -See Evans, “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 256.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_727_727" id="Footnote_727_727"></a><a href="#FNanchor_727_727"><span class="label">[727]</span></a></span> -Vol. vii. p. 302.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_728_728" id="Footnote_728_728"></a><a href="#FNanchor_728_728"><span class="label">[728]</span></a></span> -Vol. xxxiv. p. 301.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_729_729" id="Footnote_729_729"></a><a href="#FNanchor_729_729"><span class="label">[729]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Armour,” pl. xlvii. 11.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_730_730" id="Footnote_730_730"></a><a href="#FNanchor_730_730"><span class="label">[730]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xlii. p. 75, pl. viii. 22.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_731_731" id="Footnote_731_731"></a><a href="#FNanchor_731_731"><span class="label">[731]</span></a></span> -Vol. xv. p. 118, pl. ii.; “Catal. Mus. Soc. Ant.,” p. 16.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_732_732" id="Footnote_732_732"></a><a href="#FNanchor_732_732"><span class="label">[732]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiv. p. 254.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_733_733" id="Footnote_733_733"></a><a href="#FNanchor_733_733"><span class="label">[733]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xix. p. 359. This cut is -lent by the Society.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_734_734" id="Footnote_734_734"></a><a href="#FNanchor_734_734"><span class="label">[734]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iv. p. 303.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_735_735" id="Footnote_735_735"></a><a href="#FNanchor_735_735"><span class="label">[735]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 390.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_736_736" id="Footnote_736_736"></a><a href="#FNanchor_736_736"><span class="label">[736]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 402.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_737_737" id="Footnote_737_737"></a><a href="#FNanchor_737_737"><span class="label">[737]</span></a></span> -“Catal.,” p. 465.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_738_738" id="Footnote_738_738"></a><a href="#FNanchor_738_738"><span class="label">[738]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 250: <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxxvi. p. 330: “Horæ Ferales,” pl. x. 29.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_739_739" id="Footnote_739_739"></a><a href="#FNanchor_739_739"><span class="label">[739]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 258.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_740_740" id="Footnote_740_740"></a><a href="#FNanchor_740_740"><span class="label">[740]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 400; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. viii. p. 310. The cut is -here reproduced by permission of Messrs. Macmillan.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_741_741" id="Footnote_741_741"></a><a href="#FNanchor_741_741"><span class="label">[741]</span></a></span> -Vol. viii. p. 310.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_742_742" id="Footnote_742_742"></a><a href="#FNanchor_742_742"><span class="label">[742]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Album,” pl. vi. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_743_743" id="Footnote_743_743"></a><a href="#FNanchor_743_743"><span class="label">[743]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 229.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_744_744" id="Footnote_744_744"></a><a href="#FNanchor_744_744"><span class="label">[744]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 332.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_745_745" id="Footnote_745_745"></a><a href="#FNanchor_745_745"><span class="label">[745]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 258.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_746_746" id="Footnote_746_746"></a><a href="#FNanchor_746_746"><span class="label">[746]</span></a></span> -“Catal.,” p. 467, fig. 355.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_747_747" id="Footnote_747_747"></a><a href="#FNanchor_747_747"><span class="label">[747]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 269 (woodcut).</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_748_748" id="Footnote_748_748"></a><a href="#FNanchor_748_748"><span class="label">[748]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 503, figs. 387, 388, 389.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_749_749" id="Footnote_749_749"></a><a href="#FNanchor_749_749"><span class="label">[749]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. p. 402.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_750_750" id="Footnote_750_750"></a><a href="#FNanchor_750_750"><span class="label">[750]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Cant.</i>, vol. xi. p. 125, pl. c. 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_751_751" id="Footnote_751_751"></a><a href="#FNanchor_751_751"><span class="label">[751]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_752_752" id="Footnote_752_752"></a><a href="#FNanchor_752_752"><span class="label">[752]</span></a></span> -Parenteau, “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. viii. 16.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_753_753" id="Footnote_753_753"></a><a href="#FNanchor_753_753"><span class="label">[753]</span></a></span> -3rd S., vol. vi. p. 138.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_754_754" id="Footnote_754_754"></a><a href="#FNanchor_754_754"><span class="label">[754]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 304, fig. 255.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_755_755" id="Footnote_755_755"></a><a href="#FNanchor_755_755"><span class="label">[755]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. xiv. pl. ix. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_756_756" id="Footnote_756_756"></a><a href="#FNanchor_756_756"><span class="label">[756]</span></a></span> -“Ann. du cercle Arch. de Mons,” 1857, pl. i. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_757_757" id="Footnote_757_757"></a><a href="#FNanchor_757_757"><span class="label">[757]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. xiv. p. 489.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_758_758" id="Footnote_758_758"></a><a href="#FNanchor_758_758"><span class="label">[758]</span></a></span> -Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 160.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_759_759" id="Footnote_759_759"></a><a href="#FNanchor_759_759"><span class="label">[759]</span></a></span> -Lisch, “Freder. Francisc.,” tab. xvii. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_760_760" id="Footnote_760_760"></a><a href="#FNanchor_760_760"><span class="label">[760]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 301. For the use of this cut I am indebted to -the Council of the Society.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_761_761" id="Footnote_761_761"></a><a href="#FNanchor_761_761"><span class="label">[761]</span></a></span> -“Freder. Francisc.,” tab. xviii. 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_762_762" id="Footnote_762_762"></a><a href="#FNanchor_762_762"><span class="label">[762]</span></a></span> -Vol. xliii. p. 450, pl. xxxii. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_763_763" id="Footnote_763_763"></a><a href="#FNanchor_763_763"><span class="label">[763]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. pl. xxxii. fig. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_764_764" id="Footnote_764_764"></a><a href="#FNanchor_764_764"><span class="label">[764]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. viii. p. 346.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_765_765" id="Footnote_765_765"></a><a href="#FNanchor_765_765"><span class="label">[765]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. pp. 67, 176, 238, pl. xxxii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_766_766" id="Footnote_766_766"></a><a href="#FNanchor_766_766"><span class="label">[766]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. pl. xxxii. fig. 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_767_767" id="Footnote_767_767"></a><a href="#FNanchor_767_767"><span class="label">[767]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 152.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_768_768" id="Footnote_768_768"></a><a href="#FNanchor_768_768"><span class="label">[768]</span></a></span> -Thoresby’s “Catal.,” in Whitaker’s ed. of “Ducat. Leod.,” p. 114.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_769_769" id="Footnote_769_769"></a><a href="#FNanchor_769_769"><span class="label">[769]</span></a></span> -“British Barrows,” p. 446.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_770_770" id="Footnote_770_770"></a><a href="#FNanchor_770_770"><span class="label">[770]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. x. p. 434.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_771_771" id="Footnote_771_771"></a><a href="#FNanchor_771_771"><span class="label">[771]</span></a></span> -Greenwell, “Brit. Barrows,” p. 446.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_772_772" id="Footnote_772_772"></a><a href="#FNanchor_772_772"><span class="label">[772]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. vii. p. 476. For the use of this cut, as well as figs. 268, -271, 272, and 273, I am indebted to the Society.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_773_773" id="Footnote_773_773"></a><a href="#FNanchor_773_773"><span class="label">[773]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. x. p. 431.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_774_774" id="Footnote_774_774"></a><a href="#FNanchor_774_774"><span class="label">[774]</span></a></span> -P. 116, pl. l. 8 (1726).</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_775_775" id="Footnote_775_775"></a><a href="#FNanchor_775_775"><span class="label">[775]</span></a></span> -Vol. xxxvii. p. 95. See also Pring, “Brit. and Rom. Taunton,” pl. i. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_776_776" id="Footnote_776_776"></a><a href="#FNanchor_776_776"><span class="label">[776]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 74; <i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. xii. p. 97; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. -pl. xxxii. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_777_777" id="Footnote_777_777"></a><a href="#FNanchor_777_777"><span class="label">[777]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. pl. xxxii. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_778_778" id="Footnote_778_778"></a><a href="#FNanchor_778_778"><span class="label">[778]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. x. p. 440; “Catal.,” p. 83, No. 182.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_779_779" id="Footnote_779_779"></a><a href="#FNanchor_779_779"><span class="label">[779]</span></a></span> -P. 549, fig. 433.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_780_780" id="Footnote_780_780"></a><a href="#FNanchor_780_780"><span class="label">[780]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 47.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_781_781" id="Footnote_781_781"></a><a href="#FNanchor_781_781"><span class="label">[781]</span></a></span> -Jannsen’s “Catal.,” No. 209.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_782_782" id="Footnote_782_782"></a><a href="#FNanchor_782_782"><span class="label">[782]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. v. p. 84; vol. x. p. 441. I am indebted to the Society -for the use of this and the following cut.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_783_783" id="Footnote_783_783"></a><a href="#FNanchor_783_783"><span class="label">[783]</span></a></span> -See Keller, 5ter Bericht, Taf. xvi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_784_784" id="Footnote_784_784"></a><a href="#FNanchor_784_784"><span class="label">[784]</span></a></span> -See Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère partie, p. 76.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_785_785" id="Footnote_785_785"></a><a href="#FNanchor_785_785"><span class="label">[785]</span></a></span> -<i>Mém. de la Soc. des Ant. de l’Ouest</i>, 1844, pl. ix. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_786_786" id="Footnote_786_786"></a><a href="#FNanchor_786_786"><span class="label">[786]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 450, fig. 154, from which this cut is copied; “Wilts. Arch. -Mag.,” vol. iii. p. 186; “Cran. Brit.,” pl. 42, xxxii. p. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_787_787" id="Footnote_787_787"></a><a href="#FNanchor_787_787"><span class="label">[787]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 381, fig. 355.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_788_788" id="Footnote_788_788"></a><a href="#FNanchor_788_788"><span class="label">[788]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. pl. xxii. 2, 3, p. 449.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_789_789" id="Footnote_789_789"></a><a href="#FNanchor_789_789"><span class="label">[789]</span></a></span> -Hoare’s “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. 44, pl. ii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_790_790" id="Footnote_790_790"></a><a href="#FNanchor_790_790"><span class="label">[790]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxv. p. 246.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_791_791" id="Footnote_791_791"></a><a href="#FNanchor_791_791"><span class="label">[791]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1re partie, p. 91; Cazalis de Fondouce, “Allées couv. de la -Provence,” pl. iv. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_792_792" id="Footnote_792_792"></a><a href="#FNanchor_792_792"><span class="label">[792]</span></a></span> -Vol. xiv. p. 491.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_793_793" id="Footnote_793_793"></a><a href="#FNanchor_793_793"><span class="label">[793]</span></a></span> -Vol. xxxiv. pl. xx. 8, p. 255.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_794_794" id="Footnote_794_794"></a><a href="#FNanchor_794_794"><span class="label">[794]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 295, pl. xxv. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_795_795" id="Footnote_795_795"></a><a href="#FNanchor_795_795"><span class="label">[795]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xxi. p. 160.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_796_796" id="Footnote_796_796"></a><a href="#FNanchor_796_796"><span class="label">[796]</span></a></span> -<i>Trans. Devon. Assoc.</i>, vol. iv. p. 643.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_797_797" id="Footnote_797_797"></a><a href="#FNanchor_797_797"><span class="label">[797]</span></a></span> -“Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 51; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. i. p. 247; Bateman’s “Catal.,” p. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_798_798" id="Footnote_798_798"></a><a href="#FNanchor_798_798"><span class="label">[798]</span></a></span> -“Ten Years’ Digg,” p. 163; “Catal.,” p. 19.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_799_799" id="Footnote_799_799"></a><a href="#FNanchor_799_799"><span class="label">[799]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 45.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_800_800" id="Footnote_800_800"></a><a href="#FNanchor_800_800"><span class="label">[800]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 99, pl. xi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_801_801" id="Footnote_801_801"></a><a href="#FNanchor_801_801"><span class="label">[801]</span></a></span> -“British Barrows,” p. 265.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_802_802" id="Footnote_802_802"></a><a href="#FNanchor_802_802"><span class="label">[802]</span></a></span> -“Ayr and Wigton Coll.,” vol. ii. p. 12.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_803_803" id="Footnote_803_803"></a><a href="#FNanchor_803_803"><span class="label">[803]</span></a></span> -“Troy and its Remains,” p. 330.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_804_804" id="Footnote_804_804"></a><a href="#FNanchor_804_804"><span class="label">[804]</span></a></span> -“British Barrows,” p. 186.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_805_805" id="Footnote_805_805"></a><a href="#FNanchor_805_805"><span class="label">[805]</span></a></span> -“British Barrows,” p. 264, fig. 125; “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 284.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_806_806" id="Footnote_806_806"></a><a href="#FNanchor_806_806"><span class="label">[806]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 282; <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 249.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_807_807" id="Footnote_807_807"></a><a href="#FNanchor_807_807"><span class="label">[807]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. vii. p. 217; Bateman’s “Catal.,” p. 15; “Ten Years’ -Dig.,” p. 34.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_808_808" id="Footnote_808_808"></a><a href="#FNanchor_808_808"><span class="label">[808]</span></a></span> -“Vest. Ant. Derb.,” pp. 61, 63, 66, 68, 90, 96; “Ten Years’ Dig.,” pp. 21, 24, 34, -39, 57, 91, 113, 115, 119, 148, 160, 163; “Cran. Brit.,” pl. 13, xxii. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_809_809" id="Footnote_809_809"></a><a href="#FNanchor_809_809"><span class="label">[809]</span></a></span> -“Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 245; <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 42.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_810_810" id="Footnote_810_810"></a><a href="#FNanchor_810_810"><span class="label">[810]</span></a></span> -“Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 119.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_811_811" id="Footnote_811_811"></a><a href="#FNanchor_811_811"><span class="label">[811]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 57, 113.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_812_812" id="Footnote_812_812"></a><a href="#FNanchor_812_812"><span class="label">[812]</span></a></span> -Greenwell, “Brit. Barrows,” p. 360, n.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_813_813" id="Footnote_813_813"></a><a href="#FNanchor_813_813"><span class="label">[813]</span></a></span> -M.S. Minutes of Soc. Ants., 1784, p. 51, cited in Warne’s “Celtic Tumuli of -Dorset,” pt. iii. p. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_814_814" id="Footnote_814_814"></a><a href="#FNanchor_814_814"><span class="label">[814]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 323.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_815_815" id="Footnote_815_815"></a><a href="#FNanchor_815_815"><span class="label">[815]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Inst.</i>, Salisb. vol. p. 97.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_816_816" id="Footnote_816_816"></a><a href="#FNanchor_816_816"><span class="label">[816]</span></a></span> -Stukeley’s “Stonehenge,” p. 45, pl. xxxii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_817_817" id="Footnote_817_817"></a><a href="#FNanchor_817_817"><span class="label">[817]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiv. p. 16; <i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. xiv. p. 241.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_818_818" id="Footnote_818_818"></a><a href="#FNanchor_818_818"><span class="label">[818]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Inst.</i>, Salisb. vol. p. 110; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiv. p. 29.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_819_819" id="Footnote_819_819"></a><a href="#FNanchor_819_819"><span class="label">[819]</span></a></span> -Hoare’s “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 39, pl. i.; <i>Archæol.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 452.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_820_820" id="Footnote_820_820"></a><a href="#FNanchor_820_820"><span class="label">[820]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 209.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_821_821" id="Footnote_821_821"></a><a href="#FNanchor_821_821"><span class="label">[821]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 185.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_822_822" id="Footnote_822_822"></a><a href="#FNanchor_822_822"><span class="label">[822]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 148, 151.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_823_823" id="Footnote_823_823"></a><a href="#FNanchor_823_823"><span class="label">[823]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 164.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_824_824" id="Footnote_824_824"></a><a href="#FNanchor_824_824"><span class="label">[824]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 21.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_825_825" id="Footnote_825_825"></a><a href="#FNanchor_825_825"><span class="label">[825]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. vi. p. 71.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_826_826" id="Footnote_826_826"></a><a href="#FNanchor_826_826"><span class="label">[826]</span></a></span> -<i>Archæol.</i>, vol. xliii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_827_827" id="Footnote_827_827"></a><a href="#FNanchor_827_827"><span class="label">[827]</span></a></span> -Ibid., fig. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_828_828" id="Footnote_828_828"></a><a href="#FNanchor_828_828"><span class="label">[828]</span></a></span> -Ibid., fig. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_829_829" id="Footnote_829_829"></a><a href="#FNanchor_829_829"><span class="label">[829]</span></a></span> -“Ten Years’ Dig.,” pp. 21, 115, 119.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_830_830" id="Footnote_830_830"></a><a href="#FNanchor_830_830"><span class="label">[830]</span></a></span> -<i>Archæol.</i>, vol. ix. p. 94, pl. iii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_831_831" id="Footnote_831_831"></a><a href="#FNanchor_831_831"><span class="label">[831]</span></a></span> -“Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 206.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_832_832" id="Footnote_832_832"></a><a href="#FNanchor_832_832"><span class="label">[832]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 226.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_833_833" id="Footnote_833_833"></a><a href="#FNanchor_833_833"><span class="label">[833]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. pl. xxxiii. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_834_834" id="Footnote_834_834"></a><a href="#FNanchor_834_834"><span class="label">[834]</span></a></span> -“British Barrows,” p. 207. This specimen has since been presented, with the rest -of the Greenwell Collection, to the British Museum.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_835_835" id="Footnote_835_835"></a><a href="#FNanchor_835_835"><span class="label">[835]</span></a></span> -“Catal.,” p. 1; “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 39.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_836_836" id="Footnote_836_836"></a><a href="#FNanchor_836_836"><span class="label">[836]</span></a></span> -“Catal.,” p. 12; “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 98.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_837_837" id="Footnote_837_837"></a><a href="#FNanchor_837_837"><span class="label">[837]</span></a></span> -“Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 226.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_838_838" id="Footnote_838_838"></a><a href="#FNanchor_838_838"><span class="label">[838]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 441.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_839_839" id="Footnote_839_839"></a><a href="#FNanchor_839_839"><span class="label">[839]</span></a></span> -“Cran. Brit.,” 52, 4; “Reliquary,” vol. vi. p. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_840_840" id="Footnote_840_840"></a><a href="#FNanchor_840_840"><span class="label">[840]</span></a></span> -Vol. xvi. pl. 25, fig. 5, p. 288.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_841_841" id="Footnote_841_841"></a><a href="#FNanchor_841_841"><span class="label">[841]</span></a></span> -<i>Trans. Devon. Assoc.</i>, vol. v. p. 555, pl. ii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_842_842" id="Footnote_842_842"></a><a href="#FNanchor_842_842"><span class="label">[842]</span></a></span> -“Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 124, unpub. pl. xv. B; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 503, fig. 196.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_843_843" id="Footnote_843_843"></a><a href="#FNanchor_843_843"><span class="label">[843]</span></a></span> -“Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 201, pl. xxv. 4; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 458.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_844_844" id="Footnote_844_844"></a><a href="#FNanchor_844_844"><span class="label">[844]</span></a></span> -“Exp. Arch. de la Sav.,” 1878, pl. xii. 357.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_845_845" id="Footnote_845_845"></a><a href="#FNanchor_845_845"><span class="label">[845]</span></a></span> -“Mém. Soc. Ant. Norm.,” 1827-8, pl. xix. 4, 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_846_846" id="Footnote_846_846"></a><a href="#FNanchor_846_846"><span class="label">[846]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Cant.</i>, vol. xi. p. 125, pl. c, 18.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_847_847" id="Footnote_847_847"></a><a href="#FNanchor_847_847"><span class="label">[847]</span></a></span> -“Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 185, pl. xxiii.; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 458, pl. xxxiv. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_848_848" id="Footnote_848_848"></a><a href="#FNanchor_848_848"><span class="label">[848]</span></a></span> -Bateman, “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 68.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_849_849" id="Footnote_849_849"></a><a href="#FNanchor_849_849"><span class="label">[849]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 462, pl. xxxiv. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_850_850" id="Footnote_850_850"></a><a href="#FNanchor_850_850"><span class="label">[850]</span></a></span> -“Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvii. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_851_851" id="Footnote_851_851"></a><a href="#FNanchor_851_851"><span class="label">[851]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. pl. xxxv. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_852_852" id="Footnote_852_852"></a><a href="#FNanchor_852_852"><span class="label">[852]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 203, fig. 154.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_853_853" id="Footnote_853_853"></a><a href="#FNanchor_853_853"><span class="label">[853]</span></a></span> -Douglas, “Nenia,” p. 153, pl. xxxiii. fig. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_854_854" id="Footnote_854_854"></a><a href="#FNanchor_854_854"><span class="label">[854]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 207.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_855_855" id="Footnote_855_855"></a><a href="#FNanchor_855_855"><span class="label">[855]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 194.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_856_856" id="Footnote_856_856"></a><a href="#FNanchor_856_856"><span class="label">[856]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. pl. xxxiv. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_857_857" id="Footnote_857_857"></a><a href="#FNanchor_857_857"><span class="label">[857]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 1st S., vol. i. p. 75.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_858_858" id="Footnote_858_858"></a><a href="#FNanchor_858_858"><span class="label">[858]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. ii. p. 98; vol. xv. p. 228.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_859_859" id="Footnote_859_859"></a><a href="#FNanchor_859_859"><span class="label">[859]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. ii. p. 100.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_860_860" id="Footnote_860_860"></a><a href="#FNanchor_860_860"><span class="label">[860]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 459.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_861_861" id="Footnote_861_861"></a><a href="#FNanchor_861_861"><span class="label">[861]</span></a></span> -“Celtic Tumuli of Dorset,” pl. ii. p. 17.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_862_862" id="Footnote_862_862"></a><a href="#FNanchor_862_862"><span class="label">[862]</span></a></span> -Hartshorne’s “Salop. Ant.,” p. 96, No. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_863_863" id="Footnote_863_863"></a><a href="#FNanchor_863_863"><span class="label">[863]</span></a></span> -Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronze schwerter des K. Mus.,” Taf. xvi. 31; Wilkinson’s -“Ancient Egyptians,” vol. i. p. 320. Another dagger with a hilt is figured at -p. 23.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_864_864" id="Footnote_864_864"></a><a href="#FNanchor_864_864"><span class="label">[864]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 458, fig. 334; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. vii. 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_865_865" id="Footnote_865_865"></a><a href="#FNanchor_865_865"><span class="label">[865]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc.</i>, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 196.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_866_866" id="Footnote_866_866"></a><a href="#FNanchor_866_866"><span class="label">[866]</span></a></span> -Vallancey, “Coll.,” vol. iv. p. 61, pl. xi. 4; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. iv. pl. xviii. -4; Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 467, fig. 354; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vii. 13.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_867_867" id="Footnote_867_867"></a><a href="#FNanchor_867_867"><span class="label">[867]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 161.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_868_868" id="Footnote_868_868"></a><a href="#FNanchor_868_868"><span class="label">[868]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 466, fig. 353.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_869_869" id="Footnote_869_869"></a><a href="#FNanchor_869_869"><span class="label">[869]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 463, fig. 346.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_870_870" id="Footnote_870_870"></a><a href="#FNanchor_870_870"><span class="label">[870]</span></a></span> -“Cong, préh.,” Stockholm vol., 1874, p. 521; Keller’s “Lake-dwell.,” Eng. ed., -pl. xli. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_871_871" id="Footnote_871_871"></a><a href="#FNanchor_871_871"><span class="label">[871]</span></a></span> -Strobel, “Avanzi Preromani,” 1863, Tav. ii. 35; Gastaldi, “Nuovi Cenni,” 1862, -Tav. ii. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_872_872" id="Footnote_872_872"></a><a href="#FNanchor_872_872"><span class="label">[872]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 239, pl. xxxiv.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_873_873" id="Footnote_873_873"></a><a href="#FNanchor_873_873"><span class="label">[873]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 455.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_874_874" id="Footnote_874_874"></a><a href="#FNanchor_874_874"><span class="label">[874]</span></a></span> -P. 74, pl. ii. fig. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_875_875" id="Footnote_875_875"></a><a href="#FNanchor_875_875"><span class="label">[875]</span></a></span> -Gross, “Deux Stations,” pl. iv. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_876_876" id="Footnote_876_876"></a><a href="#FNanchor_876_876"><span class="label">[876]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iv. p. 329; “Horæ Ferales,” p. 158, pl. vii. 21; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. -xliii. pl. xxxiii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_877_877" id="Footnote_877_877"></a><a href="#FNanchor_877_877"><span class="label">[877]</span></a></span> -“Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 96; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 461, fig. 161.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_878_878" id="Footnote_878_878"></a><a href="#FNanchor_878_878"><span class="label">[878]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxx. p. 332, pl. xvii. 8; “Celtic Tumuli of Dorset,” pt. iii. p. 46 -pl. x. d, e.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_879_879" id="Footnote_879_879"></a><a href="#FNanchor_879_879"><span class="label">[879]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 322.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_880_880" id="Footnote_880_880"></a><a href="#FNanchor_880_880"><span class="label">[880]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 288, pl. 25, fig. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_881_881" id="Footnote_881_881"></a><a href="#FNanchor_881_881"><span class="label">[881]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. xiii. p. 155.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_882_882" id="Footnote_882_882"></a><a href="#FNanchor_882_882"><span class="label">[882]</span></a></span> -<i>Rev. Arch.</i>, vol. xxxiii. p. 231.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_883_883" id="Footnote_883_883"></a><a href="#FNanchor_883_883"><span class="label">[883]</span></a></span> -Gross, “Deux Stations,” pl. iv. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_884_884" id="Footnote_884_884"></a><a href="#FNanchor_884_884"><span class="label">[884]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. xv. p. 289.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_885_885" id="Footnote_885_885"></a><a href="#FNanchor_885_885"><span class="label">[885]</span></a></span> -“Ant. Preh. de Andalusia,” pp. 97, 105.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_886_886" id="Footnote_886_886"></a><a href="#FNanchor_886_886"><span class="label">[886]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. x. pp. 84, 459. I am indebted to the Council of the Society -for the use of this and the following cut.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_887_887" id="Footnote_887_887"></a><a href="#FNanchor_887_887"><span class="label">[887]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. xii. p. 449.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_888_888" id="Footnote_888_888"></a><a href="#FNanchor_888_888"><span class="label">[888]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. xii. p. 439.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_889_889" id="Footnote_889_889"></a><a href="#FNanchor_889_889"><span class="label">[889]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. xii. p. 456.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_890_890" id="Footnote_890_890"></a><a href="#FNanchor_890_890"><span class="label">[890]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. xii. p. 440.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_891_891" id="Footnote_891_891"></a><a href="#FNanchor_891_891"><span class="label">[891]</span></a></span> -Bateman’s “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 148; engraved in <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 461, -fig. 162, from which my cut is copied.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_892_892" id="Footnote_892_892"></a><a href="#FNanchor_892_892"><span class="label">[892]</span></a></span> -“British Barrows,” p. 359; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 243.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_893_893" id="Footnote_893_893"></a><a href="#FNanchor_893_893"><span class="label">[893]</span></a></span> -Raine, “North Durham,” p. 235.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_894_894" id="Footnote_894_894"></a><a href="#FNanchor_894_894"><span class="label">[894]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 346; <i>Trans. Devon. Assoc.</i>, vol. iv. p. 304. For the use -of this cut I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_895_895" id="Footnote_895_895"></a><a href="#FNanchor_895_895"><span class="label">[895]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 122, pl. xiv.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_896_896" id="Footnote_896_896"></a><a href="#FNanchor_896_896"><span class="label">[896]</span></a></span> -Ibid., pl. xv.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_897_897" id="Footnote_897_897"></a><a href="#FNanchor_897_897"><span class="label">[897]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 456.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_898_898" id="Footnote_898_898"></a><a href="#FNanchor_898_898"><span class="label">[898]</span></a></span> -<i>Wilts Arch. Mag.</i>, vol. vi. p. 164.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_899_899" id="Footnote_899_899"></a><a href="#FNanchor_899_899"><span class="label">[899]</span></a></span> -Iliad, lib. xix. v. 387.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_900_900" id="Footnote_900_900"></a><a href="#FNanchor_900_900"><span class="label">[900]</span></a></span> -P. 185.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_901_901" id="Footnote_901_901"></a><a href="#FNanchor_901_901"><span class="label">[901]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 242.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_902_902" id="Footnote_902_902"></a><a href="#FNanchor_902_902"><span class="label">[902]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. pl. xxxiv. fig. 4; xxxv. figs. 2, 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_903_903" id="Footnote_903_903"></a><a href="#FNanchor_903_903"><span class="label">[903]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 211, pl. xxviii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_904_904" id="Footnote_904_904"></a><a href="#FNanchor_904_904"><span class="label">[904]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 248.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_905_905" id="Footnote_905_905"></a><a href="#FNanchor_905_905"><span class="label">[905]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 334.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_906_906" id="Footnote_906_906"></a><a href="#FNanchor_906_906"><span class="label">[906]</span></a></span> -<i>Ante</i>, p. 233.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_907_907" id="Footnote_907_907"></a><a href="#FNanchor_907_907"><span class="label">[907]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 322.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_908_908" id="Footnote_908_908"></a><a href="#FNanchor_908_908"><span class="label">[908]</span></a></span> -“Celtic Tum.” pt. i. p. 35, pl. x. E. and G.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_909_909" id="Footnote_909_909"></a><a href="#FNanchor_909_909"><span class="label">[909]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 453, fig. 157.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_910_910" id="Footnote_910_910"></a><a href="#FNanchor_910_910"><span class="label">[910]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xiii. p. 184; vol. xv. p. 90; <i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. ix. p. 120.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_911_911" id="Footnote_911_911"></a><a href="#FNanchor_911_911"><span class="label">[911]</span></a></span> -<i>Surrey Arch. Soc. Trans.</i>, vol. i.; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xiii. p. 305.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_912_912" id="Footnote_912_912"></a><a href="#FNanchor_912_912"><span class="label">[912]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxxvi. p. 328, pl. xxv. fig. 6; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vii. 18.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_913_913" id="Footnote_913_913"></a><a href="#FNanchor_913_913"><span class="label">[913]</span></a></span> -Borlase, “Nænia Corn.,” p. 236.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_914_914" id="Footnote_914_914"></a><a href="#FNanchor_914_914"><span class="label">[914]</span></a></span> -Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft xi. Taf. ii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_915_915" id="Footnote_915_915"></a><a href="#FNanchor_915_915"><span class="label">[915]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 456; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 454, fig. 158.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_916_916" id="Footnote_916_916"></a><a href="#FNanchor_916_916"><span class="label">[916]</span></a></span> -<i>Trans. Devon. Assoc.</i>, vol. vii. p. 104.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_917_917" id="Footnote_917_917"></a><a href="#FNanchor_917_917"><span class="label">[917]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. Royal Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 286, whence this -cut has been kindly lent.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_918_918" id="Footnote_918_918"></a><a href="#FNanchor_918_918"><span class="label">[918]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxxvi. p. 328, pl. xxv. 5, from which the cut is copied.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_919_919" id="Footnote_919_919"></a><a href="#FNanchor_919_919"><span class="label">[919]</span></a></span> -Dixon’s “Geol. of Sussex,” p. 12; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. viii. p. 112; <i>Suss. Arch. -Coll.</i>, vol. ii. p. 260.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_920_920" id="Footnote_920_920"></a><a href="#FNanchor_920_920"><span class="label">[920]</span></a></span> -Fig. in <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xix. p. 364.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_921_921" id="Footnote_921_921"></a><a href="#FNanchor_921_921"><span class="label">[921]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. i. p. 311.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_922_922" id="Footnote_922_922"></a><a href="#FNanchor_922_922"><span class="label">[922]</span></a></span> -<i>A. A. J.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 329.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_923_923" id="Footnote_923_923"></a><a href="#FNanchor_923_923"><span class="label">[923]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 50.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_924_924" id="Footnote_924_924"></a><a href="#FNanchor_924_924"><span class="label">[924]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 268.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_925_925" id="Footnote_925_925"></a><a href="#FNanchor_925_925"><span class="label">[925]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xi. p. 79; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. vii. 19.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_926_926" id="Footnote_926_926"></a><a href="#FNanchor_926_926"><span class="label">[926]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 370.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_927_927" id="Footnote_927_927"></a><a href="#FNanchor_927_927"><span class="label">[927]</span></a></span> -Von Sacken, “Die Funden an der Langen Wand bei Wiener Neustadt,” 1865, p. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_928_928" id="Footnote_928_928"></a><a href="#FNanchor_928_928"><span class="label">[928]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal.,” p. 465, fig. 347.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_929_929" id="Footnote_929_929"></a><a href="#FNanchor_929_929"><span class="label">[929]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 403, fig. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_930_930" id="Footnote_930_930"></a><a href="#FNanchor_930_930"><span class="label">[930]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. vi. p. 19.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_931_931" id="Footnote_931_931"></a><a href="#FNanchor_931_931"><span class="label">[931]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 73.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_932_932" id="Footnote_932_932"></a><a href="#FNanchor_932_932"><span class="label">[932]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xix. p. 363.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_933_933" id="Footnote_933_933"></a><a href="#FNanchor_933_933"><span class="label">[933]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 60.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_934_934" id="Footnote_934_934"></a><a href="#FNanchor_934_934"><span class="label">[934]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 83.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_935_935" id="Footnote_935_935"></a><a href="#FNanchor_935_935"><span class="label">[935]</span></a></span> -Vol. xvi. p. 365, pl. lxx.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_936_936" id="Footnote_936_936"></a><a href="#FNanchor_936_936"><span class="label">[936]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 160.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_937_937" id="Footnote_937_937"></a><a href="#FNanchor_937_937"><span class="label">[937]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 158.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_938_938" id="Footnote_938_938"></a><a href="#FNanchor_938_938"><span class="label">[938]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. xvi. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_939_939" id="Footnote_939_939"></a><a href="#FNanchor_939_939"><span class="label">[939]</span></a></span> -<i>Rev. Arch.</i>, vol. xxxiii. p. 231.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_940_940" id="Footnote_940_940"></a><a href="#FNanchor_940_940"><span class="label">[940]</span></a></span> -Vol. x. p. 73.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_941_941" id="Footnote_941_941"></a><a href="#FNanchor_941_941"><span class="label">[941]</span></a></span> -“Collect.,” vol. iv. pl. xi. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_942_942" id="Footnote_942_942"></a><a href="#FNanchor_942_942"><span class="label">[942]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xii. p. 193.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_943_943" id="Footnote_943_943"></a><a href="#FNanchor_943_943"><span class="label">[943]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiv. p. 110.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_944_944" id="Footnote_944_944"></a><a href="#FNanchor_944_944"><span class="label">[944]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 113.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_945_945" id="Footnote_945_945"></a><a href="#FNanchor_945_945"><span class="label">[945]</span></a></span> -“Collect.,” vol. iv. pl. xi. 10; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. iv. pl. xviii. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_946_946" id="Footnote_946_946"></a><a href="#FNanchor_946_946"><span class="label">[946]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Ferales,” pl. vii. 23.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_947_947" id="Footnote_947_947"></a><a href="#FNanchor_947_947"><span class="label">[947]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 186.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_948_948" id="Footnote_948_948"></a><a href="#FNanchor_948_948"><span class="label">[948]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 337.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_949_949" id="Footnote_949_949"></a><a href="#FNanchor_949_949"><span class="label">[949]</span></a></span> -<i>Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_950_950" id="Footnote_950_950"></a><a href="#FNanchor_950_950"><span class="label">[950]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal.,” p. 448, fig. 326.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_951_951" id="Footnote_951_951"></a><a href="#FNanchor_951_951"><span class="label">[951]</span></a></span> -4th Series, vol. ii. p. 197.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_952_952" id="Footnote_952_952"></a><a href="#FNanchor_952_952"><span class="label">[952]</span></a></span> -“Hallands Fornminnes-Förenings Aarskr.,” 1869, p. 89.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_953_953" id="Footnote_953_953"></a><a href="#FNanchor_953_953"><span class="label">[953]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal.,” p. 458, fig. 333, from which the fig. in the text is copied on a -somewhat larger scale; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. vii. 15.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_954_954" id="Footnote_954_954"></a><a href="#FNanchor_954_954"><span class="label">[954]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_955_955" id="Footnote_955_955"></a><a href="#FNanchor_955_955"><span class="label">[955]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. x. p. 370.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_956_956" id="Footnote_956_956"></a><a href="#FNanchor_956_956"><span class="label">[956]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiv. p. 120.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_957_957" id="Footnote_957_957"></a><a href="#FNanchor_957_957"><span class="label">[957]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 191; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 406.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_958_958" id="Footnote_958_958"></a><a href="#FNanchor_958_958"><span class="label">[958]</span></a></span> -Vol. iii. p. 47.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_959_959" id="Footnote_959_959"></a><a href="#FNanchor_959_959"><span class="label">[959]</span></a></span> -Vol. xxxvi. pl. xxv. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_960_960" id="Footnote_960_960"></a><a href="#FNanchor_960_960"><span class="label">[960]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxxvi. p. 326.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_961_961" id="Footnote_961_961"></a><a href="#FNanchor_961_961"><span class="label">[961]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxxvi. pl. xxv. 1; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. vi. 24.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_962_962" id="Footnote_962_962"></a><a href="#FNanchor_962_962"><span class="label">[962]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 322, pl. 26, No. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_963_963" id="Footnote_963_963"></a><a href="#FNanchor_963_963"><span class="label">[963]</span></a></span> -“Cong. préh.,” Copenhagen vol., p. 483.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_964_964" id="Footnote_964_964"></a><a href="#FNanchor_964_964"><span class="label">[964]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 349. For the use of this cut I am indebted to Mr. -A. W. Franks, F.R.S.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_965_965" id="Footnote_965_965"></a><a href="#FNanchor_965_965"><span class="label">[965]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 349.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_966_966" id="Footnote_966_966"></a><a href="#FNanchor_966_966"><span class="label">[966]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, xxxvi. pl. xxv. 3; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. vi. 25.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_967_967" id="Footnote_967_967"></a><a href="#FNanchor_967_967"><span class="label">[967]</span></a></span> -Vol. xxxvi. p. 328, pl. xxv. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_968_968" id="Footnote_968_968"></a><a href="#FNanchor_968_968"><span class="label">[968]</span></a></span> -Wilson’s “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 390; Catal. Mus. Arch. Inst., Edinb., p. 23.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_969_969" id="Footnote_969_969"></a><a href="#FNanchor_969_969"><span class="label">[969]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. v. pi. xix. 11.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_970_970" id="Footnote_970_970"></a><a href="#FNanchor_970_970"><span class="label">[970]</span></a></span> -Fig. 131.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_971_971" id="Footnote_971_971"></a><a href="#FNanchor_971_971"><span class="label">[971]</span></a></span> -Taf. vii. 1; xxxiii. 1; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. x. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_972_972" id="Footnote_972_972"></a><a href="#FNanchor_972_972"><span class="label">[972]</span></a></span> -“Handb. der Germ. Alterth.,” p. 208. See also Preusker, “Blicke,” Taf. iii. 44 f.; -Klemm, “Allg. Culturwiss.” p. 112.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_973_973" id="Footnote_973_973"></a><a href="#FNanchor_973_973"><span class="label">[973]</span></a></span> -Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronze Schwerter des K. Mus.,” Taf. vi. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_974_974" id="Footnote_974_974"></a><a href="#FNanchor_974_974"><span class="label">[974]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Ferales,” pl. x. 3; Von Ledebur, “Königl. Mus.,” p. 15.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_975_975" id="Footnote_975_975"></a><a href="#FNanchor_975_975"><span class="label">[975]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. viii. pl. xvi. 14; vol. xiii. p. 232; Chantre, “Age. du Br.,” -2me partie, p. 283; <i>Mém. des Ant. du Nord</i>, 1872-7, p. 116.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_976_976" id="Footnote_976_976"></a><a href="#FNanchor_976_976"><span class="label">[976]</span></a></span> -“Zeitsch. für Ethnol.,” vol. ix. 1877, Proc., p. 34, Taf. vi. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_977_977" id="Footnote_977_977"></a><a href="#FNanchor_977_977"><span class="label">[977]</span></a></span> -Col. A. Lane Fox, “Prim. Warfare,” lect. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_978_978" id="Footnote_978_978"></a><a href="#FNanchor_978_978"><span class="label">[978]</span></a></span> -“Coll. Hib.,” vol. iv. p. 62, pl. xi. 11.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_979_979" id="Footnote_979_979"></a><a href="#FNanchor_979_979"><span class="label">[979]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 449.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_980_980" id="Footnote_980_980"></a><a href="#FNanchor_980_980"><span class="label">[980]</span></a></span> -P. 449.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_981_981" id="Footnote_981_981"></a><a href="#FNanchor_981_981"><span class="label">[981]</span></a></span> -Conf. Wilde, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 489, figs. 356 and 357; and “Horæ Fer.,” pl. x. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_982_982" id="Footnote_982_982"></a><a href="#FNanchor_982_982"><span class="label">[982]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. iv. p. 187.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_983_983" id="Footnote_983_983"></a><a href="#FNanchor_983_983"><span class="label">[983]</span></a></span> -<i>Ibid.</i>, vol. iv. p. 396.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_984_984" id="Footnote_984_984"></a><a href="#FNanchor_984_984"><span class="label">[984]</span></a></span> -<i>Ibid.</i>, vol. vii. p. 423. I am indebted to the Council for the use of this cut.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_985_985" id="Footnote_985_985"></a><a href="#FNanchor_985_985"><span class="label">[985]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 258.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_986_986" id="Footnote_986_986"></a><a href="#FNanchor_986_986"><span class="label">[986]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xi. p. 414; vol. xviii. p. 161; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 403.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_987_987" id="Footnote_987_987"></a><a href="#FNanchor_987_987"><span class="label">[987]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xii. p. 193; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. x. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_988_988" id="Footnote_988_988"></a><a href="#FNanchor_988_988"><span class="label">[988]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. vi. p. 20 (figured).</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_989_989" id="Footnote_989_989"></a><a href="#FNanchor_989_989"><span class="label">[989]</span></a></span> -“Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xi. 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_990_990" id="Footnote_990_990"></a><a href="#FNanchor_990_990"><span class="label">[990]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 181.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_991_991" id="Footnote_991_991"></a><a href="#FNanchor_991_991"><span class="label">[991]</span></a></span> -Skelton’s Meyrick, vol. i. pl. xlv.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_992_992" id="Footnote_992_992"></a><a href="#FNanchor_992_992"><span class="label">[992]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 111.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_993_993" id="Footnote_993_993"></a><a href="#FNanchor_993_993"><span class="label">[993]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 411.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_994_994" id="Footnote_994_994"></a><a href="#FNanchor_994_994"><span class="label">[994]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vii. p. 302.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_995_995" id="Footnote_995_995"></a><a href="#FNanchor_995_995"><span class="label">[995]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. i. p. 249, vol. iii. p. 60.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_996_996" id="Footnote_996_996"></a><a href="#FNanchor_996_996"><span class="label">[996]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 160.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_997_997" id="Footnote_997_997"></a><a href="#FNanchor_997_997"><span class="label">[997]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” p. 493, fig. 361. I am indebted to the Council for this cut.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_998_998" id="Footnote_998_998"></a><a href="#FNanchor_998_998"><span class="label">[998]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 12.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_999_999" id="Footnote_999_999"></a><a href="#FNanchor_999_999"><span class="label">[999]</span></a></span> -“Alt. u. h. Vorzeit,” vol. i. Heft viii. Taf. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1000_1000" id="Footnote_1000_1000"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1000_1000"><span class="label">[1000]</span></a></span> -“Freder. Francisc.,” Taf. xxv. 13, 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1001_1001" id="Footnote_1001_1001"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1001_1001"><span class="label">[1001]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, <i>ubi sup.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1002_1002" id="Footnote_1002_1002"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1002_1002"><span class="label">[1002]</span></a></span> -Annalen for Nord. Oldkynd., 1851, Taf. v. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1003_1003" id="Footnote_1003_1003"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1003_1003"><span class="label">[1003]</span></a></span> -Conf. Greenwell, “British Barrows,” p. 49.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1004_1004" id="Footnote_1004_1004"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1004_1004"><span class="label">[1004]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 44.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1005_1005" id="Footnote_1005_1005"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1005_1005"><span class="label">[1005]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 394.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1006_1006" id="Footnote_1006_1006"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1006_1006"><span class="label">[1006]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Scot.</i>, vol. iii. App. p. 67.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1007_1007" id="Footnote_1007_1007"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1007_1007"><span class="label">[1007]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 60.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1008_1008" id="Footnote_1008_1008"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1008_1008"><span class="label">[1008]</span></a></span> -<i>A. A. J.</i>, vol. xv. p. 230.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1009_1009" id="Footnote_1009_1009"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1009_1009"><span class="label">[1009]</span></a></span> -“On the True Assignation of the Bronze Weapons,” &c., <i>Trans. Ethn. Soc.</i>, N.S., -vol. iv. p. 176. <i>The Celt, Roman and Saxon</i>, 2nd Ed. p. 7, <i>et seqq.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1010_1010" id="Footnote_1010_1010"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1010_1010"><span class="label">[1010]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Lond. Ant.,” p. 80.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1011_1011" id="Footnote_1011_1011"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1011_1011"><span class="label">[1011]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. ii. p. 72.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1012_1012" id="Footnote_1012_1012"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1012_1012"><span class="label">[1012]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Times,” 4th Ed. p. 17; <i>Trans. Ethn. Soc.</i>, N.S., vol. v. p. 105.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1013_1013" id="Footnote_1013_1013"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1013_1013"><span class="label">[1013]</span></a></span> -See “Horæ Ferales,” pls. xiv., xv., and xviii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1014_1014" id="Footnote_1014_1014"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1014_1014"><span class="label">[1014]</span></a></span> -Lib. v. c. 33.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1015_1015" id="Footnote_1015_1015"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1015_1015"><span class="label">[1015]</span></a></span> -Beckman, “History of Inventions,” vol. ii. p. 328.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1016_1016" id="Footnote_1016_1016"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1016_1016"><span class="label">[1016]</span></a></span> -“Saturn.,” lib. ii. cap. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1017_1017" id="Footnote_1017_1017"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1017_1017"><span class="label">[1017]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Times,” p. 22.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1018_1018" id="Footnote_1018_1018"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1018_1018"><span class="label">[1018]</span></a></span> -Worsaae’s “Prim. Ant. of Denmark,” p. 29.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1019_1019" id="Footnote_1019_1019"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1019_1019"><span class="label">[1019]</span></a></span> -Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 32.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1020_1020" id="Footnote_1020_1020"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1020_1020"><span class="label">[1020]</span></a></span> -<i>Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1021_1021" id="Footnote_1021_1021"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1021_1021"><span class="label">[1021]</span></a></span> -1st S., vol. ii. p. 215.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1022_1022" id="Footnote_1022_1022"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1022_1022"><span class="label">[1022]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xi. p. 263; vol. xv. 230, pl. 23, 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1023_1023" id="Footnote_1023_1023"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1023_1023"><span class="label">[1023]</span></a></span> -<i>Somerset Arch. and N. H. Soc. Proc.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 70, pl. iii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1024_1024" id="Footnote_1024_1024"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1024_1024"><span class="label">[1024]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xv. p. 229, pl. 23, 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1025_1025" id="Footnote_1025_1025"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1025_1025"><span class="label">[1025]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. iii. p. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1026_1026" id="Footnote_1026_1026"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1026_1026"><span class="label">[1026]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 328, pl. xxiv. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1027_1027" id="Footnote_1027_1027"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1027_1027"><span class="label">[1027]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xix. p. 56, pl. iv.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1028_1028" id="Footnote_1028_1028"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1028_1028"><span class="label">[1028]</span></a></span> -<i>Rev. Arch.</i>, N.S., vol. v. pl. ix. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1029_1029" id="Footnote_1029_1029"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1029_1029"><span class="label">[1029]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 60.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1030_1030" id="Footnote_1030_1030"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1030_1030"><span class="label">[1030]</span></a></span> -See “Horæ Fer.,” pl. ix. 2, p. 161.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1031_1031" id="Footnote_1031_1031"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1031_1031"><span class="label">[1031]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 50; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xix. p. 91.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1032_1032" id="Footnote_1032_1032"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1032_1032"><span class="label">[1032]</span></a></span> -Keller, 8ter Bericht, Taf. iii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1033_1033" id="Footnote_1033_1033"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1033_1033"><span class="label">[1033]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 329; <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 244.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1034_1034" id="Footnote_1034_1034"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1034_1034"><span class="label">[1034]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 429.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1035_1035" id="Footnote_1035_1035"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1035_1035"><span class="label">[1035]</span></a></span> -<i>Rev. Arch.</i>, vol. xxxiii. p. 231.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1036_1036" id="Footnote_1036_1036"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1036_1036"><span class="label">[1036]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xix. p. 56, pl. iv.; Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Anc. Armour,” pl. xlvii. 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1037_1037" id="Footnote_1037_1037"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1037_1037"><span class="label">[1037]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 67; <i>Arch.</i>, xliii. p. 480.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1038_1038" id="Footnote_1038_1038"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1038_1038"><span class="label">[1038]</span></a></span> -<i>Bury and West Suff. Proc.</i>, i. p. 24.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1039_1039" id="Footnote_1039_1039"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1039_1039"><span class="label">[1039]</span></a></span> -“Reliquary,” vol. iii. p. 219.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1040_1040" id="Footnote_1040_1040"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1040_1040"><span class="label">[1040]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xi. p. 431, pl. xix. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1041_1041" id="Footnote_1041_1041"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1041_1041"><span class="label">[1041]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xv. p. 229, pl. xxiii. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1042_1042" id="Footnote_1042_1042"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1042_1042"><span class="label">[1042]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 406; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 191.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1043_1043" id="Footnote_1043_1043"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1043_1043"><span class="label">[1043]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Fer.,” pl. ix. 5, p. 162.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1044_1044" id="Footnote_1044_1044"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1044_1044"><span class="label">[1044]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1045_1045" id="Footnote_1045_1045"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1045_1045"><span class="label">[1045]</span></a></span> -Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft iii. Taf. iii. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1046_1046" id="Footnote_1046_1046"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1046_1046"><span class="label">[1046]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 254; xv. p. 230, pl. xxiii. No. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1047_1047" id="Footnote_1047_1047"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1047_1047"><span class="label">[1047]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 349.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1048_1048" id="Footnote_1048_1048"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1048_1048"><span class="label">[1048]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 363.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1049_1049" id="Footnote_1049_1049"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1049_1049"><span class="label">[1049]</span></a></span> -Catal. of Gr. Coins in Brit. Mus., Italy, p. 28.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1050_1050" id="Footnote_1050_1050"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1050_1050"><span class="label">[1050]</span></a></span> -“Numm. Vet. Ital. descript.,” pl. xli.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1051_1051" id="Footnote_1051_1051"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1051_1051"><span class="label">[1051]</span></a></span> -Vol. iv. p. 147; vol. iii. p. 334.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1052_1052" id="Footnote_1052_1052"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1052_1052"><span class="label">[1052]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 327; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 83, No. 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1053_1053" id="Footnote_1053_1053"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1053_1053"><span class="label">[1053]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 44.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1054_1054" id="Footnote_1054_1054"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1054_1054"><span class="label">[1054]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xix. p. 91.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1055_1055" id="Footnote_1055_1055"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1055_1055"><span class="label">[1055]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxiv. p. 301.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1056_1056" id="Footnote_1056_1056"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1056_1056"><span class="label">[1056]</span></a></span> -<i>Anth. Inst. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 230.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1057_1057" id="Footnote_1057_1057"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1057_1057"><span class="label">[1057]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 158 (24½ inches); <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 243; -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 482 (said to have had a bone or wooden hilt when found).</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1058_1058" id="Footnote_1058_1058"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1058_1058"><span class="label">[1058]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxi. p. 90.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1059_1059" id="Footnote_1059_1059"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1059_1059"><span class="label">[1059]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. ii. p. 356.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1060_1060" id="Footnote_1060_1060"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1060_1060"><span class="label">[1060]</span></a></span> -Stukeley, “It. Cur.,” vol. i. p. 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1061_1061" id="Footnote_1061_1061"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1061_1061"><span class="label">[1061]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 321.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1062_1062" id="Footnote_1062_1062"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1062_1062"><span class="label">[1062]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. i. p. 11, pl. iv. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1063_1063" id="Footnote_1063_1063"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1063_1063"><span class="label">[1063]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xv. p. 118.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1064_1064" id="Footnote_1064_1064"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1064_1064"><span class="label">[1064]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 353.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1065_1065" id="Footnote_1065_1065"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1065_1065"><span class="label">[1065]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 113.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1066_1066" id="Footnote_1066_1066"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1066_1066"><span class="label">[1066]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 115.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1067_1067" id="Footnote_1067_1067"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1067_1067"><span class="label">[1067]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxi. p. 548.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1068_1068" id="Footnote_1068_1068"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1068_1068"><span class="label">[1068]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 464.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1069_1069" id="Footnote_1069_1069"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1069_1069"><span class="label">[1069]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 91.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1070_1070" id="Footnote_1070_1070"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1070_1070"><span class="label">[1070]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 250; <i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 214.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1071_1071" id="Footnote_1071_1071"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1071_1071"><span class="label">[1071]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. x, p. 221.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1072_1072" id="Footnote_1072_1072"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1072_1072"><span class="label">[1072]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. Anthrop. Inst.</i>, vol. iii. p. 204.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1073_1073" id="Footnote_1073_1073"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1073_1073"><span class="label">[1073]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Fer.,” pl. ix. 9, p. 162.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1074_1074" id="Footnote_1074_1074"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1074_1074"><span class="label">[1074]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. ii. p. 199.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1075_1075" id="Footnote_1075_1075"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1075_1075"><span class="label">[1075]</span></a></span> -<i>Rev. Arch.</i>, N.S., vol. xxiv. pl. xxv. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1076_1076" id="Footnote_1076_1076"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1076_1076"><span class="label">[1076]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. xiv. <i>bis</i>, 3; <i>Dict. Arch. de la Gaule</i>.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1077_1077" id="Footnote_1077_1077"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1077_1077"><span class="label">[1077]</span></a></span> -Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. iii. 4; 3ter Bericht, -Taf. iii. 35; Desor and Favre, “Le Bel Age du -Br.,” pl. v. 10; Troyon, “Habit. Lacust.,” -pl. ix. 11.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1078_1078" id="Footnote_1078_1078"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1078_1078"><span class="label">[1078]</span></a></span> -Keller, 7ter B., Taf. xxiv. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1079_1079" id="Footnote_1079_1079"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1079_1079"><span class="label">[1079]</span></a></span> -Von Sacken, “Grabf. v. Hallst.,” pl. v. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1080_1080" id="Footnote_1080_1080"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1080_1080"><span class="label">[1080]</span></a></span> -Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” Heft i. Taf. -ii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1081_1081" id="Footnote_1081_1081"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1081_1081"><span class="label">[1081]</span></a></span> -“Zeitsch. für Ethn.,” vol. vii. Taf. x. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1082_1082" id="Footnote_1082_1082"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1082_1082"><span class="label">[1082]</span></a></span> -“Bull. di Palet. Ital.,” anno ii., p. 26.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1083_1083" id="Footnote_1083_1083"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1083_1083"><span class="label">[1083]</span></a></span> -“Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B. iv., 40-42; -Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 135, 136.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1084_1084" id="Footnote_1084_1084"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1084_1084"><span class="label">[1084]</span></a></span> -“Afbild,” vol. ii. pl. v. vi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1085_1085" id="Footnote_1085_1085"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1085_1085"><span class="label">[1085]</span></a></span> -P. 882.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1086_1086" id="Footnote_1086_1086"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1086_1086"><span class="label">[1086]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 429; “Horæ -Fer.,” pl. ix. fig. 3, p. 161.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1087_1087" id="Footnote_1087_1087"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1087_1087"><span class="label">[1087]</span></a></span> -“Treatise on Anc. Armour,” pl. lxi. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1088_1088" id="Footnote_1088_1088"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1088_1088"><span class="label">[1088]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, pl. lxi. 2, 3, 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1089_1089" id="Footnote_1089_1089"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1089_1089"><span class="label">[1089]</span></a></span> -Wilson’s “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 352, fig. 52.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1090_1090" id="Footnote_1090_1090"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1090_1090"><span class="label">[1090]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 210, pl. xx. 10, 11.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1091_1091" id="Footnote_1091_1091"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1091_1091"><span class="label">[1091]</span></a></span> -Pl. li. 2, 3, p. 118.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1092_1092" id="Footnote_1092_1092"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1092_1092"><span class="label">[1092]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. ii. p. 33.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1093_1093" id="Footnote_1093_1093"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1093_1093"><span class="label">[1093]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. iii. p. 102.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1094_1094" id="Footnote_1094_1094"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1094_1094"><span class="label">[1094]</span></a></span> -Ayr and Wigton Coll., vol. ii. p. 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1095_1095" id="Footnote_1095_1095"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1095_1095"><span class="label">[1095]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. vi. p. 252.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1096_1096" id="Footnote_1096_1096"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1096_1096"><span class="label">[1096]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. i. pp. 181, 224: <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xiii. p. 203.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1097_1097" id="Footnote_1097_1097"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1097_1097"><span class="label">[1097]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iii. p. 121.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1098_1098" id="Footnote_1098_1098"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1098_1098"><span class="label">[1098]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Fer.,” pl. ix. 4, p. 161.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1099_1099" id="Footnote_1099_1099"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1099_1099"><span class="label">[1099]</span></a></span> -Vol. ii. p. 334, pl. xliv.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1100_1100" id="Footnote_1100_1100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1100_1100"><span class="label">[1100]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. xiii. p. 321.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1101_1101" id="Footnote_1101_1101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1101_1101"><span class="label">[1101]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 439.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1102_1102" id="Footnote_1102_1102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1102_1102"><span class="label">[1102]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 454.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1103_1103" id="Footnote_1103_1103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1103_1103"><span class="label">[1103]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Ferales,” pl. ix. 7, p. 162.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1104_1104" id="Footnote_1104_1104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1104_1104"><span class="label">[1104]</span></a></span> -Vol. iii. p. 355, pl. xix.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1105_1105" id="Footnote_1105_1105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1105_1105"><span class="label">[1105]</span></a></span> -Vol. iv. pl. vii. 1, p. 50.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1106_1106" id="Footnote_1106_1106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1106_1106"><span class="label">[1106]</span></a></span> -De Bonstetten, “Essai sur les Dolm.,” 1865, pl. ii. 2; <i>Rev. Arch.</i>, N.S., vol. xiii. -p. 183, pl. v. D.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1107_1107" id="Footnote_1107_1107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1107_1107"><span class="label">[1107]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. xvi. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1108_1108" id="Footnote_1108_1108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1108_1108"><span class="label">[1108]</span></a></span> -<i>Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1109_1109" id="Footnote_1109_1109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1109_1109"><span class="label">[1109]</span></a></span> -<i>Rev. Arch.</i>, N.S., vol. iv. pl. xiii. 23.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1110_1110" id="Footnote_1110_1110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1110_1110"><span class="label">[1110]</span></a></span> -Von Sacken, Taf. v. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1111_1111" id="Footnote_1111_1111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1111_1111"><span class="label">[1111]</span></a></span> -Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft iii. Taf. iii. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1112_1112" id="Footnote_1112_1112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1112_1112"><span class="label">[1112]</span></a></span> -3rd S., vol. i. p. 23; 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 72; “Reliquary,” vol. x. p. 65.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1113_1113" id="Footnote_1113_1113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1113_1113"><span class="label">[1113]</span></a></span> -<i>Jour. Royal Hist. & Arch. Assoc. of Ireland</i>, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 257. I am indebted -to the Council for the use of the cuts.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1114_1114" id="Footnote_1114_1114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1114_1114"><span class="label">[1114]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, 4th S., vol. i. p. 505.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1115_1115" id="Footnote_1115_1115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1115_1115"><span class="label">[1115]</span></a></span> -“Aarböger for Nord. Oldk.,” 1871, p. 15.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1116_1116" id="Footnote_1116_1116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1116_1116"><span class="label">[1116]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. iii. p. 363.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1117_1117" id="Footnote_1117_1117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1117_1117"><span class="label">[1117]</span></a></span> -Ib., p. 364.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1118_1118" id="Footnote_1118_1118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1118_1118"><span class="label">[1118]</span></a></span> -Ib., p. 365.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1119_1119" id="Footnote_1119_1119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1119_1119"><span class="label">[1119]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 446, fig. 322, here by permission reproduced.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1120_1120" id="Footnote_1120_1120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1120_1120"><span class="label">[1120]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxx. p. 282.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1121_1121" id="Footnote_1121_1121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1121_1121"><span class="label">[1121]</span></a></span> -“Age du Br.,” lère ptie. p. 105 <i>et seq.</i>; Alb., pl. xv. <i>bis</i>, 2; De Ferry, “Macon préh.,” -pl. xxxix.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1122_1122" id="Footnote_1122_1122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1122_1122"><span class="label">[1122]</span></a></span> -Keller, <i>passim</i>.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1123_1123" id="Footnote_1123_1123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1123_1123"><span class="label">[1123]</span></a></span> -See Gastaldi, “Iconografia,” 1869, Tav. viii.; Pellegrini, “Sepolchreto Preromano,” -1878, Tav. iii., iv. Gozzadini, “Mors de Cheval et l’Épée de Rorzano,” 1876.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1124_1124" id="Footnote_1124_1124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1124_1124"><span class="label">[1124]</span></a></span> -“Aarbög. f. Nord. Oldk.,” 1879, pl. i.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1125_1125" id="Footnote_1125_1125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1125_1125"><span class="label">[1125]</span></a></span> -“Mycenæ und Tiryns,” 1878, pp. 281, 303, &c.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1126_1126" id="Footnote_1126_1126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1126_1126"><span class="label">[1126]</span></a></span> -Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronze Schwerter des K. Mus. zu Berlin,” 1878, p. 56.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1127_1127" id="Footnote_1127_1127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1127_1127"><span class="label">[1127]</span></a></span> -“Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B, ii., iii., iv.; Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 114 -to 137.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1128_1128" id="Footnote_1128_1128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1128_1128"><span class="label">[1128]</span></a></span> -Lisch, “Freder. Francisc.,” Tab. xiv., xv.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1129_1129" id="Footnote_1129_1129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1129_1129"><span class="label">[1129]</span></a></span> -“Cong, préh.,” Stockholm vol. i. p. 506.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1130_1130" id="Footnote_1130_1130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1130_1130"><span class="label">[1130]</span></a></span> -“Cong, préh.,” Buda Pest vol., p. 238.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1131_1131" id="Footnote_1131_1131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1131_1131"><span class="label">[1131]</span></a></span> -“Cong, préh.,” Copenhagen vol., p. 449.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1132_1132" id="Footnote_1132_1132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1132_1132"><span class="label">[1132]</span></a></span> -See Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronze Schwerter des K. Mus. zu Berlin,” 1878.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1133_1133" id="Footnote_1133_1133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1133_1133"><span class="label">[1133]</span></a></span> -Von Sacken, “Grabf. v. Hallst.,” Taf. v.; Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” -vol. ii. Heft i. Taf. v.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1134_1134" id="Footnote_1134_1134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1134_1134"><span class="label">[1134]</span></a></span> -Vol. xlv. p. 251.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1135_1135" id="Footnote_1135_1135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1135_1135"><span class="label">[1135]</span></a></span> -<i>Rev. Arch.</i>, N.S., vol. xxvi. p. 321.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1136_1136" id="Footnote_1136_1136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1136_1136"><span class="label">[1136]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Ferales,” pl. viii. 7; Chantre, “Age du Br.,” lère ptie., p. 108; Lindenschmit, -“A. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. Heft i. Taf. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1137_1137" id="Footnote_1137_1137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1137_1137"><span class="label">[1137]</span></a></span> -Chantre, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 135.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1138_1138" id="Footnote_1138_1138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1138_1138"><span class="label">[1138]</span></a></span> -Madsen, “Afb.,” vol. ii. pl. vii.; Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. ii. Heft i. -Taf. iii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1139_1139" id="Footnote_1139_1139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1139_1139"><span class="label">[1139]</span></a></span> -Madsen, <i>op. cit.</i>, pl. v.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1140_1140" id="Footnote_1140_1140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1140_1140"><span class="label">[1140]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Ferales,” p. 159. See also <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxiv. p. 301, fig. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1141_1141" id="Footnote_1141_1141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1141_1141"><span class="label">[1141]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 404.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1142_1142" id="Footnote_1142_1142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1142_1142"><span class="label">[1142]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251; <i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 214; -“Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 437.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1143_1143" id="Footnote_1143_1143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1143_1143"><span class="label">[1143]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 259, whence this cut is taken, by permission of Mr. Franks.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1144_1144" id="Footnote_1144_1144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1144_1144"><span class="label">[1144]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, iii. p. 118; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxvii. p. 298.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1145_1145" id="Footnote_1145_1145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1145_1145"><span class="label">[1145]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xii. p. 201. See “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ix. No. 10 to 14, and C. -R. Smith, “Coll. Ant.,” vol. iii. p. 72.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1146_1146" id="Footnote_1146_1146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1146_1146"><span class="label">[1146]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iii. p. 118.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1147_1147" id="Footnote_1147_1147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1147_1147"><span class="label">[1147]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 427.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1148_1148" id="Footnote_1148_1148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1148_1148"><span class="label">[1148]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. i. p. 181; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xiii. p. 203; “Catal. Mus. -Arch. Inst. Ed.,” p. 24.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1149_1149" id="Footnote_1149_1149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1149_1149"><span class="label">[1149]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 221, whence the figure is copied.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1150_1150" id="Footnote_1150_1150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1150_1150"><span class="label">[1150]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxx. p. 280.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1151_1151" id="Footnote_1151_1151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1151_1151"><span class="label">[1151]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 461, fig. 336.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1152_1152" id="Footnote_1152_1152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1152_1152"><span class="label">[1152]</span></a></span> -“Exp. Arch. de la Sav.,” 1878, pl. xii. 354, 356.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1153_1153" id="Footnote_1153_1153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1153_1153"><span class="label">[1153]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1154_1154" id="Footnote_1154_1154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1154_1154"><span class="label">[1154]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 322.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1155_1155" id="Footnote_1155_1155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1155_1155"><span class="label">[1155]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 461.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1156_1156" id="Footnote_1156_1156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1156_1156"><span class="label">[1156]</span></a></span> -Fairholt’s “Costume in England,” p. 382.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1157_1157" id="Footnote_1157_1157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1157_1157"><span class="label">[1157]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 321, pl. 30, fig. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1158_1158" id="Footnote_1158_1158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1158_1158"><span class="label">[1158]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie. p. 136. <i>Rev. Arch.</i>, N.S., vol. xxxix. p. 306.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1159_1159" id="Footnote_1159_1159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1159_1159"><span class="label">[1159]</span></a></span> -<i>Dict. Arch. de la Gaule.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1160_1160" id="Footnote_1160_1160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1160_1160"><span class="label">[1160]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. xiii. p. 64. See also a paper by M. Alex. Bertrand, in the Bull. -Soc. Ant. de France, 1878, p. 56. “Matér.,” vol. xv. p. 162.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1161_1161" id="Footnote_1161_1161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1161_1161"><span class="label">[1161]</span></a></span> -De Bonstetten, “Rec. d’Ant. Suisses,” Supp., pl. xxi. 1; Von Sacken, “Grabf. v. -Hallstatt,” Taf. vi. 11.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1162_1162" id="Footnote_1162_1162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1162_1162"><span class="label">[1162]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 518.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1163_1163" id="Footnote_1163_1163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1163_1163"><span class="label">[1163]</span></a></span> -<i>Rev. Arch.</i>, N.S., vol. xxxix. p. 305.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1164_1164" id="Footnote_1164_1164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1164_1164"><span class="label">[1164]</span></a></span> -“Das Grabfeld von Hallstatt,” p. 155, pl. xix. fig. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1165_1165" id="Footnote_1165_1165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1165_1165"><span class="label">[1165]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 257, pl. xiii. 6; Wilson, “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 441, -fig. 82.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1166_1166" id="Footnote_1166_1166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1166_1166"><span class="label">[1166]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Scot.</i>, vol. i. p. 393.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1167_1167" id="Footnote_1167_1167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1167_1167"><span class="label">[1167]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 556, pl. xxxvii. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1168_1168" id="Footnote_1168_1168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1168_1168"><span class="label">[1168]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 323, pl. xxvi. 5; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iv. -p. 521.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1169_1169" id="Footnote_1169_1169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1169_1169"><span class="label">[1169]</span></a></span> -Arch. Inst., York vol. p. 33; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xiv. pl. xx. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1170_1170" id="Footnote_1170_1170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1170_1170"><span class="label">[1170]</span></a></span> -“Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B ii. 2; Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 115; Madsen, -“Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xi. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1171_1171" id="Footnote_1171_1171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1171_1171"><span class="label">[1171]</span></a></span> -Boye, “Oplys. Fortegnelse over det K. M.,” p. 31.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1172_1172" id="Footnote_1172_1172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1172_1172"><span class="label">[1172]</span></a></span> -“Annalen for Oldk.,” 1848, p. 336; “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B. ii. 7; -Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 119; Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. p. 9. pl. iv. 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1173_1173" id="Footnote_1173_1173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1173_1173"><span class="label">[1173]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 495.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1174_1174" id="Footnote_1174_1174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1174_1174"><span class="label">[1174]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiv. p. 120.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1175_1175" id="Footnote_1175_1175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1175_1175"><span class="label">[1175]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 29.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1176_1176" id="Footnote_1176_1176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1176_1176"><span class="label">[1176]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. Ethnol. Soc.</i>, 1868, N.S., vol. i. p. 36.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1177_1177" id="Footnote_1177_1177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1177_1177"><span class="label">[1177]</span></a></span> -Iliad, vi. v. 319; viii. v. 494.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1178_1178" id="Footnote_1178_1178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1178_1178"><span class="label">[1178]</span></a></span> -Dawkins, “Cave Hunting,” p. 143, fig. 34.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1179_1179" id="Footnote_1179_1179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1179_1179"><span class="label">[1179]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xi. p. 231.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1180_1180" id="Footnote_1180_1180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1180_1180"><span class="label">[1180]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 349.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1181_1181" id="Footnote_1181_1181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1181_1181"><span class="label">[1181]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 429, pl. iv.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1182_1182" id="Footnote_1182_1182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1182_1182"><span class="label">[1182]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 159. I am indebted to Mr. Franks for the use of this -block.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1183_1183" id="Footnote_1183_1183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1183_1183"><span class="label">[1183]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xv. p. 235, pl. xxiv. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1184_1184" id="Footnote_1184_1184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1184_1184"><span class="label">[1184]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. viii. p. 332.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1185_1185" id="Footnote_1185_1185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1185_1185"><span class="label">[1185]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. xv. p. 235, pl. xxiv. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1186_1186" id="Footnote_1186_1186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1186_1186"><span class="label">[1186]</span></a></span> -Hartshorne’s “Salop. Ant.,” p. 96.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1187_1187" id="Footnote_1187_1187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1187_1187"><span class="label">[1187]</span></a></span> -Stukeley’s “It. Cur.,” pl. 96, vol. ii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1188_1188" id="Footnote_1188_1188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1188_1188"><span class="label">[1188]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 351.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1189_1189" id="Footnote_1189_1189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1189_1189"><span class="label">[1189]</span></a></span> -Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Anc. Arm.,” pl. xlvii. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1190_1190" id="Footnote_1190_1190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1190_1190"><span class="label">[1190]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iv. p. 279.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1191_1191" id="Footnote_1191_1191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1191_1191"><span class="label">[1191]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251; “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 437.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1192_1192" id="Footnote_1192_1192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1192_1192"><span class="label">[1192]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 221.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1193_1193" id="Footnote_1193_1193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1193_1193"><span class="label">[1193]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiv. p. 254.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1194_1194" id="Footnote_1194_1194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1194_1194"><span class="label">[1194]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. i. p. 13, pl. i.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1195_1195" id="Footnote_1195_1195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1195_1195"><span class="label">[1195]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 110.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1196_1196" id="Footnote_1196_1196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1196_1196"><span class="label">[1196]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. iii. p. 102.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1197_1197" id="Footnote_1197_1197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1197_1197"><span class="label">[1197]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. iv. p. 417.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1198_1198" id="Footnote_1198_1198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1198_1198"><span class="label">[1198]</span></a></span> -<i>Rev. Arch.</i>, N.S., vol. iv. pl. xiii. 2-14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1199_1199" id="Footnote_1199_1199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1199_1199"><span class="label">[1199]</span></a></span> -Keller, <i>passim</i>.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1200_1200" id="Footnote_1200_1200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1200_1200"><span class="label">[1200]</span></a></span> -Von Braunmühl, “Alt Deutschen Grabmäler;” Schreiber, “Die ehern. Streitkeile,” -Taf. ii. 19; Lisch, “Fred. Francisc.,” Taf. viii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1201_1201" id="Footnote_1201_1201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1201_1201"><span class="label">[1201]</span></a></span> -Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 190.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1202_1202" id="Footnote_1202_1202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1202_1202"><span class="label">[1202]</span></a></span> -“Heidnisch. Alterth.,” Taf. viii. fig. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1203_1203" id="Footnote_1203_1203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1203_1203"><span class="label">[1203]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. ix. p. 435. The cut has been kindly lent by the Society.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1204_1204" id="Footnote_1204_1204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1204_1204"><span class="label">[1204]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xix. p. 364.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1205_1205" id="Footnote_1205_1205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1205_1205"><span class="label">[1205]</span></a></span> -<i>A. J.</i>, vol. ix. p. 8. It is there erroneously stated to be -26 inches long.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1206_1206" id="Footnote_1206_1206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1206_1206"><span class="label">[1206]</span></a></span> -<i>Trans. Devon. Assoc.</i>, vol. vii. p. 199; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd -S., vol. vii. p. 40.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1207_1207" id="Footnote_1207_1207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1207_1207"><span class="label">[1207]</span></a></span> -Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 185, 186; “Atlas for Nord. -Oldk.,” pl. B 1, 16.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1208_1208" id="Footnote_1208_1208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1208_1208"><span class="label">[1208]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 28.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1209_1209" id="Footnote_1209_1209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1209_1209"><span class="label">[1209]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 332.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1210_1210" id="Footnote_1210_1210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1210_1210"><span class="label">[1210]</span></a></span> -Keller, 6ter Bericht, Taf. ix. 34.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1211_1211" id="Footnote_1211_1211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1211_1211"><span class="label">[1211]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxi. p. 90.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1212_1212" id="Footnote_1212_1212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1212_1212"><span class="label">[1212]</span></a></span> -“Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 433; vol. xi. p. 205.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1213_1213" id="Footnote_1213_1213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1213_1213"><span class="label">[1213]</span></a></span> -<i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. viii. p. 269.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1214_1214" id="Footnote_1214_1214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1214_1214"><span class="label">[1214]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xx. p. 107.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1215_1215" id="Footnote_1215_1215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1215_1215"><span class="label">[1215]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 47. There is an article by Mr. Du Noyer on the classification -of bronze arrow-heads in vol. vii. p. 281.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1216_1216" id="Footnote_1216_1216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1216_1216"><span class="label">[1216]</span></a></span> -See “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 328.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1217_1217" id="Footnote_1217_1217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1217_1217"><span class="label">[1217]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ</i>., vol. xiii. pp. 20, 27; vol. xxii. p. 68; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. v. -p. 187; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 322.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1218_1218" id="Footnote_1218_1218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1218_1218"><span class="label">[1218]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 3; “Hor. Fer.,” pl. vi. 27.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1219_1219" id="Footnote_1219_1219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1219_1219"><span class="label">[1219]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th. S., vol. iii. p. 351.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1220_1220" id="Footnote_1220_1220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1220_1220"><span class="label">[1220]</span></a></span> -Anderson’s “Croydon Preh. and Rom.,” p. 11, pl. iii. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1221_1221" id="Footnote_1221_1221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1221_1221"><span class="label">[1221]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 349.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1222_1222" id="Footnote_1222_1222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1222_1222"><span class="label">[1222]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 351.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1223_1223" id="Footnote_1223_1223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1223_1223"><span class="label">[1223]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxx. p. 282.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1224_1224" id="Footnote_1224_1224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1224_1224"><span class="label">[1224]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xix. p. 56, pl. iv. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1225_1225" id="Footnote_1225_1225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1225_1225"><span class="label">[1225]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 361, pl. lxiv. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1226_1226" id="Footnote_1226_1226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1226_1226"><span class="label">[1226]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iv. p. 244.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1227_1227" id="Footnote_1227_1227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1227_1227"><span class="label">[1227]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 280.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1228_1228" id="Footnote_1228_1228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1228_1228"><span class="label">[1228]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 83.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1229_1229" id="Footnote_1229_1229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1229_1229"><span class="label">[1229]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxvii. p. 105.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1230_1230" id="Footnote_1230_1230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1230_1230"><span class="label">[1230]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A.</i>, vol. iv. p. 323.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1231_1231" id="Footnote_1231_1231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1231_1231"><span class="label">[1231]</span></a></span> -Plot’s “Stafford.,” p. 404, pl. xxxiii. 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1232_1232" id="Footnote_1232_1232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1232_1232"><span class="label">[1232]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 113.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1233_1233" id="Footnote_1233_1233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1233_1233"><span class="label">[1233]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. viii. p. 210.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1234_1234" id="Footnote_1234_1234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1234_1234"><span class="label">[1234]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1235_1235" id="Footnote_1235_1235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1235_1235"><span class="label">[1235]</span></a></span> -Vol. x. p. 480, pl. xl. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1236_1236" id="Footnote_1236_1236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1236_1236"><span class="label">[1236]</span></a></span> -<i>Sussex Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. viii. p. 269.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1237_1237" id="Footnote_1237_1237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1237_1237"><span class="label">[1237]</span></a></span> -“Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 432. and vol. xii. p. 25.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1238_1238" id="Footnote_1238_1238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1238_1238"><span class="label">[1238]</span></a></span> -Vol. ix. p. 94, pl. iii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1239_1239" id="Footnote_1239_1239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1239_1239"><span class="label">[1239]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 348, pl. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1240_1240" id="Footnote_1240_1240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1240_1240"><span class="label">[1240]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 334.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1241_1241" id="Footnote_1241_1241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1241_1241"><span class="label">[1241]</span></a></span> -Arch. Inst., Salisb. vol., p. 110.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1242_1242" id="Footnote_1242_1242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1242_1242"><span class="label">[1242]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal. R. I. A.,” p. 496, fig. 363; “Hor. Fer.,” pl. vi. 15.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1243_1243" id="Footnote_1243_1243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1243_1243"><span class="label">[1243]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 447; “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 208.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1244_1244" id="Footnote_1244_1244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1244_1244"><span class="label">[1244]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. xi. p. 168.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1245_1245" id="Footnote_1245_1245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1245_1245"><span class="label">[1245]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vii. p. 282, and xviii. p. 167.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1246_1246" id="Footnote_1246_1246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1246_1246"><span class="label">[1246]</span></a></span> -Vol. ii. p. 187.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1247_1247" id="Footnote_1247_1247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1247_1247"><span class="label">[1247]</span></a></span> -Pl. vi. 17.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1248_1248" id="Footnote_1248_1248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1248_1248"><span class="label">[1248]</span></a></span> -“Coll. Hib.,” vol. iv. -pl. xi. v.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1249_1249" id="Footnote_1249_1249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1249_1249"><span class="label">[1249]</span></a></span> -Pl. vi. 12, 13.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1250_1250" id="Footnote_1250_1250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1250_1250"><span class="label">[1250]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. ii. p. 280; “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1251_1251" id="Footnote_1251_1251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1251_1251"><span class="label">[1251]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xv. p. 285.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1252_1252" id="Footnote_1252_1252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1252_1252"><span class="label">[1252]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 196.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1253_1253" id="Footnote_1253_1253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1253_1253"><span class="label">[1253]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” pp. 498, 501.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1254_1254" id="Footnote_1254_1254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1254_1254"><span class="label">[1254]</span></a></span> -Ibid., Figs. 385 and 386, p. 502.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1255_1255" id="Footnote_1255_1255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1255_1255"><span class="label">[1255]</span></a></span> -Pl. vi. 19.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1256_1256" id="Footnote_1256_1256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1256_1256"><span class="label">[1256]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ii. p. 187.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1257_1257" id="Footnote_1257_1257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1257_1257"><span class="label">[1257]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 111, pl. xi. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1258_1258" id="Footnote_1258_1258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1258_1258"><span class="label">[1258]</span></a></span> -Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. ii. Heft iv. Taf. i. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1259_1259" id="Footnote_1259_1259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1259_1259"><span class="label">[1259]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 329, pl. xxiv. fig. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1260_1260" id="Footnote_1260_1260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1260_1260"><span class="label">[1260]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Jour.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 322.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1261_1261" id="Footnote_1261_1261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1261_1261"><span class="label">[1261]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 365, pl. lxx. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1262_1262" id="Footnote_1262_1262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1262_1262"><span class="label">[1262]</span></a></span> -Arch. Inst., Norwich vol., p. xxvi. Another from -this hoard is in the Brit. Mus., “Hor. Fer.,” pl. vi. 22. Mr. -Franks thinks that the mould was in four pieces besides the -core, but on this point I am rather doubtful.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1263_1263" id="Footnote_1263_1263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1263_1263"><span class="label">[1263]</span></a></span> -Vol. iv. pl. xi. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1264_1264" id="Footnote_1264_1264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1264_1264"><span class="label">[1264]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xi. p. 415.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1265_1265" id="Footnote_1265_1265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1265_1265"><span class="label">[1265]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. Lond. Ant.,” p. 83, No. 370.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1266_1266" id="Footnote_1266_1266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1266_1266"><span class="label">[1266]</span></a></span> -Pring, “Brit. and Rom. Taunton,” pl. iii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1267_1267" id="Footnote_1267_1267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1267_1267"><span class="label">[1267]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 20.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1268_1268" id="Footnote_1268_1268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1268_1268"><span class="label">[1268]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 366, p. 496; “Hor. Fer.,” pl. vi. 18.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1269_1269" id="Footnote_1269_1269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1269_1269"><span class="label">[1269]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 160.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1270_1270" id="Footnote_1270_1270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1270_1270"><span class="label">[1270]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 322, pl. xxvi. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1271_1271" id="Footnote_1271_1271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1271_1271"><span class="label">[1271]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 110, pl. xi. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1272_1272" id="Footnote_1272_1272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1272_1272"><span class="label">[1272]</span></a></span> -“Durobrivæ,” p. lvi. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1273_1273" id="Footnote_1273_1273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1273_1273"><span class="label">[1273]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. 354; Allies, “Worcester.,” p. 60.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1274_1274" id="Footnote_1274_1274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1274_1274"><span class="label">[1274]</span></a></span> -Ayr and Wigton Coll., vol. ii. p. 13.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1275_1275" id="Footnote_1275_1275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1275_1275"><span class="label">[1275]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. v. p. 214.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1276_1276" id="Footnote_1276_1276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1276_1276"><span class="label">[1276]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xiii. p. 296.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1277_1277" id="Footnote_1277_1277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1277_1277"><span class="label">[1277]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 65. I am indebted to the Council for the use of -this block.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1278_1278" id="Footnote_1278_1278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1278_1278"><span class="label">[1278]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xiii. p. 413; “Hor. Fer.,” pl. vi. 21.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1279_1279" id="Footnote_1279_1279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1279_1279"><span class="label">[1279]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xix. p. 363.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1280_1280" id="Footnote_1280_1280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1280_1280"><span class="label">[1280]</span></a></span> -Ibid., vol. xxv. p. 49.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1281_1281" id="Footnote_1281_1281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1281_1281"><span class="label">[1281]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 89.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1282_1282" id="Footnote_1282_1282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1282_1282"><span class="label">[1282]</span></a></span> -Ibid., vol. xvi. p. 250.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1283_1283" id="Footnote_1283_1283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1283_1283"><span class="label">[1283]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 429.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1284_1284" id="Footnote_1284_1284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1284_1284"><span class="label">[1284]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xv. p. 234; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 158.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1285_1285" id="Footnote_1285_1285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1285_1285"><span class="label">[1285]</span></a></span> -Grose’s “Treat. on Anc. Armour,” 1786, pl. lxi. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1286_1286" id="Footnote_1286_1286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1286_1286"><span class="label">[1286]</span></a></span> -Vallancey, “Coll. Hib.,” vol. iv. pl. xi. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1287_1287" id="Footnote_1287_1287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1287_1287"><span class="label">[1287]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 16.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1288_1288" id="Footnote_1288_1288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1288_1288"><span class="label">[1288]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 217, fig. 8; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1289_1289" id="Footnote_1289_1289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1289_1289"><span class="label">[1289]</span></a></span> -Hartshorne’s “Salop. Ant.,” p. 96.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1290_1290" id="Footnote_1290_1290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1290_1290"><span class="label">[1290]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 352.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1291_1291" id="Footnote_1291_1291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1291_1291"><span class="label">[1291]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. ii. p. 154.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1292_1292" id="Footnote_1292_1292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1292_1292"><span class="label">[1292]</span></a></span> -<i>Mém. des Ant. du Nord</i>, 1872-7, p. 115.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1293_1293" id="Footnote_1293_1293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1293_1293"><span class="label">[1293]</span></a></span> -Wilson’s “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 391; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 23; “Catal. Mus. -Arch. Inst. Ed.,” p. 23.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1294_1294" id="Footnote_1294_1294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1294_1294"><span class="label">[1294]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 404, pl. iii. 11; <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvi. -p. 322, pl. xxvi. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1295_1295" id="Footnote_1295_1295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1295_1295"><span class="label">[1295]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ii. p. 187; vol. iii. p. 354; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 26; Allies, -“Worc.,” p. 30; “Arch. Inst.,” York vol., pl. v. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1296_1296" id="Footnote_1296_1296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1296_1296"><span class="label">[1296]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 125.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1297_1297" id="Footnote_1297_1297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1297_1297"><span class="label">[1297]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xii. p. 84; vol. xviii. p. 160.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1298_1298" id="Footnote_1298_1298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1298_1298"><span class="label">[1298]</span></a></span> -Ibid., vol. xiv. p. 357; vol. xviii. p. 161.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1299_1299" id="Footnote_1299_1299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1299_1299"><span class="label">[1299]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. iii. pp. 339, 347.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1300_1300" id="Footnote_1300_1300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1300_1300"><span class="label">[1300]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 464.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1301_1301" id="Footnote_1301_1301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1301_1301"><span class="label">[1301]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 160. I am indebted to Mr. Franks for the use of this -cut.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1302_1302" id="Footnote_1302_1302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1302_1302"><span class="label">[1302]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 250; vol. v. p. 422; <i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. x. -p. 214; “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 437.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1303_1303" id="Footnote_1303_1303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1303_1303"><span class="label">[1303]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 332.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1304_1304" id="Footnote_1304_1304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1304_1304"><span class="label">[1304]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xii. p. 84.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1305_1305" id="Footnote_1305_1305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1305_1305"><span class="label">[1305]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 221.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1306_1306" id="Footnote_1306_1306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1306_1306"><span class="label">[1306]</span></a></span> -Ibid., 4th S., vol. iii. p. 353.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1307_1307" id="Footnote_1307_1307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1307_1307"><span class="label">[1307]</span></a></span> -Anderson’s “Croydon Preh. and Rom.,” p. 11, pl. iii. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1308_1308" id="Footnote_1308_1308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1308_1308"><span class="label">[1308]</span></a></span> -P. 116, pl. l. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1309_1309" id="Footnote_1309_1309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1309_1309"><span class="label">[1309]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xii. p. 96.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1310_1310" id="Footnote_1310_1310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1310_1310"><span class="label">[1310]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xix. p. 56, pl. iv. 10, 11; Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Anc. Arm.,” pl. xlvii. 12.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1311_1311" id="Footnote_1311_1311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1311_1311"><span class="label">[1311]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i> <i>ubi sup.</i>, “Millin, Peintures de Vases,” tome ii. p. 25.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1312_1312" id="Footnote_1312_1312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1312_1312"><span class="label">[1312]</span></a></span> -“Iliad.,” lib. x. 153; lib. xiii. 443. &c.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1313_1313" id="Footnote_1313_1313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1313_1313"><span class="label">[1313]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xv. p. 235.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1314_1314" id="Footnote_1314_1314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1314_1314"><span class="label">[1314]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Cong.,” Norwich vol., p. 77.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1315_1315" id="Footnote_1315_1315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1315_1315"><span class="label">[1315]</span></a></span> -Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 191; “Atlas for Nord. Old.,” pl. B 1, 22, 23.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1316_1316" id="Footnote_1316_1316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1316_1316"><span class="label">[1316]</span></a></span> -Vol. xi. p. 55.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1317_1317" id="Footnote_1317_1317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1317_1317"><span class="label">[1317]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xv. p. 118.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1318_1318" id="Footnote_1318_1318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1318_1318"><span class="label">[1318]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. pl. viii. 15.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1319_1319" id="Footnote_1319_1319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1319_1319"><span class="label">[1319]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. U. A.,” figs. 390, 391.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1320_1320" id="Footnote_1320_1320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1320_1320"><span class="label">[1320]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 517.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1321_1321" id="Footnote_1321_1321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1321_1321"><span class="label">[1321]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iv. p. 211.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1322_1322" id="Footnote_1322_1322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1322_1322"><span class="label">[1322]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 25.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1323_1323" id="Footnote_1323_1323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1323_1323"><span class="label">[1323]</span></a></span> -<i>Rev. Arch.</i>, N.S., vol. iv. pl. xiii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1324_1324" id="Footnote_1324_1324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1324_1324"><span class="label">[1324]</span></a></span> -Vol. xlv. p. 383.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1325_1325" id="Footnote_1325_1325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1325_1325"><span class="label">[1325]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Fer.,” pl. xiv.; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxiii. p. 97; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iv. p. 144; -Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Anc. Arm.,” pl. xlvii. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1326_1326" id="Footnote_1326_1326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1326_1326"><span class="label">[1326]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Fer.,” pl. xv.; <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 330.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1327_1327" id="Footnote_1327_1327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1327_1327"><span class="label">[1327]</span></a></span> -Vol. xxvii. pl. xxii. p. 298; “The Barrow Diggers,” pl. ii. 1, p. 73; Worsaae, -“Prim. Ant. of Denm.,” Eng. ed., p. 32. I am indebted to Messrs. James Parker & Co. -for the use of this block.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1328_1328" id="Footnote_1328_1328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1328_1328"><span class="label">[1328]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland</i>, 4th S., vol. iv. p. 488.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1329_1329" id="Footnote_1329_1329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1329_1329"><span class="label">[1329]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Fer.,” p. 167, pl. xi. 1; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xiii. p. 187.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1330_1330" id="Footnote_1330_1330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1330_1330"><span class="label">[1330]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 167, pl. xi. 3; “Catal. of Ants., &c., of the Soc. Ant.,” p. 17.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1331_1331" id="Footnote_1331_1331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1331_1331"><span class="label">[1331]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vii. p. 77, whence the cut is copied; “Hor. Fer.,” p. 167, pl. xi. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1332_1332" id="Footnote_1332_1332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1332_1332"><span class="label">[1332]</span></a></span> -“Hor. Fer.,” p. 167; <i>Trans. Camb. Ant. Soc.</i>, vol. ii. p. 12.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1333_1333" id="Footnote_1333_1333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1333_1333"><span class="label">[1333]</span></a></span> -Copied from <i>Publ. Camb. Ant. Soc.</i>, vol. ii. Misc. pl. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1334_1334" id="Footnote_1334_1334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1334_1334"><span class="label">[1334]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. Soc. Ant.,” p. 16.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1335_1335" id="Footnote_1335_1335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1335_1335"><span class="label">[1335]</span></a></span> -See “Ayr. and Wigt. Coll.,” vol. i. p. 66, where I have described this shield.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1336_1336" id="Footnote_1336_1336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1336_1336"><span class="label">[1336]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” 1st ed., p. 267; 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 397.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1337_1337" id="Footnote_1337_1337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1337_1337"><span class="label">[1337]</span></a></span> -“Minute Book of Soc. Ant.,” vol. xxiv. p. 147.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1338_1338" id="Footnote_1338_1338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1338_1338"><span class="label">[1338]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. v. p. 165. See also <i>Tr. R. Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of -Ireland</i>, 4th S., vol. iv. p. 487.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1339_1339" id="Footnote_1339_1339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1339_1339"><span class="label">[1339]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. viii. p. 393.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1340_1340" id="Footnote_1340_1340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1340_1340"><span class="label">[1340]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxiii. p. 92; “Anc. Arm.,” by Skelton, vol. i. pl. xlvii. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1341_1341" id="Footnote_1341_1341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1341_1341"><span class="label">[1341]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxiii. p. 95.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1342_1342" id="Footnote_1342_1342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1342_1342"><span class="label">[1342]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 157.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1343_1343" id="Footnote_1343_1343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1343_1343"><span class="label">[1343]</span></a></span> -“Hor. Fer.,” pl. ix. 168; C. Roach Smith, “Catal. of Lond. Ant.,” p. 80.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1344_1344" id="Footnote_1344_1344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1344_1344"><span class="label">[1344]</span></a></span> -C. Roach Smith, <i>ubi sup.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1345_1345" id="Footnote_1345_1345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1345_1345"><span class="label">[1345]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 518; v. p. 363; <i>Gent. Mag.</i>, Dec, 1865, p. 771.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1346_1346" id="Footnote_1346_1346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1346_1346"><span class="label">[1346]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 200.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1347_1347" id="Footnote_1347_1347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1347_1347"><span class="label">[1347]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iv. p. 395; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 200; <i>Proc. -Roy. Irish Acad.</i>, 1874, p. 277.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1348_1348" id="Footnote_1348_1348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1348_1348"><span class="label">[1348]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Jour.</i>, vol. xxxvi. p. 165.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1349_1349" id="Footnote_1349_1349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1349_1349"><span class="label">[1349]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. Royal Hist.</i> and <i>Arch. Assoc. of Ireland</i>, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 118, and vol. iv. -p. 487. See <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 480.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1350_1350" id="Footnote_1350_1350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1350_1350"><span class="label">[1350]</span></a></span> -Vol. x. p. 155.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1351_1351" id="Footnote_1351_1351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1351_1351"><span class="label">[1351]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 203.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1352_1352" id="Footnote_1352_1352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1352_1352"><span class="label">[1352]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 90. pl. xviii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1353_1353" id="Footnote_1353_1353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1353_1353"><span class="label">[1353]</span></a></span> -See <i>Arch. Scot.</i>, vol. v. p. 217.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1354_1354" id="Footnote_1354_1354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1354_1354"><span class="label">[1354]</span></a></span> -“Hor. Fer.,” p. 166.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1355_1355" id="Footnote_1355_1355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1355_1355"><span class="label">[1355]</span></a></span> -Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xvii.; “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B, v.; Worsaae -“Prim. Ant. of Den.,” Thoms’ Eng. ed., p. 31.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1356_1356" id="Footnote_1356_1356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1356_1356"><span class="label">[1356]</span></a></span> -“Cong, préh.,” Bologna vol., p. 294.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1357_1357" id="Footnote_1357_1357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1357_1357"><span class="label">[1357]</span></a></span> -Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorzeit,” vol. i. Heft xi. Taf. 1, 4, and 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1358_1358" id="Footnote_1358_1358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1358_1358"><span class="label">[1358]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 398.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1359_1359" id="Footnote_1359_1359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1359_1359"><span class="label">[1359]</span></a></span> -<i>Num. Chron.</i>, N.S., vol. xvii. pl. x. 7 and 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1360_1360" id="Footnote_1360_1360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1360_1360"><span class="label">[1360]</span></a></span> -See <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xiii. p. 187.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1361_1361" id="Footnote_1361_1361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1361_1361"><span class="label">[1361]</span></a></span> -“De Bell. Civ.,” i. 39, 48.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1362_1362" id="Footnote_1362_1362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1362_1362"><span class="label">[1362]</span></a></span> -“Agric.,” 36.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1363_1363" id="Footnote_1363_1363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1363_1363"><span class="label">[1363]</span></a></span> -See Smith’s “Dict. of Ant.,” <i>s. v.</i> Cetra.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1364_1364" id="Footnote_1364_1364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1364_1364"><span class="label">[1364]</span></a></span> -“Horæ Ferales,” p. 168, pl. xii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1365_1365" id="Footnote_1365_1365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1365_1365"><span class="label">[1365]</span></a></span> -Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. Vorzeit,” vol. i. Heft xi. Taf. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1366_1366" id="Footnote_1366_1366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1366_1366"><span class="label">[1366]</span></a></span> -Von Sacken, “Grabf. zu Hallst.,” Taf. viii. 5, 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1367_1367" id="Footnote_1367_1367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1367_1367"><span class="label">[1367]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. i. p. 167.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1368_1368" id="Footnote_1368_1368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1368_1368"><span class="label">[1368]</span></a></span> -Lib. iii. c. 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1369_1369" id="Footnote_1369_1369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1369_1369"><span class="label">[1369]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 518.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1370_1370" id="Footnote_1370_1370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1370_1370"><span class="label">[1370]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 342; Waring’s “Ornaments of Remote Ages,” -pl. xci. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1371_1371" id="Footnote_1371_1371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1371_1371"><span class="label">[1371]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 362.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1372_1372" id="Footnote_1372_1372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1372_1372"><span class="label">[1372]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 553, pl. xxxvi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1373_1373" id="Footnote_1373_1373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1373_1373"><span class="label">[1373]</span></a></span> -“Album,” pl. xvi. <i>bis.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1374_1374" id="Footnote_1374_1374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1374_1374"><span class="label">[1374]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie., p. 146.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1375_1375" id="Footnote_1375_1375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1375_1375"><span class="label">[1375]</span></a></span> -P. 623</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1376_1376" id="Footnote_1376_1376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1376_1376"><span class="label">[1376]</span></a></span> -Fig. 360, p. 492. <i>et seqq.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1377_1377" id="Footnote_1377_1377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1377_1377"><span class="label">[1377]</span></a></span> -“Discourse concerning Danish Mounds, &c.”</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1378_1378" id="Footnote_1378_1378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1378_1378"><span class="label">[1378]</span></a></span> -<i>Phil. Trans.</i>, vol. xxviii. p. 270.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1379_1379" id="Footnote_1379_1379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1379_1379"><span class="label">[1379]</span></a></span> -Vol. ii. pl. xx. 3, 4, 5; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. iv. pl. xiv.; “Hor. Fer.,” pl. xiii. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1380_1380" id="Footnote_1380_1380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1380_1380"><span class="label">[1380]</span></a></span> -4th S., vol. iii. p. 422.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1381_1381" id="Footnote_1381_1381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1381_1381"><span class="label">[1381]</span></a></span> -P. 282.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1382_1382" id="Footnote_1382_1382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1382_1382"><span class="label">[1382]</span></a></span> -Wilde, fig. 529, p. 592, kindly lent by the Council of the R. I. A. One of Mr. -Day’s trumpets is also patched.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1383_1383" id="Footnote_1383_1383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1383_1383"><span class="label">[1383]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xii. p. 96. There is an article on Irish trumpets by Dr. Petrie -in the <i>Dublin Penny Journal</i>, vol. ii. See also <i>Proc. R. I. A.</i>, vol. iv. pp. 237, 423.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1384_1384" id="Footnote_1384_1384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1384_1384"><span class="label">[1384]</span></a></span> -Von Bibra, “Die Br. u. Kupf.-leg.,” p. 140.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1385_1385" id="Footnote_1385_1385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1385_1385"><span class="label">[1385]</span></a></span> -Pl. xiii. 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1386_1386" id="Footnote_1386_1386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1386_1386"><span class="label">[1386]</span></a></span> -“Coll. Hib.,” vol. iv. pi. vii. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1387_1387" id="Footnote_1387_1387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1387_1387"><span class="label">[1387]</span></a></span> -Vol. iv. pl. xiii. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1388_1388" id="Footnote_1388_1388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1388_1388"><span class="label">[1388]</span></a></span> -<i>Trans. R. I. A.</i>, vol. ii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1389_1389" id="Footnote_1389_1389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1389_1389"><span class="label">[1389]</span></a></span> -Wilde’s “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 624 <i>et seqq.</i>; <i>Jour. R. H. and A. A. of Ireland</i>, -4th S., vol. iii. p. 422 <i>et seqq.</i> See also <i>Ulster Journ. of Arch.</i>, 1860, vol. viii. p. 99; -and “Horæ Ferales,” p. 172.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1390_1390" id="Footnote_1390_1390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1390_1390"><span class="label">[1390]</span></a></span> -Wilde, 630 <i>et seqq.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1391_1391" id="Footnote_1391_1391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1391_1391"><span class="label">[1391]</span></a></span> -“Collections,” vol. i. p. 74; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. xii. p. 565.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1392_1392" id="Footnote_1392_1392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1392_1392"><span class="label">[1392]</span></a></span> -Vol. vi. p. 50.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1393_1393" id="Footnote_1393_1393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1393_1393"><span class="label">[1393]</span></a></span> -“Tour through Britain,” vol. iv. p. 130.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1394_1394" id="Footnote_1394_1394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1394_1394"><span class="label">[1394]</span></a></span> -Vol. lxxxvi. 1796, pl. xi.; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. xiii. 2; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 150.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1395_1395" id="Footnote_1395_1395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1395_1395"><span class="label">[1395]</span></a></span> -Evans, “Anc. British Coins,” pl. iii. No. 11, and pl. v. No. 10, &c.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1396_1396" id="Footnote_1396_1396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1396_1396"><span class="label">[1396]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Armour,” pl. xiii.; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. iv. p. 231.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1397_1397" id="Footnote_1397_1397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1397_1397"><span class="label">[1397]</span></a></span> -Lisch, “Fred. Francisc.,” Tab. ix. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1398_1398" id="Footnote_1398_1398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1398_1398"><span class="label">[1398]</span></a></span> -“Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B, vii.; Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 199-201.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1399_1399" id="Footnote_1399_1399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1399_1399"><span class="label">[1399]</span></a></span> -Lib. ii. c. 29.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1400_1400" id="Footnote_1400_1400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1400_1400"><span class="label">[1400]</span></a></span> -Lib. v. c. 30. See also Livy, lib. v. 37 and 39.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1401_1401" id="Footnote_1401_1401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1401_1401"><span class="label">[1401]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 612, fig. 523, whence this cut is reproduced. -See also <i>Proc. R. I. A.</i>, vol. iv. pp. 237, 423.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1402_1402" id="Footnote_1402_1402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1402_1402"><span class="label">[1402]</span></a></span> -Greenwell, “British Barrows,” pp. 15, 31.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1403_1403" id="Footnote_1403_1403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1403_1403"><span class="label">[1403]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 130. I am indebted to the Council of the Society -for the use of this cut.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1404_1404" id="Footnote_1404_1404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1404_1404"><span class="label">[1404]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 259.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1405_1405" id="Footnote_1405_1405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1405_1405"><span class="label">[1405]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 227.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1406_1406" id="Footnote_1406_1406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1406_1406"><span class="label">[1406]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 247.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1407_1407" id="Footnote_1407_1407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1407_1407"><span class="label">[1407]</span></a></span> -“Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 34; “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 130.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1408_1408" id="Footnote_1408_1408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1408_1408"><span class="label">[1408]</span></a></span> -“Brit. Barrows,” p. 366.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1409_1409" id="Footnote_1409_1409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1409_1409"><span class="label">[1409]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, xv. p. 129.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1410_1410" id="Footnote_1410_1410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1410_1410"><span class="label">[1410]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. pp. 206-208.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1411_1411" id="Footnote_1411_1411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1411_1411"><span class="label">[1411]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 207.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1412_1412" id="Footnote_1412_1412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1412_1412"><span class="label">[1412]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 210. The references to the plate are somewhat confused or confusing.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1413_1413" id="Footnote_1413_1413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1413_1413"><span class="label">[1413]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. ii. p. 90.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1414_1414" id="Footnote_1414_1414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1414_1414"><span class="label">[1414]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 319.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1415_1415" id="Footnote_1415_1415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1415_1415"><span class="label">[1415]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 194, pl. xxiii., here copied. See also <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. -p. 467.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1416_1416" id="Footnote_1416_1416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1416_1416"><span class="label">[1416]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 199, pl. xxiv.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1417_1417" id="Footnote_1417_1417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1417_1417"><span class="label">[1417]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxv. p. 246. I am indebted to the Institute for the use of -this cut.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1418_1418" id="Footnote_1418_1418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1418_1418"><span class="label">[1418]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvii. p. 94. Pring, “Brit. and Rom. Taunton,” pl. ii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1419_1419" id="Footnote_1419_1419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1419_1419"><span class="label">[1419]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 106.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1420_1420" id="Footnote_1420_1420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1420_1420"><span class="label">[1420]</span></a></span> -<i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. ii. p. 265.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1421_1421" id="Footnote_1421_1421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1421_1421"><span class="label">[1421]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 469.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1422_1422" id="Footnote_1422_1422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1422_1422"><span class="label">[1422]</span></a></span> -2ème Mém., “Album,” pl. xi. 17.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1423_1423" id="Footnote_1423_1423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1423_1423"><span class="label">[1423]</span></a></span> -Fig. 452.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1424_1424" id="Footnote_1424_1424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1424_1424"><span class="label">[1424]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 348, pl. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1425_1425" id="Footnote_1425_1425"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1425_1425"><span class="label">[1425]</span></a></span> -Allies, “Worc.,” p. 149, pl. iv. 7.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1426_1426" id="Footnote_1426_1426"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1426_1426"><span class="label">[1426]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 8. I am indebted to Mr. Franks for the use of this cut.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1427_1427" id="Footnote_1427_1427"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1427_1427"><span class="label">[1427]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xii. p. 414, pl. li. 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1428_1428" id="Footnote_1428_1428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1428_1428"><span class="label">[1428]</span></a></span> -<i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. ii. p. 260.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1429_1429" id="Footnote_1429_1429"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1429_1429"><span class="label">[1429]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 469.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1430_1430" id="Footnote_1430_1430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1430_1430"><span class="label">[1430]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 468. I am indebted to the Council of the Soc. Ant. for this and -the next cut.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1431_1431" id="Footnote_1431_1431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1431_1431"><span class="label">[1431]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Som. Arch. Soc.</i>, vol. viii. p. 45.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1432_1432" id="Footnote_1432_1432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1432_1432"><span class="label">[1432]</span></a></span> -Dr. Thurnam, <i>ubi sup.</i> (Horsfield, “Lewes,” vol. i. 48, pl. iii. 12).</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1433_1433" id="Footnote_1433_1433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1433_1433"><span class="label">[1433]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. R. Hist. Arch. Assoc. of Ireland</i>, 4 Sec. vol. v. p. 97.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1434_1434" id="Footnote_1434_1434"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1434_1434"><span class="label">[1434]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xv. p. 394, pl. xxxiv. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1435_1435" id="Footnote_1435_1435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1435_1435"><span class="label">[1435]</span></a></span> -Like Keller, “Lake-dwellings,” pl. xxxiv. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1436_1436" id="Footnote_1436_1436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1436_1436"><span class="label">[1436]</span></a></span> -Lisch, “Freder. Francisc.,” Tab. xxiv. 5, 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1437_1437" id="Footnote_1437_1437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1437_1437"><span class="label">[1437]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 447.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1438_1438" id="Footnote_1438_1438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1438_1438"><span class="label">[1438]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 558, fig. 449; <i>Journ. Arch. Assoc. of Scot.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 194.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1439_1439" id="Footnote_1439_1439"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1439_1439"><span class="label">[1439]</span></a></span> -Wilde, fig. 448.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1440_1440" id="Footnote_1440_1440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1440_1440"><span class="label">[1440]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. Arch. Assoc. of Ireland</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 194.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1441_1441" id="Footnote_1441_1441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1441_1441"><span class="label">[1441]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, N.S. vol. i. p. 322. For the loan of this block I am indebted -to the Council of the Society.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1442_1442" id="Footnote_1442_1442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1442_1442"><span class="label">[1442]</span></a></span> -Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 239.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1443_1443" id="Footnote_1443_1443"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1443_1443"><span class="label">[1443]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 558, fig. 450.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1444_1444" id="Footnote_1444_1444"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1444_1444"><span class="label">[1444]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. iii. p. 102.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1445_1445" id="Footnote_1445_1445"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1445_1445"><span class="label">[1445]</span></a></span> -Vol. ix. p. 247.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1446_1446" id="Footnote_1446_1446"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1446_1446"><span class="label">[1446]</span></a></span> -Florus, lib. ii. c. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1447_1447" id="Footnote_1447_1447"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1447_1447"><span class="label">[1447]</span></a></span> -Aulus Gellius, lib. ix. c. 13.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1448_1448" id="Footnote_1448_1448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1448_1448"><span class="label">[1448]</span></a></span> -Cohen, “Méd. Cons.,” pl. xxvi. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1449_1449" id="Footnote_1449_1449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1449_1449"><span class="label">[1449]</span></a></span> -Vol. ii. p. 368; vol. iii. p. 27.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1450_1450" id="Footnote_1450_1450"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1450_1450"><span class="label">[1450]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 471.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1451_1451" id="Footnote_1451_1451"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1451_1451"><span class="label">[1451]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxi. p. 557.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1452_1452" id="Footnote_1452_1452"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1452_1452"><span class="label">[1452]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 464.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1453_1453" id="Footnote_1453_1453"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1453_1453"><span class="label">[1453]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 96.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1454_1454" id="Footnote_1454_1454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1454_1454"><span class="label">[1454]</span></a></span> -See Wilde’s “Catal.,” p. 70, <i>et seqq.</i>; and “Vetusta. Monum.,” vol. v. pl. xxix.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1455_1455" id="Footnote_1455_1455"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1455_1455"><span class="label">[1455]</span></a></span> -Vol. xxi. pl. xii. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1456_1456" id="Footnote_1456_1456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1456_1456"><span class="label">[1456]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 81.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1457_1457" id="Footnote_1457_1457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1457_1457"><span class="label">[1457]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvii. p. 107, whence this cut is lent by the Council.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1458_1458" id="Footnote_1458_1458"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1458_1458"><span class="label">[1458]</span></a></span> -<i>Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc.</i>, vol. vii. p. 27.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1459_1459" id="Footnote_1459_1459"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1459_1459"><span class="label">[1459]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. v. 1854, p. 91.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1460_1460" id="Footnote_1460_1460"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1460_1460"><span class="label">[1460]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 94, pl. xxiii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1461_1461" id="Footnote_1461_1461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1461_1461"><span class="label">[1461]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. i. p. 234.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1462_1462" id="Footnote_1462_1462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1462_1462"><span class="label">[1462]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 88.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1463_1463" id="Footnote_1463_1463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1463_1463"><span class="label">[1463]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xxi. p. 232.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1464_1464" id="Footnote_1464_1464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1464_1464"><span class="label">[1464]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 323; <i>Arch.</i>, vol xxix. 372; <i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. ii. -p. 267.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1465_1465" id="Footnote_1465_1465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1465_1465"><span class="label">[1465]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 211, pl. xxi. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1466_1466" id="Footnote_1466_1466"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1466_1466"><span class="label">[1466]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 74, fig. 603.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1467_1467" id="Footnote_1467_1467"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1467_1467"><span class="label">[1467]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xi. p. 429, pl. xix. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1468_1468" id="Footnote_1468_1468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1468_1468"><span class="label">[1468]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 467; “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 419; vol. iv. -p. 247.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1469_1469" id="Footnote_1469_1469"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1469_1469"><span class="label">[1469]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxxiv. p. 83, pl. xi.; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. ii. p. 148; <i>Arch.</i>, xxxii. p. 400.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1470_1470" id="Footnote_1470_1470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1470_1470"><span class="label">[1470]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxx. p. 554.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1471_1471" id="Footnote_1471_1471"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1471_1471"><span class="label">[1471]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxv. p. 595; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 167.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1472_1472" id="Footnote_1472_1472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1472_1472"><span class="label">[1472]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxxi. p. 517, pl. xxiii; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 32.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1473_1473" id="Footnote_1473_1473"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1473_1473"><span class="label">[1473]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxx. p. 521.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1474_1474" id="Footnote_1474_1474"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1474_1474"><span class="label">[1474]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 258, pl. xiii. 2, 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1475_1475" id="Footnote_1475_1475"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1475_1475"><span class="label">[1475]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 367; vol. xxiv. p. 254.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1476_1476" id="Footnote_1476_1476"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1476_1476"><span class="label">[1476]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. i. p. 234.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1477_1477" id="Footnote_1477_1477"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1477_1477"><span class="label">[1477]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. ix. p. 435.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1478_1478" id="Footnote_1478_1478"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1478_1478"><span class="label">[1478]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. iv. p. 377.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1479_1479" id="Footnote_1479_1479"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1479_1479"><span class="label">[1479]</span></a></span> -<i>P. S. A. S.</i>, vol. i. p. 138.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1480_1480" id="Footnote_1480_1480"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1480_1480"><span class="label">[1480]</span></a></span> -Schoolcraft, “Ethn. Res.,” vol. i. p. 92; Squier and Davis, “Anc. Mon. Miss. Vall.,” -p. 204.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1481_1481" id="Footnote_1481_1481"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1481_1481"><span class="label">[1481]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 96; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. pp. 406, 422; Borlase, -“Nænia Corn.,” p. 162.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1482_1482" id="Footnote_1482_1482"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1482_1482"><span class="label">[1482]</span></a></span> -“Ten Years’ Digg.,” p. 167.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1483_1483" id="Footnote_1483_1483"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1483_1483"><span class="label">[1483]</span></a></span> -“Catal.,” p. 22; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. ii. p. 83.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1484_1484" id="Footnote_1484_1484"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1484_1484"><span class="label">[1484]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 88.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1485_1485" id="Footnote_1485_1485"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1485_1485"><span class="label">[1485]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xx. p. 200. The Council of the Institute have kindly lent this -figure.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1486_1486" id="Footnote_1486_1486"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1486_1486"><span class="label">[1486]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. ii. p. 277.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1487_1487" id="Footnote_1487_1487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1487_1487"><span class="label">[1487]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xvii. p. 111, pl. xii. 2; vol. x. p. 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1488_1488" id="Footnote_1488_1488"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1488_1488"><span class="label">[1488]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 332.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1489_1489" id="Footnote_1489_1489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1489_1489"><span class="label">[1489]</span></a></span> -“Barrow Diggers,” p. 77, pl. v. 14, 15.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1490_1490" id="Footnote_1490_1490"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1490_1490"><span class="label">[1490]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 344 (I am indebted to the Council for the use of this -cut); <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxxv. p. 247; “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 417.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1491_1491" id="Footnote_1491_1491"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1491_1491"><span class="label">[1491]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. pp. 406, 430.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1492_1492" id="Footnote_1492_1492"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1492_1492"><span class="label">[1492]</span></a></span> -Bateman, “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 167.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1493_1493" id="Footnote_1493_1493"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1493_1493"><span class="label">[1493]</span></a></span> -Hoare’s “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 160; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 469, fig. 172. I am indebted -to the Council of the Soc. Ant. for the use of this cut.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1494_1494" id="Footnote_1494_1494"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1494_1494"><span class="label">[1494]</span></a></span> -“Reliquary,” vol. vi. p. 211, pl. xx. 1; Dawkins, “Cave Hunting,” p. 129.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1495_1495" id="Footnote_1495_1495"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1495_1495"><span class="label">[1495]</span></a></span> -<i>Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc.</i>, vol. v. 1854, p. 91.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1496_1496" id="Footnote_1496_1496"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1496_1496"><span class="label">[1496]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvii. p. 107. I am indebted to the Institute for the use of this -cut. See Figs. 468 and 87.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1497_1497" id="Footnote_1497_1497"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1497_1497"><span class="label">[1497]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 323.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1498_1498" id="Footnote_1498_1498"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1498_1498"><span class="label">[1498]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. i. p. 148; <i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. ii. p. 260.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1499_1499" id="Footnote_1499_1499"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1499_1499"><span class="label">[1499]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 131. For the use of this cut I am indebted to the -Council of the Society.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1500_1500" id="Footnote_1500_1500"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1500_1500"><span class="label">[1500]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 74.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1501_1501" id="Footnote_1501_1501"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1501_1501"><span class="label">[1501]</span></a></span> -Perrin, “Etude, préh. sur la Sav.,” pl. xviii. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1502_1502" id="Footnote_1502_1502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1502_1502"><span class="label">[1502]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 570, fig. 479.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1503_1503" id="Footnote_1503_1503"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1503_1503"><span class="label">[1503]</span></a></span> -“British Barrows,” p. 210.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1504_1504" id="Footnote_1504_1504"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1504_1504"><span class="label">[1504]</span></a></span> -“Cran. Brit.,” pl. xii. B 4; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 474.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1505_1505" id="Footnote_1505_1505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1505_1505"><span class="label">[1505]</span></a></span> -Greenwell’s “British Barrows,” p. 209.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1506_1506" id="Footnote_1506_1506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1506_1506"><span class="label">[1506]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 386.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1507_1507" id="Footnote_1507_1507"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1507_1507"><span class="label">[1507]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 258.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1508_1508" id="Footnote_1508_1508"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1508_1508"><span class="label">[1508]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 59.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1509_1509" id="Footnote_1509_1509"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1509_1509"><span class="label">[1509]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiv. p. 256; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 483.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1510_1510" id="Footnote_1510_1510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1510_1510"><span class="label">[1510]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 74.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1511_1511" id="Footnote_1511_1511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1511_1511"><span class="label">[1511]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 224.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1512_1512" id="Footnote_1512_1512"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1512_1512"><span class="label">[1512]</span></a></span> -Pring, “The Brit. and Rom. on the Site of Taunton,” p. 50.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1513_1513" id="Footnote_1513_1513"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1513_1513"><span class="label">[1513]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxi. p. 39.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1514_1514" id="Footnote_1514_1514"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1514_1514"><span class="label">[1514]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xi. p. 294.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1515_1515" id="Footnote_1515_1515"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1515_1515"><span class="label">[1515]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland</i>, 3rd S., vol. i. p. 164.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1516_1516" id="Footnote_1516_1516"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1516_1516"><span class="label">[1516]</span></a></span> -“Vallancey,” vol. iv. pl. xiv. 8; Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 578, fig. 490.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1517_1517" id="Footnote_1517_1517"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1517_1517"><span class="label">[1517]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 570, fig. 480.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1518_1518" id="Footnote_1518_1518"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1518_1518"><span class="label">[1518]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 46, fig. 573.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1519_1519" id="Footnote_1519_1519"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1519_1519"><span class="label">[1519]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. ii. p. 83. The cut is kindly lent by the Council.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1520_1520" id="Footnote_1520_1520"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1520_1520"><span class="label">[1520]</span></a></span> -“Catal.,” p. 22.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1521_1521" id="Footnote_1521_1521"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1521_1521"><span class="label">[1521]</span></a></span> -<i>Sup.</i>, p. 378; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. v. p. 323.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1522_1522" id="Footnote_1522_1522"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1522_1522"><span class="label">[1522]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 332.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1523_1523" id="Footnote_1523_1523"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1523_1523"><span class="label">[1523]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. iii. p. 24, whence this cut is borrowed.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1524_1524" id="Footnote_1524_1524"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1524_1524"><span class="label">[1524]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xiii. p. 295.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1525_1525" id="Footnote_1525_1525"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1525_1525"><span class="label">[1525]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 36.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1526_1526" id="Footnote_1526_1526"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1526_1526"><span class="label">[1526]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxxvii. p. 368.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1527_1527" id="Footnote_1527_1527"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1527_1527"><span class="label">[1527]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 426.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1528_1528" id="Footnote_1528_1528"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1528_1528"><span class="label">[1528]</span></a></span> -<i>Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc.</i>, vol. v. 1854, p. 91.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1529_1529" id="Footnote_1529_1529"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1529_1529"><span class="label">[1529]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 81.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1530_1530" id="Footnote_1530_1530"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1530_1530"><span class="label">[1530]</span></a></span> -“British Barrows,” p. 223.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1531_1531" id="Footnote_1531_1531"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1531_1531"><span class="label">[1531]</span></a></span> -“Brit. Barrows,” p. 324. For Fig. 491 I am indebted to the Delegates of the -Clarendon Press.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1532_1532" id="Footnote_1532_1532"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1532_1532"><span class="label">[1532]</span></a></span> -“Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 80.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1533_1533" id="Footnote_1533_1533"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1533_1533"><span class="label">[1533]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. viii. p. 30.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1534_1534" id="Footnote_1534_1534"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1534_1534"><span class="label">[1534]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 40, fig. 570.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1535_1535" id="Footnote_1535_1535"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1535_1535"><span class="label">[1535]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 38.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1536_1536" id="Footnote_1536_1536"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1536_1536"><span class="label">[1536]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xix. p. 88.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1537_1537" id="Footnote_1537_1537"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1537_1537"><span class="label">[1537]</span></a></span> -Von Sacken, “Grabf. v. Hallst.,” Taf. xvii. 4, 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1538_1538" id="Footnote_1538_1538"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1538_1538"><span class="label">[1538]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 470.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1539_1539" id="Footnote_1539_1539"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1539_1539"><span class="label">[1539]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 243.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1540_1540" id="Footnote_1540_1540"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1540_1540"><span class="label">[1540]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 103.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1541_1541" id="Footnote_1541_1541"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1541_1541"><span class="label">[1541]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 525.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1542_1542" id="Footnote_1542_1542"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1542_1542"><span class="label">[1542]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, 114. A bead of burnt clay has also been found in a Westmoreland barrow. -“Brit. Barrows,” p. 55.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1543_1543" id="Footnote_1543_1543"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1543_1543"><span class="label">[1543]</span></a></span> -See Thurnam, <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 495.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1544_1544" id="Footnote_1544_1544"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1544_1544"><span class="label">[1544]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. v. p. 313, pl. xxi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1545_1545" id="Footnote_1545_1545"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1545_1545"><span class="label">[1545]</span></a></span> -Ibid.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1546_1546" id="Footnote_1546_1546"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1546_1546"><span class="label">[1546]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1547_1547" id="Footnote_1547_1547"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1547_1547"><span class="label">[1547]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. ii. p. 213, pl. iv.; <i>Arch. Scot.</i>, vol. iv. p. 55, pl. vii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1548_1548" id="Footnote_1548_1548"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1548_1548"><span class="label">[1548]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xi. p. 294.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1549_1549" id="Footnote_1549_1549"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1549_1549"><span class="label">[1549]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1550_1550" id="Footnote_1550_1550"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1550_1550"><span class="label">[1550]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 354. I am indebted to the Council of the Cambrian -Arch. Assoc. for the use of this cut.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1551_1551" id="Footnote_1551_1551"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1551_1551"><span class="label">[1551]</span></a></span> -<i>Mém. Soc. Ant. Norm.</i>, 1827-8, pl. xvii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1552_1552" id="Footnote_1552_1552"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1552_1552"><span class="label">[1552]</span></a></span> -3rd S., vol. i. p. 164, whence the cut is borrowed.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1553_1553" id="Footnote_1553_1553"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1553_1553"><span class="label">[1553]</span></a></span> -“Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 579, fig. 494.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1554_1554" id="Footnote_1554_1554"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1554_1554"><span class="label">[1554]</span></a></span> -Vol. iv. pl. xiv.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1555_1555" id="Footnote_1555_1555"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1555_1555"><span class="label">[1555]</span></a></span> -See Wilde’s “Catal.,” p. 576 <i>et seqq.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1556_1556" id="Footnote_1556_1556"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1556_1556"><span class="label">[1556]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 74; <i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. xii. p. 97.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1557_1557" id="Footnote_1557_1557"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1557_1557"><span class="label">[1557]</span></a></span> -Type of Evans, “Anc. Brit. Coins,” pl. ii. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1558_1558" id="Footnote_1558_1558"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1558_1558"><span class="label">[1558]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvi. p. 110.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1559_1559" id="Footnote_1559_1559"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1559_1559"><span class="label">[1559]</span></a></span> -“British Barrows,” p. 209.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1560_1560" id="Footnote_1560_1560"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1560_1560"><span class="label">[1560]</span></a></span> -“Essays on Arch. Sub.,” vol. i. p. 25.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1561_1561" id="Footnote_1561_1561"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1561_1561"><span class="label">[1561]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 407.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1562_1562" id="Footnote_1562_1562"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1562_1562"><span class="label">[1562]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 74; <i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. xii. p. 97.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1563_1563" id="Footnote_1563_1563"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1563_1563"><span class="label">[1563]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 232.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1564_1564" id="Footnote_1564_1564"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1564_1564"><span class="label">[1564]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, N.S., vol. i., p. 322, whence this cut is borrowed.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1565_1565" id="Footnote_1565_1565"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1565_1565"><span class="label">[1565]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xi. p. 179.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1566_1566" id="Footnote_1566_1566"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1566_1566"><span class="label">[1566]</span></a></span> -Ibid.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1567_1567" id="Footnote_1567_1567"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1567_1567"><span class="label">[1567]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 200.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1568_1568" id="Footnote_1568_1568"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1568_1568"><span class="label">[1568]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiv. p. 120.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1569_1569" id="Footnote_1569_1569"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1569_1569"><span class="label">[1569]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 236. This and the following cut are kindly lent -me by the Council of the Society.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1570_1570" id="Footnote_1570_1570"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1570_1570"><span class="label">[1570]</span></a></span> -Fourdrignier, “Double Sép. Gaul.,” 1878, pl. v. and vi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1571_1571" id="Footnote_1571_1571"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1571_1571"><span class="label">[1571]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. i. p. 13, pl. ii. 14.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1572_1572" id="Footnote_1572_1572"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1572_1572"><span class="label">[1572]</span></a></span> -See Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie., p. 156.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1573_1573" id="Footnote_1573_1573"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1573_1573"><span class="label">[1573]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 485.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1574_1574" id="Footnote_1574_1574"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1574_1574"><span class="label">[1574]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxx. p. 282, fig. 3; <i>Anthrop. Inst. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 230.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1575_1575" id="Footnote_1575_1575"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1575_1575"><span class="label">[1575]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 556, pl. xxxvii. figs. 8 and 11.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1576_1576" id="Footnote_1576_1576"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1576_1576"><span class="label">[1576]</span></a></span> -Pl. xl. 16; <i>Samlede Fund</i>, pl. xvi. 12.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1577_1577" id="Footnote_1577_1577"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1577_1577"><span class="label">[1577]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. vi. p. 137.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1578_1578" id="Footnote_1578_1578"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1578_1578"><span class="label">[1578]</span></a></span> -“Age du Bronze,” 1ère ptie., p. 188.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1579_1579" id="Footnote_1579_1579"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1579_1579"><span class="label">[1579]</span></a></span> -<i>Rev. Anthrop.</i>, 1875, tome iv. p. 650.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1580_1580" id="Footnote_1580_1580"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1580_1580"><span class="label">[1580]</span></a></span> -See Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1re ptie., p. 152.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1581_1581" id="Footnote_1581_1581"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1581_1581"><span class="label">[1581]</span></a></span> -“Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 209.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1582_1582" id="Footnote_1582_1582"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1582_1582"><span class="label">[1582]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 252.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1583_1583" id="Footnote_1583_1583"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1583_1583"><span class="label">[1583]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. vi. p. 46.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1584_1584" id="Footnote_1584_1584"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1584_1584"><span class="label">[1584]</span></a></span> -See <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. pp. 35 and 52; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. v. p. 111; -C. R. Smith’s “Catal. London Ant.,” p. 82; <i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. viii. p. 208; vol. x. -p. 57; “Hor. Fer.,” p. 184.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1585_1585" id="Footnote_1585_1585"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1585_1585"><span class="label">[1585]</span></a></span> -<i>Trans. Kilkenny Arch. Soc.</i>, vol. iii. p. 65. <i>Annaler for Oldk.</i>, 1836, p. 175.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1586_1586" id="Footnote_1586_1586"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1586_1586"><span class="label">[1586]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 90.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1587_1587" id="Footnote_1587_1587"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1587_1587"><span class="label">[1587]</span></a></span> -Vol. xliii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1588_1588" id="Footnote_1588_1588"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1588_1588"><span class="label">[1588]</span></a></span> -Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 223.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1589_1589" id="Footnote_1589_1589"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1589_1589"><span class="label">[1589]</span></a></span> -P. 399 <i>et seqq.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1590_1590" id="Footnote_1590_1590"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1590_1590"><span class="label">[1590]</span></a></span> -Erroneously called a celt by Mr. Kirwan. See <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiv. p. 189, -whence this cut is borrowed.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1591_1591" id="Footnote_1591_1591"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1591_1591"><span class="label">[1591]</span></a></span> -“Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 173.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1592_1592" id="Footnote_1592_1592"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1592_1592"><span class="label">[1592]</span></a></span> -P. 21.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1593_1593" id="Footnote_1593_1593"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1593_1593"><span class="label">[1593]</span></a></span> -Wilson, “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. pp. 350, 408.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1594_1594" id="Footnote_1594_1594"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1594_1594"><span class="label">[1594]</span></a></span> -Shirley’s “Dominion of Farney;” <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 96.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1595_1595" id="Footnote_1595_1595"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1595_1595"><span class="label">[1595]</span></a></span> -Wilson, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. i. p. 409. I am indebted to Messrs. Macmillan & Co. for the -use of this cut.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1596_1596" id="Footnote_1596_1596"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1596_1596"><span class="label">[1596]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 529, fig. 407. This cut has been lent me by the -Council of the Academy.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1597_1597" id="Footnote_1597_1597"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1597_1597"><span class="label">[1597]</span></a></span> -Vol. v. p. 82.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1598_1598" id="Footnote_1598_1598"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1598_1598"><span class="label">[1598]</span></a></span> -Catal. Mus. R. I. A., p. 531, fig. 409.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1599_1599" id="Footnote_1599_1599"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1599_1599"><span class="label">[1599]</span></a></span> -<i>Rev. Arch.</i>, N.S., vol. xxvi. p. 326.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1600_1600" id="Footnote_1600_1600"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1600_1600"><span class="label">[1600]</span></a></span> -A paper on “Etruscan Commerce with the North,” by Dr. Hermann Genthe, will -be found in the <i>Archiv. für Anthrop.</i>, vol. vi. p. 237.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1601_1601" id="Footnote_1601_1601"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1601_1601"><span class="label">[1601]</span></a></span> -Von Sacken, “Das Grabf. v. Hallst.,” Taf. xxi. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1602_1602" id="Footnote_1602_1602"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1602_1602"><span class="label">[1602]</span></a></span> -April 30, 1879.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1603_1603" id="Footnote_1603_1603"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1603_1603"><span class="label">[1603]</span></a></span> -Percy’s “Metallurgy,” vol. i. p. 474 (ed. 1861).</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1604_1604" id="Footnote_1604_1604"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1604_1604"><span class="label">[1604]</span></a></span> -<i>Comptes Rendus de l’Ac. des Sc.</i>, vol. lxxvi. (1873), p. 1232.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1605_1605" id="Footnote_1605_1605"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1605_1605"><span class="label">[1605]</span></a></span> -<i>Phil. Trans.</i>, 1796, vol. lxxxvi. p. 395.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1606_1606" id="Footnote_1606_1606"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1606_1606"><span class="label">[1606]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “L’Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie., p. 62.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1607_1607" id="Footnote_1607_1607"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1607_1607"><span class="label">[1607]</span></a></span> -J. A. Phillips, <i>Q. J. Chem. Soc.</i>, vol. iv. p. 266.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1608_1608" id="Footnote_1608_1608"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1608_1608"><span class="label">[1608]</span></a></span> -O’Curry’s “Mann. and Cust. of the Anc. Irish,” vol. i. p. ccccxx.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1609_1609" id="Footnote_1609_1609"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1609_1609"><span class="label">[1609]</span></a></span> -O’Curry, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. ccccxviii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1610_1610" id="Footnote_1610_1610"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1610_1610"><span class="label">[1610]</span></a></span> -For an interesting essay on the sources of bronze, see Prof. Sullivan in the Introduction -to O’Curry’s “Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish,” p. ccccvii. See -also H. H. Howorth, F.S.A., on the “Archæology of Bronze,” <i>Trans. Ethnol. Soc.</i>, -vol. vi. p. 72; Sabatier, “Production de l’or, de l’argent, et du cuivre,” &c., 1850; Von -Bibra, “Die Bronzen und Kupferlegirungen,” 1869; De Fellenberg, “Bull. de la Soc. -des Sc. nat. de Berne,” 1860; Wocel, “Chemische Analysen anb. Bronze legirungen,” -in Sitz.-Ber. phil. hist. Classe. Acad. der Wiss. Wien. Bd. xvi. 169; “Kelternes, Germanernes -og Slavernes Bronzer,” in <i>Antiq. Tidskrift.</i>, 1852-54, p. 206; Morlot, “Les -Métaux dans l’Age du Bronze,” <i>Mém. Soc. Ant. du Nord</i>, 1866-71, p. 23; Wibel, “Die -Cultur der Bronze-Zeit Nord und Mittel Europas,” 1865; Von Cohausen’s Review of -Wibel, <i>Archiv. für Anth.</i>, vol. i. p. 320, vol. iii. p. 37; Lubbock, “Prehistoric Times,” p. 59 -<i>et seqq.</i>; Zaborowski-Moindron, “L’Ancienneté de l’Homme,” 1874; Dr. C. F. Wiberg, -“Einfluss der Etrusker und Griechen auf die Bronze Cultur,” <i>Arch. für Anth.</i>, vol. iv. -p. 11; Troyon, “Monuments de l’Ant. dans l’Europe barbare,” 1868; De Rougemont, -“L’Age du Bronze,” 1866; A. Bertrand, “Arch. Celtique et Gauloise,” 1876; G. De -Mortillet, “Origine du Bronze,” <i>Revue d’Anthrop.</i>, vol. iv. p. 650; Wilson, “Preh. -Annals of Scotland,” and “Prehistoric Man.”</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1611_1611" id="Footnote_1611_1611"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1611_1611"><span class="label">[1611]</span></a></span> -Job, chap. xxviii. v. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1612_1612" id="Footnote_1612_1612"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1612_1612"><span class="label">[1612]</span></a></span> -P. 115.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1613_1613" id="Footnote_1613_1613"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1613_1613"><span class="label">[1613]</span></a></span> -<i>Comptes Rendus</i>, 1866, vol. lxii. pp. 223, 346.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1614_1614" id="Footnote_1614_1614"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1614_1614"><span class="label">[1614]</span></a></span> -The doubts raised by the late Sir G. C. Lewis on this point have been dealt with by -Sir John Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 63 <i>et seqq.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1615_1615" id="Footnote_1615_1615"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1615_1615"><span class="label">[1615]</span></a></span> -Von Bibra, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 94.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1616_1616" id="Footnote_1616_1616"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1616_1616"><span class="label">[1616]</span></a></span> -Dr. Percy, F.R.S., and other practical metallurgists have shown that this view is -untenable. See Lubbock, “Prehist. Times,” p. 621.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1617_1617" id="Footnote_1617_1617"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1617_1617"><span class="label">[1617]</span></a></span> -<i>Annales for Oldk.</i>, 1852, p. 249; <i>Jahrbüch. des Ver. v. Alt.-freund im Rheinl.</i>, vol. -lix. p. 21; Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie., p. 62; Perrin, “Et. préh. sur la Savoie,” -1870, p. 19; Layard, “Nineveh and Babylon,” p. 670.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1618_1618" id="Footnote_1618_1618"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1618_1618"><span class="label">[1618]</span></a></span> -“Die Bronzen und Kupferlegirungen,” 8vo. Erlangen, 1869.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1619_1619" id="Footnote_1619_1619"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1619_1619"><span class="label">[1619]</span></a></span> -<i>Bull. di Paletnol. Ital.</i>, 1879, p. 159.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1620_1620" id="Footnote_1620_1620"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1620_1620"><span class="label">[1620]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie., p. 36; “Alb.,” pl. xxviii.; “Matériaux,” vol. xi. -pl. i. 1. <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i> 2nd Ser., vol. viii. p. 250.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1621_1621" id="Footnote_1621_1621"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1621_1621"><span class="label">[1621]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 59, vol. viii. p. 210; Pennant’s “Tour,” vol. i. p. 63; -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxix. 194; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 286.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1622_1622" id="Footnote_1622_1622"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1622_1622"><span class="label">[1622]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xv. p. 118.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1623_1623" id="Footnote_1623_1623"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1623_1623"><span class="label">[1623]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. Roy. Inst. Cornw.</i>, No. xxi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1624_1624" id="Footnote_1624_1624"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1624_1624"><span class="label">[1624]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xv. p. 120 (Leland).</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1625_1625" id="Footnote_1625_1625"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1625_1625"><span class="label">[1625]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 363.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1626_1626" id="Footnote_1626_1626"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1626_1626"><span class="label">[1626]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd Ser., vol. v. p. 427.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1627_1627" id="Footnote_1627_1627"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1627_1627"><span class="label">[1627]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 288.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1628_1628" id="Footnote_1628_1628"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1628_1628"><span class="label">[1628]</span></a></span> -<i>Surrey Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. vi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1629_1629" id="Footnote_1629_1629"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1629_1629"><span class="label">[1629]</span></a></span> -Anderson’s “Croydon,” p. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1630_1630" id="Footnote_1630_1630"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1630_1630"><span class="label">[1630]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 248.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1631_1631" id="Footnote_1631_1631"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1631_1631"><span class="label">[1631]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. Anthrop. Inst.</i>, vol. vi. p. 195.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1632_1632" id="Footnote_1632_1632"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1632_1632"><span class="label">[1632]</span></a></span> -<i>Penes me, Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xi. p. 24.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1633_1633" id="Footnote_1633_1633"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1633_1633"><span class="label">[1633]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ix. p. 302.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1634_1634" id="Footnote_1634_1634"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1634_1634"><span class="label">[1634]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 116.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1635_1635" id="Footnote_1635_1635"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1635_1635"><span class="label">[1635]</span></a></span> -In the British Museum.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1636_1636" id="Footnote_1636_1636"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1636_1636"><span class="label">[1636]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd Ser., vol. iii. p. 232.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1637_1637" id="Footnote_1637_1637"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1637_1637"><span class="label">[1637]</span></a></span> -Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 101.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1638_1638" id="Footnote_1638_1638"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1638_1638"><span class="label">[1638]</span></a></span> -In the British Museum.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1639_1639" id="Footnote_1639_1639"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1639_1639"><span class="label">[1639]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. ii. p. 80.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1640_1640" id="Footnote_1640_1640"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1640_1640"><span class="label">[1640]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 116.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1641_1641" id="Footnote_1641_1641"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1641_1641"><span class="label">[1641]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 114.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1642_1642" id="Footnote_1642_1642"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1642_1642"><span class="label">[1642]</span></a></span> -<i>Penes</i> Capt. Brooke, Ufford Hall, Woodbridge.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1643_1643" id="Footnote_1643_1643"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1643_1643"><span class="label">[1643]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 69.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1644_1644" id="Footnote_1644_1644"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1644_1644"><span class="label">[1644]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. ii. p. 213.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1645_1645" id="Footnote_1645_1645"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1645_1645"><span class="label">[1645]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 306; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 86.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1646_1646" id="Footnote_1646_1646"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1646_1646"><span class="label">[1646]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 115.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1647_1647" id="Footnote_1647_1647"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1647_1647"><span class="label">[1647]</span></a></span> -Wilson, “P. A. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 348; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. i. p. 132.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1648_1648" id="Footnote_1648_1648"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1648_1648"><span class="label">[1648]</span></a></span> -Crawfurd, <i>Trans. Eth. Soc.</i>, vol. iii. p. 350.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1649_1649" id="Footnote_1649_1649"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1649_1649"><span class="label">[1649]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. ix. p. 435.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1650_1650" id="Footnote_1650_1650"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1650_1650"><span class="label">[1650]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 376.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1651_1651" id="Footnote_1651_1651"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1651_1651"><span class="label">[1651]</span></a></span> -Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 44; Von Sacken, “Das Grabfeld von Hallstatt,” -p. 118.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1652_1652" id="Footnote_1652_1652"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1652_1652"><span class="label">[1652]</span></a></span> -Keller, 3er Bericht, p. 93.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1653_1653" id="Footnote_1653_1653"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1653_1653"><span class="label">[1653]</span></a></span> -“Manners and Customs of the Anc. Irish,” O’Curry and Sullivan, p. ccccxix.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1654_1654" id="Footnote_1654_1654"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1654_1654"><span class="label">[1654]</span></a></span> -“Cong. préh.,” Buda-Pest, vol. i. p. 242; <i>Engineer</i>, March 26, 1876.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1655_1655" id="Footnote_1655_1655"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1655_1655"><span class="label">[1655]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. für Anth.</i>, vol. ix. p. 265.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1656_1656" id="Footnote_1656_1656"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1656_1656"><span class="label">[1656]</span></a></span> -Jul. Pollux. “Onom.,” lib. ix. c. 6, p. 1055.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1657_1657" id="Footnote_1657_1657"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1657_1657"><span class="label">[1657]</span></a></span> -Evans, “Coins of the Anc. Brit.,” p. 123.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1658_1658" id="Footnote_1658_1658"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1658_1658"><span class="label">[1658]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 39; whence the cut is borrowed.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1659_1659" id="Footnote_1659_1659"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1659_1659"><span class="label">[1659]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxviii. p. 196. See also <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 7, for an interesting -paper on Ancient Metallurgy, by the late Prof. J. Phillips.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1660_1660" id="Footnote_1660_1660"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1660_1660"><span class="label">[1660]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xvi. p. 39.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1661_1661" id="Footnote_1661_1661"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1661_1661"><span class="label">[1661]</span></a></span> -Spano, “Paleoetnol. Sarda,” p. 26.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1662_1662" id="Footnote_1662_1662"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1662_1662"><span class="label">[1662]</span></a></span> -Keller, “Lake-dwellings,” Eng. ed., p. 54.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1663_1663" id="Footnote_1663_1663"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1663_1663"><span class="label">[1663]</span></a></span> -<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 118.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1664_1664" id="Footnote_1664_1664"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1664_1664"><span class="label">[1664]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Times,” p. 40.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1665_1665" id="Footnote_1665_1665"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1665_1665"><span class="label">[1665]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Æliana</i>, vol. iv. p. 107; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. x. p. 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1666_1666" id="Footnote_1666_1666"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1666_1666"><span class="label">[1666]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. ii. p. 33, vol. vi. p. 209.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1667_1667" id="Footnote_1667_1667"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1667_1667"><span class="label">[1667]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. Ethnol. Soc.</i>, vol. ii. p. 341; <i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 513. <i>Arch. -Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xxxvi. p. 146. Only seven depressions are there described.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1668_1668" id="Footnote_1668_1668"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1668_1668"><span class="label">[1668]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. i. p. 45.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1669_1669" id="Footnote_1669_1669"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1669_1669"><span class="label">[1669]</span></a></span> -Ibid., vol. iv. p. 383, and v. p. 109.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1670_1670" id="Footnote_1670_1670"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1670_1670"><span class="label">[1670]</span></a></span> -Ibid., vol. ii. p. 34; Wilson, “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 343, pl. v.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1671_1671" id="Footnote_1671_1671"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1671_1671"><span class="label">[1671]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iv. p. 335, pl. vi.; Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 392.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1672_1672" id="Footnote_1672_1672"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1672_1672"><span class="label">[1672]</span></a></span> -“Catal.,” p. 78.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1673_1673" id="Footnote_1673_1673"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1673_1673"><span class="label">[1673]</span></a></span> -Wilde’s “Catal.,” p. 91, fig. 72.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1674_1674" id="Footnote_1674_1674"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1674_1674"><span class="label">[1674]</span></a></span> -Pegazzoni, “L’uomo preist. nella Prov. di Como,” 1878, pl. vi. 18-20.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1675_1675" id="Footnote_1675_1675"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1675_1675"><span class="label">[1675]</span></a></span> -Wilson, “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 358, fig. 46.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1676_1676" id="Footnote_1676_1676"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1676_1676"><span class="label">[1676]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iv. p. 335.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1677_1677" id="Footnote_1677_1677"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1677_1677"><span class="label">[1677]</span></a></span> -“Les dernières trouvailles du Lac de Bienne,” 1879, pl. i. 10; “Matériaux,” 1880, -pl. i. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1678_1678" id="Footnote_1678_1678"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1678_1678"><span class="label">[1678]</span></a></span> -<i>Exp. Arch. de la Sav.</i>, 1878, pl. iv. 187; Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. lii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1679_1679" id="Footnote_1679_1679"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1679_1679"><span class="label">[1679]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. x. p. 112.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1680_1680" id="Footnote_1680_1680"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1680_1680"><span class="label">[1680]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. xii. p. 185.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1681_1681" id="Footnote_1681_1681"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1681_1681"><span class="label">[1681]</span></a></span> -“The Barrow Diggers,” p. 75, pl. v. 10. It is so badly drawn that it might be -taken for a broken mould for a palstave. <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxviii. p. 451.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1682_1682" id="Footnote_1682_1682"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1682_1682"><span class="label">[1682]</span></a></span> -P. 78.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1683_1683" id="Footnote_1683_1683"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1683_1683"><span class="label">[1683]</span></a></span> -Hampel, “Cat. de l’Exp. préhist.,” 1876, p. 134; “Ant. préh. de la Hongrie;” -“Matériaux,” vol. xii. p. 184.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1684_1684" id="Footnote_1684_1684"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1684_1684"><span class="label">[1684]</span></a></span> -Wittlock, “Jord-fynd från Wärend’s förhist. Tid.,” 1874, p. 68.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1685_1685" id="Footnote_1685_1685"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1685_1685"><span class="label">[1685]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 345, figs. 48 and 49. Fig. 61 shows a casting -from one of the moulds.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1686_1686" id="Footnote_1686_1686"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1686_1686"><span class="label">[1686]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 91, fig. 73.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1687_1687" id="Footnote_1687_1687"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1687_1687"><span class="label">[1687]</span></a></span> -Gastaldi, “Nuovi cenni,” 1862, Tav. iv. 22.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1688_1688" id="Footnote_1688_1688"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1688_1688"><span class="label">[1688]</span></a></span> -Vol. ix. p. 185.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1689_1689" id="Footnote_1689_1689"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1689_1689"><span class="label">[1689]</span></a></span> -<i>Mém. des Ant. du Nord</i>, 1872-77, p. 142.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1690_1690" id="Footnote_1690_1690"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1690_1690"><span class="label">[1690]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xv. p. 349, pl. xxxiv. 1, 2.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1691_1691" id="Footnote_1691_1691"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1691_1691"><span class="label">[1691]</span></a></span> -Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 93.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1692_1692" id="Footnote_1692_1692"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1692_1692"><span class="label">[1692]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xx. p. 170. The cut is kindly lent by the Council of the Institute.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1693_1693" id="Footnote_1693_1693"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1693_1693"><span class="label">[1693]</span></a></span> -Ranchet e Regazzoni, <i>Atti della Soc. Ital. de sc. nat.</i>, vol. xxi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1694_1694" id="Footnote_1694_1694"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1694_1694"><span class="label">[1694]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.</i>, vol. vi. p. 48, pl. vi. I am indebted to the Council for the -use of these four blocks.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1695_1695" id="Footnote_1695_1695"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1695_1695"><span class="label">[1695]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. p. 257, vol. vi. p. 385; Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. -Heft. xii. Taf. i. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1696_1696" id="Footnote_1696_1696"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1696_1696"><span class="label">[1696]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 166.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1697_1697" id="Footnote_1697_1697"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1697_1697"><span class="label">[1697]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iv. p. 148.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1698_1698" id="Footnote_1698_1698"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1698_1698"><span class="label">[1698]</span></a></span> -Spano, “Paleoetnol. Sard.,” p. 27.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1699_1699" id="Footnote_1699_1699"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1699_1699"><span class="label">[1699]</span></a></span> -“Troy and its Remains,” pp. 82, 110, 139, 173, 261, &c.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1700_1700" id="Footnote_1700_1700"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1700_1700"><span class="label">[1700]</span></a></span> -See <i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. p. 108 <i>et seqq.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1701_1701" id="Footnote_1701_1701"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1701_1701"><span class="label">[1701]</span></a></span> -“Collectanea,” vol. iv. p. 59.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1702_1702" id="Footnote_1702_1702"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1702_1702"><span class="label">[1702]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 386, vol. xviii. p. 166; <i>Arch. Camb.</i>, 3rd S., vol. ii. p. 128.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1703_1703" id="Footnote_1703_1703"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1703_1703"><span class="label">[1703]</span></a></span> -Vallancey, “Coll.,” vol. iv. p. 59, pl. x. 10.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1704_1704" id="Footnote_1704_1704"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1704_1704"><span class="label">[1704]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, vol. iii. p. 158.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1705_1705" id="Footnote_1705_1705"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1705_1705"><span class="label">[1705]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Album,” pl. i.; “Age du Br.,” 1ère. ptie., p. 26</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1706_1706" id="Footnote_1706_1706"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1706_1706"><span class="label">[1706]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 433.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1707_1707" id="Footnote_1707_1707"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1707_1707"><span class="label">[1707]</span></a></span> -Keller, 3er Bericht, p. 109, pl. vii. 43; Troyon, “Hab. Lac.,” pl. x. 15.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1708_1708" id="Footnote_1708_1708"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1708_1708"><span class="label">[1708]</span></a></span> -Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. Heft. xii. Taf. i. 3.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1709_1709" id="Footnote_1709_1709"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1709_1709"><span class="label">[1709]</span></a></span> -Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronze-schwerter des K. Mus. zu Berlin,” Taf. xiv. 9.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1710_1710" id="Footnote_1710_1710"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1710_1710"><span class="label">[1710]</span></a></span> -Lindenschmit, <i>ubi sup.</i>, Taf. i. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1711_1711" id="Footnote_1711_1711"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1711_1711"><span class="label">[1711]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 408; “Cong. préh.,” Stockholm vol. i. p. 445.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1712_1712" id="Footnote_1712_1712"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1712_1712"><span class="label">[1712]</span></a></span> -Holtzappfel, “Turning and Mech. Manip.,” vol. i. p. 321; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iv. -p. 337.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1713_1713" id="Footnote_1713_1713"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1713_1713"><span class="label">[1713]</span></a></span> -“Anc. British Coins,” p. 124.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1714_1714" id="Footnote_1714_1714"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1714_1714"><span class="label">[1714]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Geol. and Polyt. Soc. of Yorkshire</i>, 1866, p. 439.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1715_1715" id="Footnote_1715_1715"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1715_1715"><span class="label">[1715]</span></a></span> -Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” Heft. i. Taf. ii. 10, 11, 12.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1716_1716" id="Footnote_1716_1716"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1716_1716"><span class="label">[1716]</span></a></span> -<i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 171; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xx. p. 192.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1717_1717" id="Footnote_1717_1717"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1717_1717"><span class="label">[1717]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xxii. p. 424; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 387; “Arch. Inst.,” Norwich vol., -p. xxvi. I have assumed that the mould described in these passages is one and the -same.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1718_1718" id="Footnote_1718_1718"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1718_1718"><span class="label">[1718]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. v. pl. vii.; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iv. p. 336, pl. iii. 5, 6, 7, 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1719_1719" id="Footnote_1719_1719"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1719_1719"><span class="label">[1719]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. iv. pl. ii. 5, 6, 7, 8.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1720_1720" id="Footnote_1720_1720"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1720_1720"><span class="label">[1720]</span></a></span> -“Itin. Cur.,” pl. xcvi, 2nd ed.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1721_1721" id="Footnote_1721_1721"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1721_1721"><span class="label">[1721]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xix. p. 358.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1722_1722" id="Footnote_1722_1722"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1722_1722"><span class="label">[1722]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xviii. p. 166.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1723_1723" id="Footnote_1723_1723"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1723_1723"><span class="label">[1723]</span></a></span> -Ibid.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1724_1724" id="Footnote_1724_1724"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1724_1724"><span class="label">[1724]</span></a></span> -“Surrey Arch. Soc. Coll.,” vol. vi.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1725_1725" id="Footnote_1725_1725"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1725_1725"><span class="label">[1725]</span></a></span> -Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronzeschwerter des K. Mus.,” p. 76.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1726_1726" id="Footnote_1726_1726"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1726_1726"><span class="label">[1726]</span></a></span> -Ulfsparre, “Svenska Fornsaker,” pl. viii. 93.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1727_1727" id="Footnote_1727_1727"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1727_1727"><span class="label">[1727]</span></a></span> -<i>Mém. Soc. Ant. Norm.</i>, 1827-8, pl. xviii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1728_1728" id="Footnote_1728_1728"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1728_1728"><span class="label">[1728]</span></a></span> -Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. liv. 5.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1729_1729" id="Footnote_1729_1729"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1729_1729"><span class="label">[1729]</span></a></span> -Keller, 7ter Bericht, p. 16, Taf. xvii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1730_1730" id="Footnote_1730_1730"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1730_1730"><span class="label">[1730]</span></a></span> -“Matériaux,” vol. xii. p. 184.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1731_1731" id="Footnote_1731_1731"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1731_1731"><span class="label">[1731]</span></a></span> -“Aarböger for Nord. Oldk.,” 1866, p. 124.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1732_1732" id="Footnote_1732_1732"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1732_1732"><span class="label">[1732]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 409.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1733_1733" id="Footnote_1733_1733"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1733_1733"><span class="label">[1733]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. vi. p. 382; <i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. iii. pp. 10 and 58.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1734_1734" id="Footnote_1734_1734"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1734_1734"><span class="label">[1734]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 258.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1735_1735" id="Footnote_1735_1735"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1735_1735"><span class="label">[1735]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 232.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1736_1736" id="Footnote_1736_1736"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1736_1736"><span class="label">[1736]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132. I am indebted to the Council for the use of -this cut; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xix. p. 358.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1737_1737" id="Footnote_1737_1737"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1737_1737"><span class="label">[1737]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xv. p. 118, pl. ii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1738_1738" id="Footnote_1738_1738"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1738_1738"><span class="label">[1738]</span></a></span> -<i>Journ. Roy. Inst, of Cornwall</i>, No. xxi. fig. 4.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1739_1739" id="Footnote_1739_1739"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1739_1739"><span class="label">[1739]</span></a></span> -“Petit Album,” pl. xxv. 6.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1740_1740" id="Footnote_1740_1740"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1740_1740"><span class="label">[1740]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch. Assoc. Journ.</i>, vol. xiv. p. 260.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1741_1741" id="Footnote_1741_1741"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1741_1741"><span class="label">[1741]</span></a></span> -Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 213, 214.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1742_1742" id="Footnote_1742_1742"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1742_1742"><span class="label">[1742]</span></a></span> -Montelius, “La Suède préh.,” fig. 40.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1743_1743" id="Footnote_1743_1743"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1743_1743"><span class="label">[1743]</span></a></span> -Hartshorne’s “Salop. Ant.,” p. 95.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1744_1744" id="Footnote_1744_1744"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1744_1744"><span class="label">[1744]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. R. I. Acad.</i>, vol. iv. p. 439.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1745_1745" id="Footnote_1745_1745"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1745_1745"><span class="label">[1745]</span></a></span> -Chap. xi. p. 235 <i>et seqq.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1746_1746" id="Footnote_1746_1746"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1746_1746"><span class="label">[1746]</span></a></span> -<i>Suss. Arch. Coll.</i>, vol. ix. p. 120, whence this cut is borrowed; <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, -vol. xiii. p. 184, vol. xv. p. 90.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1747_1747" id="Footnote_1747_1747"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1747_1747"><span class="label">[1747]</span></a></span> -“Reliquary,” vol. iv. p. 63.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1748_1748" id="Footnote_1748_1748"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1748_1748"><span class="label">[1748]</span></a></span> -Pennington, “Barrows and Bone Caves of Derbyshire,” 1877, p. 51.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1749_1749" id="Footnote_1749_1749"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1749_1749"><span class="label">[1749]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 412.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1750_1750" id="Footnote_1750_1750"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1750_1750"><span class="label">[1750]</span></a></span> -Page 128.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1751_1751" id="Footnote_1751_1751"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1751_1751"><span class="label">[1751]</span></a></span> -Page 84.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1752_1752" id="Footnote_1752_1752"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1752_1752"><span class="label">[1752]</span></a></span> -<i>Proc. Soc. Ant.</i>, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 328</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1753_1753" id="Footnote_1753_1753"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1753_1753"><span class="label">[1753]</span></a></span> -Evans’s “Coins of the Anc. Britons,” p. 102.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1754_1754" id="Footnote_1754_1754"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1754_1754"><span class="label">[1754]</span></a></span> -Vol. xvi. p. 348.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1755_1755" id="Footnote_1755_1755"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1755_1755"><span class="label">[1755]</span></a></span> -<i>Supra</i>, p. 405; <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 556.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1756_1756" id="Footnote_1756_1756"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1756_1756"><span class="label">[1756]</span></a></span> -See also Col. A. Lane Fox’s “Primitive Warfare, Sect. III.,” in <i>Journ. R. U. -Service Inst.</i>, vol. xiii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1757_1757" id="Footnote_1757_1757"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1757_1757"><span class="label">[1757]</span></a></span> -The Bronze Period of Switzerland has by some been calculated to have begun not -less than 3,000 years <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>—Zaborowski Moindron, “L’Anc. de l’homme,” 1874, p. 208.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1758_1758" id="Footnote_1758_1758"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1758_1758"><span class="label">[1758]</span></a></span> -See Greenwell’s “British Barrows,” p. 44 <i>et seqq.</i></p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1759_1759" id="Footnote_1759_1759"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1759_1759"><span class="label">[1759]</span></a></span> -“British Barrows,” p. 19.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1760_1760" id="Footnote_1760_1760"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1760_1760"><span class="label">[1760]</span></a></span> -Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” p. 348.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1761_1761" id="Footnote_1761_1761"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1761_1761"><span class="label">[1761]</span></a></span> -See Worsaae in <i>Arch. Journ.</i>, vol. xxiii. p. 30.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1762_1762" id="Footnote_1762_1762"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1762_1762"><span class="label">[1762]</span></a></span> -“British Barrows,” pp. 32, 375. See also <i>Reliquary</i>, vol. vi. p. 1.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1763_1763" id="Footnote_1763_1763"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1763_1763"><span class="label">[1763]</span></a></span> -“Primitive Warfare, Sect. III.;” <i>Journ. R. U. S. Inst.</i>, vol. xiii.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1764_1764" id="Footnote_1764_1764"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1764_1764"><span class="label">[1764]</span></a></span> -“Preh. Times,” p. 73.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1765_1765" id="Footnote_1765_1765"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1765_1765"><span class="label">[1765]</span></a></span> -Worsaae, in “Aarb. for Nord. Oldk.,” 1879, p. 327.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1766_1766" id="Footnote_1766_1766"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1766_1766"><span class="label">[1766]</span></a></span> -See A. Bertrand in <i>Rev. Arch.</i>, vol. xxvi. p. 363.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1767_1767" id="Footnote_1767_1767"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1767_1767"><span class="label">[1767]</span></a></span> -See Chantre, “Age du Bronze,” 2ème ptie. p. 281.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1768_1768" id="Footnote_1768_1768"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1768_1768"><span class="label">[1768]</span></a></span> -“Habitations Lacustres de la Savoie,” 1864, 1867, 1869.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1769_1769" id="Footnote_1769_1769"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1769_1769"><span class="label">[1769]</span></a></span> -See Thurnam in <i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 494.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1770_1770" id="Footnote_1770_1770"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1770_1770"><span class="label">[1770]</span></a></span> -<i>Arch.</i>, vol. xliii. p. 497.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1771_1771" id="Footnote_1771_1771"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1771_1771"><span class="label">[1771]</span></a></span> -See “Ancient Stone Impts.,” p. 411. I may take this opportunity of correcting -the statement that the Assynt necklace is inlaid with gold. It is merely engraved with -various patterns, in which micaceous grains of sand got lodged and were mistaken for -gold.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1772_1772" id="Footnote_1772_1772"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1772_1772"><span class="label">[1772]</span></a></span> -“Ancient Stone Impts.,” p. 402.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1773_1773" id="Footnote_1773_1773"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1773_1773"><span class="label">[1773]</span></a></span> -Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” p. 352; <i>Quart. Journ. Suff. Inst.</i>, vol. i. p. 31.</p> - -<p class="pfn4"><span class="ln1"><a name="Footnote_1774_1774" id="Footnote_1774_1774"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1774_1774"><span class="label">[1774]</span></a></span> -See also Rolleston’s App. to “British Barrows;” Lubbock’s “Prehist. Times;” -Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” &c., &c.</p></div> -</div> - -</div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Ancient Bronze Implements, -Weapons, and Ornaments, of Gre, by John Evans - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ANCIENT BRONZE *** - -***** This file should be named 53092-h.htm or 53092-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/0/9/53092/ - -Produced by Giovanni Fini, Chris Curnow and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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